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A.; Ray, Kathryn J.; Coffee, Megan P.; Gordon, Aubree; Aragón, Tomás J.; Yu, Guowei; Cowling, Benjamin J.; Porco, Travis C. title: Effect of the One-Child Policy on Influenza Transmission in China: A Stochastic Transmission Model date: 2014-02-06 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084961 sha: doc_id: 1199 cord_uid: 9khx93c0 file: cache/cord-000254-bufbjdmw.json key: cord-000254-bufbjdmw authors: Clement, Annick; Nathan, Nadia; Epaud, Ralph; Fauroux, Brigitte; Corvol, Harriet title: Interstitial lung diseases in children date: 2010-08-20 journal: Orphanet J Rare Dis DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-22 sha: doc_id: 254 cord_uid: bufbjdmw file: cache/cord-002304-u30y2xdt.json key: cord-002304-u30y2xdt authors: Valentini, Diletta; Bianchi, Simona; Di Camillo, Chiara; Vittucci, Anna Chiara; Gonfiantini, Michaela Veronika; De Vito, Rita; Villani, Alberto title: Fatal varicella pneumonia in an unvaccinated child with Down Syndrome: a case report date: 2016-11-17 journal: Ital J Pediatr DOI: 10.1186/s13052-016-0312-1 sha: doc_id: 2304 cord_uid: u30y2xdt file: cache/cord-000028-uj7lyawj.json key: cord-000028-uj7lyawj authors: Longtin, Jean; Bastien, Martine; Gilca, Rodica; Leblanc, Eric; de Serres, Gaston; Bergeron, Michel G.; Boivin, Guy title: Human Bocavirus Infections in Hospitalized Children and Adults date: 2008-02-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid1402.070851 sha: doc_id: 28 cord_uid: uj7lyawj file: cache/cord-005750-54hul2lw.json key: cord-005750-54hul2lw authors: Antonelli, Massimo; Azoulay, Elie; Bonten, Marc; Chastre, Jean; Citerio, Giuseppe; Conti, Giorgio; De Backer, Daniel; Lemaire, François; Gerlach, Herwig; Groeneveld, Johan; Hedenstierna, Goran; Macrae, Duncan; Mancebo, Jordi; Maggiore, Salvatore M.; Mebazaa, Alexandre; Metnitz, Philipp; Pugin, Jerôme; Wernerman, Jan; Zhang, Haibo title: Year in review in Intensive Care Medicine, 2008: III. 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B.; Ahmed, M.; Seth, Rachna; Kabra, Sushil K. title: Clinical profile and outcome of swine flu in Indian children date: 2010-08-01 journal: Indian Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/s13312-011-0085-y sha: doc_id: 6050 cord_uid: rwayc7lr file: cache/cord-009606-xz23twqx.json key: cord-009606-xz23twqx authors: Vorobieva S. Jensen, V.; Furberg, A-S; Slotved, H-C; Bazhukova, T.; Haldorsen, B.; Caugant, D. A.; Sundsfjord, A.; Valentiner-Branth, P.; Simonsen, G. 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date: 2020-10-14 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.13.20212118 sha: doc_id: 343910 cord_uid: jib877fo file: cache/cord-332173-m38sr6oc.json key: cord-332173-m38sr6oc authors: Denburg, Avram E.; Ungar, Wendy J.; Chen, Shiyi; Hurley, Jeremiah; Abelson, Julia title: Does moral reasoning influence public values for health care priority setting?: A population-based randomized stated preference survey date: 2020-05-13 journal: Health Policy DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.04.007 sha: doc_id: 332173 cord_uid: m38sr6oc file: cache/cord-353482-dz343h7t.json key: cord-353482-dz343h7t authors: Ellis, Matthew; Pant, Puspa Raj title: Global Community Child Health date: 2020-05-11 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093331 sha: doc_id: 353482 cord_uid: dz343h7t file: cache/cord-338674-tnnd1s57.json key: cord-338674-tnnd1s57 authors: Yin, J Kevin; Lahra, Monica M; Iskander, Mary; Lambert, Stephen B; Heron, Leon; Nissen, Michael D; Rost, Laura; Murphy, Jennifer; Sloots, Theo P; Booy, Robert title: Pilot study of influenza vaccine effectiveness in urban Australian children attending childcare date: 2011-06-10 journal: J Paediatr Child Health DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02098.x sha: doc_id: 338674 cord_uid: tnnd1s57 file: cache/cord-344823-jl5ph260.json key: cord-344823-jl5ph260 authors: Jacob, Hannah title: Safeguarding Children in a Pandemic: Pandemonium with Possibility? 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Madagascar 2010–2012 date: 2013-09-12 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072839 sha: doc_id: 352222 cord_uid: zq9o66i4 file: cache/cord-347033-ha095nwp.json key: cord-347033-ha095nwp authors: Jethwani, Pratap; Saboo, B.; Jethwani, L.; Kesavadev, J.; Kalra, S.; Sahay, R.; Agarwal, S.; Hasnani, D. title: Management of children and adolescents having type 1 diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic in India: challenges and solutions date: 2020-09-15 journal: Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries DOI: 10.1007/s13410-020-00865-w sha: doc_id: 347033 cord_uid: ha095nwp file: cache/cord-346388-j6pajd68.json key: cord-346388-j6pajd68 authors: Song, Hwasung; Park, Chanyul; Kim, Miseong title: Tourism Destination Management Strategy for Young Children: Willingness to Pay for Child-Friendly Tourism Facilities and Services at a Heritage Site date: 2020-09-28 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197100 sha: doc_id: 346388 cord_uid: j6pajd68 file: cache/cord-354993-gdz63spj.json key: cord-354993-gdz63spj authors: Larcher, Victor; Brierley, Joe title: Children of COVID-19: pawns, pathfinders or partners? date: 2020-06-05 journal: J Med Ethics DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106465 sha: doc_id: 354993 cord_uid: gdz63spj file: cache/cord-352952-91goqi90.json key: cord-352952-91goqi90 authors: Francis, Joshua R.; Richmond, Peter; Robins, Christine; Lindsay, Katie; Levy, Avram; Effler, Paul V.; Borland, Meredith; Blyth, Christopher C. title: An observational study of febrile seizures: the importance of viral infection and immunization date: 2016-12-03 journal: BMC Pediatr DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0740-5 sha: doc_id: 352952 cord_uid: 91goqi90 file: cache/cord-355623-tmr1ieg1.json key: cord-355623-tmr1ieg1 authors: Gallucci, Marcella; Pedretti, Melissa; Giannetti, Arianna; di Palmo, Emanuela; Bertelli, Luca; Pession, Andrea; Ricci, Giampaolo title: When the Cough Does Not Improve: A Review on Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis in Children date: 2020-08-07 journal: Front Pediatr DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00433 sha: doc_id: 355623 cord_uid: tmr1ieg1 file: cache/cord-353886-wvxohfum.json key: cord-353886-wvxohfum authors: Sevilla Vallejo, Santiago; Ceballos Marón, Natalia Andrea title: Theoretical and applied study of the psychological and educational effects of lockdown in primary school students in Argentina date: 2020-12-31 journal: Social Sciences & Humanities Open DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100039 sha: doc_id: 353886 cord_uid: wvxohfum file: cache/cord-354974-bh2expef.json key: cord-354974-bh2expef authors: Peterson, Ingrid; Bar-Zeev, Naor; Kennedy, Neil; Ho, Antonia; Newberry, Laura; SanJoaquin, Miguel A.; Menyere, Mavis; Alaerts, Maaike; Mapurisa, Gugulethu; Chilombe, Moses; Mambule, Ivan; Lalloo, David G.; Anderson, Suzanne T.; Katangwe, Thembi; Cunliffe, Nigel; Nagelkerke, Nico; McMorrow, Meredith; Widdowson, Marc-Allain; French, Neil; Everett, Dean; Heyderman, Robert S. title: Respiratory Virus–Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness and Viral Clustering in Malawian Children in a Setting With a High Prevalence of HIV Infection, Malaria, and Malnutrition date: 2016-09-13 journal: Journal of Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw426 sha: doc_id: 354974 cord_uid: bh2expef file: cache/cord-355047-ri43d5wk.json key: cord-355047-ri43d5wk authors: Sarangi, Bhakti; Reddy, Venkat Sandeep; Oswal, Jitendra S.; Malshe, Nandini; Patil, Ajinkya; Chakraborty, Manojit; Lalwani, Sanjay title: Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in Indian Children in the Initial Phase of the Pandemic date: 2020-07-28 journal: Indian Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/s13312-020-1994-4 sha: doc_id: 355047 cord_uid: ri43d5wk file: cache/cord-354608-1me3nopu.json key: cord-354608-1me3nopu authors: Rabinowicz, Shira; Leshem, Eyal; Pessach, Itai M. title: COVID-19 in the Pediatric Population—Review and Current Evidence date: 2020-09-19 journal: Curr Infect Dis Rep DOI: 10.1007/s11908-020-00739-6 sha: doc_id: 354608 cord_uid: 1me3nopu file: cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.json key: cord-009997-oecpqf1j authors: nan title: 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date: 2018-03-31 journal: Pediatr Blood Cancer DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27057 sha: doc_id: 9997 cord_uid: oecpqf1j file: cache/cord-015324-y44sfr0c.json key: cord-015324-y44sfr0c authors: nan title: Scientific Programme date: 2007-09-01 journal: Pediatr Nephrol DOI: 10.1007/s00467-007-0558-3 sha: doc_id: 15324 cord_uid: y44sfr0c Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-child-cord === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63329 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61079 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61884 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63343 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59443 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60836 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61160 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61803 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63338 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62808 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60821 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62097 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62865 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003822-gbwsplgq author: Elmore, Dominique title: Is Fever a Red Flag for Bacterial Pneumonia in Children With Viral Bronchiolitis? date: 2019-08-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003822-gbwsplgq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003822-gbwsplgq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-003822-gbwsplgq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010018-gl8uuqej author: Del Borrello, Giovanni title: New insights into pediatric community‐acquired pneumonia gained from untargeted metabolomics: A preliminary study date: 2019-12-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010018-gl8uuqej.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010018-gl8uuqej.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-010018-gl8uuqej.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002304-u30y2xdt author: Valentini, Diletta title: Fatal varicella pneumonia in an unvaccinated child with Down Syndrome: a case report date: 2016-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002304-u30y2xdt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002304-u30y2xdt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002304-u30y2xdt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000028-uj7lyawj author: Longtin, Jean title: Human Bocavirus Infections in Hospitalized Children and Adults date: 2008-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000028-uj7lyawj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000028-uj7lyawj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000028-uj7lyawj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029518-a3507av0 author: Graf, William D. title: Reply date: 2020-07-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029518-a3507av0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029518-a3507av0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'cord-029518-a3507av0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-032363-86ovid90 author: Gerson, William T. title: “WHO ARE WE?” Common pediatric orthopedic disorders and the primary care clinician date: 2020-09-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-032363-86ovid90.txt cache: ./cache/cord-032363-86ovid90.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-032363-86ovid90.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014813-qej5a8ks author: Rose, M. A. title: Feuchter Husten und protrahierte bakterielle Bronchitis bei Kindern und Jugendlichen date: 2018-06-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014813-qej5a8ks.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014813-qej5a8ks.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-014813-qej5a8ks.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-032073-8eguv697 author: El Fakiri, K. title: Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Moroccan Children date: 2020-07-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-032073-8eguv697.txt cache: ./cache/cord-032073-8eguv697.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-032073-8eguv697.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018111-5qx8tolv author: Lanski, Steven L. title: Emergency Care date: 2015-03-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018111-5qx8tolv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018111-5qx8tolv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018111-5qx8tolv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004458-t2iynltq author: Corten, Lieselotte title: Use of airway clearance therapy in children hospitalised with acute lower respiratory tract infections in a South African paediatric hospital date: 2020-02-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004458-t2iynltq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004458-t2iynltq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-004458-t2iynltq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006050-rwayc7lr author: Das, Rashmi Ranjan title: Clinical profile and outcome of swine flu in Indian children date: 2010-08-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006050-rwayc7lr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006050-rwayc7lr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006050-rwayc7lr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253799-lzbeaf2p author: García‐Salido, Alberto title: SARS‐COV‐2 children transmission: the evidence is that today we do not have enough evidence date: 2020-06-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253799-lzbeaf2p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253799-lzbeaf2p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-253799-lzbeaf2p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029852-yighpvle author: Chandrasekar, Shyam title: Renal Complications in Children with Hematotoxic Snakebite: More Information Needed date: 2020-07-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029852-yighpvle.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029852-yighpvle.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-029852-yighpvle.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022569-ddaqfsmp author: Pappas, Diane E. title: The Common Cold date: 2013-02-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022569-ddaqfsmp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022569-ddaqfsmp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022569-ddaqfsmp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-013401-yh8cu1hx author: Hitachi, Mami title: Improvement of Dietary Diversity and Attitude toward Recommended Feeding through Novel Community Based Nutritional Education Program in Coastal Kenya—An Intervention Study date: 2020-10-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-013401-yh8cu1hx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-013401-yh8cu1hx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-013401-yh8cu1hx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-033802-r68za4cr author: Foster, Mark title: The safeguarding implications of COVID-19 date: 2020-10-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-033802-r68za4cr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-033802-r68za4cr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-033802-r68za4cr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-104078-o89bzjfi author: Muerbe, D. title: Aerosol emission of child voices during speaking, singing and shouting date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-104078-o89bzjfi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-104078-o89bzjfi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-104078-o89bzjfi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029481-8pq1oaa4 author: Whitcomb, Caroline Green title: Review of Doug Selwyn (2019). All children are our children: New York: Peter Lang. 202 pp. ISBN 9781433161643 (Paperback) date: 2020-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029481-8pq1oaa4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029481-8pq1oaa4.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-029481-8pq1oaa4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254235-mok10c5i author: Cooper, Dan M. title: Re-Opening Schools Safely: The Case for Collaboration, Constructive Disruption of Pre-COVID Expectations, and Creative Solutions date: 2020-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254235-mok10c5i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254235-mok10c5i.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-254235-mok10c5i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016596-hxr0n1jd author: Kivekäs, Ilkka title: Epiglottitis, Acute Laryngitis, and Croup date: 2018-05-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016596-hxr0n1jd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016596-hxr0n1jd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016596-hxr0n1jd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010175-p2py9wau author: Winter, Harland title: GASTROINTESTINAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND AIDS date: 1996-04-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252970-hnd0653u author: de Nobrega, Manoel title: How face masks can affect school performance date: 2020-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252970-hnd0653u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252970-hnd0653u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-252970-hnd0653u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024673-cl8gydrj author: Rosen, Lawrence D. title: Whole Health Learning: The Revolutionary Child of Integrative Health and Education date: 2020-05-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024673-cl8gydrj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024673-cl8gydrj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-024673-cl8gydrj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-032017-h0cj4izx author: Roach, E. Steve title: Child Neglect by Any Other Name date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-032017-h0cj4izx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-032017-h0cj4izx.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-032017-h0cj4izx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000996-ef5d81cg author: Han, Seung Beom title: Clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibilities of viridans streptococcal bacteremia during febrile neutropenia in patients with hematologic malignancies: a comparison between adults and children date: 2013-06-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000996-ef5d81cg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000996-ef5d81cg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000996-ef5d81cg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001199-9khx93c0 author: Liu, Fengchen title: Effect of the One-Child Policy on Influenza Transmission in China: A Stochastic Transmission Model date: 2014-02-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001199-9khx93c0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001199-9khx93c0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001199-9khx93c0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002227-x1ddi8wg author: Li, Wanli title: Emergency treatment and nursing of children with severe pneumonia complicated by heart failure and respiratory failure: 10 case reports date: 2016-07-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002227-x1ddi8wg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002227-x1ddi8wg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002227-x1ddi8wg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017245-kxqh32ip author: Sharma, Avinash title: Kawasaki Disease date: 2016-06-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017245-kxqh32ip.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017245-kxqh32ip.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017245-kxqh32ip.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023728-fgcldn4e author: Bower, John title: Croup in Children (Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis) date: 2014-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023728-fgcldn4e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023728-fgcldn4e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-023728-fgcldn4e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-030018-sabmw7wf author: El-Shabrawi, Mortada title: Infant and child health and healthcare before and after COVID-19 pandemic: will it be the same ever? date: 2020-08-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-030018-sabmw7wf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-030018-sabmw7wf.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-030018-sabmw7wf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-033828-a54virh0 author: Wallace, Rebecca title: News Coverage of Child Care during COVID-19: Where Are Women and Gender? date: 2020-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-033828-a54virh0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-033828-a54virh0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-033828-a54virh0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011333-yyhwtnza author: Faienza, Maria Felicia title: Childhood obesity, cardiovascular and liver health: a growing epidemic with age date: 2020-02-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011333-yyhwtnza.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011333-yyhwtnza.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-011333-yyhwtnza.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009606-xz23twqx author: Vorobieva S. Jensen, V. title: Epidemiological and molecular characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage strains in pre-school children in Arkhangelsk, northern European Russia, prior to the introduction of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines date: 2020-04-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009606-xz23twqx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009606-xz23twqx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-009606-xz23twqx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022156-mm8en4os author: Isaiah, Amal title: Tracheal Infections date: 2015-07-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022156-mm8en4os.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022156-mm8en4os.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022156-mm8en4os.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017252-88b3preq author: Morgan, Carrie I. title: Pneumonia date: 2014-02-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017252-88b3preq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017252-88b3preq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017252-88b3preq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023817-39r3a4fd author: Singh, Namita title: Rotavirus and Noro- and Caliciviruses date: 2012 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023817-39r3a4fd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023817-39r3a4fd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023817-39r3a4fd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255972-u7v0es5w author: Hashikawa, Andrew title: Child Care in the Time of COVID-19: A Period of Challenge and Opportunity. date: 2020-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255972-u7v0es5w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255972-u7v0es5w.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-255972-u7v0es5w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016720-hgpnaoe7 author: Tremblay, Richard E. title: Disruptive Behaviors: Should We Foster or Prevent Resiliency? date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016720-hgpnaoe7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016720-hgpnaoe7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016720-hgpnaoe7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019089-oots4fe4 author: Laya, Bernard F. title: Infections date: 2013-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019089-oots4fe4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019089-oots4fe4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-019089-oots4fe4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018846-gmujrso2 author: Castagnini, Luis A. title: Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess date: 2015-07-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018846-gmujrso2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018846-gmujrso2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018846-gmujrso2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011503-bz6iwfan author: McGovern, Ruth title: The Association Between Adverse Child Health, Psychological, Educational and Social Outcomes, and Nondependent Parental Substance: A Rapid Evidence Assessment date: 2018-05-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011503-bz6iwfan.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011503-bz6iwfan.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-011503-bz6iwfan.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016783-8x05oh5q author: Arruda, L. Karla title: Early Interventions in Allergic Diseases date: 2010 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016783-8x05oh5q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016783-8x05oh5q.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016783-8x05oh5q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015893-e0fofgxq author: Ryhal, Bruce title: Viral Disease, Air Pollutants, Nanoparticles, and Asthma date: 2011-05-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015893-e0fofgxq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015893-e0fofgxq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-015893-e0fofgxq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017291-bhe34dky author: Cohen, Cheryl title: Influenza date: 2017-05-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018408-ttae193b author: Haddad, Imad Y. title: Pneumonia and Empyema date: 2008-11-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018408-ttae193b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018408-ttae193b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018408-ttae193b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018604-ua5h47jg author: Dersch-Mills, Deonne title: Assessment Considerations in Pediatric Patients date: 2018-12-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018604-ua5h47jg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018604-ua5h47jg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018604-ua5h47jg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-013473-8q0a33dr author: Hetherington, Erin title: Longitudinal Predictors of Self-Regulation at School Entry: Findings from the All Our Families Cohort date: 2020-10-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-013473-8q0a33dr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-013473-8q0a33dr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-013473-8q0a33dr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103829-mavc34a0 author: Alam, T. title: Extended effect of short-course azithromycin for the treatment of diarrhoea in children on antimicrobial resistance in nasopharyngeal and intestinal bacteria: Study Protocol for the antimicrobial resistance sub-study of the multicountry AntiBiotics for Children with Diarrhea (ABCD) trial. date: 2020-07-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103829-mavc34a0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103829-mavc34a0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-103829-mavc34a0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255351-vp19ydce author: Lanata, Claudio F. title: Global Causes of Diarrheal Disease Mortality in Children <5 Years of Age: A Systematic Review date: 2013-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255351-vp19ydce.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255351-vp19ydce.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-255351-vp19ydce.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023712-nptuuixw author: Bower, John title: Bronchiolitis date: 2014-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023712-nptuuixw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023712-nptuuixw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023712-nptuuixw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016542-gia859eu author: Argent, A. C. title: The Needs of Children in Natural or Manmade Disasters date: 2009-11-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016542-gia859eu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016542-gia859eu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016542-gia859eu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257778-xwu1gdak author: Link-Gelles, Ruth title: Limited Secondary Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Child Care Programs — Rhode Island, June 1–July 31, 2020 date: 2020-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257778-xwu1gdak.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257778-xwu1gdak.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257778-xwu1gdak.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029723-g6pvyzrc author: Brenner, Maria title: A systematic concept analysis of ‘technology dependent’: challenging the terminology date: 2020-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029723-g6pvyzrc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029723-g6pvyzrc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-029723-g6pvyzrc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005750-54hul2lw author: Antonelli, Massimo title: Year in review in Intensive Care Medicine, 2008: III. Paediatrics, Ethics, outcome research and critical care organization, sedation, pharmacology and miscellanea date: 2009-02-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005750-54hul2lw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005750-54hul2lw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-005750-54hul2lw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010837-8x3bch0r author: Curran, Janet A. title: Improving transitions in care for children with complex and medically fragile needs: a mixed methods study date: 2020-05-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010837-8x3bch0r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010837-8x3bch0r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-010837-8x3bch0r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-026977-prrjscnd author: Forsner, M. title: Moral Challenges When Suspecting Abuse and Neglect in School Children: A Mixed Method Study date: 2020-06-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-026977-prrjscnd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-026977-prrjscnd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-026977-prrjscnd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253251-i79h14f7 author: Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin title: An investigation of district spatial variations of childhood diarrhoea and fever morbidity in Malawi date: 2005-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253251-i79h14f7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253251-i79h14f7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253251-i79h14f7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-030800-fgvc3qw8 author: Tao, Yun title: The Impact of Parent–Child Attachment on Self-Injury Behavior: Negative Emotion and Emotional Coping Style as Serial Mediators date: 2020-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-030800-fgvc3qw8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-030800-fgvc3qw8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-030800-fgvc3qw8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255915-7hkn37p2 author: Garstang, J. title: Effect of covid-19 lockdown on child protection medical assessments: a retrospective observational study in Birmingham, UK. date: 2020-08-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255915-7hkn37p2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255915-7hkn37p2.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-255915-7hkn37p2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-031409-7cs1z6x6 author: Baraitser, Lisa title: The maternal death drive: Greta Thunberg and the question of the future date: 2020-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-031409-7cs1z6x6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-031409-7cs1z6x6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-031409-7cs1z6x6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258049-l55mx4lp author: Mansbach, Jonathan M. title: Hospital course and discharge criteria for children hospitalized with bronchiolitis date: 2015-01-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258049-l55mx4lp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258049-l55mx4lp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-258049-l55mx4lp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263688-xz2hnym0 author: Varghese, Litty title: Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Human Coronaviruses in the Pediatric Population date: 2017-05-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263688-xz2hnym0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263688-xz2hnym0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-263688-xz2hnym0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261938-ls363vud author: Khan, Farah title: Refugee and Migrant Children’s Mental Healthcare: Serving the Voiceless, Invisible, and the Vulnerable Global Citizens date: 2020-08-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261938-ls363vud.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261938-ls363vud.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-261938-ls363vud.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-104491-uu2rbtem author: Andiman, Warren A. title: Where Have All the “AIDS Babies” Gone? A Historical Memoir of the Pediatric AIDS Epidemic in New Haven and its Eventual Eradication date: 2020-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-104491-uu2rbtem.txt cache: ./cache/cord-104491-uu2rbtem.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-104491-uu2rbtem.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-034066-fsp7e5x5 author: Di Figlia-Peck, Stephanie title: Treatment of children and adolescents who are overweight or obese date: 2020-10-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-034066-fsp7e5x5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-034066-fsp7e5x5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-034066-fsp7e5x5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268042-qhrhymle author: Skokauskas, Norbert title: Supporting children of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-07-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268042-qhrhymle.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268042-qhrhymle.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-268042-qhrhymle.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 76395 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28 author: Linday, Linda A. title: Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States date: 2010-12-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265530-hn7fi5cv author: Jansen, Danielle title: Child and adolescent health needs attention now, and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-08-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265530-hn7fi5cv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265530-hn7fi5cv.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265530-hn7fi5cv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261424-t0yulofo author: Feltman, Dalia M. title: Seeking Normalcy as the Curve Flattens: Ethical Considerations for Pediatricians Managing Collateral Damage of COVID-19 date: 2020-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261424-t0yulofo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261424-t0yulofo.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-261424-t0yulofo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029480-3md13om6 author: Meix-Cereceda, Pablo title: Educational Values in Human Rights Treaties: UN, European, and African International Law date: 2020-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029480-3md13om6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029480-3md13om6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-029480-3md13om6.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62706 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265850-v83dwt6k author: Thomas, Michael S. C. title: Education, the science of learning, and the COVID-19 crisis date: 2020-05-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265850-v83dwt6k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265850-v83dwt6k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-265850-v83dwt6k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264242-zfv30l3o author: Sivabalan, Somu title: Does a Crying Child Enhance the Risk for COVID-19 Transmission? date: 2020-04-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264242-zfv30l3o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264242-zfv30l3o.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-264242-zfv30l3o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259694-8uv291b5 author: Sloan, Carlie J. title: Longitudinal changes in well-being of parents of individuals with developmental or mental health problems date: 2020-08-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259694-8uv291b5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259694-8uv291b5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-259694-8uv291b5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273620-gn8g6suq author: Szczawinska‐Poplonyk, Aleksandra title: Fatal respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus infection in a child with severe combined immunodeficiency date: 2012-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273620-gn8g6suq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273620-gn8g6suq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273620-gn8g6suq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263556-y8vx4ie2 author: Koistinen, Annamari title: Prednisolone for the first rhinovirus‐induced wheezing and 4‐year asthma risk: A randomized trial date: 2017-08-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268426-sz9ftmxr author: Maalla M’jid, Najat title: Hidden scars: the impact of violence and the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s mental health date: 2020-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268426-sz9ftmxr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268426-sz9ftmxr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-268426-sz9ftmxr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021951-xxvol17t author: Amos, Louella B. title: Cough date: 2017-05-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021951-xxvol17t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021951-xxvol17t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-021951-xxvol17t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264486-o01s0upf author: Du, Wenjun title: Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children compared with adults in Shandong Province, China date: 2020-04-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264486-o01s0upf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264486-o01s0upf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-264486-o01s0upf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260459-7o1ob5fk author: Platt, Vanessa Borges title: VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: NOTIFICATION AND ALERT IN TIMES OF PANDEMIC date: 2020-10-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260459-7o1ob5fk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260459-7o1ob5fk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-260459-7o1ob5fk.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-254852-qr5gdmbc author: Grief, Samuel N. title: Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Pneumonia date: 2018-08-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254852-qr5gdmbc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254852-qr5gdmbc.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-254852-qr5gdmbc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276660-5yney7dh author: Allgaier, Katharina title: Times are changing: digitalisation in child and adolescent psychotherapy date: 2020-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276660-5yney7dh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276660-5yney7dh.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-276660-5yney7dh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259823-ia1g5dt4 author: Gowin, Ewelina title: Assessment of the Usefulness of Multiplex Real-Time PCR Tests in the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Process of Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children: A Single-Center Experience date: 2017-01-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259823-ia1g5dt4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259823-ia1g5dt4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-259823-ia1g5dt4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265112-fjn05uag author: Koistinen, Annamari title: Vitamin D, virus etiology, and atopy in first‐time wheezing children in Finland date: 2014-12-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265112-fjn05uag.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265112-fjn05uag.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265112-fjn05uag.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264612-paewji35 author: Øverlien, Carolina title: The COVID‐19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Children in Domestic Violence Refuges date: 2020-08-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264612-paewji35.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264612-paewji35.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-264612-paewji35.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267139-r8rg0iqq author: Scaggs Huang, Felicia A. title: Fever in the Returning Traveler date: 2018-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257751-n7w1psr4 author: Halperin, Daniel T. title: Coping With COVID-19: Learning From Past Pandemics to Avoid Pitfalls and Panic date: 2020-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259501-iggw1exl author: Kim, Yong Yean title: Acute Respiratory Illness in Rural Haiti date: 2019-02-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259501-iggw1exl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259501-iggw1exl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-259501-iggw1exl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268190-r428y2j9 author: Vivanti, Alexandre J. title: Post-natal follow-up for women and neonates during the COVID-19 pandemic: French National Authority for Health recommendations date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268190-r428y2j9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268190-r428y2j9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-268190-r428y2j9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254277-hr5g1tkq author: Rozdilsky, Janlyn R. title: Enhancing Sibling Presence in Pediatric ICU date: 2005-12-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254277-hr5g1tkq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254277-hr5g1tkq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-254277-hr5g1tkq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006236-2gpwf4z2 author: nan title: Abstracts from the First International Conference on Heart Failure in Children and Young Adults date: 2004 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006236-2gpwf4z2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006236-2gpwf4z2.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006236-2gpwf4z2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267610-bzbr9ios author: Anastassopoulou, Cleo title: SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the ambiguous role of children and considerations for the reopening of schools in the fall date: 2020-09-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267610-bzbr9ios.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267610-bzbr9ios.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-267610-bzbr9ios.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277805-b3hizdmz author: Catassi, Giulia N. title: A negative fallout of COVID-19 lockdown in Italy: life-threatening delay in the diagnosis of celiac disease date: 2020-05-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277805-b3hizdmz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277805-b3hizdmz.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-277805-b3hizdmz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272125-dez1nzg4 author: Jartti, T. title: Allergic sensitization is associated with rhinovirus‐, but not other virus‐, induced wheezing in children date: 2010-10-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272125-dez1nzg4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272125-dez1nzg4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-272125-dez1nzg4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265445-bazcczdj author: Arias-Bravo, Guisselle title: Overnutrition in Infants Is Associated With High Level of Leptin, Viral Coinfection and Increased Severity of Respiratory Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study date: 2020-02-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265445-bazcczdj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265445-bazcczdj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-265445-bazcczdj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010411-zgdvo29n author: Biglan, Anthony title: A Strategic Plan for Strengthening America’s Families: A Brief from the Coalition of Behavioral Science Organizations date: 2020-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010411-zgdvo29n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010411-zgdvo29n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-010411-zgdvo29n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269266-ygewa5xd author: Wurzel, Danielle F. title: Adenovirus Species C Is Associated With Chronic Suppurative Lung Diseases in Children date: 2014-04-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269266-ygewa5xd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269266-ygewa5xd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-269266-ygewa5xd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269087-f9hyntvf author: Li, X. title: A Mini Review on Current Clinical and Research Findings for Children Suffering from COVID-19 date: 2020-04-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269087-f9hyntvf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269087-f9hyntvf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-269087-f9hyntvf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271814-a2vlkwce author: Brough, Helen A. title: Managing childhood allergies and immunodeficiencies during respiratory virus epidemics – The 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic: A statement from the EAACI‐section on pediatrics date: 2020-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271814-a2vlkwce.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271814-a2vlkwce.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-271814-a2vlkwce.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294772-nma7w7of author: de Oliveira Collet, Giulia title: COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric dentistry: fear, eating habits and parent’s oral health perceptions date: 2020-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294772-nma7w7of.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294772-nma7w7of.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-294772-nma7w7of.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273322-zz733a0k author: ZHAO, Yang title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 versus Influenza A in Children: An Observational Control Study in China date: 2020-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273322-zz733a0k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273322-zz733a0k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273322-zz733a0k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268176-tb12txdf author: Garcia de Avila, Marla Andréia title: Children’s Anxiety and Factors Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Study Using the Children’s Anxiety Questionnaire and the Numerical Rating Scale date: 2020-08-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268176-tb12txdf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268176-tb12txdf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-268176-tb12txdf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281132-7hk6ze9k author: Falahi, S. title: The prevalence of human bocavirus in <2-year-old children with acute bronchiolitis date: 2020-08-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281132-7hk6ze9k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281132-7hk6ze9k.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-281132-7hk6ze9k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283138-18q23z8l author: Balasubramanian, S. title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children - What We Know So Far and What We Do Not date: 2020-04-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283138-18q23z8l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283138-18q23z8l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-283138-18q23z8l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265506-fxus6n65 author: Westrupp, Elizabeth M. title: Study Protocol for the COVID-19 Pandemic Adjustment Survey (CPAS): A Longitudinal Study of Australian Parents of a Child 0–18 Years date: 2020-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265506-fxus6n65.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265506-fxus6n65.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-265506-fxus6n65.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274123-wgigtgl9 author: Dube, Felix S. title: Respiratory microbes present in the nasopharynx of children hospitalised with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa date: 2016-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274123-wgigtgl9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274123-wgigtgl9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-274123-wgigtgl9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262892-n38r8n70 author: Sheikh, Jamila title: Nutritional Care of the Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective date: 2015-05-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262892-n38r8n70.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262892-n38r8n70.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-262892-n38r8n70.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285965-mar8zt2t author: Su, Liang title: The different clinical characteristics of corona virus disease cases between children and their families in China – the character of children with COVID-19 date: 2020-03-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285965-mar8zt2t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285965-mar8zt2t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-285965-mar8zt2t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264651-cqxmpxyq author: Lee, Shawna J. title: Parenting Activities and the Transition to Home-based Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-10-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264651-cqxmpxyq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264651-cqxmpxyq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-264651-cqxmpxyq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261151-27ocvgnw author: Becker, Jessica E. title: Pediatric Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry: An Update and Review date: 2020-04-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261151-27ocvgnw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261151-27ocvgnw.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-261151-27ocvgnw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281248-z2gisufl author: Buonsenso, Danilo title: A Pediatric Strategy for the Next Phase of the SARS–CoV-2 Pandemic date: 2020-10-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281248-z2gisufl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281248-z2gisufl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-281248-z2gisufl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285459-fph03r22 author: Patel, Ami B title: SARS-CoV-2 Point Prevalence among Asymptomatic Hospitalized Children and Subsequent Healthcare Worker Evaluation date: 2020-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285459-fph03r22.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285459-fph03r22.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-285459-fph03r22.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274834-24v2b509 author: Lima, Rosiane title: Establishment of a pediatric COVID-19 biorepository: unique considerations and opportunities for studying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children date: 2020-09-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274834-24v2b509.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274834-24v2b509.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-274834-24v2b509.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292929-s8pnm9wv author: Ashikalli, Louicia title: The indirect impact of COVID-19 on child health date: 2020-09-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292929-s8pnm9wv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292929-s8pnm9wv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-292929-s8pnm9wv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279401-eehb5yny author: Haffejee, Sadiyya title: ‘When will I be free’: Lessons of COVID-19 for Child Protection in South Africa date: 2020-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279401-eehb5yny.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279401-eehb5yny.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-279401-eehb5yny.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281948-xv7vuypd author: Hoang, Ansel title: COVID-19 in 7780 pediatric patients: A systematic review date: 2020-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281948-xv7vuypd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281948-xv7vuypd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-281948-xv7vuypd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263619-p17oomzn author: Moss, William J. title: Measles date: 2009-01-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263619-p17oomzn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263619-p17oomzn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-263619-p17oomzn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293136-lfwqzf8m author: Escosa‐García, Luis title: Ten key points about COVID‐19 in children: the shadows on the wall date: 2020-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293136-lfwqzf8m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293136-lfwqzf8m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-293136-lfwqzf8m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274643-vjb2yt93 author: Kang, G. title: Viral Diarrhea date: 2008-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274643-vjb2yt93.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274643-vjb2yt93.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-274643-vjb2yt93.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288930-h13cxuh3 author: Lim, Faye J title: Viral Etiology and the Impact of Codetection in Young Children Presenting With Influenza-Like Illness date: 2016-07-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288930-h13cxuh3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288930-h13cxuh3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-288930-h13cxuh3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296141-h1h18ek6 author: Hoekstra, Pieter J. title: Suicidality in children and adolescents: lessons to be learned from the COVID-19 crisis date: 2020-06-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296141-h1h18ek6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296141-h1h18ek6.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-296141-h1h18ek6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283667-jqlz7yt8 author: Katz, Sophie E. title: Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the United States Changing Epidemiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges, and Areas for Future Research date: 2018-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283667-jqlz7yt8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283667-jqlz7yt8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283667-jqlz7yt8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267907-zbsbqj9o author: Brown, Samantha M. title: Stress and Parenting during the Global COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267907-zbsbqj9o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267907-zbsbqj9o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-267907-zbsbqj9o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022582-2e9i3m4b author: Potsic, William P. title: Otolaryngologic Disorders date: 2012-03-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023748-3kfy36hg author: Lye, Patricia S. title: Fever date: 2017-05-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277315-e26oc883 author: Dhiman, Sapna title: Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs date: 2020-10-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277315-e26oc883.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277315-e26oc883.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-277315-e26oc883.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282446-01lu7sce author: Stokholm, Jakob title: Azithromycin for episodes with asthma-like symptoms in young children aged 1–3 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial date: 2015-12-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282446-01lu7sce.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282446-01lu7sce.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-282446-01lu7sce.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310534-ng6321hh author: Kaushik, Ashlesha title: COVID-19 in Children: Clinical Approach and Management- Correspondence date: 2020-07-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310534-ng6321hh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310534-ng6321hh.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-310534-ng6321hh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274443-r6ponjr4 author: Lawson, Monica title: Child Maltreatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Consequences of Parental Job Loss on Psychological and Physical Abuse Towards Children date: 2020-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274443-r6ponjr4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274443-r6ponjr4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-274443-r6ponjr4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274996-fk510s1v author: Babatunde, Gbotemi Bukola title: Stakeholders' perceptions of child and adolescent mental health services in a South African district: a qualitative study date: 2020-10-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274996-fk510s1v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274996-fk510s1v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-274996-fk510s1v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296434-tok2nvyd author: Sakellaropoulou, Afroditi title: Hyponatraemia in cases of children with pneumonia date: 2010-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296434-tok2nvyd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296434-tok2nvyd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-296434-tok2nvyd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290432-4dli5emd author: O’Grady, Kerry-Ann F. title: Upper airway viruses and bacteria in urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in Brisbane, Australia: a cross-sectional study date: 2017-04-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290432-4dli5emd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290432-4dli5emd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-290432-4dli5emd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310998-zchtu6cm author: Kalash, Danny A. title: How COVID-19 Deepens Child Oral Health Inequities date: 2020-05-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310998-zchtu6cm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310998-zchtu6cm.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-310998-zchtu6cm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275578-9y90uj5h author: Han, Aixi title: Demographic Scenarios of Future Environmental Footprints of Healthy Diets in China date: 2020-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275578-9y90uj5h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275578-9y90uj5h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-275578-9y90uj5h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298551-ua90xoak author: Bennet, Rutger title: Influenza epidemiology among hospitalized children in Stockholm, Sweden 1998–2014 date: 2016-06-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298551-ua90xoak.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298551-ua90xoak.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-298551-ua90xoak.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282868-yd7pzcbz author: Shelmerdine, Susan C. title: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a systematic review of imaging findings date: 2020-06-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282868-yd7pzcbz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282868-yd7pzcbz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-282868-yd7pzcbz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286531-3syf6upw author: Dong, Chuanmei title: Young Children’s Online Learning during COVID-19 Pandemic: Chinese Parents’ Beliefs and Attitudes date: 2020-09-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286531-3syf6upw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286531-3syf6upw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-286531-3syf6upw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-295260-te2jz2gn author: Leino, Annamari title: Pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity 4 years after the first virus-induced wheezing date: 2018-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-295260-te2jz2gn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-295260-te2jz2gn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-295260-te2jz2gn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 author: Macdonald-Laurs, Emma title: CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? date: 2018-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-295792-hajvtzj9 author: Álvez, Fernando title: SARS-CoV2 coronavirus: So far polite with children. Debatable immunological and non-immunological evidence date: 2020-07-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-295792-hajvtzj9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-295792-hajvtzj9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-295792-hajvtzj9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293259-o51fnvuw author: Sinaei, Reza title: Why COVID-19 is less frequent and severe in children: a narrative review date: 2020-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293259-o51fnvuw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293259-o51fnvuw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-293259-o51fnvuw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283440-8du0s33p author: Ciuca, Ioana M title: COVID-19 in Children: An Ample Review date: 2020-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283440-8du0s33p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283440-8du0s33p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283440-8du0s33p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022084-hap7flng author: ARRUDA, EURICO title: Respiratory Tract Viral Infections date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022084-hap7flng.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022084-hap7flng.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022084-hap7flng.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312835-a60bkohc author: Kohli, Utkarsh title: Fulminant myocarditis and atrial fibrillation in child with acute COVID-19 date: 2020-10-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312835-a60bkohc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312835-a60bkohc.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-312835-a60bkohc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297241-ajy2wi51 author: Katz, Carmit title: Invisible children and non-essential workers: Child protection during COVID-19 in Israel according to policy documents and media coverage date: 2020-10-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297241-ajy2wi51.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297241-ajy2wi51.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-297241-ajy2wi51.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299781-9d5g5xaw author: Hrusak, Ondrej title: Flash Survey on SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Pediatric Patients on anti-Cancer Treatment date: 2020-04-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299781-9d5g5xaw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299781-9d5g5xaw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-299781-9d5g5xaw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303451-66c2qobr author: Pelaez, Martha title: Returning to School: Separation Problems and Anxiety in the Age of Pandemics date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303451-66c2qobr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303451-66c2qobr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-303451-66c2qobr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310543-2ly18d15 author: Clemens, Vera title: Potential effects of “social” distancing measures and school lockdown on child and adolescent mental health date: 2020-05-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310543-2ly18d15.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310543-2ly18d15.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-310543-2ly18d15.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269716-x3b0qphd author: Hopper, Lydia M. title: Problem solving flexibility across early development date: 2020-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269716-x3b0qphd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269716-x3b0qphd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-269716-x3b0qphd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312971-r9sggqh8 author: Mancino, Enrica title: A single centre study of viral community-acquired pneumonia in children: no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 from October 2019 to March 2020 date: 2020-04-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312971-r9sggqh8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312971-r9sggqh8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312971-r9sggqh8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304437-ezqghyid author: Palmieri, Tina L. title: Children are not little adults: blood transfusion in children with burn injury date: 2017-08-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304437-ezqghyid.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304437-ezqghyid.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-304437-ezqghyid.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-311393-e82jy629 author: Giménez-Dasí, Marta title: Six Weeks of Confinement: Psychological Effects on a Sample of Children in Early Childhood and Primary Education date: 2020-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-311393-e82jy629.txt cache: ./cache/cord-311393-e82jy629.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-311393-e82jy629.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-316356-xq9bw349 author: Ross, Kristie R. title: Is It Time to Head Home for the Night? Home Sleep Testing in Young Children date: 2020-10-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-316356-xq9bw349.txt cache: ./cache/cord-316356-xq9bw349.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-316356-xq9bw349.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318916-5lzun9bv author: Bruining, Hilgo title: COVID-19 and child and adolescent psychiatry: an unexpected blessing for part of our population? date: 2020-07-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318916-5lzun9bv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318916-5lzun9bv.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-318916-5lzun9bv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309860-otx45b8x author: Conway, Nicholas T. title: Clinical Predictors of Influenza in Young Children: The Limitations of “Influenza-Like Illness” date: 2012-09-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309860-otx45b8x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309860-otx45b8x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309860-otx45b8x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014608-g3p19coe author: nan title: Pneumococcal colonization and carriage date: 2014-12-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014608-g3p19coe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014608-g3p19coe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-014608-g3p19coe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276108-35rsrx3m author: Shulman, Stanford T title: The History of Pediatric Infectious Diseases date: 2004 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313258-luiw46zj author: Kim, Joon Hwan title: Clinical risk factors associated with the development of wheezing in children less than 2 years of age who required hospitalization for viral lower respiratory tract infections date: 2015-07-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313258-luiw46zj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313258-luiw46zj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-313258-luiw46zj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314810-ny4mnzqc author: Provenzi, Livio title: The Little Professor and the Virus: Scaffolding Children’s Meaning Making During the COVID-19 Emergency date: 2020-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314810-ny4mnzqc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314810-ny4mnzqc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-314810-ny4mnzqc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314124-yk4y0kea author: Tsou, Ian Y. title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in a paediatric cluster in Singapore date: 2003-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314124-yk4y0kea.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314124-yk4y0kea.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-314124-yk4y0kea.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314597-1q3osgk7 author: Hill, Holly A. title: Vaccination Coverage by Age 24 Months Among Children Born in 2016 and 2017 — National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2017–2019 date: 2020-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314597-1q3osgk7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314597-1q3osgk7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-314597-1q3osgk7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308916-6p2qutc5 author: le Roux, David M. title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease date: 2017-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308916-6p2qutc5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308916-6p2qutc5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-308916-6p2qutc5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022467-j2trahab author: Loo, May title: Select Populations: Children date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022467-j2trahab.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022467-j2trahab.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022467-j2trahab.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302863-9e5ajbgq author: Alhabdan, Yazeed Abdullah title: Prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among primary school children: a population-based cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date: 2018-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 84815 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 84734 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006702-ekf6mja9 author: nan title: Abstracts for the 17th IPNA Congress, Iguaçu, Brazil, September 2016: Oral Presentations date: 2016-08-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006702-ekf6mja9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006702-ekf6mja9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-006702-ekf6mja9.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 85214 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298807-67psjrt3 author: Morris, Peter S. title: Acute and Chronic Otitis Media date: 2009-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298807-67psjrt3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298807-67psjrt3.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-298807-67psjrt3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-295575-zgta5ah8 author: Howard, Evin title: The Impact of Ambient Environmental Exposures to Microbial Products on Asthma Outcomes from Birth to Childhood date: 2019-11-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-295575-zgta5ah8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-295575-zgta5ah8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-295575-zgta5ah8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310677-begnpodw author: Yeasmin, Sabina title: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study date: 2020-07-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310677-begnpodw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310677-begnpodw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-310677-begnpodw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315825-ckg8mf8t author: B, Liu title: Decrease of respiratory diseases in one social children welfare institute in Shanxi Province during COVID-19 date: 2020-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303741-1ou0cy5k author: Stafstrom, Carl E. title: COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children date: 2020-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317283-0zzs5cy8 author: Nicoletti, Angela title: Screening of COVID-19 in children admitted to the hospital for acute problems: preliminary data date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317283-0zzs5cy8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317283-0zzs5cy8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317283-0zzs5cy8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320868-a9yegebb author: Senthilkumaran, Subramanian title: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Children: Indian Perspectives date: 2020-04-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320868-a9yegebb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320868-a9yegebb.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-320868-a9yegebb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284145-7le8303x author: Taylor, Johanna title: Specialist paediatric palliative care for children and young people with cancer: A mixed-methods systematic review date: 2020-05-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284145-7le8303x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284145-7le8303x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-284145-7le8303x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317092-5qba9jiq author: Singh, Tulika title: Lessons from COVID-19 in children: Key hypotheses to guide preventative and therapeutic strategies date: 2020-05-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317092-5qba9jiq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317092-5qba9jiq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317092-5qba9jiq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318965-0mxv8h06 author: Mastnak, Wolfgang title: Psychopathological problems related to the COVID‐19 pandemic and possible prevention with music therapy date: 2020-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318965-0mxv8h06.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318965-0mxv8h06.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318965-0mxv8h06.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312615-q333qgps author: Knobbe, Rebecca B title: Pathogens Causing Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Less Than 5 Years of Age in Senegal date: 2019-12-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312615-q333qgps.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312615-q333qgps.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-312615-q333qgps.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312266-hnbgaxft author: Krishnamurthy, A. title: Current therapeutics and prophylactic approaches to treat pneumonia date: 2016-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312266-hnbgaxft.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312266-hnbgaxft.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312266-hnbgaxft.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309095-ka9abe0c author: Idoiaga, Nahia title: Exploring Children’s Social and Emotional Representations of the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-08-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309095-ka9abe0c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309095-ka9abe0c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309095-ka9abe0c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314390-q36ye9ff author: Kang, Gagandeep title: Viral Diarrhea date: 2016-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314390-q36ye9ff.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314390-q36ye9ff.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-314390-q36ye9ff.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313981-yuh5rwkt author: Burgner, David title: The burden of pneumonia in children: an Australian perspective date: 2005-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313981-yuh5rwkt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313981-yuh5rwkt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-313981-yuh5rwkt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318012-bg9y2nsp author: Cantais, Aymeric title: Epidemiology and microbiological investigations of community-acquired pneumonia in children admitted at the emergency department of a university hospital date: 2014-05-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318012-bg9y2nsp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318012-bg9y2nsp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-318012-bg9y2nsp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323859-rkxgtyoq author: Patel, Khushboo title: Mental health implications of COVID-19 on children with disabilities date: 2020-07-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323859-rkxgtyoq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323859-rkxgtyoq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-323859-rkxgtyoq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298708-lvahzj59 author: Sahin, Ecem title: Vulnerabilities of Syrian refugee children in Turkey and actions taken for prevention and management in terms of health and wellbeing date: 2020-07-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298708-lvahzj59.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298708-lvahzj59.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-298708-lvahzj59.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326277-dwyvics9 author: Thakur, Kalpna title: Effect of the Pandemic and Lockdown on Mental Health of Children date: 2020-05-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326277-dwyvics9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326277-dwyvics9.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-326277-dwyvics9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300371-6ja5o3sa author: Maloney, Susan A. title: Prevention of infectious diseases among international pediatric travelers: Considerations for clinicians date: 2004-11-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314196-1go07yi6 author: Bondy, Andy title: Promoting Functional Communication Within the Home date: 2020-05-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314196-1go07yi6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314196-1go07yi6.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-314196-1go07yi6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308493-3fsn7awq author: Günther‐Bel, Cristina title: A Mixed‐method Study of Individual, Couple and Parental Functioning During the State‐regulated COVID‐19 Lockdown in Spain date: 2020-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308493-3fsn7awq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308493-3fsn7awq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-308493-3fsn7awq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305786-06dpjik8 author: Sandora, Thomas J. title: Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children date: 2005-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305786-06dpjik8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305786-06dpjik8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-305786-06dpjik8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326963-34hw4oeg author: Panthi, Bindu title: An urgent call to address the nutritional status of women and children in Nepal during COVID-19 crises date: 2020-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326963-34hw4oeg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326963-34hw4oeg.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-326963-34hw4oeg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315860-9j667c03 author: Jullien, Sophie title: Pneumonia in children admitted to the national referral hospital in Bhutan: A prospective cohort study date: 2020-04-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315860-9j667c03.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315860-9j667c03.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-315860-9j667c03.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301022-0q2ertja author: Mims, James W. title: Inhalant Allergies in Children date: 2011-04-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301022-0q2ertja.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301022-0q2ertja.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-301022-0q2ertja.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329123-ytezkugu author: Santi, Aura Daniella title: Atrial fibrillation in a child with COVID-19 infection date: 2020-10-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329123-ytezkugu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329123-ytezkugu.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-329123-ytezkugu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310840-h49dx92d author: Eslamy, Hedieh K. title: Pneumonia in Normal and Immunocompromised Children: An Overview and Update date: 2011-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310840-h49dx92d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310840-h49dx92d.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-310840-h49dx92d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320438-9j41eyw3 author: Daltro, Pedro title: Pulmonary infections date: 2011-04-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320438-9j41eyw3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320438-9j41eyw3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-320438-9j41eyw3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-008695-y7il3hyb author: nan title: Pandemic Flu: Clinical management of patients with an influenza-like illness during an influenza pandemic date: 2007-01-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-008695-y7il3hyb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-008695-y7il3hyb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-008695-y7il3hyb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320002-25ivll3q author: Mathew, Joseph L. title: Etiology of community acquired pneumonia among children in India: prospective, cohort study date: 2015-10-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320002-25ivll3q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320002-25ivll3q.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-320002-25ivll3q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333061-d1mdacx3 author: Zhang, Xiu-Hang title: A Specially Designed Medical Screen for Children Suffering from Burns: A Randomized Trial of a Distraction-type Therapy date: 2020-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333061-d1mdacx3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333061-d1mdacx3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-333061-d1mdacx3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330777-xcwppaux author: Esposito, Susanna title: Collection by trained pediatricians or parents of mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs for the detection of influenza viruses in childhood date: 2010-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330777-xcwppaux.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330777-xcwppaux.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-330777-xcwppaux.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327284-j6cg7nf0 author: Meireles, André Luís Ferreira title: Impact of Social Isolation due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Pediatric Disorders: Rehabilitation Perspectives From a Developing Country date: 2020-08-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327284-j6cg7nf0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327284-j6cg7nf0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-327284-j6cg7nf0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323473-e2pgjynr author: Cevey-Macherel, Manon title: Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children based on WHO clinical guidelines date: 2009-02-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323473-e2pgjynr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323473-e2pgjynr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-323473-e2pgjynr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314190-fvdock94 author: Florin, Todd A title: Viral bronchiolitis date: 2017-01-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314190-fvdock94.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314190-fvdock94.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-314190-fvdock94.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324752-t50bg7pq author: Lavery, Michael Joseph title: Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 in children (and adults): A virus that does not discriminate date: 2020-11-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324752-t50bg7pq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324752-t50bg7pq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324752-t50bg7pq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327493-v2iatbol author: Kwon, Hyo Jin title: Clinical manifestations of respiratory adenoviral infection among hospitalized children in Korea date: 2013-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327493-v2iatbol.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327493-v2iatbol.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-327493-v2iatbol.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310944-tfn0ltrz author: Peck, Jessica L. title: COVID 19: Impacts and Implications for Pediatric Practice date: 2020-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310944-tfn0ltrz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310944-tfn0ltrz.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-310944-tfn0ltrz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320156-xs936r6u author: Nunes, Marta C. title: Polyomaviruses-associated respiratory infections in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children date: 2014-10-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320156-xs936r6u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320156-xs936r6u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-320156-xs936r6u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315436-8qrlc5sf author: Corona, Laura L. title: Parent Perceptions of Caregiver-Mediated Telemedicine Tools for Assessing Autism Risk in Toddlers date: 2020-06-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315436-8qrlc5sf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315436-8qrlc5sf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315436-8qrlc5sf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323742-rt0g0ufe author: Carter, Michael J. title: Assessment of an Antibody-in-Lymphocyte Supernatant Assay for the Etiological Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Children date: 2020-01-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323742-rt0g0ufe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323742-rt0g0ufe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-323742-rt0g0ufe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324786-8k81jetq author: Chang, Anne B title: Antibiotics for bronchiectasis exacerbations in children: rationale and study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial date: 2012-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324786-8k81jetq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324786-8k81jetq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324786-8k81jetq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321514-knyw023l author: Bénet, Thomas title: Severity of Pneumonia in Under 5-Year-Old Children from Developing Countries: A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Study date: 2017-07-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321514-knyw023l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321514-knyw023l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321514-knyw023l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322711-u6yr8wqh author: Imran, Nazish title: Psychological burden of quarantine in children and adolescents: A rapid systematic review and proposed solutions date: 2020 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322711-u6yr8wqh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322711-u6yr8wqh.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-322711-u6yr8wqh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024981-yfuuirnw author: Severin, Paul N. title: Types of Disasters date: 2020-05-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331825-dwi350c0 author: Teherani, Mehgan F title: Burden of illness in households with SARS-CoV-2 infected children date: 2020-08-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331825-dwi350c0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331825-dwi350c0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-331825-dwi350c0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324181-nyrpg3ud author: Baker, Jeffrey title: Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2) date: 2020-05-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324181-nyrpg3ud.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324181-nyrpg3ud.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324181-nyrpg3ud.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336562-5qmzne98 author: Auten, Richard title: Pediatric pulmonology year in review 2016: Part 2 date: 2017-04-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336562-5qmzne98.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336562-5qmzne98.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-336562-5qmzne98.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337561-m0z14iyu author: Gerber, Nicole title: Winter is coming: care of the febrile children in the time of COVID-19 date: 2020-11-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337561-m0z14iyu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337561-m0z14iyu.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-337561-m0z14iyu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341331-l24oe2pd author: Zheng, Baojia title: An increasing public health burden arising from children infected with SARS‐CoV2: a systematic review and meta‐analysis date: 2020-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341331-l24oe2pd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341331-l24oe2pd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-341331-l24oe2pd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319286-xbf4zhnr author: Howie, Erin K. title: Exploring the Reliability and Validity of the TechU-Q to Evaluate Device and Purpose Specific Screen Use in Preschool Children and Parents date: 2020-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319286-xbf4zhnr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319286-xbf4zhnr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-319286-xbf4zhnr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335051-31imf6bv author: Tsabouri, Sophia title: SPECIAL ARTICLE: Risk factors for severity in children with coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19): A comprehensive literature review date: 2020-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335051-31imf6bv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335051-31imf6bv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-335051-31imf6bv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333479-d0mgma42 author: Duan, Li title: An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in China during the outbreak of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333479-d0mgma42.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333479-d0mgma42.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-333479-d0mgma42.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335148-2ngwjp3r author: Noda, Tatsuya title: Gargling for Oral Hygiene and the Development of Fever in Childhood: A Population Study in Japan date: 2012-01-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335148-2ngwjp3r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335148-2ngwjp3r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-335148-2ngwjp3r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322348-8opy5z9h author: Morelli, Mara title: Parents and Children During the COVID-19 Lockdown: The Influence of Parenting Distress and Parenting Self-Efficacy on Children’s Emotional Well-Being date: 2020-10-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322348-8opy5z9h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322348-8opy5z9h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-322348-8opy5z9h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343910-jib877fo author: Guidotti, M. title: Does autism protect against COVID quarantine effects? date: 2020-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343910-jib877fo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343910-jib877fo.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-343910-jib877fo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326532-2ehuuvnx author: Götzinger, Florian title: COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study date: 2020-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326532-2ehuuvnx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326532-2ehuuvnx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-326532-2ehuuvnx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321949-s1qu3odd author: Anderson, Evan J title: Rotavirus infection in adults date: 2004-01-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321949-s1qu3odd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321949-s1qu3odd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321949-s1qu3odd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323941-6rdveab3 author: Levine, Diane Thembekile title: Child safety, protection, and safeguarding in the time of COVID-19 in Great Britain: Proposing a conceptual framework date: 2020-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323941-6rdveab3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323941-6rdveab3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-323941-6rdveab3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335055-gzuug3p5 author: Kwiyolecha, Elizabeth title: Patterns of viral pathogens causing upper respiratory tract infections among symptomatic children in Mwanza, Tanzania date: 2020-10-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335055-gzuug3p5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335055-gzuug3p5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-335055-gzuug3p5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337637-wehstffa author: Ferreira, Flavia de A title: Comparison of atopic and nonatopic children with chronic cough: Bronchoalveolar lavage cell profile date: 2007-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337637-wehstffa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337637-wehstffa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-337637-wehstffa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-316260-1t3ifsfi author: Nogueira-de-Almeida, Carlos Alberto title: COVID-19 and obesity in childhood and adolescence: A clinical review()() date: 2020-08-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-316260-1t3ifsfi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-316260-1t3ifsfi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-316260-1t3ifsfi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353482-dz343h7t author: Ellis, Matthew title: Global Community Child Health date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353482-dz343h7t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353482-dz343h7t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-353482-dz343h7t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341208-vlzbri33 author: Narzisi, Antonio title: Handle the Autism Spectrum Condition during Coronavirus (COVID-19) Stay at Home Period: Ten Tips for Helping Parents and Caregivers of Young Children date: 2020-04-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341208-vlzbri33.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341208-vlzbri33.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-341208-vlzbri33.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-338674-tnnd1s57 author: Yin, J Kevin title: Pilot study of influenza vaccine effectiveness in urban Australian children attending childcare date: 2011-06-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-338674-tnnd1s57.txt cache: ./cache/cord-338674-tnnd1s57.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-338674-tnnd1s57.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332404-va3rxy5p author: Landeros, A. title: An Examination of School Reopening Strategies during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic date: 2020-08-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332404-va3rxy5p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332404-va3rxy5p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-332404-va3rxy5p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326328-9w2p3xla author: JENKINS, IAN A. title: Infections of the airway date: 2009-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326328-9w2p3xla.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326328-9w2p3xla.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-326328-9w2p3xla.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329499-jh4pbqxu author: Leulseged, T. W. title: COVID-19 in Hospitalized Ethiopian Children: Characteristics and Outcome Profile date: 2020-11-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329499-jh4pbqxu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329499-jh4pbqxu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-329499-jh4pbqxu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330780-lmntovs5 author: Simacek, Jessica title: Current Trends in Telehealth Applications to Deliver Social Communication Interventions for Young Children with or at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder date: 2020-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330780-lmntovs5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330780-lmntovs5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-330780-lmntovs5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344823-jl5ph260 author: Jacob, Hannah title: Safeguarding Children in a Pandemic: Pandemonium with Possibility? date: 2020-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344823-jl5ph260.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344823-jl5ph260.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-344823-jl5ph260.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335582-30rws724 author: Bonal, Xavier title: The impact of lockdown on the learning gap: family and school divisions in times of crisis date: 2020-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335582-30rws724.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335582-30rws724.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-335582-30rws724.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351797-b7ywe980 author: Cito, Gianmartin title: Paternal Behaviors in the Era of COVID-19 date: 2020-04-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351797-b7ywe980.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351797-b7ywe980.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-351797-b7ywe980.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327963-dqsg84e5 author: Tang, Suqin title: Mental Health and Its Correlates among Children and Adolescents during COVID-19 School Closure: The Importance of Parent-Child Discussion date: 2020-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327963-dqsg84e5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327963-dqsg84e5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-327963-dqsg84e5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340512-wjbh1z8y author: Dugas, M. title: COVID-19 in Children with Brain-Based Developmental Disabilities: A Rapid Review date: 2020-05-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340512-wjbh1z8y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340512-wjbh1z8y.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-340512-wjbh1z8y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342853-n3e6yawi author: Naghipour, Mohammadreza title: Human bocavirus in Iranian children with acute respiratory infections date: 2007-03-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342853-n3e6yawi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342853-n3e6yawi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-342853-n3e6yawi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348212-c2iibuqa author: Cavallo, Federica title: Novel coronavirus infection and children date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348212-c2iibuqa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348212-c2iibuqa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-348212-c2iibuqa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023713-daz2vokz author: Devereux, Graham title: Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases date: 2013-09-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328709-bqf3d6r3 author: Khan, Mariam S. title: Paid Family Leave and Children Health Outcomes in OECD Countries date: 2020-07-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328709-bqf3d6r3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328709-bqf3d6r3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-328709-bqf3d6r3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329905-dwfwwdbn author: Staat, Dana D. title: International Adoption: Issues in Infectious Diseases date: 2012-01-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355047-ri43d5wk author: Sarangi, Bhakti title: Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in Indian Children in the Initial Phase of the Pandemic date: 2020-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355047-ri43d5wk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355047-ri43d5wk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-355047-ri43d5wk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342133-khrljehj author: Principi, Nicola title: Bocavirus Infection in Otherwise Healthy Children with Respiratory Disease date: 2015-08-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342133-khrljehj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342133-khrljehj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-342133-khrljehj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348411-nrhe8aek author: Shah, Kaushal title: Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents date: 2020-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348411-nrhe8aek.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348411-nrhe8aek.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-348411-nrhe8aek.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-338007-fa4i981h author: Coyne, Lisa W. title: First Things First: Parent Psychological Flexibility and Self-Compassion During COVID-19 date: 2020-05-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-338007-fa4i981h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-338007-fa4i981h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-338007-fa4i981h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347033-ha095nwp author: Jethwani, Pratap title: Management of children and adolescents having type 1 diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic in India: challenges and solutions date: 2020-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347033-ha095nwp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347033-ha095nwp.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-347033-ha095nwp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354993-gdz63spj author: Larcher, Victor title: Children of COVID-19: pawns, pathfinders or partners? date: 2020-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354993-gdz63spj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354993-gdz63spj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354993-gdz63spj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353519-cmeociax author: Jay Miller, J. title: Child Welfare Workers and Peritraumatic Distress: The Impact of COVID-19 date: 2020-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353519-cmeociax.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353519-cmeociax.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-353519-cmeociax.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352952-91goqi90 author: Francis, Joshua R. title: An observational study of febrile seizures: the importance of viral infection and immunization date: 2016-12-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352952-91goqi90.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352952-91goqi90.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-352952-91goqi90.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353214-qo98m7jx author: Jhaveri, Ravi title: Fever Without Localizing Signs date: 2017-07-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353214-qo98m7jx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353214-qo98m7jx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-353214-qo98m7jx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339638-yrxoj1hl author: Goldman, Ran D. title: Willingness to Vaccinate Children against Influenza after the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339638-yrxoj1hl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339638-yrxoj1hl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-339638-yrxoj1hl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343818-pj1oludh author: Liu, Chan title: Children with COVID-19 behaving milder may challenge the public policies: a systematic review and meta-analysis date: 2020-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343818-pj1oludh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343818-pj1oludh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-343818-pj1oludh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347488-th07jo7u author: Akseer, Nadia title: COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation strategies: implications for maternal and child health and nutrition date: 2020-06-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347488-th07jo7u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347488-th07jo7u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-347488-th07jo7u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344486-iu5flbcl author: Chiotos, Kathleen title: Multicenter interim guidance on use of antivirals for children with COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-09-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344486-iu5flbcl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344486-iu5flbcl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-344486-iu5flbcl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346338-kdjgu93q author: Spinelli, Maria title: Parents' Stress and Children's Psychological Problems in Families Facing the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy date: 2020-07-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346338-kdjgu93q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346338-kdjgu93q.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-346338-kdjgu93q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352222-zq9o66i4 author: Rajatonirina, Soatiana title: Outcome Risk Factors during Respiratory Infections in a Paediatric Ward in Antananarivo, Madagascar 2010–2012 date: 2013-09-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352222-zq9o66i4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352222-zq9o66i4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-352222-zq9o66i4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355623-tmr1ieg1 author: Gallucci, Marcella title: When the Cough Does Not Improve: A Review on Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis in Children date: 2020-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355623-tmr1ieg1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355623-tmr1ieg1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-355623-tmr1ieg1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354974-bh2expef author: Peterson, Ingrid title: Respiratory Virus–Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness and Viral Clustering in Malawian Children in a Setting With a High Prevalence of HIV Infection, Malaria, and Malnutrition date: 2016-09-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354974-bh2expef.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354974-bh2expef.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-354974-bh2expef.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329750-purunxce author: Waldman, Amy title: Childhood multiple sclerosis: A review date: 2006-06-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329750-purunxce.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329750-purunxce.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-329750-purunxce.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332173-m38sr6oc author: Denburg, Avram E. title: Does moral reasoning influence public values for health care priority setting?: A population-based randomized stated preference survey date: 2020-05-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332173-m38sr6oc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332173-m38sr6oc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332173-m38sr6oc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346060-ns6v76rb author: degli Espinosa, Francesca title: A Model of Support for Families of Children With Autism Living in the COVID-19 Lockdown: Lessons From Italy date: 2020-06-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346060-ns6v76rb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346060-ns6v76rb.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-346060-ns6v76rb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343985-0p2j5hzc author: Self-Brown, Shannon title: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Delivery of an Evidence-Based Child Maltreatment Prevention Program: Understanding the Perspectives of SafeCare® Providers date: 2020-11-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343985-0p2j5hzc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343985-0p2j5hzc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-343985-0p2j5hzc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336940-6rgmpy5r author: Russell, B. S. title: Initial Challenges of Caregiving During COVID-19: Caregiver Burden, Mental Health, and the Parent–Child Relationship date: 2020-08-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336940-6rgmpy5r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336940-6rgmpy5r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-336940-6rgmpy5r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346388-j6pajd68 author: Song, Hwasung title: Tourism Destination Management Strategy for Young Children: Willingness to Pay for Child-Friendly Tourism Facilities and Services at a Heritage Site date: 2020-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346388-j6pajd68.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346388-j6pajd68.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-346388-j6pajd68.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348717-qgny6f6y author: Shumba, Constance title: Reorienting Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya: A Review date: 2020-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348717-qgny6f6y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348717-qgny6f6y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-348717-qgny6f6y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354608-1me3nopu author: Rabinowicz, Shira title: COVID-19 in the Pediatric Population—Review and Current Evidence date: 2020-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354608-1me3nopu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354608-1me3nopu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354608-1me3nopu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353886-wvxohfum author: Sevilla Vallejo, Santiago title: Theoretical and applied study of the psychological and educational effects of lockdown in primary school students in Argentina date: 2020-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353886-wvxohfum.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353886-wvxohfum.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-353886-wvxohfum.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345222-otfnrarh author: Ciccarelli, Simona title: Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis date: 2013-10-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-034340-3ksfpaf7 author: nan title: Proceedings of the 26th European Paediatric Rheumatology Congress: part 2: Virtual. 23 - 26 September 2020 date: 2020-10-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-034340-3ksfpaf7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-034340-3ksfpaf7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-034340-3ksfpaf7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009713-sxd4t2tz author: nan title: Poster Presentations date: 2020-01-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017184-1ewi3dka author: nan title: Primary Immunodeficiencies date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017184-1ewi3dka.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017184-1ewi3dka.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-017184-1ewi3dka.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author: O’Ryan, Miguel L. title: Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date: 2009-05-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022653-qa1uph35 author: nan title: Poster Discussion Session PDS date: 2017-08-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022653-qa1uph35.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022653-qa1uph35.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-022653-qa1uph35.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005646-xhx9pzhj author: nan title: 2nd World Congress on Pediatric Intensive Care 1996 Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 23–26 June 1996 Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Posters and Nursing Programme date: 1996 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022448-ungitgh9 author: Sergueef, Nicette title: Clinical Conditions date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022448-ungitgh9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022448-ungitgh9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-022448-ungitgh9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015306-us58wwmp author: nan title: Abstracts for the IPNA Congress, 30 August - 3 September 2013, Shanghai, China date: 2013-06-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015306-us58wwmp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015306-us58wwmp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-015306-us58wwmp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015352-2d02eq3y author: nan title: ESPR 2017 date: 2017-04-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet author: nan title: Section II: Poster Sessions date: 2017-12-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014687-0am4l5ms author: nan title: SPR 2012 date: 2012-03-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014687-0am4l5ms.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014687-0am4l5ms.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-014687-0am4l5ms.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j author: nan title: 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date: 2018-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 27 resourceName b'cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015324-y44sfr0c author: nan title: Scientific Programme date: 2007-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015324-y44sfr0c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015324-y44sfr0c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 15 resourceName b'cord-015324-y44sfr0c.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-child-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000996-ef5d81cg author = Han, Seung Beom title = Clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibilities of viridans streptococcal bacteremia during febrile neutropenia in patients with hematologic malignancies: a comparison between adults and children date = 2013-06-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4622 sentences = 210 flesch = 37 summary = BACKGROUND: This study was performed to compare the clinical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibilities of viridans streptococcal bacteremia (VSB) between febrile neutropenic adults and children with hematologic malignancies. We performed this retrospective study to compare clinical characteristics including the occurrence of severe complications and antibiotic susceptibilities of viridans streptococci between febrile neutropenic adults and children with hematologic malignancies, and to propose appropriate antibacterial treatment strategies for adults and children. Data gathered on patients' demographics and clinical characteristics consisted of gender, underlying disease with remission status, type of therapy preceding febrile neutropenia, number of days from the beginning of respective therapies to the diagnosis of VSB, use of antibacterial prophylaxis, and occurrence of oral mucositis, respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, severe complications and polymicrobial infection by other bacteria or fungi. In this study, there were no definite differences in clinical and laboratory characteristics, mortality, or occurrence of severe complications between febrile neutropenic adults and children with VSB, despite a significant difference in antibiotic susceptibility to cefepime between the two groups. cache = ./cache/cord-000996-ef5d81cg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000996-ef5d81cg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001199-9khx93c0 author = Liu, Fengchen title = Effect of the One-Child Policy on Influenza Transmission in China: A Stochastic Transmission Model date = 2014-02-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6871 sentences = 300 flesch = 48 summary = Changes in household structure and the proportion of children in the population as a result of the one-child policy could have more effects on the AR, and the difference in AR could be as high as 60% under a scenario of very high immunity loss rate per year ( Figures 5(A) ). For each parameter set, we simulated the influenza trajectories under two demographic control policies, and then computed the difference in average annual attack rates over 10 years (2015 to 2024) between two policies. For each parameter set, we simulated the influenza trajectories under two demographic control policies, and then computed the difference in average annual attack rates over 10 years (2015 to 2024) between two policies. For each parameter set, we simulated the influenza trajectories under two demographic control policies, and then computed the difference in average secondary attack rates over 10 years (2015 to 2024) between two policies. cache = ./cache/cord-001199-9khx93c0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001199-9khx93c0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002227-x1ddi8wg author = Li, Wanli title = Emergency treatment and nursing of children with severe pneumonia complicated by heart failure and respiratory failure: 10 case reports date = 2016-07-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4023 sentences = 204 flesch = 40 summary = In the process of nursing children with severe pneumonia, intensive care was provided, including condition assessment and diagnosis, close observation of disease, keeping the airway unblocked, rational oxygen therapy, prevention and treatment of respiratory and circulatory failure, support of vital organs, complications, and health education. As a result, severe pneumonia produces corresponding clinical symptoms, such as respiratory failure, heart failure, toxic encephalopathy and intestinal paralysis, which endanger the lives of children in the short term, and is the first cause of death of pediatric inpatients (6, 7) . Type I respiratory failure also refers to the coexistence of hypoxemia and hypercapnia, impairment of ventilatory function and gas exchange functions, severe lung lesion, obstruction of trachea and bronchia caused by sticky secretions, blood change of PaO 2 <60 mmHg, and PaCO 2 >50 mmHg. Main clinical manifestations of children patients with type I pneumonia with respiratory failure include, poor mental state or dysphoria, polypnea, cyanosis of lips, dyspnea, nasal flaring and three depression signs. cache = ./cache/cord-002227-x1ddi8wg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002227-x1ddi8wg.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002304-u30y2xdt author = Valentini, Diletta title = Fatal varicella pneumonia in an unvaccinated child with Down Syndrome: a case report date = 2016-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1726 sentences = 104 flesch = 38 summary = CASE PRESENTATION: A 2-year-old white Caucasian female affected by Down Syndrome was referred to our hospital for cardiac arrest in course of varicella disease. The importance of the vaccine for preventable infectious diseases is stressed in this paper, in which we present a case of death in an unvaccinated cardiopathic child with Down Syndrome affected by varicella. Based on conservative estimates, the global annual varicella disease burden reports 4.2 million severe complications leading to hospitalization and 4200 deaths [5] . As the burden of preventable infections in children diagnosed with chronic diseases is high in terms Fig. 2 Histological image that showed interstitial pneumonitis and diffuse necrosis and hemorrhage in the pulmonary parenchyma of incidence and severity, it is essential to protect these children with timely administration of vaccinations according to the current recommendations. cache = ./cache/cord-002304-u30y2xdt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002304-u30y2xdt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000028-uj7lyawj author = Longtin, Jean title = Human Bocavirus Infections in Hospitalized Children and Adults date = 2008-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3096 sentences = 180 flesch = 55 summary = Studies have reported human bocavirus (HBoV) in children with respiratory tract infections (RTIs), but only occasionally in adults. We searched for HBoV DNA in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) from adults with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis or pneumonia, from children hospitalized for acute RTIs, and from asymptomatic children during the winter of 2002–2003 in Canada. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence and clinical manifestations of HBoV infections in children and adults with respiratory tract symptoms, including a control group of children without symptoms. All pediatric (from case-patients and controls) and adult (case-patients only) NPA specimens were previously analyzed by using a multiplex real-time PCR assay for infl uenza A and B viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (24, 25) . Results from our study indicate that HBoV was rarely detected in adults with respiratory symptoms but was frequently detected in symptomatic and asymptomatic children during the 2002-2003 winter season. cache = ./cache/cord-000028-uj7lyawj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000028-uj7lyawj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005750-54hul2lw author = Antonelli, Massimo title = Year in review in Intensive Care Medicine, 2008: III. Paediatrics, Ethics, outcome research and critical care organization, sedation, pharmacology and miscellanea date = 2009-02-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8228 sentences = 436 flesch = 44 summary = In their paper, the authors present a detailed description of sequential analysis methodologies and describe their potential prospective use as tools for monitoring the performance of intensive care units. [2] undertook a study to determine whether outcomes were influenced by time of admission to an Australian tertiary paediatric intensive care unit without 24 h per day in-house intensivist cover. [6] who reported a prospective observational study across 15 Italian paediatric intensive care units conducted over a period of 1 year. In this randomised controlled trial, there was a significant difference in mortality rate with use of ACCM/ PALS haemodynamic support guidelines for septic shock between patients with or without ScvO 2 guided therapy. The authors concluded that their results support the finding that the clinical scales do not evaluate the level of sedation accurately in critically ill children with neuromuscular relaxation, leading to a higher risk of over or undersedation. cache = ./cache/cord-005750-54hul2lw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005750-54hul2lw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003822-gbwsplgq author = Elmore, Dominique title = Is Fever a Red Flag for Bacterial Pneumonia in Children With Viral Bronchiolitis? date = 2019-08-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1849 sentences = 114 flesch = 42 summary = We conducted a retrospective study of 349 children aged 2 years and younger with diagnoses of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and viral upper respiratory infection. Several previous studies have revealed potential morbidity from bacterial pneumonia in patients with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Following a respiratory season at our institution, we noted that children with viral illness who also had a fever tended to have a worse clinical course versus afebrile patients. Our objective is to investigate whether children with viral bronchiolitis with fever are more likely to have a diagnosis of secondary bacterial pneumonia than their counterparts without fever. The study demonstrates that fever can be used as a marker indicating a need to investigate for secondary bacterial pneumonia in children with RSV and other viral illnesses. Febrile children with viral bronchiolitis were 2 to 8 times more likely to be diagnosed with a secondary bacterial pneumonia compared with their afebrile counterparts. cache = ./cache/cord-003822-gbwsplgq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003822-gbwsplgq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010837-8x3bch0r author = Curran, Janet A. title = Improving transitions in care for children with complex and medically fragile needs: a mixed methods study date = 2020-05-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7979 sentences = 351 flesch = 45 summary = In Phase 2, pediatricians, nurses, and health administrators participated in key stakeholder interviews to identify barriers and facilitators to a successful transition in care for children and families with complex care needs. (2) other parents on the inpatient unit act as key supports to the family; (3) satisfaction with the care from the local community pediatrician, but dissatisfaction with care received from the community hospital following misplacement of the child's feeding tube; (4) an advanced practice nurse guiding the discharge process and using a locally developed tool to guide discharge planning that was distributed to the family and home community to promote continuity of care; (5) a high level of engagement from the family helping to facilitate a smooth transition as reported by the health care team; and (6) a lack of pediatric expertise in community physiotherapy. cache = ./cache/cord-010837-8x3bch0r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010837-8x3bch0r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004458-t2iynltq author = Corten, Lieselotte title = Use of airway clearance therapy in children hospitalised with acute lower respiratory tract infections in a South African paediatric hospital date = 2020-02-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4232 sentences = 262 flesch = 47 summary = title: Use of airway clearance therapy in children hospitalised with acute lower respiratory tract infections in a South African paediatric hospital BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prescription, frequency and nature of airway clearance therapy (ACT) in children hospitalised with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). METHOD: A retrospective folder review of children hospitalised with LRTI between January and June 2015 was conducted, extracting data on demographic characteristics, health condition, ACT interventions and patient outcomes. Children hospitalised for presumed nosocomial infections and pneumonia had the longest length of stay, were more likely to receive ACT and had the highest mortality rate. Folders were identified using primary diagnostic codes (ICD 10 codes) for a range of respiratory conditions or clinical signs of respiratory disease, and physiotherapy department records were used to identify patients who were referred for and/or received ACT during the study period. Other studies have not reported significant differences for length of stay when receiving ACT in children hospitalised with pneumonia (Corten et al. cache = ./cache/cord-004458-t2iynltq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004458-t2iynltq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006702-ekf6mja9 author = nan title = Abstracts for the 17th IPNA Congress, Iguaçu, Brazil, September 2016: Oral Presentations date = 2016-08-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 23229 sentences = 1404 flesch = 52 summary = After correction using the optimal linear regression, the variability of the measurements was examined using Bland-Altman plots Results: We studied 29 patients (17 male, 12 female) with a median age (SD) of 14.0 (3.4) years and eGFR 111 (17) Objectives: Mutations of the Pkhd1 gene cause autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Objectives: To examine the characteristics, follow up and availability of long term outcome data in a cohort of New Zealand children with acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) following cardiac surgery at Starship Hospital over a six-year period. Methods: Cohort study conducted from 2008-2012 of 57 female patients age 9-21 years recruited from 2 pediatric nephrology clinics with CKD (n=25), on dialysis (n=9), or status post kidney transplantation (n=23) who received the standard 3-dose vaccine series of the HPV vaccine. cache = ./cache/cord-006702-ekf6mja9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006702-ekf6mja9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006050-rwayc7lr author = Das, Rashmi Ranjan title = Clinical profile and outcome of swine flu in Indian children date = 2010-08-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2555 sentences = 171 flesch = 47 summary = Of the 3 children who died, one (12 years old) had underlying steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome with chronic kidney disease and he was admitted with diagnosis of severe pneumonia and tested positive for H1N1 influenza infection; the child died within 24 hours of admission. • Risk factors for hospitalization include: underlying co-morbid condition, respiratory distress, vomiting, wheezing, diarrhea, or hypotension, infiltrates/consolidation on chest radiograph. • Risk factors for hospitalization include: underlying co-morbid condition, respiratory distress, vomiting, wheezing, diarrhea, or hypotension, infiltrates/consolidation on chest radiograph. • Risk factors for hospitalization include: underlying co-morbid condition, respiratory distress, vomiting, wheezing, diarrhea, or hypotension, infiltrates/consolidation on chest radiograph. The clinical features of patients who were hospitalized with 2009 H1N1 influenza were generally similar to those reported during peak periods of seasonal influenza and past pandemics with an acute onset of respiratory illness [17] [18] [19] [20] . cache = ./cache/cord-006050-rwayc7lr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006050-rwayc7lr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009606-xz23twqx author = Vorobieva S. Jensen, V. title = Epidemiological and molecular characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage strains in pre-school children in Arkhangelsk, northern European Russia, prior to the introduction of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines date = 2020-04-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6157 sentences = 311 flesch = 42 summary = title: Epidemiological and molecular characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage strains in pre-school children in Arkhangelsk, northern European Russia, prior to the introduction of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines The objective was to determine the prevalence of carriage, serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility and the molecular structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains before marketing and introduction of PCV-13. High rates of non-susceptibility to penicillin, macrolides and multidrug resistance were associated with specific vaccine serotypes, pandemic clones, and local sequence types. pneumoniae carriage isolates in pre-school children of the Arkhangelsk region between separately located DCCs. The serotype distribution was diverse in the area, but globally reported epidemiological features, such as age-dependence, Carriage rates A 38.4% overall frequency of pneumococcal carriage rate was found in non-vaccinated pre-school children. Serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular epidemiology of invasive and non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in paediatric patients after the introduction of 13-valent conjugate vaccine in a nationwide surveillance study conducted in cache = ./cache/cord-009606-xz23twqx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009606-xz23twqx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016596-hxr0n1jd author = Kivekäs, Ilkka title = Epiglottitis, Acute Laryngitis, and Croup date = 2018-05-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4551 sentences = 270 flesch = 50 summary = Epiglottitis, acute laryngitis, and croup are infections of the upper airway, affecting the epiglottis, larynx, and larynx and trachea, respectively. influenzae type b caused most cases of epiglottitis and the disease primarily affected children younger than 5 years old. In a study of 61 patients in the vaccine era (60 adults, 1 child), only 21% required airway intervention (11 intubations, 2 tracheotomies) [12] . An upper respiratory tract infection is the most common cause of acute laryngitis and nearly all cases are viral. Epiglottitis, acute laryngitis, and croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) are infections of the upper airway, affecting the epiglottis, larynx, and larynx and trachea, respectively. Epiglottitis, acute laryngitis, and croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) are infections of the upper airway, affecting the epiglottis, larynx, and larynx and trachea, respectively. Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection, while viruses cause nearly all cases of acute laryngitis and croup. Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection, while viruses cause nearly all cases of acute laryngitis and croup. cache = ./cache/cord-016596-hxr0n1jd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016596-hxr0n1jd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011503-bz6iwfan author = McGovern, Ruth title = The Association Between Adverse Child Health, Psychological, Educational and Social Outcomes, and Nondependent Parental Substance: A Rapid Evidence Assessment date = 2018-05-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6904 sentences = 313 flesch = 38 summary = The inclusion criteria were cross-sectional, longitudinal, case-control, and cohort studies; of children aged 0–18 years whose parents are high-risk substance misusers; reporting on their health, psychological, substance use, educational, and social outcomes. To be included, studies must report on parental substance misuse that meets one of the following criteria: a pattern of alcohol consumption that leads to the presence of physical or psychological problems (typically over 35 units per week for women and over 50 units per week for men); frequent illicit drug misuse (more than once per month as defined by the Crime Survey for England and Wales); and alcohol or illicit drug abuse defined as a maladaptive pattern of drinking/drug use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least one related problem in a 12-month period (failure to fulfill major role obligations, use in situations in which it is physically hazardous, alcohol or drug-related legal problems, having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of alcohol or drugs; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). cache = ./cache/cord-011503-bz6iwfan.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011503-bz6iwfan.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-008695-y7il3hyb author = nan title = Pandemic Flu: Clinical management of patients with an influenza-like illness during an influenza pandemic date = 2007-01-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 25924 sentences = 1616 flesch = 46 summary = Children may be considered at increased risk of complications if they have cough and fever (or influenza-like illness) and temperature >38.5ºC, plus either chronic co-morbid disease or one of following features: breathing difficulties severe earache vomiting >24 hours drowsiness These patients should be offered an antibiotic as well as oseltamivir (in those >1 year of age) and advice on antipyretics and fluids. Children may be considered at increased risk of complications if they have: Cough and fever (or influenza-like illness) and temperature >38.5ºC and either (i) chronic co-morbid disease (see Appendix 2) or (ii) one of the following features • Breathing difficulties • Severe earache • Vomiting > 24 hours • Drowsiness These patients should be offered an antibiotic as well as oseltamivir (in those over one year of age) and advice on antipyretics and fluids. cache = ./cache/cord-008695-y7il3hyb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-008695-y7il3hyb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-013473-8q0a33dr author = Hetherington, Erin title = Longitudinal Predictors of Self-Regulation at School Entry: Findings from the All Our Families Cohort date = 2020-10-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5482 sentences = 274 flesch = 42 summary = Risk factors included income, maternal mental health, child sex, and screen time, and potential moderation by parenting and childcare. Parenting and participation in childcare do not appear to moderate the associations between lower income, maternal mental health, male sex, and screen time with child self-regulation. Overall the literature points to some clear risk factors for elements of poor self-regulation, including lower income, maternal mental health, child sex, and screen time. Overall the literature points to some clear risk factors for elements of poor self-regulation, including lower income, maternal mental health, child sex, and screen time. The purpose of this study is to identify whether modifiable factors (such as childcare and parenting behavior) moderate known risk factors including lower income, maternal mental health and child sex on child self-regulation. Contrary to expectations, neither childcare nor poor parenting moderated the associations between predictors at age 3 (income, maternal mental health, male sex, or screen time) and self-regulation at age 5. cache = ./cache/cord-013473-8q0a33dr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-013473-8q0a33dr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-013401-yh8cu1hx author = Hitachi, Mami title = Improvement of Dietary Diversity and Attitude toward Recommended Feeding through Novel Community Based Nutritional Education Program in Coastal Kenya—An Intervention Study date = 2020-10-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3845 sentences = 191 flesch = 47 summary = Community-based nutritional intervention to improve the practice of dietary diversity and child nutrition by community health workers (CHWs) involving Nyumba Kumi as small neighborhood units (SNUs) in communities has not yet been explored. This study aimed to prove the hypothesis that community-based nutritional educational programs cooperating with CHWs and Nyumba Kumi might effectively change the attitudes of caregivers toward feeding practices and dietary diversity for their children. To assess the variable changes per treatment group at the pre-and post-intervention periods, the mean differences of household caregiver situation (DDS and attitude score) and child nutritional status (HAZ, WAZ, and WHZ) were tested using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs. The results revealed that the interventions using CHWs and Nyumba Kumi (SNUs) were useful to improve dietary diversity and caregivers' attitudes toward recommended feeding; however, we could not identify the effect on child nutritional status in the short observation period of the study. cache = ./cache/cord-013401-yh8cu1hx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-013401-yh8cu1hx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010018-gl8uuqej author = Del Borrello, Giovanni title = New insights into pediatric community‐acquired pneumonia gained from untargeted metabolomics: A preliminary study date = 2019-12-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2357 sentences = 132 flesch = 35 summary = 3, 4 Although epidemiological research has repeatedly pointed out that the large majority of lower respiratory infection in pediatric patients are caused by viruses, 2 physicians often lack the tools to reliably discriminate between bacterial and viral etiology [5] [6] [7] and a large percentage of children presenting with respiratory symptoms and fever are ultimately administered antibiotics. To increase the specificity of our findings and reduce the role of confounding variables, three exclusion criteria were strictly applied, concerning: infants (ie, children under 1 year of age), to avoid any diagnostic overlap between pneumonia and bronchiolitis; children with a previous diagnosis of chronic disease (HIV, asthma, immunodeficiency, CHD), to reduce the pathophysiological heterogeneity between CAP cases; and children given any oral or injected antibiotic therapy in the 48 hours preceding enrollment, to avoid cases of partially treated pneumonia, as the related pathophysiological profile differs from that of a lung infection devoid of any treatment. cache = ./cache/cord-010018-gl8uuqej.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010018-gl8uuqej.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011333-yyhwtnza author = Faienza, Maria Felicia title = Childhood obesity, cardiovascular and liver health: a growing epidemic with age date = 2020-02-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4294 sentences = 232 flesch = 45 summary = Nevertheless, improving dietary intake and increasing physical activity performance are to date the best therapeutic tools in children to weaken the onset of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes risk during adulthood. The raising prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome together with insulin resistance [43] , worldwide is associated with liver abnormalities encompassing the clinical spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Physical inactivity affects a vast majority of children and adolescents who become prone to high obesity rates and related diseases, including CVD and NAFLD. Nevertheless, improving dietary intake and increasing physical activity performance are to date the best therapeutic tools in children to weaken the onset of obesity, CVD, and diabetes risk during adulthood. The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis cache = ./cache/cord-011333-yyhwtnza.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011333-yyhwtnza.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006236-2gpwf4z2 author = nan title = Abstracts from the First International Conference on Heart Failure in Children and Young Adults date = 2004 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13113 sentences = 882 flesch = 55 summary = Key words: Gene Expression, Ventricular Hypertrophy, and Congenital Heart Disease Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be used to support children with severe graft failure after heart transplant (Tx). In the 2 pts with graft failure from acute rejection, ECMO duration was 5 and 6 days; both regained normal heart function and were successfully decannulated without complications. Key words: ECMO, Heart Transplant, Graft Failure, Acute Hemodynamic Rejection Background: Ventricular assist device (VAD) support is well established in treating adults with end-stage heart disease. Key words: Mechanical circulatory support, Pediatric, VAD, Congenital Heart Disease, and Cardiomyopathy Background: Measurement of whole blood B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels has been shown to detect heart failure in adults presenting with dyspnea in the acute setting. Key words: levosimendan, heart failure, cardiomyopathy Methods: 20 children were studied, age range from 2 to 192 months (median 32.5 months). cache = ./cache/cord-006236-2gpwf4z2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006236-2gpwf4z2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014813-qej5a8ks author = Rose, M. A. title = Feuchter Husten und protrahierte bakterielle Bronchitis bei Kindern und Jugendlichen date = 2018-06-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1116 sentences = 119 flesch = 43 summary = European Respiratory Society fordert feuchten Husten von mindestens 4 Wochen Dauer, eine mit mindestens 10 4 CFU/ml ("colony-forming units", kolonienbildende Einheiten) in der bronchoalveolären Lavage (BAL) oder im Sputum nachgewiesene Monoinfektion der unteren Atemwege und eine Besserung des Hustens nach einem 2-wöchigen empirischen Antibiotikazyklus (meist Amoxicillin-Clavulansäure, Amoxi-Clav) entsprechend einer mikro-biologisch gesicherten PBB ("Mikrobio-PBB"). Of the differential diagnoses of chronic cough, protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is more common in otherwise (pulmonary) healthy children under 6 years of age. Of the differential diagnoses of chronic cough, protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is more common in otherwise (pulmonary) healthy children under 6 years of age. Today, PBB and non-CF bronchiectasis, i.e., bronchiectasis not caused by cystic fibrosis (CF), are two sides of a disease spectrum of suppurative lung diseases, thus, making consequent therapy and long-term pediatric pneumological support of children with chronic productive cough necessary. cache = ./cache/cord-014813-qej5a8ks.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014813-qej5a8ks.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010175-p2py9wau author = Winter, Harland title = GASTROINTESTINAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND AIDS date = 1996-04-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4337 sentences = 226 flesch = 32 summary = The observations that transmission is increased in women who were symptomatic or who had more advanced AIDS27 and that zidovudine therapy given during pregnancy reduces perinatal transmission3 suggest that viral burden is an important factor in vertical transmission; however, the effects of maternal nutritional status, micronutrient deficiency, or acute infection on viral replication are difficult to evaluate. Gastrointestinal bleeding is unusual in HIV-infected children, but, when present, it may be caused by focal ulcerations in the colon, stomach, small intestine, or esophagus from cytomegalovirus-induced disease. Many of the medications used to treat complications of HIV disease cause hepatocellular injury or cholestasis; however, infectious agents, such as hepatitis B, that cause hepatocellular injury by immune mechanisms have milder clinical courses in immunodeficient hosts.Z4 Preservation of immune function in HIV-infected children could account for the apparent increase in chronic active hepatitis in the pediatric population compared with the incidence in Although abnormalities in liver function tests are not diagnostic, they are beneficial as screening procedures. cache = ./cache/cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017252-88b3preq author = Morgan, Carrie I. title = Pneumonia date = 2014-02-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6424 sentences = 315 flesch = 32 summary = Despite immunizations and public health initiatives, the most common bacterial causes of CAP have remained largely unchanged over the last several decades and include: Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , Haemophilus infl uenzae (including non-typable strains) and Moraxella catarrhalis [ 7 , 8 , 21 , 23 ] . Chest CT is helpful to further evaluate diffi cult cases, particularly immunocompromised children with ill-defi ned infi ltrates on CXR, complex empyema or effusion, or recurrent or chronic pneumonia [ 11 ] . Respiratory failure in an immunocompromised child frequently necessitates a chest CT to better visualize the pattern and extent of disease, aid in diagnosis of the etiology, determine the need for more invasive procedures, and to increase the sensitivity of assessing treatment response [ 11 ] . Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized school-age children: evidence for high prevalence of viral infections cache = ./cache/cord-017252-88b3preq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017252-88b3preq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010411-zgdvo29n author = Biglan, Anthony title = A Strategic Plan for Strengthening America’s Families: A Brief from the Coalition of Behavioral Science Organizations date = 2020-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13897 sentences = 713 flesch = 44 summary = As noted above, schools in high poverty neighborhoods and communities have higher rates of punitive practices and fewer resources for preventing the development of problem behavior (American Psychological Association, n.d.). Given the extent of discrimination in the USA, its impact on public health, and the size of the workforce, it is imperative that foundations and the NIH fund research to identify more effective ways to reduce prejudice in schools, work settings, and neighborhoods and communities. While it is true that addressing the above-described contextual conditions is likely to improve family well-being significantly, it is unlikely that reducing problems like poverty and discrimination will ensure that every family and school adopt the most effective ways of nurturing children's development . Evidence of the value of both economic development efforts and programs targeting families and schools suggests it is time to test comprehensive interventions that simultaneously address all risk factors for problems for which we have some effective solutions. cache = ./cache/cord-010411-zgdvo29n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010411-zgdvo29n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016542-gia859eu author = Argent, A. C. title = The Needs of Children in Natural or Manmade Disasters date = 2009-11-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6921 sentences = 365 flesch = 49 summary = Particular insight into the needs of children and the availability of specific pediatric resources will be required by any team coordinating both planning for and response to any disaster in which significant numbers of children are involved [1, 14, 59, 60] . Mace and Bern [72] reviewed the capacity of disaster medical assistance teams in the USA to respond to pediatric emergencies and found major deficiencies in the training curriculum with pediatric topics such as trauma, disaster triage, burns, pain management, and mental health missing in 33, 36, 42, 42 , and 45% of the time, respectively. Appropriate disaster planning should include: measures to reduce the injury during possible disasters, organization of emergency and pre-hospital services to deal with emergencies, plans for utilization of health services and utilities such as hospitals and intensive care units, and contingency plans to provide accommodation and resources to support both the rescue efforts and the ongoing needs of displaced people cache = ./cache/cord-016542-gia859eu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016542-gia859eu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016130-5q9ufu28 author = Linday, Linda A. title = Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States date = 2010-12-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11336 sentences = 528 flesch = 47 summary = Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children's multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. This chapter discusses the role of essential fatty acids, vitamins, and trace metals in the pathophysiology of inflammation; reviews our clinical research on the use of a lemon-flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children's chewable multivitamin-mineral with Se for the prevention and adjunctive treatment of these disorders; reviews the history of cod liver oil, including its importance in the discovery of vitamin D and the anti-infective properties of vitamin A; and discusses the current clinical use of these supplements. cache = ./cache/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017291-bhe34dky author = Cohen, Cheryl title = Influenza date = 2017-05-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7128 sentences = 381 flesch = 40 summary = Children aged <5 years (especially those <2 years) and those with underlying illness such as cardiac, respiratory and severe neurologic disease have an increased risk of severe outcomes associated with influenza. Vaccine cannot be given to children aged <6 months but maternal influenza immunization during pregnancy is recommended and can confer protection to the young infant. The highest rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations and deaths are typically seen in individuals aged ≥65 years, <5 years and those with underlying medical conditions that confer an increased risk for severe influenza [9] . Therefore, in Table 2 .1 Children at high risk of severe influenza in whom influenza antiviral treatment is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) current guidance [9, 39] 1. cache = ./cache/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009713-sxd4t2tz author = nan title = Poster Presentations date = 2020-01-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 43950 sentences = 2945 flesch = 52 summary = Poster No. 010 Seizure, developmental and cognitive outcomes in children post hemispherotomy TT TAY 1 , DR REED 2 , VJ JOSAN 3 , SR RUST 4 , JT TAN 5 1 University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; 2 Neuropsychology Team, Paediatric Psychosocial Service, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; 3 Neurosurgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation, Manchester, UK; 4 Paediatric Neuropsychology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; 5 Paediatric Neurology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK Introduction: Patients with focal refractory epilepsy secondary to structural hemispheric changes have been shown in retrospective studies to have significantly improved seizure outcomes following hemispheric disconnection. In a univariate analysis of 682 cases with ≥12 months follow-up data, poor final outcome (defined as modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 3-6) occurred in 30% and was associated with very young or elderly age at onset, movement disorder, decreased consciousness, autonomic dysfunction, mechanical ventilation, higher mRS score in the acute phase, longer hospital stay, extreme delta brush on EEG, abnormal MRI, CSF pleocytosis and elevated CSF protein (all p<0.05). cache = ./cache/cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016783-8x05oh5q author = Arruda, L. Karla title = Early Interventions in Allergic Diseases date = 2010 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7022 sentences = 306 flesch = 41 summary = Evidence indicates that environmental factors acting early in life, including respiratory viral infections, exposure to pets and microbial products, day-care attendance, breast feeding, and exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, are key events for establishment of sensitization and development of chronic, persistent symptoms of allergic diseases [1] . Evidence indicates that environmental factors acting early in life, including respiratory viral infections, exposure to pets and microbial products, day-care attendance, breast feeding, and exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, are key events for establishment of sensitization and development of chronic, persistent symptoms of allergic diseases [1] . The relationship of exposure to microbial agents (endotoxin, fungal agents, and other microbial contaminants) early in life (3 months of age) and the development of atopic sensitization and physician-diagnosed asthma and wheeze in the first 4 years of life, in children of atopic mothers, was investigated in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study. cache = ./cache/cord-016783-8x05oh5q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016783-8x05oh5q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002774-tpqsjjet author = nan title = Section II: Poster Sessions date = 2017-12-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 83515 sentences = 5162 flesch = 54 summary = Results: The CHIP Framework The CHIP framework aims to improve the health and wellness of the urban communities served by St. Josephs Health Centre through four intersecting pillars: • Raising Community Voices provides an infrastructure and process that supports community stakeholder input into health care service planning, decision-making, and delivery by the hospital and across the continuum of care; • Sharing Reciprocal Capacity promotes healthy communities through the sharing of our intellectual and physical capacity with our community partners; • Cultivating Integration Initiatives facilitates vertical, horizontal, and intersectoral integration initiatives in support of community-identified needs and gaps; and • Facilitating Healthy Exchange develops best practices in community integration through community-based research, and facilitates community voice in informing public policy. cache = ./cache/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018111-5qx8tolv author = Lanski, Steven L. title = Emergency Care date = 2015-03-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1629 sentences = 171 flesch = 53 summary = • Bradycardia-most common pre-arrest rhythm in children with hypotension, hypoxemia and acidosis (Fig. 3 ) -Sinus bradycardia • Maybe non-pathologic in case of well conditioned individuals like athletes • Causes include: hypothermia, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, hypothyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, toxic ingestion, head injury with raised ICP • Treatment-identify cause and treating that condition • HR < 60 bpm in a child who is a well-ventilated patient, but showing poor perfusion, chest compression should be initiated • If HR remains below 60 despite adequate ventilation and oxygenation, then epinephrine or atropine (0.02 mg/kg-0.1 mg min and 0.5 mg max) should be given • Symptomatic bradycardia unchanged by above may require pacing • AV mode blocks -First degree-prolonged PR interval • Generally asymptomatic -Second degree-2 types cache = ./cache/cord-018111-5qx8tolv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018111-5qx8tolv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021951-xxvol17t author = Amos, Louella B. title = Cough date = 2017-05-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11897 sentences = 734 flesch = 48 summary = Although children with cough resulting from cystic fibrosis (CF), Mycoplasma species, tuberculosis, aspiration, a bronchial foreign body, or an anatomic abnormality usually have abnormal chest radiographs, a normal radiograph does not exclude these diagnoses. Pertussis is a relatively common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, children, adolescents, and adults, especially in those who are underimmunized or not immunized. Bacterial pneumonia is relatively less common in infants than is viral pneumonia but can cause severe illness, with cough, respiratory distress, and fever. The mutation affects the gene's protein product, termed cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator Any age (even infants) Coexistence of allergy increases likelihood, but absence of allergy does not decrease likelihood Wheeze need not be present ↑Cough with upper respiratory infections ↑Cough with (and especially after) exercise ↑Cough with hard laughing or crying ↑Cough with exposure to cold ↑Cough with exposure to cigarette smoke Usually a history of dramatic response to inhaled β-agonists CF may manifest at birth with meconium ileus (10-15% of patients), or later, with steatorrhea and failure to thrive despite a voracious appetite, in an apparent effort to make up for the calories that are lost in the stool (see Chapter 11). cache = ./cache/cord-021951-xxvol17t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021951-xxvol17t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022156-mm8en4os author = Isaiah, Amal title = Tracheal Infections date = 2015-07-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5725 sentences = 295 flesch = 44 summary = Tracheal infections have a signifi cantly lower incidence compared to infections of the upper respiratory tract, with 1-5 % of all children requiring outpatient evaluation for viral croup within the fi rst 3 years of life. In 1958, the fi rst evidence for association between croup and two newly isolated myxoviruses, parainfl uenza virus types 1 and 2, resulted in separation of two categories of cases-mild, requiring only outpatient follow up, and severe, requiring hospitalization [ 12 ] . Among other important viral pathogens causing tracheal infections, RSV was studied in isolates from sentinel practices in England and Wales from 1975 to 1990, during which an increase in mortality, by as much as 60-80 %, was observed in comparison with parainfl uenza and infl uenza viruses [ 13 ] . [ 31 ] studied the clinical courses of croup caused by parainfl uenza and infl uenza viruses to highlight the differences in morbidity caused by the different viral strains in hospitalized children. cache = ./cache/cord-022156-mm8en4os.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022156-mm8en4os.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018408-ttae193b author = Haddad, Imad Y. title = Pneumonia and Empyema date = 2008-11-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6160 sentences = 345 flesch = 33 summary = Second, patients with genetic or acquired immune defi ciency commonly develop severe pneumonia with opportunistic infections that usually do not infect healthy children. These immunocompromised patients commonly have been given chemo-radiotherapy for cancer or are receiving immune-suppressive agents to prevent rejection episodes following solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The pathogens that commonly produce CAP or VAP, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Gram-negative bacilli, and Staphylococcus aureus, are relatively virulent bacteria so that only a small inoculum is required and the aspiration is usually subtle. Bacterial organisms recovered from tracheal secretions obtained through an endotracheal tube may or may not refl ect the causative agent(s) responsible for lower respiratory tract infection. In addition, recipients of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are frequently given life-long treatment with immunosuppressive agents designed to prevent graft rejection or graft-versus-host disease. Early-onset nosocomial pneumonia and VAP are commonly caused by antibiotic-sensitive, community-acquired organisms (e.g., Strep. cache = ./cache/cord-018408-ttae193b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018408-ttae193b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017245-kxqh32ip author = Sharma, Avinash title = Kawasaki Disease date = 2016-06-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4092 sentences = 254 flesch = 57 summary = Initially described in 1967 by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki in Japanese children as an acute mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome [ 1 -3 ] , KD may lead to coronary artery abnormalities (CAAs) in up to 25 % of patients if left untreated. Japan reports the highest incidence of KD in the world -the present fi gure being 265/100,000 children below the age of 5 years. In the years to come, KD may soon replace rheumatic fever to become the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in India, just as in Japan, Europe and North America. If a child has fever for less than 5 days or has less than four criteria, the presence of coronary artery abnormalities (CAAs) detected on 2D echocardiography would also suggest a diagnosis of KD [ 17 ] . A replication study for association of ITPKC and CASP3 two-locus analysis in IVIG unresponsiveness and coronary artery lesion in Kawasaki disease cache = ./cache/cord-017245-kxqh32ip.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017245-kxqh32ip.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018604-ua5h47jg author = Dersch-Mills, Deonne title = Assessment Considerations in Pediatric Patients date = 2018-12-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6368 sentences = 312 flesch = 47 summary = Pharmacists need to be aware of this variability and use every patient encounter as an opportunity for assessment of many aspects of medication including dose, formulation, administration, and indication. Infants and children also have physiological differences that need to be considered especially when assessing efficacy, toxicity, and the patient's overall response to medications through physical exam or use of laboratory values. Lastly, a lack of appropriate medication formulations for children creates a requirement for pharmacists to specifically assess the formulations, measurement, and administration of pediatric medications. Until children are mature enough to provide this information themselves (note that this age varies depending on the child), parents and other caregivers are relied upon to provide an accurate history of the patient's illness(s) and medication(s). Because of the lack of appropriate information in the product labeling, alternative data sources need to be accessed to assess the use of the medication in an infant or child. cache = ./cache/cord-018604-ua5h47jg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018604-ua5h47jg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015893-e0fofgxq author = Ryhal, Bruce title = Viral Disease, Air Pollutants, Nanoparticles, and Asthma date = 2011-05-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6327 sentences = 316 flesch = 49 summary = Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter in air pollution may • exacerbate asthma, and patients should be cautioned to stay indoors when levels of these irritants are high. A study of children aged 6-8 years with asthma concluded that an asthma exacerbation was of a greater severity if a viral infection was present as opposed to a nonviral illness (7) . Inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) are well known to control the number of wheezing exacerbations in school-age children with chronic persistent asthma, an effect that appears to encompass those episodes caused by viral illness. Viral respiratory infections, and to a lesser extent air pollution, are common triggers of exacerbations and may interact with individuals to affect the development of some forms of asthma. By understanding and anticipating respiratory viral infections and air pollution as important causes of asthma, the health care provider can provide superior care for those who suffer from this chronic disease. cache = ./cache/cord-015893-e0fofgxq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015893-e0fofgxq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016720-hgpnaoe7 author = Tremblay, Richard E. title = Disruptive Behaviors: Should We Foster or Prevent Resiliency? date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6717 sentences = 300 flesch = 50 summary = Thus, if the development of physical aggression, opposition, and hyperactivity was like an illness that starts at a given point in time following an exposure to specific causal factors, the "resiliency" model would posit that some who are exposed get it, while others who are also exposed do not get it. In fact, after following the development of children for 20 years, I am simply saying what Thomas Hobbes (1641/1998) stated very clearly almost 400 years ago in his insightful treaty on social life and how humans become citizens: "an evil man is rather like a sturdy boy." Disruptive school children, adolescents, and adults are resilient children, they have resisted the socialization process, they remain in their original form. We also tested whether the 2-year (between 7 and 9 years of age) preventive intervention targeting the disruptive kindergarten boys and their families would deflect them to a low-level antisocial behavior trajectory during adolescence. cache = ./cache/cord-016720-hgpnaoe7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016720-hgpnaoe7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014608-g3p19coe author = nan title = Pneumococcal colonization and carriage date = 2014-12-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 21648 sentences = 1365 flesch = 50 summary = Background and Aims: Data on the nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae across age groups are important to help predict the impact of introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) into routine vaccination programmes, given their important indirect effect. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from well children 3 months to 5Y of age from Karachi, Pakistan as part of a pneumococcal carriage study to evaluate PCV-10 impact. Methods: To determine pneumococcal colonization, we recruited a convenience sample of residents of all ages from 8 rural villages and children aged <5 years at 2 urban pediatric clinics annually during 2008-2012; we determined their PCV13 vaccination status and obtained nasopharyngeal swab specimens. No conflict of interest ISPPD-9 / pneumonia 2014 Mar 9-13;3:1-286 Background: Using nasopharyngeal carriage as a marker of vaccine impact, pneumococcal colonisation and its relation to invasive disease and demographic attributes were examined in children, their parents, and older adults in the UK following the introduction of PCV7 and prior to PCV13. cache = ./cache/cord-014608-g3p19coe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014608-g3p19coe.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018846-gmujrso2 author = Castagnini, Luis A. title = Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess date = 2015-07-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5219 sentences = 272 flesch = 41 summary = The routine use of tonsillectomy as a treatment option for recurrent tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscess has decreased over the last decade and clearer indications for surgery have emerged. Furthermore, with a few rare exceptions (e.g. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum , Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Fusobacterium spp.) anti-microbial treatment is not benefi cial for bacterial causes of tonsillitis except GABHS given that there is not a signifi cant reduction in the rate of complications or in duration of clinical symptoms [ 7 ] . The Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) recommends testing for GABHS unless a patient presents with symptoms strongly suggestive of a viral etiology; examples of such symptoms include cough, coryza, rhinorrhea, stomatitis or hoarseness. Children that do not meet these criteria but have multiple antibiotic allergies or intolerances or suffer from periodic fevers, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis (PFAPA syndrome) or with a history of peritonsillar abscesses may also be considered candidates for tonsillectomy. cache = ./cache/cord-018846-gmujrso2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018846-gmujrso2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022084-hap7flng author = ARRUDA, EURICO title = Respiratory Tract Viral Infections date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19181 sentences = 1041 flesch = 43 summary = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the immunization of persons aged 50 years and older; residents of nursing homes; children and adults with chronic cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, including asthma; persons chronically ill with diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, or hemoglobinopathies; immunosuppressed patients including those with HIV infection; children and adolescents on chronic aspirin therapy who may develop postinfluenza Reye' s syndrome; women who will be pregnant during the influenza season; children aged 6 to 23 months; those who can transmit influenza to persons at high risk, such as health-care workers and household contacts of those at high risk including children 0 to 23 months of age; crew members of cruise ships; providers of essential services; and unimmunized travelers to areas where influenza may be circulating, including the tropics, the southern hemisphere between April and September, and those traveling in large organized tourist groups. cache = ./cache/cord-022084-hap7flng.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022084-hap7flng.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029480-3md13om6 author = Meix-Cereceda, Pablo title = Educational Values in Human Rights Treaties: UN, European, and African International Law date = 2020-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10800 sentences = 545 flesch = 51 summary = -The original conception of law perceived not as a tool for personal defense, but as an opportunity given to all to survive under the protection of the order of the communal entity -Communalism which emphasizes group solidarity and interests generally, and all rules which sustain it, as opposed to individual interests, with its likely utility in building a sense of national unity among South Africans -The conciliatory character of the adjudication process which aims to restore peace and harmony between members rather than the adversarial approach which emphasizes retribution and seems repressive. 59 So far, it may be concluded that African instruments on human rights consider the very accessibility to school education as a key element for the first value that should guide education: the full development of the child's personality. cache = ./cache/cord-029480-3md13om6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029480-3md13om6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017184-1ewi3dka author = nan title = Primary Immunodeficiencies date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 44492 sentences = 2035 flesch = 45 summary = In this disease, microorganism phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes appears annulled, and the patient is subject to severe infections supported by capsular bacteria: the deficiency, described in association with severe and recurrent infantile infections [175, 485, 487] , depends on the lack of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) [487] , its Primary Immunodeficiencies a possible atopy dependence on IgA underproduction rather than on IgE hyperproduction ( Fig. 4.1 ): in children with levels of IgA at the minimum normal level, and followed from birth until the age of 18-23 months, a greater severity of atopic manifestations and an increased cumulative incidence of asthma, AD and otitis media with effusion (OME) were observed compared to controls. cache = ./cache/cord-017184-1ewi3dka.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017184-1ewi3dka.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023728-fgcldn4e author = Bower, John title = Croup in Children (Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis) date = 2014-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3887 sentences = 232 flesch = 53 summary = The term croup now generally refers to an acute respiratory tract illness characterized by a distinctive barking cough, hoarseness, and inspiratory stridor in a young child, usually between 6 months and 3 years old. From 1979 to 1997, croup cases associated with parainfluenza viruses, estimated from the National Hospital Discharge Survey, showed that the number of admissions among children younger than 5 years decreased by approximately one third. 14 The human coronaviruses (hCoV) have been identified in up to 7% of young children with acute respiratory tract infections, with the NL63 strain most often associated with croup. Although abrupt onset of stridor at night may be the initial indication of illness, most children have a prodrome of mild upper respiratory tract signs of rhinorrhea, cough, and sometimes fever 12 to 48 hours before the onset of the distinctive "rough and stridulous" cough of croup. cache = ./cache/cord-023728-fgcldn4e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023728-fgcldn4e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022467-j2trahab author = Loo, May title = Select Populations: Children date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19061 sentences = 1249 flesch = 44 summary = A recent clinical trial that included children over age 12 years and used a fixedcombination homeopathic remedy for a mean 4.1 days of treatment reported that 81.5% reported subjective feelings of being symptom free or significantly improved without complaint of any adverse side effects. 4 A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study from Great Britain of 170 children with a starting median age of 4.2 years in the experimental group and 3.6 years in the placebo group concluded that individually prescribed homeopathic remedies seem to be ineffective in reducing symptoms or decreasing the use of antibiotics in pediatric patients with URI. 414 In a nonrandomized clinical trial involving 30 children ages 3 months to 8 years with chronic diarrhea of 2 to 4 months' duration that was unresponsive to Western medicine and TCM, individualized acupuncture treatment eliminated symptoms and normalized stools. cache = ./cache/cord-022467-j2trahab.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022467-j2trahab.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029852-yighpvle author = Chandrasekar, Shyam title = Renal Complications in Children with Hematotoxic Snakebite: More Information Needed date = 2020-07-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1729 sentences = 110 flesch = 57 summary = (iv) Though one of the criteria for dialysis mentioned in Renal Complications in Children with Hematotoxic Snakebite: More Information Needed this study was hyperkalemia, but the reason why medical management was not considered as an option is not apparent. How many of these children who underwent dialysis developed 'permanent renal damage' at the 6-month follow up too has not been mentioned by authors, which could have been new information for the readers. (ix) We presume that the median number of vials of antisnake venom (ASV) used in both groups have been mentioned in (xi) The authors have mentioned mean "bite to ASV administration time" as 36.4 (5.9) minutes which seems practically difficult as their study population included patients from faraway places like the neighboring states of Bihar and Jharkhand. cache = ./cache/cord-029852-yighpvle.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029852-yighpvle.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022582-2e9i3m4b author = Potsic, William P. title = Otolaryngologic Disorders date = 2012-03-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16047 sentences = 956 flesch = 48 summary = When fluid persists in the middle ear for 3 to 4 months, causing a hearing loss or is associated with ASOM, myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement is helpful to resolve the hearing loss and reduce the frequency and severity of infection. In addition to antibiotics, treatment should include a wide field myringotomy from the anterior inferior quadrant to the posterior inferior quadrant, a tympanostomy tube placement for middle ear drainage, and a postauricular mastoidectomy to drain the subperiosteal abscess and the mastoid. These infections may be caused by a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens; and in addition to sore throat, symptoms include fever, mucopurulent nasal drainage, nasal obstruction, and facial pain. Symptoms typically appear at birth or soon thereafter and include inspiratory stridor, feeding difficulties, and, rarely, apnea or signs of severe airway obstruction. Children afflicted with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis present initially with hoarseness but may also have symptoms and signs of airway obstruction, including stridor. cache = ./cache/cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019089-oots4fe4 author = Laya, Bernard F. title = Infections date = 2013-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5442 sentences = 322 flesch = 37 summary = Imaging can also help evaluate complications to pneumonia and exclude other causes of respiratory distress including underlying developmental anomalies, foreign body, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and aspiration. Viruses are the most frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia in infants older than 4 months and in preschool-aged children, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most common. For school-aged children (6-16 years old), the incidence of bacterial infections from Streptococcus increases, although viral disease remains the most common cause (Condon 1991 ; Ostapchuk et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes 30 % of lower respiratory tract infections in school-aged children (Condon 1991 ; Donnelly 2001 ) . However, lung parenchymal, pleural, and lymph node infl ammatory abnormalities can be visualized and characterized by MRI in children with pulmonary infections. Swine-origin infl uenza A (H1N1) viral infection in children: initial chest radiographic fi ndings cache = ./cache/cord-019089-oots4fe4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019089-oots4fe4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023817-39r3a4fd author = Singh, Namita title = Rotavirus and Noro- and Caliciviruses date = 2012 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4637 sentences = 287 flesch = 42 summary = Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children of developed and developing countries worldwide. Worldwide, approximately 40% of hospitalizations for diarrhea in children younger than 5 years of age are attributable to rotavirus infection. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines a confirmed case of rotavirus gastroenteritis as diarrhea (3 or more loose stools within 24 h) or vomiting (1 or more episodes in a 24 h period) in a child with a positive stool detection of rotavirus by a standard assay, such as an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The non-bloody, watery diarrhea of rotavirus gastroenteritis is clinically indistinguishable from that caused by other enteric viruses, including norovirus and other caliciviruses, enteric adenovirus, and astrovirus. Norwalk virus carries historical import as the first confirmed viral etiology for human gastroenteritis when it was identified by electron microscopy in stools from a severe outbreak of diarrhea in Norwalk, Ohio in 1972. cache = ./cache/cord-023817-39r3a4fd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023817-39r3a4fd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022569-ddaqfsmp author = Pappas, Diane E. title = The Common Cold date = 2013-02-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2933 sentences = 173 flesch = 45 summary = 17, 18 Furthermore, in vitro studies have shown that rhinovirus and coronavirus produce no detectable cytopathic effect when replicating in a cultured monolayer of nasal epithelial cells, whereas influenza virus A and adenovirus produce obvious damage. 19 The symptoms of the common cold appear to result from release of cytokines and other mediators from infected nasal epithelial cells as well as from an influx of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). However, a recent study found that 20 children hospitalized for preseptal or orbital cellulitis, indicative of bacterial sinusitis, had symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection for 7 days or less prior to hospitalization, suggesting that the complications of rhinosinusitis can occur during the first few days of a cold. The symptoms of the common cold appear to result from effects of inflammatory mediators released in response to the viral infection of the respiratory tract. cache = ./cache/cord-022569-ddaqfsmp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022569-ddaqfsmp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023712-nptuuixw author = Bower, John title = Bronchiolitis date = 2014-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5404 sentences = 307 flesch = 41 summary = 12 Influenza A and B viruses frequently cause lower respiratory tract disease among children younger than 2 years of age, but the proportion manifesting as bronchiolitis is less than that observed with RSV. Although rapid diagnostic testing is generally unnecessary, it may be useful at times for implementing appropriate infection control, monitoring seasonal patterns of respiratory pathogens, restricting antimicrobial use, or providing confirmation of the diagnosis in children with unusual clinical presentations or severe disease. Timely diagnosis of specific viral respiratory pathogens may occasionally be necessary to guide specific antiviral therapy in children with high-risk conditions or severe illness with influenza or RSV. Although the risk of respiratory failure is relatively low for most children with RSV bronchiolitis, a small number of severely affected infants will require assisted ventilation in most intensive care units each year. Comparison of risk factors for human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus disease severity in young children cache = ./cache/cord-023712-nptuuixw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023712-nptuuixw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-030800-fgvc3qw8 author = Tao, Yun title = The Impact of Parent–Child Attachment on Self-Injury Behavior: Negative Emotion and Emotional Coping Style as Serial Mediators date = 2020-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7038 sentences = 324 flesch = 40 summary = Therefore, in order to examine how and when father-child and mother-child attachment were linked to adolescents' self-injury behavior, negative emotion and emotional coping style are listed as possible mediating factors. Thus, all these studies have demonstrated that unhealthy father-child and mother-child attachment can directly trigger junior high school students' negative emotions, and that the influencing mechanisms are actually different. To sum up, it is believed that negative emotion may affect emotional coping style; therefore, it is essential to examine the serial mediating roles of these two factors in the correlations between father or mother-child attachment and self-injury behavior. Finally, we expected there to be a serial mediating role played by negative emotion and emotional coping style in the correlations between father or mother-child attachment and self-injury behavior. This study finds that father-child and mother-child attachment of junior high school students can both directly negatively influence self-injury behavior, which conforms to the basic view of interpersonal or systematic models (Crouch and Wright, 2004) . cache = ./cache/cord-030800-fgvc3qw8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-030800-fgvc3qw8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024673-cl8gydrj author = Rosen, Lawrence D. title = Whole Health Learning: The Revolutionary Child of Integrative Health and Education date = 2020-05-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1927 sentences = 116 flesch = 45 summary = Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), potentially traumatic events disproportionately affecting our most vulnerable children, greatly increase risk for poor physical and emotional health outcomes in adults. Reducing academic and attendance challenges contributes to greater academic success, attenuates the impact of adverse experiences into adulthood, and improves health outcomes across the lifespan.(16) Educational policy has become increasingly reflective of the need to consider the overall wellbeing of the child -physically, socially, and emotionally -with a focus upon systems and programs that support that holistic scope. Access to an integrated, comprehensive, and customizable SEL-based wellness studies program, designed to mitigate ACEs and improve long term health via self-care competency, would greatly benefit students, educators, families, and communities. Notable is a priority -to teach children in preschool and grades K-12 social and emotional skills, including mindful awareness practices.‖ This expressed support of whole health learning programs within schools as effective means to ameliorate the impact of ACEs on education and health is welcome. cache = ./cache/cord-024673-cl8gydrj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024673-cl8gydrj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-031409-7cs1z6x6 author = Baraitser, Lisa title = The maternal death drive: Greta Thunberg and the question of the future date = 2020-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8265 sentences = 357 flesch = 58 summary = Drawing on earlier work, this paper develops the notion of a 'maternal death drive' that supplements Freud's death drive by accounting for repetition that retains a relation to the developmental time of 'life' but remains 'otherwise' to a life drive. The temporal form of this 'life in death' is that of 'dynamic chronicity', analogous to late modern narratives that describe the present as 'thin' and the time of human futurity as running out. The maternal (death drive) alerts us to a new figure of a child whose task is to carry expectations and anxieties about the future and bind them into a reproductive present. In many ways, the death drive is a temporal concept, holding together the paradoxical time in which repetition contains within it a backwards pull towards the no-time of the living organism, even as the shape of this relation describes 'a life'. cache = ./cache/cord-031409-7cs1z6x6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-031409-7cs1z6x6.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005646-xhx9pzhj author = nan title = 2nd World Congress on Pediatric Intensive Care 1996 Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 23–26 June 1996 Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Posters and Nursing Programme date = 1996 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 72031 sentences = 4734 flesch = 56 summary = Aims and methods The aim of both a prospective and retrospective survey conducted in German pediatric intensive care units in 1993 was to accumulate data on the epidemiology, risk factors, natural history and treatment strategies in a large group of pediatric ARDS patients who were treated in the tt~ee year period from 1991 to 1993.All patients had acute bilateral alveolar infiltration of noncardiogenic origin and a pO2~iO2 ratio < 150mmHg. The influence of sex, underlying disease and single organ failure was analyzed using the Fischer's exact test, the influence of additional organ failure on mortality was tested with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszet statistics. cache = ./cache/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-030018-sabmw7wf author = El-Shabrawi, Mortada title = Infant and child health and healthcare before and after COVID-19 pandemic: will it be the same ever? date = 2020-08-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3270 sentences = 175 flesch = 47 summary = BACKGROUND: The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) current pandemic is an unpreceded global health crisis. COVID-19 pandemic proved rapidly to be a major international medical problem that has many sequences on infants, children, and adolescents. There is an urging challenge of how to provide the required healthcare needed by infants and children in due time and place avoiding the possibility to catch SARS-CoV-2 infection if they go to seek medical advice at hospitals or healthcare facilities. The mandatory lockdown and inevitable social distancing measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic has forced the governments in many countries to close nurseries, child care centers, schools, training centers, and higher education facilities as universities and institutions. So far, the COVID-19 crisis has had a great impact on child health and healthcare all over the world, not only from the medical aspect, but also from the social, psychologic, economic, and educational aspects. cache = ./cache/cord-030018-sabmw7wf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-030018-sabmw7wf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-033802-r68za4cr author = Foster, Mark title = The safeguarding implications of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1496 sentences = 67 flesch = 58 summary = Findings from a survey, conducted between April and June 2020, of more than 2,000 young people aged 10-17 across the UK, and their parent or carer include: and not all will have been able to seek, adversely affected by the pandemic attentional difficulties over a one-month period as lockdown has progressed: Parents/carers of primary school age children taking part in the survey reported an increase in their child's emotional, behavioural, and restless/attentional difficulties. And parents/carers of children with Special Educational Needs (SEN) and those with a pre-existing mental health difficulty reported a reduction in their child's emotional difficulties and no change in behavioural or restless/attentional difficulties. Parents/carers of secondary school age children reported a reduction in their child's emotional difficulties, but an increase in restless/attentional behaviours. cache = ./cache/cord-033802-r68za4cr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-033802-r68za4cr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-034066-fsp7e5x5 author = Di Figlia-Peck, Stephanie title = Treatment of children and adolescents who are overweight or obese date = 2020-10-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10683 sentences = 516 flesch = 46 summary = 2 And in 2008, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality of the HHS came out with an Evidence-Based/Technology Assessment entitled "The Effectiveness of Weight Management Programs in Children and Adolescents." 3 In addition to these government-sponsored guidelines, recommendations for management of overweight and obesity in this population have been issued by multiple other organizations. One 12month technology-based program for adolescents with Type 2 diabetes "was not sufficient to produce weight loss with the combination of web intervention and group sessions and telephone follow up, but improvements in sedentary behavior and use of behavior change strategies expected to lead to behavior change was evidenced." 32 Telemedicine, in theory, should be able to compensate for some of the barriers that prevent access to and utilization of family based comprehensive behavioral interventions for child and adolescent obesity. cache = ./cache/cord-034066-fsp7e5x5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-034066-fsp7e5x5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-032363-86ovid90 author = Gerson, William T. title = “WHO ARE WE?” Common pediatric orthopedic disorders and the primary care clinician date = 2020-09-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1008 sentences = 70 flesch = 58 summary = title: "WHO ARE WE?" Common pediatric orthopedic disorders and the primary care clinician "WHO ARE WE?" Common pediatric orthopedic disorders and the primary care clinician William T. -The Beatles (Paul McCartney), "Golden Slumbers," 1969 Bent, Stork, and Nemeth speak to the soul of children's healthcare in their superb summary on common childhood orthopedic disorders. Our professional soul's origin lies in the notion of childhood; its poems and lullabies; in our children's hospitals whose own origins derive, in part, from the treatment of orthopedic conditions; and in the breadth of our training and experience in the principles and practice of children's healthcare. Every primary care clinician should read this paper, not just because musculoskeletal illness represents a large portion of all childhood office visits. It provides a concise synopsis of the most common orthopedic concerns presenting to primary care clinicians, beginning with the newborn exam, and often resulting, not necessarily appropriately, in referral to pediatric orthopedic surgeons. The authors present a developmentally-based approach to infant, childhood, and adolescent musculoskeletal complaints. cache = ./cache/cord-032363-86ovid90.txt txt = ./txt/cord-032363-86ovid90.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024981-yfuuirnw author = Severin, Paul N. title = Types of Disasters date = 2020-05-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 29266 sentences = 1796 flesch = 48 summary = The World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization define a disaster as "an event that occurs in most cases suddenly and unexpectedly, causing severe disturbances to people or objects affected by it, resulting in the loss of life and harm to the health of the population, the destruction or loss of community property, and/or severe damage to the environment. After the events of 9/11, much attention has been given to the possibility of another mass casualty act of terrorism, especially with weapons of mass destruction, that include chemical, biological, nuclear, radiological, and explosive devices (CBNRE), or other forms of violence such as active shooter incidents and mass shootings (Jacobson and Severin 2012) . Antidote therapy should be given as usual for nerve agents, including atropine, diazepam, and pralidoxime chloride (United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, National Library of Medicine 2019; United States Department of Health and Human Services, Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM) 2019). cache = ./cache/cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author = O’Ryan, Miguel L. title = Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date = 2009-05-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 45685 sentences = 2892 flesch = 44 summary = coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related. cache = ./cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029481-8pq1oaa4 author = Whitcomb, Caroline Green title = Review of Doug Selwyn (2019). All children are our children: New York: Peter Lang. 202 pp. ISBN 9781433161643 (Paperback) date = 2020-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1761 sentences = 98 flesch = 65 summary = Amidst today's cries for change and the pandemicforced rethinking of education, Selwyn's articulation of the intentional weaving of societal evils for the ill of our children and his vision for a more just and equitable future make this work a necessary read. After rolling out pages of statistical truths, Selwyn (2019: 24) states, '[i]n the OECD the U.S. ranks 35 th out of 37 th in terms of poverty and inequality.' While the rest of the world may have a far clearer picture of the USA, nothing will change until Americans move beyond blind patriotism and see ourselves as we truly are. Finland's educational philosophy, based on the work of American theorist John Dewey, states: 'All pupils can learn if they are given proper opportunities and support, that understanding of and learning through human diversity is an important educational goal, and that schools should function as small-scale democracies' (Selwyn 2019: 29) . cache = ./cache/cord-029481-8pq1oaa4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029481-8pq1oaa4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023748-3kfy36hg author = Lye, Patricia S. title = Fever date = 2017-05-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15600 sentences = 931 flesch = 47 summary = Although rapid testing for viral pathogens is often readily available, a detailed investigation to identify a viral pathogen is not necessary unless the confirmation of a viral infection will change the acute diagnostic plan; treatment with antivirals is an option (HSV, influenza) if the fever is prolonged and evolves into FUO or if there is end-organ involvement, as in hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalitis, or meningitis. Occult bacteremia is defined by the presence of a positive blood culture for pathogenic bacteria in a febrile patient who does not appear extremely ill and who has no focus of infection, excluding otitis media. A combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory studies can be used to define a specific population of infants aged 29-60 days who do not appear ill and are at low risk for bacterial infections. cache = ./cache/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253251-i79h14f7 author = Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin title = An investigation of district spatial variations of childhood diarrhoea and fever morbidity in Malawi date = 2005-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6526 sentences = 312 flesch = 51 summary = In particular, the results suggest that children living in the capital city are less affected by fever, although this is not true for diarrhoea, where some urban agglomerations are associated with a higher childhood morbidity risk. The study applied Bayesian statistical and geo-statistical techniques to the 2000 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data of Malawi with location (district) attributes and other information to answer specific questions about geographic inequalities in childhood disease prevalence. To gain an understanding of the geographic variation or patterns based on the observed morbidity prevalence, a Bayesian hierarchical model was fitted, with the inclusion of spatial (district) and nonlinear metrical (mother's and child's age) covariates. Geo-additive logistic models were used (on the probability of a child having diarrhoea and fever during the reference period) to determine the socio-economic and demographic variables that are associated with the ailments while simultaneously controlling for spatial dependence in the data and possible nonlinear effects of covariates. cache = ./cache/cord-253251-i79h14f7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253251-i79h14f7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023713-daz2vokz author = Devereux, Graham title = Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases date = 2013-09-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 27880 sentences = 1480 flesch = 51 summary = A systematic review and metaanalysis of the longitudinal studies relating maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy to childhood outcomes concluded that high maternal dietary vitamin D intake is associated with a reduced risk of children wheezing up to the age of 5 years (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.73). The Dutch Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study related symptom data prospectively collected annually from 3863 children up to the age of 8 years to land-use regression estimates of individual NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and soot exposures at their birth addresses. 327 A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective birth cohort studies evaluating the effects of allergen (i.e., HDM or dietary) avoidance during pregnancy concluded that early-life allergen avoidance in isolation does not reduce the likelihood of asthma in children at age 5 years (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.78). cache = ./cache/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-032073-8eguv697 author = El Fakiri, K. title = Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Moroccan Children date = 2020-07-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1517 sentences = 91 flesch = 57 summary = OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) in a Moroccan pediatric population. Patients were classified as follows: Asymptomatic infection (children without manifestations of clinical symptoms of COVID-19 testing positive to SARS-COV-2); Acute upper respiratory tract infection (children with fever, cough, pharyngeal pain, nasal congestion, fatigue, headache, myalgia or discomfort, and without signs of pneumonia by chest imaging or sepsis); Mild pneumonia (when children have a fever, respiratory symptoms such as cough, and chest imaging indicating pneumonia, but not reaching the criteria of severe pneumonia); Severe pneumonia (when any of the following criteria are present: (i) increased respiratory rate: ≥60 breaths/min (<2 years), ≥40 breaths/min (between 2 and 5 years), ≥30 breaths/min (≥5 years); (ii) oxygen saturation <94%; (iii) hypoxia; (iv) disturbance of consciousness; and, (v) food refusal or feeding difficulty, with signs of dehydration); Treatment was prescribed according to the Moroccan Ministry of Health recommendations [5] . cache = ./cache/cord-032073-8eguv697.txt txt = ./txt/cord-032073-8eguv697.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-026977-prrjscnd author = Forsner, M. title = Moral Challenges When Suspecting Abuse and Neglect in School Children: A Mixed Method Study date = 2020-06-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6911 sentences = 360 flesch = 51 summary = In this current study we explore school professionals' experiences and deliberations in situation when they suspected child abuse and neglect from an ethical perspective. 354), In agreement with Johnstone's standpoint that obstructions to mandatory reporting of child abuse has not given attention to the ethical aspects, supports the need for a research design that focuses on how school professionals describe their personal involvement-feelings and actions taken-in cases of suspected maltreatment-and how they have dealt with their duty to report. In agreement with these authors, the intention of this study design was to contribute to an understanding of the moral dimension of how a selected group of participants think and act when they suspected child abuse and neglect. First, some background questions were asked about their professional role and experiences, followed by an open request: "Please tell about a situation in which you considered to report child abuse or neglect to Social Services". cache = ./cache/cord-026977-prrjscnd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-026977-prrjscnd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022653-qa1uph35 author = nan title = Poster Discussion Session PDS date = 2017-08-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 58292 sentences = 3300 flesch = 53 summary = 0206 | G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) regulates endothelial permeability induced by Bradykinin 0208 | Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of c1 esterase inhibitor of chronic urticaria challenges most commonly identified were the following: time of onset of disease; frequency/duration of and provoking factors for wheals; diurnal variation; occurrence in relation to weekends, holidays, and foreign travel; shape, size, and distribution of wheals; associated angioedema; associated subjective symptoms of lesions; family and personal history regarding urticaria, atopy; previous or current allergies, infections, internal diseases, or other possible causes; psychosomatic and psychiatric diseases; surgical implantations and events during surgery; gastric/ intestinal problems; induction by physical agents or exercise; use of drugs; food allergies; relationship to the menstrual cycle; smoking habits; type of work, hobbies; stress; quality of life and emotional impact; previous therapy and response to therapy, and previous diagnostic procedures/results. cache = ./cache/cord-022653-qa1uph35.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022653-qa1uph35.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022448-ungitgh9 author = Sergueef, Nicette title = Clinical Conditions date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 77343 sentences = 4418 flesch = 50 summary = Brachial plexus injury, fracture of the clavicle, pectus excavatum and carinatum, scoliosis, kyphosis and vertebral somatic dysfunctions are other commonly encountered conditions with structural and functional consequences that can be addressed with osteopathic manipulative treatment. Palpate the infant to identify membranous, myofascial and interosseous somatic dysfunction, particularly in the upper thoracic spine, pectoral girdle, cervico-occipital area and cranium (temporal bone, occiput, occipitomastoid suture and jugular foramen). Secondly, but concomitant with the above, the progressive fl exion of the cranial base, associated with the anteroposterior growth of the skull, contributes to positional changes of both the pterygoid processes, which become longer and more vertical, and the petrous portions of the temporal bones, which become externally rotated. Because of the relationships between the sympathetic nervous system and the upper thoracic spinal segments, the second and third cervical vertebrae, and between the parasympathetic nervous system and the sphenoid, maxilla or palatine bones, somatic dysfunction of any of these vertebral and cranial areas can result in dysfunction of the ANS with impact on nasal function. cache = ./cache/cord-022448-ungitgh9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022448-ungitgh9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253799-lzbeaf2p author = García‐Salido, Alberto title = SARS‐COV‐2 children transmission: the evidence is that today we do not have enough evidence date = 2020-06-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 697 sentences = 54 flesch = 71 summary = I have read with interest the review by Ludvigsson on the role of children as transmitters of the new coronavirus (SARS‐COV‐2). The main conclusion we can draw now is that under confined conditions, children are not the main drivers of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Dear Editors, I have read with interest the review by Ludvigsson on the role of children as transmitters of the new coronavirus (SARS-COV-2). The main conclusion we can draw now is that under confined conditions, children are not the main drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the author states "it is highly likely that children can transmit the SARS-COV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, and even asymptomatic children can have viral loads" 1 . Children are unlikely to be the main drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic -a systematic review Covid-19: Delaying school reopening by two weeks would halve risks to children, says iSAGE cache = ./cache/cord-253799-lzbeaf2p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253799-lzbeaf2p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-104078-o89bzjfi author = Muerbe, D. title = Aerosol emission of child voices during speaking, singing and shouting date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2974 sentences = 181 flesch = 61 summary = This is also due to the fact, that there has been no reliable data available on aerosol emissions from children's speaking, singing, and shouting. By utilizing a laser particle counter in cleanroom conditions we show, that children emit fewer aerosols during singing than what has been known so far for adults. Due to the principles of voice production and the described accumulation of SARS-CoV-2-infections during choir rehearsals (Hamner et al., 2020) , it is assumed that singing is connected with increased aerosol emission rates. The present study confirms higher emission rates of aerosols for singing in comparison to speaking also for children. On the contrary, in the shouting condition, which is not related to limitations in the child's singing technique, some children reached higher emission rates than adults during loud singing. In the first task, the emission rates for three different vocal test conditions were compared: (a) speaking, (b) singing, and (c) shouting. cache = ./cache/cord-104078-o89bzjfi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-104078-o89bzjfi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029723-g6pvyzrc author = Brenner, Maria title = A systematic concept analysis of ‘technology dependent’: challenging the terminology date = 2020-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5878 sentences = 279 flesch = 41 summary = Each of the articles was analysed for data relevant to the (1) attributes, (2) antecedents, and (3) consequences of a child's dependence on medical technology to sustain life using a coding framework based on Rodgers' evolutionary method ( Table 2 ). The conceptual analysis identified four domains of consequence of the initiation of technology dependence: clinical care of the child; psychosocial sequelae for the child; family adaptation; and ongoing impact for health and social care. A literature review identified multiple issues specific to the clinical care of a child who is dependent on technology to sustain their life. Impact, meaning and need for help and support: the experience of parents caring for children with disabilities, lifelimiting/life-threatening illness or technology dependence cache = ./cache/cord-029723-g6pvyzrc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029723-g6pvyzrc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103829-mavc34a0 author = Alam, T. title = Extended effect of short-course azithromycin for the treatment of diarrhoea in children on antimicrobial resistance in nasopharyngeal and intestinal bacteria: Study Protocol for the antimicrobial resistance sub-study of the multicountry AntiBiotics for Children with Diarrhea (ABCD) trial. date = 2020-07-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5156 sentences = 257 flesch = 49 summary = We aim to determine the impact of a 3-day course of azithromycin on the risk of AMR at 90 and 180 days after treatment, among a subset of children and their household contacts enrolled into a multi-country, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of azithromycin children under 2 years with diarrhea in low income settings, Methods and analysis The AntiBiotics for Children with Diarrhea (ABCD) trial is testing the efficacy of a 3-day course of azithromycin, compared to placebo, in reducing mortality and linear growth faltering in the subsequent 6 months among 11,500 children aged 2-23 months of age across multiple sites in Bangladesh, India, Kenya Malawi, Mali, Pakistan and Tanzania with diarrhea and one or more of the following; dehydration, severe stunting, or moderate wasting (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03130114). pneumoniae, isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs, is no different between children treated with 3-days of azithromycin or placebo in a randomly selected sub-sample of children enrolled in the ABCD trial, at 90 and 180 days after treatment. cache = ./cache/cord-103829-mavc34a0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103829-mavc34a0.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029518-a3507av0 author = Graf, William D. title = Reply date = 2020-07-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 604 sentences = 44 flesch = 41 summary = We thank Drs. Trabacca and Russo for their reflection and comments about childhood disability and the ethics of care during the exceptional circumstances of a viral pandemic. The general precautions that apply to all families (i.e. physical distancing, restricted socialization, "shelter in place", and "distance learning" school routines for children) seem to be intuitively practiced at heightened levels to better protect children with chronic conditions and disabilities-especially those who are immunosuppressed or have compromised respiratory function. (3) These trends are similar to the experience of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) viral pandemic, when children with disabilities had higher morbidity and mortality risks. Because of the heightened risks for many people with disabilities, emerging from this current pandemic will require a cautious balance between the safe resumption of educational routines, supportive therapies, and rehabilitation (i.e. easing of physical distancing) and the ongoing need of enhanced protections (e.g. mask-wearing) until COVID-19-related herd immunity can be achieved. The ethic of care, disability and rehabilitation during the covid-19 pandemic cache = ./cache/cord-029518-a3507av0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029518-a3507av0.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-033828-a54virh0 author = Wallace, Rebecca title = News Coverage of Child Care during COVID-19: Where Are Women and Gender? date = 2020-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2247 sentences = 102 flesch = 52 summary = We find that gender remains systematically written out of coverage of child care, occluded by a larger focus on health-, economic-, and accessibility-related concerns about child care services. Labor force data also reveal that COVID-19-related job losses have been borne disproportionately by women, and economists insist that "there will be no recovery without a she-covery; no she-covery without child care." 3 There has been a genuine acknowledgment of the pandemic's disproportionate effects on women, so the question we tackle in this article is whether women and gender have been central to news coverage of child care, which is an essential service for women's resumption of their regular work activities. The gender frame most commonly emerges in coverage focused on economic recovery, where often little more than a single mention of women emerges in the context of discussing the caretaking challenges that parents are experiencing during the pandemic. cache = ./cache/cord-033828-a54virh0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-033828-a54virh0.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252970-hnd0653u author = de Nobrega, Manoel title = How face masks can affect school performance date = 2020-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1265 sentences = 84 flesch = 59 summary = The cognitive processes involved in hearing acoustically distorted speech are likely to include verbal work memory and attention-based performance monitoring. Excessive background noise and classroom reverberation may affect the educational performance of children with normal hearing that present other learning difficulties 5 . It also surprises that each of the three transparent masks has mitigated the talk more than the nontransparent masks, and produced an resonant peak between 5000 and 7000 Hz. Although transparent masks have reduced the level of sound pressure and possibly degraded even more speech than non-transparent facial masks, they play an important role in preserving non-verbal communication slopes on face 9 . • Awareness the parents about how facial masks, associated or not to the face shield, can harm the intensity and quality of speech and how much this can impact on the school performance of their children. Effect of minimal/mild hearing loss on children's speech understanding in a simulated classroom cache = ./cache/cord-252970-hnd0653u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252970-hnd0653u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-032017-h0cj4izx author = Roach, E. Steve title = Child Neglect by Any Other Name date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2285 sentences = 120 flesch = 54 summary = Trying to "engage" families in order to educate and convince them of the wisdom of immunization is fine for the parents who want information and are willing to accept guidance, but this approach is clearly wasted on the entrenched vaccine deniers. But most Western families who fail to immunize their children know about vaccines and have ready access to physicians and nurses who could clearly explain their risks and benefits. It is time to stop the political correctness and "science speak." Parents should have the right to raise their children in accordance with their own preference, culture and religious beliefs, provided that their approach does not substantially increase the child's odds of an avoidable illness or injury. Physicians must rise with one voice and say "enough!" By even considering the premise that vaccine denial can be a reasonable choice by a rational individual, we become enablers of child neglect. cache = ./cache/cord-032017-h0cj4izx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-032017-h0cj4izx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254235-mok10c5i author = Cooper, Dan M. title = Re-Opening Schools Safely: The Case for Collaboration, Constructive Disruption of Pre-COVID Expectations, and Creative Solutions date = 2020-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1836 sentences = 103 flesch = 48 summary = With fast-approaching preparations required for a new school year, a collaborative team of clinicians, scientists, and educators developed this commentary to begin to highlight issues that must be considered to ensure a safe and strategically planned re-opening of schools. School re-opening can mitigate risks to children, families, and school personnel only if it is sensitive to community needs. Though SARS-CoV-2 community surveillance testing has yet to be standardized, large scale viral nucleic acid and serological testing in children is needed to guide safe school reopening. Under current conditions of increased sensitivity to possible COVID-19 symptomatology, children with these chronic health disorders risk being socially shunned and unnecessarily removed from school. More research is needed to understand the risks that all children, including those with chronic conditions, may encounter in school settings in the COVID-19 era. Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units. cache = ./cache/cord-254235-mok10c5i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254235-mok10c5i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-104491-uu2rbtem author = Andiman, Warren A. title = Where Have All the “AIDS Babies” Gone? A Historical Memoir of the Pediatric AIDS Epidemic in New Haven and its Eventual Eradication date = 2020-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8100 sentences = 399 flesch = 55 summary = However, a search of the medical records at Yale-New Haven Hospital (YNHH) would have revealed names of at least a dozen additional patients living with HIV. In time, the Hospital's Board of Trustees gave the go-ahead for the "official" creation of the "AIDS Care Program." Soon the City of New Haven and local charitable organizations joined us in common cause. We made clear our need for funding and asked for official promises by the hospital and medical school to establish an AIDS Care Program, in perpetuity, dedicated to the ongoing outpatient and inpatient care of HIV-infected patients of all ages. Following years of reluctance on the part of "professional" foster parents to bring babies living with HIV into their homes, we joined with the Connecticut State Department of Social Services and rolled-out intensive educational programs that featured infection control guidelines. cache = ./cache/cord-104491-uu2rbtem.txt txt = ./txt/cord-104491-uu2rbtem.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255351-vp19ydce author = Lanata, Claudio F. title = Global Causes of Diarrheal Disease Mortality in Children <5 Years of Age: A Systematic Review date = 2013-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5451 sentences = 221 flesch = 48 summary = We present the results of a systematic literature review of studies of diarrhea etiology in hospitalized children and use these results to estimate the global burden of diarrhea mortality by pathogen for children under 5 years of age for 2011. From 22 643 citations identified in the electronic search, 1 003 articles were selected for further evaluation (Fig. 1) ; 840 articles were excluded because they had one or more of the exclusion criteria (About 35% because they were not longitudinal studies or inappropriate laboratory methods were used, 31% because no data was given for children ,5 years of age, 23% for studies that lasted less than 12 months of duration, and the rest because data were reported after rotavirus vaccine introduction, duplicate publications or reporting results on a pathogen not included in our list). cache = ./cache/cord-255351-vp19ydce.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255351-vp19ydce.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014687-0am4l5ms author = nan title = SPR 2012 date = 2012-03-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 98592 sentences = 5600 flesch = 43 summary = This presentation will focus on recent developments that have lead to a better understanding of the embryopathogenesis for fibropolycystic liver diseases (including choledochal cysts and Caroli disease), histopathological findings that have led to new classification systems for of pediatric vascular anomalies, technological advances and contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging that are useful to characterize and limit the differential diagnosis of hepatic masses. Disclosure: Dr. Annapragada has indicated that he is a stock holder and consultant for Marval Biosciences Inc. Paper #: PA-067 Cardiovascular Image Quality Using a Nanoparticle CT Contrast Agent: Preliminary Studies in a Pig Model Rajesh Krishnamurthy, Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, rxkrishn@texaschildrens.org; Ketan Ghaghada, Prakash Masand, Abhay Divekar, Eric Hoffman, Ananth Annapragada Purpose or Case Report: Image quality in a separate study using a long circulating, liposomal-based nanoscale blood pool iodinated contrast agent (NCTX) suggests clinical utility in pediatrics, potentially reducing difficulties in contrast-CT of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) including the size of intravenous cannula, need for accurate timing, inability to simultaneously opacify multiple targets of interest (requiring repeated contrast administration and/or repeated imaging). cache = ./cache/cord-014687-0am4l5ms.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014687-0am4l5ms.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255972-u7v0es5w author = Hashikawa, Andrew title = Child Care in the Time of COVID-19: A Period of Challenge and Opportunity. date = 2020-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4036 sentences = 229 flesch = 49 summary = Existing CFOC standards do not address the new concerns expressed by ECE workers during the pandemic, which include: determining the risks for ECE workers, establishing whether physical distancing in young children is feasible and effective, providing more details about cleaning and disinfecting, defining new group size requirements, defining the proper use of SARS-CoV-2 screening tests, handling readmission of children with symptoms or positive COVID-19 tests, and establishing guidelines for temperature checks (type of thermometer, fever threshold for exclusion, when to take temperatures after the initial screening). Even though there remain gaps in COVID-19 specific information that need further research, there is an important role for pediatric health experts to provide some structured guidance based on both expert group consensus and best available evidence to assist ECE directors in operating their programs and in providing consistent messaging to parents. cache = ./cache/cord-255972-u7v0es5w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255972-u7v0es5w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255915-7hkn37p2 author = Garstang, J. title = Effect of covid-19 lockdown on child protection medical assessments: a retrospective observational study in Birmingham, UK. date = 2020-08-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3482 sentences = 193 flesch = 56 summary = Objectives To determine any change in referral patterns and outcomes in children (0-18) referred for child protection medical examination (CPME) during the covid-19 pandemic compared to previous years. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.09.20170977 doi: medRxiv preprint Although there has been much professional concern about the potential risk children have faced at home there have been limited data, with one report of an increase in abusive head trauma noted in London (11) and a short report from the North-East of England noting a dramatic decrease in CPME referrals (12) . The aim was to determine differences in the number and outcomes of child protection referrals for CPME in Birmingham during the covid-19 pandemic lockdown (March to June 2020) compared with the same periods in 2018 and 2019. Are there differences in demographic details, referral source and outcomes for children presenting for child protection medical examination during the covid-19 pandemic compared to previous years? cache = ./cache/cord-255915-7hkn37p2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255915-7hkn37p2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254277-hr5g1tkq author = Rozdilsky, Janlyn R. title = Enhancing Sibling Presence in Pediatric ICU date = 2005-12-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6520 sentences = 305 flesch = 49 summary = Nurses may overlook siblings and assume parents and other family members are supporting them; however, distraught parents may not have the insight to identify the needs of their well children [9] , not know how to explain the situation [10] , or even realize that well siblings benefit from being with their ill sister or brother. Integrating knowledge of child development and well sibling stressors, along with understanding of illness and family adaptation, creates a sibling policy that enables PICU nurses to use their expertise and situation to provide holistic care to critically ill children and their family support systems. Nurses caring for critically ill children are situated ideally to lessen the detrimental effects of intensive care hospitalization on well siblings through direct interventions that are aimed at preparing siblings for the PICU environment, and through indirect interventions that are aimed at parental education and support. cache = ./cache/cord-254277-hr5g1tkq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254277-hr5g1tkq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257751-n7w1psr4 author = Halperin, Daniel T. title = Coping With COVID-19: Learning From Past Pandemics to Avoid Pitfalls and Panic date = 2020-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6378 sentences = 386 flesch = 57 summary = As we wrestle with how best to mitigate COVID-19, it is imperative to concur on the likely main drivers of transmission (notably, infection clusters resulting from prolonged indoor respiratory exposure) in order to clearly explain risk and to determine the most effective, realistic behavioral and other means to reduce illness and mortality. What is clear, based on evidence from several countries (and despite media attention to statistically anomalous cases of healthy and younger victims), is that severe outcomes and deaths from COVID-19 are overwhelmingly associated with preexisting (and especially multiple) serious illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease, [14] [15] [16] more so in men and particularly when exacerbated by obesity and smoking. Moreover, the fact that between 96% (in the United States 16 ) and more than 99% (in Italy 14 ) of COVID-19-related deaths, at any age, have occurred in persons with preexisting conditions could suggest that even very old but otherwise healthy people may not be at greatly elevated risk of dying from the disease. cache = ./cache/cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259694-8uv291b5 author = Sloan, Carlie J. title = Longitudinal changes in well-being of parents of individuals with developmental or mental health problems date = 2020-08-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7304 sentences = 348 flesch = 52 summary = The current study examines (1) longitudinal changes in the effect of having a child with a developmental or mental health problem on parental negative affect, psychological well-being, and somatic symptoms, (2) age and gender moderations on these effects, and (3) the unique impact of factors related to the child's condition. Additionally, among those with children with developmental or mental health problems, older parental age of onset of the child's condition was protective of parental well-being, and longer duration of the child's condition also predicted better health outcomes, suggesting that parents may adapt to the stress of their caregiving role over time. Having a child with a developmental or mental health problem will predict higher negative affect, lower psychological well-being, and a greater number of somatic symptoms, at both a baseline time point and a 10-year follow-up, compared to parents of children without these problems. cache = ./cache/cord-259694-8uv291b5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259694-8uv291b5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015306-us58wwmp author = nan title = Abstracts for the IPNA Congress, 30 August - 3 September 2013, Shanghai, China date = 2013-06-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 71194 sentences = 4580 flesch = 53 summary = The incidence of renal involvement varies from 20 to 60% and there have been some reports showing that nephritis might be related to an older age at onset, persistent purpura (> 1 month), severe abdominal pain, and relapsing disease.Recently, several studies have shown that galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is recognized by anti-glycan antibodies, resulting in the formation of the circulating immune complexes and their mesangial deposition causing renal injury in HSP nephritis and serum galactose-deficient IgA1 levels were highly inherited in children with HSP nephritis.Regarding the treatment of HSP, one randomized double-blinded controlled study recently showed that patients with abdiminal pain or arthralgia may benefit from early treatment with prednisone, but the drug has not been proven to be capable of preventing the development of renal symptoms. cache = ./cache/cord-015306-us58wwmp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015306-us58wwmp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261424-t0yulofo author = Feltman, Dalia M. title = Seeking Normalcy as the Curve Flattens: Ethical Considerations for Pediatricians Managing Collateral Damage of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4294 sentences = 272 flesch = 48 summary = Pediatricians around the world have cycled through these emotions when considering the health and safety of patients and families during this coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic. As advocates for children, pediatricians are in a unique position to redesign the system in a way that prioritizes children and families, addresses the social determinants of health, reduces inequalities and health disparities, and ensures ethical research on treatment and prevention of COVID-19. However, actions to conserve the medical resources that prevent iatrogenic spread of infection and protect health professionals and other patients have shifted priorities away from the best practices that are part of our usual care for children. As we begin to imagine that new normal, we consider three domains that require attention to help children to stay well: medical, mental health, and educational needs. Children in families with mental health needs will be vulnerable to further disruptions to their psychosocial stability due to COVID-19 control measures. cache = ./cache/cord-261424-t0yulofo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261424-t0yulofo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258049-l55mx4lp author = Mansbach, Jonathan M. title = Hospital course and discharge criteria for children hospitalized with bronchiolitis date = 2015-01-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3702 sentences = 207 flesch = 46 summary = We performed a prospective, multicenter, multiyear study [10] [11] [12] to examine the typical inpatient clinical course of and to develop hospital discharge guidelines for children age <2 years hospitalized with bronchiolitis. A child was considered clinically improved on the earliest date he/she met all of the following criteria: (1) none or mild retractions and improved or stable retractions compared with the previous inpatient day; (2) daily estimated average respiratory rate (RR) <60 breaths per minute for age <6 months, <55 breaths/minute for age 6 to 11 months, and <45 breaths/minute for age 12 months with a decreasing or stable trend over the course of the current day; (3) daily estimated average RAO2 saturation 90%, lowest RAO2 saturation 88% 21 ; and (4) not receiving intravenous (IV) fluids or for children receiving IV fluids a clinician report of the child maintaining oral hydration. cache = ./cache/cord-258049-l55mx4lp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258049-l55mx4lp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015352-2d02eq3y author = nan title = ESPR 2017 date = 2017-04-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 82253 sentences = 4479 flesch = 46 summary = Lapierre; Montreal/CA Summary: Objectives: To review the classification of visceroatrial situs To describe the associated cardiac and non-cardiac anomalies To illustrate typical findings in fetuses, neonates and children To discuss the surgical consideration and the long-term follow-up in these patients Abstract: By definition, the type of situs is determined by the relationship between the atria and the adjacent organs. As is often the case, radiology in JIA is all about: knowing your clinicians (i.e. the pretest likelihood for disease) being technically eloquent (e.g. using high-resolution US probes, not delaying post-contrast MRI acquisitions) knowing what is normal (e.g. normal undulations in the articular surface, focal bone marrow signal variation) not being dogmatic about individual observations or measurements interpreting your findings in a clinical context The lecture will demonstrate similarities and differences among joints and modalities in children with variable-severity JIA. cache = ./cache/cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257778-xwu1gdak author = Link-Gelles, Ruth title = Limited Secondary Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Child Care Programs — Rhode Island, June 1–July 31, 2020 date = 2020-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1019 sentences = 71 flesch = 55 summary = title: Limited Secondary Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Child Care Programs — Rhode Island, June 1–July 31, 2020 On June 1, 2020, with declines in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and hospitalizations in Rhode Island,* child care programs in the state reopened after a nearly 3-month closure implemented as part of mitigation efforts. To reopen safely, the Rhode Island Department of Human Services (RIDHS) required licensed centerand home-based child care programs to reduce enrollment, initially to a maximum of 12 persons, including staff members, in stable groups (i.e., staff members and students not switching between groups) in physically separated spaces, increasing to a maximum of 20 persons on June 29. The identification of 101 possible child care-associated COVID-19 cases resulted in closures of 89 classes and quarantine of 687 children and 166 staff members, including contacts. The third program had two cases with symptom onset dates indicating potential transmission; however, no epidemiologic link was identified. cache = ./cache/cord-257778-xwu1gdak.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257778-xwu1gdak.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-034340-3ksfpaf7 author = nan title = Proceedings of the 26th European Paediatric Rheumatology Congress: part 2: Virtual. 23 - 26 September 2020 date = 2020-10-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 35088 sentences = 2148 flesch = 49 summary = Objectives: The current study was undertaken to evaluate sociodemographic and sociocultural features, parent behavior, the gestation and breastfeeding period, nutritional status of early childhood in our patients with JIA, and to determine their relationship with disease activity, damage index, remission time, and relapse rate. Methods: In the present study were included data 170 JIA(55 boys and 115 girls)aged from 2 to 17 years,who received scheduled vaccination before the age of 2 years and before JIA onset against measles,parotitis,diphtheria and rubella.Incomplete vaccination means the reduced number of vaccine to age.In all patients the Ig G anti-vaccine antibodies levels were detected with ELISA.JIA categories were:oligoarthritis -73,polyarthritis -61,systemic-16 and enthesitisrelated arthritis-20.Data presented with median and 25%>75% Results: Incomplete vaccination against MMR was in 50 (42%)diphtheria in 85 (50%) of the JIA patients. cache = ./cache/cord-034340-3ksfpaf7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-034340-3ksfpaf7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261938-ls363vud author = Khan, Farah title = Refugee and Migrant Children’s Mental Healthcare: Serving the Voiceless, Invisible, and the Vulnerable Global Citizens date = 2020-08-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3911 sentences = 186 flesch = 45 summary = In assessing medical fitness and healthcare mediations for refugees and migrant children, special consideration should be given to certain areas such as their distinct history, whether they are with their family or separated or unaccompanied, and whether they have been peddled or have been left behind. Children's right to medical care is guaranteed by all the world leaders and Member States of the WHO European Region and is compiled in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), a convention guaranteeing the highest attainable standard of healthcare and treatment of illness and rehabilitation of the refugee, migrant, and asylum-seeking children similar to the children native to the host country [3] . A study reports of unaccompanied refugee and migrant children who were arriving in Germany with multidrug-resistant bacteria colonization at higher rates, and other records of a surge of measles, which is vaccine-preventable, have also been seen in asylum-seeking juveniles [14, 15] . cache = ./cache/cord-261938-ls363vud.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261938-ls363vud.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254852-qr5gdmbc author = Grief, Samuel N. title = Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Pneumonia date = 2018-08-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4731 sentences = 300 flesch = 39 summary = A 2015 prospective, multi-center study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified a responsible pathogen in only 38% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults requiring hospitalization. 13 However, more extensive diagnostic testing should be considered in patients who are at risk for infection with unusual pathogens, who are not responding to treatment, or when additional testing is likely to change antibiotic management (Table 3) . Their analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials found significantly decreased mortality in severe pneumonia, decreased need for mechanical ventilation, decreased occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome, decreased time to clinical stability, and shorter duration of hospitalization. Elderly patients with pneumonia may not exhibit typical symptoms or physical examination findings seen in younger adults, such as pleuritic chest pain, cough, fever, and leukocytosis. Impact of inappropriate antibiotic therapy on mortality in patients with ventilator-associate pneumonia and blood stream infection: a meta-analysis cache = ./cache/cord-254852-qr5gdmbc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254852-qr5gdmbc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263688-xz2hnym0 author = Varghese, Litty title = Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Human Coronaviruses in the Pediatric Population date = 2017-05-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3513 sentences = 168 flesch = 46 summary = The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the epidemiology of HCoV detected in children from a community-based cohort and in hospitalized children, (2) assess the clinical features of illnesses with different HCoV types detected, and (3) evaluate potential risk factors associated with increased severity of illness, defined as the use of respiratory support and/or hospitalization in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). To evaluate potential risk factors associated with increased severity of illness in the hospitalized children with HCoV, demographic (eg, age, sex) and clinical characteristics (ie, chronic complex conditions [CCCs]), HCoV types and viral coinfection associated with respiratory support (defined above), and/ or PICU admissions were collected from the electronic medical record. Among hospitalized children, bivariate analyses assessed the associations of demographic characteristics, clinical factors, HCoV types, and presence of viral codetections, with increased severity of illness, ie, receiving respiratory support and/or admission to the PICU. cache = ./cache/cord-263688-xz2hnym0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263688-xz2hnym0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262892-n38r8n70 author = Sheikh, Jamila title = Nutritional Care of the Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective date = 2015-05-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6631 sentences = 298 flesch = 36 summary = In well-resourced settings, early infant diagnosis and administration of life-saving antiretrovirals (ARVs) have significantly improved clinical outcomes in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The tenets of care developed from that era still hold true in that all infants, children, and adolescents with HIV require comprehensive nutritional services in addition to effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This chapter will review the principles of nutrition in the preand post-cART eras and discuss the etiologic factors associated with malnutrition, with an emphasis on interventions that have favorably impacted the growth and body composition of infants, children and adolescents with HIV. When cART providing effective viral suppression was unavailable, enteral and parenteral support was associated with improved weight and body composition and overall survival and is still a key part of care for children and adolescents who present with advanced HIV disease. cache = ./cache/cord-262892-n38r8n70.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262892-n38r8n70.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259823-ia1g5dt4 author = Gowin, Ewelina title = Assessment of the Usefulness of Multiplex Real-Time PCR Tests in the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Process of Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children: A Single-Center Experience date = 2017-01-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3883 sentences = 198 flesch = 43 summary = British, American, and Polish guidelines state that, in children hospitalized due to pneumonia, microbiological examinations should include blood cultures, the detection of the presence of viruses with the use of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) or immunofluorescence in material collected from the nasopharynx (smear or upper respiratory aspirate), the assessment of antibodies against Mycoplasma and Chlamydophila in classes IgM and IgG, and the comparison of antibody levels in the acute phase of the disease and during convalescence [4] [5] [6] . achieved positive results of multiplex real-time PCR tests detecting only viral factors in 76% of cases in a group of children below the age of six with symptoms of respiratory tract infection and the dominant pathogen was RSV [12] . cache = ./cache/cord-259823-ia1g5dt4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259823-ia1g5dt4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259501-iggw1exl author = Kim, Yong Yean title = Acute Respiratory Illness in Rural Haiti date = 2019-02-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4623 sentences = 227 flesch = 54 summary = Earlier studies in resource-poor settings have identified Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B and Staphylococcus aureus as important bacterial causes of ARI, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Influenza as important viral causes (Rudan et al., 2008) . A multicountry study that included Haiti showed that agents detected in hospitalized children less than 5 years of age who had pneumonia included RSV, Influenza A and B, Parainfluenza viruses, Adenovirus and Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) (Bénet et al., 2017) . Analysis of specific viral or bacterial agents detected showed more children with FluA or FluB had LRTI (33%) compared to URTI (15%) [ Table 5 ]. The overall findings of RV as the most common virus detected followed by Influenza in Haiti is comparable to that found in studies of children in other tropical, resource-poor countries (Hoffman et al., 2012; Schlaudecker et al., 2012; Taylor et al., 2017) . cache = ./cache/cord-259501-iggw1exl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259501-iggw1exl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263556-y8vx4ie2 author = Koistinen, Annamari title = Prednisolone for the first rhinovirus‐induced wheezing and 4‐year asthma risk: A randomized trial date = 2017-08-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2996 sentences = 184 flesch = 53 summary = Based on our previous findings, 8, 9 we hypothesized that in children with high rhinovirus genome load, the effect of OCS is likely to last beyond 12 months by reducing the need for initiation of long-term asthma control medication. Second, in the placebo group, asthma risk was high: regular asthma control medication was initiated to all children with high rhinovirus genome load during the subsequent 14 months after the first acute rhinovirus-induced wheezing episode. No difference was found in overall analysis F I G U R E 3 The time to initiation of asthma control medication in children randomized to receive prednisolone or placebo for the first rhinovirus-induced wheezing episode. 9 In summary, early systemic short-course prednisolone treatment may be beneficial in reducing the risk for asthma control medication during the first 5 years in first-time wheezing preschool children whose episode was severe and associated with high rhinovirus genome load. cache = ./cache/cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264612-paewji35 author = Øverlien, Carolina title = The COVID‐19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Children in Domestic Violence Refuges date = 2020-08-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3289 sentences = 144 flesch = 54 summary = As such, when reports began arriving from different parts of the world concerning a possible increase of domestic violence and abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic (see, for example, Godin, 2020) , my colleagues and I constructed a web-based survey to distribute to all refuges in Norway (N ¼ 46). The questions focused on four main topics: 1) changes in the '[The survery] covers the four to six weeks following the implementation of the government's strict, wide-ranging virus control measures' and Children in Domestic Violence Refuges services due to the pandemic; 2) the refuges' cooperation with other services; 3) what the refuge staff saw as most worrying in the current situation and what they saw as vital in order to support victims; and 4) changes in the requests and motivations for contacting the refuges. In Norway, it is mandatory that school staff report concerns about abuse to the child protection services; as such, they also represent an important safety net for children and adolescents exposed to violence. cache = ./cache/cord-264612-paewji35.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264612-paewji35.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267139-r8rg0iqq author = Scaggs Huang, Felicia A. title = Fever in the Returning Traveler date = 2018-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3494 sentences = 211 flesch = 48 summary = As many as 34% of patients with recent travel history are diagnosed with routine infections, but serious infections such as malaria, enteric fever, and dengue fever should be on the differential diagnosis due the high morbidity and mortality in children. As awareness of tropical illnesses rise in parents, such as the increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria worldwide or the emergence of epidemics with Zika virus in South America, families may be more anxious about serious infections as an etiologic factor of fevers. Because the causes and clinical outcomes associated with fevers in pediatric travelers vary from self-limited to deadly, a systems-based approach can lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment that evaluates for the most likely and serious diseases early in the illness course. A European study of travelers returning from Brazil in 2013 to 2016 reported that of the 29% of patients with travel-related complaints, 6% had dengue fever, 3% had chikungunya, and 3% had Zika virus infection. cache = ./cache/cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261151-27ocvgnw author = Becker, Jessica E. title = Pediatric Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry: An Update and Review date = 2020-04-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8048 sentences = 425 flesch = 34 summary = Moreover, much like in adult C-L psychiatry, these services can assist medical teams in managing the acute onset of neuropsychiatric disease, including delirium and catatonia, as well as help to identify and treat psychiatric symptoms and sequelae of systemic illnesses and treatments. 2 The survey results highlighted the most common reasons for pediatric psychiatric consultation to include suicide risk assessment, assistance in the diagnosis and management of medically unexplained symptoms, adjustment to medical illness, assessment for psychopharmacologic intervention, delirium, treatment non-adherence, and the management of children admitted to pediatric units to await psychiatric hospital placement (boarding). 27 Though often under-recognized, pediatric delirium is a common problem, present in at least 20-25% of critically ill patients, 28 and is associated with increased cost of care, 29 length of hospitalization, 30 mortality rate, 31 and the risk of future development of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms for both patients and their families. cache = ./cache/cord-261151-27ocvgnw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261151-27ocvgnw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263619-p17oomzn author = Moss, William J. title = Measles date = 2009-01-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9541 sentences = 457 flesch = 41 summary = Although providing passive immunity to young infants, maternally acquired antibodies can interfere with the immune responses to the attenuated measles vaccine by inhibiting replication of vaccine virus. Women with vaccine-induced immunity tend to have lower antimeasles virus antibody titers than women with naturally acquired immunity, and their children may be susceptible to measles at an earlier age. The cumulative distribution can reach 50% by 1 year of age, with a significant proportion of children acquiring measles virus infection before 9 months, the age of routine vaccination. Infants and younger children, although susceptible if not protected by immunization, are not exposed to measles virus at a rate sufficient to cause a large disease burden in this age group. The only documented case of disease induced by vaccine virus in an HIV-infected person was in a 20-year-old man who died 15 months after receiving his second dose of measles vaccine ( Angel et al., 1998 ) . cache = ./cache/cord-263619-p17oomzn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263619-p17oomzn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260459-7o1ob5fk author = Platt, Vanessa Borges title = VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: NOTIFICATION AND ALERT IN TIMES OF PANDEMIC date = 2020-10-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3399 sentences = 188 flesch = 49 summary = METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive study of violence against children and adolescents (from 0 to 19 years) notified by health professionals by completing and entering the occurrence in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the State of Santa Catarina in 11 weeks in which the social isolation measure was instituted as mandatory, comparing with the same period before this measure. This study aimed to present data on compulsory notifications on cases of violence against children and adolescents in the state of Santa Catarina, in the months after the emergence of the new coronavirus, and how the establishment of sanitary measures of social isolation influenced the increase in domestic violence against children and adolescents when comparing this information to that of the pre-pandemic, to alert health professionals, public institutions, and society to the need to reinforce actions to prevent injuries, protection, and adequate care for victims. cache = ./cache/cord-260459-7o1ob5fk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260459-7o1ob5fk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265506-fxus6n65 author = Westrupp, Elizabeth M. title = Study Protocol for the COVID-19 Pandemic Adjustment Survey (CPAS): A Longitudinal Study of Australian Parents of a Child 0–18 Years date = 2020-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6673 sentences = 379 flesch = 54 summary = OBJECTIVE: This study aims to: (1) provide timely information on the mental health impacts of the emerging COVID-19 crisis in a close to representative sample of Australian parents and children (0–18 years), (2) identify adults and families most at risk of poor mental health outcomes, and (3) identify factors to target through clinical and public health intervention to reduce risk. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide timely information on the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on parents and children in Australia; identify communities, parents, families, and children most at risk of poor outcomes; and identify potential factors to address in clinical and public health interventions to reduce risk. cache = ./cache/cord-265506-fxus6n65.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265506-fxus6n65.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264486-o01s0upf author = Du, Wenjun title = Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children compared with adults in Shandong Province, China date = 2020-04-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3160 sentences = 186 flesch = 59 summary = title: Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children compared with adults in Shandong Province, China We reported on the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of children cases to help health workers better understand and provide timely diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: Retrospectively, two research centers' case series of 67 consecutive hospitalized cases including 53 adult and 14 children cases with COVID-19 between 23 Jan 2020 and 15 Feb 2020 from Jinan and Rizhao were enrolled in this study. Laboratory tests and chest computed tomographic (CT) scans were also evaluated and the results suggested that decreased lymphocyte counts and bilateral pneumonia were common clinical features, especially in severe cases [7, 8] . In this study, we analyzed and compared the epidemic characteristics and clinical features in children and adults in Shandong Province, China. This is because a lower inflammatory response to lung injuries causes milder clinical symptoms in children compared with adults. cache = ./cache/cord-264486-o01s0upf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264486-o01s0upf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265445-bazcczdj author = Arias-Bravo, Guisselle title = Overnutrition in Infants Is Associated With High Level of Leptin, Viral Coinfection and Increased Severity of Respiratory Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study date = 2020-02-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4565 sentences = 257 flesch = 50 summary = title: Overnutrition in Infants Is Associated With High Level of Leptin, Viral Coinfection and Increased Severity of Respiratory Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study Objective: To investigate the relationship of overnutrition (obese and overweight) with severity of illness in children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs), frequency of viral coinfections and leptin levels. However, the empirical evidence needed to estimate the impact of overnutrition (including overweight and obese conditions) on the severity of viral respiratory infections in children is still lacking (10) . Hence, the objective of this study was to estimate the relationship of overnutrition on severity of illness in infants (aged between 0 and 5 months) and children (aged between 6 and 24 months) hospitalized with ALRIs. Moreover, frequency of viral coinfection, RSV viral load and levels of leptin according to nutritional status were evaluated. cache = ./cache/cord-265445-bazcczdj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265445-bazcczdj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264242-zfv30l3o author = Sivabalan, Somu title = Does a Crying Child Enhance the Risk for COVID-19 Transmission? date = 2020-04-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 914 sentences = 52 flesch = 45 summary = In our routine pediatric outpatient practice for non-COVID cases i.e. well baby visits and kids presenting with afebrile, non-respiratory symptoms, a surgical face mask with proper hand hygiene and gloves has been recommended for health care professionals [2] . AGPs are believed to produce aerosols and droplets as source of respiratory pathogens that exposes the health care workers to pathogens causing acute respiratory infections including Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [5] . Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is uncommon in children [1] , with greater morbidity and mortality in adults and elderly. Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: A systematic review cache = ./cache/cord-264242-zfv30l3o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264242-zfv30l3o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264651-cqxmpxyq author = Lee, Shawna J. title = Parenting Activities and the Transition to Home-based Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8171 sentences = 424 flesch = 55 summary = During previous global health crises, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and influenza A (H1N1), research documented issues related to school closures such as conflicts between parental work responsibilities and child care needs, lack of effective communication between parents and schools, and a lack of inclusive procedures to provide students access to needed resources and services (Boon et al., 2011; Braunack-Mayer et al., 2013; O'Sullivan et al., 2009 ). To the best of our knowledge, to date there are no national estimates of how many parents were able to use online resources to provide at-home education for their children during the time period examined in the current study (April 2020). We present qualitative analyses using thematic content coding to examine parents' responses to open-ended questions about common daily disruptions, the use of technology for children's education, parents' perceived changes in child behavior, and parents' perceptions of what children need during the pandemic. cache = ./cache/cord-264651-cqxmpxyq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264651-cqxmpxyq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265530-hn7fi5cv author = Jansen, Danielle title = Child and adolescent health needs attention now, and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1144 sentences = 57 flesch = 49 summary = A comparison of the seven countries in which the EUPHA Child and Adolescent Public Health section (CAPH) directorate lives and works (Denmark, Finland, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and the UK) yielded both identical policy responses, such as physical distancing and closing of schools, and differences, such as restrictions on gathering ranging from no gathering allowed (Spain) to more liberal policies allowing for up to 10 people to meet throughout the peak pandemic (Denmark and Finland). Similarly, there were interventions aimed to improve access to care, via providing online consultations (the Netherlands, Spain and Denmark) and helplines for children and adolescents with mental health problems (Denmark, Portugal). We differentiate child and adolescent public health into eight core public health priorities, all most probably affected by the pandemic (Children's Commisioner 2018): (1) injuries, (2) mental health (3) maltreatment, (4) risky behaviors, (5) nutrition in early life and prevention of childhood and adolescent obesity, (6) vaccination uptake, (7) access to health care, and (8) inequity in child development and learning. cache = ./cache/cord-265530-hn7fi5cv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265530-hn7fi5cv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265850-v83dwt6k author = Thomas, Michael S. C. title = Education, the science of learning, and the COVID-19 crisis date = 2020-05-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1498 sentences = 86 flesch = 56 summary = In the COVID-19 crisis, the science of learning has two different responsibilities: first, to offer guidance about how best to deal with the impact of the current situation, including lockdown and home-schooling; and second, to consider bigger questions about what this large-scale educational experiment might mean for the future. The second part, taking the longer view, considers the potential negative impact of the COVID-19 crisis in increasing inequality in education; but also the potential positive impact of driving innovations in technology use for educating children. In the current crisis, with schools closed, children at home, and parents expected to take on teaching duties, psychology and the science of learning have two different responsibilities. But perhaps there are also initial glimpses of what a technology-led revolution in education might look like: teachers serving as curators for virtual learning environments, which children can explore together with classmates to solve problems. cache = ./cache/cord-265850-v83dwt6k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265850-v83dwt6k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268176-tb12txdf author = Garcia de Avila, Marla Andréia title = Children’s Anxiety and Factors Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Study Using the Children’s Anxiety Questionnaire and the Numerical Rating Scale date = 2020-08-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5794 sentences = 274 flesch = 55 summary = This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety among Brazilian children and its associated factors during social distancing during COVID-19. In logistic regression, the following variables were associated with higher CAQ scores: social distancing without parents; more persons living together in home; and education level of guardians. There were no statistically significant differences for NRS and the studied variables, but the prevalence of anxiety was highest among the children who maintained social distance with someone other than the parents (28.6%, n = 16). Higher levels of anxiety (CAQ ≥ 9) were associated with social distancing, the number of persons at home, guardians' age, and education level of the guardians. The prevalence of anxiety among the children during the COVID-19 pandemic in this group was 19.4% (n = 56), according to the CAQ, and 21.8% (n = 63), according to the NRS. cache = ./cache/cord-268176-tb12txdf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268176-tb12txdf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273620-gn8g6suq author = Szczawinska‐Poplonyk, Aleksandra title = Fatal respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus infection in a child with severe combined immunodeficiency date = 2012-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1447 sentences = 80 flesch = 36 summary = 2 Human coronaviruses (HCoV) HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 and related new strains HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1, identified after the epidemic outbreak of severe acquired respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, are likely to be common respiratory viruses in otherwise healthy children and were not implicated in severe lung infections in immunocompromised patients thus far. The chest X-ray of a 15-month-old child with severe combined immunodeficiency and respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus HKU1 infection. However, it is worth noting that coronavirus respiratory infections have not been described in children with genetically determined immunodeficiencies thus far and this is the first report of a documented HCoV-HKU1-related pneumonia with the RDS in a child with SCID. The identification of HCoV-HKU1 provides a novel insight into the epidemiology and clinical implications of coronavirus infections in severely immunocompromised children and indicates for consideration of this pathogen-related etiology of respiratory infection in SCID. cache = ./cache/cord-273620-gn8g6suq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273620-gn8g6suq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268042-qhrhymle author = Skokauskas, Norbert title = Supporting children of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 652 sentences = 38 flesch = 48 summary = The WHO 2019 "Novel Coronavirus Global Research and Innovation Forum: Towards a Research Roadmap" highlights several knowledge needs, including what are the relevant, acceptable and feasible approaches for supporting the physical health and psychosocial needs of those providing care for COVID-19 patients [1] . Social distancing strategies disrupt healthy routines needed by children and increased exposure to trauma in childhood poses risks for later development of many forms of psychopathology, including anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), disruptive behavior, and substance abuse [2] . If their parents happen to be healthcare workers and first responders, it will surely impair their ability and willingness to work during any crisis, including the COVID-19 pandemic [3] . Using online strategies to provide interventions built on a foundation derived from the principles of evidence-based child trauma treatment, programs can reduce traumatic stress symptoms in children while building resilience and strengthening coping strategies. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy is an evidence-based child and parent intervention designed to help children recover from traumatic life events. cache = ./cache/cord-268042-qhrhymle.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268042-qhrhymle.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268426-sz9ftmxr author = Maalla M’jid, Najat title = Hidden scars: the impact of violence and the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s mental health date = 2020-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1807 sentences = 102 flesch = 55 summary = title: Hidden scars: the impact of violence and the COVID-19 pandemic on children's mental health Despite commitments made by the international community to end violence against children and support their mental health, there has been a serious lack of investment and capacity to provide quality, rights-based, culturally appropriate mental health care globally. This article outlines how the risk of children experiencing violence has increased and how the pandemic has weakened the capacity of child protection and mental health services to respond. While the data we have so far are only indicative, the mitigation measures taken in response to COVID-19 have heightened the risk of children experiencing or being exposed to violence at home due to school closures, confinement measures, and added family stress related to job loss, isolation, and anxieties over health and finances [5] . The United Nations issued a joint Agenda for Action on Child Protection and COVID-19 to highlight the steps States need to take to ensure that children's protection from violence is prioritized in the response to the pandemic [10] . cache = ./cache/cord-268426-sz9ftmxr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268426-sz9ftmxr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265112-fjn05uag author = Koistinen, Annamari title = Vitamin D, virus etiology, and atopy in first‐time wheezing children in Finland date = 2014-12-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1676 sentences = 106 flesch = 51 summary = A few studies of young children without wheezing, or of older children, have reported an inverse association between the 25OHD level and atopic dermatitis or severity of atopic dermatitis (2, 7, 8) . Besides atopy, a low 25OHD concentration has been reported to be associated with increased susceptibility to acute respiratory infection (9). (9) reported that low serum 25OHD levels are associated with increased risk of acute respiratory infections. In conclusion, in wheezing children receiving vitamin D supplement of 400 IU per day with mean 25OHD level of 86 nmol/l (IQR 71-101 nmol/l), the 25OHD level was not associated with rhinovirus, RSV or bocavirus infection, virus coinfection, atopy, or severity of illness. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of viral coinfections in wheezing children Additional associations between patient characteristics and serum 25OHD concentration Appendix S1. cache = ./cache/cord-265112-fjn05uag.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265112-fjn05uag.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268190-r428y2j9 author = Vivanti, Alexandre J. title = Post-natal follow-up for women and neonates during the COVID-19 pandemic: French National Authority for Health recommendations date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2963 sentences = 161 flesch = 50 summary = INTRODUCTION: In the context of the stage 3 SARS-Cov-2 epidemic situation, it is necessary to put forward a method of rapid response for an HAS position statement in order to answer to the requests from the French Ministry of Solidarity and Health, healthcare professionals and/or health system users' associations, concerning post-natal follow-up for women and neonates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the shorter length of stay in the maternity unit, it is recommended that a newborn child be examined in person between the 6 th and 10 th day after the birth, preferably by a paediatrician or a general practitioner. The newborn's visit planned during the second week (close medical supervision of the infant) is left, during an outbreak of COVID-19, to the decision of the paediatrician or general practitioner who examined the child between the 6 th and 10 th day postpartum. A mother with COVID-19 and her child are monitored by their general practitioner and, if necessary, the paediatrician for the newborn. cache = ./cache/cord-268190-r428y2j9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268190-r428y2j9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269087-f9hyntvf author = Li, X. title = A Mini Review on Current Clinical and Research Findings for Children Suffering from COVID-19 date = 2020-04-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4280 sentences = 236 flesch = 49 summary = Results: We included 25 published literature references related to the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, accessary examination, treatment, and prognosis of pediatric patients with COVID-19. The risk factors which may suggest severe or critical progress for children are: Fast respiratory rate and/or; lethargy and drowsiness mental state and/or; lactate progressively increasing and/or; imaging showed bilateral or multi lobed infiltration, pleural effusion or rapidly expending of lesions in a short period of time and/or; less than 3 months old or those who underly diseases. To help better understand how it would affect children and what is the latest specific clinical and research finding on children with it, we provide a mini-review based on 25 literature references covering the fields of epidemiology, clinical manifestation, accessary examination, treatment, and prognosis of pediatric patients with COVID-19. According to the current literature on the pediatric cases, children confirmed with COVID-19 mostly had good prognosis, with considerably less severe to critical progress (5.9%) as compared to adult patients (18.5%). cache = ./cache/cord-269087-f9hyntvf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269087-f9hyntvf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267610-bzbr9ios author = Anastassopoulou, Cleo title = SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the ambiguous role of children and considerations for the reopening of schools in the fall date = 2020-09-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2472 sentences = 107 flesch = 43 summary = In agreement with this reasoning, data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infections in children involve the upper rather than the lower respiratory tract, the typical site of severe COVID-19 disease where ACE2 receptors are more abundant [29] . In this respect, a large prospective NIH-funded study of 6000 people from 2000 US families in 11 cities, called human epidemiology and response to SARS-CoV-2, will help determine the incidence of novel coronavirus infection in children in the USA and whether rates differ between children who have asthma or other allergic conditions and children who do not [45] . School children are nonetheless anticipated to contribute to the community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through their large numbers of daily social contacts, some of which are intergenerational, with older age groups where the risk for more severe illness is increased. cache = ./cache/cord-267610-bzbr9ios.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267610-bzbr9ios.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279401-eehb5yny author = Haffejee, Sadiyya title = ‘When will I be free’: Lessons of COVID-19 for Child Protection in South Africa date = 2020-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6642 sentences = 313 flesch = 52 summary = Children residing at a child and youth care centre in Gauteng, South Africa (herewith referred to as CYCC X) were invited to participate in the study. In South Africa, the social and economic disruptions caused by the pandemic and associated lockdown, combined with long-term structural social, economic and political inequality, and failures within government has impacted on service delivery, access to resources and availability of supportive networks, the absence of which increases vulnerability and heightens levels of anxiety and stress in children. In this exploratory study we aimed to address the research question 'What can the experiences and perspectives of South African children in care during lockdown tell us about the themes we should focus on to improve care moving forward?' As the findings emerged, we noted that there were a number of domains of concern that reflect the social ecologies in which our participants operated. cache = ./cache/cord-279401-eehb5yny.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279401-eehb5yny.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269266-ygewa5xd author = Wurzel, Danielle F. title = Adenovirus Species C Is Associated With Chronic Suppurative Lung Diseases in Children date = 2014-04-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4370 sentences = 228 flesch = 44 summary = An HAdV(+) BAL was significantly associated with bacterial coinfection with Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae (odds ratio [OR], 3.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.38–7.75; P = .007) and negatively associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection (P = .03). Human adenovirus (HAdV) detection is associated with lower airway neutrophilic inflammation in children with chronic respiratory symptoms, [13] and is significantly more likely to be present in the lower airways of children with PBB, compared with controls [14] . We hypothesized that, in the lower airways of children with PBB and mild BE, certain HAdV genotypes/species would predominate, and that presence of HAdV increases the risk of bacterial coinfection. This is the first study to examine the HAdV genotypes detectable in the lower airways of children with chronic endobronchial suppuration (PBB and bronchiectasis). The significant association between HAdV and lower airway bacterial infection suggests a possible role of HAdV-C in the pathogenesis of chronic suppurative lung diseases in young children. cache = ./cache/cord-269266-ygewa5xd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269266-ygewa5xd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272125-dez1nzg4 author = Jartti, T. title = Allergic sensitization is associated with rhinovirus‐, but not other virus‐, induced wheezing in children date = 2010-10-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3679 sentences = 208 flesch = 48 summary = A specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization for common food and aeroallergens and other atopy‐related variables including total IgE, blood and nasal eosinophils, exhaled nitric oxide, eczema and atopic eczema, parental allergy and asthma, number of wheezing episodes, positive asthma predictive index or asthma and use of inhaled corticosteroid were correlated with specific viral etiology. The number of sensitizations was particularly associated with sole rhinovirus etiology (odds ratio 4.59; 95% confidence interval 1.78, 11.8; adjusted to age and sex), followed by aeroallergen sensitization (respectively; 4.18; 2.00, 8.72), total IgE level (2.06; 1.32, 3.21), food allergen sensitization (2.02; 1.08, 3.78), and nasal eosinophil count (1.52; 1.08, 2.13). Log 10 Number of sensitizations were particularly associated with sole HRV etiology (odds ratio 4.59; adjusted to age and sex), followed by aeroallergen sensitization (respectively, 4.18), total IgE level (2.06), food allergen sensitization (2.02), and nasal eosinophil count (1.52) (p < 0.05 for all, Fig. 1b , Table S2 ). cache = ./cache/cord-272125-dez1nzg4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272125-dez1nzg4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274123-wgigtgl9 author = Dube, Felix S. title = Respiratory microbes present in the nasopharynx of children hospitalised with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa date = 2016-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4258 sentences = 219 flesch = 42 summary = title: Respiratory microbes present in the nasopharynx of children hospitalised with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa We have recently shown [5] that specific pathogens (including Bordetella pertussis, influenza virus, respiratory syncyntial virus [RSV], adenovirus, parainfluenzavirus, bocavirus) are detected significantly more frequently from the nasopharynx (NP) of children with pneumonia than age-matched controls, and so are likely to play an important role in pneumonia aetiology. This is the first comprehensive detailed study of the diversity of respiratory microbes detected in children presenting with suspected PTB in a TB endemic setting and showed that multiple potential pathogens are present in th nasopharynx of such children. In conclusion, this study describes the detection of multiple respiratory microbes in the nasopharynx of children hospitalised with suspected PTB. pneumoniae, hMPV, coronavirus O43, influenza C virus, rhinovirus and cytomegalovirus formed the dominant microbial profile in children with PTB but this failed to reach statistical significance on testing of each individual microbe. cache = ./cache/cord-274123-wgigtgl9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274123-wgigtgl9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276660-5yney7dh author = Allgaier, Katharina title = Times are changing: digitalisation in child and adolescent psychotherapy date = 2020-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 974 sentences = 54 flesch = 41 summary = The work by Hollis and colleagues and our own search revealed that most robust evidence exists for interventions for anxiety disorders and mild to moderate depression (especially computerized cognitive behavioural therapy (cCBT) approaches). Increasing evidence emerges for DHI targeting autism spectrum disorders which include DHI for children from preschool age to adolescence and their parents [1, 2] . In summary, DHI are promising therapeutic interventions for children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders, with already robust data regarding depression and anxiety disorders. SARS-CoV2-19 catalyses the integration of DHI into the standard repertoire of child and adolescent psychiatry and psychotherapy. Fortunately, at least one partner in therapy, the children and adolescents, are often accustomed to and sometimes highly trained in digitally delivered communication. The effects of human interaction on the outcomes of digital health interventions for children and adolescents with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analyses cache = ./cache/cord-276660-5yney7dh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276660-5yney7dh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267907-zbsbqj9o author = Brown, Samantha M. title = Stress and Parenting during the Global COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7981 sentences = 402 flesch = 49 summary = METHOD: Tests of group differences and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were employed to assess the relationships among demographic characteristics, COVID-19 related stressors, mental health risk, protective factors, parental perceived stress, and child abuse potential. Results also indicate racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19 related stressors, but not in mental health risk, protective factors, perceived stress, or child abuse potential. That is, child maltreatment may occur from stressors that result from economic hardship, low education, single parenthood, or a large number of dependent children (Centers for J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Running head: STRESS, PARENTING, AND COVID-19 3 Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.; Sedlak et al., 2010) , among others, but that might not otherwise impact persons outside of the family. In conclusion, this study examined the risk and protective impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to parental perceived stress and child abuse potential among families in the western United States. cache = ./cache/cord-267907-zbsbqj9o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267907-zbsbqj9o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271814-a2vlkwce author = Brough, Helen A. title = Managing childhood allergies and immunodeficiencies during respiratory virus epidemics – The 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic: A statement from the EAACI‐section on pediatrics date = 2020-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2929 sentences = 172 flesch = 46 summary = In addition, there is no evidence that currently available asthma and allergy treatments, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, and bronchodilators, increase the risk of severe disease from COVID‐19. allergy, asthma, biologics, children, coronavirus, corticosteroids, COVID-19, immunodeficiency, SARS-CoV-2, treatment clinically diagnosed, but not virologically confirmed. The care of children with allergies or immune conditions is being adapted to the current situation, with more remote working and providing guidance to children to reduce likelihood of infection in children who would be deemed at higher risk of severe COVID-19 disease. Evaluating asthma and allergy more specifically as potential risk factors, a retrospective study based on electronic medical records from 140 hospitalized COVID-19 adult patients investigated pre-existing asthma or allergic diseases. As a joint project, questionThe current COVID-19 pandemic might also pose a risk to pediatric patients with secondary immunodeficiencies, such as patients on immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune or severe allergic diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-271814-a2vlkwce.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271814-a2vlkwce.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274443-r6ponjr4 author = Lawson, Monica title = Child Maltreatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Consequences of Parental Job Loss on Psychological and Physical Abuse Towards Children date = 2020-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6893 sentences = 319 flesch = 41 summary = Guided by an ecological approach and the family stress and stress and coping models of child maltreatment, the potential buffering role of parental positive cognitive reframing on the association between parental job loss and psychological maltreatment and physical abuse was evaluated among parents of 4-to 10-year-olds living in the United States. Among parents who lost their jobs because of COVID-19 related economic downturns, the probability of psychologically maltreating and physically abusing their children was anticipated to decrease as positive reframing increased. Consistent with the study hypotheses and prior observations of increased rates of child abuse during economic crises (Brooks-Gunn et al., 2013; Schenck-Fontaine et al., 2017) , the current investigation identified parental job loss during the COVID-19 pandemic as a robust predictor of psychological maltreatment and physical abuse towards children during the pandemic. The finding that positive cognitive reframing served as a protective buffer against the effect of job loss on physical abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic is consistent with our hypothesis and the stress and coping model of child maltreatment. cache = ./cache/cord-274443-r6ponjr4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274443-r6ponjr4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274834-24v2b509 author = Lima, Rosiane title = Establishment of a pediatric COVID-19 biorepository: unique considerations and opportunities for studying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children date = 2020-09-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5588 sentences = 268 flesch = 40 summary = Although the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is less clinically apparent, collecting high-quality biospecimens from infants, children, and adolescents in a standardized manner during the COVID-19 pandemic is essential to establish a biologic understanding of the disease in the pediatric population. METHODS: A COVID-19 biospecimen collection study was implemented with strategic enrollment guidelines to include patients seen in urgent care clinics and hospital settings, neonates born to SARS-CoV-2 infected mothers, and asymptomatic children. Specific questions that must be addressed revolve around the role children play in viral transmission, differences in pediatric viral susceptibility and immune responses, which could guide potential therapies for adults, the impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on fetal development, and factors driving the development of severe hyperinflammatory shock and cardiac damage seen in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). In order to capture the full range of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric population, a COVID-19 biospecimen collection study was designed and implemented, including patients seen in urgent care clinics and hospital settings, neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers, and asymptomatic children. cache = ./cache/cord-274834-24v2b509.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274834-24v2b509.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273322-zz733a0k author = ZHAO, Yang title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 versus Influenza A in Children: An Observational Control Study in China date = 2020-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2168 sentences = 113 flesch = 44 summary = This study aimed to understand the differences in clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features between the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and influenza A in children. Compared with either inpatients or outpatients with influenza A, children with COVID-19 showed significantly more frequent family infections and higher ratio of low fever (< 37.3 °C), but shorter cough and fever duration, lower body temperature, and lower rates of cough, fever, high fever (> 39 °C), nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, vomiting, myalgia or arthralgia, and febrile seizures. This study compared the clinical characteristics, epidemiology, and routine laboratory test results between 23 inpatients (5.7 ± 3.8 years; 9 boys, 39% of total) with pediatric COVID-19 (recruited from January 1 to March 28, 2020) and age-and sexmatched 69 inpatients and 69 outpatients with pediatric influenza A (from January 1 to December 31, 2019) who received treatment in the Beijing Ditan Hospital in Beijing, China, which has been designated as treatment facility of infectious diseases including COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-273322-zz733a0k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273322-zz733a0k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283138-18q23z8l author = Balasubramanian, S. title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children - What We Know So Far and What We Do Not date = 2020-04-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3464 sentences = 205 flesch = 44 summary = Pediatric coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection is relatively mild when compared to adults, and children are reported to have a better prognosis. Clinical features of COVID-19 in children include fever and cough, but a large proportion of infected children appears to be asymptomatic and may contribute to transmission. It remains unclear why children and young adults are less severely affected than older individuals, but this might involve differences in immune system function in the elderly and/or differences in the expression/function of the cellular receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This review additionally considers COVID-19 in immunosuppressed children, and also suggests a management algorithm for the few children who appear to present with life threatening infection, including the potential use of antiviral and immunomodulatory treatment. Asymptomatic, mild and moderate infections comprise over 90% of all children who have tested positive for COVID-19 with fewer severe and critical cases (5.9%) compared to adults (18.5%) [13] . cache = ./cache/cord-283138-18q23z8l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283138-18q23z8l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274996-fk510s1v author = Babatunde, Gbotemi Bukola title = Stakeholders' perceptions of child and adolescent mental health services in a South African district: a qualitative study date = 2020-10-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7858 sentences = 373 flesch = 47 summary = The participants include stakeholders from the Departments of Health (DoH), Basic Education (DBE), community-based/non-governmental organizations and caregivers of children receiving CAMH care. These multiple stakeholders, particularly teachers and caregivers (parents, grandparents, foster parents and other family members), are perceived to be active gatekeepers to CAMH care, given their vital role in identifying and seeking help for children and adolescents with mental (behavioural, emotional, social and developmental) disorders. Service providers who helped to identify and refer children and adolescents potentially requiring mental health care were situated at different levels of the community, health and education systems, and included nurses in clinics, social workers in the communities, educators, learner support agents and school health nurses in schools. A senior mental health professional highlighted that the psychologists are mostly the first point of contact for children and adolescents with CAMH conditions within the hospital (most of the referrals from the schools are addressed to them) and they refer them to the appropriate specialists for cases in need of more specialized interventions. cache = ./cache/cord-274996-fk510s1v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274996-fk510s1v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269716-x3b0qphd author = Hopper, Lydia M. title = Problem solving flexibility across early development date = 2020-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10183 sentences = 463 flesch = 58 summary = For all children and action sequences used, in the first trial of Phase 2, 7 of the 20 2year-olds (35.00%), 14 of the 22 3-year-olds (63.64%), and 13 of the 19 4-year-olds (68.42%) used the (newly available) most efficient method (i.e., they removed only the lower two of five straws from the tube), highlighting their recognition of the changed task demands. In spite of this, after correcting for multiple comparisons, post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed no significant difference across age groups when comparing the numbers of children whose responses in the first trial of Phase 2 responses were efficient: 4-year-olds versus 2year-olds, t(35.92) = À2.41, p = .021, 95% CI [À0.68, À0.06]; 4-year-olds versus 3-year-olds, Considering all 4 trials that children completed in Phase 2, on average children removed significantly fewer straws per trial in Phase 2 than they did in Phase 1, highlighting their understanding of the changed task demands. cache = ./cache/cord-269716-x3b0qphd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269716-x3b0qphd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275578-9y90uj5h author = Han, Aixi title = Demographic Scenarios of Future Environmental Footprints of Healthy Diets in China date = 2020-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7529 sentences = 325 flesch = 48 summary = First, China has committed to cutting its carbon intensity by 40-45% from 2005 levels by 2020 and reaching the peak levels before 2030 [30] ; secondly, climate change is expected to aggravate water scarcity in some regions by changing water regimes, both in terms of availability and variability; last but not least, rapid urbanization is shifting an increasing amount of arable land to urban areas, which is set to constrain the available land resources for food production. (3) Last but not least, by adopting the national age and gender-specific dietary guidelines, our results determine the minimal environmental impacts of the food system in China, which lays the foundation for future studies and for policymakers to evaluate the trade-offs with other sector policies as well as to explore potential synergies. We evaluated the minimum environmental footprints, including the carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF), and ecological footprint (EF), of China's food systems into 2100 under different demographic scenarios and using the national age-gender specified energy and nutrition intake requirements. cache = ./cache/cord-275578-9y90uj5h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275578-9y90uj5h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274643-vjb2yt93 author = Kang, G. title = Viral Diarrhea date = 2008-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5682 sentences = 282 flesch = 39 summary = Of the 'non-group A' rotaviruses, group B rotavirus has been identified in epidemic outbreaks of severe diarrhea in adults in China and in symptomatic infections in children. Between 20% and 50% of cases of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus in hospitals are considered to be of nosocomial origin, and nosocomial viral enteric infections have been documented in up to 6% of children admitted for more than 72 hours in both developed and developing countries. Rotaviruses induce a clinical illness characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, fever, and dehydration (or a combination of some of these symptoms) that occurs primarily in infants and young children and may lead to hospitalization for rehydration therapy. Studies in adult volunteers indicate that people with detectable levels of antibodies do not develop the illness, although epidemiological observations suggest that human astrovirus infections do not induce heterotypic immunity, as an episode of astrovirus diarrhea is not associated with a reduced incidence of a subsequent episode. cache = ./cache/cord-274643-vjb2yt93.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274643-vjb2yt93.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286531-3syf6upw author = Dong, Chuanmei title = Young Children’s Online Learning during COVID-19 Pandemic: Chinese Parents’ Beliefs and Attitudes date = 2020-09-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7251 sentences = 333 flesch = 49 summary = This study surveyed 3275 Chinese parents' beliefs and attitudes around young children's online learning during the lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic. To fill this research gap, this study endeavors to understand how Chinese parents perceive their young children's online learning during the COVID-19 lockdown through a large-scale online survey. Thus, it is of great theoretical importance to understand Chinese parental beliefs and attitudes around young children's online learning during the lockdown as a unique study in terms of time and place. As the first exploration of Chinese parents' beliefs and attitudes around online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study has found that many young children had online learning experiences that were delivered by their kindergarten teachers or online learning apps at no or low cost. cache = ./cache/cord-286531-3syf6upw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286531-3syf6upw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277805-b3hizdmz author = Catassi, Giulia N. title = A negative fallout of COVID-19 lockdown in Italy: life-threatening delay in the diagnosis of celiac disease date = 2020-05-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1049 sentences = 64 flesch = 48 summary = On COVID-19 day-19 lockdown in Italy (March 31, 2020), a 17-month-old girl presented at our pediatric academic medical center for evaluation of abdominal pain and distention, and widespread edema. Since the clinical history suggested celiac disease (CD), serum CD autoantibodies were checked, as recommended by the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) diagnostic guidelines, 1 and a gluten-free diet (GFD) was started before getting the results, due to the severity of symptoms. In young children, delayed CD diagnosis may be responsible for life-threatening manifestations, such as the celiac crisis and intestinal intussusception observed in our patient. 1 In conclusion, the history of this patient highlights a potentially life-threatening delay in the diagnosis and treatment of CD, a disorder usually characterized by a benign presentation in Europe, that was apparently related to the negative impact of COVID-19 lockdown on clinical practice in Italy. cache = ./cache/cord-277805-b3hizdmz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277805-b3hizdmz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281132-7hk6ze9k author = Falahi, S. title = The prevalence of human bocavirus in <2-year-old children with acute bronchiolitis date = 2020-08-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2789 sentences = 162 flesch = 49 summary = Several viral agents including Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Rhinovirus, Parainfluenza and Human bocavirus (HBoV) are responsible for acute bronchiolitis. The present systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the pooled prevalence of HBoV in the respiratory samples of children with acute bronchiolitis. Searching and selection of related articles According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations [15] , we searched various databases including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for related articles using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms of "bocavirus", "HBoV", "prevalence", "frequency", "epidemiology", "acute bronchiolitis", "lower respiratory tract infection", and "acute respiratory tract infection" either alone or in combination with each other applying the Boolean operators (AND, OR). For calculating the prevalence of single HBoV infection in <2year-old children with bronchiolitis, a total of 15 articles were included in the meta-analysis process. cache = ./cache/cord-281132-7hk6ze9k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281132-7hk6ze9k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292929-s8pnm9wv author = Ashikalli, Louicia title = The indirect impact of COVID-19 on child health date = 2020-09-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4936 sentences = 256 flesch = 52 summary = It explores the physical and psychological effects, discusses the role of parenting and education, offering practical advice about how best to provide support as a health care professional. Whilst initial data does not suggest that children with comorbidities are at particularly increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease (12) (13) (14) , the challenge of maintaining a good continuity of care for existing patients and adequate diagnostic care for children presenting for the first time remains. At the start of this pandemic in the UK the advice given to the families with children with many chronic diseases was to shield the whole household to prevent the risk of severe illness. The absence of mental health services during previous pandemics increased the risk of psychological distress to those affected (30) . Large organisations such as UNICEF have provided online documents to help teenagers protect their mental health during the pandemic. cache = ./cache/cord-292929-s8pnm9wv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292929-s8pnm9wv.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294772-nma7w7of author = de Oliveira Collet, Giulia title = COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric dentistry: fear, eating habits and parent’s oral health perceptions date = 2020-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3582 sentences = 220 flesch = 61 summary = title: COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric dentistry: fear, eating habits and parent's oral health perceptions The questions addressed topics regarding changes in daily routine, dietary habits, fear level, oral health, and variation of income during the pandemic. The changes in diet, economic issues, general concerns, fear, added to the lack of preventive dental care, could impact the oral health of children during the enforced stay-at-home orders. Thus, this study aimed to assess the fear level, dietary choices and parent's oral health perceptions during the stay-at-home orders period in Brazil. Regarding oral health, 24.4% of parents/caregivers reported their children were undergoing dental treatment before the pandemic. Association was found among parents/caregivers' willingness to take their children to dental appointments, fear level (p<0.001), and the local number of COVID-19 cases (p<0.001) ( Table 4) . The present study concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the eating habits and dental care of children in Brazil. cache = ./cache/cord-294772-nma7w7of.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294772-nma7w7of.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276108-35rsrx3m author = Shulman, Stanford T title = The History of Pediatric Infectious Diseases date = 2004 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10998 sentences = 437 flesch = 43 summary = Epidemic diseases were better described during the 18th Century in colonial America compared with the earlier period, and there was clear recognition of the impact of smallpox, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, influenza, tuberculosis and whooping cough, particularly upon children. The early years of organized U.S. pediatrics were marked by a number of landmark advances in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases of children, with substantial reduction in infant mortality rates, to 189/1000 live births in New York City in 1900, with rates as low as 147 in Chicago and as high as 311 in Biddeford, ME (5). The importance of infectious diseases to the relatively small number of founding members of the American Pediatric Society, a group of distinguished physicians who devoted much or all of their effort to the improvement of the health of children, is reflected by analysis of the topics of the papers presented at the early annual scientific meetings of APS. cache = ./cache/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277315-e26oc883 author = Dhiman, Sapna title = Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs date = 2020-10-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5560 sentences = 321 flesch = 51 summary = Caregivers not using tele-rehabilitation along with a perception of it being a poor medium for rehabilitation were at greater risks for poor mental health whereas a negative perception on homecare therapy were strongly associated with higher psychological symptoms and strain. The overall result of the study shows a high prevalence of depressive symptoms among caregivers tending children with special needs during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Apart from it, we found several demographic, social factors and services related to care of child are associated with depression, stress, anxiety symptoms and perceived strain. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs cache = ./cache/cord-277315-e26oc883.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277315-e26oc883.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285965-mar8zt2t author = Su, Liang title = The different clinical characteristics of corona virus disease cases between children and their families in China – the character of children with COVID-19 date = 2020-03-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2751 sentences = 160 flesch = 57 summary = This study aims to analyze the different clinical characteristics between children and their families infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Here, we report the clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, imaging characteristics, and treatment regimen of nine SARS-CoV-2 infected children and their families in Jinan, Shandong province to increase awareness of this disease, especially in children. A retrospective review was conducted of the clinical, lab tests, and radiologic findings for nine children and their families admitted to the Jinan Infectious Diseases Hospital identified to be nucleic acid-positive for SARS-CoV-2 from 24 January 2020 to 24 February 2020. All the patients were recorded with basic information and epidemiological histories [4] including (1) History of travel or residence in Wuhan and surrounding areas or other reported cases within 14 days of onset; (2) History of contact with new coronavirus infection (nucleic acid-positive) 14 days before onset; (3) history of contact with patients with fever or respiratory symptoms from Wuhan and surrounding areas, or from communities with case reports within 14 days before onset; (4) Cluster onset, along with disease condition changes. cache = ./cache/cord-285965-mar8zt2t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285965-mar8zt2t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283667-jqlz7yt8 author = Katz, Sophie E. title = Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the United States Changing Epidemiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges, and Areas for Future Research date = 2018-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5254 sentences = 306 flesch = 33 summary = That study used traditional culture methods, pneumolysin-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, viral direct fluorescent antibody tests, and serologic tests for viruses, Mycoplasma spp, and Chlamydia spp to identify pathogens in 154 hospitalized children with radiographically confirmed lower respiratory infections at a single institution. A majority of patients (60%) were noted to have infection with typical respiratory bacteria (most commonly, Streptococcus pneumoniae, detected in 73% of children with documented bacterial disease), with viruses identified in 45% of children. The multicenter Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community (EPIC) Study was a prospective, population-based surveillance study of greater than 2300 pediatric CAP hospitalizations in the United States conducted from 2010 to 2012. To evaluate the impact of CRP in the etiologic diagnosis of pneumonia, a meta-analysis of 8 studies with more than 1200 children with viral or bacterial causes of CAP demonstrated that CRP levels greater than or equal to 40 mg/L to 60 mg/L were associated with only a 64% positive predictive value for identifying children with bacterial pneumonia. cache = ./cache/cord-283667-jqlz7yt8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283667-jqlz7yt8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281248-z2gisufl author = Buonsenso, Danilo title = A Pediatric Strategy for the Next Phase of the SARS–CoV-2 Pandemic date = 2020-10-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2972 sentences = 124 flesch = 42 summary = Considering that most of these conditions present several overlaps with SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 1 ), this will pose challenges to pediatricians and health system to appropriately manage all these conditions and properly allocate resources, because COVID-19 will need to be considered until exclusion, in order to reduce nosocomial transmission and new outbreaks. In light of new evidences and the need to reduce as much as possible the diffusion of infectious diseases among children during the next season (because this would lead to include all cases in the differential diagnosis with COVID-19 because of similar symptoms), a reorganization of school environments should be a priority for policy makers. Therefore, even though the direct clinical impact of the SARS-COV-2 virus on children has been limited with a very low mortality rate, and the COVID-19-related pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome remains a relatively rare consequence of the disease, pediatricians will still need to include SARS-CoV-2 in the differential diagnosis. cache = ./cache/cord-281248-z2gisufl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281248-z2gisufl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288930-h13cxuh3 author = Lim, Faye J title = Viral Etiology and the Impact of Codetection in Young Children Presenting With Influenza-Like Illness date = 2016-07-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3429 sentences = 179 flesch = 42 summary = METHODS: Children aged 6 to 59 months who presented to a tertiary pediatric hospital between influenza seasons 2008 and 2012 with fever and acute respiratory symptoms were enrolled, and nasal samples were collected. We compared demographics, presenting symptoms, and clinical outcomes of children with a single-virus infection and those in whom 2 or more viruses were detected (virus-virus codetection). With this study, we describe the virology of ARTI in children aged 6 months to 4 years who presented to a tertiary pediatric hospital in Australia with influenza-like illness during influenza season. We conclude that the impact of virus-virus codetection on disease severity in children who present with influenza-like illness is likely to be limited to those infected with specific pathogen pairs. Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children cache = ./cache/cord-288930-h13cxuh3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288930-h13cxuh3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281948-xv7vuypd author = Hoang, Ansel title = COVID-19 in 7780 pediatric patients: A systematic review date = 2020-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4065 sentences = 235 flesch = 47 summary = We included published or in press peer-reviewed cross-sectional, case series, and case reports providing clinical signs, imaging findings, and/or laboratory results of pediatric patients who were positive for COVID-19. Data collected included the type of article (e.g., case series), country of origin, number of pediatric patients, demographic information, and all clinical symptoms (e. Compared to that review and other COVID-19 pediatric systematic reviews, [18À21] this manuscript has several key advantages: (1) we summarize 131 studies that includes 7780 children from 26 different countries, (2) this report synthesizes underlying pediatric medical conditions and delineates bacterial and viral coinfections, (3) we quantitatively describe clinical symptoms and imaging findings, (4) herein, we conglomerate the mean and standard deviation of frequently used laboratory analytes in COVID-19 positive children, (5) our report presents antiviral therapies by specific agents, and (6) our systematic review offers a preliminary comparison of patients with/without MIS-C. cache = ./cache/cord-281948-xv7vuypd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281948-xv7vuypd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282868-yd7pzcbz author = Shelmerdine, Susan C. title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a systematic review of imaging findings date = 2020-06-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5694 sentences = 299 flesch = 49 summary = MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched four databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar) for articles describing imaging findings in children with COVID-19. Whilst several systematic reviews of imaging findings in COVID-19 cases have been performed for adults [7, 8] , none has specifically focused on children. Inclusion criteria encompassed all studies investigating and describing imaging findings of confirmed COVID-19 infection in children, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. The same two reviewers (S.C.S., S.T.) independently extracted data from the full articles into a database (Excel; Microsoft, Redmond, WA), which included the following factors: study design, study setting/country, population demographics (e.g., gender, age, underlying comorbidities), sample size, patient outcomes (number of mortalities), imaging modality and imaging findings (pattern and location of involvement of disease) and results of any follow-up imaging. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a systematic review of imaging findings cache = ./cache/cord-282868-yd7pzcbz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282868-yd7pzcbz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293259-o51fnvuw author = Sinaei, Reza title = Why COVID-19 is less frequent and severe in children: a narrative review date = 2020-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7043 sentences = 359 flesch = 44 summary = Thus far, only a small number of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have involved children, so that they have accounted for only 1-5% of total patients [2, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a hyperproinflammatory response or cytokine storm state that results to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS). The search strategy was constructed based on searching terms 2019 novel coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 with using and/or, also the terms of child, pediatric, newborn, infant, adolescence, adult, age, age groups, severity, epidemiology, prevalence, difference, immune system, etiology, reasons in title, abstract, and key words. The first results stem from some considerations that children have a less vigorous immune response to the virus than adults because the cytokine storm is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections [28] . cache = ./cache/cord-293259-o51fnvuw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293259-o51fnvuw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293136-lfwqzf8m author = Escosa‐García, Luis title = Ten key points about COVID‐19 in children: the shadows on the wall date = 2020-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3631 sentences = 241 flesch = 52 summary = It was initially named Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome (PIMS) temporally associated with COVID-19 by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) 18 To date, some cases of neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported 27 28 . Recent data from a German study indicate that viral loads in the very young (age group 0-6 years) do not significantly differ from those of adults 44 To put it briefly, SARS-CoV-2 PCR of nasopharyngeal swab is considered the gold standard diagnostic test for acute COVID-19 disease. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center's observational study Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units cache = ./cache/cord-293136-lfwqzf8m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293136-lfwqzf8m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282446-01lu7sce author = Stokholm, Jakob title = Azithromycin for episodes with asthma-like symptoms in young children aged 1–3 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial date = 2015-12-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5309 sentences = 250 flesch = 47 summary = [3] [4] [5] We discovered in our birth cohort, the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2000 (COPSAC 2000 ; a previous birth cohort of children born to mothers with asthma), that airway bacteria (Haemophilus infl uenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis) and respiratory viruses (at least one of picornavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, parainfl uenzavirus, infl uenza virus, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, or bocavirus) are equally closely associated with episodes of asthma-like symptoms in the fi rst 3 years of life. 4 We did a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of azithromycin for treatment of episodes of troublesome lung symptoms in young children who were followed up prospectively in our new unselected Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2010 (COPSAC 2010 ) birth cohort. This study is, to our knowledge, the fi rst randomised controlled trial of azithromycin treatment of acute episodes of asthma-like symptoms in children aged 1-3 years with a history of recurrent episodes and its fi ndings show a clinically signifi cant shortening of symptom duration by 63% after intervention. cache = ./cache/cord-282446-01lu7sce.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282446-01lu7sce.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285459-fph03r22 author = Patel, Ami B title = SARS-CoV-2 Point Prevalence among Asymptomatic Hospitalized Children and Subsequent Healthcare Worker Evaluation date = 2020-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1590 sentences = 98 flesch = 54 summary = Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriage among hospitalized children and the risk of transmission to healthcare workers (HCW) was evaluated through a point prevalence survey. We estimated a low, 1-2%, prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among children without symptoms of COVID-19 and there were no secondary transmission events among HCW exposed to these patients We conducted a point prevalence survey for SARS-CoV-2 among hospitalized children around the time of predicted peak community COVID-19 activity in Chicago. All inpatient children were included with the following exceptions: children known to be SARS-CoV-2-positive; children tested within the previous 72 hours because of clinical suspicion for COVID-19 and were SARS-CoV-2-negative; contraindications to obtaining a nasopharyngeal sample; or parents declined participation. A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 4 An exposure workup was conducted for all HCW who had significant contact with any patient who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on our point prevalence. cache = ./cache/cord-285459-fph03r22.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285459-fph03r22.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283440-8du0s33p author = Ciuca, Ioana M title = COVID-19 in Children: An Ample Review date = 2020-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5636 sentences = 313 flesch = 45 summary = The aim of this review was to describe the current knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including knowledge on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. This review highlights that COVID-19 in children is similar to the disease in the adult population, but with particularities regarding clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, chest imaging, and treatment. It started at the end of 2019, when many adult patients with a new form of pneumonia that was frequently fatal were admitted to Chinese hospitals; this illness was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). [11] [12] [13] This study aimed to review the current data on SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including data on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series cache = ./cache/cord-283440-8du0s33p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283440-8du0s33p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296141-h1h18ek6 author = Hoekstra, Pieter J. title = Suicidality in children and adolescents: lessons to be learned from the COVID-19 crisis date = 2020-06-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1185 sentences = 56 flesch = 50 summary = In a previous study, conducted in a large population cohort of seventh and tenth grade students from Korea, family conflict, being exposed to violence, and being victim of bullying were associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation [6] . A systematic review into psychosocial risk factors for suicidality in children and adolescents, also in the current issue of European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry [7] , substantiate the role of stressful life events (in interaction with vulnerability factors), most notably family conflicts, academic stressors (including bullying or exam stress), trauma, and other adverse life events (peer conflict, legal problems, physical abuse, worries about sexual orientation, romantic breakups, exposure to suicide/suicide attempts, and physical and/or sexual violence). It will be of utmost importance to learn lessons how schools may use the benefits of online teaching to decrease psychosocial risk factors associated with suicidality and to improve the mental health for large groups of children. cache = ./cache/cord-296141-h1h18ek6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296141-h1h18ek6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284145-7le8303x author = Taylor, Johanna title = Specialist paediatric palliative care for children and young people with cancer: A mixed-methods systematic review date = 2020-05-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8354 sentences = 408 flesch = 43 summary = • • Accessing specialist paediatric palliative care is associated with less intensive care at the end of life, more advance care planning and fewer in-hospital deaths for children and young people with cancer, but there is no robust evidence to tell us whether these services lead to improvements in quality of life or symptom management. This mixed-methods systematic review synthesises the existing evidence on the benefits, drawbacks, facilitators and barriers associated with referral to and uptake of specialist paediatric palliative care for children and young people with cancer and their families. 76 The impact of specialist paediatric palliative care A total of 17 distinct outcome domains were identified and these were categorised under one of six overarching categories: advance care planning (n = 9 studies), end-oflife care provision (n = 16), location of death (n = 18), child's quality of life (n = 6), family support (n = 3) and service satisfaction (n = 7). cache = ./cache/cord-284145-7le8303x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284145-7le8303x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296434-tok2nvyd author = Sakellaropoulou, Afroditi title = Hyponatraemia in cases of children with pneumonia date = 2010-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2678 sentences = 155 flesch = 50 summary = CONCLUSIONS: Although studies in larger population groups are needed, in our study increased heart rhythm, tachypnoea, leucocyte count, C-reactive protein, and also erythrocyte sedimentation rate could be considered as possible risk factors influencing the degree of hyponatraemia, and thus the outcome of hospitalized children with CAP. Hyponatraemia is considered a common laboratory finding in children with communityacquired pneumonia (CAP), which can be defined clinically as the presence of signs and symptoms of pneumonia in a previously healthy child due to an infection which has been acquired outside hospital [9] . Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of hyponatraemia in children with CAP, to find predictive tools in order to classify the severity and outcome of CAP and also to explore possible differences of clinical importance between the two sexes. According to studies, SIADH occurs in about one third of children hospitalized for pneumonia, and was associated with a more severe disease and a poorer outcome [10] . cache = ./cache/cord-296434-tok2nvyd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296434-tok2nvyd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290432-4dli5emd author = O’Grady, Kerry-Ann F. title = Upper airway viruses and bacteria in urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in Brisbane, Australia: a cross-sectional study date = 2017-04-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3764 sentences = 184 flesch = 44 summary = We aimed to describe the prevalence of upper airway viruses and bacteria in symptomatic and asymptomatic urban-based Australian Indigenous children aged less than 5 years. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of data collected at baseline in an ongoing prospective cohort study of urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children registered with a primary health care service in the northern suburbs of Brisbane, Australia. Thus, in 164 urban-based Indigenous children presenting to an urban primary health care service, we described the prevalence of upper airway respiratory viruses and bacteria. We analysed data from a cohort of urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged less than 5 years collected at time of enrolment into a prospective study of ARIwC. In a study of upper airway viruses and bacteria in Central Australian Aboriginal children hospitalised for pneumonia [8] , a population with high rates of hospitalised lower ARI [15] and nasal colonisation [16] , the [8] . cache = ./cache/cord-290432-4dli5emd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290432-4dli5emd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-295792-hajvtzj9 author = Álvez, Fernando title = SARS-CoV2 coronavirus: So far polite with children. Debatable immunological and non-immunological evidence date = 2020-07-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4504 sentences = 196 flesch = 46 summary = In short, the purpose of this first defensive barrier for early control during the incubation period and the first symptoms of SAR-CoV2 infection is to inhibit viral replication, promote elimination of the virus, induce tissue repair and trigger a specific adaptive immune response (AIR) (12) . Furthermore, this enzyme also plays an important role in the immune response, especially in inflammation, and is involved in the defensive mechanisms of the lung -protecting it from severe injury induced by respiratory viruses (11, 18) . However, serological studies evaluating the immune response to respiratory infections including CovH have shown steadily increasing seroprevalence of antibodies to CovH in both children and young adults, as well as cross-reactivity, such as between antibodies to the previous SARS-CoV and CovH (25) (26) . Cell Responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-Infected mice cache = ./cache/cord-295792-hajvtzj9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-295792-hajvtzj9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-295260-te2jz2gn author = Leino, Annamari title = Pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity 4 years after the first virus-induced wheezing date = 2018-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3131 sentences = 178 flesch = 51 summary = Two studies have shown that wheezing at young age, induced by rhinovirus, may be associated with decreased pulmonary function or increased airway reactivity later in childhood. Vinku2 is the first study to investigate the associations between the patient characteristics of the first acute severe virus-induced wheezing episode and the subsequent pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity. Atopic sensitization diagnosed during the first acute severe wheezing episode was associated with increased bronchial reactivity and reduced lung function at preschool age. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the associations between the patient characteristics of the first acute severe virus-induced wheezing episode and the subsequent pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity later in childhood. In conclusion, atopic sensitization diagnosed during the first acute severe wheezing episode was associated with increased bronchial reactivity and reduced lung function at preschool age. cache = ./cache/cord-295260-te2jz2gn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-295260-te2jz2gn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297241-ajy2wi51 author = Katz, Carmit title = Invisible children and non-essential workers: Child protection during COVID-19 in Israel according to policy documents and media coverage date = 2020-10-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4675 sentences = 230 flesch = 50 summary = title: Invisible children and non-essential workers: Child protection during COVID-19 in Israel according to policy documents and media coverage OBJECTIVE: Examine child protection in Israel during COVID-19, as portrayed in mainstream news media and government policy documents. CONCLUSION: Children were initially invisible to Israeli policymakers facing the pandemic, highlighting the centrality of advocates promoting children's rights and of mainstream news media in disseminating the discourse of protecting children from maltreatment, especially in times of crisis. Through an analysis of official government policy documents as well as media coverage, the current study seeks to answer the following questions: (1) What were the government's policies with respect to protecting children from maltreatment during COVID-19? Parallel to the neglect of children in published policy documents, child protection advocates led a media campaign targeting the public and policymakers, which highlighted the need to provide children and families at risk with services. cache = ./cache/cord-297241-ajy2wi51.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297241-ajy2wi51.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298551-ua90xoak author = Bennet, Rutger title = Influenza epidemiology among hospitalized children in Stockholm, Sweden 1998–2014 date = 2016-06-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3109 sentences = 163 flesch = 47 summary = The hospital is a tertiary referral center with surgery and a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with resources for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), but only children resident in the catchment area were included in the study. The yearly incidence rates in different age groups varied considerably, with median (range) for children <5 years 59 (19Previously known risk factors were found in 312/922 (34% , Table 1 ), the most important being neuromuscular disease (131 cases) and chronic lung disease (40 cases). This is a report of children hospitalized for influenza A or B in a defined population in the northern Stockholm area 1998-2014, covering the pre-pandemic period, including the 2003-2004 outbreak, the 2009 pandemic, and four post-pandemic seasons. In contrast to the known effect of trivalent influenza vaccine (the only one used during the studied period except for the pandemic year) in healthy children >18 months, less is known about its effect in younger children and in those with risk factors. cache = ./cache/cord-298551-ua90xoak.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298551-ua90xoak.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303741-1ou0cy5k author = Stafstrom, Carl E. title = COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children date = 2020-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7035 sentences = 369 flesch = 40 summary = An especially apropos case demonstrated maternal viremia, placental infection shown by immunohistochemistry, and high placental viral load with subsequent neonatal viremia, implying transplacental transfer of SARS-CoV-2 from pregnant mother to fetus [24] ; this newborn presented with neurological symptoms as discussed in Section 3. The lack of unequivocal reports of SARS-CoV-2 being recovered from the CSF of individuals affected with presumed neurological involvement nor in brain tissue from the limited number of autopsied cases strengthens the possibility that the virus does not often directly cause the symptoms but rather, that the neurological sequelae are secondary to hypoxia, cytokine involvement, or some other non-direct mechanism (see Section 6). Finally, 4 of 27 children with COVID-19 associated MIS-C developed new neurologic symptoms including encephalopathy, headache, weakness, ataxia, and dysarthria [81] ; two patients had lumbar punctures and CSF was negative for SARS-CoV-2 in both. cache = ./cache/cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303451-66c2qobr author = Pelaez, Martha title = Returning to School: Separation Problems and Anxiety in the Age of Pandemics date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4438 sentences = 226 flesch = 50 summary = Using a behavioral theory of development, we provide suggestions for how to handle the departure and separation problems that may emerge as parents drop their children off at school. We offer some specific advice for parents and teachers to follow to prevent the departure and separation problems that typically develop during challenging behavioral interactions in school settings. In light of the COVID-19 crisis, when children return to school and separate from their parents after a months-long period of 24-hr-a-day interaction that occurred during a period of social distancing, we predict that high rates of protest and distress may emerge, as well as high rates of refusal to leave the parents. This is likely to produce heightened child separation-protest responses that can disrupt classroom settings the new physical distancing rules, and provoke anguish and anxiety in parents. The research we discussed earlier shows that, during departures and at separation, parents' responses to children's protests can encourage and reinforce more of this distressing behavior. cache = ./cache/cord-303451-66c2qobr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303451-66c2qobr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-311393-e82jy629 author = Giménez-Dasí, Marta title = Six Weeks of Confinement: Psychological Effects on a Sample of Children in Early Childhood and Primary Education date = 2020-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4777 sentences = 239 flesch = 58 summary = Children in Primary Education obtained lower scores in dimensions related to self-regulation (emotional, attentional, and behavioral) and in willingness to study. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the changes that the confinement situation experienced between the 11th of March and the 25th of April could have caused on a sample of children residing in the Community of Madrid. The objective of the present study was to verify whether the situation of 6 weeks of strict confinement experienced in Madrid as a consequence of the SARS-CoV-2 health crisis had caused a change in the psychological well-being of children. In general, the results obtained are congruent with those found in previous studies on the effects of social isolation on children and also with the few studies that have been carried out on the particular situation of confinement during SARS-CoV-2 health crisis (Jiao et al., 2020; Pisano et al., 2020) . cache = ./cache/cord-311393-e82jy629.txt txt = ./txt/cord-311393-e82jy629.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 author = Macdonald-Laurs, Emma title = CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? date = 2018-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4246 sentences = 272 flesch = 46 summary = title: CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? Severe neurological complications from seasonal influenza, including influenza-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis (IAE), cause considerable morbidity and mortality in healthy children, and those with pre-existing neurological disease. We identified children aged 0e14 years, with evidence of influenza and associated severe neurological disease including status epilepticus or moderate to severe encephalopathy, admitted to two paediatric hospitals which comprise the Sydney Children's Hospital Network, the largest paediatric network in Australia. In this case series we observed two groups of children who presented with severe influenza related neurological disease. Further studies of IAE are required to evaluate whether significant elevations of CSF neopterin, particularly in combination with diffusion restriction and other MRI changes, could predict short and long-term outcome. Given the severity of influenza associated neurological complications, we recommend a "treat and test" approach to the use of oseltamivir in children presenting with acute encephalopathy/encephalitis during the influenza season. cache = ./cache/cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298708-lvahzj59 author = Sahin, Ecem title = Vulnerabilities of Syrian refugee children in Turkey and actions taken for prevention and management in terms of health and wellbeing date = 2020-07-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10392 sentences = 468 flesch = 46 summary = RESULTS: Syrian refugee children in Turkey are facing a variety of risks in terms of their health and wellbeing including communicable and non-communicable diseases, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, family violence, child labor, and child marriage. A study on mental health problems and related risk factors in Turkey reported that Syrian refugee children have been exposed to a number of traumatic events during war in Syria prior to arrival to Turkey such as witnessing explosions or gun battles (70 %), to lose someone important to them (56 %), to see dead or wounded people (55 %), or witnessing people being tortured (43 %) (Gormez et al., 2018) . The main commonality of the studies reviewed for this article is that Syrian refugee children in Turkey are faced with higher risks in terms of a variety of health and wellbeing indicators despite the efforts by governmental and non-governmental entities. cache = ./cache/cord-298708-lvahzj59.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298708-lvahzj59.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-295575-zgta5ah8 author = Howard, Evin title = The Impact of Ambient Environmental Exposures to Microbial Products on Asthma Outcomes from Birth to Childhood date = 2019-11-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6929 sentences = 351 flesch = 49 summary = The purpose of this literature review was to specifically examine asthma outcomes related to environmental exposures to microbial products, pertaining to endotoxin from bacteria-(1,3)-β-D-glucan and ergosterol from fungus, and common viruses associated with worsening asthma morbidity (rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus, and the influenza virus) during infancy, and to assess the risk of asthma development later in childhood [15] [16] [17] [18] (see Table 1 ). conducted a prospective longitudinal study examining whether early exposure to microbial products in dust was associated with allergy and asthma later in childhood for children in suburban areas using the following three birth cohort studies for children born between 1996 and 1999: [24••] , dust samples were collected from children's mattresses, bedroom floors, and living room floors; and showed no association between endotoxin nor the fungal membrane lipid ergosterol in the development of asthma with exposure from birth to 7 years of age. cache = ./cache/cord-295575-zgta5ah8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-295575-zgta5ah8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302863-9e5ajbgq author = Alhabdan, Yazeed Abdullah title = Prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among primary school children: a population-based cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date = 2018-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6249 sentences = 285 flesch = 47 summary = Our study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries and identifying key associated factors in four major risk domains, including socioeconomic factors, child oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and identifying key associated factors in 6-8-year-old school children in Riyadh city of Saudi Arabia would contribute towards the knowledge of dental caries by enriching the baseline data and determining population-specific risk factors of such a highly prevalent and preventable condition. Our analysis is the first in Saudi Arabia to comprehensively evaluate and prioritize factors encompassing all four major risk domains for dental caries, including parental socioeconomic status, children oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits. cache = ./cache/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304437-ezqghyid author = Palmieri, Tina L. title = Children are not little adults: blood transfusion in children with burn injury date = 2017-08-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3886 sentences = 218 flesch = 46 summary = Children in particular have a different physiology than adults, which needs to be considered prior to transfusing blood and blood products. This article describes the physiologic differences between children and adults in general and after burn injury and describes how these differences impact blood transfusion practices in children. This article will discuss how differences in the physiologic, hematologic, metabolic, and immunologic systems in burned children impact blood transfusion requirements. Hyperkalemia has been associated with cardiac arrest during large blood volume transfusions intraoperatively in children and infants receiving exchange transfusions [9, 10] . 2. Cardiac function, mean blood volume, and normal hemoglobin levels are age-dependent in children; hence, children have a higher blood transfusion/unit volume ratio. Transfusion-related graft-versus-host reaction, in which the lymphocytes in the transfused blood cause host cell destruction, occurs primarily in immunocompromised patients and has been reported in neonates and immunocompromised children [25] [26] [27] [28] . cache = ./cache/cord-304437-ezqghyid.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304437-ezqghyid.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300371-6ja5o3sa author = Maloney, Susan A. title = Prevention of infectious diseases among international pediatric travelers: Considerations for clinicians date = 2004-11-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7146 sentences = 363 flesch = 41 summary = Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travel-related vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travelrelated vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. During the assessment, the caregiver should ensure the following: 1) the child has received up-to-date and appropriate vaccinations (both routine and special travel-related vaccines); 2) the child has received appropriate malaria and other chemoprophylaxis regimens tailored for use in pediatric travelers; 3) prevention counseling, particularly in the areas of insect barriers, food and water safety, and injury avoidance, has been given; and 4) anticipatory guidance for managing potential illnesses (eg, diarrhea and dehydration) and seeking medical resources overseas has been provided. cache = ./cache/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310534-ng6321hh author = Kaushik, Ashlesha title = COVID-19 in Children: Clinical Approach and Management- Correspondence date = 2020-07-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1385 sentences = 84 flesch = 45 summary = We would like to commend the authors for a timely and succinct article on approach to management of pediatric COVID-19, providing essential and practical guidance to clinicians, and would like to comment on the management of COVID-19 in light of recent evidence, available studies and guidelines. The therapeutic approach for managing critically ill patients with Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/ respiratory failure centers around lung protection with low tidal volumes, high positive end-expiratory pressures and fluid restriction. A recent multicenter expert pediatric guidance panel has recommended Remdesivir as the preferred antiviral agent in children if available [3] . HCQS has been shown to be effective against SARS CoV-2 in in-vitro studies, considered relatively safe in children, and is also suggested by authors in the management approach. But in regions where Remdesivir is not available, either Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Hydroxychloroquine (or Chloroquine) maybe used in children with severe disease (preferably as a part of clinical trial). cache = ./cache/cord-310534-ng6321hh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310534-ng6321hh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310998-zchtu6cm author = Kalash, Danny A. title = How COVID-19 Deepens Child Oral Health Inequities date = 2020-05-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1331 sentences = 82 flesch = 50 summary = Well before the coronavirus, U.S. children in poverty, from low-income families, or racial and ethnic minorities, overrepresented our national dental disease burden. 3 When compounded with social barriers, the chronic and cumulative consequences of child oral disease contribute to wider health inequities through the life course. 5 By abruptly pausing the provision of child dental care, COVID-19 adds delays to time-sensitive treatment, worsens the status of already significant decay, and further overburdens our previously strained dental safety net including community health centers, federally qualified health centers, and hospitals. 6 COVID-19's spread refocuses our attention to those social inequities, perpetuated by deficient federal and state policies, which carry both direct and unintended consequences for child oral health. This forces families to prioritize only absolute necessities -like food, shelter, and utilities -and neglect or delay other expenses, including parent or child oral health care or hygiene supplies. Dr. Kalash did not report any disclosures. cache = ./cache/cord-310998-zchtu6cm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310998-zchtu6cm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298807-67psjrt3 author = Morris, Peter S. title = Acute and Chronic Otitis Media date = 2009-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5590 sentences = 380 flesch = 47 summary = Leach, PhD a,b Upper respiratory tract infections (including otitis media) are the most common illnesses affecting children. Communities where more than 4% of children experience chronic tympanic membrane perforation secondary to suppurative infection are high-risk populations. If the duration of the discharge is uncertain, perforations Box 2 A simple PubMed search strategy to identify evidence-based guidelines, evidence-based summaries, systematic reviews, and RCTs on otitis media and additional studies involving Indigenous children that are easily visible (covering >2% of the tympanic membrane) are more likely to be associated with CSOM. 14, 82 Children who experience frequent suppurative infections (including those with immunodeficiency or persistent bacterial rhinosinusitis) are at greatest risk of developing CSOM as a complication of tympanostomy tubes. Antibiotics for the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children Effectiveness of ototopical antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media in Aboriginal children: a community-based, multicentre, double-blind randomised controlled trial cache = ./cache/cord-298807-67psjrt3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298807-67psjrt3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310543-2ly18d15 author = Clemens, Vera title = Potential effects of “social” distancing measures and school lockdown on child and adolescent mental health date = 2020-05-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2905 sentences = 142 flesch = 51 summary = title: Potential effects of "social" distancing measures and school lockdown on child and adolescent mental health In brief, children and adolescents are at home with their families, experience an increase in stress and a reduction in support and coping resources. Prospective assessment of the effect of COVID-19-related mental health effects in children and adolescents is needed. Although measures that aim for "social distancing" are important to protect the health of our society, political decision makers have to keep in mind that it does not come without side effects and that children, adolescents and their families bear a major burden of these measures. Likewise, in the current situation, risk-benefit analyses are urgently needed based on the effects of "social distancing" including importantly for children and adolescents school closures. Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents cache = ./cache/cord-310543-2ly18d15.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310543-2ly18d15.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309095-ka9abe0c author = Idoiaga, Nahia title = Exploring Children’s Social and Emotional Representations of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6400 sentences = 319 flesch = 60 summary = These results indicate the need for governments to also consider children in their management of the current situation by placing greater emphasis on social and inclusive policies to help alleviate the possible effects that they may suffer as a consequence of the pandemic and the lockdown. Thus, the main goal of this article is to study how children understand or represent the COVID-19, while observing their emotional response to the coronavirus pandemic in Spain. Amid the current COVID-19 crisis, research from China suggests that resilience should be nurtured by public health programs implemented by healthcare professionals, schools, and families in order to help children to overcome conditions of distress, and prospectively provide them with emotional and psychological support (Pettoello-Mantovani et al., 2019; Dalton et al., 2020; Jiao et al., 2020) Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org Further, given the results of our lexical similarity analysis, it is worth noting that we again observed the appearance of the emotions of fear, nervousness, sadness, happiness, calmness, boredom, and anger. cache = ./cache/cord-309095-ka9abe0c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309095-ka9abe0c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299781-9d5g5xaw author = Hrusak, Ondrej title = Flash Survey on SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Pediatric Patients on anti-Cancer Treatment date = 2020-04-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2377 sentences = 128 flesch = 49 summary = title: Flash Survey on SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Pediatric Patients on anti-Cancer Treatment While we should not underestimate the risk of developing a more severe course of COVID-19 than observed here, the intensity of preventive measures should not cause delays or obstructions in oncological treatment. The outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020 was identified in December, 2019. 11 To evaluate this, we used a flash survey to determine whether there was current evidence that pediatric patients with cancer in SARS-CoV-2 affected areas had been tested for this virus or had developed severe COVID-19 disease. More research is needed to better understand the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in pediatric patients with cancer or other immunocompromised children. cache = ./cache/cord-299781-9d5g5xaw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299781-9d5g5xaw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301022-0q2ertja author = Mims, James W. title = Inhalant Allergies in Children date = 2011-04-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7627 sentences = 431 flesch = 47 summary = 38 However, dietary antigen avoidance has not proved to be effective in most studies and a 2008 review in Pediatrics states, "for infants at high risk of developing atopic disease, there is evidence that exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months compared with feeding intact cow milk protein formula decreases the cumulative incidence of atopic dermatitis and cow milk allergy in the first 2 years of life." 39 Beyond this, whether exposure to antigenic foods early in life promotes sensitization or tolerance is unclear. Although preventing allergy through environmental control has shown mixed results, two controlled studies have shown that treating young children who have atopic dermatitis with antihistamines decreases the risk of developing asthma. 101 This phenotype is also associated with early sensitization to food or inhalant allergens 102 and reduced lung function at age 6 years (compared with children with no history of wheezing with lower respiratory illnesses). cache = ./cache/cord-301022-0q2ertja.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301022-0q2ertja.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308916-6p2qutc5 author = le Roux, David M. title = Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease date = 2017-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4936 sentences = 213 flesch = 33 summary = New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae have contributed to decreases in radiologic, clinical and complicated pneumonia cases and have reduced hospitalization and mortality. In a review of four randomized controlled trials and two case-control studies of Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination in high-burden communities, the vaccination was associated with an 18% decrease in radiologic pneumonia [13] . However, given the high mortality from pneumonia in low-and middle-income countries, the lack of easy access to care, and the high prevalence of risk factors for severe disease, revised World Health Organization pneumonia guidelines still recommend antibiotic treatment for all children who meet the WHO pneumonia case definitions [80] . Effectiveness of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than 5 years of age for prevention of pneumonia: updated analysis using World Health Organization standardized interpretation of chest radiographs cache = ./cache/cord-308916-6p2qutc5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308916-6p2qutc5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308493-3fsn7awq author = Günther‐Bel, Cristina title = A Mixed‐method Study of Individual, Couple and Parental Functioning During the State‐regulated COVID‐19 Lockdown in Spain date = 2020-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6973 sentences = 315 flesch = 39 summary = Adults 18 years or older (N=407) completed an online survey that included demographic, household, and employment information along with standardized measures of psychological distress (State‐Trait Anxiety, Beck Depression) and relationship functioning – either the Dyadic Adjustment Scale if there were no children in the household or a Basic Family Relations Evaluation Questionnaire (CERFB) measuring conjugal, parental, and co‐parental functions. More specific aims of the study were to (a) compare lockdown responses from the pandemic convenience sample to benchmarks for established measures of individual, couple and parental functioning; (b) describe via qualitative analysis the ways in which participants felt their couple and family relationships had improved and/or deteriorated during the first few weeks of lockdown; (c) identify demographic, household, and employment-related correlates of pandemic relationship functioning and psychological distress with special attention to variations across couples with children at home, couples with no children, and couples with empty nests; and (d) explore possible changes in relationship functioning over time during the first three weeks of lockdown. cache = ./cache/cord-308493-3fsn7awq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308493-3fsn7awq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309860-otx45b8x author = Conway, Nicholas T. title = Clinical Predictors of Influenza in Young Children: The Limitations of “Influenza-Like Illness” date = 2012-09-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3741 sentences = 186 flesch = 44 summary = This study aims to identify clinical predictors of influenza infection in children ≤5 years old from which age-specific ILI definitions are then constructed. METHODS: Children aged 6–59 months with a history of fever and acute respiratory symptoms were recruited in the Western Australia Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (WAIVE) Study. The predictor variables of interest fell into 2 groups: (1) demographic factors (age, sex, race [indigenous or other], deprivation quintile, influenza vaccination status, prematurity [<37 completed weeks gestation], birth weight, past medical history, child care usage, household composition, and household smokers); and (2) symptomatology (recorded temperature and presence or absence of parentally reported: cough, coryza, wheeze, breathing difficulties, earache, sinusitis, sore throat, irritability, rash, diarrhoea, vomiting, lethargy, poor feeding, sleep disturbance, fever, and pallor). To our knowledge, this is the first study attempting to construct a definition of ILI for children aged 5 years and under using prospectively gathered data from a general pediatric population presenting with symptoms suggestive of acute respiratory tract infection. cache = ./cache/cord-309860-otx45b8x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309860-otx45b8x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310840-h49dx92d author = Eslamy, Hedieh K. title = Pneumonia in Normal and Immunocompromised Children: An Overview and Update date = 2011-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8279 sentences = 488 flesch = 33 summary = The role of imaging is to detect the presence of pneumonia, and determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as effusion/empyema and suppurative lung changes. The role of imaging, including chest radiographs, ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT), is to detect the presence of pneumonia, determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as parapneumonic effusion/ empyema and suppurative lung complications. CT is often used to further evaluate: (1) suppurative lung complications and to differentiate these from parapneumonic effusion/empyema; (2) patients with recurrent or chronic pneumonia and concern for an underlying lesion; and (3) immunocompromised children with noncontributory or confusing chest radiographs and clinical findings that could be secondary to lung infection. The chest radiograph of acute focal pneumonia usually shows a dense, typically more peripheral airspace opacity, which may appear segmental, lobar, or spherical ( Figs. cache = ./cache/cord-310840-h49dx92d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310840-h49dx92d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310677-begnpodw author = Yeasmin, Sabina title = Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study date = 2020-07-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4173 sentences = 206 flesch = 56 summary = This study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of children aged<15 years during the lockdown in Bangladesh. K-means clustering used to group children according to mental health score and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) performed to identify the relationship among the parental behavior and child mental health, and also these associations were assessed through chi-square test. The chi-square test was used to measure the association of socio-demographic variables, parental behavior towards children, and child mental health scores among the cluster. In this study, children's mental health (depression, anxiety, and sleeping disorder) scores were classified into four groups: sub-threshold, mild, moderate, and severe disturbance. cache = ./cache/cord-310677-begnpodw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310677-begnpodw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305786-06dpjik8 author = Sandora, Thomas J. title = Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children date = 2005-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7819 sentences = 343 flesch = 33 summary = Fever and cough are also frequently present in children with pneumonia, and clinical signs may include retractions or abnormal auscultatory findings, such as rales or decreased breath sounds, which tend to be more specific as indicators of lower respiratory tract infection [23] [24] [25] [26] . Published studies of adult patients with CAP have shown that adherence to a treatment guideline results in improvement in several outcomes, including lower costs, decreased length of stay, more appropriate antibiotic usage, and lower mortality rates [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] . Empiric coverage for pneumonia in patients in the intensive care unit or others at risk for nosocomial infections should include broad-spectrum agents that provide coverage for these antibiotic-resistant organisms (and any organisms known to be a frequent cause of hospital-acquired infections in the institution) until a specific diagnosis can be made and antimicrobial susceptibilities are available. cache = ./cache/cord-305786-06dpjik8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305786-06dpjik8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312266-hnbgaxft author = Krishnamurthy, A. title = Current therapeutics and prophylactic approaches to treat pneumonia date = 2016-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6439 sentences = 336 flesch = 33 summary = The Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are increasingly available in both developed as well as developing countries, especially the 7-and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines which have shown effectiveness in reducing the incidence and severity of pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections in children. 61 The efficacy of ribavirin for the treatment of RSV CAP in infants is debatable, as certain in vitro studies have shown activity of ribavirin against RSV, but its usage for RSV infection is not routinely recommended in the management of lower respiratory tract disease because of the high cost, aerosol administration, and possible toxic effects among healthcare providers. 90 Zabofloxacin: is being developed as a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is a potent and selective inhibitor of the essential bacterial type II topoisomerases and topoisomerase IV and is indicated for community-acquired respiratory infections due to Gram-positive bacteria. cache = ./cache/cord-312266-hnbgaxft.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312266-hnbgaxft.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312835-a60bkohc author = Kohli, Utkarsh title = Fulminant myocarditis and atrial fibrillation in child with acute COVID-19 date = 2020-10-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 833 sentences = 60 flesch = 37 summary = COVID-19 has manifested with ventricular dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias, most commonly atrial fibrillation (AFib), in adults. We report a 15 year-old girl with acute COVID-19, fulminant myocarditis and AFib. Serum pro-NT BNP, inflammatory markers and high sensitivity troponin concentration were all markedly elevated (Supplement 1). While ventricular dysfunction and the whole gamut of arrhythmias have been reported in adults with acute COVID-19 [1] , pediatric patients have either been asymptomatic or have mostly manifested with mild respiratory illness [2] . Rare pediatric patients with COVID-19 have presented with ventricular dysfunction [3] ; however, arrhythmias such as AFib, which are exceedingly rare in otherwise healthy children, have not been reported in children with acute COVID-19 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . In a recently published single center pediatric series (n=36), nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (n=5) and sustained atrial tachycardia (n=1) were noted in approximately 17 % of children with acute COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-312835-a60bkohc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312835-a60bkohc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312971-r9sggqh8 author = Mancino, Enrica title = A single centre study of viral community-acquired pneumonia in children: no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 from October 2019 to March 2020 date = 2020-04-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1306 sentences = 83 flesch = 46 summary = title: A single centre study of viral community-acquired pneumonia in children: no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 from October 2019 to March 2020 We described viral aetiologies, with particular interest in detecting SARS-CoV-2, in hospitalized pneumonia children. Key words: Community Acquired Pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, virus Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children worldwide [1] . Surprisingly, only a small number of cases of COVID-19 has been described in children, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection in the paediatric population is unusual [6] . Our aim was to describe viral aetiologies, with particular interest in detecting SARS-CoV-2, in hospitalized pneumonia children under 14 years of age. However, the clinical severity score was higher in RSV patients and hRV was found in 9/17 cases (53%) in coinfection, consistent with the notion that hRV is very frequently detected in respiratory infections J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f during childhood. cache = ./cache/cord-312971-r9sggqh8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312971-r9sggqh8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313258-luiw46zj author = Kim, Joon Hwan title = Clinical risk factors associated with the development of wheezing in children less than 2 years of age who required hospitalization for viral lower respiratory tract infections date = 2015-07-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3085 sentences = 140 flesch = 47 summary = CONCLUSION: Past and parental history of allergic diseases, past history of hospitalization for respiratory illnesses, exposure to secondhand smoke at home, and total eosinophil count were closely associated with the development of wheezing in children <2 years of age who required hospitalization for viral LRTIs. Clinicians should take these factors into consideration when treating, counseling, and monitoring young children admitted for viral LRTIs. Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are common in early childhood and are mostly caused by respiratory viruses. The present study showed that past and parental history of allergic diseases, past history of hospitalization for respiratory illnesses, exposure to secondhand smoke at home, and serum total eosinophil count were independently associated with the development of wheezing in children <2 years of age who had viral lower respiratory infections requiring hospitalization. cache = ./cache/cord-313258-luiw46zj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313258-luiw46zj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314597-1q3osgk7 author = Hill, Holly A. title = Vaccination Coverage by Age 24 Months Among Children Born in 2016 and 2017 — National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2017–2019 date = 2020-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2487 sentences = 149 flesch = 47 summary = title: Vaccination Coverage by Age 24 Months Among Children Born in 2016 and 2017 — National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2017–2019 Immunization has been described as a "global health and development success story," and worldwide is estimated to prevent 2-3 million deaths annually.* In the United States, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) currently recommends vaccination against 14 potentially serious illnesses by the time a child reaches age 24 months (1). Considering the disruptions to health care provider operations caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, extra effort will be required to achieve and maintain high levels of coverage with routine childhood vaccinations. Considering the disruptions to health care provider operations caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, extra effort will be required to achieve and maintain high levels of coverage with routine childhood vaccinations. cache = ./cache/cord-314597-1q3osgk7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314597-1q3osgk7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312615-q333qgps author = Knobbe, Rebecca B title = Pathogens Causing Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Less Than 5 Years of Age in Senegal date = 2019-12-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4466 sentences = 284 flesch = 51 summary = The aim of this study was to identity the various respiratory pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections in children below 5 years of age visiting a sub-urban primary care clinic in Senegal. CONCLUSIONS: This case-control study in a primary care setting in sub-Saharan Africa found influenza virus A and B, RSV, and S pneumoniae to be the main causes of acute respiratory tract infections in children below 5 years of age. Therefore, the aim of this case-control study was to investigate the prevalence of the different viruses and bacteria colonizing the airways and their association with the occurrence of ARTIs and severity of disease in children less than 5 years of age, visiting a sub-urban primary care clinic in Dakar, Senegal. This case-control study investigates the prevalence of the different viruses and bacteria colonizing the airways and their 6 Microbiology Insights association with the occurrence of ARTIs in children visiting a sub-urban primary care clinic in Senegal. cache = ./cache/cord-312615-q333qgps.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312615-q333qgps.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317092-5qba9jiq author = Singh, Tulika title = Lessons from COVID-19 in children: Key hypotheses to guide preventative and therapeutic strategies date = 2020-05-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4971 sentences = 355 flesch = 49 summary = The current pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), reveals a peculiar trend of milder disease and lower case fatality in children compared to adults. Understanding differences in children's immunity, host cellular factors required for virus replication, and physiology can provide insights into the correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs. In this review, we summarize current pediatric-specific knowledge on clinical disease, transmission, risks for severe disease, protective immunity, and novel therapies and vaccines in trial. 38 For example, a regulator of lung morphogenesis that is lower in childhood, nuclear factor kappa-light-chainenhancer of activated B cells (NF-b), plays a pathologic role in inflammatory diseases and should be evaluated as a protective host factor in pediatric versus adult SARS-CoV-2 infections. In this review, we evaluated recent reports on the pathology and immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and offered several hypotheses for how these features may differ in children versus adults, and how they may differentially modulate disease in these populations. cache = ./cache/cord-317092-5qba9jiq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317092-5qba9jiq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314390-q36ye9ff author = Kang, Gagandeep title = Viral Diarrhea date = 2016-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6020 sentences = 281 flesch = 39 summary = Of the 'non-group A' rotaviruses, group B rotavirus has been identified in epidemic outbreaks of severe diarrhea in adults in China and in symptomatic infections in children. Between 20% and 50% of cases of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus in hospitals are considered to be of nosocomial origin, and nosocomial viral enteric infections have been documented in up to 6% of children admitted for >72 h in both developed and developing countries. Rotaviruses induce a clinical illness characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, fever, and dehydration (or a combination of some of these symptoms) that occurs primarily in infants and young children and may lead to hospitalization for rehydration therapy. Studies in adult volunteers indicate that people with detectable levels of antibodies do not develop the illness, although epidemiological observations suggest that human astrovirus infections may not induce heterotypic immunity, as an episode of astrovirus diarrhea is not associated with a reduced incidence of a subsequent episode. cache = ./cache/cord-314390-q36ye9ff.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314390-q36ye9ff.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-316356-xq9bw349 author = Ross, Kristie R. title = Is It Time to Head Home for the Night? Home Sleep Testing in Young Children date = 2020-10-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2089 sentences = 92 flesch = 42 summary = The gold standard for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is in-laboratory polysomnography (PSG), and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that polysomnography be performed in children with snoring and symptoms or signs of OSA (1) . The field's focus on this tool for evaluating OSA (as well as evaluating other sleep disorders) reflects the ability of PSG to comprehensively collect physiological data on respiration, sleep, heart rate, and leg movements in controlled settings where issues of sensor loss can be readily addressed. Although home-based sleep apnea testing is widely used in adults to diagnose OSA, its use in children has been much more limited, reflecting concerns about the safety and feasibility of collecting multiple respiratory signals in this population. Importantly, the average duration of sleep monitored was 573 minutes, a period likely to provide representative sleep data for young children, and substantially longer than total sleep time reported from attended PSGs (5, 6) . cache = ./cache/cord-316356-xq9bw349.txt txt = ./txt/cord-316356-xq9bw349.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315860-9j667c03 author = Jullien, Sophie title = Pneumonia in children admitted to the national referral hospital in Bhutan: A prospective cohort study date = 2020-04-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5633 sentences = 300 flesch = 45 summary = METHODS: This prospective study enrolled children aged 2–59 months admitted to the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital with World Health Organization (WHO)-defined clinical pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Respiratory viral infections predominated among this cohort of WHO-defined clinical pneumonia cases, whereas bacterial aetiologies were uncommon, highlighting the epidemiologic transition that Bhutan seems to have reached. We conducted this prospective hospital-based observational study to describe the epidemiology, aetiology, and clinical and radiological presentation of World Health Organization (WHO)defined pneumonia among children aged between 2 and 59 months admitted to the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital in Thimphu. All children aged 2-59 months hospitalized with WHO-defined pneumonia (irrespective of severity) were eligible for recruitment (World Health Organization, 2014) (see Box 1). Causes of severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission in children without HIV infection from Africa and Asia: the PERCH multi-country case-control study cache = ./cache/cord-315860-9j667c03.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315860-9j667c03.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314810-ny4mnzqc author = Provenzi, Livio title = The Little Professor and the Virus: Scaffolding Children’s Meaning Making During the COVID-19 Emergency date = 2020-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2134 sentences = 98 flesch = 38 summary = In sum, scaffolding children's meaning-making process during the present pandemic is crucial to help them cope with the emergency situation and to avoid the overwhelming and traumatic effects of misleading or partial cognitive appraisal and emotional over-reactions. After all, it is in the reciprocal and mutual exchange of affective states that happen within the parent-child relationship, that children can develop appropriate and successful emotional regulation strategies and resilience to stress (28) . Indeed, previous research suggests that family-based narrative approaches provide a structured opportunity to elicit parents' and children's meaning-making, assemble divergent storylines into a shared family narrative, and thereby enhance members' skills to cope with stressful and traumatic events developing hope and trust in family support (29) . Additionally, far from hinder this intuitive thinking, adults can engage in a careful listening of children emotional world and they can understand which are the elements contributing to the emergent meaning-making process that they are developing (32) . cache = ./cache/cord-314810-ny4mnzqc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314810-ny4mnzqc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323742-rt0g0ufe author = Carter, Michael J. title = Assessment of an Antibody-in-Lymphocyte Supernatant Assay for the Etiological Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Children date = 2020-01-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7421 sentences = 318 flesch = 39 summary = Acute IgG ALS to pneumococcal proteins discriminated between pneumococcal pneumonia and non-pneumococcal pneumonia in children enrolled to the study with good sensitivity and specificity, with AUROC curve ranging from 0.60 (95% CI 0.42-0.79) for Ply, to 0.85 (95% CI 0.75-0.94) for CbpA, using thresholds derived from the Youden Index (Table 2) . Among children with non-pneumococcal pneumonia (i.e., not "confounded" by definite pneumococcal or probable pneumococcal or probable bacterial or unknown pneumonia), those with NP carriage of pneumococci had higher acute IgG ALS to all five pneumococcal proteins than those without NP carriage (Wilcoxon rank sum tests; CbpA, p < 0.001; PcsB, p < 0.001; PhtD, p < 0.001; Ply, p < 0.001; StkpC, p < 0.001; Figure 7) . Among children ≥2 years of age with non-pneumococcal pneumonia, there were no significant differences in acute IgG ALS to any pneumococcal protein detected between those with (n = 19) and without (n = 49) NP carriage of pneumococci (Wilcoxon rank sum tests, p > 0.5 for all comparisons, Figure S4 ). cache = ./cache/cord-323742-rt0g0ufe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323742-rt0g0ufe.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313981-yuh5rwkt author = Burgner, David title = The burden of pneumonia in children: an Australian perspective date = 2005-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3878 sentences = 236 flesch = 40 summary = 3 The epidemiology of respiratory infections in this population is related to the country of origin or transit, PAEDIATRIC RESPIRATORY REVIEWS (2005) Summary The burden of pneumonia in Australian children is significant with an incidence of 5-8 per 1000 person-years. There are limited data on pathogen-specific causes of pneumonia, however Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common bacterial cause in children under 5 years of age and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are the predominant viral causes in young children. There are limited data on pathogen-specific causes of pneumonia, however Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common bacterial cause in children under 5 years of age and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are the predominant viral causes in young children. The epidemiology of childhood respiratory infections partly reflects these differences, with familiar pathogens occurring frequently throughout the country, but with high incidences of bacterial pneumonia amongst Indigenous Australians and less familiar pathogens, such as meliodosis, occurring in the Northern Territory. cache = ./cache/cord-313981-yuh5rwkt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313981-yuh5rwkt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314190-fvdock94 author = Florin, Todd A title = Viral bronchiolitis date = 2017-01-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7584 sentences = 404 flesch = 38 summary = The evidence and guideline recommendations consistently support a clinical diagnosis with the limited role for diagnostic testing for children presenting with the typical clinical syndrome of viral upper respiratory infection progressing to the lower respiratory tract. 24, 25, 27, 29, 30 Studies have investigated whether severity of illness, as measured by need for hospital admission, length of hospital stay, intensive care unit admission, repeated emergency department visits, and apnoea, is associated with specifi c viral infections or co-infections, but the evidence is confl icting. Recent studies suggest that higher respiratory syncytial virus genomic load, measured using quantitative PCR, might be associated with increased length of stay, use of respiratory support, and need for intensive care, in addition to recurrent wheezing, compared with lower viral loads. Systematic literature review assessing tobacco smoke exposure as a risk factor for serious respiratory syncytial virus disease among infants and young children cache = ./cache/cord-314190-fvdock94.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314190-fvdock94.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318916-5lzun9bv author = Bruining, Hilgo title = COVID-19 and child and adolescent psychiatry: an unexpected blessing for part of our population? date = 2020-07-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1128 sentences = 54 flesch = 43 summary = The COVID-19 outbreak has brought new challenges for child psychiatry and mental health services that must be addressed, including national guidelines covering interventions for major public health crises affecting children [8] . In this context, the crisis may provide a unique window of opportunity to test long-standing hypotheses on modern life stressors and mental health problems or psychiatric pathogenesis and well-being in developing children and adolescents [9, 10] . Therefore, we argue that the research agendas currently laid out to register and understand the negative effects of COVID-19 on child and adolescent (mental) health should also include the perspective of children and families who are benefitting from the societal changes. Hypotheses on both positive and negative responses of children and families to this crisis should be developed to understand the full breadth of impact on modern daily life routines and environments in future post COVID-19 times. cache = ./cache/cord-318916-5lzun9bv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318916-5lzun9bv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314196-1go07yi6 author = Bondy, Andy title = Promoting Functional Communication Within the Home date = 2020-05-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5285 sentences = 316 flesch = 71 summary = During this time of home confinement, many families will need to look at opportunities for their children to use existing functional communication skills or even to acquire new skills. When a child is having difficulties with a family activity or routine, determine whether a problem with one or more of these specific communication skills is contributing to the difficulty. The key to teaching this type of lesson is to create situations involving the use of moderately rewarding items or activities when the child is relatively calm. Asking for help is universally important because everyone at some time will be in a situation where the solution to a problem must come from someone else. -Potential solution: Marshall's parents teach him "the no game." They tell Marshall that sometimes they will say no to him, but if he responds calmly, they will provide other types of rewards-special time with them when he can pick which game to play. cache = ./cache/cord-314196-1go07yi6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314196-1go07yi6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314124-yk4y0kea author = Tsou, Ian Y. title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in a paediatric cluster in Singapore date = 2003-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1955 sentences = 117 flesch = 55 summary = BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a major infectious disease pandemic that occurred in early 2003, and one of the diagnostic criteria is the presence of chest radiographic findings. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new form of atypical pneumonia, and is an infectious disease which has caused a pandemic with significant public health concerns. Materials and methods: The chest radiographs of four related children ranging in age from 18 months to 9 years diagnosed as having SARS were reviewed for the presence of air-space shadowing, air bronchograms, peribronchial thickening, interstitial disease, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hilar lymphadenopathy and mediastinal widening. Materials and methods: The chest radiographs of four related children ranging in age from 18 months to 9 years diagnosed as having SARS were reviewed for the presence of air-space shadowing, air bronchograms, peribronchial thickening, interstitial disease, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hilar lymphadenopathy and mediastinal widening. Chest radiographic findings of a case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore cache = ./cache/cord-314124-yk4y0kea.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314124-yk4y0kea.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310944-tfn0ltrz author = Peck, Jessica L. title = COVID 19: Impacts and Implications for Pediatric Practice date = 2020-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5786 sentences = 307 flesch = 46 summary = Other populations at significant risk include older adults (> 65 years of age), persons with underlying medical conditions (e.g., asthma, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease), persons with immunocompromise, persons with severe obesity (body mass index >40), persons with diabetes, persons undergoing dialysis, and persons residing in long-term care or nursing homes (CDC, 2020c) . Ideal PPE when caring for a patient with known or suspected COVID-19 infection includes: a new N-95 mask, gown, medical grade gloves, and eye covers and/or a face shield (CDC, 2020b). Recommendations for families include: 1) supporting children as they ask questions about the pandemic, 2) close monitoring of child health and well-being with prompt contact of primary healthcare providers if changes are noticed, and 3) continuing to seek care in-person or using telehealth to maintain well visits and immunization schedules while receiving anticipatory guidance and necessary screenings. cache = ./cache/cord-310944-tfn0ltrz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310944-tfn0ltrz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318012-bg9y2nsp author = Cantais, Aymeric title = Epidemiology and microbiological investigations of community-acquired pneumonia in children admitted at the emergency department of a university hospital date = 2014-05-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3546 sentences = 158 flesch = 42 summary = BACKGROUND: The management of children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is largely influenced by the development of new molecular diagnostic tests that allow the simultaneous detection of a wide range of pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the huge proportion of CAP of viral origin, the high number of co-infection by multiple viruses and the low number of bacterial CAP, notably in children under 5 years, and address the need to re-evaluate the indications of empiric antimicrobial treatment in this age group. The aim of the present study was to document the presence of a large variety of pathogens in respiratory specimens from children attending the Pediatric Emergency Department of the University hospital of Saint-Etienne, France, during a six-month period and presenting a CAP based on clinical and radiological evidence. A single center epidemiological observational study was conducted over a six-month period (November 2012 to April 2013) on children aging from one month to 16.5 years and presenting with CAP at the Pediatric Emergency Department of the University hospital of Saint-Etienne, France. cache = ./cache/cord-318012-bg9y2nsp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318012-bg9y2nsp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320438-9j41eyw3 author = Daltro, Pedro title = Pulmonary infections date = 2011-04-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4506 sentences = 276 flesch = 35 summary = This paper reviews the most common imaging findings of pulmonary infection in children. This paper reviews the most common causes of pulmonary infection in children, emphasizing the imaging findings. As with other viral infections, focal or diffuse interstitial opacities are the initial chest radiograph presentation, but they can progress rapidly to bilateral areas of consolidation (Fig. 3 ). These children are prone to repeated bacterial infections with associated pneumonia leading to postinfectious bronchiectasis (Fig. 18) . Chest radiograph and CT findings show Fig. 16 Axial CT shows the typical halo sign in an immunocompromised child with invasive aspergillosis chronic or recurrent pneumonia, usually by Aspergillus or Candida organisms. The most common chest radiograph and CT findings are diffuse reticular interstitial opacities that can progress to massive alveolar consolidations resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome in infants (Fig. 20) . cache = ./cache/cord-320438-9j41eyw3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320438-9j41eyw3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317283-0zzs5cy8 author = Nicoletti, Angela title = Screening of COVID-19 in children admitted to the hospital for acute problems: preliminary data date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1825 sentences = 115 flesch = 49 summary = The majority of COVID-19 positive children had a close contact with an infected case or were family cluster cases and their age, at onset of disease, ranged from 1.5 months to 17 years (4) . In order to gain more insights into the outbreak of COVID-19, in our population of children and adolescents, we analyzed the clinical presentations, laboratory data and radiologic findings of patients who came to the Emergency Pediatric Department of Catanzaro (Italy), for an acute disease. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of patients (age, sex, location, date at symptom onset, , travel history and information on relatives) were collected using a standardized electronic medical record. Laboratory indices and chest X-ray descriptions, in our patients and in children and adolescents with COVID-19 infections reported in the literature, are also presented. A Case Series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection: clinical and epidemiological features cache = ./cache/cord-317283-0zzs5cy8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317283-0zzs5cy8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315436-8qrlc5sf author = Corona, Laura L. title = Parent Perceptions of Caregiver-Mediated Telemedicine Tools for Assessing Autism Risk in Toddlers date = 2020-06-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6635 sentences = 345 flesch = 47 summary = The present study examined the use, acceptability, and parents' perceptions of two caregiver-mediated tools for assessing ASD risk in toddlers, in which remote clinicians guided parents to complete interactive screening activities with their children. Emerging research has examined the feasibility and acceptability of telemedicine procedures in the assessment and diagnosis of ASD, using video technologies to allow clinicians to remotely observe child behavior and converse with caregivers (Juárez et al. (2018) compared a tele-assessment procedure in which a remote psychologist observed administration of the Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers and Young Children (STAT; Stone et al. As part of a larger project evaluating the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of two novel, parent-guided screening tools either developed (TELE-ASD-PEDS) or adapted for (TELE-STAT) the remote assessment of ASD in young children, we conducted preliminary evaluations of parent perceptions and feedback regarding these telemedicine tools. cache = ./cache/cord-315436-8qrlc5sf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315436-8qrlc5sf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315825-ckg8mf8t author = B, Liu title = Decrease of respiratory diseases in one social children welfare institute in Shanxi Province during COVID-19 date = 2020-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2698 sentences = 147 flesch = 47 summary = In order to resist the epidemic of COVID-19 outbreak, this welfare institute actively responded to government exhortation and carefully planned many urgent measures according to 'Guidelines on the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia Epidemic in New Corona virus Infections in Service Organizations of Children's Welfare (First Edition)' released by the O ce of the Ministry of Civil A airs, 7 for examples, disinfection and sterilization, isolation and age-based partitioned management, as well as monitoring body temperature. According to the data analysis of the same time period from 2018 to 2020, the anti-epidemic measures lead to that the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases reduced significantly among children of the social children welfare institute in 2020 compared with 2018 and 2019. Based on the survey analysis, we can clearly conclude that the actions taken during the epidemic of COVID-19 have strikingly resulted in the prevalence rate transform of respiratory diseases for the children, which suggests that the disinfection and management in welfare institutions administration should be strengthened daily. cache = ./cache/cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318965-0mxv8h06 author = Mastnak, Wolfgang title = Psychopathological problems related to the COVID‐19 pandemic and possible prevention with music therapy date = 2020-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1491 sentences = 84 flesch = 40 summary = Although Brodin 1 stated that the disease tends to be mild in children, psychopathological considerations allow us to assume that the pandemic will have a high risk of long-term paediatric psychiatric sequelae and interdisciplinary preventative measures are needed. Although Brodin 1 stated that the disease tends to be mild in children, psychopathological considerations allow us to assume that the pandemic will have a high risk of long-term paediatric psychiatric sequelae and interdisciplinary preventative measures are needed. 3 Given that the COVID-19 pandemic is a global disaster, public health, education and social systems need to work together to minimise the mental sequelae in the younger generation. Depending on children's resilience and/or susceptibility to stress, this could give rise to self-protective attitudes and personality features, as well as mental health issues such as post-traumatic stress disorders or depressive and avoidant personality traits. cache = ./cache/cord-318965-0mxv8h06.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318965-0mxv8h06.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320868-a9yegebb author = Senthilkumaran, Subramanian title = Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Children: Indian Perspectives date = 2020-04-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 808 sentences = 43 flesch = 46 summary = title: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Children: Indian Perspectives We would like to address additional issues related to epidemiology of COVID-19, reasons for uneventful clinical course in children, and the contributions of Indian judiciary to the health of children during the pandemic. In addition, increased expression of ACE2 in pediatric lungs and other tissues gives additional protection and contributes to uneventful clinical course [4] . In addition, exposure of pediatric population to various vaccines [10] carried out as per the Universal immunization program in India enhance the activation of the immune system [11, 12] , and contribute to uneventful clinical course. Over all, we believe that Indian children will withstand the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pandemic, but may be a link in transmission due to possibility of underreporting of cases, sub-clinical syndrome and longer shedding period of virus. Inflammatory cytokine profile in children with severe acute respiratory syndrome cache = ./cache/cord-320868-a9yegebb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320868-a9yegebb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322348-8opy5z9h author = Morelli, Mara title = Parents and Children During the COVID-19 Lockdown: The Influence of Parenting Distress and Parenting Self-Efficacy on Children’s Emotional Well-Being date = 2020-10-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7098 sentences = 309 flesch = 46 summary = Within the Social Cognitive Theory framework, a path model in which parenting self-efficacy and parental regulatory emotional self-efficacy mediated the relationship between parents' psychological distress and both children's emotional regulation, and children's lability/negativity, was investigated. (2020) in Italy showed that it was the parenting stress related to the health emergency, the pandemic, and the lockdown that increased children's psychological, emotional, and behavioral problems. For this reason, this study focused on identifying which parental psychological variables can mediate the relationship between parents' psychological distress during the pandemic and the lockdown and their children's emotional regulation, in order to understand which possible intervention should be implemented to ameliorate families' well-being. A SEM was employed to test the hypothesized mediation model in which parenting self-efficacy and parents' regulatory emotional self-efficacy (related to the COVID-19 lockdown) mediated the relationship between parents' psychological distress and both children's emotional regulation and children's lability/negativity. cache = ./cache/cord-322348-8opy5z9h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322348-8opy5z9h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321949-s1qu3odd author = Anderson, Evan J title = Rotavirus infection in adults date = 2004-01-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6937 sentences = 441 flesch = 38 summary = Spread by faecal-oral transmission, rotavirus infection in adults typically manifests with nausea, malaise, headache, abdominal cramping, diarrhoea, and fever. In this review we intend to familiarise clinicians who primarily provide care for adult patients with the salient features of rotavirus pathophysiology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention. In a separate study, 14 parents of children with rotavirus gastroenteritis developed serological evidence of infection, but only three had diarrhoea. Rotavirus infections in adult patients infected with HIV-1 frequently present as a chronic diarrhoea with sustained viral shedding in stools. In a small prospective study in the UK, rotavirus caused 4·1% of acute diarrhoea in adults admitted to hospital. 79 In a study of Mexican adults, 63% of patients presenting with acute gastroenteritis during winter months were positive for rotavirus. Rotavirus infections in adults in association with acute gastroenteritis cache = ./cache/cord-321949-s1qu3odd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321949-s1qu3odd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322711-u6yr8wqh author = Imran, Nazish title = Psychological burden of quarantine in children and adolescents: A rapid systematic review and proposed solutions date = 2020 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4936 sentences = 292 flesch = 45 summary = This rapid review takes into account the impact of quarantine on mental health of children and adolescents, and proposes measures to improve psychological outcomes of isolation. The seven studies before onset of COVID 19 about psychological impact of quarantine in children have reported isolation, social exclusion stigma and fear among the children. 3 Uncertainties regarding pandemic itself, strict social distancing measures, widespread and prolonged school closures, parental stressors, and loss of loved ones are likely to affect children and adolescent's wellbeing in addition to specific psychological effects of quarantine and isolation. 5 Since the COVID-19 outbreak related disease containment measures and school closure has become relevant to all affected countries around the globe, urgent evidence synthesis is needed to help policy makers understand the mental health outcomes of quarantine in children and adolescents. Thus, to summarize, this review shows considerable psychological impact of quarantine and other disease containment measures among children and adolescents. cache = ./cache/cord-322711-u6yr8wqh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322711-u6yr8wqh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-316260-1t3ifsfi author = Nogueira-de-Almeida, Carlos Alberto title = COVID-19 and obesity in childhood and adolescence: A clinical review()() date = 2020-08-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7974 sentences = 450 flesch = 43 summary = In severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, these organic changes from obesity may increase the need for ventilatory assistance, risk of thromboembolism, reduced glomerular filtration rate, changes in the innate and adaptive immune response, and perpetuation of the chronic inflammatory response. 3--6 The present review aims to identify the factors that contribute to the increase in the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 in obese children and adolescents, and its health consequences, to collaborate for better clinical care of these patients. The three main risk factors that link obesity to COVID-19 demonstrated for adults 52 are also present among children and adolescents: chronic subclinical inflammation, impaired immune response, and underlying cardiorespiratory diseases. In conclusion, obesity in childhood and adolescence can be considered a risk factor for greater susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 and is associated with nutritional, cardiac, respiratory, renal, and immunological alterations, which may potentiate the complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. cache = ./cache/cord-316260-1t3ifsfi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-316260-1t3ifsfi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324786-8k81jetq author = Chang, Anne B title = Antibiotics for bronchiectasis exacerbations in children: rationale and study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial date = 2012-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5672 sentences = 298 flesch = 43 summary = Our study tests the hypothesis that both oral azithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid are superior to placebo at improving resolution rates of respiratory exacerbations by day 14 in children with bronchiectasis unrelated to cystic fibrosis. Our multicentre, double-blind RCT is designed to determine if azithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, compared with placebo, improve symptom resolution on day 14 in children with acute respiratory exacerbations. Early and effective management of bronchiectasis exacerbations in children may lead to reduced hospitalisations, better quality of life (QOL) and improved future adult lung function. Our study tests the primary hypothesis that both oral azithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid are superior to placebo in improving the resolution rate of respiratory exacerbations by day 14 in children with non-CF bronchiectasis. We are conducting a multicentre, parallel group, double-blind placebo RCT (with concealed allocation) to assess the impact of treatment with antibiotics (azithromycin or amoxicillinclavulanic acid) in children with an exacerbation of bronchiectasis. cache = ./cache/cord-324786-8k81jetq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324786-8k81jetq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320002-25ivll3q author = Mathew, Joseph L. title = Etiology of community acquired pneumonia among children in India: prospective, cohort study date = 2015-10-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4151 sentences = 220 flesch = 44 summary = BACKGROUND: Childhood community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant problem in developing countries, and confirmation of microbial etiology is important for individual, as well as public health. The Pneumonia Research for Child Health (PERCH) project [15] is a 7-site case-control study to identify the cause of pneumonia among children in developing countries. Currently, there is no study from India reporting etiology of CAP in a large cohort of children, using multiple biological samples, and various sensitive as well as specific microbiologic methods. We initiated the Community Acquired Pneumonia Etiology Study (CAPES) to address this knowledge gap by determining the microbiologic etiology of CAP in a cohort of Indian children using multiple biological specimens (blood, nasopharyngeal aspirates, bronchoalveolar lavage) and the relationship between etiology and pneumonia severity. Lower respiratory infections among hospitalized children in New Caledonia: a pilot study for the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health project cache = ./cache/cord-320002-25ivll3q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320002-25ivll3q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323941-6rdveab3 author = Levine, Diane Thembekile title = Child safety, protection, and safeguarding in the time of COVID-19 in Great Britain: Proposing a conceptual framework date = 2020-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6235 sentences = 263 flesch = 46 summary = While the pandemic clearly poses a risk to the lives and wellbeing of vulnerable groups, necessary public health measures taken to delay or limit the spread of the virus have led to distinctive challenges for prevention, family support, court processes, placement and alternative care. The UK Government's efforts to address child vulnerability and provide protection and support for those children and young people who fall within its narrow definition have greatly impacted the way in which social services have delivered routine practice. In contrast, the aspirational conceptual framework re-frames the flow of information in a way that enables: a) a more holistic and child-led flow of information/data across the micro and macrosystems; b) places child development and their articulation of that development in a crucial, intersectional position in the data flow; c) suggests a single data flow through the interconnected systems intended to act as protective factors for vulnerable/at risk children and young people, and; d) recognises the importance of effective digital mediation of services for those who need it most. cache = ./cache/cord-323941-6rdveab3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323941-6rdveab3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321514-knyw023l author = Bénet, Thomas title = Severity of Pneumonia in Under 5-Year-Old Children from Developing Countries: A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Study date = 2017-07-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4441 sentences = 271 flesch = 44 summary = The objectives were to evaluate the microbiological agents linked with hypoxemia in hospitalized children with pneumonia from developing countries, to identify predictors of hypoxemia, and to characterize factors associated with in-hospital mortality. The objectives of the present study are to assess the microbiological agents linked to hypoxemia in hospitalized children with pneumonia in developing countries, to identify clinical and para-clinical predictors of hypoxemia and to pinpoint factors associated with death within 2 weeks after admission. The present study selectively comprised sites with better quality data on oxygen saturation (SO 2 ) at admission, mortality among pneumonia cases, and documented recording of patient follow-up during hospitalization. One of the objectives of this study was to assess microbiological agents and other predictors of hypoxemia and death in under 5-year-old hospitalized children with pneumonia from developing countries. cache = ./cache/cord-321514-knyw023l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321514-knyw023l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319286-xbf4zhnr author = Howie, Erin K. title = Exploring the Reliability and Validity of the TechU-Q to Evaluate Device and Purpose Specific Screen Use in Preschool Children and Parents date = 2020-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6203 sentences = 288 flesch = 48 summary = This study surveyed parents of young children (n = 96, mean child age 3.0, SD 1.0 years) from three settings (Australia, United States) to test the reliability and validity of a new tool to capture richer data on technology use within a techno-microsystem. An important step to better understand the implications of MTSD use, and thus provide evidence to inform health and education guidelines , is the development of a reliable, valid, and feasible measure to capture family screen technology use (Saunders and Vallance 2017) . For young children, parents were asked to report the amount of time using each device for each purpose: educational activities, social networking, watching videos, playing games, and other general use. The current study aimed to establish face, content and construct validity of the TechU-Q and then to use this measure to explore the device-and purpose-specific use of technology in young children and their parents. cache = ./cache/cord-319286-xbf4zhnr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319286-xbf4zhnr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326963-34hw4oeg author = Panthi, Bindu title = An urgent call to address the nutritional status of women and children in Nepal during COVID-19 crises date = 2020-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1391 sentences = 71 flesch = 44 summary = The impact of the COVID-19 on nutrition outcomes has not been acknowledged at this point in Nepal but studies have shown that large scale emergencies have increased morbidity and often mortality in infants and young children [3] [4] [5] . Communities and vulnerable groups like women and children dealing with malnutrition are doubly susceptible to compromised health due to COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrition services like vitamin A and deworming campaign, supplementation of micronutrient powders, treatment of malnourished children through the outpatient therapeutic center, and nutrition rehabilitation homes have also been affected as a result of the priority shift of health sector towards COVID-19. Continuity of safe motherhood services along with maternal and child nutrition interventions are required including vitamin A and deworming tablets supplementation, screening and treatment of children with acute malnutrition, distributing fortified flour to pregnant women and children above 6 months, supplying micronutrient powder, and ensuring proper counseling on infant and young child feeding practices. cache = ./cache/cord-326963-34hw4oeg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326963-34hw4oeg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326277-dwyvics9 author = Thakur, Kalpna title = Effect of the Pandemic and Lockdown on Mental Health of Children date = 2020-05-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 475 sentences = 35 flesch = 56 summary = However, this lockdown has restricted people to stay at home which is likely to impact their physical as well as mental health. It has been found that children staying at home due to lockdown spend more time in front of TV and internet which can lead to psycho-social problems, like lower selfesteem [1] . suggests that children who are separated from their parents/ caregivers due to their infections or their parents being affected or their parents serving in hospitals are more susceptible to psychological problems. Though, great efforts have been made by Indian government to combat this pandemic, however, this will lead India half way only as we need to focus on holistic health of children and not focusing only on providing basic care. For this we suggest, the parents of children staying at home should reduce their use of internet and TV by engaging them in physical activities. Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-326277-dwyvics9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326277-dwyvics9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324181-nyrpg3ud author = Baker, Jeffrey title = Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2) date = 2020-05-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4253 sentences = 232 flesch = 47 summary = title: Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2) 19, 20 We report the safety and efficacy results of single oral dose baloxavir treatment in otherwise healthy children 1-<12 years old with acute influenza from miniSTONE-2 (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03629184), a phase III, randomized, active controlled trial. This was a global, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, active controlled trial of the safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a single oral dose of baloxavir versus twice-daily (for 5 days) oral oseltamivir, in otherwise healthy children with influenza. Parents completed the Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness and Flu Scale (CARIFS) 22 questionnaire at scheduled visits (day [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] , and responses were used to measure secondary efficacy endpoints including time to alleviation of signs and symptoms (TTASS) of influenza [defined as when a score of 0 (no problem) or 1 (minor problem) was reported for cough and nasal symptoms on the CARIFS questionnaire, return to normal health and activity, and return to afebrile state (tympanic temperature ≤37.2°C), remaining for at least 21.5 hours]. cache = ./cache/cord-324181-nyrpg3ud.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324181-nyrpg3ud.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323473-e2pgjynr author = Cevey-Macherel, Manon title = Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children based on WHO clinical guidelines date = 2009-02-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3445 sentences = 190 flesch = 40 summary = The objective of the study was to define the causative agents among children hospitalized for CAP defined by WHO guidelines and to correlate etiology with clinical severity and surrogate markers. The aims of this study, performed before the routine implementation of the heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine in Switzerland, were to define, as strictly as possible, the causative agents of pneumonia among children aged from 2 months to 5 years hospitalized for CAP on the basis of WHO clinical criteria, and to determine which factors could help clinicians to discriminate bacterial from viral pneumonia. Excluding patients with undetermined etiology, univariate analyses showed that dehydration was the only clinical sign significantly more represented in the bacterial group of pneumonia. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children based on antibody responses to bacterial and viral antigens Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized school-age children: evidence for high prevalence of viral infections cache = ./cache/cord-323473-e2pgjynr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323473-e2pgjynr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327493-v2iatbol author = Kwon, Hyo Jin title = Clinical manifestations of respiratory adenoviral infection among hospitalized children in Korea date = 2013-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2820 sentences = 190 flesch = 41 summary = BACKGROUND: The objective of our study was to understand the epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory adenoviral infections among children at a single institution over the course of several years. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that respiratory adenovirus infections are an important cause of hospitalization in young children, and contribute to a significant morbidity. The study was performed to more fully characterize the epidemiological pattern, clinical features and complications associated with hospitalization for adenoviral infection in Korean children. Adenovirus was associated with a wide variety of diagnoses, ranging from upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) to severe pneumonia and encephalitis ( Table 1 ). 22 reported that 70% of hospitalized children with adenoviral infection had pneumonia, while our results revealed a significant proportion of patients (45.4%) with URTI. Lower respiratory tract infections due to adenovirus in hospitalized Korean children: epidemiology, clinical features, and prognosis cache = ./cache/cord-327493-v2iatbol.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327493-v2iatbol.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323859-rkxgtyoq author = Patel, Khushboo title = Mental health implications of COVID-19 on children with disabilities date = 2020-07-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 674 sentences = 40 flesch = 46 summary = Challenges of online learning coupled with a lack of recreational activities that can be done at home can prove to be frustrating for children with such physical disabilities. For instance, in India, 7.8 million children between 0-19 years of age have a physical or mental disability, and one fourth of them do not attend any educational institute (UNESCO, 2019). A system of online clinics and volunteer based psychological interventions should be set up as immediate priority to mitigate effects of COVID-19 on children with mental health issues (Holmes et al., 2020) . Amidst this, it becomes important to keep children with physical and mental disability not only physically safe, but also look after their psychological and emotional wellbeing. Resources for supporting children's emotional wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic Protecting the psychological health of children through effective communication about COVID-19 Leaving no child behind during the pandemic: Children with disabilities and COVID-19 cache = ./cache/cord-323859-rkxgtyoq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323859-rkxgtyoq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329123-ytezkugu author = Santi, Aura Daniella title = Atrial fibrillation in a child with COVID-19 infection date = 2020-10-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1415 sentences = 91 flesch = 36 summary = A multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children has been described in association with COVID-19 infection, with 80% involving cardiovascular sequelae. Criteria were met for severe multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children given the cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, mucocutaneous, and pulmonary involvement with history of COVID-19 infection. 6 Current guidelines for multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children treatment include starting low-dose aspirin, steroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin for all patients (dose dependent on severity) and biologic treatment with tocilizumab, anakinra, or infliximab for severe cases. 7 Monitoring for cardiovascular complications via serial troponin with early intervention is essential for multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children patients. Cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 in children remain a topic of novel investigation as literature in this population is lacking. The case highlights the importance of developing management strategies in patients with multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children in the setting of viral infection with COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-329123-ytezkugu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329123-ytezkugu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335582-30rws724 author = Bonal, Xavier title = The impact of lockdown on the learning gap: family and school divisions in times of crisis date = 2020-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7430 sentences = 382 flesch = 51 summary = Middle-class families were able to maintain higher standards of education quality in a critical context, while children from socially disadvantaged families had few learning opportunities both in terms of time and learning experiences (schoolwork and maintenance of after-school activities). During the COVID-19 Catalan lockdown, the instructional time received by students from different social backgrounds has been unequal, as has the educational value of the activities developed at home in non-school time. Extant research evidence based on these experiences identifies the existence of a general loss of learning connected to school absence, which can be more or less severe depending on students' previous performance, family characteristics, age, and education pathway, among other factors. Inequalities in families' economic, social and cultural capital impacted on student learning opportunities by different means, including school responses to the lockdown, access to digital facilities and the level of parental learning support. cache = ./cache/cord-335582-30rws724.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335582-30rws724.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326328-9w2p3xla author = JENKINS, IAN A. title = Infections of the airway date = 2009-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6302 sentences = 348 flesch = 43 summary = Infectious mononucleosis (IM) can cause compromise of the airway ( Figure 2 ) and this has been reported in as many as 25-60% of children presenting with IM (7) (8) (9) . Although most authors since the 1960s have advocated the use of glucocorticoids to avert the need for surgical intervention, several series note that, despite steroids, 40-88% of patients with airway obstruction required tonsillectomy (7, 9) . Historically, epiglottitis has been associated primarily with Haemophilus influenzae infections, typically occurring in children aged 3 months to 5 years, with a peak incidence between 1 and 3 years, and characterized by a rapid onset of fever, drooling and stridor (47) . Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management Haemophilus influenzae type b epiglottitis as a cause of acute upper airways obstruction in children cache = ./cache/cord-326328-9w2p3xla.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326328-9w2p3xla.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333479-d0mgma42 author = Duan, Li title = An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in China during the outbreak of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4615 sentences = 193 flesch = 45 summary = Moreover, multiple linear regression and bivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between outcome variables (the reported level of anxiety and clinical depressive symptom) and potential predictors (e.g. concerns related to the epidemic, smartphone/internet addiction, and coping style) while adjusting for other identified explanatory variables. Additionally, in order to further analyze the significant factors associated with the level of respondent' anxiety, we conducted multiple linear regression analysis and obtained the following factors to construct a multiple linear regression model of anxiety: clinical depression levels, implementation of the precaution and control measures, sex, family member or friend was infected with coronavirus, occupation of the mother involved in the epidemic, region (e.g., rural, urban), and emotion-focused coping style, which accounted for 31.0% of the total variance ( Table 5) . cache = ./cache/cord-333479-d0mgma42.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333479-d0mgma42.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320156-xs936r6u author = Nunes, Marta C. title = Polyomaviruses-associated respiratory infections in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children date = 2014-10-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3682 sentences = 186 flesch = 44 summary = OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and clinical manifestations of WUPyV and KIPyV-associated lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) hospitalization in HIV-infected and -uninfected children; and probe the role of pneumococcal co-infection. Co-infections with other respiratory-viruses were detected in 65.5% of WUPyV-positive LRTIs and in 75.0% of KIPyV-positive LRTIs. Among HIV-uninfected children, there was a lower incidence of hospitalization for clinical pneumonia episodes in which KIPyV (80%; 95% CI: 41, 93) and WUPyV (49%; 95% CI: 9, 71) were identified among PCV9-recipients compared to placebo-recipients. The aim of this study was to determine the burden and clinical features of WUPyV and KIPyV infections in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children hospitalized for LRTIs. Furthermore, as an exploratory analysis we used the design of a RCT of a 9-valent PCV (PCV9) to probe whether pneumococcal co-infection may contribute to hospitalization for PyV-associated pneumonia. cache = ./cache/cord-320156-xs936r6u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320156-xs936r6u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333061-d1mdacx3 author = Zhang, Xiu-Hang title = A Specially Designed Medical Screen for Children Suffering from Burns: A Randomized Trial of a Distraction-type Therapy date = 2020-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2918 sentences = 159 flesch = 61 summary = Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of the specially designed medical dressing screen during wound dressing changes of children who suffered burns to their hand or foot. Conclusions This study demonstrated "that the" application of the medical screen for burns can relieve the pain of 1-3 years old children suffering from a burns during dressing changes. The study was designed to compare the effect of a specially designed medical dressing screen's intervention with usual 84 care or a touch-screen computer alone during wound dressing changes for children aged 1-3 years who suffering from 85 burns on their hands or feet. Despite the limited number of previous studies 314 investigating this topic 11 , the current results provide further evidence that the special designed medical screen is more 315 effective than touch computer or usual care, suggesting that this will be a powerful and effective complement 316 treatment method for minimizing pain in children burn patients related to dressing changes. cache = ./cache/cord-333061-d1mdacx3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333061-d1mdacx3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327284-j6cg7nf0 author = Meireles, André Luís Ferreira title = Impact of Social Isolation due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Pediatric Disorders: Rehabilitation Perspectives From a Developing Country date = 2020-08-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1478 sentences = 82 flesch = 33 summary = title: Impact of Social Isolation due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Pediatric Disorders: Rehabilitation Perspectives From a Developing Country Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin are being indicated in treatment protocols of countries such as Brazil; however, a case report on an adult patient taking chloroquine for presumable reticular erythematous mucinosis indicated that the drug induced myasthenic syndrome, suggesting that the drug might affect neuromuscular junction transmission and might adversely affect children with myasthenia. Other important negative effects of social isolation in children and adolescents during a pandemic are in the area of mental health. Evidence shows the importance of physical rehabilitation for pediatric patients with chronic neurological conditions 14, 15 ; however, these activities must be interrupted during a pandemic. Although we will probably will not be able to see the real impact of social isolation on health of children with disabilities until after COVID-19 is gone, pediatric physical therapists must adapt in order to provide the best possible care during this complex social moment that our patients and families are enduring. cache = ./cache/cord-327284-j6cg7nf0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327284-j6cg7nf0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324752-t50bg7pq author = Lavery, Michael Joseph title = Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 in children (and adults): A virus that does not discriminate date = 2020-11-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2649 sentences = 185 flesch = 49 summary = COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a beta coronavirus with a characteristic S-glycoprotein 'spike' on the cell surface.(1) Initial reports did not include cutaneous manifestations as a feature of COVID-19; however, there is a growing repertoire of reports demonstrating an array of dermatologic manifestations on the skin in children and adults. Dermatologic afflictions have been summarized into different categories several times, with the most recent analysis identifying six clinical patterns: urticaria, maculopapular-morbilliform eruption, papulovesicular exanthem, chilblain-like acral pattern, livedo reticularis-livedo racemose pattern, and purpuric 'vasculitic' pattern.(2) In children, the dermatologic features appear to occur before or concomitantly with other COVID-19 manifestations. 24 Recently, nail changes have been identified in patients with COVID-19 manifesting as a convex half-moon shaped erythematous band at the distal margin of the lunula and coined 'the red half-moon nail sign.' 25, 26 In the United Kingdom (UK), researchers analyzed data from users of the COVID Symptom Study application and noted 8.8% of 336,847 users, with a positive SARS-CoV-2 viral swab, reported a skin eruption. cache = ./cache/cord-324752-t50bg7pq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324752-t50bg7pq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328709-bqf3d6r3 author = Khan, Mariam S. title = Paid Family Leave and Children Health Outcomes in OECD Countries date = 2020-07-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6799 sentences = 328 flesch = 58 summary = Many OECD countries, except for the United States, have adopted paid family leave and a large body of literature has examined the effect of these leave policies on health outcomes for children. While the important role of caregivers during the neonatal period is clear, most research has examined the impact of employment leave after birth for mothers-with little to no work focusing on the impact of paid paternity leave on health outcomes of children. To address this gap, this study examines the separate effects of paid maternity and paternity leave policies on the health outcomes of children in OECD countries during the period of 1990 to 2016. The findings of this study are beneficial in understanding the lagged impact of paid family leave, including maternity and paternity leave, on the health outcomes of children. cache = ./cache/cord-328709-bqf3d6r3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328709-bqf3d6r3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326532-2ehuuvnx author = Götzinger, Florian title = COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study date = 2020-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5321 sentences = 282 flesch = 46 summary = This study aimed to capture key data on children and adolescents with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection across Europe to inform physicians and health-care service planning during the ongoing pandemic. Significant risk factors for requiring ICU admission in multivariable analyses were being younger than 1 month (odds ratio 5·06, 95% CI 1·72–14·87; p=0·0035), male sex (2·12, 1·06–4·21; p=0·033), pre-existing medical conditions (3·27, 1·67–6·42; p=0·0015), and presence of lower respiratory tract infection signs or symptoms at presentation (10·46, 5·16–21·23; p<0·0001). For this cohort study, European members of the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (ptbnet)-which currently includes 304 clinicians and researchers, most of whom are based at tertiary or quaternary paediatric infectious diseases or paediatric pulmonology units, across 128 paediatric health-care institutions in 31 European countries [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] -were invited to contribute cases of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection that had been managed at or managed remotely by their health-care institution (including individuals admitted to other hospitals or identified during community screening) before or during the study period. cache = ./cache/cord-326532-2ehuuvnx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326532-2ehuuvnx.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329905-dwfwwdbn author = Staat, Dana D. title = International Adoption: Issues in Infectious Diseases date = 2012-01-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6323 sentences = 391 flesch = 47 summary = Furthermore, infectious organisms (e.g., intestinal parasites), bacterial pathogens (e.g., Bordetella pertussis and Treponema pallidum), and viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses) may cause clinically significant morbidity and mortality among infected children. 7 Adopted children may have received vaccines of differing potencies or at different ages, or they may have been given a number of doses other than what is recommended in the United States. Because other countries may focus on required vaccinations for diseases endemic to their region, clinicians should ensure that all vaccinations that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommend are given to newly adopted children. 24 Of note, the high rate of positive results among internationally adopted children may be due to not only exposure to active cases of tuberculosis in their countries of origin but also vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is more common in developing countries than in the United States. cache = ./cache/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330780-lmntovs5 author = Simacek, Jessica title = Current Trends in Telehealth Applications to Deliver Social Communication Interventions for Young Children with or at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder date = 2020-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4783 sentences = 244 flesch = 37 summary = title: Current Trends in Telehealth Applications to Deliver Social Communication Interventions for Young Children with or at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Early, intensive, and high-quality interventions can often improve social communication outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This article highlights the current trends in social communication intervention via telehealth used in early intervention practices for children with ASD over the past 5 years, including a brief review of studies (from 2014 to January 2020) and our team's experiences in this area. One of the best-documented uses of telehealth applications is training parents to implement intervention strategies to support their child's social communication development (18 studies; 81.8%). This study examined the effects of parent-implemented functional communication training delivered via synchronous telehealth coaching on child requests during routines This study coached parents synchronously via telehealth to implement assessment and intervention (functional communication training) procedures to reduce self-injurious behaviors and to increase child requests cache = ./cache/cord-330780-lmntovs5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330780-lmntovs5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330777-xcwppaux author = Esposito, Susanna title = Collection by trained pediatricians or parents of mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs for the detection of influenza viruses in childhood date = 2010-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2110 sentences = 93 flesch = 47 summary = This study evaluated the efficiency of pediatric mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs used by parents in 203 children aged 6 months to 5 years with signs and symptoms of respiratory disease. These findings show that mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs specifically designed for infants and children can be used by parents without reducing the influenza virus detection rate. The influenza virus detection rates were similar in the samples collected using the two methods (Cohen's kappa = 0.86): in comparison with the pediatricians, the sensitivity and specificity of the parental collections were respectively 89.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 77.8-100%) and 97.7% (95% CI: 95.5-100%), and the positive and negative predictive values were respectively 86.2% (95% CI: 73.7-95.1%) and 98.2% (95% CI: 96.4-100%). Our findings demonstrate that mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs specifically designed for infants and children can be used by parents without reducing influenza virus detection rates. cache = ./cache/cord-330777-xcwppaux.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330777-xcwppaux.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344486-iu5flbcl author = Chiotos, Kathleen title = Multicenter interim guidance on use of antivirals for children with COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-09-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8595 sentences = 416 flesch = 37 summary = In the few months since this initial publication, new evidence has emerged demonstrating the efficacy of the antiviral medication remdesivir in shortening time to clinical recovery in adults with COVID-19, while several other studies have shown ineffectiveness of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) . Further, additional observational studies have provided insight into the clinical epidemiology of COVID-19 in children, demonstrating that while most young patients experience mild illness, a small proportion develop severe illness associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including need for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission and mortality (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) . Nevertheless, the panel recognizes that pediatric clinicians are likely to consider comorbidities when weighing the risks and benefits of antiviral therapy on a case-bycase basis, and in making these decisions may consider: 1) the available, albeit limited, pediatric COVID-19 literature; 2) risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 in adults; and 3) pre-existing medical conditions in children associated with worse clinical outcomes for other viral infections. cache = ./cache/cord-344486-iu5flbcl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344486-iu5flbcl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335055-gzuug3p5 author = Kwiyolecha, Elizabeth title = Patterns of viral pathogens causing upper respiratory tract infections among symptomatic children in Mwanza, Tanzania date = 2020-10-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3311 sentences = 196 flesch = 45 summary = title: Patterns of viral pathogens causing upper respiratory tract infections among symptomatic children in Mwanza, Tanzania Therefore, there is a paramount need to establish information on the common etiologies of RTIs in Tanzania, the information that can stimulate further studies and possible control interventions including introduction of cheap and reliable methods to detect these pathogens in clinical settings. In addition due to increased use of antibiotic without a support of a diagnostic test in the treatment of URTI as observed in number of previous studies [11] [12] [13] , make the availability of epidemiological data on the patterns of etiology of URTI of paramount important. A cross sectional hospital based study involving 339 children aged 1-59 months presenting with RTI symptoms was conducted from October 2017 to February 2018 in the city of Mwanza, Tanzania. A previous study 33 , documented Rhinovirus to cause up to 25-85% of the upper respiratory tract infections. cache = ./cache/cord-335055-gzuug3p5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335055-gzuug3p5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332404-va3rxy5p author = Landeros, A. title = An Examination of School Reopening Strategies during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic date = 2020-08-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6144 sentences = 360 flesch = 54 summary = Using a stratified Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Removed model, we explore the influences of reduced class density, transmission mitigation (such as the use of masks, desk shields, frequent surface cleaning, or outdoor instruction), and viral detection on cumulative prevalence. Given transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs through respiratory droplets, any reopening policy must adequately reduce crowded environments at school to protect children, teachers, staff, and ultimately communities. A recent study on the effects of school closure in March in the U.S. suggests that it reduced COVID-19 cases in states with low cumulative incidence [2] , yet education researchers worry that teachers will face lagging educational development of children once schools reopen due to the extended period of remote learning [11] . Our simulations with a single cohort indicate that a 5% percent threshold policy can shift infections in children from 80% to 55% over a 6 month period when child-to-child transmission rates in school are high ( Figure 3C ). cache = ./cache/cord-332404-va3rxy5p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332404-va3rxy5p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331825-dwi350c0 author = Teherani, Mehgan F title = Burden of illness in households with SARS-CoV-2 infected children date = 2020-08-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1629 sentences = 117 flesch = 63 summary = We investigated the dynamics of illness among household members of SARS-CoV-2 infected children that received medical care (n=32). To address this knowledge gap, we utilized a prospective registry of laboratory-confirmed pediatric COVID-19 cases and conducted contact tracing of household members to characterize the presumed transmission before and after the child's diagnosis. We defined the suspected index case as the first person (child or adult) to report symptoms or test positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the household, documented 14 days prior to, during, or after symptoms of other family members. Because pediatric patients are more likely to be asymptomatic or show mild symptoms, it has been challenging to define their role in SARS-CoV-2 household transmission, which this study aimed to address. In our study of child-to-adult transmission cases, children were symptomatic for at least 4 days prior to seeking care, the time period when they were most likely to be infectious to other household members 5,9 . cache = ./cache/cord-331825-dwi350c0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331825-dwi350c0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336562-5qmzne98 author = Auten, Richard title = Pediatric pulmonology year in review 2016: Part 2 date = 2017-04-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2535 sentences = 134 flesch = 40 summary = The ability to obtain tidal breathing measurements may lead to new insights into changes in chest and abdominal motion in pediatric respiratory disease. 47 Acute viral bronchiolitis, due to RSV and other pathogens, continues to have a major impact worldwide on childhood mortality and hospital admissions, 51 is associated with subsequent asthma and allergy risk, 52 and could be increasing in incidence. 57 Flores et al 58 conducted a randomized clinical trial comparing 3% hypertonic saline to normal saline in previously healthy infants hospitalized with mild-to-moderate acute viral bronchiolitis. Thus, the study does not support the use of nebulized hypertonic saline over normal saline in therapy of hospitalized children with mild-to-moderate acute viral bronchiolitis. Association between trafficrelated air pollution and asthma in preschool children in a national Japanese nested case-control study Changes in lung function measured by spirometry and the forced oscillation technique in cystic fibrosis patients undergoing treatment for respiratory tract exacerbation cache = ./cache/cord-336562-5qmzne98.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336562-5qmzne98.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341331-l24oe2pd author = Zheng, Baojia title = An increasing public health burden arising from children infected with SARS‐CoV2: a systematic review and meta‐analysis date = 2020-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3322 sentences = 214 flesch = 52 summary = Therefore, it is valuable to perform a comprehensive analysis of the different published SARS-CoV2 pediatric cases recording clinical and epidemiological features, merging and This article is protected by copyright. The included studies were required to meet the following eligibility criteria: (1) studies focused on pediatric patients infected with SARS-CoV2 whose nucleic acid test or CT scan were positive; (2) retrospective observational studies, case reports or research articles describing the epidemiological, demographic, and clinical features of confirmed cases, which allowed stratification; and (3) a minimum size of patients (n>3) to conduct a meta-analysis. analysis, aiming to evaluate the features and situation of the children infected with SARS-CoV2 and their possibly increasing health burden on the public. In our study, we found that the proportion of asymptomatic infections in children was high; both males and females were susceptible to SARS-CoV2. cache = ./cache/cord-341331-l24oe2pd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341331-l24oe2pd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342133-khrljehj author = Principi, Nicola title = Bocavirus Infection in Otherwise Healthy Children with Respiratory Disease date = 2015-08-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5116 sentences = 243 flesch = 49 summary = To evaluate the role of human bocavirus (hBoV) as a causative agent of respiratory disease, the importance of the viral load in respiratory disease type and severity and the pathogenicity of the different hBoV species, we studied all hBoV-positive nasopharyngeal samples collected from children who attended an emergency room for a respiratory tract infection during three winters (2009–2010, 2011–2012, and 2013–2014). To evaluate the circulation of the different hBoV types and the possible relationships between viral load, virus genetic characteristics, and the severity of infection, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from otherwise healthy children attending the emergency room of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy, due to a respiratory tract infection arising between November 1 and March 31 during 3 winters (2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014) . Single detection of human bocavirus 1 with a high viral load in severe respiratory tract infections in previously healthy children cache = ./cache/cord-342133-khrljehj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342133-khrljehj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329499-jh4pbqxu author = Leulseged, T. W. title = COVID-19 in Hospitalized Ethiopian Children: Characteristics and Outcome Profile date = 2020-11-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3834 sentences = 238 flesch = 56 summary = Aim: To assess the characteristics and outcome profile of 115 RT-PCR confirmed children with COVID-19, and to determine the presence of significant difference in disease severity and survival distribution between groups among children admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia. Therefore, in this study we aimed to assess the characteristics and outcome profile of 115 RT-PCR confirmed children with COVID-19, and to determine the presence of significant difference in disease severity and survival distribution between groups among children admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia. Based on the chi-square/ Fischer's exact test result, a significant difference in COVID-19 disease severity was observed among the groups classified by the presence of symptom, fever, cough, sore throat, chest pain and headache. Therefore, in this study we have assessed the characteristics and outcome profile of 90 RT-PCR confirmed children with COVID-19 who were admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia from end of June to mid September, 2020. cache = ./cache/cord-329499-jh4pbqxu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329499-jh4pbqxu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327963-dqsg84e5 author = Tang, Suqin title = Mental Health and Its Correlates among Children and Adolescents during COVID-19 School Closure: The Importance of Parent-Child Discussion date = 2020-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5145 sentences = 249 flesch = 49 summary = Besides demographic information, psychological distress (including depression, anxiety, and stress), life satisfaction, perceived impact of home quarantine, and parent-child discussions on COVID-19 were assessed. To address these gaps in the literature, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and levels of life satisfaction, among children and adolescents experiencing home quarantine and school closure in Shanghai due to COVID-19. Positive screens and symptom levels for depression, anxiety, and stress were higher among those who were more negative about the impact of home quarantine and who had no discussion about the COVID-19 with their parents. In order to further explore how children and adolescents' intrapersonal perception on the impact of quarantine, interpersonal interaction with parents regarding COVID-19, and the interaction effects between perceived beneficial and parent-child discussion in association with the severity of depression, anxiety and stress, as well as levels of life satisfaction, were examined. cache = ./cache/cord-327963-dqsg84e5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327963-dqsg84e5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337561-m0z14iyu author = Gerber, Nicole title = Winter is coming: care of the febrile children in the time of COVID-19 date = 2020-11-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1170 sentences = 80 flesch = 59 summary = title: Winter is coming: care of the febrile children in the time of COVID-19 Occult bacteremia was a common condition in well-appearing young febrile children and frequently required laboratory evaluation and treatment with empiric antibiotics [3] . With the introduction of the protein-polysaccharide conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in 1987, and the pneumococcal vaccine based on similar technology in 2000 (expanded in 2010), the evaluation of febrile children became a little easier for pediatricians. Rates of invasive bacterial disease declined rapidly, and while we remain vigilant in our evaluation of febrile children, most could be confidently discharged without an extensive workup, with a likely diagnosis of a viral syndrome. Spurred by the media and frightened by this new mysterious disease, worried parents rushed their children to medical care. We assess febrile children for this disease and many undergo laboratory evaluation and subspecialty consultation. What will be the disease course for children with co-infections with COVID-19 and another viral illness? cache = ./cache/cord-337561-m0z14iyu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337561-m0z14iyu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329750-purunxce author = Waldman, Amy title = Childhood multiple sclerosis: A review date = 2006-06-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8430 sentences = 481 flesch = 49 summary = Although children and adults with MS have similar neurological symptoms, laboratory (cerebrospinal fluid) data, and neuroimaging findings, the clinical course, pathogenesis, and treatment of childhood onset MS require further investigation. The study concluded that children and adults with MS have similar clinical profiles, including mode of onset, symptoms, and physical and laboratory (cerebral spinal fluid [CSF]) findings. The results from the Natalizumab Safety and Efficacy in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (AFFIRM) and Safety and Efficacy of Natalizumab in Combination with Interferon ␤-1a in Patients with Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (SENTINEL) studies in adult patients indicate that the annualized rate of clinical relapses was reduced by 68%, the number of new and enhancing MRI lesions was reduced by 83%, and a decrease occurred in progression and prolongation of the interval before neurological deterioration, demonstrating the usefulness of the drug [Polman et al., 2006; Rudicket al., 2006] . cache = ./cache/cord-329750-purunxce.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329750-purunxce.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335148-2ngwjp3r author = Noda, Tatsuya title = Gargling for Oral Hygiene and the Development of Fever in Childhood: A Population Study in Japan date = 2012-01-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2865 sentences = 167 flesch = 53 summary = In subgroup analysis, significantly lower ORs for fever onset were observed for children who gargled with green tea (OR = 0.32), functional water (OR = 0.46), or tap water (OR = 0.70). 2, 3 Although the effectiveness of gargling had long been unproven, a recent randomized controlled study in Japan showed that gargling with tap water inhibited the onset of upper respiratory tract infections among adults. As shown in Table 3 , gargling was associated with significantly lower odds ratios for fever onset, except among children aged 3 (in model 4) and 6 years. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the effectiveness of gargling in preventing febrile diseases and sickness absences among healthy children. The preventive effect of gargling is affected by the prevalence of the target disease; however, there was no mass outbreak of influenza or other major febrile infection in Fukuoka City during the study period, according to the Fukuoka City health authorities. cache = ./cache/cord-335148-2ngwjp3r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335148-2ngwjp3r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335051-31imf6bv author = Tsabouri, Sophia title = SPECIAL ARTICLE: Risk factors for severity in children with coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19): A comprehensive literature review date = 2020-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1674 sentences = 141 flesch = 56 summary = We carried out a comprehensive literature review to identify the underlying mechanisms and risk factors for severe COVID-19 in children, in comparison with the other two coronavirus outbreaks in the past, SARS and MERS. • Risk factors for severe disease from COVID-19 in children are reported to be young age 53 and underlying comorbidities, although not confirmed in all studies. 9 From the currently available data it appears that children tend to 105 have asymptomatic or mild disease more commonly than adults, 8,10 but severe cases and even 106 deaths have been reported worldwide in patients younger than 18 years. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human 445 coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1: a study of hospitalized children with acute 446 respiratory tract infection in Guangzhou, China. Middle East respiratory syndrome 459 coronavirus in pediatrics: a report of seven cases from Saudi Arabia. cache = ./cache/cord-335051-31imf6bv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335051-31imf6bv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337637-wehstffa author = Ferreira, Flavia de A title = Comparison of atopic and nonatopic children with chronic cough: Bronchoalveolar lavage cell profile date = 2007-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3872 sentences = 231 flesch = 53 summary = Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL; three aliquots of 1 ml/kg saline) was performed in the right middle lobe of 24 (11 atopic and 13 nonatopic) children with persistent cough (8 females, 16 males), mean age 4.7 years (range: 1–11). 1 Atopic patients with chronic cough due to cough variant asthma are thought to have airway inflammation similar to atopic patients with asthma, whose bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid contains eosinophils and mast cells. A nonsignificant increase in the number of total cells per ml of BAL fluid was observed in both atopic (median: 39 Â 10 4 , range: 20-123 Â 10 4 ) and nonatopic (median: 22 Â 10 4 , range: 17-132 Â 10 4 ) children with chronic cough when compared to controls (median: 11 Â 10 4 , range: 9-30 Â 10 4 ). cache = ./cache/cord-337637-wehstffa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337637-wehstffa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341208-vlzbri33 author = Narzisi, Antonio title = Handle the Autism Spectrum Condition during Coronavirus (COVID-19) Stay at Home Period: Ten Tips for Helping Parents and Caregivers of Young Children date = 2020-04-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1829 sentences = 114 flesch = 60 summary = title: Handle the Autism Spectrum Condition during Coronavirus (COVID-19) Stay at Home Period: Ten Tips for Helping Parents and Caregivers of Young Children In this situation the handling of young children with special needs such as autism spectrum condition (ASC) could be challenging for families and caregivers. It is widely reported that children with ASC have executive functioning deficits [6] and they could show issues in planning their daily life activities, especially when their routine is broken. It is not possible to avoid children playing with the computer but at the moment, when parents are also at home, it could be useful establish a rule whereby children are expected to share the video games/internet (with parents, siblings, or other caregiver). In this period in which parents and children stay at home they could plan some activities sharing these special interests. cache = ./cache/cord-341208-vlzbri33.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341208-vlzbri33.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-338007-fa4i981h author = Coyne, Lisa W. title = First Things First: Parent Psychological Flexibility and Self-Compassion During COVID-19 date = 2020-05-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5296 sentences = 270 flesch = 57 summary = For parents, shaping these processes may help promote family nurturance, support children's prosocial behavior, and provide effective and consistent use of evidence-based parenting "kernels." The goal of this article is to provide practitioners with evidence-based tools that will support psychological flexibility, self-care, and positive parenting behaviors in caregivers during COVID-19 and beyond. In behavioral terms, mindfulness and acceptance processes involve paying purposeful attention to the present moment, allowing or making space for unwanted thoughts and emotions, and relinquishing attachment to thoughts as literal truths, where that is helpful. #SmallThingsMatter "Small things matter" is an important principle for action and informs the study of "kernels," or fundamental units of behavioral influence that appear to underlie effective prevention and treatment for children, adults, and families (Embry & Biglan, 2008) . cache = ./cache/cord-338007-fa4i981h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-338007-fa4i981h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340512-wjbh1z8y author = Dugas, M. title = COVID-19 in Children with Brain-Based Developmental Disabilities: A Rapid Review date = 2020-05-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2859 sentences = 172 flesch = 49 summary = To assess whether children with brain-based developmental disabilities were more likely to develop COVID-19 and have complications or poorer outcomes following infection. We conducted a two-week rapid review on studies with primary data regarding children aged between zero and 18 years old with brain-based developmental disabilities, or who were at risk of developing such disabilities, with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. Of the 50 COVID-19 pediatric patients reported in the included studies, a total of seven children were at risk of developing brain-based disabilities. We considered any study with primary data that included children aged between zero and 18 with a brain-based developmental disability or at risk of developing such disability with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (see Appendix 3 for full list). Our rapid review has identified knowledge gaps in the literature regarding the effects of COVID-19 in children with developmental brain-based disabilities, and those at risk of developing such disabilities. cache = ./cache/cord-340512-wjbh1z8y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340512-wjbh1z8y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343910-jib877fo author = Guidotti, M. title = Does autism protect against COVID quarantine effects? date = 2020-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1557 sentences = 107 flesch = 50 summary = 95 autistic children followed by the child and adolescent psychiatry department of Tours university hospital were assessed from the 18th of March to the 8th of May. The following clinical points were investigated: child anxiety, family anxiety, behavior problems, impact on sleep, impact on appetite, impact on school work, family tension, confinement intolerance, difficulties to follow a schedule, isolation behavior. Results: Despite minor changes in family anxiety and school work, no difference was highlighted between clinical scores collected at the beginning and at the end of this period. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.13.20212118 doi: medRxiv preprint Eight clinical items (child anxiety, behavior problems, impact on sleep, impact on appetite, family tension, confinement intolerance, difficulties to follow a schedule, isolation behavior) had an average score of less than 2 and two items (family anxiety and impact on school work) were greater than 2 at both T1 and T2 time points (Fig.1) . cache = ./cache/cord-343910-jib877fo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343910-jib877fo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332173-m38sr6oc author = Denburg, Avram E. title = Does moral reasoning influence public values for health care priority setting?: A population-based randomized stated preference survey date = 2020-05-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7741 sentences = 390 flesch = 40 summary = Relatedly, a limited body of evidence points to the impact of embedded moral reasoning on attenuated public preference for the young, suggesting that deliberation on a range of ethical principles can influence stated preferences for allocating resources based on age (10) . In keeping with much of the prior literature on age-based resource allocation, we expected that control group participants would display an aggregate mean preference for allocation to children, particularly in scenarios where theoretical QALY gains were largest (i.e. cancer treatment and eating disorders therapy). We further hypothesized that participants in the intervention arm would display stronger aggregate preference for children across all the clinical scenarios tested, regardless of the duration of life years gained, as a result of their access to a varied palette of ethical principles by which to justify preferential allocation to children, including vulnerability, dependency, potential, and social distinction. cache = ./cache/cord-332173-m38sr6oc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332173-m38sr6oc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353482-dz343h7t author = Ellis, Matthew title = Global Community Child Health date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1418 sentences = 67 flesch = 48 summary = This special issue of IJERPH has published a range of studies in this developing field of Global Community Child Health research. In addition to rural community-based initiatives given that most children now live in cities we are also interested to hear about urban initiatives….' We hope this issue will of great interest to the researchers and practitioners as well as academia from the fields of Global Health as well as Global Child Health because it comprised of 14 articles representing all five continents. Despite of the journal's strive for reaching out to a wider global child health community, this issue missed contributions relating to child safeguarding and social determinants of urban health. Whatever the level of the threat it is the mobilisation of community and household level interventions to protect and enable children which lies at the heart of global community child health [1] . We invited studies describing community-based interventions which impact on child health and wellbeing around the globe. cache = ./cache/cord-353482-dz343h7t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353482-dz343h7t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-338674-tnnd1s57 author = Yin, J Kevin title = Pilot study of influenza vaccine effectiveness in urban Australian children attending childcare date = 2011-06-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3040 sentences = 172 flesch = 52 summary = This study explored methods of follow up and sample collection for a proposed randomised controlled trial of influenza vaccination in children attending childcare. Efficacious influenza vaccines have been available for over 50 years, and yet, routine use in childhood remains the What is already known on this topic 1 Children in childcare are more likely to contract influenza and transmit infection to their siblings, parents, extended families and child-care workers. 3 Evidence for the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in children aged less than 24 months is limited and high quality, appropriately powered, randomised controlled trials are needed. A population-based surveillance study showed that less than 10% of hospitalised children aged Յ59 months with ILI had confirmed influenza infection. Studies of the 1996-1997 inactivated influenza vaccine among children attending day care: immunologic response, protection against infection, and clinical effectiveness cache = ./cache/cord-338674-tnnd1s57.txt txt = ./txt/cord-338674-tnnd1s57.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344823-jl5ph260 author = Jacob, Hannah title = Safeguarding Children in a Pandemic: Pandemonium with Possibility? date = 2020-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1787 sentences = 89 flesch = 62 summary = Hannah Jacob* Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK 'One of the biggest worries for those of us working in child health has been delayed presentations to health services' breast feeding, immunisation, crying and sleep advice that they usually receive in the early weeks. Across the UK there has been a reduction in the number of referrals for child protection medicals (Local Government Association, 2020), despite increases in calls to Childline from children worried about the impact of coronavirus (National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 2020). Children and young people need not miss school and carers will need less time off work to attend appointments previously conducted at healthcare facilities often hours away. We must endeavour to take the learning and shreds of hope gleaned over the last few months with us as we rebuild our services, to make them even better for the children and young people who will need them so desperately over the coming years. cache = ./cache/cord-344823-jl5ph260.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344823-jl5ph260.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348411-nrhe8aek author = Shah, Kaushal title = Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents date = 2020-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3465 sentences = 165 flesch = 47 summary = It is essential and obligatory for the scientific community and healthcare workers to assess and analyze the psychological impact caused by the coronavirus pandemic on children and adolescents, as several mental health disorders begin during childhood. Children exposed to stressors such as separation through isolation from their families and friends, seeing or being aware of critically ill members affected with coronavirus, or the passing of loved ones or even thinking of their own death from the virus can cause them to develop anxiety, panic attacks, depression, and other mental illnesses [11] [12] . The conducted literature search was through Medline, PubMed, PubMed Central, and Embase using the keywords, 'coronavirus,' 'COVID-19,' 'mental health,' 'child and adolescent,' 'behavioral impact,' 'psychological conditions,' 'quarantine,' and 'online education.' The indexed search aimed to identify literature and articles relevant to our focused topic. cache = ./cache/cord-348411-nrhe8aek.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348411-nrhe8aek.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343818-pj1oludh author = Liu, Chan title = Children with COVID-19 behaving milder may challenge the public policies: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4850 sentences = 256 flesch = 50 summary = We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and several Chinese databases for studies presenting characteristics of children confirmed with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from December 12, 2019 to May 10, 2020. The studies included in this meta-analysis should meet the following criteria: (1) all types of studies either retrospective or prospective (e.g. cohort, cross-sectional study, case report, case series); (2) studies reporting information regarding COVID-19; (3) studies describing clinical characteristics of pediatric patients (0-19 years) diagnosed by RT-PCR; (4) clinical data of more than five cases can be drawn from the articles. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study Clinical features of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 13 cases from Changsha Clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children aged <18 years in Jiangxi, China: an analysis of 23 cases cache = ./cache/cord-343818-pj1oludh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343818-pj1oludh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345222-otfnrarh author = Ciccarelli, Simona title = Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis date = 2013-10-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14625 sentences = 819 flesch = 40 summary = 4 In spite of the intense promotion of oral rehydration solution (ORS) at the community level and the training of health care workers, diarrhea mortality remains unacceptably high: more than 2 million children aged less than 5 years die each year from gastroenteritis, almost all living in resource-constrained nations, where acute diarrhea represents a leading cause of child mortality, second only to pneumonia. Probiotics, also defined as food supplements, improve the intestinal microbial balance of the host, have beneficial effects on health, prevent outbreaks of community-acquired diarrhea, reduce colonization of infants with pathogenic microorganisms, and reduce the duration and severity of diarrheal infections, balancing the intestinal ecosystem. 143 The European Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence have suggested the use of probiotic strains with proven efficacy and in appropriate doses for the management of children with acute gastroenteritis as an adjunct to rehydration therapy. cache = ./cache/cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339638-yrxoj1hl author = Goldman, Ran D. title = Willingness to Vaccinate Children against Influenza after the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3506 sentences = 159 flesch = 48 summary = OBJECTIVES: To determine factors associated with parents who plan to vaccinate their children against influenza next year, especially those who did not vaccinate against influenza last year using a global survey. To determine factors associated with parents who plan to vaccinate their children against influenza next year, especially those who did not vaccinate against influenza last year using a global survey. In order to better understand how COVID-19 has influenced attitudes towards J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f influenza vaccination, we specifically aimed to describe characteristics of caregivers who intend to immunize their children in 2020-2021 despite the child not receiving influenza immunization in the prior year. Most caregivers were not concerned about their child having COVID-19 when coming to the EDs in the six countries where this survey took place, and we found a significant correlation between level of concern and plan to vaccinate against influenza (p-value= 0.037; Figure 2 [available at www.jpeds.com]). cache = ./cache/cord-339638-yrxoj1hl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339638-yrxoj1hl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348212-c2iibuqa author = Cavallo, Federica title = Novel coronavirus infection and children date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2195 sentences = 145 flesch = 51 summary = RESULTS: Usually, infants and children present milder symptoms of the disease with a better outcome than adults. Collecting the samples of these patients, scientists have discovered a new coronavirus that is now known as the cause of the disease named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (1). The most common symptoms in adults are fever, dry cough, sore-throat, myalgia, fatigue and in severe cases (usually older patients with comorbidities) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with lung failure or severe coagulation dysregulation as a result of an uncontrolled inflammation (5) . At variance, in Spain around 60% of children affected by COVID-19 have been hospitalized for mild symptoms and 9.7% of these patients have requested intensive care because of the comparison of respiratory complications. On the basis of the Chinese experience, the severity of COVID-19 disease in children is defined by clinical features, laboratory testing and chest radiograph into 5 groups (22) ( Table 2 ). cache = ./cache/cord-348212-c2iibuqa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348212-c2iibuqa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353214-qo98m7jx author = Jhaveri, Ravi title = Fever Without Localizing Signs date = 2017-07-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3690 sentences = 200 flesch = 46 summary = 19 Among 233 infants who were born at term with no perinatal complications or underlying diseases, who had not received antibiotics, and who were hospitalized for fever and possible septicemia, 144 (62%) were considered unlikely to have a serious bacterial infection and fulfilled all of the following criteria: no clinical evidence of infection of the ear, skin, bones, or joints; white blood cell (WBC) count between 5000 and 15,000/mm 3 ; less than 1500 band cells/mm 3 ; and normal urinalysis results. Some clinicians adhere to a protocol of treating all young infants with fever and no apparent focus of infection with broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents administered intravenously in the hospital until the results of cultures of the blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are known. 34 Studies performed in that era showed that some children 3 months of age or older with fever who did not appear to be toxic and who had no apparent focus of infection had bacteremia, most often due to S. cache = ./cache/cord-353214-qo98m7jx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353214-qo98m7jx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342853-n3e6yawi author = Naghipour, Mohammadreza title = Human bocavirus in Iranian children with acute respiratory infections date = 2007-03-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2115 sentences = 121 flesch = 53 summary = Human bocavirus (HBoV), a virus discovered in Sweden in 2005, has been associated with acute respiratory infections in young children and subsequent reports suggest that HBoV may have a worldwide distribution. This report describes the frequency and clinical presentation of HBoV in 261 Iranian children<5 years old with acute respiratory infections attending two regional hospitals in Rasht, Iran in the winter of 2003–2004. Human bocavirus (HBoV) was first described in 2005 [Allander et al., 2005] and it was suggested that the virus might be a cause of acute respiratory infections. Children less than 5 years of age with acute respiratory infections of less than 7 days duration attending the outpatient department or being admitted to hospital from Saturday to Thursday were enrolled after informed parental consent. Given the high frequency of HBoV in Iran, this virus might play a significant role as a cause of acute respiratory infections in children. cache = ./cache/cord-342853-n3e6yawi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342853-n3e6yawi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343985-0p2j5hzc author = Self-Brown, Shannon title = The Impact of COVID-19 on the Delivery of an Evidence-Based Child Maltreatment Prevention Program: Understanding the Perspectives of SafeCare® Providers date = 2020-11-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7472 sentences = 346 flesch = 46 summary = The goals of these programs, whether delivered in child protection or prevention service settings, is to promote childhood health, safety, and development and improve parenting skills and responsible parenting among mothers and fathers, which correspond with decreases in maltreatment risk (Howard and Brooks-Gunn 2009; Supplee and Adirim 2012) . Thus, this study has two research aims: 1) examine active SafeCare Providers' opinions on the feasibility and effectiveness of SafeCare via virtual delivery, and 2) better understand workforce concerns for human service professionals within the context of COVID-19 mitigation efforts. This study is the first to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the delivery of an evidence-based child maltreatment home visiting program that has transitioned to virtual delivery, as well as the impact of COVID-19 on the workforce responsible for delivering these programs. Given the risks impacting our world's most vulnerable families during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative to ensure effective and sustainable delivery of evidence-based programs that can reduce maltreatment risk for young children. cache = ./cache/cord-343985-0p2j5hzc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343985-0p2j5hzc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346060-ns6v76rb author = degli Espinosa, Francesca title = A Model of Support for Families of Children With Autism Living in the COVID-19 Lockdown: Lessons From Italy date = 2020-06-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6478 sentences = 260 flesch = 49 summary = After the first 2 weeks of lockdown with limited structure and free reinforcement access, in some of our first cohort families we observed the following during our online meetings: high levels of escape from simple instructions, the loss of independence and communication skills (appropriate mands), satiation (significant reduction in the time children spent with favorite items), an increase in problematic interactions between parents and all children, and unmanageable levels of mands for attention (both appropriate and inappropriate). Although, in general, the daily structure centered on adult-led or shared activities alternated with periods of solitary reinforcement, all parents learned to interact with their children and siblings in a way that worked for them and maintained low rates of problem behavior. We wished to create a mutually reinforcing situation for both the adults and the children, where parents could experience success in delivering instructions and interacting with their child, given that they would need to engage in this behavior daily in a confined space, over extended periods of time without a break. cache = ./cache/cord-346060-ns6v76rb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346060-ns6v76rb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346338-kdjgu93q author = Spinelli, Maria title = Parents' Stress and Children's Psychological Problems in Families Facing the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy date = 2020-07-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4483 sentences = 201 flesch = 49 summary = Methods: Parents of children aged between 2and 14-years-old completed an online survey reporting their home environment conditions, any relation they had to the pandemic consequences, their difficulties experienced due to the quarantine, their perception of individual and parent-child dyadic stress, and their children's emotional and behavioral problems. We expected that implications of the COVID-19 outbreak might increase parents' psychological difficulties, particularly stress both at the individual and the dyadic level, with a consequent negative impact on children's emotional and behavioral wellbeing (Dalton et al., 2020) . Because the only risk factor associated with parent's individual and dyadic stress and children's psychological problems was the Quarantine parent risk index, we did not include in the model the Home and COVID risk indices. We explored bivariate associations among the environment, family, and COVID-19 outbreak-related factors on parents' stress and children's psychological problems, and the interplay among these variables. cache = ./cache/cord-346338-kdjgu93q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346338-kdjgu93q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336940-6rgmpy5r author = Russell, B. S. title = Initial Challenges of Caregiving During COVID-19: Caregiver Burden, Mental Health, and the Parent–Child Relationship date = 2020-08-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7061 sentences = 277 flesch = 42 summary = Results indicate significant linkages between parents' caregiver burden, mental health, and perceptions of children's stress; these in turn are significantly linked to child-parent closeness and conflict, indicating possible spillover effects for depressed parents and compensatory effects for anxious parents. The hypothesized path model examined the direct and indirect associations among caregiver burden, generalized anxiety, depression symptomology, perceived child stress, and child-parent conflict and closeness, with parent gender and focal child age categories as controls. Path analysis results report of significant linkages between parents' caregiver burden and mental health and perceptions of children's stress; these in turn are significantly linked to child-parent closeness and conflict. The results of a multigroup path analysis, organized by parent gender, indicates good fit to the data [X 2 (10) = 159.04, p < 0.01], such that parents who reported higher rates of caregiver burden also reported higher rates of generalized anxiety, depression, and parent perceived child stress, with male caregivers reporting higher rates overall than female caregivers and stronger associations across the linkages between variables at each step in the model. cache = ./cache/cord-336940-6rgmpy5r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336940-6rgmpy5r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348717-qgny6f6y author = Shumba, Constance title = Reorienting Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya: A Review date = 2020-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8589 sentences = 390 flesch = 45 summary = Anecdotal evidence in Kenya shows that the COVID-19 pandemic is contributing to deteriorating optimal environments that threaten children's early development and has direct health impacts on caregivers and children [11] [12] [13] . There are several far-reaching, interlinked direct and indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated control measures on nurturing care and related ECD outcomes including children's cognitive, physical, language, motor, and social and emotional development (Figure 1 ). There is a need to build and leverage community level programs and policy support, targeting children at risk of abuse and neglect, and adolescents at risk of early pregnancy, to ameliorate the negative effects of the pandemic, such as poor nurturing care environments and transactional sex for food and pads among adolescent girls, all of which subsequently leading to poor child development outcomes. cache = ./cache/cord-348717-qgny6f6y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348717-qgny6f6y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351797-b7ywe980 author = Cito, Gianmartin title = Paternal Behaviors in the Era of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1540 sentences = 71 flesch = 46 summary = Considering that the stereotype of "father" has changed and is no longer seen as a mere householder, men are now given the opportunity to play a fundamental role in their children's upbringing, influencing their development and family wellbeing. Middle-aged fathers may experience the return of adult children at home, while advanced paternal aged men may require the intervention of their adult children to manage aspects of daily life and health care. Concerning paternal mental health issues, an active two-way relationship can exist between fathers and children: the father's well-being can positively influence the child's well-being, and vice versa. Given the changing expectations, diversity and changing demographics, a new understanding and insight into the crucial role and powerful influence of fathers on children's health, care and development, has been therefore outlined. Fathers and pediatricians: enhancing men's roles in the care and development of their children cache = ./cache/cord-351797-b7ywe980.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351797-b7ywe980.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347488-th07jo7u author = Akseer, Nadia title = COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation strategies: implications for maternal and child health and nutrition date = 2020-06-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3344 sentences = 162 flesch = 42 summary = Although there has been focus on rising rates of childhood wasting in the short term, maternal and child undernutrition rates are also likely to increase as a consequence of COVID-19 and its impacts on poverty, coverage of essential interventions, and access to appropriate nutritious foods. Key sectors at particular risk of collapse or reduced efficiency in the wake of COVID-19 include food systems, incomes, and social protection, health care services for women and children, and services and access to clean water and sanitation. A recent modelling exercise of various estimates of the potential impact of COVID-19-related economic deterioration, food insecurity, and interruption of programs of community-based detection and management of malnutrition suggests that the prevalence of wasting could increase by 10-50% with an excess of ∼40,000-2,000,000 child deaths (4) . In today's COVID-19 environment, such systems in Peru, Kyrgyz Republic, and many other countries can be leveraged to build on and enhance social and economic protection for vulnerable families, and consequently prevent ill health and chronic undernutrition in children. cache = ./cache/cord-347488-th07jo7u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347488-th07jo7u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353519-cmeociax author = Jay Miller, J. title = Child Welfare Workers and Peritraumatic Distress: The Impact of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4802 sentences = 278 flesch = 49 summary = This exploratory study examined COVID-19 related peritraumatic distress among child welfare workers (N=1,996) in one southeastern state in the United States (U.S.). Sexual orientation, self-reported physical and mental health, relationship status, supervision status, and financial stability impacted distress levels experienced by child welfare workers. In a broader review of six articles published about the impact of COVID on healthcare workers, Spoorthy, Pratapa, and Mahant (2020) concluded that factors such as gender, age, and lack of social support, among others, were linked to stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among study participants. Research Question 1: What are COVID-19 related peritraumatic distress levels among child welfare workers? This study is likely the first to examine COVID-19 related distress among child welfare workers. In addition, though exploratory, the study has a more than adequate sample size of child welfare workers and examines the concept of peritraumatic distress related to the pandemic. cache = ./cache/cord-353519-cmeociax.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353519-cmeociax.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352222-zq9o66i4 author = Rajatonirina, Soatiana title = Outcome Risk Factors during Respiratory Infections in a Paediatric Ward in Antananarivo, Madagascar 2010–2012 date = 2013-09-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4137 sentences = 245 flesch = 46 summary = BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infections are a leading cause of infectious disease-related morbidity, hospitalisation and mortality among children worldwide, and particularly in developing countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study in a paediatric ward in Antananarivo from November 2010 to July 2012 including patients under 5 years old suffering from respiratory infections. CONCLUSION: Co-mordidity, low-income and age under 6 months increase the risk of severe outcome for children infected by numerous respiratory pathogens. Our study aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with the evolution and outcome of respiratory illnesses in patients aged under 5 years old hospitalised in one of the four main public hospitals in Antananarivo. In our study, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen as in other studies of hospitalised patients with acute respiratory illness, and Haemophilus influenzae type B was the next most frequent [16] [17] [18] [19] . cache = ./cache/cord-352222-zq9o66i4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352222-zq9o66i4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347033-ha095nwp author = Jethwani, Pratap title = Management of children and adolescents having type 1 diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic in India: challenges and solutions date = 2020-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2495 sentences = 156 flesch = 50 summary = title: Management of children and adolescents having type 1 diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic in India: challenges and solutions The Research Society of Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI) has circulated the contact numbers of nodal persons of insulin manufacturers and supporting programs to people having T1DM and their doctors through email and social media. Proposed solutions: Every child and adolescent with T1DM should be educated about sick day management rules at frequent intervals during lockdown with the help of information booklets and videos through social and digital media. Proposed solutions: Emergency preparedness plans can help children and adolescents having T1DM and their families in managing diabetes better during such emergencies. Proposed solutions: Telemedicine guidelines, by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, may be followed to provide medical support to them for issues related to insulin dose adjustment and management of their complications [19] . cache = ./cache/cord-347033-ha095nwp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347033-ha095nwp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346388-j6pajd68 author = Song, Hwasung title = Tourism Destination Management Strategy for Young Children: Willingness to Pay for Child-Friendly Tourism Facilities and Services at a Heritage Site date = 2020-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5627 sentences = 286 flesch = 50 summary = Therefore, the present study examines the preferences of tourists in order to establish a tourism destination management strategy for young children as a type of accessible tourism from a public perspective. Choice experiments (CEs) were used to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for facilities and services for young children at a tourist destination, in order to understand preferences. From this perspective, it has become important to consider the level of accessibility for young children when designing facilities and services of tourist destinations. Therefore, CE was selected as the analysis method for understanding tourists' preferences for child-friendly tourism facilities and services and developing a tourism destination management strategy for young children. Preferences for facilities and services for young children were identified using CEs. The study site was Hwaseong Fortress, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in Suwon City, a leader in the clean restroom culture. cache = ./cache/cord-346388-j6pajd68.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346388-j6pajd68.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354993-gdz63spj author = Larcher, Victor title = Children of COVID-19: pawns, pathfinders or partners? date = 2020-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1954 sentences = 111 flesch = 55 summary = 1 Covid-19 infection has been comparatively benign in children, but there is mounting evidence that their health and welfare have been aversely affected by social measures to control the pandemic. Ethical guidance so far issued makes no specific provision or concession for children-or indeed any vulnerable group, or those with instrumental value to society, 3 but is founded on the principle of equal concern and respect. 8 This Convention would apply to children's involvement in the recovery from lockdown, for example, return to school, even if a consequence was of significant concomitant benefit to adults such as the ability of parents to return to work, improvement of family social circumstances and mental health. It would also encourage the more active involvement of children in the process, be compatible with participation rights as granted by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNRC) and give participants a sense of inclusivity and partnership that would be of social utility. cache = ./cache/cord-354993-gdz63spj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354993-gdz63spj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352952-91goqi90 author = Francis, Joshua R. title = An observational study of febrile seizures: the importance of viral infection and immunization date = 2016-12-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2974 sentences = 172 flesch = 50 summary = We aimed to determine the frequency of detection of specific viral pathogens in children with febrile seizures, to describe risk factors including recent vaccination and clinical features associated with specific etiologies. Children aged 6 months to 5 years presenting to the Emergency Department of a tertiary children's hospital in Western Australia with febrile seizures were enrolled between March 2012 and October 2013. Despite this, there are limited data using modern diagnostic techniques examining the role of viral infections in children who present with febrile seizures [4, 5] . The Febrile seizures: Viruses and their Etiologic Role (FEVER) study was established to determine the frequency of detection of specific viral pathogens in children with febrile seizures, to describe risk factors and clinical features associated with specific pathogens, and to examine the role of recent immunizations in children presenting with febrile seizures. Respiratory viruses are important in the etiology of fever in children who present with febrile seizures. cache = ./cache/cord-352952-91goqi90.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352952-91goqi90.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355623-tmr1ieg1 author = Gallucci, Marcella title = When the Cough Does Not Improve: A Review on Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis in Children date = 2020-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4318 sentences = 200 flesch = 41 summary = Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is a common cause of chronic wet cough in preschool children with no symptoms or signs of other specific causes, and resolution usually follows a 2-week course of an appropriate oral antibiotic. in an Australian study among children with a history of chronic wet cough lasting more than 4 weeks, a positive culture of a respiratory pathogen on BAL (bacterial growth ≥10 4 CFU/ml in BAL) obtained during a flexible bronchoscopy and a clinical response to 2 weeks treatment with antibiotics (amoxicillinclavulanate acid) (9) ( Table 1) . According to the European Respiratory Society (ERS) guidelines new definition, PBB-clinical is based on all three of the following criteria: "presence of chronic (>4 weeks' duration) wet or productive cough; absence of symptoms or signs (i.e., specific cough pointers) suggestive of other causes of wet or productive Abbreviations: BA, bronchial aspirate; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; CLDS, cystic lung diseases; CT, computerized tomography; GER, gastroesophageal reflux; NTHi, Haemophilus influenzae non-typeable; PBB, protracted bacterial bronchitis; QoL, quality of life; UACS, upper airway cough syndrome. cache = ./cache/cord-355623-tmr1ieg1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355623-tmr1ieg1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353886-wvxohfum author = Sevilla Vallejo, Santiago title = Theoretical and applied study of the psychological and educational effects of lockdown in primary school students in Argentina date = 2020-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6447 sentences = 399 flesch = 58 summary = Then, we will see how the current situation of lockdown or quarantine and preventive and compulsory social isolation affect both the regulation of emotions and the reading comprehension specifically of primary school students with learning disorders. As a result, teachers have to accompany their students in a virtual way, without in many cases having previous experience in 1 In a previous work, we studied the relation between emotional awareness and reading comprehension: El efecto del aislamiento social por el Covid-19 en la conciencia emocional y en la comprensi on lectora. The problem is that the teachers wrote on the blackboards in capital letters and the students worked on copying and, at the current situation, parents express that they do not have the necessary tools such as blackboards and do not know how to adapt the tasks or how to teach their children. cache = ./cache/cord-353886-wvxohfum.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353886-wvxohfum.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354974-bh2expef author = Peterson, Ingrid title = Respiratory Virus–Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness and Viral Clustering in Malawian Children in a Setting With a High Prevalence of HIV Infection, Malaria, and Malnutrition date = 2016-09-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3863 sentences = 192 flesch = 45 summary = BACKGROUND: We used data from 4 years of pediatric severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) sentinel surveillance in Blantyre, Malawi, to identify factors associated with clinical severity and coviral clustering. A total of 605 SARI cases (26.8%) had warning signs, which were positively associated with HIV infection (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–3.9), respiratory syncytial virus infection (aRR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3–3.0) and rainy season (aRR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6–3.8). In the context of a low-income population with multiple drivers of immune compromise (eg, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection, malnutrition, and malaria) [11] , we conducted active surveillance at a large urban teaching hospital in Malawi to estimate the incidence of childhood SARI and explore the association of SARI clinical severity with HIV infection and clustering of respiratory viral coinfection. After adjustment for age, sex, and HIV status, rainy season recruitment was significantly associated with SARI with warning signs in influenza virus-positive patients with SARI (aRR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.37-8.53; analysis not shown). cache = ./cache/cord-354974-bh2expef.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354974-bh2expef.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355047-ri43d5wk author = Sarangi, Bhakti title = Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in Indian Children in the Initial Phase of the Pandemic date = 2020-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1798 sentences = 116 flesch = 57 summary = METHODS: Clinical and laboratory profile and outcomes were studied for children (aged 1 month — 18 years) presenting between 1 April, 2020 and 20 May, 2020 with positive nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. All children between one month and 18 years of age who tested positive by the RT-PCR technique for nasopharyngeal swab were included in the study -these also included asymptomatic children as per the management guidelines in force. High CRP values have now become synonymous with severe COVID-19 infection among adults as seen in majority of the studies [13] . In conclusion, our study shows that there is a higher disease burden in lower-socioeconomic groups with majority of children having a positive household contact. • Majority of Indian children with SARS-CoV-2 infection had a mild course of disease during the initial stages of the pandemic Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: An observational cohort study cache = ./cache/cord-355047-ri43d5wk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355047-ri43d5wk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354608-1me3nopu author = Rabinowicz, Shira title = COVID-19 in the Pediatric Population—Review and Current Evidence date = 2020-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5426 sentences = 298 flesch = 42 summary = By mid-August 2020, the World Health Organization reported over 23 million confirmed cases of infection with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), resulting in more than 710,000 death worldwide [1] . We review the current evidence of epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and indirect health consequences of SARS-CoV-2 on children. In reports from countries that were severely affected early in course of the pandemic, children comprise 1-2% the diagnosed COVID-19 cases, underrepresented compared with other age groups [3, [13] [14] [15] . In summary, children at any age may be infected with SARS-CoV-2, with reduced frequency and severity compared with adults, although clear epidemiologic data is still missing. Characteristics and outcomes of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Pediatric Patients with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 and hyperinflammation in COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-354608-1me3nopu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354608-1me3nopu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009997-oecpqf1j author = nan title = 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date = 2018-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 182060 sentences = 10342 flesch = 48 summary = Completed cranial radiation and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant with unrelated cord marrow donor and is disease free at approximately day +200.Case 2: 5 year-old female diagnosed with FLT3 and MLL negative AML and completed treatment per COG AAML1031 study on the low risk arm without Bortezomib. Design/Method: This study was a retrospective chart review that included patients 3 to 23 years old with sickle cell disease type SS and S 0 followed at St. Christopher's Hospital for Children. Background: Hydroxyurea, chronic blood transfusion, and bone marrow transplantation can reduce complications, and improve survival in sickle cell disease (SCD), but are associated with a significant decisional dilemma because of the inherent risk-benefit tradeoffs, and the lack of comparative studies. Brown University -Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States Background: Despite clinical advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric and young adult patients, pain remains a significant source of disease-related morbidity. cache = ./cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015324-y44sfr0c author = nan title = Scientific Programme date = 2007-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 197618 sentences = 12774 flesch = 53 summary = In order to further validate this approach, we performed a prospective randomized open-label multicenter trial in 41 low-risk pediatric renal transplant recipients (12 f, 29 m; mean age 10.1 yrs; range, 3.4 to 17.8) on CsA (target trough level 100-200 ng/ml), MMF (1200 mg/m 2 per day) and methylprednisolone (3) (4) mg/m 2 per day), who were randomly assigned >1 year posttransplant to continue steroids or to withdraw over a period of 3 months. We evaluated MMF in 15 children with LN, 11 F/4 M, mean age: 12.4±3.9 yrs, proteinuria >3 g/day, decreased C3 and increased anti-dsDNA serum levels, normal renal function. Patients and methods: 91 children and adolescents (60 male, 31 female, mean age at transplantation 9.7±5.2 years) with stable renal function and observation period exceeding 6 months were included. cache = ./cache/cord-015324-y44sfr0c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015324-y44sfr0c.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-009606-xz23twqx cord-005646-xhx9pzhj cord-023239-06a03o14 cord-033828-a54virh0 cord-253502-v2hh3w3r cord-014687-0am4l5ms cord-310534-ng6321hh cord-321514-knyw023l cord-337037-xpj17vn4 Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-000996-ef5d81cg cord-000254-bufbjdmw cord-002227-x1ddi8wg cord-002304-u30y2xdt cord-000028-uj7lyawj cord-005750-54hul2lw cord-003822-gbwsplgq cord-010837-8x3bch0r cord-004458-t2iynltq cord-006702-ekf6mja9 cord-006050-rwayc7lr cord-001199-9khx93c0 cord-016596-hxr0n1jd cord-009606-xz23twqx cord-008695-y7il3hyb cord-011503-bz6iwfan cord-013473-8q0a33dr cord-013401-yh8cu1hx cord-010018-gl8uuqej cord-011333-yyhwtnza cord-006236-2gpwf4z2 cord-014813-qej5a8ks cord-017252-88b3preq cord-010175-p2py9wau cord-010411-zgdvo29n cord-016542-gia859eu cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-017291-bhe34dky cord-009713-sxd4t2tz cord-016783-8x05oh5q cord-002774-tpqsjjet cord-021951-xxvol17t cord-017245-kxqh32ip cord-018111-5qx8tolv cord-018545-fk17n2bx cord-022156-mm8en4os cord-018408-ttae193b cord-023186-gqltd6u0 cord-018604-ua5h47jg cord-015893-e0fofgxq cord-014608-g3p19coe cord-016720-hgpnaoe7 cord-018846-gmujrso2 cord-018585-hrl5ywth cord-022292-msz4au4b cord-022084-hap7flng cord-029480-3md13om6 cord-017184-1ewi3dka cord-023728-fgcldn4e cord-029852-yighpvle cord-022467-j2trahab cord-022582-2e9i3m4b cord-019089-oots4fe4 cord-022569-ddaqfsmp cord-023817-39r3a4fd cord-023712-nptuuixw cord-030800-fgvc3qw8 cord-024673-cl8gydrj cord-031409-7cs1z6x6 cord-005646-xhx9pzhj cord-031482-atltc10d cord-027550-yyqsatqw cord-030018-sabmw7wf cord-033802-r68za4cr cord-034066-fsp7e5x5 cord-023942-vrs3je1x cord-024981-yfuuirnw cord-029481-8pq1oaa4 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cord-332404-va3rxy5p cord-336562-5qmzne98 cord-329499-jh4pbqxu cord-337561-m0z14iyu cord-341331-l24oe2pd cord-327963-dqsg84e5 cord-342133-khrljehj cord-329750-purunxce cord-335051-31imf6bv cord-341208-vlzbri33 cord-335148-2ngwjp3r cord-343910-jib877fo cord-337637-wehstffa cord-340512-wjbh1z8y cord-338674-tnnd1s57 cord-332173-m38sr6oc cord-338007-fa4i981h cord-348411-nrhe8aek cord-344823-jl5ph260 cord-353482-dz343h7t cord-343818-pj1oludh cord-345222-otfnrarh cord-339638-yrxoj1hl cord-348212-c2iibuqa cord-353214-qo98m7jx cord-342853-n3e6yawi cord-343985-0p2j5hzc cord-346060-ns6v76rb cord-346338-kdjgu93q cord-348717-qgny6f6y cord-336940-6rgmpy5r cord-351797-b7ywe980 cord-353519-cmeociax cord-347488-th07jo7u cord-347033-ha095nwp cord-354993-gdz63spj cord-352952-91goqi90 cord-346388-j6pajd68 cord-352222-zq9o66i4 cord-353886-wvxohfum cord-354974-bh2expef cord-355623-tmr1ieg1 cord-354608-1me3nopu cord-355047-ri43d5wk cord-015324-y44sfr0c cord-009997-oecpqf1j Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-003822-gbwsplgq cord-004458-t2iynltq cord-009606-xz23twqx cord-011503-bz6iwfan cord-013473-8q0a33dr cord-013401-yh8cu1hx cord-010018-gl8uuqej cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-016542-gia859eu cord-018545-fk17n2bx cord-014608-g3p19coe cord-022084-hap7flng cord-029480-3md13om6 cord-027550-yyqsatqw cord-033802-r68za4cr cord-024981-yfuuirnw cord-023942-vrs3je1x cord-026977-prrjscnd cord-104078-o89bzjfi cord-103829-mavc34a0 cord-029723-g6pvyzrc cord-033828-a54virh0 cord-254556-1zthrgy1 cord-255915-7hkn37p2 cord-257778-xwu1gdak cord-034340-3ksfpaf7 cord-263688-xz2hnym0 cord-259501-iggw1exl cord-265506-fxus6n65 cord-265445-bazcczdj cord-265530-hn7fi5cv cord-268426-sz9ftmxr cord-268176-tb12txdf cord-269087-f9hyntvf cord-276660-5yney7dh cord-274123-wgigtgl9 cord-274834-24v2b509 cord-269716-x3b0qphd cord-277315-e26oc883 cord-285965-mar8zt2t cord-282868-yd7pzcbz cord-283440-8du0s33p cord-284145-7le8303x cord-303451-66c2qobr cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 cord-300371-6ja5o3sa cord-299781-9d5g5xaw cord-312615-q333qgps cord-314597-1q3osgk7 cord-315860-9j667c03 cord-323742-rt0g0ufe cord-313981-yuh5rwkt cord-318916-5lzun9bv cord-317283-0zzs5cy8 cord-310944-tfn0ltrz cord-318965-0mxv8h06 cord-321514-knyw023l cord-324181-nyrpg3ud cord-337037-xpj17vn4 cord-329399-d0w8fof0 cord-329905-dwfwwdbn cord-330780-lmntovs5 cord-335055-gzuug3p5 cord-332404-va3rxy5p cord-343910-jib877fo cord-340512-wjbh1z8y cord-353482-dz343h7t cord-343818-pj1oludh cord-329499-jh4pbqxu cord-345222-otfnrarh cord-353519-cmeociax cord-353886-wvxohfum cord-009997-oecpqf1j Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-000996-ef5d81cg cord-002227-x1ddi8wg cord-001199-9khx93c0 cord-002304-u30y2xdt cord-000254-bufbjdmw cord-000028-uj7lyawj cord-010837-8x3bch0r cord-005750-54hul2lw cord-003822-gbwsplgq cord-004458-t2iynltq cord-006702-ekf6mja9 cord-006050-rwayc7lr cord-009606-xz23twqx cord-016596-hxr0n1jd cord-011503-bz6iwfan cord-008695-y7il3hyb cord-013473-8q0a33dr cord-010018-gl8uuqej cord-013401-yh8cu1hx cord-011333-yyhwtnza cord-006236-2gpwf4z2 cord-010175-p2py9wau cord-017252-88b3preq cord-014813-qej5a8ks cord-010411-zgdvo29n cord-016542-gia859eu cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-017291-bhe34dky cord-009713-sxd4t2tz cord-002774-tpqsjjet cord-016783-8x05oh5q cord-021951-xxvol17t cord-018111-5qx8tolv cord-018545-fk17n2bx cord-017245-kxqh32ip cord-022156-mm8en4os cord-018408-ttae193b cord-023186-gqltd6u0 cord-018604-ua5h47jg cord-015893-e0fofgxq cord-014608-g3p19coe cord-016720-hgpnaoe7 cord-018846-gmujrso2 cord-018585-hrl5ywth cord-022292-msz4au4b cord-022084-hap7flng cord-017184-1ewi3dka cord-029480-3md13om6 cord-023728-fgcldn4e cord-029852-yighpvle cord-022467-j2trahab cord-022582-2e9i3m4b cord-019089-oots4fe4 cord-023817-39r3a4fd cord-022569-ddaqfsmp cord-030800-fgvc3qw8 cord-023712-nptuuixw cord-024673-cl8gydrj cord-031409-7cs1z6x6 cord-031482-atltc10d cord-005646-xhx9pzhj cord-027550-yyqsatqw cord-030018-sabmw7wf cord-024981-yfuuirnw cord-033802-r68za4cr cord-034066-fsp7e5x5 cord-023942-vrs3je1x cord-023767-rcv4pl0d cord-029481-8pq1oaa4 cord-253251-i79h14f7 cord-032363-86ovid90 cord-023748-3kfy36hg cord-023713-daz2vokz cord-032073-8eguv697 cord-026977-prrjscnd cord-022653-qa1uph35 cord-253799-lzbeaf2p cord-022448-ungitgh9 cord-103829-mavc34a0 cord-104078-o89bzjfi cord-023239-06a03o14 cord-029723-g6pvyzrc cord-029518-a3507av0 cord-034973-1yucjgp5 cord-033828-a54virh0 cord-252970-hnd0653u cord-253502-v2hh3w3r cord-032017-h0cj4izx cord-254235-mok10c5i cord-104491-uu2rbtem cord-255351-vp19ydce cord-254556-1zthrgy1 cord-032985-s6izbwqb cord-255972-u7v0es5w cord-254277-hr5g1tkq cord-014687-0am4l5ms cord-259694-8uv291b5 cord-257299-z9u12yqb cord-255915-7hkn37p2 cord-257751-n7w1psr4 cord-015306-us58wwmp cord-261424-t0yulofo cord-254852-qr5gdmbc cord-258049-l55mx4lp cord-257778-xwu1gdak cord-015352-2d02eq3y cord-034340-3ksfpaf7 cord-262892-n38r8n70 cord-261938-ls363vud cord-263688-xz2hnym0 cord-259823-ia1g5dt4 cord-259501-iggw1exl cord-263556-y8vx4ie2 cord-264612-paewji35 cord-267139-r8rg0iqq cord-261151-27ocvgnw cord-263619-p17oomzn cord-265506-fxus6n65 cord-260459-7o1ob5fk cord-264486-o01s0upf cord-265445-bazcczdj cord-264651-cqxmpxyq cord-265850-v83dwt6k cord-268176-tb12txdf cord-268190-r428y2j9 cord-273620-gn8g6suq cord-268426-sz9ftmxr cord-265112-fjn05uag cord-265530-hn7fi5cv cord-264242-zfv30l3o cord-268042-qhrhymle cord-269087-f9hyntvf cord-274123-wgigtgl9 cord-272125-dez1nzg4 cord-267610-bzbr9ios cord-269266-ygewa5xd cord-274443-r6ponjr4 cord-279401-eehb5yny cord-276660-5yney7dh cord-267907-zbsbqj9o cord-271814-a2vlkwce cord-274834-24v2b509 cord-283138-18q23z8l cord-273322-zz733a0k cord-274996-fk510s1v cord-269716-x3b0qphd cord-286531-3syf6upw cord-275578-9y90uj5h cord-274643-vjb2yt93 cord-277805-b3hizdmz cord-281132-7hk6ze9k cord-277315-e26oc883 cord-294772-nma7w7of cord-281844-c0uhcatg cord-281248-z2gisufl cord-285965-mar8zt2t cord-283667-jqlz7yt8 cord-292929-s8pnm9wv cord-276108-35rsrx3m cord-288930-h13cxuh3 cord-281948-xv7vuypd cord-282868-yd7pzcbz cord-293259-o51fnvuw cord-293136-lfwqzf8m cord-282446-01lu7sce cord-285459-fph03r22 cord-296141-h1h18ek6 cord-283440-8du0s33p cord-296434-tok2nvyd cord-284145-7le8303x cord-290432-4dli5emd cord-295792-hajvtzj9 cord-295260-te2jz2gn cord-298551-ua90xoak cord-297241-ajy2wi51 cord-303741-1ou0cy5k cord-303451-66c2qobr cord-311393-e82jy629 cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 cord-298708-lvahzj59 cord-302863-9e5ajbgq cord-295575-zgta5ah8 cord-304437-ezqghyid cord-300371-6ja5o3sa cord-310534-ng6321hh cord-310998-zchtu6cm cord-298807-67psjrt3 cord-310543-2ly18d15 cord-308916-6p2qutc5 cord-309095-ka9abe0c cord-309860-otx45b8x cord-301022-0q2ertja cord-299781-9d5g5xaw cord-310840-h49dx92d cord-308493-3fsn7awq cord-310677-begnpodw cord-305786-06dpjik8 cord-312835-a60bkohc cord-312266-hnbgaxft cord-312971-r9sggqh8 cord-314597-1q3osgk7 cord-313258-luiw46zj cord-317092-5qba9jiq cord-312615-q333qgps cord-314390-q36ye9ff 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cord-332404-va3rxy5p cord-344486-iu5flbcl cord-327976-pwe95zoi cord-335055-gzuug3p5 cord-331825-dwi350c0 cord-341331-l24oe2pd cord-336562-5qmzne98 cord-327963-dqsg84e5 cord-342133-khrljehj cord-329499-jh4pbqxu cord-337561-m0z14iyu cord-335051-31imf6bv cord-329750-purunxce cord-337637-wehstffa cord-335148-2ngwjp3r cord-338007-fa4i981h cord-341208-vlzbri33 cord-340512-wjbh1z8y cord-343910-jib877fo cord-344823-jl5ph260 cord-332173-m38sr6oc cord-353482-dz343h7t cord-348411-nrhe8aek cord-345222-otfnrarh cord-338674-tnnd1s57 cord-343818-pj1oludh cord-339638-yrxoj1hl cord-353214-qo98m7jx cord-348212-c2iibuqa cord-346060-ns6v76rb cord-342853-n3e6yawi cord-346338-kdjgu93q cord-351797-b7ywe980 cord-336940-6rgmpy5r cord-347488-th07jo7u cord-343985-0p2j5hzc cord-348717-qgny6f6y cord-353519-cmeociax cord-347033-ha095nwp cord-352222-zq9o66i4 cord-352952-91goqi90 cord-346388-j6pajd68 cord-355623-tmr1ieg1 cord-353886-wvxohfum cord-354993-gdz63spj cord-354974-bh2expef cord-355047-ri43d5wk cord-354608-1me3nopu cord-009997-oecpqf1j cord-015324-y44sfr0c Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-000996-ef5d81cg cord-002227-x1ddi8wg cord-002304-u30y2xdt cord-001199-9khx93c0 cord-003822-gbwsplgq cord-005750-54hul2lw cord-000028-uj7lyawj cord-004458-t2iynltq cord-006050-rwayc7lr cord-000254-bufbjdmw cord-010837-8x3bch0r cord-009606-xz23twqx cord-016596-hxr0n1jd cord-011503-bz6iwfan cord-013473-8q0a33dr cord-006702-ekf6mja9 cord-013401-yh8cu1hx cord-010018-gl8uuqej cord-011333-yyhwtnza cord-014813-qej5a8ks cord-010175-p2py9wau cord-008695-y7il3hyb cord-006236-2gpwf4z2 cord-017252-88b3preq cord-010411-zgdvo29n cord-016542-gia859eu cord-017291-bhe34dky cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-016783-8x05oh5q cord-018111-5qx8tolv cord-021951-xxvol17t cord-017245-kxqh32ip cord-022156-mm8en4os cord-018545-fk17n2bx cord-018408-ttae193b cord-018604-ua5h47jg cord-015893-e0fofgxq cord-016720-hgpnaoe7 cord-023186-gqltd6u0 cord-018846-gmujrso2 cord-018585-hrl5ywth cord-022292-msz4au4b cord-014608-g3p19coe cord-009713-sxd4t2tz cord-022084-hap7flng cord-029480-3md13om6 cord-023728-fgcldn4e cord-029852-yighpvle cord-019089-oots4fe4 cord-023817-39r3a4fd cord-022467-j2trahab cord-022582-2e9i3m4b cord-022569-ddaqfsmp cord-023712-nptuuixw cord-030800-fgvc3qw8 cord-024673-cl8gydrj cord-031409-7cs1z6x6 cord-027550-yyqsatqw cord-017184-1ewi3dka cord-031482-atltc10d cord-030018-sabmw7wf cord-033802-r68za4cr cord-002774-tpqsjjet cord-034066-fsp7e5x5 cord-023942-vrs3je1x cord-029481-8pq1oaa4 cord-032363-86ovid90 cord-253251-i79h14f7 cord-023748-3kfy36hg cord-024981-yfuuirnw cord-032073-8eguv697 cord-026977-prrjscnd cord-253799-lzbeaf2p cord-103829-mavc34a0 cord-104078-o89bzjfi cord-029723-g6pvyzrc cord-029518-a3507av0 cord-023713-daz2vokz cord-033828-a54virh0 cord-253502-v2hh3w3r cord-252970-hnd0653u cord-023767-rcv4pl0d cord-034973-1yucjgp5 cord-032017-h0cj4izx cord-005646-xhx9pzhj cord-255351-vp19ydce cord-023239-06a03o14 cord-254235-mok10c5i cord-022653-qa1uph35 cord-104491-uu2rbtem cord-032985-s6izbwqb cord-254556-1zthrgy1 cord-257299-z9u12yqb cord-255915-7hkn37p2 cord-255972-u7v0es5w cord-257751-n7w1psr4 cord-254277-hr5g1tkq cord-022448-ungitgh9 cord-259694-8uv291b5 cord-261424-t0yulofo cord-254852-qr5gdmbc cord-258049-l55mx4lp cord-257778-xwu1gdak cord-261938-ls363vud cord-263688-xz2hnym0 cord-262892-n38r8n70 cord-259823-ia1g5dt4 cord-259501-iggw1exl cord-263556-y8vx4ie2 cord-264612-paewji35 cord-267139-r8rg0iqq cord-260459-7o1ob5fk cord-261151-27ocvgnw cord-034340-3ksfpaf7 cord-263619-p17oomzn cord-264486-o01s0upf cord-265506-fxus6n65 cord-265445-bazcczdj cord-264651-cqxmpxyq cord-265850-v83dwt6k cord-273620-gn8g6suq cord-268042-qhrhymle cord-265530-hn7fi5cv cord-264242-zfv30l3o cord-268426-sz9ftmxr cord-268176-tb12txdf cord-014687-0am4l5ms cord-265112-fjn05uag cord-268190-r428y2j9 cord-015306-us58wwmp cord-015352-2d02eq3y cord-269087-f9hyntvf cord-279401-eehb5yny cord-272125-dez1nzg4 cord-267610-bzbr9ios cord-269266-ygewa5xd cord-274123-wgigtgl9 cord-276660-5yney7dh cord-267907-zbsbqj9o cord-271814-a2vlkwce cord-274834-24v2b509 cord-274443-r6ponjr4 cord-273322-zz733a0k cord-283138-18q23z8l cord-274996-fk510s1v cord-286531-3syf6upw cord-269716-x3b0qphd cord-274643-vjb2yt93 cord-275578-9y90uj5h cord-277805-b3hizdmz cord-281132-7hk6ze9k cord-292929-s8pnm9wv cord-281844-c0uhcatg cord-294772-nma7w7of cord-276108-35rsrx3m cord-277315-e26oc883 cord-283667-jqlz7yt8 cord-285965-mar8zt2t cord-281248-z2gisufl cord-281948-xv7vuypd cord-288930-h13cxuh3 cord-282868-yd7pzcbz cord-293259-o51fnvuw cord-293136-lfwqzf8m cord-282446-01lu7sce cord-285459-fph03r22 cord-296141-h1h18ek6 cord-283440-8du0s33p cord-296434-tok2nvyd cord-295792-hajvtzj9 cord-290432-4dli5emd cord-284145-7le8303x cord-297241-ajy2wi51 cord-298551-ua90xoak cord-295260-te2jz2gn cord-303741-1ou0cy5k cord-303451-66c2qobr cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 cord-311393-e82jy629 cord-298708-lvahzj59 cord-295575-zgta5ah8 cord-302863-9e5ajbgq cord-300371-6ja5o3sa cord-298807-67psjrt3 cord-310534-ng6321hh cord-304437-ezqghyid cord-310998-zchtu6cm cord-309095-ka9abe0c cord-301022-0q2ertja cord-310543-2ly18d15 cord-299781-9d5g5xaw cord-308493-3fsn7awq cord-309860-otx45b8x cord-308916-6p2qutc5 cord-310840-h49dx92d cord-310677-begnpodw cord-305786-06dpjik8 cord-312835-a60bkohc cord-312266-hnbgaxft cord-312971-r9sggqh8 cord-313258-luiw46zj cord-314597-1q3osgk7 cord-312615-q333qgps cord-317092-5qba9jiq cord-315860-9j667c03 cord-314810-ny4mnzqc cord-316356-xq9bw349 cord-314390-q36ye9ff cord-313981-yuh5rwkt cord-323742-rt0g0ufe cord-314190-fvdock94 cord-314196-1go07yi6 cord-318916-5lzun9bv cord-314124-yk4y0kea cord-310944-tfn0ltrz cord-318012-bg9y2nsp cord-317283-0zzs5cy8 cord-320438-9j41eyw3 cord-315436-8qrlc5sf cord-315825-ckg8mf8t cord-318965-0mxv8h06 cord-320868-a9yegebb cord-322711-u6yr8wqh cord-322348-8opy5z9h cord-321949-s1qu3odd cord-324786-8k81jetq cord-323941-6rdveab3 cord-321514-knyw023l cord-316260-1t3ifsfi cord-320002-25ivll3q cord-326963-34hw4oeg cord-326277-dwyvics9 cord-319286-xbf4zhnr cord-324181-nyrpg3ud cord-327493-v2iatbol cord-323473-e2pgjynr cord-323859-rkxgtyoq cord-329123-ytezkugu cord-326328-9w2p3xla cord-335582-30rws724 cord-320156-xs936r6u cord-333061-d1mdacx3 cord-327284-j6cg7nf0 cord-333479-d0mgma42 cord-328709-bqf3d6r3 cord-324752-t50bg7pq cord-326532-2ehuuvnx cord-329399-d0w8fof0 cord-337037-xpj17vn4 cord-329905-dwfwwdbn cord-344486-iu5flbcl cord-330780-lmntovs5 cord-327976-pwe95zoi cord-330777-xcwppaux cord-335055-gzuug3p5 cord-332404-va3rxy5p cord-331825-dwi350c0 cord-336562-5qmzne98 cord-341331-l24oe2pd cord-342133-khrljehj cord-329750-purunxce cord-329499-jh4pbqxu cord-337561-m0z14iyu cord-327963-dqsg84e5 cord-335148-2ngwjp3r cord-335051-31imf6bv cord-337637-wehstffa cord-341208-vlzbri33 cord-338007-fa4i981h cord-343910-jib877fo cord-332173-m38sr6oc cord-340512-wjbh1z8y cord-353482-dz343h7t cord-338674-tnnd1s57 cord-344823-jl5ph260 cord-348411-nrhe8aek cord-343818-pj1oludh cord-348212-c2iibuqa cord-339638-yrxoj1hl cord-353214-qo98m7jx cord-342853-n3e6yawi cord-345222-otfnrarh cord-343985-0p2j5hzc cord-346060-ns6v76rb cord-336940-6rgmpy5r cord-346338-kdjgu93q cord-348717-qgny6f6y cord-351797-b7ywe980 cord-347488-th07jo7u cord-353519-cmeociax cord-347033-ha095nwp cord-352222-zq9o66i4 cord-346388-j6pajd68 cord-353886-wvxohfum cord-352952-91goqi90 cord-354974-bh2expef cord-354993-gdz63spj cord-355623-tmr1ieg1 cord-355047-ri43d5wk cord-354608-1me3nopu cord-009997-oecpqf1j cord-015324-y44sfr0c Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-009997-oecpqf1j cord-015324-y44sfr0c cord-022653-qa1uph35 cord-009997-oecpqf1j cord-274996-fk510s1v cord-002774-tpqsjjet number of items: 302 sum of words: 2,488,618 average size in words: 8,762 average readability score: 47 nouns: children; patients; study; disease; age; child; years; treatment; health; infection; risk; results; cases; care; studies; group; data; time; pneumonia; infections; months; parents; diagnosis; infants; asthma; symptoms; therapy; use; virus; analysis; patient; blood; influenza; levels; adults; syndrome; days; factors; case; cells; development; cell; findings; population; groups; family; life; year; methods; function verbs: used; including; associated; showed; increased; reported; found; compare; following; identified; developing; based; provided; caused; occurred; presenting; performed; requiring; received; reduced; suggested; related; treat; considered; made; needed; see; given; described; evaluate; affected; detect; improving; leading; result; assessed; demonstrates; observed; decreased; remaining; determined; indicate; involves; diagnosed; take; known; obtained; revealed; aged; confirmed adjectives: respiratory; clinical; pediatric; severe; high; acute; renal; significant; common; viral; first; higher; positive; lower; normal; young; early; low; non; different; specific; important; chronic; social; many; human; bacterial; primary; old; medical; mental; negative; new; pulmonary; available; present; several; mean; possible; long; similar; physical; less; likely; immune; effective; multiple; small; oral; diagnostic adverbs: also; however; well; significantly; often; respectively; even; usually; especially; less; therefore; particularly; frequently; previously; still; commonly; approximately; prior; later; highly; currently; recently; now; clinically; generally; relatively; least; furthermore; typically; almost; mainly; first; rather; potentially; statistically; much; moreover; yet; initially; finally; specifically; early; always; together; alone; additionally; far; directly; primarily; rarely pronouns: we; it; their; our; they; its; them; i; he; she; her; his; you; us; your; themselves; my; itself; one; me; him; ourselves; yourself; 's; himself; iga1; herself; ours; oneself; myself; em; thee; s; mg; theirs; siil-33; il-; cgvh; ™; y€; y638; y402h; sont-20; pteronyssinus; p<.001; mrs; mrnas; mine; m; ly294002 proper nouns: COVID-19; SARS; CT; Health; HIV; MRI; United; RSV; Children; mg; States; •; CoV-2; Hospital; C; PCR; S.; China; US; A; Pediatric; University; Table; T; Fig; B; CI; kg; National; Disease; IgE; II; Group; MR; C.; CKD; IV; UK; Child; Report; New; Department; Medical; L; World; Coronavirus; ICU; SCD; fl; M. keywords: child; covid-19; sars; infection; patient; respiratory; study; pneumonia; health; rsv; parent; virus; united; result; disease; care; asthma; hiv; year; states; pediatric; case; treatment; pcr; cause; influenza; hospital; group; school; mri; mental; infant; conclusion; china; university; picu; method; hrv; high; family; diarrhea; diagnosis; children; viral; uti; table; social; pandemic; mis; intervention one topic; one dimension: children file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3685537/ titles(s): Clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibilities of viridans streptococcal bacteremia during febrile neutropenia in patients with hematologic malignancies: a comparison between adults and children three topics; one dimension: patients; children; children file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101932/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155703/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7186188/ titles(s): Scientific Programme | Clinical Conditions | A Strategic Plan for Strengthening America’s Families: A Brief from the Coalition of Behavioral Science Organizations five topics; three dimensions: patients children renal; children respiratory patients; children may infection; children health covid; children child parents file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101932/, https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00459, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155703/, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104628, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7371825/ titles(s): Scientific Programme | Assessment of an Antibody-in-Lymphocyte Supernatant Assay for the Etiological Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Children | Clinical Conditions | Vulnerabilities of Syrian refugee children in Turkey and actions taken for prevention and management in terms of health and wellbeing | Educational Values in Human Rights Treaties: UN, European, and African International Law Type: cord title: keyword-child-cord date: 2021-05-24 time: 21:45 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:child ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-022084-hap7flng author: ARRUDA, EURICO title: Respiratory Tract Viral Infections date: 2009-05-15 words: 19181.0 sentences: 1041.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022084-hap7flng.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022084-hap7flng.txt summary: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the immunization of persons aged 50 years and older; residents of nursing homes; children and adults with chronic cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, including asthma; persons chronically ill with diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, or hemoglobinopathies; immunosuppressed patients including those with HIV infection; children and adolescents on chronic aspirin therapy who may develop postinfluenza Reye'' s syndrome; women who will be pregnant during the influenza season; children aged 6 to 23 months; those who can transmit influenza to persons at high risk, such as health-care workers and household contacts of those at high risk including children 0 to 23 months of age; crew members of cruise ships; providers of essential services; and unimmunized travelers to areas where influenza may be circulating, including the tropics, the southern hemisphere between April and September, and those traveling in large organized tourist groups. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152450/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-443-06668-9.50064-8 id: cord-347488-th07jo7u author: Akseer, Nadia title: COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation strategies: implications for maternal and child health and nutrition date: 2020-06-19 words: 3344.0 sentences: 162.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347488-th07jo7u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347488-th07jo7u.txt summary: Although there has been focus on rising rates of childhood wasting in the short term, maternal and child undernutrition rates are also likely to increase as a consequence of COVID-19 and its impacts on poverty, coverage of essential interventions, and access to appropriate nutritious foods. Key sectors at particular risk of collapse or reduced efficiency in the wake of COVID-19 include food systems, incomes, and social protection, health care services for women and children, and services and access to clean water and sanitation. A recent modelling exercise of various estimates of the potential impact of COVID-19-related economic deterioration, food insecurity, and interruption of programs of community-based detection and management of malnutrition suggests that the prevalence of wasting could increase by 10-50% with an excess of ∼40,000-2,000,000 child deaths (4) . In today''s COVID-19 environment, such systems in Peru, Kyrgyz Republic, and many other countries can be leveraged to build on and enhance social and economic protection for vulnerable families, and consequently prevent ill health and chronic undernutrition in children. abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to ravage health and economic metrics globally, including progress in maternal and child nutrition. Although there has been focus on rising rates of childhood wasting in the short term, maternal and child undernutrition rates are also likely to increase as a consequence of COVID-19 and its impacts on poverty, coverage of essential interventions, and access to appropriate nutritious foods. Key sectors at particular risk of collapse or reduced efficiency in the wake of COVID-19 include food systems, incomes, and social protection, health care services for women and children, and services and access to clean water and sanitation. This review highlights key areas of concern for maternal and child nutrition during and in the aftermath of COVID-19 while providing strategic guidance for countries in their efforts to reduce maternal and child undernutrition. Rooted in learnings from the exemplars in Global Health's Stunting Reduction Exemplars project, we provide a set of recommendations that span investments in sectors that have sustained direct and indirect impact on nutrition. These include interventions to strengthen the food-supply chain and reducing food insecurity to assist those at immediate risk of food shortages. Other strategies could include targeted social safety net programs, payment deferrals, or tax breaks as well as suitable cash-support programs for the most vulnerable. Targeting the most marginalized households in rural populations and urban slums could be achieved through deploying community health workers and supporting women and community members. Community-led sanitation programs could be key to ensuring healthy household environments and reducing undernutrition. Additionally, several COVID-19 response measures such as contact tracing and self-isolation could also be exploited for nutrition protection. Global health and improvements in undernutrition will require governments, donors, and development partners to restrategize and reprioritize investments for the COVID-19 era, and will necessitate data-driven decision making, political will and commitment, and international unity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32559276/ doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa171 id: cord-103829-mavc34a0 author: Alam, T. title: Extended effect of short-course azithromycin for the treatment of diarrhoea in children on antimicrobial resistance in nasopharyngeal and intestinal bacteria: Study Protocol for the antimicrobial resistance sub-study of the multicountry AntiBiotics for Children with Diarrhea (ABCD) trial. date: 2020-07-19 words: 5156.0 sentences: 257.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103829-mavc34a0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103829-mavc34a0.txt summary: We aim to determine the impact of a 3-day course of azithromycin on the risk of AMR at 90 and 180 days after treatment, among a subset of children and their household contacts enrolled into a multi-country, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of azithromycin children under 2 years with diarrhea in low income settings, Methods and analysis The AntiBiotics for Children with Diarrhea (ABCD) trial is testing the efficacy of a 3-day course of azithromycin, compared to placebo, in reducing mortality and linear growth faltering in the subsequent 6 months among 11,500 children aged 2-23 months of age across multiple sites in Bangladesh, India, Kenya Malawi, Mali, Pakistan and Tanzania with diarrhea and one or more of the following; dehydration, severe stunting, or moderate wasting (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03130114). pneumoniae, isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs, is no different between children treated with 3-days of azithromycin or placebo in a randomly selected sub-sample of children enrolled in the ABCD trial, at 90 and 180 days after treatment. abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health challenge worldwide, threatening the important gains that have been made in reducing mortality due to infectious diseases. Despite current World Health Organization guidelines restricting antibiotics to a small subset of children with dysentery or suspected cholera, many children with diarrhea continue to be treated with antibiotics. We aim to determine the impact of a 3-day course of azithromycin on the risk of AMR at 90 and 180 days after treatment, among a subset of children and their household contacts enrolled into a multi-country, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of azithromycin children under 2 years with diarrhea in low income settings, Methods and analysis The AntiBiotics for Children with Diarrhea (ABCD) trial is testing the efficacy of a 3-day course of azithromycin, compared to placebo, in reducing mortality and linear growth faltering in the subsequent 6 months among 11,500 children aged 2-23 months of age across multiple sites in Bangladesh, India, Kenya Malawi, Mali, Pakistan and Tanzania with diarrhea and one or more of the following; dehydration, severe stunting, or moderate wasting (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03130114). A sub-set of enrolled children are randomly selected to participate in a sub-study of AMR. A fecal sample (stool or rectal swab) will be collected at baseline from all enrolled children. A fecal sample and a nasopharyngeal (NP) swab will be collected at day 90 and 180 after enrolment from participating children and a close household child contact. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae will be isolated and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration for azithromycin and other commonly used antibiotics will be determined and compared between trial arms. Ethics and dissemination This study was reviewed by an independent ethical review committee. Dissemination of results is planned to local and international policy makers and the public. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.17.20156224v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.07.17.20156224 id: cord-302863-9e5ajbgq author: Alhabdan, Yazeed Abdullah title: Prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among primary school children: a population-based cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date: 2018-11-30 words: 6249.0 sentences: 285.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt summary: Our study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries and identifying key associated factors in four major risk domains, including socioeconomic factors, child oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and identifying key associated factors in 6-8-year-old school children in Riyadh city of Saudi Arabia would contribute towards the knowledge of dental caries by enriching the baseline data and determining population-specific risk factors of such a highly prevalent and preventable condition. Our analysis is the first in Saudi Arabia to comprehensively evaluate and prioritize factors encompassing all four major risk domains for dental caries, including parental socioeconomic status, children oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits. abstract: BACKGROUND: Dental caries is a preventable childhood disease, but public health efforts are hampered due to limited information on associated factors in vulnerable populations. Our study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries and identifying key associated factors in four major risk domains, including socioeconomic factors, child oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was used to recruit 578 male Saudi primary school children, aged 6–8 years, from 12 primary schools in five different regions of Riyadh. Children were clinically screened to detect carious lesions in primary teeth according to World Health Organization’s criteria. Structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on social and individual factors from the parents. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of associated factors for dental caries were computed using logistic regression models; key factors were identified by systematic selection process that accounted for multicollinearity and bias correction. RESULTS: Dental caries was prevalent among children (83%, 95% confidence interval 79.7–86.0%). Individual factors, including irregular brushing, late adoption of brushing habit, consulting dentist for symptomatic treatment, lack of breast feeding, sleeping with a bottle in mouth, habit of snacking between meals, low consumption of fruits, and frequent consumption of soft drinks and flavored milk, were predominantly associated with dental caries in children, instead of socioeconomic factors (p < 0.05, adjusted R-square 80%). CONCLUSION: Dental caries were prevalent in school children, and individual factors were predominantly associated with the disease. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12199-018-0750-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-018-0750-z doi: 10.1186/s12199-018-0750-z id: cord-276660-5yney7dh author: Allgaier, Katharina title: Times are changing: digitalisation in child and adolescent psychotherapy date: 2020-07-31 words: 974.0 sentences: 54.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276660-5yney7dh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276660-5yney7dh.txt summary: The work by Hollis and colleagues and our own search revealed that most robust evidence exists for interventions for anxiety disorders and mild to moderate depression (especially computerized cognitive behavioural therapy (cCBT) approaches). Increasing evidence emerges for DHI targeting autism spectrum disorders which include DHI for children from preschool age to adolescence and their parents [1, 2] . In summary, DHI are promising therapeutic interventions for children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders, with already robust data regarding depression and anxiety disorders. SARS-CoV2-19 catalyses the integration of DHI into the standard repertoire of child and adolescent psychiatry and psychotherapy. Fortunately, at least one partner in therapy, the children and adolescents, are often accustomed to and sometimes highly trained in digitally delivered communication. The effects of human interaction on the outcomes of digital health interventions for children and adolescents with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analyses abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01610-8 doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01610-8 id: cord-021951-xxvol17t author: Amos, Louella B. title: Cough date: 2017-05-12 words: 11897.0 sentences: 734.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021951-xxvol17t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021951-xxvol17t.txt summary: Although children with cough resulting from cystic fibrosis (CF), Mycoplasma species, tuberculosis, aspiration, a bronchial foreign body, or an anatomic abnormality usually have abnormal chest radiographs, a normal radiograph does not exclude these diagnoses. Pertussis is a relatively common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, children, adolescents, and adults, especially in those who are underimmunized or not immunized. Bacterial pneumonia is relatively less common in infants than is viral pneumonia but can cause severe illness, with cough, respiratory distress, and fever. The mutation affects the gene''s protein product, termed cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator Any age (even infants) Coexistence of allergy increases likelihood, but absence of allergy does not decrease likelihood Wheeze need not be present ↑Cough with upper respiratory infections ↑Cough with (and especially after) exercise ↑Cough with hard laughing or crying ↑Cough with exposure to cold ↑Cough with exposure to cigarette smoke Usually a history of dramatic response to inhaled β-agonists CF may manifest at birth with meconium ileus (10-15% of patients), or later, with steatorrhea and failure to thrive despite a voracious appetite, in an apparent effort to make up for the calories that are lost in the stool (see Chapter 11). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152259/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39956-2.00002-9 id: cord-267610-bzbr9ios author: Anastassopoulou, Cleo title: SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the ambiguous role of children and considerations for the reopening of schools in the fall date: 2020-09-03 words: 2472.0 sentences: 107.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267610-bzbr9ios.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267610-bzbr9ios.txt summary: In agreement with this reasoning, data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infections in children involve the upper rather than the lower respiratory tract, the typical site of severe COVID-19 disease where ACE2 receptors are more abundant [29] . In this respect, a large prospective NIH-funded study of 6000 people from 2000 US families in 11 cities, called human epidemiology and response to SARS-CoV-2, will help determine the incidence of novel coronavirus infection in children in the USA and whether rates differ between children who have asthma or other allergic conditions and children who do not [45] . School children are nonetheless anticipated to contribute to the community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through their large numbers of daily social contacts, some of which are intergenerational, with older age groups where the risk for more severe illness is increased. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2020-0195 doi: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0195 id: cord-321949-s1qu3odd author: Anderson, Evan J title: Rotavirus infection in adults date: 2004-01-28 words: 6937.0 sentences: 441.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321949-s1qu3odd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321949-s1qu3odd.txt summary: Spread by faecal-oral transmission, rotavirus infection in adults typically manifests with nausea, malaise, headache, abdominal cramping, diarrhoea, and fever. In this review we intend to familiarise clinicians who primarily provide care for adult patients with the salient features of rotavirus pathophysiology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention. In a separate study, 14 parents of children with rotavirus gastroenteritis developed serological evidence of infection, but only three had diarrhoea. Rotavirus infections in adult patients infected with HIV-1 frequently present as a chronic diarrhoea with sustained viral shedding in stools. In a small prospective study in the UK, rotavirus caused 4·1% of acute diarrhoea in adults admitted to hospital. 79 In a study of Mexican adults, 63% of patients presenting with acute gastroenteritis during winter months were positive for rotavirus. Rotavirus infections in adults in association with acute gastroenteritis abstract: Rotavirus has been recognised for 30 years as the most common cause of infectious gastroenteritis in infants and young children. By contrast, the role of rotavirus as a pathogen in adults has long been underappreciated. Spread by faecal-oral transmission, rotavirus infection in adults typically manifests with nausea, malaise, headache, abdominal cramping, diarrhoea, and fever. Infection can also be symptomless. Rotavirus infection in immuno-compromised adults can have a variable course from symptomless to severe and sustained infection. Common epidemiological settings for rotavirus infection among adults include endemic disease, epidemic outbreak, travel-related infection, and disease resulting from child-to-adult transmission. Limited diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives are available for adults with suspected rotavirus infection. Because symptoms are generally self-limiting, supportive care is the rule. Clinicians caring for adults with gastroenteritis should consider rotavirus in the differential diagnosis. In this review we intend to familiarise clinicians who primarily provide care for adult patients with the salient features of rotavirus pathophysiology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1473309904009284 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(04)00928-4 id: cord-104491-uu2rbtem author: Andiman, Warren A. title: Where Have All the “AIDS Babies” Gone? A Historical Memoir of the Pediatric AIDS Epidemic in New Haven and its Eventual Eradication date: 2020-09-30 words: 8100.0 sentences: 399.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-104491-uu2rbtem.txt txt: ./txt/cord-104491-uu2rbtem.txt summary: However, a search of the medical records at Yale-New Haven Hospital (YNHH) would have revealed names of at least a dozen additional patients living with HIV. In time, the Hospital''s Board of Trustees gave the go-ahead for the "official" creation of the "AIDS Care Program." Soon the City of New Haven and local charitable organizations joined us in common cause. We made clear our need for funding and asked for official promises by the hospital and medical school to establish an AIDS Care Program, in perpetuity, dedicated to the ongoing outpatient and inpatient care of HIV-infected patients of all ages. Following years of reluctance on the part of "professional" foster parents to bring babies living with HIV into their homes, we joined with the Connecticut State Department of Social Services and rolled-out intensive educational programs that featured infection control guidelines. abstract: S.L. was one of our first HIV-positive babies. He was born at Yale-New Haven Hospital (YNHH) in 1982. His mother was a sex worker who also injected drugs. He died at 3½ years following multiple episodes of opportunistic infection and metastatic lymphoma. In the years between 1986 and 1990, 163 HIV-positive mothers gave birth at YNHH. The mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate was 20 percent. Women represented 8 percent of all HIV cases in the US compared with 29 percent in New Haven. We had a six times greater proportion of children living with HIV. The mean number of HIV-exposed babies rose annually from 26 (1985-87) to 37 (1988-90). Our first team of caregivers comprised a nurse practitioner, a social worker, and me. We were, in time, joined by a growing number of colleagues. Enlightened and generous hospital administrators provided us with outpatient space and the promise of continued funding to support additional staff and in 1987, an independent Pediatric AIDS Care Program. We implemented the proven MTCT prevention guidelines articulated in the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) protocol 076 and by 1995, the MTCT rate at YNHH fell to 9 percent. Since 1996, the MTCT rate at YNHH has been zero percent. Combination antiretroviral therapy, cART, made its debut in the mid-1990s; five classes of drugs with multiple agents in each were licensed between 2003 and 2013. We designed individual treatment plans for each child and gradually entered an era when our clinic was populated with healthier long-term survivors. Our Program flourished, based on a multidisciplinary approach which honored interprofessional collaboration. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7513449/ doi: nan id: cord-005750-54hul2lw author: Antonelli, Massimo title: Year in review in Intensive Care Medicine, 2008: III. Paediatrics, Ethics, outcome research and critical care organization, sedation, pharmacology and miscellanea date: 2009-02-10 words: 8228.0 sentences: 436.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005750-54hul2lw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005750-54hul2lw.txt summary: In their paper, the authors present a detailed description of sequential analysis methodologies and describe their potential prospective use as tools for monitoring the performance of intensive care units. [2] undertook a study to determine whether outcomes were influenced by time of admission to an Australian tertiary paediatric intensive care unit without 24 h per day in-house intensivist cover. [6] who reported a prospective observational study across 15 Italian paediatric intensive care units conducted over a period of 1 year. In this randomised controlled trial, there was a significant difference in mortality rate with use of ACCM/ PALS haemodynamic support guidelines for septic shock between patients with or without ScvO 2 guided therapy. The authors concluded that their results support the finding that the clinical scales do not evaluate the level of sedation accurately in critically ill children with neuromuscular relaxation, leading to a higher risk of over or undersedation. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095358/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-009-1433-4 id: cord-016542-gia859eu author: Argent, A. C. title: The Needs of Children in Natural or Manmade Disasters date: 2009-11-19 words: 6921.0 sentences: 365.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016542-gia859eu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016542-gia859eu.txt summary: Particular insight into the needs of children and the availability of specific pediatric resources will be required by any team coordinating both planning for and response to any disaster in which significant numbers of children are involved [1, 14, 59, 60] . Mace and Bern [72] reviewed the capacity of disaster medical assistance teams in the USA to respond to pediatric emergencies and found major deficiencies in the training curriculum with pediatric topics such as trauma, disaster triage, burns, pain management, and mental health missing in 33, 36, 42, 42 , and 45% of the time, respectively. Appropriate disaster planning should include: measures to reduce the injury during possible disasters, organization of emergency and pre-hospital services to deal with emergencies, plans for utilization of health services and utilities such as hospitals and intensive care units, and contingency plans to provide accommodation and resources to support both the rescue efforts and the ongoing needs of displaced people abstract: Disasters have been described as “events of sufficient scale, asset depletion, or numbers of victims to overwhelm medical resources” [1] or as “a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources” [2]. Importantly, that definition goes on to state: “A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk.” url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120869/ doi: 10.1007/978-88-470-1436-7_32 id: cord-265445-bazcczdj author: Arias-Bravo, Guisselle title: Overnutrition in Infants Is Associated With High Level of Leptin, Viral Coinfection and Increased Severity of Respiratory Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study date: 2020-02-18 words: 4565.0 sentences: 257.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265445-bazcczdj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265445-bazcczdj.txt summary: title: Overnutrition in Infants Is Associated With High Level of Leptin, Viral Coinfection and Increased Severity of Respiratory Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study Objective: To investigate the relationship of overnutrition (obese and overweight) with severity of illness in children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs), frequency of viral coinfections and leptin levels. However, the empirical evidence needed to estimate the impact of overnutrition (including overweight and obese conditions) on the severity of viral respiratory infections in children is still lacking (10) . Hence, the objective of this study was to estimate the relationship of overnutrition on severity of illness in infants (aged between 0 and 5 months) and children (aged between 6 and 24 months) hospitalized with ALRIs. Moreover, frequency of viral coinfection, RSV viral load and levels of leptin according to nutritional status were evaluated. abstract: Objective: To investigate the relationship of overnutrition (obese and overweight) with severity of illness in children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs), frequency of viral coinfections and leptin levels. Methods: We studied 124 children <2 years old that were hospitalized for ALRI. Nutritional status was calculated by z-scores according to weight-for-age z-scores, length or height-for-age z-scores, and weight-for-height z-scores. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were obtained and viral respiratory pathogens were identified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) load was assessed using quantitative RT-PCR. NPA and plasma leptin level were measured. Clinical data and nutritional status were recorded, and patients were followed up until hospital discharge. Viral coinfection was defined as the presence of two or more viruses detected in the same respiratory sample. Severity of illness was determined by length of hospitalization and duration of oxygen therapy. Results: Children with overnutrition showed a greater frequency of viral coinfection than those with normal weight (71% obese vs. 37% normal weight p = 0.013; 68% overweight vs. 37% normal weight p = 0.004). A lower RSV load was found in obese (5.91 log(10) copies/mL) and overweight children (6.49 log(10) copies/mL) compared to normal weight children (8.06 log(10) copies/mL; p = 0.021 in both cases). In multivariate analysis, obese, and overweight infants <6 months old were associated with longer hospital stays (RR = 1.68; CI: 1.30–2.15 and obese: RR = 1.68; CI: 1.01–2.71, respectively) as well as a greater duration of oxygen therapy (RR = 1.80; IC: 1.41–2.29 and obese: RR = 1.91; CI: 1.15–3.15, respectively). Obese children <6 months showed higher plasma leptin level than normal weight children (7.58 vs. 5.12 ng/μl; p <0.046). Conclusions: In infants younger than 6 months, overnutrition condition was related to increased severity of infections and high plasma leptin level. Also, children with overnutrition showed a greater frequency of viral coinfection and low RSV viral load compared to normal weights children. These findings further contribute to the already existent evidence supporting the importance of overnutrition prevention in pediatric populations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32133330/ doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00044 id: cord-031482-atltc10d author: Arkow, Phil title: Human–Animal Relationships and Social Work: Opportunities Beyond the Veterinary Environment date: 2020-09-05 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: A species-spanning approach that incorporates clients’ relationships with their companion animals into family genograms, schools of social work curricula, continuing education, interviews, assessments, and interventions offers increased career opportunities, professional and personal growth and development, and a more comprehensive resolution of clients’ issues, social justice concerns, and the prevention of family violence. This article identifies six reasons why social workers should be cognizant of human–animal relationships and introduces nine ways, with action steps, in which social workers can include these relationships into training and practice outside the more developed field of veterinary social work. These venues include: agencies working in child protection and child sexual abuse; children’s advocacy centers and courthouse facility dogs; animal shelters; domestic violence shelters; public policy advocacy; clinical practice; agencies working with older and disabled populations; veterinary sentinels for intimate partner violence; and pet support services for homeless populations. Such attention to the human–animal bond can utilize social workers’ problem-solving skills to improve delivery of services, identify clients’ risk and resiliency factors, enhance social and environmental justice, expand academic inquiry, and increase attention to all of the vulnerable members of families and communities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7474507/ doi: 10.1007/s10560-020-00697-x id: cord-016783-8x05oh5q author: Arruda, L. Karla title: Early Interventions in Allergic Diseases date: 2010 words: 7022.0 sentences: 306.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016783-8x05oh5q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016783-8x05oh5q.txt summary: Evidence indicates that environmental factors acting early in life, including respiratory viral infections, exposure to pets and microbial products, day-care attendance, breast feeding, and exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, are key events for establishment of sensitization and development of chronic, persistent symptoms of allergic diseases [1] . Evidence indicates that environmental factors acting early in life, including respiratory viral infections, exposure to pets and microbial products, day-care attendance, breast feeding, and exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, are key events for establishment of sensitization and development of chronic, persistent symptoms of allergic diseases [1] . The relationship of exposure to microbial agents (endotoxin, fungal agents, and other microbial contaminants) early in life (3 months of age) and the development of atopic sensitization and physician-diagnosed asthma and wheeze in the first 4 years of life, in children of atopic mothers, was investigated in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study. abstract: Atopy has been defined as the genetic predisposition to develop IgE antibody responses to a variety of common environmental allergens. Clinically, atopy is expressed by asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis. It has been recognized that the “atopic march” evolves from food allergy and atopic dermatitis in the first 2 years of life, followed by asthma and allergic rhinitis. Over the past 30 years, the prevalence of allergies and asthma has increased significantly in developed countries, and asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. Evidence indicates that environmental factors acting early in life, including respiratory viral infections, exposure to pets and microbial products, day-care attendance, breast feeding, and exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, are key events for establishment of sensitization and development of chronic, persistent symptoms of allergic diseases [1]. It is thought that gene—environment interactions play a crucial role in these processes. Therefore, attempts to successfully prevent development of allergic diseases should be a priority. At present, there are no genetic markers for atopy or asthma which could be used routinely in clinical practice and family history of atopy has been used to identify children genetically at-risk of developing allergic diseases. These children from high-risk families have been the focus of most of the intervention studies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121172/ doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-99362-9_23 id: cord-292929-s8pnm9wv author: Ashikalli, Louicia title: The indirect impact of COVID-19 on child health date: 2020-09-16 words: 4936.0 sentences: 256.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292929-s8pnm9wv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292929-s8pnm9wv.txt summary: It explores the physical and psychological effects, discusses the role of parenting and education, offering practical advice about how best to provide support as a health care professional. Whilst initial data does not suggest that children with comorbidities are at particularly increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease (12) (13) (14) , the challenge of maintaining a good continuity of care for existing patients and adequate diagnostic care for children presenting for the first time remains. At the start of this pandemic in the UK the advice given to the families with children with many chronic diseases was to shield the whole household to prevent the risk of severe illness. The absence of mental health services during previous pandemics increased the risk of psychological distress to those affected (30) . Large organisations such as UNICEF have provided online documents to help teenagers protect their mental health during the pandemic. abstract: Since the detection of COVID-19 in December 2019, the rapid spread of the disease worldwide has led to a new pandemic, with the number of infected individuals and deaths rising daily. Early experience shows that it predominantly affects older age groups with children and young adults being generally more resilient to more severe disease (1–3). From a health standpoint, children and young people are less directly affected than adults and presentation of the disease has shown different characteristics. Nonetheless, COVID-19 has had severe repercussions on children and young people. These indirect, downstream implications should not be ignored. An understanding of the issues is essential for those who hope to advocate effectively for children to prevent irreversible damage to the adults of the future. This article reviews some of the evidence of harm to children that may accrue indirectly as a result of pandemics. It explores the physical and psychological effects, discusses the role of parenting and education, offering practical advice about how best to provide support as a health care professional. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32959000/ doi: 10.1016/j.paed.2020.09.004 id: cord-336562-5qmzne98 author: Auten, Richard title: Pediatric pulmonology year in review 2016: Part 2 date: 2017-04-25 words: 2535.0 sentences: 134.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336562-5qmzne98.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336562-5qmzne98.txt summary: The ability to obtain tidal breathing measurements may lead to new insights into changes in chest and abdominal motion in pediatric respiratory disease. 47 Acute viral bronchiolitis, due to RSV and other pathogens, continues to have a major impact worldwide on childhood mortality and hospital admissions, 51 is associated with subsequent asthma and allergy risk, 52 and could be increasing in incidence. 57 Flores et al 58 conducted a randomized clinical trial comparing 3% hypertonic saline to normal saline in previously healthy infants hospitalized with mild-to-moderate acute viral bronchiolitis. Thus, the study does not support the use of nebulized hypertonic saline over normal saline in therapy of hospitalized children with mild-to-moderate acute viral bronchiolitis. Association between trafficrelated air pollution and asthma in preschool children in a national Japanese nested case-control study Changes in lung function measured by spirometry and the forced oscillation technique in cystic fibrosis patients undergoing treatment for respiratory tract exacerbation abstract: Pediatric Pulmonology continues to publish research and clinical topics related to the entire range of children's respiratory disorders. As we have done annually in recent years, we here summarize some of the past year's publications in our major topic areas, as well as selected literature in these areas from other core journals relevant to our discipline. This review (Part 2) covers selected articles on neonatology, asthma, physiology and lung function testing, and infectious diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23719 doi: 10.1002/ppul.23719 id: cord-315825-ckg8mf8t author: B, Liu title: Decrease of respiratory diseases in one social children welfare institute in Shanxi Province during COVID-19 date: 2020-09-02 words: 2698.0 sentences: 147.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.txt summary: In order to resist the epidemic of COVID-19 outbreak, this welfare institute actively responded to government exhortation and carefully planned many urgent measures according to ''Guidelines on the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia Epidemic in New Corona virus Infections in Service Organizations of Children''s Welfare (First Edition)'' released by the O ce of the Ministry of Civil A airs, 7 for examples, disinfection and sterilization, isolation and age-based partitioned management, as well as monitoring body temperature. According to the data analysis of the same time period from 2018 to 2020, the anti-epidemic measures lead to that the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases reduced significantly among children of the social children welfare institute in 2020 compared with 2018 and 2019. Based on the survey analysis, we can clearly conclude that the actions taken during the epidemic of COVID-19 have strikingly resulted in the prevalence rate transform of respiratory diseases for the children, which suggests that the disinfection and management in welfare institutions administration should be strengthened daily. abstract: BACKGROUND: To assess the impact of disinfection measures on the incidence of common diseases in children welfare institute during the epidemic of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and provide a basis for the daily disinfection management of children welfare institute. METHODS: This study surveyed and analyzed common diseases among children under the age of 14 in one social children welfare institute in Shanxi Province from January to May in 2018–2020 by the year-on-year method. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of respiratory diseases in 2020 was a significantly negative growth compared with 2018 and 2019. There was no obvious pattern of changes in digestive diseases group. CONCLUSION: In view of the above anti-epidemic measures, it indicates that the children gathering institutions should strengthen effective personal protection and public health management to reduce infectious disease among children. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32876673/ doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa150 id: cord-274996-fk510s1v author: Babatunde, Gbotemi Bukola title: Stakeholders'' perceptions of child and adolescent mental health services in a South African district: a qualitative study date: 2020-10-02 words: 7858.0 sentences: 373.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274996-fk510s1v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274996-fk510s1v.txt summary: The participants include stakeholders from the Departments of Health (DoH), Basic Education (DBE), community-based/non-governmental organizations and caregivers of children receiving CAMH care. These multiple stakeholders, particularly teachers and caregivers (parents, grandparents, foster parents and other family members), are perceived to be active gatekeepers to CAMH care, given their vital role in identifying and seeking help for children and adolescents with mental (behavioural, emotional, social and developmental) disorders. Service providers who helped to identify and refer children and adolescents potentially requiring mental health care were situated at different levels of the community, health and education systems, and included nurses in clinics, social workers in the communities, educators, learner support agents and school health nurses in schools. A senior mental health professional highlighted that the psychologists are mostly the first point of contact for children and adolescents with CAMH conditions within the hospital (most of the referrals from the schools are addressed to them) and they refer them to the appropriate specialists for cases in need of more specialized interventions. abstract: BACKGROUND: In order to develop a district child and adolescent mental health (CAMH) plan, it is vital to engage with a range of stakeholders involved in providing CAMH services, given the complexities associated with delivering such services. Hence this study sought to explore multisectoral dynamics in providing CAMH care in one resource-constrained South African district as a case study, towards informing the development of a model for district mental health plan and generating lessons for mental health systems strengthening to support CAMH services using the Health Systems Dynamics (HSD) framework. HSD provides a suitable structure for analysing interactions between different elements within the health system and other sectors. METHODS: Purposive sampling of 60 key informants was conducted to obtain an in-depth understanding of various stakeholders' experiences and perceptions of the available CAMH services in the district. The participants include stakeholders from the Departments of Health (DoH), Basic Education (DBE), community-based/non-governmental organizations and caregivers of children receiving CAMH care. The data was categorized according to the elements of the HSD framework. RESULTS: The HSD framework helped in identifying the components of the health systems that are necessary for CAMH service delivery. At a district level, the shortage of human resources, un-coordinated CAMH management system, lack of intersectoral collaboration and the low priority given to the CAMH system negatively impacts on the service providers' experiences of providing CAMH services. Services users' experiences of access to available CAMH services was negatively impacted by financial restrictions, low mental health literacy and stigmatization. Nevertheless, the study participants perceived the available CAMH specialists to be competent and dedicated to delivering quality services but will benefit from systems strengthening initiatives that can expand the workforce and equip non-specialists with the required skills, resources and adequate coordination. CONCLUSIONS: The need to develop the capacity of all the involved stakeholders in relation to CAMH services was imperative in the district. The need to create a mental health outreach team and equip teachers and caregivers with skills required to promote mental wellbeing, promptly identify CAMH conditions, refer appropriately and adhere to a management regimen was emphasized. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-020-00406-2 doi: 10.1186/s13033-020-00406-2 id: cord-324181-nyrpg3ud author: Baker, Jeffrey title: Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2) date: 2020-05-19 words: 4253.0 sentences: 232.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324181-nyrpg3ud.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324181-nyrpg3ud.txt summary: title: Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2) 19, 20 We report the safety and efficacy results of single oral dose baloxavir treatment in otherwise healthy children 1-<12 years old with acute influenza from miniSTONE-2 (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03629184), a phase III, randomized, active controlled trial. This was a global, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, active controlled trial of the safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a single oral dose of baloxavir versus twice-daily (for 5 days) oral oseltamivir, in otherwise healthy children with influenza. Parents completed the Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness and Flu Scale (CARIFS) 22 questionnaire at scheduled visits (day [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] , and responses were used to measure secondary efficacy endpoints including time to alleviation of signs and symptoms (TTASS) of influenza [defined as when a score of 0 (no problem) or 1 (minor problem) was reported for cough and nasal symptoms on the CARIFS questionnaire, return to normal health and activity, and return to afebrile state (tympanic temperature ≤37.2°C), remaining for at least 21.5 hours]. abstract: Baloxavir marboxil (baloxavir) is a novel, cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor that has previously demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of influenza in adults and adolescents. We assessed the safety and efficacy of baloxavir in otherwise healthy children with acute influenza. METHODS: MiniSTONE-2 (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03629184) was a double-blind, randomized, active controlled trial enrolling children 1–<12 years old with a clinical diagnosis of influenza. Children were randomized 2:1 to receive either a single dose of oral baloxavir or oral oseltamivir twice daily for 5 days. The primary endpoint was incidence, severity and timing of adverse events (AEs); efficacy was a secondary endpoint. RESULTS: In total, 173 children were randomized and dosed, 115 to the baloxavir group and 58 to the oseltamivir group. Characteristics of participants were similar between treatment groups. Overall, 122 AEs were reported in 84 (48.6%) children. Incidence of AEs was similar between baloxavir and oseltamivir groups (46.1% vs. 53.4%, respectively). The most common AEs were gastrointestinal (vomiting/diarrhea) in both groups [baloxavir: 12 children (10.4%); oseltamivir: 10 children (17.2%)]. No deaths, serious AEs or hospitalizations were reported. Median time (95% confidence interval) to alleviation of signs and symptoms of influenza was similar between groups: 138.1 (116.6–163.2) hours with baloxavir versus 150.0 (115.0–165.7) hours with oseltamivir. CONCLUSIONS: Oral baloxavir is well tolerated and effective at alleviating symptoms in otherwise healthy children with acute influenza. Baloxavir provides a new therapeutic option with a simple oral dosing regimen. url: https://doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000002747 doi: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002747 id: cord-283138-18q23z8l author: Balasubramanian, S. title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children - What We Know So Far and What We Do Not date: 2020-04-09 words: 3464.0 sentences: 205.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283138-18q23z8l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283138-18q23z8l.txt summary: Pediatric coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection is relatively mild when compared to adults, and children are reported to have a better prognosis. Clinical features of COVID-19 in children include fever and cough, but a large proportion of infected children appears to be asymptomatic and may contribute to transmission. It remains unclear why children and young adults are less severely affected than older individuals, but this might involve differences in immune system function in the elderly and/or differences in the expression/function of the cellular receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This review additionally considers COVID-19 in immunosuppressed children, and also suggests a management algorithm for the few children who appear to present with life threatening infection, including the potential use of antiviral and immunomodulatory treatment. Asymptomatic, mild and moderate infections comprise over 90% of all children who have tested positive for COVID-19 with fewer severe and critical cases (5.9%) compared to adults (18.5%) [13] . abstract: Pediatric coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection is relatively mild when compared to adults, and children are reported to have a better prognosis. Mortality in children appears rare. Clinical features of COVID-19 in children include fever and cough, but a large proportion of infected children appears to be asymptomatic and may contribute to transmission. It remains unclear why children and young adults are less severely affected than older individuals, but this might involve differences in immune system function in the elderly and/or differences in the expression/function of the cellular receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)- Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Laboratory findings and chest imaging may not be specific in children with COVID-19. Diagnosis is by Reverse transcriptase-Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing of upper or lower respiratory tract secretions. This review additionally considers COVID-19 in immunosuppressed children, and also suggests a management algorithm for the few children who appear to present with life threatening infection, including the potential use of antiviral and immunomodulatory treatment. The most significant threat to global child health from SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely to be related to COVID 19 in children, but rather the socio-economic consequences of a prolonged pandemic. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32273490/ doi: 10.1007/s13312-020-1819-5 id: cord-031409-7cs1z6x6 author: Baraitser, Lisa title: The maternal death drive: Greta Thunberg and the question of the future date: 2020-09-04 words: 8265.0 sentences: 357.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-031409-7cs1z6x6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-031409-7cs1z6x6.txt summary: Drawing on earlier work, this paper develops the notion of a ''maternal death drive'' that supplements Freud''s death drive by accounting for repetition that retains a relation to the developmental time of ''life'' but remains ''otherwise'' to a life drive. The temporal form of this ''life in death'' is that of ''dynamic chronicity'', analogous to late modern narratives that describe the present as ''thin'' and the time of human futurity as running out. The maternal (death drive) alerts us to a new figure of a child whose task is to carry expectations and anxieties about the future and bind them into a reproductive present. In many ways, the death drive is a temporal concept, holding together the paradoxical time in which repetition contains within it a backwards pull towards the no-time of the living organism, even as the shape of this relation describes ''a life''. abstract: The centenary of Freud’s Beyond the Pleasure Principle (Freud, 1920a/1955) falls in 2020, a year dominated globally by the Covid-19 pandemic. One of the effects of the pandemic has been to reveal the increasingly fragile interconnectedness of human and non-human life, as well as the ongoing effects of social inequalities, particularly racism, on the valuing of life and its flourishing. Drawing on earlier work, this paper develops the notion of a ‘maternal death drive’ that supplements Freud’s death drive by accounting for repetition that retains a relation to the developmental time of ‘life’ but remains ‘otherwise’ to a life drive. The temporal form of this ‘life in death’ is that of ‘dynamic chronicity’, analogous to late modern narratives that describe the present as ‘thin’ and the time of human futurity as running out. I argue that the urgency to act on the present in the name of the future is simultaneously ‘suspended’ by the repetitions of late capitalism, leading to a temporal hiatus that must be embraced rather than simply lamented. The maternal (death drive) alerts us to a new figure of a child whose task is to carry expectations and anxieties about the future and bind them into a reproductive present. Rather than seeing the child as a figure of normativity, I turn to Greta Thunberg to signal a way to go on in suspended ‘grey’ time. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7472396/ doi: 10.1057/s41282-020-00197-y id: cord-261151-27ocvgnw author: Becker, Jessica E. title: Pediatric Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry: An Update and Review date: 2020-04-25 words: 8048.0 sentences: 425.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261151-27ocvgnw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261151-27ocvgnw.txt summary: Moreover, much like in adult C-L psychiatry, these services can assist medical teams in managing the acute onset of neuropsychiatric disease, including delirium and catatonia, as well as help to identify and treat psychiatric symptoms and sequelae of systemic illnesses and treatments. 2 The survey results highlighted the most common reasons for pediatric psychiatric consultation to include suicide risk assessment, assistance in the diagnosis and management of medically unexplained symptoms, adjustment to medical illness, assessment for psychopharmacologic intervention, delirium, treatment non-adherence, and the management of children admitted to pediatric units to await psychiatric hospital placement (boarding). 27 Though often under-recognized, pediatric delirium is a common problem, present in at least 20-25% of critically ill patients, 28 and is associated with increased cost of care, 29 length of hospitalization, 30 mortality rate, 31 and the risk of future development of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms for both patients and their families. abstract: BACKGROUND: In recent years, there has been an increasing burden of child and adolescent mental illness recognized in the United States, and the need for pediatric mental health care is growing. Pediatric consultation-liaison psychiatrists are increasingly playing a role in the management of medical and psychiatric disease for pediatric patients. The field is a fast-moving one, with understanding of new neuropsychiatric disease entities; reformulation of prior disease entities; and new, interdisciplinary treatments and models of care. METHODS: In this study, we aim to review recent advances in the field of pediatric consultation-liaison psychiatry, including new diagnostic entities, updated management of frequently encountered clinical presentations, and developments in systems of care. CONCLUSION: The advances in pediatric consultation-liaison psychiatry are broad and serve to promote more streamlined, evidence-based care for the vulnerable population of psychiatrically ill pediatric medical patients. More work remains to determine the most effective interventions for the wide array of presentations seen by pediatric consultation-liaison psychiatrists. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2020.04.015 doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2020.04.015 id: cord-032985-s6izbwqb author: Bellon-Harn, Monica L. title: Use of Videos and Digital Media in Parent-implemented Interventions for Parents of Children with Primary Speech Sound And/or Language Disorders: A Scoping Review date: 2020-10-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: No review to date has focused on evaluating the use of videos and digital media in parent-implemented interventions for parents of children with primary language or speech sound disorder (LD/SSD). Research objectives guiding this scoping review included an evaluation of (a) use of videos and/or other digital media in parent-implemented interventions; (b) use of videos and/or other digital media in asynchronous content; (c) the role of the parent as learner; and (d) the program impact on parents and children. This review followed a five-stage framework: (a) identify research questions; (b) identify relevant studies; (c) select studies; (d) chart the data; and (e) collate, summarize and report the results. Ten studies were included. No program included parents of children with speech disorders. One fully asynchronous program was identified, though many programs included videos concurrent with direct instruction. No study described the parent as learner and only four studies examined parent satisfaction and perceptions. These four studies directly measured specific parent behavior and results indicated that the programs had a positive impact on parents’ interactions. Nine of the ten studies included child outcomes. This low volume of studies suggests limited work in this area. The review describes research gaps and future directions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7529088/ doi: 10.1007/s10826-020-01842-x id: cord-298551-ua90xoak author: Bennet, Rutger title: Influenza epidemiology among hospitalized children in Stockholm, Sweden 1998–2014 date: 2016-06-14 words: 3109.0 sentences: 163.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298551-ua90xoak.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298551-ua90xoak.txt summary: The hospital is a tertiary referral center with surgery and a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with resources for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), but only children resident in the catchment area were included in the study. The yearly incidence rates in different age groups varied considerably, with median (range) for children <5 years 59 (19Previously known risk factors were found in 312/922 (34% , Table 1 ), the most important being neuromuscular disease (131 cases) and chronic lung disease (40 cases). This is a report of children hospitalized for influenza A or B in a defined population in the northern Stockholm area 1998-2014, covering the pre-pandemic period, including the 2003-2004 outbreak, the 2009 pandemic, and four post-pandemic seasons. In contrast to the known effect of trivalent influenza vaccine (the only one used during the studied period except for the pandemic year) in healthy children >18 months, less is known about its effect in younger children and in those with risk factors. abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza remains a common reason for the hospitalization of children. There is a need for long term studies that are also population based. We describe the epidemiology of severe influenza in a defined population 1998–2014. METHOD: Retrospective study of annually collected data of virologically confirmed influenza in hospitalized children 0–17 years living in the catchment area (230,000 children). We gathered information about comorbidity and complications from case records, and compared Influenza A, B and A(H1N1)pdm09 with respect to these factors. RESULTS: A total of 922 children with influenza were hospitalized. The mean rate remained unchanged at 22.5–24.2 per 100,000 children per year. There were two major outbreaks: influenza A(H3N2) in 2003–2004 and the A(H1N1) pandemic in 2009–2010. The proportion of children with influenza B increased from 8% during the first half of the study period to 28% during the second half. The highest admission rate was found in children <3 months of age, 169 per 100,000. Children with influenza B were older than those with influenza A. Comorbidity was found in 34%, complications in 41%, and 11% needed intensive care management. The mortality rate was 0.17/100,000 children. CONCLUSION: Influenza remains an important reason for the hospitalization of children, especially during the first years of life. The increasing proportion of influenza B may have to be considered when recommending influenza vaccines. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X16302560 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.082 id: cord-010411-zgdvo29n author: Biglan, Anthony title: A Strategic Plan for Strengthening America’s Families: A Brief from the Coalition of Behavioral Science Organizations date: 2020-04-28 words: 13897.0 sentences: 713.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010411-zgdvo29n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010411-zgdvo29n.txt summary: As noted above, schools in high poverty neighborhoods and communities have higher rates of punitive practices and fewer resources for preventing the development of problem behavior (American Psychological Association, n.d.). Given the extent of discrimination in the USA, its impact on public health, and the size of the workforce, it is imperative that foundations and the NIH fund research to identify more effective ways to reduce prejudice in schools, work settings, and neighborhoods and communities. While it is true that addressing the above-described contextual conditions is likely to improve family well-being significantly, it is unlikely that reducing problems like poverty and discrimination will ensure that every family and school adopt the most effective ways of nurturing children''s development . Evidence of the value of both economic development efforts and programs targeting families and schools suggests it is time to test comprehensive interventions that simultaneously address all risk factors for problems for which we have some effective solutions. abstract: Despite significant progress in research on the treatment and prevention of psychological, behavioral, and health problems, the translation of this knowledge into population-wide benefit remains limited. This paper reviews the state of America’s children and families, highlighting the influence of stressful contextual and social conditions on child and family well-being and the concentration of disadvantage in numerous neighborhoods and communities throughout the nation. It then briefly reviews the progress that has been made in pinpointing policies that can reduce stressful contextual conditions such as poverty, discrimination, and the marketing of unhealthful foods and substances. It also describes numerous family and school interventions that have proven benefit in preventing psychological and behavioral problems as diverse as tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use; depression; antisocial behavior; academic failure; obesity prevention; and early childbearing. We argue that progress in translating existing knowledge into widespread benefit will require a nationwide effort to intervene comprehensively in neighborhoods and communities of concentrated disadvantage. We present a strategic plan for how such an effort could be organized. The first step in this organizing would be the creation of a broad and diverse coalition of organizations concerned with advancing public health and well-being. Such a coalition could increase public support both for the policies needed to focus on these disadvantaged areas and the research needed to incrementally improve our ability to help these areas. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7186188/ doi: 10.1007/s10567-020-00318-0 id: cord-335582-30rws724 author: Bonal, Xavier title: The impact of lockdown on the learning gap: family and school divisions in times of crisis date: 2020-09-15 words: 7430.0 sentences: 382.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335582-30rws724.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335582-30rws724.txt summary: Middle-class families were able to maintain higher standards of education quality in a critical context, while children from socially disadvantaged families had few learning opportunities both in terms of time and learning experiences (schoolwork and maintenance of after-school activities). During the COVID-19 Catalan lockdown, the instructional time received by students from different social backgrounds has been unequal, as has the educational value of the activities developed at home in non-school time. Extant research evidence based on these experiences identifies the existence of a general loss of learning connected to school absence, which can be more or less severe depending on students'' previous performance, family characteristics, age, and education pathway, among other factors. Inequalities in families'' economic, social and cultural capital impacted on student learning opportunities by different means, including school responses to the lockdown, access to digital facilities and the level of parental learning support. abstract: The lockdown of schools in Spain to confront the effects of COVID-19 caused an enormous impact at both societal and educational levels. Schools and families had to react rapidly to a new teaching and learning scenario without the benefit of previous planning or government guidelines. In this context, some schools were better able to adapt to the new circumstances than others. Likewise, the structure and size of families’ economic, social and cultural capital produced significant differences in the learning opportunities for children from different backgrounds. This article assesses the impact of the school lockdown on the learning gap between children from different social backgrounds in Catalonia. Based on 35,419 responses to an online survey administered between 26 and 30 March 2020 to families with children aged between 3 and 18, the authors’ analysis shows that learning opportunities varied significantly. Middle-class families were able to maintain higher standards of education quality in a critical context, while children from socially disadvantaged families had few learning opportunities both in terms of time and learning experiences (schoolwork and maintenance of after-school activities). Results differed by type of school (public/private) where students were enrolled, family economic, social and cultural capital, and family living conditions. In the final part of the article, the authors highlight the importance of the role of the school in ensuring learning opportunities for children from low socioeconomic backgrounds, and they discuss some policy implications of their findings. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32952208/ doi: 10.1007/s11159-020-09860-z id: cord-314196-1go07yi6 author: Bondy, Andy title: Promoting Functional Communication Within the Home date: 2020-05-12 words: 5285.0 sentences: 316.0 pages: flesch: 71.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314196-1go07yi6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314196-1go07yi6.txt summary: During this time of home confinement, many families will need to look at opportunities for their children to use existing functional communication skills or even to acquire new skills. When a child is having difficulties with a family activity or routine, determine whether a problem with one or more of these specific communication skills is contributing to the difficulty. The key to teaching this type of lesson is to create situations involving the use of moderately rewarding items or activities when the child is relatively calm. Asking for help is universally important because everyone at some time will be in a situation where the solution to a problem must come from someone else. -Potential solution: Marshall''s parents teach him "the no game." They tell Marshall that sometimes they will say no to him, but if he responds calmly, they will provide other types of rewards-special time with them when he can pick which game to play. abstract: Functional communication skills are essential for all learners and must be promoted within all environments, including the home. During this time of home confinement, many families will need to look at opportunities for their children to use existing functional communication skills or even to acquire new skills. This article describes a set of 9 critical communication skills and provides a variety of examples of how families can improve the use of these important skills. Some of these involve speaker (expressive) skills, whereas others involve listener (receptive) skills. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32399139/ doi: 10.1007/s40617-020-00439-6 id: cord-023712-nptuuixw author: Bower, John title: Bronchiolitis date: 2014-10-31 words: 5404.0 sentences: 307.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023712-nptuuixw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023712-nptuuixw.txt summary: 12 Influenza A and B viruses frequently cause lower respiratory tract disease among children younger than 2 years of age, but the proportion manifesting as bronchiolitis is less than that observed with RSV. Although rapid diagnostic testing is generally unnecessary, it may be useful at times for implementing appropriate infection control, monitoring seasonal patterns of respiratory pathogens, restricting antimicrobial use, or providing confirmation of the diagnosis in children with unusual clinical presentations or severe disease. Timely diagnosis of specific viral respiratory pathogens may occasionally be necessary to guide specific antiviral therapy in children with high-risk conditions or severe illness with influenza or RSV. Although the risk of respiratory failure is relatively low for most children with RSV bronchiolitis, a small number of severely affected infants will require assisted ventilation in most intensive care units each year. Comparison of risk factors for human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus disease severity in young children abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173511/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00068-0 id: cord-023728-fgcldn4e author: Bower, John title: Croup in Children (Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis) date: 2014-10-31 words: 3887.0 sentences: 232.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023728-fgcldn4e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023728-fgcldn4e.txt summary: The term croup now generally refers to an acute respiratory tract illness characterized by a distinctive barking cough, hoarseness, and inspiratory stridor in a young child, usually between 6 months and 3 years old. From 1979 to 1997, croup cases associated with parainfluenza viruses, estimated from the National Hospital Discharge Survey, showed that the number of admissions among children younger than 5 years decreased by approximately one third. 14 The human coronaviruses (hCoV) have been identified in up to 7% of young children with acute respiratory tract infections, with the NL63 strain most often associated with croup. Although abrupt onset of stridor at night may be the initial indication of illness, most children have a prodrome of mild upper respiratory tract signs of rhinorrhea, cough, and sometimes fever 12 to 48 hours before the onset of the distinctive "rough and stridulous" cough of croup. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173542/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00061-8 id: cord-029723-g6pvyzrc author: Brenner, Maria title: A systematic concept analysis of ‘technology dependent’: challenging the terminology date: 2020-07-24 words: 5878.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-029723-g6pvyzrc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029723-g6pvyzrc.txt summary: Each of the articles was analysed for data relevant to the (1) attributes, (2) antecedents, and (3) consequences of a child''s dependence on medical technology to sustain life using a coding framework based on Rodgers'' evolutionary method ( Table 2 ). The conceptual analysis identified four domains of consequence of the initiation of technology dependence: clinical care of the child; psychosocial sequelae for the child; family adaptation; and ongoing impact for health and social care. A literature review identified multiple issues specific to the clinical care of a child who is dependent on technology to sustain their life. Impact, meaning and need for help and support: the experience of parents caring for children with disabilities, lifelimiting/life-threatening illness or technology dependence abstract: There are an increasing number of children who are dependent on medical technology to sustain their lives. Although significant research on this issue is taking place, the terminology used is variable and the concept of technology dependence is ill-defined. A systematic concept analysis was conducted examining the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of the concept of technology dependent, as portrayed in the literature. We found that this concept refers to a wide range of clinical technology to support biological functioning across a dependency continuum, for a range of clinical conditions. It is commonly initiated within a complex biopsychosocial context and has wide ranging sequelae for the child and family, and health and social care delivery. Conclusion: The term technology dependent is increasingly redundant. It objectifies a heterogenous group of children who are assisted by a myriad of technology and who adapt to, and function with, this assistance in numerous ways. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7380164/ doi: 10.1007/s00431-020-03737-x id: cord-271814-a2vlkwce author: Brough, Helen A. title: Managing childhood allergies and immunodeficiencies during respiratory virus epidemics – The 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic: A statement from the EAACI‐section on pediatrics date: 2020-05-31 words: 2929.0 sentences: 172.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271814-a2vlkwce.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271814-a2vlkwce.txt summary: In addition, there is no evidence that currently available asthma and allergy treatments, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, and bronchodilators, increase the risk of severe disease from COVID‐19. allergy, asthma, biologics, children, coronavirus, corticosteroids, COVID-19, immunodeficiency, SARS-CoV-2, treatment clinically diagnosed, but not virologically confirmed. The care of children with allergies or immune conditions is being adapted to the current situation, with more remote working and providing guidance to children to reduce likelihood of infection in children who would be deemed at higher risk of severe COVID-19 disease. Evaluating asthma and allergy more specifically as potential risk factors, a retrospective study based on electronic medical records from 140 hospitalized COVID-19 adult patients investigated pre-existing asthma or allergic diseases. As a joint project, questionThe current COVID-19 pandemic might also pose a risk to pediatric patients with secondary immunodeficiencies, such as patients on immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune or severe allergic diseases. abstract: While the world is facing an unprecedented pandemic with COVID‐19, patients with chronic diseases need special attention and if warranted adaptation of their regular treatment plan. In children, allergy and asthma are among the most prevalent non‐communicable chronic diseases, and healthcare providers taking care of these patients need guidance. At the current stage of knowledge, children have less severe symptoms of COVID‐19, and severe asthma and immunodeficiency are classified as risk factors. In addition, there is no evidence that currently available asthma and allergy treatments, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, and bronchodilators, increase the risk of severe disease from COVID‐19. Most countries affected by COVID‐19 have opted for nationwide confinement, which means that communication with the primary clinician is often performed by telemedicine. Optimal disease control of allergic, asthmatic, and immunodeficient children should be sought according to usual treatment guidelines. This statement of the EAACI Section on Pediatrics puts forward six recommendations for the management of childhood allergies and immunodeficiencies based on six underlying facts and existing evidence. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13262 doi: 10.1111/pai.13262 id: cord-267907-zbsbqj9o author: Brown, Samantha M. title: Stress and Parenting during the Global COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-08-20 words: 7981.0 sentences: 402.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267907-zbsbqj9o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267907-zbsbqj9o.txt summary: METHOD: Tests of group differences and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were employed to assess the relationships among demographic characteristics, COVID-19 related stressors, mental health risk, protective factors, parental perceived stress, and child abuse potential. Results also indicate racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19 related stressors, but not in mental health risk, protective factors, perceived stress, or child abuse potential. That is, child maltreatment may occur from stressors that result from economic hardship, low education, single parenthood, or a large number of dependent children (Centers for J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Running head: STRESS, PARENTING, AND COVID-19 3 Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.; Sedlak et al., 2010) , among others, but that might not otherwise impact persons outside of the family. In conclusion, this study examined the risk and protective impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to parental perceived stress and child abuse potential among families in the western United States. abstract: BACKGROUND: Stress and compromised parenting often place children at risk of abuse and neglect. Child maltreatment has generally been viewed as a highly individualistic problem by focusing on stressors and parenting behaviors that impact individual families. However, because of the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), families across the world are experiencing a new range of stressors that threaten their health, safety, and economic well-being. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to parental perceived stress and child abuse potential. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Participants included parents (N = 183) with a child under the age of 18 years in the western United States. METHOD: Tests of group differences and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were employed to assess the relationships among demographic characteristics, COVID-19 related stressors, mental health risk, protective factors, parental perceived stress, and child abuse potential. RESULTS: Greater COVID-19 related stressors and high anxiety and depressive symptoms are associated with higher parental perceived stress and child abuse potential. Conversely, greater parental support and perceived control during the pandemic may have a protective effect against perceived stress and child abuse potential. Results also indicate racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19 related stressors, but not in mental health risk, protective factors, perceived stress, or child abuse potential. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that although families experience elevated stressors from COVID-19, providing parental support and increasing perceived control may be promising intervention targets. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145213420303549?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104699 id: cord-318916-5lzun9bv author: Bruining, Hilgo title: COVID-19 and child and adolescent psychiatry: an unexpected blessing for part of our population? date: 2020-07-04 words: 1128.0 sentences: 54.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318916-5lzun9bv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318916-5lzun9bv.txt summary: The COVID-19 outbreak has brought new challenges for child psychiatry and mental health services that must be addressed, including national guidelines covering interventions for major public health crises affecting children [8] . In this context, the crisis may provide a unique window of opportunity to test long-standing hypotheses on modern life stressors and mental health problems or psychiatric pathogenesis and well-being in developing children and adolescents [9, 10] . Therefore, we argue that the research agendas currently laid out to register and understand the negative effects of COVID-19 on child and adolescent (mental) health should also include the perspective of children and families who are benefitting from the societal changes. Hypotheses on both positive and negative responses of children and families to this crisis should be developed to understand the full breadth of impact on modern daily life routines and environments in future post COVID-19 times. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01578-5 doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01578-5 id: cord-281248-z2gisufl author: Buonsenso, Danilo title: A Pediatric Strategy for the Next Phase of the SARS–CoV-2 Pandemic date: 2020-10-09 words: 2972.0 sentences: 124.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-281248-z2gisufl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281248-z2gisufl.txt summary: Considering that most of these conditions present several overlaps with SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 1 ), this will pose challenges to pediatricians and health system to appropriately manage all these conditions and properly allocate resources, because COVID-19 will need to be considered until exclusion, in order to reduce nosocomial transmission and new outbreaks. In light of new evidences and the need to reduce as much as possible the diffusion of infectious diseases among children during the next season (because this would lead to include all cases in the differential diagnosis with COVID-19 because of similar symptoms), a reorganization of school environments should be a priority for policy makers. Therefore, even though the direct clinical impact of the SARS-COV-2 virus on children has been limited with a very low mortality rate, and the COVID-19-related pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome remains a relatively rare consequence of the disease, pediatricians will still need to include SARS-CoV-2 in the differential diagnosis. abstract: Although the first wave of the SARS–CoV-2 pandemic relatively spared children, the next winter season will put a strain on health systems including pediatric services. Clinical staff managing children will need to deal not only with suspected cases of COVID-19, but also with the classic infectious agents that involve children during cold seasons. It will be necessary for physicians, institutions, policy makers, and families to prepare themselves for difficulties of this phase of the pandemic. Otherwise, the same problems experienced during the first wave of SARS–CoV-2, including shortages of human resources, personal protective equipment, and uncertainty, will be exacerbated by significant issues in hospital capacity. Here we highlight the potential role of improved vaccination services, school reorganization, home–outpatient–inpatients flows and telemedicine services in order to face the coming winter season. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33163467/ doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.582798 id: cord-034973-1yucjgp5 author: Burgason, Kyle A. title: Using Loseke to examine the influence of laws, myths, and claims making on sex offenders’ socially constructed realities date: 2020-11-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The realities surrounding sex offenders in the United States can often times be inundated with preconceived and even false certainties. A consequence of such misleading beliefs for sex offenders can be the creation of urban legends and myths that motivated individuals can use to back an agenda and that can bring unintended collateral damage creating false realities for offenders, their families, law enforcement, and the community. This study utilizes Loseke’s lens to examine the socially constructed realities in which sex offenders in the United States are forced to live. The history of the treatment of sex offenders is detailed from colonial America through child sexual abuse panic of the 1980s and into the current cyber age. We review laws passed in the 1990s, through the first part of the new millennium, which fueled individuals’ fear of sex offenders. Additionally, we explore how claims-makers use myths and socially constructed realities to create social problems for sex offenders, generate public fear and resentment, and pressure policy makers and legislatures to pass laws that promise false hope and false security to communities. Finally, myths associated with cyber sexual offenders are explored. Solutions to combat myths are offered to legitimize the true reality surrounding sex offenders. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649057/ doi: 10.1007/s43545-020-00005-5 id: cord-313981-yuh5rwkt author: Burgner, David title: The burden of pneumonia in children: an Australian perspective date: 2005-05-21 words: 3878.0 sentences: 236.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313981-yuh5rwkt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313981-yuh5rwkt.txt summary: 3 The epidemiology of respiratory infections in this population is related to the country of origin or transit, PAEDIATRIC RESPIRATORY REVIEWS (2005) Summary The burden of pneumonia in Australian children is significant with an incidence of 5-8 per 1000 person-years. There are limited data on pathogen-specific causes of pneumonia, however Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common bacterial cause in children under 5 years of age and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are the predominant viral causes in young children. There are limited data on pathogen-specific causes of pneumonia, however Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common bacterial cause in children under 5 years of age and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are the predominant viral causes in young children. The epidemiology of childhood respiratory infections partly reflects these differences, with familiar pathogens occurring frequently throughout the country, but with high incidences of bacterial pneumonia amongst Indigenous Australians and less familiar pathogens, such as meliodosis, occurring in the Northern Territory. abstract: The burden of pneumonia in Australian children is significant with an incidence of 5–8 per 1000 person-years. Pneumonia is a major cause of hospital admission in children less than 5 years of age. Indigenous children are at particular risk with a 10–20-fold higher risk of hospitalisation compared to non-Indigenous children. They also have longer admissions and are more likely to have multiple admissions with pneumonia. There are limited data on pathogen-specific causes of pneumonia, however Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common bacterial cause in children under 5 years of age and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are the predominant viral causes in young children. Pneumonia due to Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) has been virtually eliminated by the introduction of universal Hib immunisation. Further studies are needed to accurately define the epidemiology of pneumonia due to specific pathogens to help target treatment and immunisation strategies. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1526054205000217 doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2005.03.004 id: cord-321514-knyw023l author: Bénet, Thomas title: Severity of Pneumonia in Under 5-Year-Old Children from Developing Countries: A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Study date: 2017-07-12 words: 4441.0 sentences: 271.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321514-knyw023l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321514-knyw023l.txt summary: The objectives were to evaluate the microbiological agents linked with hypoxemia in hospitalized children with pneumonia from developing countries, to identify predictors of hypoxemia, and to characterize factors associated with in-hospital mortality. The objectives of the present study are to assess the microbiological agents linked to hypoxemia in hospitalized children with pneumonia in developing countries, to identify clinical and para-clinical predictors of hypoxemia and to pinpoint factors associated with death within 2 weeks after admission. The present study selectively comprised sites with better quality data on oxygen saturation (SO 2 ) at admission, mortality among pneumonia cases, and documented recording of patient follow-up during hospitalization. One of the objectives of this study was to assess microbiological agents and other predictors of hypoxemia and death in under 5-year-old hospitalized children with pneumonia from developing countries. abstract: Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children. The objectives were to evaluate the microbiological agents linked with hypoxemia in hospitalized children with pneumonia from developing countries, to identify predictors of hypoxemia, and to characterize factors associated with in-hospital mortality. A multicenter, observational study was conducted in five hospitals, from India (Lucknow, Vadu), Madagascar (Antananarivo), Mali (Bamako), and Paraguay (San Lorenzo). Children aged 2–60 months with radiologically confirmed pneumonia were enrolled prospectively. Respiratory and whole blood specimens were collected, identifying viruses and bacteria by real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Microbiological agents linked with hypoxemia at admission (oxygen saturation < 90%) were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression, and factors associated with 14-day in-hospital mortality were assessed by bivariate Cox regression. Overall, 405 pneumonia cases (3,338 hospitalization days) were analyzed; 13 patients died within 14 days of hospitalization. Hypoxemia prevalence was 17.3%. Detection of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in respiratory samples was independently associated with increased risk of hypoxemia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.4, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.0–5.8 and aOR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.1–5.3, respectively). Lower chest indrawing and cyanosis were predictive of hypoxemia (positive likelihood ratios = 2.3 and 2.4, respectively). Predictors of death were Streptococcus pneumoniae detection by blood PCR (crude hazard ratio [cHR] = 4.6, 95% CI = 1.5–14.0), procalcitonin ≥ 50 ng/mL (cHR = 22.4, 95% CI = 7.3–68.5) and hypoxemia (cHR = 4.8, 95% CI = 1.6–14.4). These findings were consistent on bivariate analysis. hMPV and RSV in respiratory samples were linked with hypoxemia, and S. pneumoniae in blood was associated with increased risk of death among hospitalized children with pneumonia in developing countries. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28719310/ doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0733 id: cord-318012-bg9y2nsp author: Cantais, Aymeric title: Epidemiology and microbiological investigations of community-acquired pneumonia in children admitted at the emergency department of a university hospital date: 2014-05-22 words: 3546.0 sentences: 158.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318012-bg9y2nsp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318012-bg9y2nsp.txt summary: BACKGROUND: The management of children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is largely influenced by the development of new molecular diagnostic tests that allow the simultaneous detection of a wide range of pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the huge proportion of CAP of viral origin, the high number of co-infection by multiple viruses and the low number of bacterial CAP, notably in children under 5 years, and address the need to re-evaluate the indications of empiric antimicrobial treatment in this age group. The aim of the present study was to document the presence of a large variety of pathogens in respiratory specimens from children attending the Pediatric Emergency Department of the University hospital of Saint-Etienne, France, during a six-month period and presenting a CAP based on clinical and radiological evidence. A single center epidemiological observational study was conducted over a six-month period (November 2012 to April 2013) on children aging from one month to 16.5 years and presenting with CAP at the Pediatric Emergency Department of the University hospital of Saint-Etienne, France. abstract: BACKGROUND: The management of children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is largely influenced by the development of new molecular diagnostic tests that allow the simultaneous detection of a wide range of pathogens. OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of a diagnostic approach including multiplex PCR assays for revisiting the epidemiology and etiology of CAP in children at hospital. STUDY DESIGN: Children of all ages consulting at the Emergency Department of the University hospital of Saint-Etienne, France, during the 2012–2013 winter period were included. In addition to bacterial cultures, the following pathogens were detected using biplex commercially-available rt-PCR tests: adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, bocavirus, rhinovirus/enterovirus, coronavirus, influenza viruses A and B, parainfluenza viruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumonia. RESULTS: From 85 patients with CAP, at least one pathogen was identified in 81 cases (95.3%), including 4 bacterial exclusive infections (4.7%), 53 viral exclusive infections (62.4%) and 24 mixed infections (28.2%). Coinfection by at least two viruses was observed in 37 cases (43.5%). Mean age was higher in the case of documented bacterial infection (P < 0.05). In the subgroup of viral exclusive infection, the mean age of severe cases was 2.0 years vs 3.8 years in mild and moderate cases (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the huge proportion of CAP of viral origin, the high number of co-infection by multiple viruses and the low number of bacterial CAP, notably in children under 5 years, and address the need to re-evaluate the indications of empiric antimicrobial treatment in this age group. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653214001838 doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.05.006 id: cord-323742-rt0g0ufe author: Carter, Michael J. title: Assessment of an Antibody-in-Lymphocyte Supernatant Assay for the Etiological Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Children date: 2020-01-17 words: 7421.0 sentences: 318.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323742-rt0g0ufe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323742-rt0g0ufe.txt summary: Acute IgG ALS to pneumococcal proteins discriminated between pneumococcal pneumonia and non-pneumococcal pneumonia in children enrolled to the study with good sensitivity and specificity, with AUROC curve ranging from 0.60 (95% CI 0.42-0.79) for Ply, to 0.85 (95% CI 0.75-0.94) for CbpA, using thresholds derived from the Youden Index (Table 2) . Among children with non-pneumococcal pneumonia (i.e., not "confounded" by definite pneumococcal or probable pneumococcal or probable bacterial or unknown pneumonia), those with NP carriage of pneumococci had higher acute IgG ALS to all five pneumococcal proteins than those without NP carriage (Wilcoxon rank sum tests; CbpA, p < 0.001; PcsB, p < 0.001; PhtD, p < 0.001; Ply, p < 0.001; StkpC, p < 0.001; Figure 7) . Among children ≥2 years of age with non-pneumococcal pneumonia, there were no significant differences in acute IgG ALS to any pneumococcal protein detected between those with (n = 19) and without (n = 49) NP carriage of pneumococci (Wilcoxon rank sum tests, p > 0.5 for all comparisons, Figure S4 ). abstract: New diagnostic tests for the etiology of childhood pneumonia are needed. We evaluated the antibody-in-lymphocyte supernatant (ALS) assay to detect immunoglobulin (Ig) G secretion from ex vivo peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture, as a potential diagnostic test for pneumococcal pneumonia. We enrolled 348 children with pneumonia admitted to Patan Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal between December 2015 and September 2016. PBMCs sampled from participants were incubated for 48 h before harvesting of cell culture supernatant (ALS). We used a fluorescence-based multiplexed immunoassay to measure the concentration of IgG in ALS against five conserved pneumococcal protein antigens. Of children with pneumonia, 68 had a confirmed etiological diagnosis: 12 children had pneumococcal pneumonia (defined as blood or pleural fluid culture-confirmed; or plasma CRP concentration ≥60 mg/l and nasopharyngeal carriage of serotype 1 pneumococci), and 56 children had non-pneumococcal pneumonia. Children with non-pneumococcal pneumonia had either a bacterial pathogen isolated from blood (six children); or C-reactive protein <60 mg/l, absence of radiographic consolidation and detection of a pathogenic virus by multiplex PCR (respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses, or parainfluenza viruses; 23 children). Concentrations of ALS IgG to all five pneumococcal proteins were significantly higher in children with pneumococcal pneumonia than in children with non-pneumococcal pneumonia. The concentration of IgG in ALS to the best-performing antigen discriminated between children with pneumococcal and non-pneumococcal pneumonia with a sensitivity of 1.0 (95% CI 0.73–1.0), specificity of 0.66 (95% CI 0.52–0.78) and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROCC) 0.85 (95% CI 0.75–0.94). Children with pneumococcal pneumonia were older than children with non-pneumococcal pneumonia (median 5.6 and 2.0 years, respectively, p < 0.001). When the analysis was limited to children ≥2 years of age, assay of IgG ALS to pneumococcal proteins was unable to discriminate between children with pneumococcal pneumonia and non-pneumococcal pneumonia (AUROCC 0.67, 95% CI 0.47–0.88). This method detected spontaneous secretion of IgG to pneumococcal protein antigens from cultured PBMCs. However, when stratified by age group, assay of IgG in ALS to pneumococcal proteins showed limited utility as a test to discriminate between pneumococcal and non-pneumococcal pneumonia in children. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00459 doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00459 id: cord-018846-gmujrso2 author: Castagnini, Luis A. title: Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess date: 2015-07-14 words: 5219.0 sentences: 272.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018846-gmujrso2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018846-gmujrso2.txt summary: The routine use of tonsillectomy as a treatment option for recurrent tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscess has decreased over the last decade and clearer indications for surgery have emerged. Furthermore, with a few rare exceptions (e.g. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum , Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Fusobacterium spp.) anti-microbial treatment is not benefi cial for bacterial causes of tonsillitis except GABHS given that there is not a signifi cant reduction in the rate of complications or in duration of clinical symptoms [ 7 ] . The Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) recommends testing for GABHS unless a patient presents with symptoms strongly suggestive of a viral etiology; examples of such symptoms include cough, coryza, rhinorrhea, stomatitis or hoarseness. Children that do not meet these criteria but have multiple antibiotic allergies or intolerances or suffer from periodic fevers, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis (PFAPA syndrome) or with a history of peritonsillar abscesses may also be considered candidates for tonsillectomy. abstract: Tonsillitis is one of the most common childhood infections. Occasionally, it can lead to one of the most common deep space head and neck infections, peritonsillar abscess. The epidemiology, microbiology and treatment of tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscess are similar and crucial for the primary care physician, infectious disease specialist, otolaryngologist, and emergency medicine physician to understand. The routine use of tonsillectomy as a treatment option for recurrent tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscess has decreased over the last decade and clearer indications for surgery have emerged. This chapter provides an overview of the most recent literature regarding the epidemiology, microbiology, diagnosis, complications and management of tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscess. It also discusses the indications for tonsillectomy along with its complications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123831/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-21744-4_10 id: cord-277805-b3hizdmz author: Catassi, Giulia N. title: A negative fallout of COVID-19 lockdown in Italy: life-threatening delay in the diagnosis of celiac disease date: 2020-05-16 words: 1049.0 sentences: 64.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277805-b3hizdmz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277805-b3hizdmz.txt summary: On COVID-19 day-19 lockdown in Italy (March 31, 2020), a 17-month-old girl presented at our pediatric academic medical center for evaluation of abdominal pain and distention, and widespread edema. Since the clinical history suggested celiac disease (CD), serum CD autoantibodies were checked, as recommended by the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) diagnostic guidelines, 1 and a gluten-free diet (GFD) was started before getting the results, due to the severity of symptoms. In young children, delayed CD diagnosis may be responsible for life-threatening manifestations, such as the celiac crisis and intestinal intussusception observed in our patient. 1 In conclusion, the history of this patient highlights a potentially life-threatening delay in the diagnosis and treatment of CD, a disorder usually characterized by a benign presentation in Europe, that was apparently related to the negative impact of COVID-19 lockdown on clinical practice in Italy. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32425730/ doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.05.016 id: cord-348212-c2iibuqa author: Cavallo, Federica title: Novel coronavirus infection and children date: 2020-05-11 words: 2195.0 sentences: 145.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348212-c2iibuqa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348212-c2iibuqa.txt summary: RESULTS: Usually, infants and children present milder symptoms of the disease with a better outcome than adults. Collecting the samples of these patients, scientists have discovered a new coronavirus that is now known as the cause of the disease named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (1). The most common symptoms in adults are fever, dry cough, sore-throat, myalgia, fatigue and in severe cases (usually older patients with comorbidities) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with lung failure or severe coagulation dysregulation as a result of an uncontrolled inflammation (5) . At variance, in Spain around 60% of children affected by COVID-19 have been hospitalized for mild symptoms and 9.7% of these patients have requested intensive care because of the comparison of respiratory complications. On the basis of the Chinese experience, the severity of COVID-19 disease in children is defined by clinical features, laboratory testing and chest radiograph into 5 groups (22) ( Table 2 ). abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Its outbreak in many states of the world, forced the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic. Currently, COVID-19 has infected 1 991 562 patients causing 130 885 deaths globally as of 16 April 2020. The aim of this review is to underline the epidemiological, clinical and management characteristics in children affected by COVID-19. METHODS: We searched Pubmed, from January to April 2020, for the following search terms: “COVID-19”, “children”, “SARS-COV2”, “complications”, “epidemiology”, “clinical features”, focusing our attention mostly on epidemiology and symptoms of COVID-19 in children. RESULTS: Usually, infants and children present milder symptoms of the disease with a better outcome than adults. Consequently, children may be considered an infection reservoir that may play a role as spreader of the infection in community. (www.actabiomedica.it) url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32420941/ doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9586 id: cord-323473-e2pgjynr author: Cevey-Macherel, Manon title: Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children based on WHO clinical guidelines date: 2009-02-24 words: 3445.0 sentences: 190.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323473-e2pgjynr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323473-e2pgjynr.txt summary: The objective of the study was to define the causative agents among children hospitalized for CAP defined by WHO guidelines and to correlate etiology with clinical severity and surrogate markers. The aims of this study, performed before the routine implementation of the heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine in Switzerland, were to define, as strictly as possible, the causative agents of pneumonia among children aged from 2 months to 5 years hospitalized for CAP on the basis of WHO clinical criteria, and to determine which factors could help clinicians to discriminate bacterial from viral pneumonia. Excluding patients with undetermined etiology, univariate analyses showed that dehydration was the only clinical sign significantly more represented in the bacterial group of pneumonia. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children based on antibody responses to bacterial and viral antigens Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized school-age children: evidence for high prevalence of viral infections abstract: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of death in developing countries and of morbidity in developed countries. The objective of the study was to define the causative agents among children hospitalized for CAP defined by WHO guidelines and to correlate etiology with clinical severity and surrogate markers. Investigations included an extensive etiological workup. A potential causative agent was detected in 86% of the 99 enrolled patients, with evidence of bacterial (53%), viral (67%), and mixed (33%) infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae was accounted for in 46% of CAP. Dehydration was the only clinical sign associated with bacterial pneumonia. CRP and PCT were significantly higher in bacterial infections. Increasing the number of diagnostic tests identifies potential causes of CAP in up to 86% of children, indicating a high prevalence of viruses and frequent co-infections. The high proportion of pneumococcal infections re-emphasizes the importance of pneumococcal immunization. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238436/ doi: 10.1007/s00431-009-0943-y id: cord-029852-yighpvle author: Chandrasekar, Shyam title: Renal Complications in Children with Hematotoxic Snakebite: More Information Needed date: 2020-07-29 words: 1729.0 sentences: 110.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-029852-yighpvle.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029852-yighpvle.txt summary: (iv) Though one of the criteria for dialysis mentioned in Renal Complications in Children with Hematotoxic Snakebite: More Information Needed this study was hyperkalemia, but the reason why medical management was not considered as an option is not apparent. How many of these children who underwent dialysis developed ''permanent renal damage'' at the 6-month follow up too has not been mentioned by authors, which could have been new information for the readers. (ix) We presume that the median number of vials of antisnake venom (ASV) used in both groups have been mentioned in (xi) The authors have mentioned mean "bite to ASV administration time" as 36.4 (5.9) minutes which seems practically difficult as their study population included patients from faraway places like the neighboring states of Bihar and Jharkhand. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7387258/ doi: 10.1007/s13312-020-1904-9 id: cord-324786-8k81jetq author: Chang, Anne B title: Antibiotics for bronchiectasis exacerbations in children: rationale and study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial date: 2012-08-31 words: 5672.0 sentences: 298.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324786-8k81jetq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324786-8k81jetq.txt summary: Our study tests the hypothesis that both oral azithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid are superior to placebo at improving resolution rates of respiratory exacerbations by day 14 in children with bronchiectasis unrelated to cystic fibrosis. Our multicentre, double-blind RCT is designed to determine if azithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, compared with placebo, improve symptom resolution on day 14 in children with acute respiratory exacerbations. Early and effective management of bronchiectasis exacerbations in children may lead to reduced hospitalisations, better quality of life (QOL) and improved future adult lung function. Our study tests the primary hypothesis that both oral azithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid are superior to placebo in improving the resolution rate of respiratory exacerbations by day 14 in children with non-CF bronchiectasis. We are conducting a multicentre, parallel group, double-blind placebo RCT (with concealed allocation) to assess the impact of treatment with antibiotics (azithromycin or amoxicillinclavulanic acid) in children with an exacerbation of bronchiectasis. abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite bronchiectasis being increasingly recognised as an important cause of chronic respiratory morbidity in both indigenous and non-indigenous settings globally, high quality evidence to inform management is scarce. It is assumed that antibiotics are efficacious for all bronchiectasis exacerbations, but not all practitioners agree. Inadequately treated exacerbations may risk lung function deterioration. Our study tests the hypothesis that both oral azithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid are superior to placebo at improving resolution rates of respiratory exacerbations by day 14 in children with bronchiectasis unrelated to cystic fibrosis. METHODS: We are conducting a bronchiectasis exacerbation study (BEST), which is a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial, in five centres (Brisbane, Perth, Darwin, Melbourne, Auckland). In the component of BEST presented here, 189 children fulfilling inclusion criteria are randomised (allocation-concealed) to receive amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (22.5 mg/kg twice daily) with placebo-azithromycin; azithromycin (5 mg/kg daily) with placebo-amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; or placebo-azithromycin with placebo-amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for 14 days. Clinical data and a paediatric cough-specific quality of life score are obtained at baseline, at the start and resolution of exacerbations, and at day 14. In most children, blood and deep nasal swabs are also collected at the same time points. The primary outcome is the proportion of children whose exacerbations have resolved at day 14. The main secondary outcome is the paediatric cough-specific quality of life score. Other outcomes are time to next exacerbation; requirement for hospitalisation; duration of exacerbation; and spirometry data. Descriptive viral and bacteriological data from nasal samples and blood markers will also be reported. DISCUSSION: Effective, evidence-based management of exacerbations in people with bronchiectasis is clinically important. Yet, there are few randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in the neglected area of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Indeed, no published RCTs addressing the treatment of bronchiectasis exacerbations in children exist. Our multicentre, double-blind RCT is designed to determine if azithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, compared with placebo, improve symptom resolution on day 14 in children with acute respiratory exacerbations. Our planned assessment of the predictors of antibiotic response, the role of antibiotic-resistant respiratory pathogens, and whether early treatment with antibiotics affects duration and time to the next exacerbation, are also all novel. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR) number ACTRN12612000011886. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-156 doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-13-156 id: cord-344486-iu5flbcl author: Chiotos, Kathleen title: Multicenter interim guidance on use of antivirals for children with COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-09-12 words: 8595.0 sentences: 416.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-344486-iu5flbcl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344486-iu5flbcl.txt summary: In the few months since this initial publication, new evidence has emerged demonstrating the efficacy of the antiviral medication remdesivir in shortening time to clinical recovery in adults with COVID-19, while several other studies have shown ineffectiveness of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) . Further, additional observational studies have provided insight into the clinical epidemiology of COVID-19 in children, demonstrating that while most young patients experience mild illness, a small proportion develop severe illness associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including need for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission and mortality (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) . Nevertheless, the panel recognizes that pediatric clinicians are likely to consider comorbidities when weighing the risks and benefits of antiviral therapy on a case-bycase basis, and in making these decisions may consider: 1) the available, albeit limited, pediatric COVID-19 literature; 2) risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 in adults; and 3) pre-existing medical conditions in children associated with worse clinical outcomes for other viral infections. abstract: BACKGROUND: Although Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a mild infection in most children, a small proportion develop severe or critical illness. Data evaluating agents with potential antiviral activity continue to expand, such that updated guidance is needed regarding use of these agents in children. METHODS: A panel of pediatric infectious diseases physicians and pharmacists from 20 geographically diverse North American institutions was convened. Through a series of teleconferences and web-based surveys, a set of guidance statements was developed and refined based on review of the best available evidence and expert opinion. RESULTS: Given the typically mild course of COVID-19 in children, supportive care alone is suggested for most cases. For children with severe illness, defined as a supplemental oxygen requirement without need for non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation or extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), remdesivir is suggested, preferably as part of a clinical trial if available. Remdesivir should also be considered for critically ill children requiring invasive or non-invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO. A duration of 5 days is appropriate for most patients. The panel recommends against the use of hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir-ritonavir (or other protease inhibitors) for COVID-19 in children. CONCLUSIONS: Antiviral therapy for COVID-19 is not necessary for the great majority of pediatric patients. For children with severe or critical disease, this guidance offers an approach for decision-making regarding use of remdesivir. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32918548/ doi: 10.1093/jpids/piaa115 id: cord-345222-otfnrarh author: Ciccarelli, Simona title: Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis date: 2013-10-29 words: 14625.0 sentences: 819.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt summary: 4 In spite of the intense promotion of oral rehydration solution (ORS) at the community level and the training of health care workers, diarrhea mortality remains unacceptably high: more than 2 million children aged less than 5 years die each year from gastroenteritis, almost all living in resource-constrained nations, where acute diarrhea represents a leading cause of child mortality, second only to pneumonia. Probiotics, also defined as food supplements, improve the intestinal microbial balance of the host, have beneficial effects on health, prevent outbreaks of community-acquired diarrhea, reduce colonization of infants with pathogenic microorganisms, and reduce the duration and severity of diarrheal infections, balancing the intestinal ecosystem. 143 The European Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence have suggested the use of probiotic strains with proven efficacy and in appropriate doses for the management of children with acute gastroenteritis as an adjunct to rehydration therapy. abstract: Acute gastroenteritis, characterized by the onset of diarrhea with or without vomiting, continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in mostly resource-constrained nations. Although generally a mild and self-limiting disease, gastroenteritis is one of the most common causes of hospitalization and is associated with a substantial disease burden. Worldwide, up to 40% of children aged less than 5 years with diarrhea are hospitalized with rotavirus. Also, some microorganisms have been found predominantly in resource-constrained nations, including Shigella spp, Vibrio cholerae, and the protozoan infections. Prevention remains essential, and the rotavirus vaccines have demonstrated good safety and efficacy profiles in large clinical trials. Because dehydration is the major complication associated with gastroenteritis, appropriate fluid management (oral or intravenous) is an effective and safe strategy for rehydration. Continuation of breastfeeding is strongly recommended. New treatments such as antiemetics (ondansetron), some antidiarrheal agents (racecadotril), and chemotherapeutic agents are often proposed, but not yet universally recommended. Probiotics, also known as “food supplement,” seem to improve intestinal microbial balance, reducing the duration and the severity of acute infectious diarrhea. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases guidelines make a stronger recommendation for the use of probiotics for the management of acute gastroenteritis, particularly those with documented efficacy such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Saccharomyces boulardii. To date, the management of acute gastroenteritis has been based on the option of “doing the least”: oral rehydration-solution administration, early refeeding, no testing, no unnecessary drugs. url: https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s12718 doi: 10.2147/idr.s12718 id: cord-351797-b7ywe980 author: Cito, Gianmartin title: Paternal Behaviors in the Era of COVID-19 date: 2020-04-29 words: 1540.0 sentences: 71.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-351797-b7ywe980.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351797-b7ywe980.txt summary: Considering that the stereotype of "father" has changed and is no longer seen as a mere householder, men are now given the opportunity to play a fundamental role in their children''s upbringing, influencing their development and family wellbeing. Middle-aged fathers may experience the return of adult children at home, while advanced paternal aged men may require the intervention of their adult children to manage aspects of daily life and health care. Concerning paternal mental health issues, an active two-way relationship can exist between fathers and children: the father''s well-being can positively influence the child''s well-being, and vice versa. Given the changing expectations, diversity and changing demographics, a new understanding and insight into the crucial role and powerful influence of fathers on children''s health, care and development, has been therefore outlined. Fathers and pediatricians: enhancing men''s roles in the care and development of their children abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.200071 doi: 10.5534/wjmh.200071 id: cord-283440-8du0s33p author: Ciuca, Ioana M title: COVID-19 in Children: An Ample Review date: 2020-06-25 words: 5636.0 sentences: 313.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283440-8du0s33p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283440-8du0s33p.txt summary: The aim of this review was to describe the current knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including knowledge on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. This review highlights that COVID-19 in children is similar to the disease in the adult population, but with particularities regarding clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, chest imaging, and treatment. It started at the end of 2019, when many adult patients with a new form of pneumonia that was frequently fatal were admitted to Chinese hospitals; this illness was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). [11] [12] [13] This study aimed to review the current data on SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including data on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series abstract: The aim of this review was to describe the current knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including knowledge on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. An extensive literature search was performed to identify papers on COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 infection) in children, published between January 1, 2020 and April 1, 2020. There were 44 relevant papers on COVID-19 in children. The results showed that COVID-19 occurs in 0.39–12.3% of children. Clinical signs and symptoms are comparable to those in adults, but milder forms and a large percentage of asymptomatic carriers are found among children. Elevated inflammatory markers are associated with complications and linked to various co-infections. Chest computed tomography (CT) scans in children revealed structural changes similar to those found in adults, with consolidations surrounded by halos being somewhat specific for children with COVID-19. The recommended treatment includes providing symptomatic therapy, with no specific drug recommendations for children. The prognosis is much better for children compared to adults. This review highlights that COVID-19 in children is similar to the disease in the adult population, but with particularities regarding clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, chest imaging, and treatment. The prognosis is much better for children compared to adults, but with the progression of the pandemic; the cases in children might change in the future. url: https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s257180 doi: 10.2147/rmhp.s257180 id: cord-310543-2ly18d15 author: Clemens, Vera title: Potential effects of “social” distancing measures and school lockdown on child and adolescent mental health date: 2020-05-23 words: 2905.0 sentences: 142.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310543-2ly18d15.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310543-2ly18d15.txt summary: title: Potential effects of "social" distancing measures and school lockdown on child and adolescent mental health In brief, children and adolescents are at home with their families, experience an increase in stress and a reduction in support and coping resources. Prospective assessment of the effect of COVID-19-related mental health effects in children and adolescents is needed. Although measures that aim for "social distancing" are important to protect the health of our society, political decision makers have to keep in mind that it does not come without side effects and that children, adolescents and their families bear a major burden of these measures. Likewise, in the current situation, risk-benefit analyses are urgently needed based on the effects of "social distancing" including importantly for children and adolescents school closures. Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents abstract: Age-related metabolic and renal changes predispose older people to an increased risk of diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease, respectively. As the prevalence of the ageing population is increasing, because of increased life expectancy, the prevalence of older people with diabetic kidney disease is likely to increase. Diabetic kidney disease is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes and increased costs to healthcare systems. The management includes promotion of a healthy lifestyle and control of cardiovascular risk factors such as hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Older people are a heterogeneous group of people from a community-living fit and independent person to a fully dependent individual residing in a care home. Therefore, management in this age group should be based on a patient’s functional level adopting tight metabolic control in the fit individual and relaxed targets in the frail person. However, despite the maximum available therapy, a significant number of patients with diabetic kidney disease still progress to renal failure and experience adverse cardiac outcomes. Therefore, future research is required to explore methods of early detection of diabetic kidney disease and to investigate novel therapeutic interventions to further improve the outcomes.Age-related metabolic and renal changes predispose older people to an increased risk of diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease, respectively. As the prevalence of the ageing population is increasing, because of increased life expectancy, the prevalence of older people with diabetic kidney disease is likely to increase. Diabetic kidney disease is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes and increased costs to healthcare systems. The management includes promotion of a healthy lifestyle and control of cardiovascular risk factors such as hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Older people are a heterogeneous group of people from a community-living fit and independent person to a fully dependent individual residing in a care home. Therefore, management in this age group should be based on a patient’s functional level adopting tight metabolic control in the fit individual and relaxed targets in the frail person. However, despite the maximum available therapy, a significant number of patients with diabetic kidney disease still progress to renal failure and experience adverse cardiac outcomes. Therefore, future research is required to explore methods of early detection of diabetic kidney disease and to investigate novel therapeutic interventions to further improve the outcomes.Age-related metabolic and renal changes predispose older people to an increased risk of diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease, respectively. As the prevalence of the ageing population is increasing, because of increased life expectancy, the prevalence of older people with diabetic kidney disease is likely to increase. Diabetic kidney disease is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes and increased costs to healthcare systems. The management includes promotion of a healthy lifestyle and control of cardiovascular risk factors such as hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Older people are a heterogeneous group of people from a community-living fit and independent person to a fully dependent individual residing in a care home. Therefore, management in this age group should be based on a patient’s functional level adopting tight metabolic control in the fit individual and relaxed targets in the frail person. However, despite the maximum available therapy, a significant number of patients with diabetic kidney disease still progress to renal failure and experience adverse cardiac outcomes. Therefore, future research is required to explore methods of early detection of diabetic kidney disease and to investigate novel therapeutic interventions to further improve the outcomes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32447569/ doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01549-w id: cord-000254-bufbjdmw author: Clement, Annick title: Interstitial lung diseases in children date: 2010-08-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children comprises a large spectrum of rare respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality. These disorders are characterized by inflammatory and fibrotic changes that affect alveolar walls. Typical features of ILD include dyspnea, diffuse infiltrates on chest radiographs, and abnormal pulmonary function tests with restrictive ventilatory defect and/or impaired gas exchange. Many pathological situations can impair gas exchange and, therefore, may contribute to progressive lung damage and ILD. Consequently, diagnosis approach needs to be structured with a clinical evaluation requiring a careful history paying attention to exposures and systemic diseases. Several classifications for ILD have been proposed but none is entirely satisfactory especially in children. The present article reviews current concepts of pathophysiological mechanisms, etiology and diagnostic approaches, as well as therapeutic strategies. The following diagnostic grouping is used to discuss the various causes of pediatric ILD: 1) exposure-related ILD; 2) systemic disease-associated ILD; 3) alveolar structure disorder-associated ILD; and 4) ILD specific to infancy. Therapeutic options include mainly anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and/or anti-fibrotic drugs. The outcome is highly variable with a mortality rate around 15%. An overall favorable response to corticosteroid therapy is observed in around 50% of cases, often associated with sequelae such as limited exercise tolerance or the need for long-term oxygen therapy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2939531/ doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-22 id: cord-017291-bhe34dky author: Cohen, Cheryl title: Influenza date: 2017-05-05 words: 7128.0 sentences: 381.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt summary: Children aged <5 years (especially those <2 years) and those with underlying illness such as cardiac, respiratory and severe neurologic disease have an increased risk of severe outcomes associated with influenza. Vaccine cannot be given to children aged <6 months but maternal influenza immunization during pregnancy is recommended and can confer protection to the young infant. The highest rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations and deaths are typically seen in individuals aged ≥65 years, <5 years and those with underlying medical conditions that confer an increased risk for severe influenza [9] . Therefore, in Table 2 .1 Children at high risk of severe influenza in whom influenza antiviral treatment is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) current guidance [9, 39] 1. abstract: Influenza is one of the commonest infections in human populations, and causing substantial morbidity and mortality globally. The influenza virus is divided into different types and subtypes, three of which are currently circulating widely in humans: influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B. The virus undergoes constant evolution, leading to annual seasonal winter epidemics in temperate countries and necessitating annual updates to the vaccine. Rarely, completely new influenza viruses can emerge in human populations, giving rise to influenza pandemics. Children aged <5 years (especially those <2 years) and those with underlying illness such as cardiac, respiratory and severe neurologic disease have an increased risk of severe outcomes associated with influenza. Pregnant women have an increased risk of severe influenza. Complications may involve the respiratory tract (e.g. otitis media or pneumonia) or, less commonly, other organ systems (e.g. encephalitis or myocarditis). Specific antiviral treatment should be offered as soon as possible for hospitalized children with presumed or confirmed influenza and for influenza of any severity for children at high risk of severe complications of influenza without waiting for laboratory confirmation. Antiviral treatment is usually not warranted for uncomplicated influenza as this is usually self-limiting. Annual influenza vaccination should be offered to all individuals at increased risk for complications of influenza. Vaccine cannot be given to children aged <6 months but maternal influenza immunization during pregnancy is recommended and can confer protection to the young infant. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121810/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-54033-7_2 id: cord-309860-otx45b8x author: Conway, Nicholas T. title: Clinical Predictors of Influenza in Young Children: The Limitations of “Influenza-Like Illness” date: 2012-09-03 words: 3741.0 sentences: 186.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309860-otx45b8x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309860-otx45b8x.txt summary: This study aims to identify clinical predictors of influenza infection in children ≤5 years old from which age-specific ILI definitions are then constructed. METHODS: Children aged 6–59 months with a history of fever and acute respiratory symptoms were recruited in the Western Australia Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (WAIVE) Study. The predictor variables of interest fell into 2 groups: (1) demographic factors (age, sex, race [indigenous or other], deprivation quintile, influenza vaccination status, prematurity [<37 completed weeks gestation], birth weight, past medical history, child care usage, household composition, and household smokers); and (2) symptomatology (recorded temperature and presence or absence of parentally reported: cough, coryza, wheeze, breathing difficulties, earache, sinusitis, sore throat, irritability, rash, diarrhoea, vomiting, lethargy, poor feeding, sleep disturbance, fever, and pallor). To our knowledge, this is the first study attempting to construct a definition of ILI for children aged 5 years and under using prospectively gathered data from a general pediatric population presenting with symptoms suggestive of acute respiratory tract infection. abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza-like illness (ILI) definitions have been infrequently studied in young children. Despite this, clinical definitions of ILI play an important role in influenza surveillance. This study aims to identify clinical predictors of influenza infection in children ≤5 years old from which age-specific ILI definitions are then constructed. METHODS: Children aged 6–59 months with a history of fever and acute respiratory symptoms were recruited in the Western Australia Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (WAIVE) Study. Clinical data and per-nasal specimens were obtained from all children. Logistic regression identified significant predictors of influenza infection. Different ILI definitions were compared for diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: Children were recruited from 2 winter influenza seasons (2008–2009; n = 944). Of 919 eligible children, 179 (19.5%) had laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. Predictors of infection included increasing age, lack of influenza vaccination, lower birth weight, fever, cough, and absence of wheeze. An ILI definition comprising fever ≥38°C, cough, and no wheeze had 58% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 50–66), 60% specificity (95% CI, 56–64), 26% positive predictive value (95% CI, 21–31), and 86% negative predictive value (95% CI, 82–89). The addition of other symptoms or higher fever thresholds to ILI definition had little impact. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition of ILI (presence of fever [≥37.8°C] and cough and/or sore throat) was sensitive (92%; 95% CI, 86–95), yet lacked specificity (10%; 95% CI, 8–13) in this population. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza-like illness is a poor predictor of laboratory-confirmed influenza infection in young children but can be improved using age-specific data. Incorporating age-specific ILI definitions and/or diagnostic testing into influenza surveillance systems will improve the accuracy of epidemiological data. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26619439/ doi: 10.1093/jpids/pis081 id: cord-254235-mok10c5i author: Cooper, Dan M. title: Re-Opening Schools Safely: The Case for Collaboration, Constructive Disruption of Pre-COVID Expectations, and Creative Solutions date: 2020-05-21 words: 1836.0 sentences: 103.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254235-mok10c5i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254235-mok10c5i.txt summary: With fast-approaching preparations required for a new school year, a collaborative team of clinicians, scientists, and educators developed this commentary to begin to highlight issues that must be considered to ensure a safe and strategically planned re-opening of schools. School re-opening can mitigate risks to children, families, and school personnel only if it is sensitive to community needs. Though SARS-CoV-2 community surveillance testing has yet to be standardized, large scale viral nucleic acid and serological testing in children is needed to guide safe school reopening. Under current conditions of increased sensitivity to possible COVID-19 symptomatology, children with these chronic health disorders risk being socially shunned and unnecessarily removed from school. More research is needed to understand the risks that all children, including those with chronic conditions, may encounter in school settings in the COVID-19 era. Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units. abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347620306089?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.022 id: cord-315436-8qrlc5sf author: Corona, Laura L. title: Parent Perceptions of Caregiver-Mediated Telemedicine Tools for Assessing Autism Risk in Toddlers date: 2020-06-02 words: 6635.0 sentences: 345.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315436-8qrlc5sf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315436-8qrlc5sf.txt summary: The present study examined the use, acceptability, and parents'' perceptions of two caregiver-mediated tools for assessing ASD risk in toddlers, in which remote clinicians guided parents to complete interactive screening activities with their children. Emerging research has examined the feasibility and acceptability of telemedicine procedures in the assessment and diagnosis of ASD, using video technologies to allow clinicians to remotely observe child behavior and converse with caregivers (Juárez et al. (2018) compared a tele-assessment procedure in which a remote psychologist observed administration of the Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers and Young Children (STAT; Stone et al. As part of a larger project evaluating the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of two novel, parent-guided screening tools either developed (TELE-ASD-PEDS) or adapted for (TELE-STAT) the remote assessment of ASD in young children, we conducted preliminary evaluations of parent perceptions and feedback regarding these telemedicine tools. abstract: Telemedicine tools have potential for increasing access to diagnostic services for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Past work has utilized tele-assessment procedures in which remote psychologists observe administration of interactive screening instruments by trained, on-site providers. Although promising, this approach relies on two clinicians, limiting its efficiency and scalability. The present study examined the use, acceptability, and parents’ perceptions of two caregiver-mediated tools for assessing ASD risk in toddlers, in which remote clinicians guided parents to complete interactive screening activities with their children. Most parents found tele-assessment to be comfortable, and many reported liking the parent-led nature of these tools. Parents also offered constructive feedback, which was used to modify the tele-assessment process for future study. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04554-9 doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04554-9 id: cord-004458-t2iynltq author: Corten, Lieselotte title: Use of airway clearance therapy in children hospitalised with acute lower respiratory tract infections in a South African paediatric hospital date: 2020-02-19 words: 4232.0 sentences: 262.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004458-t2iynltq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004458-t2iynltq.txt summary: title: Use of airway clearance therapy in children hospitalised with acute lower respiratory tract infections in a South African paediatric hospital BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prescription, frequency and nature of airway clearance therapy (ACT) in children hospitalised with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). METHOD: A retrospective folder review of children hospitalised with LRTI between January and June 2015 was conducted, extracting data on demographic characteristics, health condition, ACT interventions and patient outcomes. Children hospitalised for presumed nosocomial infections and pneumonia had the longest length of stay, were more likely to receive ACT and had the highest mortality rate. Folders were identified using primary diagnostic codes (ICD 10 codes) for a range of respiratory conditions or clinical signs of respiratory disease, and physiotherapy department records were used to identify patients who were referred for and/or received ACT during the study period. Other studies have not reported significant differences for length of stay when receiving ACT in children hospitalised with pneumonia (Corten et al. abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prescription, frequency and nature of airway clearance therapy (ACT) in children hospitalised with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics and outcomes of children hospitalised with LRTIs at a tertiary paediatric hospital in South Africa and to investigate the role and impact of ACT in these children. METHOD: A retrospective folder review of children hospitalised with LRTI between January and June 2015 was conducted, extracting data on demographic characteristics, health condition, ACT interventions and patient outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1208 individual cases (median [IQR] age 7.6 (2.8–19.0) months), in 1440 hospitalisations, were included. The majority of children were hospitalised primarily for the management of bronchiolitis. Comorbidities were present in 52.6% of patients during at least one of their hospitalisations. Airway clearance therapy was administered in 5.9% (n = 85) of admissions, most commonly conventional (manual) ACT. Transient oxyhaemoglobin desaturation was reported in six children, and one child developed lobar collapse an hour post-treatment. No other adverse events were reported. The median (IQR) duration of hospitalisation was 2.3 (1.5–5.0) days, and the overall mortality rate was 0.7%. Children hospitalised for presumed nosocomial infections and pneumonia had the longest length of stay, were more likely to receive ACT and had the highest mortality rate. CONCLUSION: Airway clearance therapy was infrequently used in this population and was more commonly applied in those with nosocomial LRTI and pneumonia. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Although ACT was generally well tolerated, safety has not been ascertained, and oxygen saturation should be carefully monitored during therapy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7059502/ doi: 10.4102/sajp.v76i1.1367 id: cord-281844-c0uhcatg author: Costa, Lusmaia D.C. title: Exacerbation of asthma and airway infection: is the virus the villain? date: 2014-12-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Objective To review the available literature on the association between acute viral respiratory tract infection and the onset of asthma exacerbations, identifying the most prevalent viruses, detection methods, as well as preventive and therapeutic aspects. Sources A search was conducted in PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases, between the years 2002 and 2013, using the following descriptors: asthma exacerbation, virus, child, and acute respiratory infection. Summary of the findings A total of 42 original articles addressing the identification of respiratory viruses during episodes of asthma exacerbation were selected, mostly cross-sectional studies. There was a wide variation in the methodology of the assessed studies, particularly in relation to the children's age and methods of collection and viral detection. The results indicate that, in up to 92.2% of exacerbations, a viral agent was potentially the main triggering factor, and human rhinovirus was the most frequently identified factor. The pattern of viral circulation may have been responsible for the seasonality of exacerbations. The association between viral infections and allergic inflammation appears to be crucial for the clinical and functional uncontrolled asthma, but few studies have evaluated other triggering factors in association with viral infection. Conclusions Respiratory viruses are present in the majority of asthmatic children during episodes of exacerbation. The involved physiopathological mechanisms are yet to be fully established, and the synergism between allergic inflammation and viral infection appears to determine uncontrolled disease. The role of other triggering and protective agents is yet to be clearly determined. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2014.07.001 doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2014.07.001 id: cord-338007-fa4i981h author: Coyne, Lisa W. title: First Things First: Parent Psychological Flexibility and Self-Compassion During COVID-19 date: 2020-05-06 words: 5296.0 sentences: 270.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-338007-fa4i981h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-338007-fa4i981h.txt summary: For parents, shaping these processes may help promote family nurturance, support children''s prosocial behavior, and provide effective and consistent use of evidence-based parenting "kernels." The goal of this article is to provide practitioners with evidence-based tools that will support psychological flexibility, self-care, and positive parenting behaviors in caregivers during COVID-19 and beyond. In behavioral terms, mindfulness and acceptance processes involve paying purposeful attention to the present moment, allowing or making space for unwanted thoughts and emotions, and relinquishing attachment to thoughts as literal truths, where that is helpful. #SmallThingsMatter "Small things matter" is an important principle for action and informs the study of "kernels," or fundamental units of behavioral influence that appear to underlie effective prevention and treatment for children, adults, and families (Embry & Biglan, 2008) . abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant stress and anxiety for many parents around the world. Psychological flexibility and self-care are fundamental aspects of psychological health. For parents, shaping these processes may help promote family nurturance, support children’s prosocial behavior, and provide effective and consistent use of evidence-based parenting “kernels.” The goal of this article is to provide practitioners with evidence-based tools that will support psychological flexibility, self-care, and positive parenting behaviors in caregivers during COVID-19 and beyond. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32377315/ doi: 10.1007/s40617-020-00435-w id: cord-010837-8x3bch0r author: Curran, Janet A. title: Improving transitions in care for children with complex and medically fragile needs: a mixed methods study date: 2020-05-14 words: 7979.0 sentences: 351.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010837-8x3bch0r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010837-8x3bch0r.txt summary: In Phase 2, pediatricians, nurses, and health administrators participated in key stakeholder interviews to identify barriers and facilitators to a successful transition in care for children and families with complex care needs. (2) other parents on the inpatient unit act as key supports to the family; (3) satisfaction with the care from the local community pediatrician, but dissatisfaction with care received from the community hospital following misplacement of the child''s feeding tube; (4) an advanced practice nurse guiding the discharge process and using a locally developed tool to guide discharge planning that was distributed to the family and home community to promote continuity of care; (5) a high level of engagement from the family helping to facilitate a smooth transition as reported by the health care team; and (6) a lack of pediatric expertise in community physiotherapy. abstract: BACKGROUND: Children with medical complexity are a small yet resource intensive population in the Canadian health care system. The process for discharging these children from hospital to home is not yet optimal. The overall goal of this project was to develop recommendations to be included in a provincial strategy to support transitions in care for children with complex and medically fragile needs. METHODS: A wide assortment of stakeholders participated in this mixed method, multiphase project. During Phase 1, data was gathered from a range of sources to document families’ experiences transitioning from an inpatient hospital stay back to their home communities. In Phase 2, pediatricians, nurses, and health administrators participated in key stakeholder interviews to identify barriers and facilitators to a successful transition in care for children and families with complex care needs. A multi-sector consensus meeting was held during Phase 3 to discuss study findings and refine key recommendations for inclusion in a provincial strategy. RESULTS: Six case studies were developed involving children and families discharged home with a variety of complex care needs. Children ranged in age from 15 days to 9 years old. Nine telephone interviews were conducted in Phase 2 with pediatricians, nurses, and administrators from across the province. A variety of inter-institutional communication challenges were described as a major barrier to the transition process. A consistent message across all interviews was the need for improved coordination to facilitate transitions in care. The consensus meeting to review study findings included physicians, nurses, paramedics, senior administrators, and policy analysts from different health and government sectors and resulted in six recommendations for inclusion in a provincial strategy. CONCLUSIONS: This project identified policy and practice gaps that currently exist related to transitions in care for children with complex and medically fragile needs and their families. Our collaborative patient-centred approach to understanding how children and families currently navigate transitions in care provided a foundation for developing recommendations for a provincial wide strategy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7222504/ doi: 10.1186/s12887-020-02117-6 id: cord-320438-9j41eyw3 author: Daltro, Pedro title: Pulmonary infections date: 2011-04-27 words: 4506.0 sentences: 276.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320438-9j41eyw3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320438-9j41eyw3.txt summary: This paper reviews the most common imaging findings of pulmonary infection in children. This paper reviews the most common causes of pulmonary infection in children, emphasizing the imaging findings. As with other viral infections, focal or diffuse interstitial opacities are the initial chest radiograph presentation, but they can progress rapidly to bilateral areas of consolidation (Fig. 3 ). These children are prone to repeated bacterial infections with associated pneumonia leading to postinfectious bronchiectasis (Fig. 18) . Chest radiograph and CT findings show Fig. 16 Axial CT shows the typical halo sign in an immunocompromised child with invasive aspergillosis chronic or recurrent pneumonia, usually by Aspergillus or Candida organisms. The most common chest radiograph and CT findings are diffuse reticular interstitial opacities that can progress to massive alveolar consolidations resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome in infants (Fig. 20) . abstract: This paper reviews the most common imaging findings of pulmonary infection in children. Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality in children in developing and industrialized countries. While the imaging findings usually are nonspecific, correlation with the patient’s age, immune status and pertinent history can limit the differential diagnoses. The paper will review the common and unique features of pneumonia caused by specific organisms and in specific patient populations. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-011-2012-8 doi: 10.1007/s00247-011-2012-8 id: cord-006050-rwayc7lr author: Das, Rashmi Ranjan title: Clinical profile and outcome of swine flu in Indian children date: 2010-08-01 words: 2555.0 sentences: 171.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006050-rwayc7lr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006050-rwayc7lr.txt summary: Of the 3 children who died, one (12 years old) had underlying steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome with chronic kidney disease and he was admitted with diagnosis of severe pneumonia and tested positive for H1N1 influenza infection; the child died within 24 hours of admission. • Risk factors for hospitalization include: underlying co-morbid condition, respiratory distress, vomiting, wheezing, diarrhea, or hypotension, infiltrates/consolidation on chest radiograph. • Risk factors for hospitalization include: underlying co-morbid condition, respiratory distress, vomiting, wheezing, diarrhea, or hypotension, infiltrates/consolidation on chest radiograph. • Risk factors for hospitalization include: underlying co-morbid condition, respiratory distress, vomiting, wheezing, diarrhea, or hypotension, infiltrates/consolidation on chest radiograph. The clinical features of patients who were hospitalized with 2009 H1N1 influenza were generally similar to those reported during peak periods of seasonal influenza and past pandemics with an acute onset of respiratory illness [17] [18] [19] [20] . abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of Indian children infected with 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Outpatient department and hospitalized patients in a tertiary care hospital. METHODS: Clinical details of 85 children (positive for the 2009 H1N1 virus infection tested by real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assay) were analyzed from medical charts. RESULTS: Of the 85 (55 boys) children positive for 2009 H1N1 virus infection, 64.7% were between 5 years to 16 years, and 35.3% were below 5 years age. The mean age of these children was 7.5±3.5 yr. Contact history was positive only in 22 (26%) cases. High grade fever was the most common symptom, followed by cough and rhinorrhea. Twenty-nine (34%) patients had an underlying co-morbid condition. Of the 34 patients who underwent chest radiography during evaluation, 18 children (52.9%) had findings consistent with lower respiratory tract infection. Antiviral therapy was initiated in 76 patients. Hospitalization was required in 30 (35.3%) children. Risk factors for hospitalization included underlying co-morbid condition, respiratory distress, vomiting, wheezing, diarrhea, hypotension and infiltrates/consolidation on chest radiograph. Mean length of hospitalization was 131±76 hours, irrespective of underlying disease. Three children developed Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and died. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical features and routine laboratory investigations in children with swine origin influenza were non-specific. Children with co-morbid condition, respiratory distress, vomiting, wheezing, diarrhea, hypotension and infiltrates/consolidation on chest radiograph were at higher risk of hospitalization. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7097331/ doi: 10.1007/s13312-011-0085-y id: cord-010018-gl8uuqej author: Del Borrello, Giovanni title: New insights into pediatric community‐acquired pneumonia gained from untargeted metabolomics: A preliminary study date: 2019-12-10 words: 2357.0 sentences: 132.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010018-gl8uuqej.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010018-gl8uuqej.txt summary: 3, 4 Although epidemiological research has repeatedly pointed out that the large majority of lower respiratory infection in pediatric patients are caused by viruses, 2 physicians often lack the tools to reliably discriminate between bacterial and viral etiology [5] [6] [7] and a large percentage of children presenting with respiratory symptoms and fever are ultimately administered antibiotics. To increase the specificity of our findings and reduce the role of confounding variables, three exclusion criteria were strictly applied, concerning: infants (ie, children under 1 year of age), to avoid any diagnostic overlap between pneumonia and bronchiolitis; children with a previous diagnosis of chronic disease (HIV, asthma, immunodeficiency, CHD), to reduce the pathophysiological heterogeneity between CAP cases; and children given any oral or injected antibiotic therapy in the 48 hours preceding enrollment, to avoid cases of partially treated pneumonia, as the related pathophysiological profile differs from that of a lung infection devoid of any treatment. abstract: BACKGROUND: Available diagnostics often fail to distinguish viral from bacterial causes of pediatric community‐acquired pneumonia (pCAP). Metabolomics, which aims at characterizing diseases based on their metabolic signatures, has been applied to expand pathophysiological understanding of many diseases. In this exploratory study, we used the untargeted metabolomic analysis to shed new light on the etiology of pCAP. METHODS: Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to quantify the metabolite content of urine samples collected from children hospitalized for CAP of pneumococcal or viral etiology, ascertained using a conservative algorithm combining microbiological and biochemical data. RESULTS: Fifty‐nine children with CAP were enrolled over 16 months. Pneumococcal and viral cases were distinguished by means of a multivariate model based on 93 metabolites, 20 of which were identified and considered as putative biomarkers. Among these, six metabolites belonged to the adrenal steroid synthesis and degradation pathway. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study suggests that viral and pneumococcal pneumonia differently affect the systemic metabolome, with a stronger disruption of the adrenal steroid pathway in pneumococcal pneumonia. This finding may lead to the discovery of novel diagnostic biomarkers and bring us closer to personalized therapy for pCAP. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7168041/ doi: 10.1002/ppul.24602 id: cord-332173-m38sr6oc author: Denburg, Avram E. title: Does moral reasoning influence public values for health care priority setting?: A population-based randomized stated preference survey date: 2020-05-13 words: 7741.0 sentences: 390.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332173-m38sr6oc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332173-m38sr6oc.txt summary: Relatedly, a limited body of evidence points to the impact of embedded moral reasoning on attenuated public preference for the young, suggesting that deliberation on a range of ethical principles can influence stated preferences for allocating resources based on age (10) . In keeping with much of the prior literature on age-based resource allocation, we expected that control group participants would display an aggregate mean preference for allocation to children, particularly in scenarios where theoretical QALY gains were largest (i.e. cancer treatment and eating disorders therapy). We further hypothesized that participants in the intervention arm would display stronger aggregate preference for children across all the clinical scenarios tested, regardless of the duration of life years gained, as a result of their access to a varied palette of ethical principles by which to justify preferential allocation to children, including vulnerability, dependency, potential, and social distinction. abstract: OBJECTIVE: Preferences of members of the public are recognized as important inputs into health care priority-setting, though knowledge of such preferences is scant. We sought to generate evidence of public preferences related to healthcare resource allocation among adults and children. METHODS: We conducted an experimental stated preference survey in a national sample of Canadian adults. Preferences were elicited across a range of scenarios and scored on a visual analogue scale. Intervention group participants were randomized to a moral reasoning exercise prior to each choice task. The main outcomes were the differences in mean preference scores by group, scenario, and demographics. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate a consistent preference by participants to allocate scarce health system resources to children. Exposure to the moral reasoning exercise weakened but did not eliminate this preference. Younger respondent age and parenthood were associated with greater preference for children. The top principles guiding participants’ allocative decisions were treat equally, relieve suffering, and rescue those at risk of dying. CONCLUSIONS: Our study affirms the relevance of age in public preferences for the allocation of scarce health care resources, demonstrating a significant preference by participants to allocate healthcare resources to children. However, this preference diminishes when challenged by exposure to a range of moral principles, revealing a strong public endorsement of equality of access. Definitions of value in healthcare based on clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness may exclude moral considerations that the public values, such as equality and humanitarianism, highlighting opportunities to enrich healthcare priority-setting through public engagement. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.04.007 doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.04.007 id: cord-018604-ua5h47jg author: Dersch-Mills, Deonne title: Assessment Considerations in Pediatric Patients date: 2018-12-28 words: 6368.0 sentences: 312.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018604-ua5h47jg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018604-ua5h47jg.txt summary: Pharmacists need to be aware of this variability and use every patient encounter as an opportunity for assessment of many aspects of medication including dose, formulation, administration, and indication. Infants and children also have physiological differences that need to be considered especially when assessing efficacy, toxicity, and the patient''s overall response to medications through physical exam or use of laboratory values. Lastly, a lack of appropriate medication formulations for children creates a requirement for pharmacists to specifically assess the formulations, measurement, and administration of pediatric medications. Until children are mature enough to provide this information themselves (note that this age varies depending on the child), parents and other caregivers are relied upon to provide an accurate history of the patient''s illness(s) and medication(s). Because of the lack of appropriate information in the product labeling, alternative data sources need to be accessed to assess the use of the medication in an infant or child. abstract: Pharmacy assessment of pediatric patients is similar in many ways to that of adults; however there are many specific nuances that need to be considered in addition to the typical aspects included in an adult assessment. There is a lack of pediatric-specific medication research and a much higher rate of “off label” medication use, so children are at higher risk of medication errors and related harm. Pharmacokinetic differences and other age-related differences result in highly variable responses to medications throughout childhood. Pharmacists need to be aware of this variability and use every patient encounter as an opportunity for assessment of many aspects of medication including dose, formulation, administration, and indication. Infants and children also have physiological differences that need to be considered especially when assessing efficacy, toxicity, and the patient’s overall response to medications through physical exam or use of laboratory values. Lastly, a lack of appropriate medication formulations for children creates a requirement for pharmacists to specifically assess the formulations, measurement, and administration of pediatric medications. This chapter provides an approach to pediatric assessment, highlights common sources of error, and provides strategies for managing pediatric medications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123523/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-11775-7_28 id: cord-023713-daz2vokz author: Devereux, Graham title: Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases date: 2013-09-06 words: 27880.0 sentences: 1480.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt summary: A systematic review and metaanalysis of the longitudinal studies relating maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy to childhood outcomes concluded that high maternal dietary vitamin D intake is associated with a reduced risk of children wheezing up to the age of 5 years (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.73). The Dutch Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study related symptom data prospectively collected annually from 3863 children up to the age of 8 years to land-use regression estimates of individual NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and soot exposures at their birth addresses. 327 A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective birth cohort studies evaluating the effects of allergen (i.e., HDM or dietary) avoidance during pregnancy concluded that early-life allergen avoidance in isolation does not reduce the likelihood of asthma in children at age 5 years (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.78). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173512/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-08593-9.00049-8 id: cord-277315-e26oc883 author: Dhiman, Sapna title: Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs date: 2020-10-06 words: 5560.0 sentences: 321.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277315-e26oc883.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277315-e26oc883.txt summary: Caregivers not using tele-rehabilitation along with a perception of it being a poor medium for rehabilitation were at greater risks for poor mental health whereas a negative perception on homecare therapy were strongly associated with higher psychological symptoms and strain. The overall result of the study shows a high prevalence of depressive symptoms among caregivers tending children with special needs during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Apart from it, we found several demographic, social factors and services related to care of child are associated with depression, stress, anxiety symptoms and perceived strain. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs abstract: BACKGROUND: While COVID-19 outbreak has had adverse psychological effects in children with special needs, the mental state and burden on their caregivers during this pandemic has yet to be reported. AIMS: The objectives of this study were to describe the mental health status and the change in perceived strain among caregivers during the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Two hundred sixty four caregivers completed an online survey that assessed demographics, use and perspective on tele-rehabilitation, homecare therapy, caregiver’s strain and mental health. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms were found to be 62.5 %, 20.5 % and 36.4 % respectively. A significant difference in caregiver strain (p < 0.001, effect size = 0.93) was observed during the outbreak compared to levels pre-outbreak (pre-outbreak strain was measured retrospectively). Caregivers not using tele-rehabilitation along with a perception of it being a poor medium for rehabilitation were at greater risks for poor mental health whereas a negative perception on homecare therapy were strongly associated with higher psychological symptoms and strain. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: This study identified a high prevalence of depression and significant change in strain displayed by caregivers during the COVID-19 outbreak. We identified several factors associated with poor mental health and perceived strain that can be used to help safeguard caregivers. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0891422220302225 doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103790 id: cord-034066-fsp7e5x5 author: Di Figlia-Peck, Stephanie title: Treatment of children and adolescents who are overweight or obese date: 2020-10-21 words: 10683.0 sentences: 516.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-034066-fsp7e5x5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-034066-fsp7e5x5.txt summary: 2 And in 2008, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality of the HHS came out with an Evidence-Based/Technology Assessment entitled "The Effectiveness of Weight Management Programs in Children and Adolescents." 3 In addition to these government-sponsored guidelines, recommendations for management of overweight and obesity in this population have been issued by multiple other organizations. One 12month technology-based program for adolescents with Type 2 diabetes "was not sufficient to produce weight loss with the combination of web intervention and group sessions and telephone follow up, but improvements in sedentary behavior and use of behavior change strategies expected to lead to behavior change was evidenced." 32 Telemedicine, in theory, should be able to compensate for some of the barriers that prevent access to and utilization of family based comprehensive behavioral interventions for child and adolescent obesity. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7576185/ doi: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2020.100871 id: cord-286531-3syf6upw author: Dong, Chuanmei title: Young Children’s Online Learning during COVID-19 Pandemic: Chinese Parents’ Beliefs and Attitudes date: 2020-09-08 words: 7251.0 sentences: 333.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286531-3syf6upw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286531-3syf6upw.txt summary: This study surveyed 3275 Chinese parents'' beliefs and attitudes around young children''s online learning during the lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic. To fill this research gap, this study endeavors to understand how Chinese parents perceive their young children''s online learning during the COVID-19 lockdown through a large-scale online survey. Thus, it is of great theoretical importance to understand Chinese parental beliefs and attitudes around young children''s online learning during the lockdown as a unique study in terms of time and place. As the first exploration of Chinese parents'' beliefs and attitudes around online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study has found that many young children had online learning experiences that were delivered by their kindergarten teachers or online learning apps at no or low cost. abstract: Online learning has been widely promoted to replace traditional face-to-face learning during the COVID-19 pandemic to maintain young children’s learning and play at home. This study surveyed 3275 Chinese parents’ beliefs and attitudes around young children’s online learning during the lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most parents (92.7%) in the study reported that their children had online learning experiences during the pandemic, and many (84.6%) spent less than a half-hour each time. The parents generally had negative beliefs about the values and benefits of online learning and preferred traditional learning in early childhood settings. They tended to resist and even reject online learning for three key reasons: the shortcomings of online learning, young children’s inadequate self-regulation, and their lack of time and professional knowledge in supporting children’s online learning. Also, the hardship caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has made them suffering, thus more resistant to online learning at home. The results suggested that the implementation of online learning during the pandemic has been problematic and challenging for families. The Chinese parents were neither trained nor ready to embrace online learning. The paper concluded with implications for policymakers and teacher education. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019074092031224X?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105440 id: cord-018545-fk17n2bx author: Dorofaeff, Tavey title: Infections in the PICU date: 2012 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123446/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_268 id: cord-264486-o01s0upf author: Du, Wenjun title: Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children compared with adults in Shandong Province, China date: 2020-04-16 words: 3160.0 sentences: 186.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264486-o01s0upf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264486-o01s0upf.txt summary: title: Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children compared with adults in Shandong Province, China We reported on the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of children cases to help health workers better understand and provide timely diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: Retrospectively, two research centers'' case series of 67 consecutive hospitalized cases including 53 adult and 14 children cases with COVID-19 between 23 Jan 2020 and 15 Feb 2020 from Jinan and Rizhao were enrolled in this study. Laboratory tests and chest computed tomographic (CT) scans were also evaluated and the results suggested that decreased lymphocyte counts and bilateral pneumonia were common clinical features, especially in severe cases [7, 8] . In this study, we analyzed and compared the epidemic characteristics and clinical features in children and adults in Shandong Province, China. This is because a lower inflammatory response to lung injuries causes milder clinical symptoms in children compared with adults. abstract: AIMS AND BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 outbreak spread in China and is a threat to the world. We reported on the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of children cases to help health workers better understand and provide timely diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: Retrospectively, two research centers’ case series of 67 consecutive hospitalized cases including 53 adult and 14 children cases with COVID-19 between 23 Jan 2020 and 15 Feb 2020 from Jinan and Rizhao were enrolled in this study. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of children and adults were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: Most cases in children were mild (21.4%) and conventional cases (78.6%), with mild clinical signs and symptoms, and all cases were of family clusters. Fever (35.7%) and dry cough (21.4%) were described as clinical manifestations in children cases. Dry cough and phlegm were not the most common symptoms in children compared with adults (p = 0.03). In the early stages of the disease, lymphocyte counts did not significantly decline but neutrophils count did in children compared with adults (p = 0.02). There was a lower level of CRP (p = 0.00) in children compared with adults. There were 8 (57.1%) asymptomatic cases and 6 (42.9%) symptomatic cases among the 14 children cases. The age of asymptomatic patients was younger than that of symptomatic patients (p = 0.03). Even among asymptomatic patients, 5 (62.5%) cases had lung injuries including 3 (60%) cases with bilateral involvement, which was not different compared with that of symptomatic cases (p = 0.58, p = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical symptoms of children are mild, there is substantial lung injury even among children, but that there is less clinical disease, perhaps because of a less pronounced inflammatory response, and that the occurrence of this pattern appears to inversely correlate with age. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01427-2 doi: 10.1007/s15010-020-01427-2 id: cord-333479-d0mgma42 author: Duan, Li title: An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in China during the outbreak of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-02 words: 4615.0 sentences: 193.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333479-d0mgma42.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333479-d0mgma42.txt summary: Moreover, multiple linear regression and bivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between outcome variables (the reported level of anxiety and clinical depressive symptom) and potential predictors (e.g. concerns related to the epidemic, smartphone/internet addiction, and coping style) while adjusting for other identified explanatory variables. Additionally, in order to further analyze the significant factors associated with the level of respondent'' anxiety, we conducted multiple linear regression analysis and obtained the following factors to construct a multiple linear regression model of anxiety: clinical depression levels, implementation of the precaution and control measures, sex, family member or friend was infected with coronavirus, occupation of the mother involved in the epidemic, region (e.g., rural, urban), and emotion-focused coping style, which accounted for 31.0% of the total variance ( Table 5) . abstract: OBJECTIVE: : The sudden outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a dramatic effect on the mental health of the public. In the present study, we demonstrated the psychological effects on children and adolescents associated with the epidemic . METHODS: : By using convenience sampling method, questionnaires, such as Spence Child Anxiety Scale, Child Depression Inventory and Coping style Scale, were distributed to participating 359 children and 3254 adolescents online. RESULTS: : The anxiety levels of children and adolescents were (23.87±15.79) and (29.27±19.79), respectively. 22.28% respondents were suffering from depressive symptoms. Seven significant factors associated with increased levels of anxiety, including female, resident in urban regions, emotion-focused coping style. Nine factors associated with increased levels of depression, such as smartphone addiction (OR 1.411, 95% CI 1.099–1.180), Internet addiction (OR 1.844, 95% CI 1.209–2.811), and resident in Hubei province (OR 3.107, 95% CI 1.252–7.708). Two additional factors associated with decreased levels of depressive symptoms: hours spend on Internet per day before the epidemic (OR 0.652, 95% CI 0.609–0.697) and tendency to apply problem-focused coping style (OR 0.937, 95% CI 0.923–0.951). CONCLUSION: : Our findings indicate that the COVID-19 outbreak has had a significant psychosocial impact on children and adolescents. Findings of current levels of anxiety and depression not only highlight the need to address emotional distress for children and adolescents during the epidemic but also provide researchers with scientific fundamentals to formulate targeted interventions based on the significant influencing factors. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32658812/ doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.029 id: cord-274123-wgigtgl9 author: Dube, Felix S. title: Respiratory microbes present in the nasopharynx of children hospitalised with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa date: 2016-10-24 words: 4258.0 sentences: 219.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274123-wgigtgl9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274123-wgigtgl9.txt summary: title: Respiratory microbes present in the nasopharynx of children hospitalised with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa We have recently shown [5] that specific pathogens (including Bordetella pertussis, influenza virus, respiratory syncyntial virus [RSV], adenovirus, parainfluenzavirus, bocavirus) are detected significantly more frequently from the nasopharynx (NP) of children with pneumonia than age-matched controls, and so are likely to play an important role in pneumonia aetiology. This is the first comprehensive detailed study of the diversity of respiratory microbes detected in children presenting with suspected PTB in a TB endemic setting and showed that multiple potential pathogens are present in th nasopharynx of such children. In conclusion, this study describes the detection of multiple respiratory microbes in the nasopharynx of children hospitalised with suspected PTB. pneumoniae, hMPV, coronavirus O43, influenza C virus, rhinovirus and cytomegalovirus formed the dominant microbial profile in children with PTB but this failed to reach statistical significance on testing of each individual microbe. abstract: BACKGROUND: Lower respiratory tract infection in children is increasingly thought to be polymicrobial in origin. Children with symptoms suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) may have tuberculosis, other respiratory tract infections or co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other pathogens. We aimed to identify the presence of potential respiratory pathogens in nasopharyngeal (NP) samples from children with suspected PTB. METHOD: NP samples collected from consecutive children presenting with suspected PTB at Red Cross Children’s Hospital (Cape Town, South Africa) were tested by multiplex real-time RT-PCR. Mycobacterial liquid culture and Xpert MTB/RIF was performed on 2 induced sputa obtained from each participant. Children were categorised as definite-TB (culture or qPCR [Xpert MTB/RIF] confirmed), unlikely-TB (improvement of symptoms without TB treatment on follow-up) and unconfirmed-TB (all other children). RESULTS: Amongst 214 children with a median age of 36 months (interquartile range, [IQR] 19–66 months), 34 (16 %) had definite-TB, 86 (40 %) had unconfirmed-TB and 94 (44 %) were classified as unlikely-TB. Moraxella catarrhalis (64 %), Streptococcus pneumoniae (42 %), Haemophilus influenzae spp (29 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (22 %) were the most common bacteria detected in NP samples. Other bacteria detected included Mycoplasma pneumoniae (9 %), Bordetella pertussis (7 %) and Chlamydophila pneumoniae (4 %). The most common viruses detected included metapneumovirus (19 %), rhinovirus (15 %), influenza virus C (9 %), adenovirus (7 %), cytomegalovirus (7 %) and coronavirus O43 (5.6 %). Both bacteria and viruses were detected in 73, 55 and 56 % of the definite, unconfirmed and unlikely-TB groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in the distribution of respiratory microbes between children with and without TB. Using quadratic discriminant analysis, human metapneumovirus, C. pneumoniae, coronavirus 043, influenza virus C virus, rhinovirus and cytomegalovirus best discriminated children with definite-TB from the other groups of children. CONCLUSIONS: A broad range of potential respiratory pathogens was detected in children with suspected TB. There was no clear association between TB categorisation and detection of a specific pathogen. Further work is needed to explore potential pathogen interactions and their role in the pathogenesis of PTB. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1934-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27776489/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1934-z id: cord-340512-wjbh1z8y author: Dugas, M. title: COVID-19 in Children with Brain-Based Developmental Disabilities: A Rapid Review date: 2020-05-06 words: 2859.0 sentences: 172.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-340512-wjbh1z8y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340512-wjbh1z8y.txt summary: To assess whether children with brain-based developmental disabilities were more likely to develop COVID-19 and have complications or poorer outcomes following infection. We conducted a two-week rapid review on studies with primary data regarding children aged between zero and 18 years old with brain-based developmental disabilities, or who were at risk of developing such disabilities, with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. Of the 50 COVID-19 pediatric patients reported in the included studies, a total of seven children were at risk of developing brain-based disabilities. We considered any study with primary data that included children aged between zero and 18 with a brain-based developmental disability or at risk of developing such disability with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (see Appendix 3 for full list). Our rapid review has identified knowledge gaps in the literature regarding the effects of COVID-19 in children with developmental brain-based disabilities, and those at risk of developing such disabilities. abstract: Background. The prevalence of symptomatic COVID-19 in children remains low to date. In just a few months, COVID-19 has affected millions of people worldwide, and as of the date of this publication, the pandemic continues. Based on the current available evidence, children do not appear to be at higher risk of contracting COVID-19 than adults. However, children with neurological and neuromuscular conditions are vulnerable to the respiratory complications of other viral infections. Objectives. To assess whether children with brain-based developmental disabilities were more likely to develop COVID-19 and have complications or poorer outcomes following infection. Methods. We conducted a two-week rapid review on studies with primary data regarding children aged between zero and 18 years old with brain-based developmental disabilities, or who were at risk of developing such disabilities, with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. We performed our literature searches on April 18, 2020. Results. Our search strategy identified 538 individual records, of which four were included in our review. Of the 50 COVID-19 pediatric patients reported in the included studies, a total of seven children were at risk of developing brain-based disabilities. Symptoms ranged in severity. However, generally, patients were discharged or saw improvements in their symptoms by the end of the study period. No deaths were reported. Discussion. Our study highlights a knowledge gap regarding the impact of COVID-19 in children with brain-based developmental disabilities. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.01.20088021v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.01.20088021 id: cord-032073-8eguv697 author: El Fakiri, K. title: Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Moroccan Children date: 2020-07-12 words: 1517.0 sentences: 91.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-032073-8eguv697.txt txt: ./txt/cord-032073-8eguv697.txt summary: OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) in a Moroccan pediatric population. Patients were classified as follows: Asymptomatic infection (children without manifestations of clinical symptoms of COVID-19 testing positive to SARS-COV-2); Acute upper respiratory tract infection (children with fever, cough, pharyngeal pain, nasal congestion, fatigue, headache, myalgia or discomfort, and without signs of pneumonia by chest imaging or sepsis); Mild pneumonia (when children have a fever, respiratory symptoms such as cough, and chest imaging indicating pneumonia, but not reaching the criteria of severe pneumonia); Severe pneumonia (when any of the following criteria are present: (i) increased respiratory rate: ≥60 breaths/min (<2 years), ≥40 breaths/min (between 2 and 5 years), ≥30 breaths/min (≥5 years); (ii) oxygen saturation <94%; (iii) hypoxia; (iv) disturbance of consciousness; and, (v) food refusal or feeding difficulty, with signs of dehydration); Treatment was prescribed according to the Moroccan Ministry of Health recommendations [5] . abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) in a Moroccan pediatric population. METHODS: A retrospective study of a cohort of 74 children with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19. We collected information on clinical and laboratory features of all children (age <18 years) admitted between 2 March, 2020 and 1 April, 2020. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of the 74 children (40 girls) was 7 (1.5) years. The mean (SD) time from illness onset to diagnosis was 2 (1) days. 54 children were asymptomatic, while eight had fever, and five cases had cough. Recovery was after a mean (SD) of 12 (1) days. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 was mostly mild in the pediatric population in Morocco. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7498552/ doi: 10.1007/s13312-020-1958-8 id: cord-030018-sabmw7wf author: El-Shabrawi, Mortada title: Infant and child health and healthcare before and after COVID-19 pandemic: will it be the same ever? date: 2020-08-04 words: 3270.0 sentences: 175.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-030018-sabmw7wf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-030018-sabmw7wf.txt summary: BACKGROUND: The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) current pandemic is an unpreceded global health crisis. COVID-19 pandemic proved rapidly to be a major international medical problem that has many sequences on infants, children, and adolescents. There is an urging challenge of how to provide the required healthcare needed by infants and children in due time and place avoiding the possibility to catch SARS-CoV-2 infection if they go to seek medical advice at hospitals or healthcare facilities. The mandatory lockdown and inevitable social distancing measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic has forced the governments in many countries to close nurseries, child care centers, schools, training centers, and higher education facilities as universities and institutions. So far, the COVID-19 crisis has had a great impact on child health and healthcare all over the world, not only from the medical aspect, but also from the social, psychologic, economic, and educational aspects. abstract: BACKGROUND: The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) current pandemic is an unpreceded global health crisis. Not only infection of infants, children, and adolescents is a concern for their families and pediatricians, but there are also other serious challenges that should be properly identified and managed as well. MAIN BODY: We have to identify and assess the different factors that have either direct or indirect effects on child health and healthcare due to COVID-19 pandemic and focus on the serious effects. It is easily realized that there are many challenging problems associated with COVID-19 with short-term effects that already appeared and need urgent solutions and long-term effects that are not yet well apparent and have to be searched for and properly addressed. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 crisis has lots of impacts on child health and child healthcare, not only from the medical aspect but also from the social, psychological, economic, and educational facets. All these adverse implications have to be identified and dealt with on individual bases approach in the short and long term. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7400748/ doi: 10.1186/s43054-020-00039-7 id: cord-353482-dz343h7t author: Ellis, Matthew title: Global Community Child Health date: 2020-05-11 words: 1418.0 sentences: 67.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353482-dz343h7t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353482-dz343h7t.txt summary: This special issue of IJERPH has published a range of studies in this developing field of Global Community Child Health research. In addition to rural community-based initiatives given that most children now live in cities we are also interested to hear about urban initiatives….'' We hope this issue will of great interest to the researchers and practitioners as well as academia from the fields of Global Health as well as Global Child Health because it comprised of 14 articles representing all five continents. Despite of the journal''s strive for reaching out to a wider global child health community, this issue missed contributions relating to child safeguarding and social determinants of urban health. Whatever the level of the threat it is the mobilisation of community and household level interventions to protect and enable children which lies at the heart of global community child health [1] . We invited studies describing community-based interventions which impact on child health and wellbeing around the globe. abstract: This special issue of IJERPH has published a range of studies in this developing field of Global Community Child Health research. A number of manuscripts submitted in response to our invitation describing ‘community-based interventions which impact on child health and wellbeing around the globe. In addition to rural community-based initiatives given that most children now live in cities we are also interested to hear about urban initiatives….’ We hope this issue will of great interest to the researchers and practitioners as well as academia from the fields of Global Health as well as Global Child Health because it comprised of 14 articles representing all five continents. Physical activity appears a key component of the scientific community’s current conception of child well-being judging from the four papers published addressing this area. This issue also has papers on childhood obesity to rubella vaccination. Despite of the journal’s strive for reaching out to a wider global child health community, this issue missed contributions relating to child safeguarding and social determinants of urban health. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093331 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093331 id: cord-003822-gbwsplgq author: Elmore, Dominique title: Is Fever a Red Flag for Bacterial Pneumonia in Children With Viral Bronchiolitis? date: 2019-08-06 words: 1849.0 sentences: 114.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003822-gbwsplgq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003822-gbwsplgq.txt summary: We conducted a retrospective study of 349 children aged 2 years and younger with diagnoses of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and viral upper respiratory infection. Several previous studies have revealed potential morbidity from bacterial pneumonia in patients with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Following a respiratory season at our institution, we noted that children with viral illness who also had a fever tended to have a worse clinical course versus afebrile patients. Our objective is to investigate whether children with viral bronchiolitis with fever are more likely to have a diagnosis of secondary bacterial pneumonia than their counterparts without fever. The study demonstrates that fever can be used as a marker indicating a need to investigate for secondary bacterial pneumonia in children with RSV and other viral illnesses. Febrile children with viral bronchiolitis were 2 to 8 times more likely to be diagnosed with a secondary bacterial pneumonia compared with their afebrile counterparts. abstract: We hypothesized that fever in children with viral bronchiolitis indicates the need for consideration of superimposed bacterial pneumonia. We conducted a retrospective study of 349 children aged 2 years and younger with diagnoses of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and viral upper respiratory infection. Data were analyzed using Pearson χ(2) test. One hundred seventy-eight children had RSV with no other identified virus. The majority of children (56%) who had only RSV were afebrile. Febrile children with RSV were over twice as likely to be diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia as those who were afebrile (60% vs 27%, P < .001). In the 171 children who had bronchiolitis caused by a virus other than RSV, 51% were afebrile. These children were 8 times more likely to be diagnosed with pneumonia than those who were afebrile (65% vs 8%, P < .001). Evaluation of febrile children with viral bronchiolitis may allow early diagnosis and treatment of secondary bacterial pneumonia. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6686317/ doi: 10.1177/2333794x19868660 id: cord-293136-lfwqzf8m author: Escosa‐García, Luis title: Ten key points about COVID‐19 in children: the shadows on the wall date: 2020-08-13 words: 3631.0 sentences: 241.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293136-lfwqzf8m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293136-lfwqzf8m.txt summary: It was initially named Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome (PIMS) temporally associated with COVID-19 by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) 18 To date, some cases of neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported 27 28 . Recent data from a German study indicate that viral loads in the very young (age group 0-6 years) do not significantly differ from those of adults 44 To put it briefly, SARS-CoV-2 PCR of nasopharyngeal swab is considered the gold standard diagnostic test for acute COVID-19 disease. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center''s observational study Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units abstract: The pandemic of the new coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), initially described in China, is challenging the healthcare systems of all countries. Every emerging disease raises many questions with a scarcity of answers since all its characteristics are still being discovered. In the case of SARS‐CoV‐2, most of the literature comes from adult patients. Children seem to be less affected. Pediatric patients diagnosed with COVID‐19 disease usually suffer a mild illness, with low risk of complications or mortality. Defining the role of children in the transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 is critical as some national infection control decisions involving children, such as school closures or social distancing, will probably impact the dynamics of the virus. To aid in the knowledge on COVID‐19 in children, this work presents an expert review of the literature published from January 1 to April 20, 2020, including peer‐reviewed and pre‐print non‐peer‐reviewed studies, along with some relevant articles afterwards, summarizing ten key points that characterize the disease in children. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25025 doi: 10.1002/ppul.25025 id: cord-310840-h49dx92d author: Eslamy, Hedieh K. title: Pneumonia in Normal and Immunocompromised Children: An Overview and Update date: 2011-09-30 words: 8279.0 sentences: 488.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310840-h49dx92d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310840-h49dx92d.txt summary: The role of imaging is to detect the presence of pneumonia, and determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as effusion/empyema and suppurative lung changes. The role of imaging, including chest radiographs, ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT), is to detect the presence of pneumonia, determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as parapneumonic effusion/ empyema and suppurative lung complications. CT is often used to further evaluate: (1) suppurative lung complications and to differentiate these from parapneumonic effusion/empyema; (2) patients with recurrent or chronic pneumonia and concern for an underlying lesion; and (3) immunocompromised children with noncontributory or confusing chest radiographs and clinical findings that could be secondary to lung infection. The chest radiograph of acute focal pneumonia usually shows a dense, typically more peripheral airspace opacity, which may appear segmental, lobar, or spherical ( Figs. abstract: Pneumonia is an infection of the lung parenchyma caused by a wide variety of organisms in pediatric patients. The role of imaging is to detect the presence of pneumonia, and determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as effusion/empyema and suppurative lung changes. The overarching goal of this article is to review cause, role of imaging, imaging techniques, and the spectrum of acute and chronic pneumonias in children. Pneumonia in the neonate and immunocompromised host is also discussed. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033838911000777 doi: 10.1016/j.rcl.2011.06.007 id: cord-330777-xcwppaux author: Esposito, Susanna title: Collection by trained pediatricians or parents of mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs for the detection of influenza viruses in childhood date: 2010-04-30 words: 2110.0 sentences: 93.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-330777-xcwppaux.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330777-xcwppaux.txt summary: This study evaluated the efficiency of pediatric mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs used by parents in 203 children aged 6 months to 5 years with signs and symptoms of respiratory disease. These findings show that mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs specifically designed for infants and children can be used by parents without reducing the influenza virus detection rate. The influenza virus detection rates were similar in the samples collected using the two methods (Cohen''s kappa = 0.86): in comparison with the pediatricians, the sensitivity and specificity of the parental collections were respectively 89.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 77.8-100%) and 97.7% (95% CI: 95.5-100%), and the positive and negative predictive values were respectively 86.2% (95% CI: 73.7-95.1%) and 98.2% (95% CI: 96.4-100%). Our findings demonstrate that mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs specifically designed for infants and children can be used by parents without reducing influenza virus detection rates. abstract: This study evaluated the efficiency of pediatric mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs used by parents in 203 children aged 6 months to 5 years with signs and symptoms of respiratory disease. Two nasal samples were collected from each child in a randomised sequence: one by a trained pediatrician and one by a parent. The real-time polymerase chain reaction influenza virus detection rates were similar in the samples collected using the two methods (Cohen's kappa = 0.86), as were the cycle threshold values. In comparison with the pediatrician-collected samples, the sensitivity and specificity of the parental collections were respectively 89.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 77.8-100%) and 97.7% (95% CI: 95.5-100%), and the positive and negative predictive values were respectively 86.2% (95% CI: 73.7-95.1%) and 98.2% (95% CI: 96.4-100%). The children were significantly more satisfied with the parental collections (median values ± standard deviation, 1.59 ± 0.55 vs 3.51 ± 0.36; p < 0.0001). These findings show that mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs specifically designed for infants and children can be used by parents without reducing the influenza virus detection rate. Moreover, the direct involvement of parents significantly increases patient acceptance, thus simplifying collection and suggesting that this novel swab design should be considered for epidemiological surveys and vaccine efficacy studies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20433729/ doi: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-85 id: cord-011333-yyhwtnza author: Faienza, Maria Felicia title: Childhood obesity, cardiovascular and liver health: a growing epidemic with age date: 2020-02-04 words: 4294.0 sentences: 232.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011333-yyhwtnza.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011333-yyhwtnza.txt summary: Nevertheless, improving dietary intake and increasing physical activity performance are to date the best therapeutic tools in children to weaken the onset of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes risk during adulthood. The raising prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome together with insulin resistance [43] , worldwide is associated with liver abnormalities encompassing the clinical spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Physical inactivity affects a vast majority of children and adolescents who become prone to high obesity rates and related diseases, including CVD and NAFLD. Nevertheless, improving dietary intake and increasing physical activity performance are to date the best therapeutic tools in children to weaken the onset of obesity, CVD, and diabetes risk during adulthood. The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis abstract: BACKGROUND: The frequency of childhood obesity has increased over the last 3 decades, and the trend constitutes a worrisome epidemic worldwide. With the raising obesity risk, key aspects to consider are accurate body mass index classification, as well as metabolic and cardiovascular, and hepatic consequences. DATA SOURCES: The authors performed a systematic literature search in PubMed and EMBASE, using selected key words (obesity, childhood, cardiovascular, liver health). In particular, they focused their search on papers evaluating the impact of obesity on cardiovascular and liver health. RESULTS: We evaluated the current literature dealing with the impact of excessive body fat accumulation in childhood and across adulthood, as a predisposing factor to cardiovascular and hepatic alterations. We also evaluated the impact of physical and dietary behaviors starting from childhood on cardio-metabolic consequences. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemic of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities worldwide raises concerns about the impact of early abnormalities during childhood and adolescence. Two key abnormalities in this context include cardiovascular diseases, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Appropriate metabolic screenings and associated comorbidities should start as early as possible in obese children and adolescents. Nevertheless, improving dietary intake and increasing physical activity performance are to date the best therapeutic tools in children to weaken the onset of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes risk during adulthood. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224053/ doi: 10.1007/s12519-020-00341-9 id: cord-281132-7hk6ze9k author: Falahi, S. title: The prevalence of human bocavirus in <2-year-old children with acute bronchiolitis date: 2020-08-03 words: 2789.0 sentences: 162.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-281132-7hk6ze9k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281132-7hk6ze9k.txt summary: Several viral agents including Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Rhinovirus, Parainfluenza and Human bocavirus (HBoV) are responsible for acute bronchiolitis. The present systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the pooled prevalence of HBoV in the respiratory samples of children with acute bronchiolitis. Searching and selection of related articles According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations [15] , we searched various databases including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for related articles using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms of "bocavirus", "HBoV", "prevalence", "frequency", "epidemiology", "acute bronchiolitis", "lower respiratory tract infection", and "acute respiratory tract infection" either alone or in combination with each other applying the Boolean operators (AND, OR). For calculating the prevalence of single HBoV infection in <2year-old children with bronchiolitis, a total of 15 articles were included in the meta-analysis process. abstract: Acute bronchiolitis is one of the most common lower respiratory tract infections in children with less than 2 years of age. Nowadays, molecular methods provide an opportunity to better understand the etiology of bronchiolitis. Several viral agents including Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Rhinovirus, Parainfluenza and Human bocavirus (HBoV) are responsible for acute bronchiolitis. There are growing studies on the prevalence of HBoV in patients with bronchiolitis. The present systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the pooled prevalence of HBoV in the respiratory samples of children with acute bronchiolitis. A literature search was conducted in the databases of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science to recruit studies reporting the frequency of HBoV in <2-year-old children with acute bronchiolitis from 2005 to 2019. Only studies that used polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods to detect the virus in nasopharyngeal samples were included. A total of 22 studies assessing 6751 cases were analyzed. According to the meta-analysis based on the random-effects model, the overall prevalence of HBoV in children with <2 years old was obtained 13% (95% CI: 0.09-0.17). Additionally, the rates of single (as the sole organism) and mixed (in combination with other viruses) HBoV infections were 4% and 9%, respectively. This study showed a high rate of HBoV detection in children with acute bronchiolitis. This should be considered as part of a diagnostic test panel for respiratory infections in children with bronchiolitis. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100736 doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100736 id: cord-261424-t0yulofo author: Feltman, Dalia M. title: Seeking Normalcy as the Curve Flattens: Ethical Considerations for Pediatricians Managing Collateral Damage of COVID-19 date: 2020-06-26 words: 4294.0 sentences: 272.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261424-t0yulofo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261424-t0yulofo.txt summary: Pediatricians around the world have cycled through these emotions when considering the health and safety of patients and families during this coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic. As advocates for children, pediatricians are in a unique position to redesign the system in a way that prioritizes children and families, addresses the social determinants of health, reduces inequalities and health disparities, and ensures ethical research on treatment and prevention of COVID-19. However, actions to conserve the medical resources that prevent iatrogenic spread of infection and protect health professionals and other patients have shifted priorities away from the best practices that are part of our usual care for children. As we begin to imagine that new normal, we consider three domains that require attention to help children to stay well: medical, mental health, and educational needs. Children in families with mental health needs will be vulnerable to further disruptions to their psychosocial stability due to COVID-19 control measures. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32599031/ doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.06.067 id: cord-337637-wehstffa author: Ferreira, Flavia de A title: Comparison of atopic and nonatopic children with chronic cough: Bronchoalveolar lavage cell profile date: 2007-08-28 words: 3872.0 sentences: 231.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337637-wehstffa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337637-wehstffa.txt summary: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL; three aliquots of 1 ml/kg saline) was performed in the right middle lobe of 24 (11 atopic and 13 nonatopic) children with persistent cough (8 females, 16 males), mean age 4.7 years (range: 1–11). 1 Atopic patients with chronic cough due to cough variant asthma are thought to have airway inflammation similar to atopic patients with asthma, whose bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid contains eosinophils and mast cells. A nonsignificant increase in the number of total cells per ml of BAL fluid was observed in both atopic (median: 39 Â 10 4 , range: 20-123 Â 10 4 ) and nonatopic (median: 22 Â 10 4 , range: 17-132 Â 10 4 ) children with chronic cough when compared to controls (median: 11 Â 10 4 , range: 9-30 Â 10 4 ). abstract: Chronic cough is a common complaint in children and its relationship with asthma is controversial. The aim of the present study was to determine the pattern of airway inflammation in atopic and nonatopic children with chronic cough, and to investigate whether atopy is a predictive factor for eosinophilic inflammation in cough. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL; three aliquots of 1 ml/kg saline) was performed in the right middle lobe of 24 (11 atopic and 13 nonatopic) children with persistent cough (8 females, 16 males), mean age 4.7 years (range: 1–11). Atopy was defined as an elevated total serum IgE or a positive RAST test. Both atopic and nonatopic children with persistent cough had an increase in total cells/ml in BAL (atopic: median 39 × 10(4), range: 20–123; nonatopic: median 22 × 10(4), range: 17–132) compared to nonatopic controls (median 11 × 10(4), range 9–30). The increases were mainly in neutrophils (atopic: median 17%, range 2.5–88.5%; nonatopic: median 6%, range 1.0–55.0%) compared to controls (median 1.55%, range 0.5–7.0%; atopics vs. controls, P < 0.005). There were no significant increases in eosinophils, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, or mast cells. Eosinophils were elevated in only 5/11 atopic and none of the nonatopic children. The increased percentage of neutrophils in the BAL fluid of atopic and nonatopic children with persistent cough could be due to an underlying inflammatory process driving the cough, or even conceivably, due to the effect of coughing itself. In this highly selected series, the absence of eosinophilic inflammation in the majority suggests that most would be predicted not to respond to inhaled corticosteroid therapy. This study underscores the need to be cautious about treating coughing children with inhaled corticosteroids, even in the context of a tertiary referral practice. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007;42:857–863. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17726706/ doi: 10.1002/ppul.20648 id: cord-314190-fvdock94 author: Florin, Todd A title: Viral bronchiolitis date: 2017-01-01 words: 7584.0 sentences: 404.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314190-fvdock94.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314190-fvdock94.txt summary: The evidence and guideline recommendations consistently support a clinical diagnosis with the limited role for diagnostic testing for children presenting with the typical clinical syndrome of viral upper respiratory infection progressing to the lower respiratory tract. 24, 25, 27, 29, 30 Studies have investigated whether severity of illness, as measured by need for hospital admission, length of hospital stay, intensive care unit admission, repeated emergency department visits, and apnoea, is associated with specifi c viral infections or co-infections, but the evidence is confl icting. Recent studies suggest that higher respiratory syncytial virus genomic load, measured using quantitative PCR, might be associated with increased length of stay, use of respiratory support, and need for intensive care, in addition to recurrent wheezing, compared with lower viral loads. Systematic literature review assessing tobacco smoke exposure as a risk factor for serious respiratory syncytial virus disease among infants and young children abstract: Viral bronchiolitis is a common clinical syndrome affecting infants and young children. Concern about its associated morbidity and cost has led to a large body of research that has been summarised in systematic reviews and integrated into clinical practice guidelines in several countries. The evidence and guideline recommendations consistently support a clinical diagnosis with the limited role for diagnostic testing for children presenting with the typical clinical syndrome of viral upper respiratory infection progressing to the lower respiratory tract. Management is largely supportive, focusing on maintaining oxygenation and hydration of the patient. Evidence suggests no benefit from bronchodilator or corticosteroid use in infants with a first episode of bronchiolitis. Evidence for other treatments such as hypertonic saline is evolving but not clearly defined yet. For infants with severe disease, the insufficient available data suggest a role for high-flow nasal cannula and continuous positive airway pressure use in a monitored setting to prevent respiratory failure. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30951-5 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30951-5 id: cord-026977-prrjscnd author: Forsner, M. title: Moral Challenges When Suspecting Abuse and Neglect in School Children: A Mixed Method Study date: 2020-06-16 words: 6911.0 sentences: 360.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-026977-prrjscnd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-026977-prrjscnd.txt summary: In this current study we explore school professionals'' experiences and deliberations in situation when they suspected child abuse and neglect from an ethical perspective. 354), In agreement with Johnstone''s standpoint that obstructions to mandatory reporting of child abuse has not given attention to the ethical aspects, supports the need for a research design that focuses on how school professionals describe their personal involvement-feelings and actions taken-in cases of suspected maltreatment-and how they have dealt with their duty to report. In agreement with these authors, the intention of this study design was to contribute to an understanding of the moral dimension of how a selected group of participants think and act when they suspected child abuse and neglect. First, some background questions were asked about their professional role and experiences, followed by an open request: "Please tell about a situation in which you considered to report child abuse or neglect to Social Services". abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO), concludes that child maltreatment is a global concern calling for a multi sectoral interdisciplinary approach. School professionals, such as social workers, teachers, and health care professionals are in positions to discover and report maltreatment enabling social workers to intervene. However, a variety of reports reveal an evident gap between incidences and frequency of number of cases reported. A review of relevant research indicates that the problem of “not reporting” suggests that moral conflicts are activated in the process of decision-making. The aim was to gain a deeper understanding of school professionals’ experiences of reporting suspected neglect and abuse to the Social Welfare Board. In a mixed method approach 32 school professionals, such as teachers, social workers, nurses and psychologists participated in interviews and responded to questionnaires. Findings from the qualitative content analysis were compared to the quantitative analysis in a meta-analysis. Moral conflicts occur when faced with making decisions about how to best deal with a child’s situation. Thoughts about the child’s best interest and relationship with his/her parents as well as the informants´ own safety, were central. The comparative meta- analysis of both data sets revealed these conflicts commence with a moral sensitivity of possible negative consequences for the child. Moral sensitivity can be viewed as a “good” personal attribute, it paradoxically might lead to moral stress despite an open ethical climate. Based on the results of this study, further research on the interpersonal aspects of dealing with moral conflicts involved in reporting suspected child abuse is indicated. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7298689/ doi: 10.1007/s10560-020-00680-6 id: cord-033802-r68za4cr author: Foster, Mark title: The safeguarding implications of COVID-19 date: 2020-10-16 words: 1496.0 sentences: 67.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-033802-r68za4cr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-033802-r68za4cr.txt summary: Findings from a survey, conducted between April and June 2020, of more than 2,000 young people aged 10-17 across the UK, and their parent or carer include: and not all will have been able to seek, adversely affected by the pandemic attentional difficulties over a one-month period as lockdown has progressed: Parents/carers of primary school age children taking part in the survey reported an increase in their child''s emotional, behavioural, and restless/attentional difficulties. And parents/carers of children with Special Educational Needs (SEN) and those with a pre-existing mental health difficulty reported a reduction in their child''s emotional difficulties and no change in behavioural or restless/attentional difficulties. Parents/carers of secondary school age children reported a reduction in their child''s emotional difficulties, but an increase in restless/attentional behaviours. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7562687/ doi: 10.1038/s41407-020-0434-6 id: cord-352952-91goqi90 author: Francis, Joshua R. title: An observational study of febrile seizures: the importance of viral infection and immunization date: 2016-12-03 words: 2974.0 sentences: 172.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352952-91goqi90.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352952-91goqi90.txt summary: We aimed to determine the frequency of detection of specific viral pathogens in children with febrile seizures, to describe risk factors including recent vaccination and clinical features associated with specific etiologies. Children aged 6 months to 5 years presenting to the Emergency Department of a tertiary children''s hospital in Western Australia with febrile seizures were enrolled between March 2012 and October 2013. Despite this, there are limited data using modern diagnostic techniques examining the role of viral infections in children who present with febrile seizures [4, 5] . The Febrile seizures: Viruses and their Etiologic Role (FEVER) study was established to determine the frequency of detection of specific viral pathogens in children with febrile seizures, to describe risk factors and clinical features associated with specific pathogens, and to examine the role of recent immunizations in children presenting with febrile seizures. Respiratory viruses are important in the etiology of fever in children who present with febrile seizures. abstract: BACKGROUND: Febrile seizures are common in young children. Annual peaks in incidence mirror increased respiratory virus activity during winter. Limited virological data are available using modern diagnostic techniques for children with febrile seizures. We aimed to determine the frequency of detection of specific viral pathogens in children with febrile seizures, to describe risk factors including recent vaccination and clinical features associated with specific etiologies. METHODS: An observational study was performed. Children aged 6 months to 5 years presenting to the Emergency Department of a tertiary children’s hospital in Western Australia with febrile seizures were enrolled between March 2012 and October 2013. Demographic, clinical data and vaccination history were collected, and virological testing was performed on per-nasal and per-rectal samples. RESULTS: One hundred fifty one patients (72 female; median age 1.7y; range 6 m-4y9m) were enrolled. Virological testing was completed for 143/151 (95%). At least one virus was detected in 102/143 patients (71%). The most commonly identified were rhinoviruses (31/143, 22%), adenovirus (30/151, 21%), enteroviruses, (28/143, 20%), influenza (19/143, 13%) and HHV6 (17/143, 12%). More than one virus was found in 48/143 (34%). No significant clinical differences were observed when children with a pathogen identified were compared with those with no pathogen detected. Febrile seizures occurred within 14 days of vaccine administration in 16/151 (11%). CONCLUSION: At least one virus was detected in over two thirds of cases tested (commonly picornaviruses, adenovirus and influenza). Viral co-infections were frequently identified. Febrile seizures occurred infrequently following immunization. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27914475/ doi: 10.1186/s12887-016-0740-5 id: cord-355623-tmr1ieg1 author: Gallucci, Marcella title: When the Cough Does Not Improve: A Review on Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis in Children date: 2020-08-07 words: 4318.0 sentences: 200.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355623-tmr1ieg1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355623-tmr1ieg1.txt summary: Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is a common cause of chronic wet cough in preschool children with no symptoms or signs of other specific causes, and resolution usually follows a 2-week course of an appropriate oral antibiotic. in an Australian study among children with a history of chronic wet cough lasting more than 4 weeks, a positive culture of a respiratory pathogen on BAL (bacterial growth ≥10 4 CFU/ml in BAL) obtained during a flexible bronchoscopy and a clinical response to 2 weeks treatment with antibiotics (amoxicillinclavulanate acid) (9) ( Table 1) . According to the European Respiratory Society (ERS) guidelines new definition, PBB-clinical is based on all three of the following criteria: "presence of chronic (>4 weeks'' duration) wet or productive cough; absence of symptoms or signs (i.e., specific cough pointers) suggestive of other causes of wet or productive Abbreviations: BA, bronchial aspirate; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; CLDS, cystic lung diseases; CT, computerized tomography; GER, gastroesophageal reflux; NTHi, Haemophilus influenzae non-typeable; PBB, protracted bacterial bronchitis; QoL, quality of life; UACS, upper airway cough syndrome. abstract: Chronic cough is defined as a daily cough that persists longer than 4 weeks. Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is a common cause of chronic wet cough in preschool children with no symptoms or signs of other specific causes, and resolution usually follows a 2-week course of an appropriate oral antibiotic. The diagnosis is mainly clinical; generally, no instrumental examinations are necessary. The most common bacteria found in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of subjects with PBB include Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Nowadays, there is no certain evidence of the role of viruses in PBB pathogenesis even though different types of viruses have been detected in BAL from children with PBB. Airway malacia is commonly found in children with PBB; conversely, there is no correlation with any type of immunodeficiency. Amoxicillin-clavulanate acid is the most commonly used antibiotic, as first-line, prolonged therapy (longer than 2 weeks) is sometimes required to cough resolution. When the wet cough does not improve despite prolonged antibiotic treatment, an underlying disease should be considered. Moreover, there are several hypotheses of a link between PBB and bronchiectasis, as recent evidences show that recurrent PBB (>3 episodes/years) and the presence of H. influenzae infection in the lower airways seem to be significant risk factors to develop bronchiectasis. This underlines the importance of a close follow-up among children with PBB and the need to consider chest computerized tomography (CT) in patients with risk factors for bronchiectasis. In this brief review, we summarize the main clinical and pathogenetic findings of PBB, a disease that may be related to a relevant morbidity and decreased quality of life during the pediatric age. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00433 doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00433 id: cord-268176-tb12txdf author: Garcia de Avila, Marla Andréia title: Children’s Anxiety and Factors Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Study Using the Children’s Anxiety Questionnaire and the Numerical Rating Scale date: 2020-08-09 words: 5794.0 sentences: 274.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268176-tb12txdf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268176-tb12txdf.txt summary: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety among Brazilian children and its associated factors during social distancing during COVID-19. In logistic regression, the following variables were associated with higher CAQ scores: social distancing without parents; more persons living together in home; and education level of guardians. There were no statistically significant differences for NRS and the studied variables, but the prevalence of anxiety was highest among the children who maintained social distance with someone other than the parents (28.6%, n = 16). Higher levels of anxiety (CAQ ≥ 9) were associated with social distancing, the number of persons at home, guardians'' age, and education level of the guardians. The prevalence of anxiety among the children during the COVID-19 pandemic in this group was 19.4% (n = 56), according to the CAQ, and 21.8% (n = 63), according to the NRS. abstract: The repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s lives deserve attention. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety among Brazilian children and its associated factors during social distancing during COVID-19. We used a cross-sectional design with an online survey from April to May 2020 in Brazil. We included children aged 6–12 years and their guardians. The Children’s Anxiety Questionnaire (CAQ; scores 4–12) and the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS; scores 0–10) were used to measure anxiety. We enrolled 157 girls and 132 boys, with a mean age of 8.84 (±2.05) years; 88.9% of respondents were mothers. Based on CAQ ≥ 9, the prevalence of anxiety was 19.4% (n = 56), and higher among children with parents with essential jobs and those who were social distancing without parents. In logistic regression, the following variables were associated with higher CAQ scores: social distancing without parents; more persons living together in home; and education level of guardians. Based on NRS > 7, the prevalence of anxiety was 21.8% (n = 63); however, no associations with NRS scores were found with the investigated variables. These findings suggest the necessity of implementing public health actions targeting these parents and their children at the population level. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165757 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165757 id: cord-253799-lzbeaf2p author: García‐Salido, Alberto title: SARS‐COV‐2 children transmission: the evidence is that today we do not have enough evidence date: 2020-06-07 words: 697.0 sentences: 54.0 pages: flesch: 71.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253799-lzbeaf2p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253799-lzbeaf2p.txt summary: I have read with interest the review by Ludvigsson on the role of children as transmitters of the new coronavirus (SARS‐COV‐2). The main conclusion we can draw now is that under confined conditions, children are not the main drivers of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Dear Editors, I have read with interest the review by Ludvigsson on the role of children as transmitters of the new coronavirus (SARS-COV-2). The main conclusion we can draw now is that under confined conditions, children are not the main drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the author states "it is highly likely that children can transmit the SARS-COV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, and even asymptomatic children can have viral loads" 1 . Children are unlikely to be the main drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic -a systematic review Covid-19: Delaying school reopening by two weeks would halve risks to children, says iSAGE abstract: I have read with interest the review by Ludvigsson on the role of children as transmitters of the new coronavirus (SARS‐COV‐2). An in‐depth review of the current literature focused on 40 published articles and 7 non‐peer reviewed papers(1). All the papers included have been done under lockdown conditions. As a consequence, we should not ignore a main bias of this review(1). The main conclusion we can draw now is that under confined conditions, children are not the main drivers of the COVID‐19 pandemic. And “Confined" is not a normal situation. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15396 doi: 10.1111/apa.15396 id: cord-255915-7hkn37p2 author: Garstang, J. title: Effect of covid-19 lockdown on child protection medical assessments: a retrospective observational study in Birmingham, UK. date: 2020-08-14 words: 3482.0 sentences: 193.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255915-7hkn37p2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255915-7hkn37p2.txt summary: Objectives To determine any change in referral patterns and outcomes in children (0-18) referred for child protection medical examination (CPME) during the covid-19 pandemic compared to previous years. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.09.20170977 doi: medRxiv preprint Although there has been much professional concern about the potential risk children have faced at home there have been limited data, with one report of an increase in abusive head trauma noted in London (11) and a short report from the North-East of England noting a dramatic decrease in CPME referrals (12) . The aim was to determine differences in the number and outcomes of child protection referrals for CPME in Birmingham during the covid-19 pandemic lockdown (March to June 2020) compared with the same periods in 2018 and 2019. Are there differences in demographic details, referral source and outcomes for children presenting for child protection medical examination during the covid-19 pandemic compared to previous years? abstract: Objectives To determine any change in referral patterns and outcomes in children (0-18) referred for child protection medical examination (CPME) during the covid-19 pandemic compared to previous years. Design Retrospective observational study, analysing routinely collected clinical data from CPME reports in a rapid response to the pandemic lockdown. Setting Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, which provides all routine CPME for Birmingham, England, population 1.1 million including 288,000 children. Participants Children aged under 18 years attending CPME during an 18 week period from late February to late June during the years 2018, 2019, and 2020. Main Outcome Measures Numbers of referrals, source of disclosure and outcomes from CPME Results There were 78 CPME referrals in 2018, 75 in 2019 and 47 in 2020, this was a 39.7% (95%CI 12.4-59.0) reduction in referrals from 2018 to 2020, and a 37.3% (95%CI 8.6-57.4) reduction from 2019 to 2020. There were fewer CPME referrals initiated by school staff in 2020, 12(26%) compared to 36 (47%) and 38 (52%) in 2018 and 2019 respectively. In all years 75.9% of children were known to social care prior to CPME, and 94% of CPME concluded that there were significant safeguarding concerns. Conclusions School closure due to covid-19 may have harmed children as child abuse has remained hidden. There needs to be either mandatory attendance at schools in future or viable alternatives found. There may be a significant increase in safeguarding referrals when schools fully re-open as children disclose the abuse they have experienced at home. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.09.20170977v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.08.09.20170977 id: cord-337561-m0z14iyu author: Gerber, Nicole title: Winter is coming: care of the febrile children in the time of COVID-19 date: 2020-11-11 words: 1170.0 sentences: 80.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337561-m0z14iyu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337561-m0z14iyu.txt summary: title: Winter is coming: care of the febrile children in the time of COVID-19 Occult bacteremia was a common condition in well-appearing young febrile children and frequently required laboratory evaluation and treatment with empiric antibiotics [3] . With the introduction of the protein-polysaccharide conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in 1987, and the pneumococcal vaccine based on similar technology in 2000 (expanded in 2010), the evaluation of febrile children became a little easier for pediatricians. Rates of invasive bacterial disease declined rapidly, and while we remain vigilant in our evaluation of febrile children, most could be confidently discharged without an extensive workup, with a likely diagnosis of a viral syndrome. Spurred by the media and frightened by this new mysterious disease, worried parents rushed their children to medical care. We assess febrile children for this disease and many undergo laboratory evaluation and subspecialty consultation. What will be the disease course for children with co-infections with COVID-19 and another viral illness? abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33175345/ doi: 10.1007/s12519-020-00396-8 id: cord-022292-msz4au4b author: Gershan, William M. title: Cough date: 2009-05-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155534/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7216-9131-2.50006-3 id: cord-032363-86ovid90 author: Gerson, William T. title: “WHO ARE WE?” Common pediatric orthopedic disorders and the primary care clinician date: 2020-09-20 words: 1008.0 sentences: 70.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-032363-86ovid90.txt txt: ./txt/cord-032363-86ovid90.txt summary: title: "WHO ARE WE?" Common pediatric orthopedic disorders and the primary care clinician "WHO ARE WE?" Common pediatric orthopedic disorders and the primary care clinician William T. -The Beatles (Paul McCartney), "Golden Slumbers," 1969 Bent, Stork, and Nemeth speak to the soul of children''s healthcare in their superb summary on common childhood orthopedic disorders. Our professional soul''s origin lies in the notion of childhood; its poems and lullabies; in our children''s hospitals whose own origins derive, in part, from the treatment of orthopedic conditions; and in the breadth of our training and experience in the principles and practice of children''s healthcare. Every primary care clinician should read this paper, not just because musculoskeletal illness represents a large portion of all childhood office visits. It provides a concise synopsis of the most common orthopedic concerns presenting to primary care clinicians, beginning with the newborn exam, and often resulting, not necessarily appropriately, in referral to pediatric orthopedic surgeons. The authors present a developmentally-based approach to infant, childhood, and adolescent musculoskeletal complaints. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7502283/ doi: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2020.100885 id: cord-311393-e82jy629 author: Giménez-Dasí, Marta title: Six Weeks of Confinement: Psychological Effects on a Sample of Children in Early Childhood and Primary Education date: 2020-10-08 words: 4777.0 sentences: 239.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-311393-e82jy629.txt txt: ./txt/cord-311393-e82jy629.txt summary: Children in Primary Education obtained lower scores in dimensions related to self-regulation (emotional, attentional, and behavioral) and in willingness to study. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the changes that the confinement situation experienced between the 11th of March and the 25th of April could have caused on a sample of children residing in the Community of Madrid. The objective of the present study was to verify whether the situation of 6 weeks of strict confinement experienced in Madrid as a consequence of the SARS-CoV-2 health crisis had caused a change in the psychological well-being of children. In general, the results obtained are congruent with those found in previous studies on the effects of social isolation on children and also with the few studies that have been carried out on the particular situation of confinement during SARS-CoV-2 health crisis (Jiao et al., 2020; Pisano et al., 2020) . abstract: Spain has been one of the countries most affected by the health crisis derived from COVID-19. Within this country, the city of Madrid has registered the highest number of infections and deaths. This circumstance led to the adoption of strict confinement measures for a period of 6 weeks. The objective of the present study was to investigate the psychological effects that this confinement has had on the psychological well-being of a sample of children from Madrid. A total of 167 families with children aged between 3 and 11 years participated in this study. The parents evaluated the children through the System of Evaluation of Children and Adolescents (SENA) scale in the month of February and refilled part of the same scale after the children had spent between 4 and 6 weeks confined. The comparison between the two measures showed no change among the 3-year-old children. However, change was observed among the 6–10-year-old. Children in Primary Education obtained lower scores in dimensions related to self-regulation (emotional, attentional, and behavioral) and in willingness to study. The results are discussed in light of the situation experienced between the months of March and May 2020. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33132994/ doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590463 id: cord-339638-yrxoj1hl author: Goldman, Ran D. title: Willingness to Vaccinate Children against Influenza after the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-08-07 words: 3506.0 sentences: 159.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339638-yrxoj1hl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339638-yrxoj1hl.txt summary: OBJECTIVES: To determine factors associated with parents who plan to vaccinate their children against influenza next year, especially those who did not vaccinate against influenza last year using a global survey. To determine factors associated with parents who plan to vaccinate their children against influenza next year, especially those who did not vaccinate against influenza last year using a global survey. In order to better understand how COVID-19 has influenced attitudes towards J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f influenza vaccination, we specifically aimed to describe characteristics of caregivers who intend to immunize their children in 2020-2021 despite the child not receiving influenza immunization in the prior year. Most caregivers were not concerned about their child having COVID-19 when coming to the EDs in the six countries where this survey took place, and we found a significant correlation between level of concern and plan to vaccinate against influenza (p-value= 0.037; Figure 2 [available at www.jpeds.com]). abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine factors associated with parents who plan to vaccinate their children against influenza next year, especially those who did not vaccinate against influenza last year using a global survey. STUDY DESIGN: A survey of caregivers accompanying their children 1-19 years-old in 17 Pediatric Emergency Departments (ED) in six countries at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Anonymous online survey included caregiver and child demographic information, vaccination history and future intentions, and concern about the child and caregiver having COVID-19 at the time of ED visit. RESULTS: Of 2422 surveys, 1314 (54.2%) caregivers stated they plan to vaccinate their child against influenza next year, an increase of 15.8% from the prior year. Of 1459 caregivers who did not vaccinate their children last year, 418 (28.6%) plan to do so next year. Factors predicting willingness to change and vaccinate included child’s up-to-date vaccination status (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29 – 3.32 P = .003); caregivers’ influenza vaccine history (aOR=3.26, 95% CI 2.41 – 4.40 , p< 0.010), and level of concern their child had COVID-19 (aOR=1.09, 95% CI 1.01 – 1.17, p=0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in risk perception due to COVID-19, and prior vaccination, may serve to influence decision-making among caregivers regarding influenza vaccination in the coming season. In order to promote influenza vaccination among children, public health programs can leverage this information. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.005 doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.005 id: cord-259823-ia1g5dt4 author: Gowin, Ewelina title: Assessment of the Usefulness of Multiplex Real-Time PCR Tests in the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Process of Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children: A Single-Center Experience date: 2017-01-15 words: 3883.0 sentences: 198.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-259823-ia1g5dt4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259823-ia1g5dt4.txt summary: British, American, and Polish guidelines state that, in children hospitalized due to pneumonia, microbiological examinations should include blood cultures, the detection of the presence of viruses with the use of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) or immunofluorescence in material collected from the nasopharynx (smear or upper respiratory aspirate), the assessment of antibodies against Mycoplasma and Chlamydophila in classes IgM and IgG, and the comparison of antibody levels in the acute phase of the disease and during convalescence [4] [5] [6] . achieved positive results of multiplex real-time PCR tests detecting only viral factors in 76% of cases in a group of children below the age of six with symptoms of respiratory tract infection and the dominant pathogen was RSV [12] . abstract: The aim of the study was assessment of the usefulness of multiplex real-time PCR tests in the diagnostic and therapeutic process in children hospitalized due to pneumonia and burdened with comorbidities. Methods. The study group included 97 children hospitalized due to pneumonia at the Karol Jonscher Teaching Hospital in Poznań, in whom multiplex real-time PCR tests (FTD respiratory pathogens 33; fast-track diagnostics) were used. Results. Positive test results of the test were achieved in 74 patients (76.3%). The average age in the group was 56 months. Viruses were detected in 61 samples (82% of all positive results); bacterial factors were found in 29 samples (39% of all positive results). The presence of comorbidities was established in 90 children (92.78%). On the basis of the obtained results, 5 groups of patients were established: viral etiology of infection, 34 patients; bacterial etiology, 7 patients; mixed etiology, 23 patients; pneumocystis, 9 patients; and no etiology diagnosed, 24 patients. Conclusions. Our analysis demonstrated that the participation of viruses in causing severe lung infections is significant in children with comorbidities. Multiplex real-time PCR tests proved to be more useful in establishing the etiology of pneumonia in hospitalized children than the traditional microbiological examinations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28182108/ doi: 10.1155/2017/8037963 id: cord-029518-a3507av0 author: Graf, William D. title: Reply date: 2020-07-22 words: 604.0 sentences: 44.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-029518-a3507av0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029518-a3507av0.txt summary: We thank Drs. Trabacca and Russo for their reflection and comments about childhood disability and the ethics of care during the exceptional circumstances of a viral pandemic. The general precautions that apply to all families (i.e. physical distancing, restricted socialization, "shelter in place", and "distance learning" school routines for children) seem to be intuitively practiced at heightened levels to better protect children with chronic conditions and disabilities-especially those who are immunosuppressed or have compromised respiratory function. (3) These trends are similar to the experience of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) viral pandemic, when children with disabilities had higher morbidity and mortality risks. Because of the heightened risks for many people with disabilities, emerging from this current pandemic will require a cautious balance between the safe resumption of educational routines, supportive therapies, and rehabilitation (i.e. easing of physical distancing) and the ongoing need of enhanced protections (e.g. mask-wearing) until COVID-19-related herd immunity can be achieved. The ethic of care, disability and rehabilitation during the covid-19 pandemic abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7374118/ doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.07.001 id: cord-254852-qr5gdmbc author: Grief, Samuel N. title: Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Pneumonia date: 2018-08-14 words: 4731.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254852-qr5gdmbc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254852-qr5gdmbc.txt summary: A 2015 prospective, multi-center study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified a responsible pathogen in only 38% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults requiring hospitalization. 13 However, more extensive diagnostic testing should be considered in patients who are at risk for infection with unusual pathogens, who are not responding to treatment, or when additional testing is likely to change antibiotic management (Table 3) . Their analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials found significantly decreased mortality in severe pneumonia, decreased need for mechanical ventilation, decreased occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome, decreased time to clinical stability, and shorter duration of hospitalization. Elderly patients with pneumonia may not exhibit typical symptoms or physical examination findings seen in younger adults, such as pleuritic chest pain, cough, fever, and leukocytosis. Impact of inappropriate antibiotic therapy on mortality in patients with ventilator-associate pneumonia and blood stream infection: a meta-analysis abstract: Pneumonia is a common cause of respiratory infection, accounting for more than 800,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. Presenting symptoms of pneumonia are typically cough, pleuritic chest pain, fever, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Children and the elderly have different presenting features of pneumonia, which include headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and absence of one or more of the prototypical symptoms. Knowledge of local bacterial pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility and resistance profiles is the key for effective pharmacologic selection and treatment of pneumonia. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30115336/ doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2018.04.001 id: cord-343910-jib877fo author: Guidotti, M. title: Does autism protect against COVID quarantine effects? date: 2020-10-14 words: 1557.0 sentences: 107.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343910-jib877fo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343910-jib877fo.txt summary: 95 autistic children followed by the child and adolescent psychiatry department of Tours university hospital were assessed from the 18th of March to the 8th of May. The following clinical points were investigated: child anxiety, family anxiety, behavior problems, impact on sleep, impact on appetite, impact on school work, family tension, confinement intolerance, difficulties to follow a schedule, isolation behavior. Results: Despite minor changes in family anxiety and school work, no difference was highlighted between clinical scores collected at the beginning and at the end of this period. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.13.20212118 doi: medRxiv preprint Eight clinical items (child anxiety, behavior problems, impact on sleep, impact on appetite, family tension, confinement intolerance, difficulties to follow a schedule, isolation behavior) had an average score of less than 2 and two items (family anxiety and impact on school work) were greater than 2 at both T1 and T2 time points (Fig.1) . abstract: Introduction: COVID-19 outbreak has imposed an eight-week confinement in France. During this period, children and their families were exposed to a full-time home life. The aim of this study was to assess the emotional experience and tolerance of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in this particular context. Method: A clinical survey was proposed to parents and rated by professionals once a week during the quarantine period in France. 95 autistic children followed by the child and adolescent psychiatry department of Tours university hospital were assessed from the 18th of March to the 8th of May. The following clinical points were investigated: child anxiety, family anxiety, behavior problems, impact on sleep, impact on appetite, impact on school work, family tension, confinement intolerance, difficulties to follow a schedule, isolation behavior. Results: Despite minor changes in family anxiety and school work, no difference was highlighted between clinical scores collected at the beginning and at the end of this period. ASD children with or without intellectual disability had non-significant clinical changes during quarantine. This evolution was also independent of the accommodation type (house or apartment) and the parental status (relationship, separated or isolated). Conclusion: The sameness dimension in autism and parents adaptation may be involved in this clinical stability during COVID confinement. Moreover, specialized tools and support provided by professionals could have participated to these outcomes and must be regularly promoted in order to help families in this still difficult period. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.13.20212118v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.10.13.20212118 id: cord-326532-2ehuuvnx author: Götzinger, Florian title: COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study date: 2020-06-25 words: 5321.0 sentences: 282.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326532-2ehuuvnx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326532-2ehuuvnx.txt summary: This study aimed to capture key data on children and adolescents with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection across Europe to inform physicians and health-care service planning during the ongoing pandemic. Significant risk factors for requiring ICU admission in multivariable analyses were being younger than 1 month (odds ratio 5·06, 95% CI 1·72–14·87; p=0·0035), male sex (2·12, 1·06–4·21; p=0·033), pre-existing medical conditions (3·27, 1·67–6·42; p=0·0015), and presence of lower respiratory tract infection signs or symptoms at presentation (10·46, 5·16–21·23; p<0·0001). For this cohort study, European members of the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (ptbnet)-which currently includes 304 clinicians and researchers, most of whom are based at tertiary or quaternary paediatric infectious diseases or paediatric pulmonology units, across 128 paediatric health-care institutions in 31 European countries [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] -were invited to contribute cases of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection that had been managed at or managed remotely by their health-care institution (including individuals admitted to other hospitals or identified during community screening) before or during the study period. abstract: BACKGROUND: To date, few data on paediatric COVID-19 have been published, and most reports originate from China. This study aimed to capture key data on children and adolescents with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection across Europe to inform physicians and health-care service planning during the ongoing pandemic. METHODS: This multicentre cohort study involved 82 participating health-care institutions across 25 European countries, using a well established research network—the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (ptbnet)—that mainly comprises paediatric infectious diseases specialists and paediatric pulmonologists. We included all individuals aged 18 years or younger with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, detected at any anatomical site by RT-PCR, between April 1 and April 24, 2020, during the initial peak of the European COVID-19 pandemic. We explored factors associated with need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and initiation of drug treatment for COVID-19 using univariable analysis, and applied multivariable logistic regression with backwards stepwise analysis to further explore those factors significantly associated with ICU admission. FINDINGS: 582 individuals with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included, with a median age of 5·0 years (IQR 0·5–12·0) and a sex ratio of 1·15 males per female. 145 (25%) had pre-existing medical conditions. 363 (62%) individuals were admitted to hospital. 48 (8%) individuals required ICU admission, 25 (4%) mechanical ventilation (median duration 7 days, IQR 2–11, range 1–34), 19 (3%) inotropic support, and one (<1%) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Significant risk factors for requiring ICU admission in multivariable analyses were being younger than 1 month (odds ratio 5·06, 95% CI 1·72–14·87; p=0·0035), male sex (2·12, 1·06–4·21; p=0·033), pre-existing medical conditions (3·27, 1·67–6·42; p=0·0015), and presence of lower respiratory tract infection signs or symptoms at presentation (10·46, 5·16–21·23; p<0·0001). The most frequently used drug with antiviral activity was hydroxychloroquine (40 [7%] patients), followed by remdesivir (17 [3%] patients), lopinavir–ritonavir (six [1%] patients), and oseltamivir (three [1%] patients). Immunomodulatory medication used included corticosteroids (22 [4%] patients), intravenous immunoglobulin (seven [1%] patients), tocilizumab (four [1%] patients), anakinra (three [1%] patients), and siltuximab (one [<1%] patient). Four children died (case-fatality rate 0·69%, 95% CI 0·20–1·82); at study end, the remaining 578 were alive and only 25 (4%) were still symptomatic or requiring respiratory support. INTERPRETATION: COVID-19 is generally a mild disease in children, including infants. However, a small proportion develop severe disease requiring ICU admission and prolonged ventilation, although fatal outcome is overall rare. The data also reflect the current uncertainties regarding specific treatment options, highlighting that additional data on antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs are urgently needed. FUNDING: ptbnet is supported by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352464220301772 doi: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30177-2 id: cord-308493-3fsn7awq author: Günther‐Bel, Cristina title: A Mixed‐method Study of Individual, Couple and Parental Functioning During the State‐regulated COVID‐19 Lockdown in Spain date: 2020-07-17 words: 6973.0 sentences: 315.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308493-3fsn7awq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308493-3fsn7awq.txt summary: Adults 18 years or older (N=407) completed an online survey that included demographic, household, and employment information along with standardized measures of psychological distress (State‐Trait Anxiety, Beck Depression) and relationship functioning – either the Dyadic Adjustment Scale if there were no children in the household or a Basic Family Relations Evaluation Questionnaire (CERFB) measuring conjugal, parental, and co‐parental functions. More specific aims of the study were to (a) compare lockdown responses from the pandemic convenience sample to benchmarks for established measures of individual, couple and parental functioning; (b) describe via qualitative analysis the ways in which participants felt their couple and family relationships had improved and/or deteriorated during the first few weeks of lockdown; (c) identify demographic, household, and employment-related correlates of pandemic relationship functioning and psychological distress with special attention to variations across couples with children at home, couples with no children, and couples with empty nests; and (d) explore possible changes in relationship functioning over time during the first three weeks of lockdown. abstract: During the recent COVID‐19 outbreak in Spain we explored the individual and relational wellbeing of people confined together with their partners and/or children during the first three weeks of state‐regulated lockdown. Adults 18 years or older (N=407) completed an online survey that included demographic, household, and employment information along with standardized measures of psychological distress (State‐Trait Anxiety, Beck Depression) and relationship functioning – either the Dyadic Adjustment Scale if there were no children in the household or a Basic Family Relations Evaluation Questionnaire (CERFB) measuring conjugal, parental, and co‐parental functions. Qualitative analyses of responses to an open‐ended question about perceived changes in couple or family dynamics during lockdown revealed 9 specific themes comprising two overarching categories: relational improvement and deterioration. The overall prevalence of improvement themes (61.7%) exceeded deterioration themes (41.0%), with increased (re)connection and conflict atmosphere cited most often. Quantitative analyses found elevated levels of state anxiety but not trait anxiety or depression during lockdown. Consistent with the qualitative results, couples having no children at home reported high levels of dyadic adjustment, but with children present CERFB parental functioning exceeded conjugal functioning, a pattern sometimes associated with child triangulation into adult conflicts. Although correlates of psychological distress (e.g., unemployment, perceived economic risk) were relatively stable across sub‐groups, predictors of relationship functioning varied substantially with household/parental status (e.g., telecommuting and employment facilitated conjugal functioning only for couples with children). url: https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12585 doi: 10.1111/famp.12585 id: cord-018408-ttae193b author: Haddad, Imad Y. title: Pneumonia and Empyema date: 2008-11-15 words: 6160.0 sentences: 345.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018408-ttae193b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018408-ttae193b.txt summary: Second, patients with genetic or acquired immune defi ciency commonly develop severe pneumonia with opportunistic infections that usually do not infect healthy children. These immunocompromised patients commonly have been given chemo-radiotherapy for cancer or are receiving immune-suppressive agents to prevent rejection episodes following solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The pathogens that commonly produce CAP or VAP, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Gram-negative bacilli, and Staphylococcus aureus, are relatively virulent bacteria so that only a small inoculum is required and the aspiration is usually subtle. Bacterial organisms recovered from tracheal secretions obtained through an endotracheal tube may or may not refl ect the causative agent(s) responsible for lower respiratory tract infection. In addition, recipients of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are frequently given life-long treatment with immunosuppressive agents designed to prevent graft rejection or graft-versus-host disease. Early-onset nosocomial pneumonia and VAP are commonly caused by antibiotic-sensitive, community-acquired organisms (e.g., Strep. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123273/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-84800-925-7_17 id: cord-279401-eehb5yny author: Haffejee, Sadiyya title: ‘When will I be free’: Lessons of COVID-19 for Child Protection in South Africa date: 2020-09-04 words: 6642.0 sentences: 313.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279401-eehb5yny.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279401-eehb5yny.txt summary: Children residing at a child and youth care centre in Gauteng, South Africa (herewith referred to as CYCC X) were invited to participate in the study. In South Africa, the social and economic disruptions caused by the pandemic and associated lockdown, combined with long-term structural social, economic and political inequality, and failures within government has impacted on service delivery, access to resources and availability of supportive networks, the absence of which increases vulnerability and heightens levels of anxiety and stress in children. In this exploratory study we aimed to address the research question ''What can the experiences and perspectives of South African children in care during lockdown tell us about the themes we should focus on to improve care moving forward?'' As the findings emerged, we noted that there were a number of domains of concern that reflect the social ecologies in which our participants operated. abstract: BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has highlighted and amplified structural inequalities; drawing attention to issues of racism, poverty, xenophobia as well as arguably ineffective government policies and procedures. In South Africa, the pandemic and the resultant national lockdown has highlighted the shortcomings in the protection and care of children. Children in alternative care are particularly at risk as a result of disrupted and uncoordinated service delivery. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences and impact of the pandemic and the resulting social isolation on the wellbeing and protection of children living in a residential care facility. Methods and participants: We used qualitative, participatory approaches – specifically draw-and-write methods – to engage with 32 children (average age = 13.5 years) living in a residential care facility in Gauteng. FINDINGS: Children in care demonstrated an awareness of the socio-economic difficulties facing communities in South Africa, and shared deep concerns about the safety, well-being and welfare of parents and siblings. Although they expressed frustration at the lack of contact with family members, they acknowledged the resources they had access to in a residential care facility, which enabled them to cope and which ensured their safety. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We focus our discussion on the necessity of a systemic response to child welfare, including a coordinated approach by policy makers, government departments and child welfare systems to address the structural factors at the root of inequality and inadequate, unacceptable care. This is essential not only during COVID-19 but also in pre- and post-pandemic context. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33071025/ doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104715 id: cord-257751-n7w1psr4 author: Halperin, Daniel T. title: Coping With COVID-19: Learning From Past Pandemics to Avoid Pitfalls and Panic date: 2020-06-30 words: 6378.0 sentences: 386.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257751-n7w1psr4.txt summary: As we wrestle with how best to mitigate COVID-19, it is imperative to concur on the likely main drivers of transmission (notably, infection clusters resulting from prolonged indoor respiratory exposure) in order to clearly explain risk and to determine the most effective, realistic behavioral and other means to reduce illness and mortality. What is clear, based on evidence from several countries (and despite media attention to statistically anomalous cases of healthy and younger victims), is that severe outcomes and deaths from COVID-19 are overwhelmingly associated with preexisting (and especially multiple) serious illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease, [14] [15] [16] more so in men and particularly when exacerbated by obesity and smoking. Moreover, the fact that between 96% (in the United States 16 ) and more than 99% (in Italy 14 ) of COVID-19-related deaths, at any age, have occurred in persons with preexisting conditions could suggest that even very old but otherwise healthy people may not be at greatly elevated risk of dying from the disease. abstract: It is imperative to concur on the main transmission routes of COVID-19 to explain risk and determine the most effective means to reduce illness and mortality. We must avoid generating irrational fear and maintain a broader perspective in the pandemic response, including assessing the possibility for substantial unintended consequences. url: https://doi.org/10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00189 doi: 10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00189 id: cord-275578-9y90uj5h author: Han, Aixi title: Demographic Scenarios of Future Environmental Footprints of Healthy Diets in China date: 2020-07-30 words: 7529.0 sentences: 325.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275578-9y90uj5h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275578-9y90uj5h.txt summary: First, China has committed to cutting its carbon intensity by 40-45% from 2005 levels by 2020 and reaching the peak levels before 2030 [30] ; secondly, climate change is expected to aggravate water scarcity in some regions by changing water regimes, both in terms of availability and variability; last but not least, rapid urbanization is shifting an increasing amount of arable land to urban areas, which is set to constrain the available land resources for food production. (3) Last but not least, by adopting the national age and gender-specific dietary guidelines, our results determine the minimal environmental impacts of the food system in China, which lays the foundation for future studies and for policymakers to evaluate the trade-offs with other sector policies as well as to explore potential synergies. We evaluated the minimum environmental footprints, including the carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF), and ecological footprint (EF), of China''s food systems into 2100 under different demographic scenarios and using the national age-gender specified energy and nutrition intake requirements. abstract: Dietary improvement not only benefits human health conditions, but also offers the potential to reduce the human food system’s environmental impact. With the world’s largest population and people’s bourgeoning lifestyle, China’s food system is set to impose increasing pressures on the environment. We evaluated the minimum environmental footprints, including carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF) and ecological footprint (EF), of China’s food systems into 2100. The minimum footprints of healthy eating are informative to policymakers when setting the environmental constraints for food systems. The results demonstrate that the minimum CF, WF and EF all increase in the near future and peak around 2030 to 2035, under different population scenarios. After the peak, population decline and aging result in decreasing trends of all environmental footprints until 2100. Considering age-gender specific nutritional needs, the food demands of teenagers in the 14–17 year group require the largest environmental footprints across the three indicators. Moreover, men’s nutritional needs also lead to larger environmental footprints than women’s across all age groups. By 2100, the minimum CF, WF and EF associated with China’s food systems range from 616 to 899 million tons, 654 to 953 km(3) and 6513 to 9500 billion gm(2) respectively under different population scenarios. This study builds a bridge between demography and the environmental footprints of diet and demonstrates that the minimum environmental footprints of diet could vary by up to 46% in 2100 under different demographic scenarios. The results suggest to policymakers that setting the environmental constraints of food systems should be integrated with the planning of a future demographic path. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9081021 doi: 10.3390/foods9081021 id: cord-000996-ef5d81cg author: Han, Seung Beom title: Clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibilities of viridans streptococcal bacteremia during febrile neutropenia in patients with hematologic malignancies: a comparison between adults and children date: 2013-06-17 words: 4622.0 sentences: 210.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000996-ef5d81cg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000996-ef5d81cg.txt summary: BACKGROUND: This study was performed to compare the clinical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibilities of viridans streptococcal bacteremia (VSB) between febrile neutropenic adults and children with hematologic malignancies. We performed this retrospective study to compare clinical characteristics including the occurrence of severe complications and antibiotic susceptibilities of viridans streptococci between febrile neutropenic adults and children with hematologic malignancies, and to propose appropriate antibacterial treatment strategies for adults and children. Data gathered on patients'' demographics and clinical characteristics consisted of gender, underlying disease with remission status, type of therapy preceding febrile neutropenia, number of days from the beginning of respective therapies to the diagnosis of VSB, use of antibacterial prophylaxis, and occurrence of oral mucositis, respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, severe complications and polymicrobial infection by other bacteria or fungi. In this study, there were no definite differences in clinical and laboratory characteristics, mortality, or occurrence of severe complications between febrile neutropenic adults and children with VSB, despite a significant difference in antibiotic susceptibility to cefepime between the two groups. abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was performed to compare the clinical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibilities of viridans streptococcal bacteremia (VSB) between febrile neutropenic adults and children with hematologic malignancies. METHODS: The consecutive medical records of neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies who were admitted to the Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center between April 2009 and July 2012, and who were subsequently diagnosed with VSB were reviewed retrospectively. A comparison was made between the clinical and laboratory characteristics of adults and pediatric patients and also between patients with cefepime susceptible or not susceptible VSB. RESULTS: A total of 202 episodes (141 in adults, 61 in children) of VSB were identified. Among them, 26 (12.9%) cases had severe complications including four (2.0%) cases of death attributable to VSB. For antibacterial prophylaxis, most adults received ciprofloxacin (97.1%), but children more frequently received trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (86.9%). Oral mucositis (p = 0.005) and abdominal pain (p = 0.001) were found more frequently in adults, and cough was found more frequently in children (p = 0.004). The occurrence rates of severe complications and death attributable to VSB were not significantly different between adults and children. Susceptibility rate to cefepime was significantly higher in adults than children (85.7% vs. 66.1%, p = 0.002). However, in multivariate analysis, cefepime susceptibility had no impact on clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in clinical outcome between adults and children with VSB despite a difference in cefepime susceptibility. Hence, different antibiotic treatment strategies may not be necessary. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3685537/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-273 id: cord-255972-u7v0es5w author: Hashikawa, Andrew title: Child Care in the Time of COVID-19: A Period of Challenge and Opportunity. date: 2020-07-17 words: 4036.0 sentences: 229.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255972-u7v0es5w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255972-u7v0es5w.txt summary: Existing CFOC standards do not address the new concerns expressed by ECE workers during the pandemic, which include: determining the risks for ECE workers, establishing whether physical distancing in young children is feasible and effective, providing more details about cleaning and disinfecting, defining new group size requirements, defining the proper use of SARS-CoV-2 screening tests, handling readmission of children with symptoms or positive COVID-19 tests, and establishing guidelines for temperature checks (type of thermometer, fever threshold for exclusion, when to take temperatures after the initial screening). Even though there remain gaps in COVID-19 specific information that need further research, there is an important role for pediatric health experts to provide some structured guidance based on both expert group consensus and best available evidence to assist ECE directors in operating their programs and in providing consistent messaging to parents. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.042 doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.042 id: cord-013473-8q0a33dr author: Hetherington, Erin title: Longitudinal Predictors of Self-Regulation at School Entry: Findings from the All Our Families Cohort date: 2020-10-16 words: 5482.0 sentences: 274.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-013473-8q0a33dr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-013473-8q0a33dr.txt summary: Risk factors included income, maternal mental health, child sex, and screen time, and potential moderation by parenting and childcare. Parenting and participation in childcare do not appear to moderate the associations between lower income, maternal mental health, male sex, and screen time with child self-regulation. Overall the literature points to some clear risk factors for elements of poor self-regulation, including lower income, maternal mental health, child sex, and screen time. Overall the literature points to some clear risk factors for elements of poor self-regulation, including lower income, maternal mental health, child sex, and screen time. The purpose of this study is to identify whether modifiable factors (such as childcare and parenting behavior) moderate known risk factors including lower income, maternal mental health and child sex on child self-regulation. Contrary to expectations, neither childcare nor poor parenting moderated the associations between predictors at age 3 (income, maternal mental health, male sex, or screen time) and self-regulation at age 5. abstract: Self-regulation is the ability to manage emotions, modulate behaviors, and focus attention. This critical skill begins to develop in infancy, improves substantially in early childhood and continues through adolescence, and has been linked to long-term health and well-being. The objectives of this study were to determine risk factors and moderators associated with the three elements of self-regulation (i.e., inattention, emotional control, or behavioral control) as well as overall self-regulation, among children at age 5. Participants were mother–child dyads from the All Our Families study (n = 1644). Self-regulation was assessed at age 5. Risk factors included income, maternal mental health, child sex, and screen time, and potential moderation by parenting and childcare. Adjusted odds ratios of children being at risk for poor self were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. Twenty-one percent of children had poor self-regulation skills. Risk factors for poor self-regulation included lower income, maternal mental health difficulties, and male sex. Childcare and poor parenting did not moderate these associations and hostile and ineffective parenting was independently associated with poor self-regulation. Excess screen time (>1 h per day) was associated with poor self-regulation. Self-regulation involves a complex and overlapping set of skills and risk factors that operate differently on different elements. Parenting and participation in childcare do not appear to moderate the associations between lower income, maternal mental health, male sex, and screen time with child self-regulation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7602711/ doi: 10.3390/children7100186 id: cord-314597-1q3osgk7 author: Hill, Holly A. title: Vaccination Coverage by Age 24 Months Among Children Born in 2016 and 2017 — National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2017–2019 date: 2020-10-23 words: 2487.0 sentences: 149.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314597-1q3osgk7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314597-1q3osgk7.txt summary: title: Vaccination Coverage by Age 24 Months Among Children Born in 2016 and 2017 — National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2017–2019 Immunization has been described as a "global health and development success story," and worldwide is estimated to prevent 2-3 million deaths annually.* In the United States, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) currently recommends vaccination against 14 potentially serious illnesses by the time a child reaches age 24 months (1). Considering the disruptions to health care provider operations caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, extra effort will be required to achieve and maintain high levels of coverage with routine childhood vaccinations. Considering the disruptions to health care provider operations caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, extra effort will be required to achieve and maintain high levels of coverage with routine childhood vaccinations. abstract: Immunization has been described as a "global health and development success story," and worldwide is estimated to prevent 2-3 million deaths annually.* In the United States, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) currently recommends vaccination against 14 potentially serious illnesses by the time a child reaches age 24 months (1). CDC monitors coverage with ACIP-recommended vaccines through the National Immunization Survey-Child (NIS-Child); data from the survey were used to estimate vaccination coverage at the national, regional, state, territorial, and selected local area levels† among children born in 2016 and 2017. National coverage by age 24 months was ≥90% for ≥3 doses of poliovirus vaccine, ≥3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB), and ≥1 dose of varicella vaccine (VAR); national coverage was ≥90% for ≥1 dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR), although MMR coverage was <90% in 14 states. Coverage with ≥2 doses of influenza vaccine was higher for children born during 2016-2017 (58.1%) than for those born during 2014-2015 (53.8%) but was the lowest among all vaccines studied. Only 1.2% of children had received no vaccinations by age 24 months. Vaccination coverage among children enrolled in Medicaid or with no health insurance was lower than that among children who were privately insured. The prevalence of being completely unvaccinated was highest among uninsured children (4.1%), lower among those enrolled in Medicaid (1.3%), and lowest among those with private insurance (0.8%). The largest disparities on the basis of health insurance status occurred for ≥2 doses of influenza vaccine and for completion of the rotavirus vaccination series. Considering the disruptions to health care provider operations caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, extra effort will be required to achieve and maintain high levels of coverage with routine childhood vaccinations. Providers, health care entities, and public health authorities can communicate with families about how children can be vaccinated safely during the pandemic, remind parents of vaccinations that are due for their children, and provide all recommended vaccinations to children during clinic visits. This will be especially important for 2020-21 seasonal influenza vaccination to mitigate the effect of two potentially serious respiratory viruses circulating in the community simultaneously. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33090985/ doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6942a1 id: cord-013401-yh8cu1hx author: Hitachi, Mami title: Improvement of Dietary Diversity and Attitude toward Recommended Feeding through Novel Community Based Nutritional Education Program in Coastal Kenya—An Intervention Study date: 2020-10-05 words: 3845.0 sentences: 191.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-013401-yh8cu1hx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-013401-yh8cu1hx.txt summary: Community-based nutritional intervention to improve the practice of dietary diversity and child nutrition by community health workers (CHWs) involving Nyumba Kumi as small neighborhood units (SNUs) in communities has not yet been explored. This study aimed to prove the hypothesis that community-based nutritional educational programs cooperating with CHWs and Nyumba Kumi might effectively change the attitudes of caregivers toward feeding practices and dietary diversity for their children. To assess the variable changes per treatment group at the pre-and post-intervention periods, the mean differences of household caregiver situation (DDS and attitude score) and child nutritional status (HAZ, WAZ, and WHZ) were tested using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs. The results revealed that the interventions using CHWs and Nyumba Kumi (SNUs) were useful to improve dietary diversity and caregivers'' attitudes toward recommended feeding; however, we could not identify the effect on child nutritional status in the short observation period of the study. abstract: Community-based nutritional intervention to improve the practice of dietary diversity and child nutrition by community health workers (CHWs) involving Nyumba Kumi as small neighborhood units (SNUs) in communities has not yet been explored. This study was conducted in two villages in rural Kenya between 2018 and 2019. In total, 662 participants (control vs. intervention: n = 339 vs. n = 323) were recruited. The intervention group received education on maternal and child nutrition and follow-up consultations. The custom-tailored educational guidelines were made based on Infant and Young Child Feeding and the mother and child health booklet. The educational effects on household caregivers’ feeding practice attitude and child nutritional status were analyzed using multiple linear regression. After the intervention, a total of 368 household caregivers (187 vs. 181) and 180 children (113 vs. 67) were analyzed separately. Between the groups, no significant difference was found in their background characteristics. This study successfully improved the dietary diversity score (β = 0.54; p < 0.01) and attitude score (β = 0.29; p < 0.01). The results revealed that the interventions using CHWs and SNUs were useful to improve dietary diversity and caregivers’ attitudes toward recommended feeding. This research has the potential to be successfully applied in other regions where child undernutrition remains. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7579186/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph17197269 id: cord-281948-xv7vuypd author: Hoang, Ansel title: COVID-19 in 7780 pediatric patients: A systematic review date: 2020-06-26 words: 4065.0 sentences: 235.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-281948-xv7vuypd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281948-xv7vuypd.txt summary: We included published or in press peer-reviewed cross-sectional, case series, and case reports providing clinical signs, imaging findings, and/or laboratory results of pediatric patients who were positive for COVID-19. Data collected included the type of article (e.g., case series), country of origin, number of pediatric patients, demographic information, and all clinical symptoms (e. Compared to that review and other COVID-19 pediatric systematic reviews, [18À21] this manuscript has several key advantages: (1) we summarize 131 studies that includes 7780 children from 26 different countries, (2) this report synthesizes underlying pediatric medical conditions and delineates bacterial and viral coinfections, (3) we quantitatively describe clinical symptoms and imaging findings, (4) herein, we conglomerate the mean and standard deviation of frequently used laboratory analytes in COVID-19 positive children, (5) our report presents antiviral therapies by specific agents, and (6) our systematic review offers a preliminary comparison of patients with/without MIS-C. abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies summarizing the clinical picture of COVID-19 in children are lacking. This review characterizes clinical symptoms, laboratory, and imaging findings, as well as therapies provided to confirmed pediatric cases of COVID-19. METHODS: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we searched four medical databases (PubMed, LitCovid, Scopus, WHO COVID-19 database) between December 1, 2019 to May 14, 2020 using the keywords “novel coronavirus”, “COVID-19” or “SARS-CoV-2”. We included published or in press peer-reviewed cross-sectional, case series, and case reports providing clinical signs, imaging findings, and/or laboratory results of pediatric patients who were positive for COVID-19. Risk of bias was appraised through the quality assessment tool published by the National Institutes of Health. PROSPERO registration # CRD42020182261. FINDINGS: We identified 131 studies across 26 countries comprising 7780 pediatric patients. Although fever (59·1%) and cough (55·9%) were the most frequent symptoms 19·3% of children were asymptomatic. Patchy lesions (21·0%) and ground-glass opacities (32·9%) depicted lung radiograph and computed tomography findings, respectively. Immunocompromised children or those with respiratory/cardiac disease comprised the largest subset of COVID-19 children with underlying medical conditions (152 of 233 individuals). Coinfections were observed in 5.6% of children and abnormal laboratory markers included serum D-dimer, procalcitonin, creatine kinase, and interleukin-6. Seven deaths were reported (0·09%) and 11 children (0·14%) met inclusion for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. INTERPRETATION: This review provides evidence that children diagnosed with COVID-19 have an overall excellent prognosis. Future longitudinal studies are needed to confirm our findings and better understand which patients are at increased risk for developing severe inflammation and multiorgan failure. FUNDING: Parker B. Francis and pilot grant from 2R25-HL126140. Funding agencies had no involvement in the study. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2589537020301772 doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100433 id: cord-296141-h1h18ek6 author: Hoekstra, Pieter J. title: Suicidality in children and adolescents: lessons to be learned from the COVID-19 crisis date: 2020-06-02 words: 1185.0 sentences: 56.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296141-h1h18ek6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296141-h1h18ek6.txt summary: In a previous study, conducted in a large population cohort of seventh and tenth grade students from Korea, family conflict, being exposed to violence, and being victim of bullying were associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation [6] . A systematic review into psychosocial risk factors for suicidality in children and adolescents, also in the current issue of European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry [7] , substantiate the role of stressful life events (in interaction with vulnerability factors), most notably family conflicts, academic stressors (including bullying or exam stress), trauma, and other adverse life events (peer conflict, legal problems, physical abuse, worries about sexual orientation, romantic breakups, exposure to suicide/suicide attempts, and physical and/or sexual violence). It will be of utmost importance to learn lessons how schools may use the benefits of online teaching to decrease psychosocial risk factors associated with suicidality and to improve the mental health for large groups of children. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01570-z doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01570-z id: cord-269716-x3b0qphd author: Hopper, Lydia M. title: Problem solving flexibility across early development date: 2020-08-26 words: 10183.0 sentences: 463.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269716-x3b0qphd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269716-x3b0qphd.txt summary: For all children and action sequences used, in the first trial of Phase 2, 7 of the 20 2year-olds (35.00%), 14 of the 22 3-year-olds (63.64%), and 13 of the 19 4-year-olds (68.42%) used the (newly available) most efficient method (i.e., they removed only the lower two of five straws from the tube), highlighting their recognition of the changed task demands. In spite of this, after correcting for multiple comparisons, post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed no significant difference across age groups when comparing the numbers of children whose responses in the first trial of Phase 2 responses were efficient: 4-year-olds versus 2year-olds, t(35.92) = À2.41, p = .021, 95% CI [À0.68, À0.06]; 4-year-olds versus 3-year-olds, Considering all 4 trials that children completed in Phase 2, on average children removed significantly fewer straws per trial in Phase 2 than they did in Phase 1, highlighting their understanding of the changed task demands. abstract: Cognitive flexibility allows individuals to adapt to novel situations. However, this ability appears to develop slowly over the first few years of life, mediated by task complexity and opacity. We used a physically simple novel task, previously tested with nonhuman primates, to explore the development of flexible problem solving in 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old children from a developmental and comparative perspective. The task goal was to remove barriers (straws) from a clear tube to release a ball. The location of the ball, and therefore the number of straws necessary to retrieve it, varied across two test phases (four of five straws and two of five straws, respectively). In Test Phase 1, all children retrieved the ball in Trial 1 and 83.61% used the most efficient method (removing only straws below the ball). Across Phase 1 trials, 4-year-olds were significantly more efficient than 2-year-olds, and solve latency decreased for all age groups. Test Phase 2 altered the location of the ball, allowing us to explore whether children could flexibly adopt a more efficient solution when their original (now inefficient) solution remained available. In Phase 2, significantly more 4-year-olds than 2-year-olds were efficient; the older children showed greater competency with the task and were more flexible to changing task demands than the younger children. Interestingly, no age group was as flexible in Phase 2 as previously tested nonhuman primates, potentially related to their relatively reduced task exploration in Phase 1. Therefore, this causally clear task revealed changes in cognitive flexibility across both early childhood and species. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0022096520304203 doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104966 id: cord-295575-zgta5ah8 author: Howard, Evin title: The Impact of Ambient Environmental Exposures to Microbial Products on Asthma Outcomes from Birth to Childhood date: 2019-11-28 words: 6929.0 sentences: 351.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-295575-zgta5ah8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-295575-zgta5ah8.txt summary: The purpose of this literature review was to specifically examine asthma outcomes related to environmental exposures to microbial products, pertaining to endotoxin from bacteria-(1,3)-β-D-glucan and ergosterol from fungus, and common viruses associated with worsening asthma morbidity (rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus, and the influenza virus) during infancy, and to assess the risk of asthma development later in childhood [15] [16] [17] [18] (see Table 1 ). conducted a prospective longitudinal study examining whether early exposure to microbial products in dust was associated with allergy and asthma later in childhood for children in suburban areas using the following three birth cohort studies for children born between 1996 and 1999: [24••] , dust samples were collected from children''s mattresses, bedroom floors, and living room floors; and showed no association between endotoxin nor the fungal membrane lipid ergosterol in the development of asthma with exposure from birth to 7 years of age. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition with increasing domestic and worldwide prevalence that burdens individuals and the healthcare system with high costs associated with long-term treatments and acute emergency room (ER) visits. It can be triggered by ambient microbes, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In this review, we examine the outcomes of asthma patients in relation to environmental exposures to ambient microbe products, focusing on whether exposure leads to asthma development from birth to childhood and if particular microbes are associated with worsened asthma exacerbations. RECENT FINDINGS: Bacterial endotoxin is more prominent in homes with pets and may cause cytokine cascades that lead to asthma exacerbation. However, some studies have demonstrated a protective effect with early exposure. Patients with positive Aspergillus skin testing are more prone to moderate-severe or severe-uncontrolled asthma. Fungal sensitization is also associated with earlier onset of asthma and demonstrates a dose-dependent relationship of symptom severity and duration. Among viruses, rhinovirus has the greatest association with decreased lung function, severe asthma, and asthma-related hospital admissions. Distribution of microbial products and associated asthma symptoms depends on the geographical climate. Genetic variations among individuals also mitigate the effects of microbial products on asthma development and symptom severity. SUMMARY: Microbial products of bacteria, fungi, and viruses are associated with the development of asthma, more severe asthma symptoms, and worse outcomes. However, some early exposure studies have also demonstrated a protective effect. Bacterial and fungal products are related to decreased lung function and earlier onset of asthma. Viral products are related to asthma-associated hospital admissions; and the climate and patient genetics can also temper or intensify the relationships between microbial products, asthma development, and asthma symptom severity. Further research should focus on the effects of early microbe exposure and its interaction with human immune systems and asthma-related outcomes. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-019-0890-2 doi: 10.1007/s11882-019-0890-2 id: cord-319286-xbf4zhnr author: Howie, Erin K. title: Exploring the Reliability and Validity of the TechU-Q to Evaluate Device and Purpose Specific Screen Use in Preschool Children and Parents date: 2020-08-05 words: 6203.0 sentences: 288.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319286-xbf4zhnr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319286-xbf4zhnr.txt summary: This study surveyed parents of young children (n = 96, mean child age 3.0, SD 1.0 years) from three settings (Australia, United States) to test the reliability and validity of a new tool to capture richer data on technology use within a techno-microsystem. An important step to better understand the implications of MTSD use, and thus provide evidence to inform health and education guidelines , is the development of a reliable, valid, and feasible measure to capture family screen technology use (Saunders and Vallance 2017) . For young children, parents were asked to report the amount of time using each device for each purpose: educational activities, social networking, watching videos, playing games, and other general use. The current study aimed to establish face, content and construct validity of the TechU-Q and then to use this measure to explore the device-and purpose-specific use of technology in young children and their parents. abstract: Young children are increasingly using mobile technology, with potential for positive and negative developmental consequences. Parents are responsible to guide children in their use of technology based on recommendations and guidelines. Guidelines for screen use in young children have been based on little empirical information on contemporary screen use. This study surveyed parents of young children (n = 96, mean child age 3.0, SD 1.0 years) from three settings (Australia, United States) to test the reliability and validity of a new tool to capture richer data on technology use within a techno-microsystem. The TechU-Q demonstrated reasonable test-retest reliability and face and construct validity. Young children averaged more than 60 min per day of total technology use, mostly using TV, tablet computers, and mobile phones. The primary purposes for child use were educational and watching videos. Parental attitudes towards technology and parent use were associated with their child’s use. Future guidelines should utilize detailed descriptions of technology use by device and purpose to provide more relevant advice on technology use for young children. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01787-1 doi: 10.1007/s10826-020-01787-1 id: cord-299781-9d5g5xaw author: Hrusak, Ondrej title: Flash Survey on SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Pediatric Patients on anti-Cancer Treatment date: 2020-04-07 words: 2377.0 sentences: 128.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299781-9d5g5xaw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299781-9d5g5xaw.txt summary: title: Flash Survey on SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Pediatric Patients on anti-Cancer Treatment While we should not underestimate the risk of developing a more severe course of COVID-19 than observed here, the intensity of preventive measures should not cause delays or obstructions in oncological treatment. The outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020 was identified in December, 2019. 11 To evaluate this, we used a flash survey to determine whether there was current evidence that pediatric patients with cancer in SARS-CoV-2 affected areas had been tested for this virus or had developed severe COVID-19 disease. More research is needed to better understand the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in pediatric patients with cancer or other immunocompromised children. abstract: Abstract Introduction Since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemics, it is known that the severe course of the disease occurs mostly among elderly, whereas it is rare among children and young adults. Comorbidities, in particular diabetes and hypertension, clearly associated with age, besides obesity and smoke are strongly associated with the need of intensive treatment and a dismal outcome. A weaker immunity of the elderly has been proposed as a possible explanation of this uneven age distribution. Along the same line, anecdotal information from Wuhan, China mentioned a severe course of COVID-19 in a child treated for leukemia. Aim and methods We made a flash survey on COVID19 incidence and severity among children on anticancer treatment. Respondents were asked by email to fill in a short web based survey. Results We received reports from 25 countries, where approximately 10,000 patients at risk are followed. At the time of the survey, over 200 of these children were tested, nine of whom were positive for COVID-19. Eight of the nine cases had asymptomatic to mild disease and one was just diagnosed with COVID-19. We also discuss preventive measures that are in place or should be taken as well as treatment options in immunocompromised children with COVID-19. Conclusion Thus, even children receiving anti-cancer chemotherapy may have a mild or asymptomatic course of COVID-19. While we should not underestimate the risk of developing a more severe course of COVID-19 than observed here, the intensity of preventive measures should not cause delays or obstructions in oncological treatment. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.03.021 doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.03.021 id: cord-309095-ka9abe0c author: Idoiaga, Nahia title: Exploring Children’s Social and Emotional Representations of the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-08-12 words: 6400.0 sentences: 319.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309095-ka9abe0c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309095-ka9abe0c.txt summary: These results indicate the need for governments to also consider children in their management of the current situation by placing greater emphasis on social and inclusive policies to help alleviate the possible effects that they may suffer as a consequence of the pandemic and the lockdown. Thus, the main goal of this article is to study how children understand or represent the COVID-19, while observing their emotional response to the coronavirus pandemic in Spain. Amid the current COVID-19 crisis, research from China suggests that resilience should be nurtured by public health programs implemented by healthcare professionals, schools, and families in order to help children to overcome conditions of distress, and prospectively provide them with emotional and psychological support (Pettoello-Mantovani et al., 2019; Dalton et al., 2020; Jiao et al., 2020) Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org Further, given the results of our lexical similarity analysis, it is worth noting that we again observed the appearance of the emotions of fear, nervousness, sadness, happiness, calmness, boredom, and anger. abstract: COVID-19, a new emerging infectious disease (EID), has spread throughout the world, including Europe. Spain, in particular, has witnessed a significant outbreak of the pandemic. All classes have been canceled, and the government has declared a state of emergency, ordering the lockdown and confinement of the entire population. All children in the country have been confined to their homes since March 13 and are not allowed to leave at any time. This population is thus facing the harshest restrictions. Given the vulnerable situation of children, the aim of this research is to understand how they represent and emotionally cope with the COVID-19 crisis. A free association exercise elicited by the word “coronavirus” was completed by 228 children (age range: 3–12 years) from the North of Spain. To analyze the content, we employed the Reinert method with Iramuteq software for lexical analysis. The results revealed that children represent the COVID-19 as an enemy that is being fought by the doctors. Children are afraid and worried about catching the virus, but mainly because they think they can infect their grandparents, and this makes them feel guilty. Moreover, the lockdown situation has produced conflicting emotions in the children. On the one hand, they are scared, nervous, lonely, sad, bored, and angry, but they also feel safe, calm, and happy with their families. These results indicate the need for governments to also consider children in their management of the current situation by placing greater emphasis on social and inclusive policies to help alleviate the possible effects that they may suffer as a consequence of the pandemic and the lockdown. In short, there is a need to address the psychological, educational, social, health, and well-being needs of children. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01952 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01952 id: cord-322711-u6yr8wqh author: Imran, Nazish title: Psychological burden of quarantine in children and adolescents: A rapid systematic review and proposed solutions date: 2020 words: 4936.0 sentences: 292.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322711-u6yr8wqh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322711-u6yr8wqh.txt summary: This rapid review takes into account the impact of quarantine on mental health of children and adolescents, and proposes measures to improve psychological outcomes of isolation. The seven studies before onset of COVID 19 about psychological impact of quarantine in children have reported isolation, social exclusion stigma and fear among the children. 3 Uncertainties regarding pandemic itself, strict social distancing measures, widespread and prolonged school closures, parental stressors, and loss of loved ones are likely to affect children and adolescent''s wellbeing in addition to specific psychological effects of quarantine and isolation. 5 Since the COVID-19 outbreak related disease containment measures and school closure has become relevant to all affected countries around the globe, urgent evidence synthesis is needed to help policy makers understand the mental health outcomes of quarantine in children and adolescents. Thus, to summarize, this review shows considerable psychological impact of quarantine and other disease containment measures among children and adolescents. abstract: As COVID-19 grips the world, many people are quarantined or isolated resulting in adverse consequences for the mental health of youth. This rapid review takes into account the impact of quarantine on mental health of children and adolescents, and proposes measures to improve psychological outcomes of isolation. Three electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science were searched. Two independent reviewers performed title and abstract screening followed by full-text screening. This review article included 10 studies. The seven studies before onset of COVID 19 about psychological impact of quarantine in children have reported isolation, social exclusion stigma and fear among the children. The most common diagnoses were acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder, grief, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Three studies during the COVID-19 pandemic reported restlessness, irritability, anxiety, clinginess and inattention with increased screen time in children during quarantine. These adverse consequences can be tackled through carefully formulated multilevel interventions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32704298/ doi: 10.12669/pjms.36.5.3088 id: cord-022156-mm8en4os author: Isaiah, Amal title: Tracheal Infections date: 2015-07-14 words: 5725.0 sentences: 295.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022156-mm8en4os.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022156-mm8en4os.txt summary: Tracheal infections have a signifi cantly lower incidence compared to infections of the upper respiratory tract, with 1-5 % of all children requiring outpatient evaluation for viral croup within the fi rst 3 years of life. In 1958, the fi rst evidence for association between croup and two newly isolated myxoviruses, parainfl uenza virus types 1 and 2, resulted in separation of two categories of cases-mild, requiring only outpatient follow up, and severe, requiring hospitalization [ 12 ] . Among other important viral pathogens causing tracheal infections, RSV was studied in isolates from sentinel practices in England and Wales from 1975 to 1990, during which an increase in mortality, by as much as 60-80 %, was observed in comparison with parainfl uenza and infl uenza viruses [ 13 ] . [ 31 ] studied the clinical courses of croup caused by parainfl uenza and infl uenza viruses to highlight the differences in morbidity caused by the different viral strains in hospitalized children. abstract: Infectious processes of the trachea represent a distinct clinical entity with an evolving landscape owing to advances in airway management and vaccination practices. Untreated inflammatory processes of the trachea may present in the form of acute airway obstruction, potentially resulting in significant morbidity and even mortality. Therefore it is important to recognize the cardinal features of some of the common tracheal infectious processes to differentiate them from non-infectious pathology, as the latter is associated with a more indolent course. As with most other infectious processes of the airway, pathogens causing tracheal infection can be bacterial, viral or fungal in nature. Viral etiology represents the most common cause of laryngotracheal infection in a child. Bacterial infections of the trachea are responsible for more significant morbidity, including prolonged hospitalization, need for endotracheal intubation and even an occasional tracheostomy. The current chapter describes the clinical features and microbiology of tracheal infections at large, explores the utility of diagnostic tests, and provides an algorithm for management. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153446/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-21744-4_12 id: cord-326328-9w2p3xla author: JENKINS, IAN A. title: Infections of the airway date: 2009-06-25 words: 6302.0 sentences: 348.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326328-9w2p3xla.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326328-9w2p3xla.txt summary: Infectious mononucleosis (IM) can cause compromise of the airway ( Figure 2 ) and this has been reported in as many as 25-60% of children presenting with IM (7) (8) (9) . Although most authors since the 1960s have advocated the use of glucocorticoids to avert the need for surgical intervention, several series note that, despite steroids, 40-88% of patients with airway obstruction required tonsillectomy (7, 9) . Historically, epiglottitis has been associated primarily with Haemophilus influenzae infections, typically occurring in children aged 3 months to 5 years, with a peak incidence between 1 and 3 years, and characterized by a rapid onset of fever, drooling and stridor (47) . Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management Haemophilus influenzae type b epiglottitis as a cause of acute upper airways obstruction in children abstract: Infections of the airway in children may present to the anesthetist as an emergency in several locations: the Emergency Department, the Operating Department or on Intensive Care. In all of these locations, relevant and up to date knowledge of presentations, diagnoses, potential complications and clinical management will help the anesthetist and the surgical team, not only with the performance of their interventions, but also in buying time before these are undertaken, avoiding complications and altering the eventual outcome for the child. Diseases such as epiglottitis and diphtheria may show diminished incidence but they have not gone away and their clinical features and essential management remain unchanged. Paradoxically, perhaps, some conditions such as Lemierre’s syndrome appear to be making a comeback. In these instances, clinicians need to be alert to these less common conditions, not only in regard to the disease itself but also to potentially serious complications. This article describes those infections of the airway that are most likely to present to the anesthetist, their attendant complications and recommendations for treatment. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.02999.x doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.02999.x id: cord-344823-jl5ph260 author: Jacob, Hannah title: Safeguarding Children in a Pandemic: Pandemonium with Possibility? date: 2020-09-30 words: 1787.0 sentences: 89.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/cord-344823-jl5ph260.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344823-jl5ph260.txt summary: Hannah Jacob* Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK ''One of the biggest worries for those of us working in child health has been delayed presentations to health services'' breast feeding, immunisation, crying and sleep advice that they usually receive in the early weeks. Across the UK there has been a reduction in the number of referrals for child protection medicals (Local Government Association, 2020), despite increases in calls to Childline from children worried about the impact of coronavirus (National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 2020). Children and young people need not miss school and carers will need less time off work to attend appointments previously conducted at healthcare facilities often hours away. We must endeavour to take the learning and shreds of hope gleaned over the last few months with us as we rebuild our services, to make them even better for the children and young people who will need them so desperately over the coming years. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33041527/ doi: 10.1002/car.2654 id: cord-265530-hn7fi5cv author: Jansen, Danielle title: Child and adolescent health needs attention now, and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-08-01 words: 1144.0 sentences: 57.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265530-hn7fi5cv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265530-hn7fi5cv.txt summary: A comparison of the seven countries in which the EUPHA Child and Adolescent Public Health section (CAPH) directorate lives and works (Denmark, Finland, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and the UK) yielded both identical policy responses, such as physical distancing and closing of schools, and differences, such as restrictions on gathering ranging from no gathering allowed (Spain) to more liberal policies allowing for up to 10 people to meet throughout the peak pandemic (Denmark and Finland). Similarly, there were interventions aimed to improve access to care, via providing online consultations (the Netherlands, Spain and Denmark) and helplines for children and adolescents with mental health problems (Denmark, Portugal). We differentiate child and adolescent public health into eight core public health priorities, all most probably affected by the pandemic (Children''s Commisioner 2018): (1) injuries, (2) mental health (3) maltreatment, (4) risky behaviors, (5) nutrition in early life and prevention of childhood and adolescent obesity, (6) vaccination uptake, (7) access to health care, and (8) inequity in child development and learning. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01446-8 doi: 10.1007/s00038-020-01446-8 id: cord-272125-dez1nzg4 author: Jartti, T. title: Allergic sensitization is associated with rhinovirus‐, but not other virus‐, induced wheezing in children date: 2010-10-26 words: 3679.0 sentences: 208.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272125-dez1nzg4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272125-dez1nzg4.txt summary: A specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization for common food and aeroallergens and other atopy‐related variables including total IgE, blood and nasal eosinophils, exhaled nitric oxide, eczema and atopic eczema, parental allergy and asthma, number of wheezing episodes, positive asthma predictive index or asthma and use of inhaled corticosteroid were correlated with specific viral etiology. The number of sensitizations was particularly associated with sole rhinovirus etiology (odds ratio 4.59; 95% confidence interval 1.78, 11.8; adjusted to age and sex), followed by aeroallergen sensitization (respectively; 4.18; 2.00, 8.72), total IgE level (2.06; 1.32, 3.21), food allergen sensitization (2.02; 1.08, 3.78), and nasal eosinophil count (1.52; 1.08, 2.13). Log 10 Number of sensitizations were particularly associated with sole HRV etiology (odds ratio 4.59; adjusted to age and sex), followed by aeroallergen sensitization (respectively, 4.18), total IgE level (2.06), food allergen sensitization (2.02), and nasal eosinophil count (1.52) (p < 0.05 for all, Fig. 1b , Table S2 ). abstract: Jartti T, Kuusipalo H, Vuorinen T, Söderlund‐Venermo M, Allander T, Waris M, Hartiala J, Ruuskanen O. Allergic sensitization is associated with rhinovirus‐, but not other virus‐, induced wheezing in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 1008–1014. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background: Data on the link between atopy and viral wheeze are limited. Aim: To evaluate the association between IgE sensitization and viral infection in wheezing children. Methods: This is an observational study in hospitalized wheezing children (n = 247; median age 1.6 ; interquartile range 1.1, 2.9). Eighteen respiratory viral infections were studied using all available methods. A specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization for common food and aeroallergens and other atopy‐related variables including total IgE, blood and nasal eosinophils, exhaled nitric oxide, eczema and atopic eczema, parental allergy and asthma, number of wheezing episodes, positive asthma predictive index or asthma and use of inhaled corticosteroid were correlated with specific viral etiology. Results: Atopy was closely associated with sole rhinovirus etiology (n = 58) but not with sole respiratory syncytial virus, sole enterovirus, sole human bocavirus, sole other virus, mixed viral, or virus negative etiology. The number of sensitizations was particularly associated with sole rhinovirus etiology (odds ratio 4.59; 95% confidence interval 1.78, 11.8; adjusted to age and sex), followed by aeroallergen sensitization (respectively; 4.18; 2.00, 8.72), total IgE level (2.06; 1.32, 3.21), food allergen sensitization (2.02; 1.08, 3.78), and nasal eosinophil count (1.52; 1.08, 2.13). Conclusions: According to our data, allergic sensitization is positively linked to rhinovirus‐, but not other virus‐, associated wheezing and calls attention for studies to test rhinovirus‐associated wheezing as a part of asthma risk indices. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01059.x doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01059.x id: cord-353519-cmeociax author: Jay Miller, J. title: Child Welfare Workers and Peritraumatic Distress: The Impact of COVID-19 date: 2020-09-25 words: 4802.0 sentences: 278.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353519-cmeociax.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353519-cmeociax.txt summary: This exploratory study examined COVID-19 related peritraumatic distress among child welfare workers (N=1,996) in one southeastern state in the United States (U.S.). Sexual orientation, self-reported physical and mental health, relationship status, supervision status, and financial stability impacted distress levels experienced by child welfare workers. In a broader review of six articles published about the impact of COVID on healthcare workers, Spoorthy, Pratapa, and Mahant (2020) concluded that factors such as gender, age, and lack of social support, among others, were linked to stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among study participants. Research Question 1: What are COVID-19 related peritraumatic distress levels among child welfare workers? This study is likely the first to examine COVID-19 related distress among child welfare workers. In addition, though exploratory, the study has a more than adequate sample size of child welfare workers and examines the concept of peritraumatic distress related to the pandemic. abstract: Whilst there is broad consensus that COVID-19 has had a pernicious impact on child welfare services, in general, and child welfare workers, specifically, this notion has not been thoroughly examined in the literature. This exploratory study examined COVID-19 related peritraumatic distress among child welfare workers (N=1,996) in one southeastern state in the United States (U.S.). Findings suggest that the study sample was experiencing distress levels above normal ranges; 46.4% of participants were experiencing mild or severe distress. Sexual orientation, self-reported physical and mental health, relationship status, supervision status, and financial stability impacted distress levels experienced by child welfare workers. Overall, data suggest that COVID-19 is impacting child welfare workers and there is a need to conceptualize, implement, and evaluate initiatives aimed at assuaging distress among child welfare workers. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105508 doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105508 id: cord-347033-ha095nwp author: Jethwani, Pratap title: Management of children and adolescents having type 1 diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic in India: challenges and solutions date: 2020-09-15 words: 2495.0 sentences: 156.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347033-ha095nwp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347033-ha095nwp.txt summary: title: Management of children and adolescents having type 1 diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic in India: challenges and solutions The Research Society of Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI) has circulated the contact numbers of nodal persons of insulin manufacturers and supporting programs to people having T1DM and their doctors through email and social media. Proposed solutions: Every child and adolescent with T1DM should be educated about sick day management rules at frequent intervals during lockdown with the help of information booklets and videos through social and digital media. Proposed solutions: Emergency preparedness plans can help children and adolescents having T1DM and their families in managing diabetes better during such emergencies. Proposed solutions: Telemedicine guidelines, by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, may be followed to provide medical support to them for issues related to insulin dose adjustment and management of their complications [19] . abstract: PURPOSE: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) requires a holistic approach and continuous care. The current COVID-19 pandemic has made the health care professionals realise its challenges even more ardently than in the normal times. In a country like India with its huge population burden and a significant number of people having T1D, the risk of COVID-19 in people having T1DM is considerably high. METHODS: In this article, we are sharing our practical experiences of problems faced by children and adolescents having T1DM during the past 2 months of lockdown. RESULTS: We have classified the challenges into 3 broad categories based on diabetes self-management, healthcare system and psychosocial aspects. We have tried to provide precise, comprehensive and region specific solutions to these challenges. Solutions briefly include maintaining the supply chain of essentials like insulin, syringes and glucose meter strips to psychological support, financial aid and support for hospitalization in case of COVID-19 itself or diabetes complications including diabetic ketoacidosis. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents having T1DM require special care and attention during this period of COVID-19 pandemic because of various challenges as discussed. Our proposed solutions may help them overcome these problems and help them in better diabetes management during such emergency situations. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-020-00865-w doi: 10.1007/s13410-020-00865-w id: cord-353214-qo98m7jx author: Jhaveri, Ravi title: Fever Without Localizing Signs date: 2017-07-18 words: 3690.0 sentences: 200.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353214-qo98m7jx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353214-qo98m7jx.txt summary: 19 Among 233 infants who were born at term with no perinatal complications or underlying diseases, who had not received antibiotics, and who were hospitalized for fever and possible septicemia, 144 (62%) were considered unlikely to have a serious bacterial infection and fulfilled all of the following criteria: no clinical evidence of infection of the ear, skin, bones, or joints; white blood cell (WBC) count between 5000 and 15,000/mm 3 ; less than 1500 band cells/mm 3 ; and normal urinalysis results. Some clinicians adhere to a protocol of treating all young infants with fever and no apparent focus of infection with broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents administered intravenously in the hospital until the results of cultures of the blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are known. 34 Studies performed in that era showed that some children 3 months of age or older with fever who did not appear to be toxic and who had no apparent focus of infection had bacteremia, most often due to S. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780323401814000141 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-40181-4.00014-1 id: cord-315860-9j667c03 author: Jullien, Sophie title: Pneumonia in children admitted to the national referral hospital in Bhutan: A prospective cohort study date: 2020-04-10 words: 5633.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315860-9j667c03.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315860-9j667c03.txt summary: METHODS: This prospective study enrolled children aged 2–59 months admitted to the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital with World Health Organization (WHO)-defined clinical pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Respiratory viral infections predominated among this cohort of WHO-defined clinical pneumonia cases, whereas bacterial aetiologies were uncommon, highlighting the epidemiologic transition that Bhutan seems to have reached. We conducted this prospective hospital-based observational study to describe the epidemiology, aetiology, and clinical and radiological presentation of World Health Organization (WHO)defined pneumonia among children aged between 2 and 59 months admitted to the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital in Thimphu. All children aged 2-59 months hospitalized with WHO-defined pneumonia (irrespective of severity) were eligible for recruitment (World Health Organization, 2014) (see Box 1). Causes of severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission in children without HIV infection from Africa and Asia: the PERCH multi-country case-control study abstract: OBJECTIVES: The study aim was to describe the etiological profile and clinical characteristics of pneumonia among children hospitalized in Thimphu, Bhutan. METHODS: This prospective study enrolled children aged 2–59 months admitted to the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital with World Health Organization (WHO)-defined clinical pneumonia. Demographic and clinico-radiological data were collected through questionnaires, physical examination, and chest radiography. Blood samples and nasopharyngeal washing were collected for microbiological analysis including culture and molecular methods. RESULTS: From July 2017 to June 2018, 189 children were enrolled, of which 53.4% were infants. Pneumonia-related admissions were less frequent over the winter. Chest radiographies were obtained in 149 children; endpoints included pneumonia in 39 cases (26.2%), other infiltrates in 31 (20.8%), and were normal in 79 children (53.0%). Non-contaminated bacterial growth was detected in 8/152 (5.3%) blood cultures, with only two cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Viral detection in upper respiratory secretions was common, with at least one virus detected in 103/115 (89.6%). The three most-commonly isolated viruses were respiratory syncytial virus (52/115; 45.2%), rhinovirus (42/115; 36.5%), and human parainfluenza virus (19/115; 16.5%). A third of patients with viral infections showed mixed infections. Case fatality rate was 3.2% (6/189). CONCLUSION: Respiratory viral infections predominated among this cohort of WHO-defined clinical pneumonia cases, whereas bacterial aetiologies were uncommon, highlighting the epidemiologic transition that Bhutan seems to have reached. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220302332 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.017 id: cord-310998-zchtu6cm author: Kalash, Danny A. title: How COVID-19 Deepens Child Oral Health Inequities date: 2020-05-23 words: 1331.0 sentences: 82.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310998-zchtu6cm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310998-zchtu6cm.txt summary: Well before the coronavirus, U.S. children in poverty, from low-income families, or racial and ethnic minorities, overrepresented our national dental disease burden. 3 When compounded with social barriers, the chronic and cumulative consequences of child oral disease contribute to wider health inequities through the life course. 5 By abruptly pausing the provision of child dental care, COVID-19 adds delays to time-sensitive treatment, worsens the status of already significant decay, and further overburdens our previously strained dental safety net including community health centers, federally qualified health centers, and hospitals. 6 COVID-19''s spread refocuses our attention to those social inequities, perpetuated by deficient federal and state policies, which carry both direct and unintended consequences for child oral health. This forces families to prioritize only absolute necessities -like food, shelter, and utilities -and neglect or delay other expenses, including parent or child oral health care or hygiene supplies. Dr. Kalash did not report any disclosures. abstract: ABSTRACT The fallout from COVID-19 will reveal the depth and range of social, economic, and political disparities faced by U.S. families and children. Those same injustices, magnified and worsened by COVID-19, are also responsible for perpetuating child oral health disparities. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2020.05.015 doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2020.05.015 id: cord-253251-i79h14f7 author: Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin title: An investigation of district spatial variations of childhood diarrhoea and fever morbidity in Malawi date: 2005-09-01 words: 6526.0 sentences: 312.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253251-i79h14f7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253251-i79h14f7.txt summary: In particular, the results suggest that children living in the capital city are less affected by fever, although this is not true for diarrhoea, where some urban agglomerations are associated with a higher childhood morbidity risk. The study applied Bayesian statistical and geo-statistical techniques to the 2000 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data of Malawi with location (district) attributes and other information to answer specific questions about geographic inequalities in childhood disease prevalence. To gain an understanding of the geographic variation or patterns based on the observed morbidity prevalence, a Bayesian hierarchical model was fitted, with the inclusion of spatial (district) and nonlinear metrical (mother''s and child''s age) covariates. Geo-additive logistic models were used (on the probability of a child having diarrhoea and fever during the reference period) to determine the socio-economic and demographic variables that are associated with the ailments while simultaneously controlling for spatial dependence in the data and possible nonlinear effects of covariates. abstract: Although diarrhoea and malaria are among the leading causes of child mortality and morbidity in Sub-Saharan Africa, few detailed studies have examined the patterns and determinants of these ailments in the most affected communities. In this paper, we investigate the spatial distribution of observed diarrhoea and fever prevalence in Malawi using individual data for 10,185 children from the 2000 Malawi Demographic and Health survey. We highlight inequalities in child health by mapping the residual district spatial effects using a geo-additive probit model that simultaneously controls for spatial dependence in the data and potential nonlinear effects of covariates. The residual spatial effects were modelled via a Bayesian approach. For both ailments, we were able to identify a distinct district pattern of childhood morbidity. In particular, the results suggest that children living in the capital city are less affected by fever, although this is not true for diarrhoea, where some urban agglomerations are associated with a higher childhood morbidity risk. The spatial patterns emphasize the role of remoteness as well as climatic, environmental, and geographic factors on morbidity. The fixed effects show that for diarrhoea, the risk of child morbidity appears to be lower among infants who are exclusively breastfed than among those who are mixed-fed. However, exclusive breastfeeding was not found to have a protective effect on fever. An important socio-economic factor for both diarrhoea and fever morbidity was parental education, especially maternal educational attainment. Diarrhoea and fever were both observed to show an interesting association with child's age. We were able to discern the continuous worsening of the child morbidity up to 8–12 months of age. This deterioration set in right after birth and continues, more or less linearly until 8–12 months, before beginning to decline thereafter. Independent of other factors, a separate spatial process produces district inequalities in child's health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16139938/ doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.028 id: cord-274643-vjb2yt93 author: Kang, G. title: Viral Diarrhea date: 2008-08-26 words: 5682.0 sentences: 282.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274643-vjb2yt93.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274643-vjb2yt93.txt summary: Of the ''non-group A'' rotaviruses, group B rotavirus has been identified in epidemic outbreaks of severe diarrhea in adults in China and in symptomatic infections in children. Between 20% and 50% of cases of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus in hospitals are considered to be of nosocomial origin, and nosocomial viral enteric infections have been documented in up to 6% of children admitted for more than 72 hours in both developed and developing countries. Rotaviruses induce a clinical illness characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, fever, and dehydration (or a combination of some of these symptoms) that occurs primarily in infants and young children and may lead to hospitalization for rehydration therapy. Studies in adult volunteers indicate that people with detectable levels of antibodies do not develop the illness, although epidemiological observations suggest that human astrovirus infections do not induce heterotypic immunity, as an episode of astrovirus diarrhea is not associated with a reduced incidence of a subsequent episode. abstract: Viral gastroenteritis is among the most common illnesses affecting humans and has greatest impact at the extremes of age. The spectrum of disease can range from asymptomatic infections to severe disease with dehydration. Intensive investigation of enteric infections in the past three decades has made it increasingly clear that viruses cause a significant proportion of enteric illnesses worldwide. In contrast to bacterial pathogens, enteric viruses cannot multiply outside their host; hence, the original inoculum into the common source determines infectivity. Prevention of contamination of food and water will help control primary cases, whereas careful nursing and handwashing prevent secondary cases. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739605005712 doi: 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00571-2 id: cord-314390-q36ye9ff author: Kang, Gagandeep title: Viral Diarrhea date: 2016-10-24 words: 6020.0 sentences: 281.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314390-q36ye9ff.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314390-q36ye9ff.txt summary: Of the ''non-group A'' rotaviruses, group B rotavirus has been identified in epidemic outbreaks of severe diarrhea in adults in China and in symptomatic infections in children. Between 20% and 50% of cases of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus in hospitals are considered to be of nosocomial origin, and nosocomial viral enteric infections have been documented in up to 6% of children admitted for >72 h in both developed and developing countries. Rotaviruses induce a clinical illness characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, fever, and dehydration (or a combination of some of these symptoms) that occurs primarily in infants and young children and may lead to hospitalization for rehydration therapy. Studies in adult volunteers indicate that people with detectable levels of antibodies do not develop the illness, although epidemiological observations suggest that human astrovirus infections may not induce heterotypic immunity, as an episode of astrovirus diarrhea is not associated with a reduced incidence of a subsequent episode. abstract: Viral gastroenteritis is among the most common illnesses affecting humans and has greatest impact at the extremes of age. The spectrum of disease can range from asymptomatic infections to severe disease with dehydration. In contrast to bacterial pathogens, enteric viruses cannot multiply outside their host; hence, the original inoculum into the common source determines infectivity. Prevention of contamination of food and water control primary cases, whereas careful nursing and handwashing prevent secondary cases. Effective vaccines are available and widely used to prevent rotaviral gastroenteritis, but vaccines for other causes of viral gastroenteritis are not yet available. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128036785004860 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00486-0 id: cord-297241-ajy2wi51 author: Katz, Carmit title: Invisible children and non-essential workers: Child protection during COVID-19 in Israel according to policy documents and media coverage date: 2020-10-06 words: 4675.0 sentences: 230.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297241-ajy2wi51.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297241-ajy2wi51.txt summary: title: Invisible children and non-essential workers: Child protection during COVID-19 in Israel according to policy documents and media coverage OBJECTIVE: Examine child protection in Israel during COVID-19, as portrayed in mainstream news media and government policy documents. CONCLUSION: Children were initially invisible to Israeli policymakers facing the pandemic, highlighting the centrality of advocates promoting children''s rights and of mainstream news media in disseminating the discourse of protecting children from maltreatment, especially in times of crisis. Through an analysis of official government policy documents as well as media coverage, the current study seeks to answer the following questions: (1) What were the government''s policies with respect to protecting children from maltreatment during COVID-19? Parallel to the neglect of children in published policy documents, child protection advocates led a media campaign targeting the public and policymakers, which highlighted the need to provide children and families at risk with services. abstract: BACKGROUND: The protection of children from maltreatment has become extremely challenging during the COVID-19 pandemic. The public's gaze is focused on the urgent health crisis, while many children are at risk due to social isolation and reduced social services. OBJECTIVE: Examine child protection in Israel during COVID-19, as portrayed in mainstream news media and government policy documents. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The study analyzed all policy documents and mainstream media reports published in Israel from March to May 2020, during the initial mandatory nationwide quarantine. METHODS: (1) Search of relevant articles in mainstream news websites; (2) Search of documents in official websites of relevant government ministries and agencies. RESULTS: 28 government policy documents and 22 media articles were found relevant. When examined chronologically, what stood out was the initial decision to shut down social services, including some of the residential care units for youth at risk, and declare social workers “non-essential”. These decisions were revoked a few weeks into the quarantine, following persistent media pressure by child advocates, resulting in minor changes in policy. CONCLUSION: Children were initially invisible to Israeli policymakers facing the pandemic, highlighting the centrality of advocates promoting children's rights and of mainstream news media in disseminating the discourse of protecting children from maltreatment, especially in times of crisis. Moreover, the study points to the heightened threat to at-risk children due to inadequate policies, and to the urgent need to develop child protection policies in order to avoid further risk in future global crises. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0145213420304257 doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104770 id: cord-283667-jqlz7yt8 author: Katz, Sophie E. title: Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the United States Changing Epidemiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges, and Areas for Future Research date: 2018-03-31 words: 5254.0 sentences: 306.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283667-jqlz7yt8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283667-jqlz7yt8.txt summary: That study used traditional culture methods, pneumolysin-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, viral direct fluorescent antibody tests, and serologic tests for viruses, Mycoplasma spp, and Chlamydia spp to identify pathogens in 154 hospitalized children with radiographically confirmed lower respiratory infections at a single institution. A majority of patients (60%) were noted to have infection with typical respiratory bacteria (most commonly, Streptococcus pneumoniae, detected in 73% of children with documented bacterial disease), with viruses identified in 45% of children. The multicenter Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community (EPIC) Study was a prospective, population-based surveillance study of greater than 2300 pediatric CAP hospitalizations in the United States conducted from 2010 to 2012. To evaluate the impact of CRP in the etiologic diagnosis of pneumonia, a meta-analysis of 8 studies with more than 1200 children with viral or bacterial causes of CAP demonstrated that CRP levels greater than or equal to 40 mg/L to 60 mg/L were associated with only a 64% positive predictive value for identifying children with bacterial pneumonia. abstract: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common serious infections in childhood. This review focuses on pediatric CAP in the United States and other industrialized nations, specifically highlighting the changing epidemiology of CAP, diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, and areas for further research. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0891552017301071 doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2017.11.002 id: cord-310534-ng6321hh author: Kaushik, Ashlesha title: COVID-19 in Children: Clinical Approach and Management- Correspondence date: 2020-07-08 words: 1385.0 sentences: 84.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310534-ng6321hh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310534-ng6321hh.txt summary: We would like to commend the authors for a timely and succinct article on approach to management of pediatric COVID-19, providing essential and practical guidance to clinicians, and would like to comment on the management of COVID-19 in light of recent evidence, available studies and guidelines. The therapeutic approach for managing critically ill patients with Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/ respiratory failure centers around lung protection with low tidal volumes, high positive end-expiratory pressures and fluid restriction. A recent multicenter expert pediatric guidance panel has recommended Remdesivir as the preferred antiviral agent in children if available [3] . HCQS has been shown to be effective against SARS CoV-2 in in-vitro studies, considered relatively safe in children, and is also suggested by authors in the management approach. But in regions where Remdesivir is not available, either Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Hydroxychloroquine (or Chloroquine) maybe used in children with severe disease (preferably as a part of clinical trial). abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03374-0 doi: 10.1007/s12098-020-03374-0 id: cord-261938-ls363vud author: Khan, Farah title: Refugee and Migrant Children’s Mental Healthcare: Serving the Voiceless, Invisible, and the Vulnerable Global Citizens date: 2020-08-22 words: 3911.0 sentences: 186.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261938-ls363vud.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261938-ls363vud.txt summary: In assessing medical fitness and healthcare mediations for refugees and migrant children, special consideration should be given to certain areas such as their distinct history, whether they are with their family or separated or unaccompanied, and whether they have been peddled or have been left behind. Children''s right to medical care is guaranteed by all the world leaders and Member States of the WHO European Region and is compiled in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), a convention guaranteeing the highest attainable standard of healthcare and treatment of illness and rehabilitation of the refugee, migrant, and asylum-seeking children similar to the children native to the host country [3] . A study reports of unaccompanied refugee and migrant children who were arriving in Germany with multidrug-resistant bacteria colonization at higher rates, and other records of a surge of measles, which is vaccine-preventable, have also been seen in asylum-seeking juveniles [14, 15] . abstract: Millions of children are on the run worldwide, with many unaccompanied children and adolescents undertaking risky journeys to flee war, adverse circumstances, and political persecution. The grueling journey and multiple stressors faced by the refugee children, both accompanied and unaccompanied during the pre-migration, migration, and in the country of destination, increase their risk for psychiatric disorders and other medical conditions. Unaccompanied refugee migrant children have higher prevalence of mental health disorders than accompanied refugee peers. Long after reaching the host country, the refugee, migrant, and asylum-seeking juveniles continue to face adversities in the form of acculturation. In assessing medical fitness and healthcare mediations for refugees and migrant children, special consideration should be given to certain areas such as their distinct history, whether they are with their family or separated or unaccompanied, and whether they have been peddled or have been left behind. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32968603/ doi: 10.7759/cureus.9944 id: cord-328709-bqf3d6r3 author: Khan, Mariam S. title: Paid Family Leave and Children Health Outcomes in OECD Countries date: 2020-07-18 words: 6799.0 sentences: 328.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328709-bqf3d6r3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328709-bqf3d6r3.txt summary: Many OECD countries, except for the United States, have adopted paid family leave and a large body of literature has examined the effect of these leave policies on health outcomes for children. While the important role of caregivers during the neonatal period is clear, most research has examined the impact of employment leave after birth for mothers-with little to no work focusing on the impact of paid paternity leave on health outcomes of children. To address this gap, this study examines the separate effects of paid maternity and paternity leave policies on the health outcomes of children in OECD countries during the period of 1990 to 2016. The findings of this study are beneficial in understanding the lagged impact of paid family leave, including maternity and paternity leave, on the health outcomes of children. abstract: During the past four decades, most OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries have adopted or expanded paid family leave, which offers leave to workers following the birth or adoption of a child as well as care for ill family members. While the effects of paid maternity leave on child health have been the subject of a large body of research, little is known about fathers’ leave-taking and the effects of paid paternity leave. This is a limitation, since most of the recent expansion in paid family leave in OECD countries has been to expand leave benefits to fathers. Mothers’ and fathers’ leave-taking may improve child health by decreasing postpartum depression among mothers, improving maternal mental health, increasing the time spent with a child, and increasing the likelihood of child medical checkup. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of paid family leave on the wellbeing of children, extending what we know about the effects of maternity leave and establishing new evidence on paternity leave. The paper examines the effects of paid family leave expansions on country-level neonatal mortality rates, infant mortality rates, under-five mortality rates, and the measles immunization rates in 35 OECD countries, during the time period of 1990 to 2016. Using an event study design, an approximately 1.9 to 5.2 percent decrease in the infant, neonatal, and under-five mortality rates has been found following the adoption of paid maternity leave. However, the beneficial impact is not as visible for extension of paid leave to fathers. The implications and potential reasons behind the larger protective effects of maternity leave over paternity leave on child health outcomes are discussed. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0190740920306514 doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105259 id: cord-313258-luiw46zj author: Kim, Joon Hwan title: Clinical risk factors associated with the development of wheezing in children less than 2 years of age who required hospitalization for viral lower respiratory tract infections date: 2015-07-22 words: 3085.0 sentences: 140.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313258-luiw46zj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313258-luiw46zj.txt summary: CONCLUSION: Past and parental history of allergic diseases, past history of hospitalization for respiratory illnesses, exposure to secondhand smoke at home, and total eosinophil count were closely associated with the development of wheezing in children <2 years of age who required hospitalization for viral LRTIs. Clinicians should take these factors into consideration when treating, counseling, and monitoring young children admitted for viral LRTIs. Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are common in early childhood and are mostly caused by respiratory viruses. The present study showed that past and parental history of allergic diseases, past history of hospitalization for respiratory illnesses, exposure to secondhand smoke at home, and serum total eosinophil count were independently associated with the development of wheezing in children <2 years of age who had viral lower respiratory infections requiring hospitalization. abstract: PURPOSE: Wheezing following viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in children <2 years of age is an important risk factor for the development of asthma later in life; however, not all children with viral LRTIs develop wheezing. This study investigated risk factors for the development of wheezing during viral LRTIs requiring hospitalization. METHODS: The study included 142 children <2 years of age hospitalized for LRTIs with at least one virus identified as the cause and classified them into children diagnosed with LRTIs with wheezing (n=70) and those diagnosed with LRTIs without wheezing (n=72). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the viruses detected between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for potentially confounding variables including sex and age, the development of wheezing was strongly associated with parental history of allergic diseases (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 20.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.22-126.48), past history of allergic diseases (aOR, 13.95; 95% CI, 1.34-145.06), past history of hospitalization for respiratory illnesses (aOR, 21.36; 95% CI, 3.77-120.88), exposure to secondhand smoke at home (aOR, 14.45; 95% CI, 4.74-44.07), and total eosinophil count (aOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.01-1.02). CONCLUSION: Past and parental history of allergic diseases, past history of hospitalization for respiratory illnesses, exposure to secondhand smoke at home, and total eosinophil count were closely associated with the development of wheezing in children <2 years of age who required hospitalization for viral LRTIs. Clinicians should take these factors into consideration when treating, counseling, and monitoring young children admitted for viral LRTIs. url: https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2015.58.7.245 doi: 10.3345/kjp.2015.58.7.245 id: cord-259501-iggw1exl author: Kim, Yong Yean title: Acute Respiratory Illness in Rural Haiti date: 2019-02-14 words: 4623.0 sentences: 227.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-259501-iggw1exl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259501-iggw1exl.txt summary: Earlier studies in resource-poor settings have identified Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B and Staphylococcus aureus as important bacterial causes of ARI, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Influenza as important viral causes (Rudan et al., 2008) . A multicountry study that included Haiti showed that agents detected in hospitalized children less than 5 years of age who had pneumonia included RSV, Influenza A and B, Parainfluenza viruses, Adenovirus and Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) (Bénet et al., 2017) . Analysis of specific viral or bacterial agents detected showed more children with FluA or FluB had LRTI (33%) compared to URTI (15%) [ Table 5 ]. The overall findings of RV as the most common virus detected followed by Influenza in Haiti is comparable to that found in studies of children in other tropical, resource-poor countries (Hoffman et al., 2012; Schlaudecker et al., 2012; Taylor et al., 2017) . abstract: OBJECTIVES: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is the most common cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries, including Haiti. Our objective was to detect pathogens found in children with ARI in rural Haiti to help develop evidence-based guidelines for treatment and prevention. METHODS: Retrospective study of students with ARI at four schools in rural Haiti. Viral and/or bacterial pathogens were identified by qPCR in 177 nasal swabs collected from April 2013 through November 2015. RESULTS: Most common viruses detected were Rhinovirus (36%), Influenza A (16%) and Adenovirus (7%), and bacteria were Streptococcus pneumoniae (58%) and Staphylococcus aureus (28%). Compared to older children, children aged 3–5 years had more Influenza A (28% vs. 9%, p = 0.002) and Adenovirus detected (14% vs. 3%, p = 0.01). Similarly, S. pneumoniae was greatest in children 3–5 years old (71% 3–5yrs; 58% 6–15 years; 25% 16–20 years; p = 0.008). Children 3–10 years old presented with fever more than children 11–20 years old (22% vs 7%; p = 0.02) and were more often diagnosed with pneumonia (28% vs 4%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Younger children had increased fever, pneumonia, and detection of Influenza A and S. pneumoniae. These data support the need for influenza and pneumococcus vaccination in early childhood in Haiti. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1201971219300670 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.003 id: cord-016596-hxr0n1jd author: Kivekäs, Ilkka title: Epiglottitis, Acute Laryngitis, and Croup date: 2018-05-04 words: 4551.0 sentences: 270.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016596-hxr0n1jd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016596-hxr0n1jd.txt summary: Epiglottitis, acute laryngitis, and croup are infections of the upper airway, affecting the epiglottis, larynx, and larynx and trachea, respectively. influenzae type b caused most cases of epiglottitis and the disease primarily affected children younger than 5 years old. In a study of 61 patients in the vaccine era (60 adults, 1 child), only 21% required airway intervention (11 intubations, 2 tracheotomies) [12] . An upper respiratory tract infection is the most common cause of acute laryngitis and nearly all cases are viral. Epiglottitis, acute laryngitis, and croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) are infections of the upper airway, affecting the epiglottis, larynx, and larynx and trachea, respectively. Epiglottitis, acute laryngitis, and croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) are infections of the upper airway, affecting the epiglottis, larynx, and larynx and trachea, respectively. Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection, while viruses cause nearly all cases of acute laryngitis and croup. Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection, while viruses cause nearly all cases of acute laryngitis and croup. abstract: Epiglottitis, acute laryngitis, and croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) are infections of the upper airway, affecting the epiglottis, larynx, and larynx and trachea, respectively. Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection, while viruses cause nearly all cases of acute laryngitis and croup. Acute laryngitis in adults is usually self-limited. Epiglottitis, which used to be prevalent in children under age 5, is now seen more often in adults than in children. This decline in childhood epiglottitis is due to the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine. Streptococci, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, are now important causes of epiglottitis. Croup is a viral infection, usually due to parainfluenza virus, that primarily affects children ages 6 months to 3 years old. Epiglottitis and croup can cause life-threatening loss of the airway, and misdiagnosis or mismanagement can result in fatalities. This chapter reviews the clinical features and treatment of these three upper respiratory tract infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120939/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-74835-1_20 id: cord-312615-q333qgps author: Knobbe, Rebecca B title: Pathogens Causing Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Less Than 5 Years of Age in Senegal date: 2019-12-30 words: 4466.0 sentences: 284.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312615-q333qgps.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312615-q333qgps.txt summary: The aim of this study was to identity the various respiratory pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections in children below 5 years of age visiting a sub-urban primary care clinic in Senegal. CONCLUSIONS: This case-control study in a primary care setting in sub-Saharan Africa found influenza virus A and B, RSV, and S pneumoniae to be the main causes of acute respiratory tract infections in children below 5 years of age. Therefore, the aim of this case-control study was to investigate the prevalence of the different viruses and bacteria colonizing the airways and their association with the occurrence of ARTIs and severity of disease in children less than 5 years of age, visiting a sub-urban primary care clinic in Dakar, Senegal. This case-control study investigates the prevalence of the different viruses and bacteria colonizing the airways and their 6 Microbiology Insights association with the occurrence of ARTIs in children visiting a sub-urban primary care clinic in Senegal. abstract: INTRODUCTION: While acute respiratory tract infections are the main cause of paediatric mortality and morbidity worldwide, pathogen patterns shift due to factors such as hygiene, vaccinations, and antibiotic resistance. Knowledge about current cause of respiratory infections is lacking, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to identity the various respiratory pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections in children below 5 years of age visiting a sub-urban primary care clinic in Senegal. METHODS: A case-control study was performed in September and October 2018. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from cases; infants with fever and respiratory symptoms, and controls; children involved in the vaccination programme. Viral identification was conducted by polymerase chain reaction for 21 different viruses; bacteria were identified by culture studies. Associations between microorganisms, acute respiratory infection and severity of disease were calculated by multivariate regression adjusting for confounders such as age, sex, and living area. RESULTS: Overall, 102 cases and 96 controls were included. Microorganisms were detected in 90.1% of cases and 53.7% of controls (P < .001). Influenza virus A (including H1N1), influenza virus B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Streptococcus pneumoniae were independently associated with acute respiratory tract infections. Co-detection of two or more pathogens was present in 49.5% of cases; 31.7% of cases had a pneumonia and 90.2% was treated with antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: This case-control study in a primary care setting in sub-Saharan Africa found influenza virus A and B, RSV, and S pneumoniae to be the main causes of acute respiratory tract infections in children below 5 years of age. We recommend evaluation of antibiotics prescription behaviour in this setting. url: https://doi.org/10.1177/1178636119890885 doi: 10.1177/1178636119890885 id: cord-312835-a60bkohc author: Kohli, Utkarsh title: Fulminant myocarditis and atrial fibrillation in child with acute COVID-19 date: 2020-10-18 words: 833.0 sentences: 60.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312835-a60bkohc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312835-a60bkohc.txt summary: COVID-19 has manifested with ventricular dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias, most commonly atrial fibrillation (AFib), in adults. We report a 15 year-old girl with acute COVID-19, fulminant myocarditis and AFib. Serum pro-NT BNP, inflammatory markers and high sensitivity troponin concentration were all markedly elevated (Supplement 1). While ventricular dysfunction and the whole gamut of arrhythmias have been reported in adults with acute COVID-19 [1] , pediatric patients have either been asymptomatic or have mostly manifested with mild respiratory illness [2] . Rare pediatric patients with COVID-19 have presented with ventricular dysfunction [3] ; however, arrhythmias such as AFib, which are exceedingly rare in otherwise healthy children, have not been reported in children with acute COVID-19 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . In a recently published single center pediatric series (n=36), nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (n=5) and sustained atrial tachycardia (n=1) were noted in approximately 17 % of children with acute COVID-19. abstract: COVID-19 has manifested with ventricular dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias, most commonly atrial fibrillation (AFib), in adults. However, very few pediatric patients with acute COVID-19 have had cardiac involvement. AFib, an exceedingly rare arrhythmia in otherwise healthy children, has not been reported in children with COVID-19. We report a 15 year-old girl with acute COVID-19, fulminant myocarditis and AFib. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022073620305719?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2020.10.004 id: cord-263556-y8vx4ie2 author: Koistinen, Annamari title: Prednisolone for the first rhinovirus‐induced wheezing and 4‐year asthma risk: A randomized trial date: 2017-08-06 words: 2996.0 sentences: 184.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.txt summary: Based on our previous findings, 8, 9 we hypothesized that in children with high rhinovirus genome load, the effect of OCS is likely to last beyond 12 months by reducing the need for initiation of long-term asthma control medication. Second, in the placebo group, asthma risk was high: regular asthma control medication was initiated to all children with high rhinovirus genome load during the subsequent 14 months after the first acute rhinovirus-induced wheezing episode. No difference was found in overall analysis F I G U R E 3 The time to initiation of asthma control medication in children randomized to receive prednisolone or placebo for the first rhinovirus-induced wheezing episode. 9 In summary, early systemic short-course prednisolone treatment may be beneficial in reducing the risk for asthma control medication during the first 5 years in first-time wheezing preschool children whose episode was severe and associated with high rhinovirus genome load. abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous findings show that corticosteroid treatment during the first acute wheezing episode may reduce recurrent wheezing in children with high rhinovirus genome load at 12‐month follow‐up. Longer‐term effects have not been investigated prospectively. METHODS: After PCR confirmation of rhinovirus from nasopharyngeal aspirate, 79 children with the first acute wheezing episode were randomized to receive orally prednisolone or placebo for 3 days. The initiation of asthma control medication before the age of 5 years was confirmed from medical record and/or from parental interview. The outcome was the time to initiation of regular asthma control medication. Interaction analysis examined rhinovirus genome load. RESULTS: Fifty‐nine (75%) children completed the follow‐up. Asthma control medication was initiated in 40 (68%) children at the median age of 20 months. Overall, prednisolone did not affect the time to initiation of asthma control medication when compared to placebo (P=.99). Rhinovirus load modified the effect of prednisolone regarding the time to initiation of asthma control medication (P‐value for interaction=.04). In children with high rhinovirus load (>7000 copies/mL; n=23), the risk for initiation of medication was lower in the prednisolone group compared to the placebo group (P=.05). In the placebo group, asthma medication was initiated to all children with high rhinovirus load (n=9) during the 14 months after the first wheezing episode. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, prednisolone did not affect the time to initiation of asthma control medication when compared to placebo. However, prednisolone may be beneficial in first‐time wheezing children whose episode was severe and associated with high rhinovirus load. (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00731575). url: https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12749 doi: 10.1111/pai.12749 id: cord-265112-fjn05uag author: Koistinen, Annamari title: Vitamin D, virus etiology, and atopy in first‐time wheezing children in Finland date: 2014-12-29 words: 1676.0 sentences: 106.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265112-fjn05uag.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265112-fjn05uag.txt summary: A few studies of young children without wheezing, or of older children, have reported an inverse association between the 25OHD level and atopic dermatitis or severity of atopic dermatitis (2, 7, 8) . Besides atopy, a low 25OHD concentration has been reported to be associated with increased susceptibility to acute respiratory infection (9). (9) reported that low serum 25OHD levels are associated with increased risk of acute respiratory infections. In conclusion, in wheezing children receiving vitamin D supplement of 400 IU per day with mean 25OHD level of 86 nmol/l (IQR 71-101 nmol/l), the 25OHD level was not associated with rhinovirus, RSV or bocavirus infection, virus coinfection, atopy, or severity of illness. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of viral coinfections in wheezing children Additional associations between patient characteristics and serum 25OHD concentration Appendix S1. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25387768/ doi: 10.1111/pai.12308 id: cord-312266-hnbgaxft author: Krishnamurthy, A. title: Current therapeutics and prophylactic approaches to treat pneumonia date: 2016-08-05 words: 6439.0 sentences: 336.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312266-hnbgaxft.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312266-hnbgaxft.txt summary: The Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are increasingly available in both developed as well as developing countries, especially the 7-and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines which have shown effectiveness in reducing the incidence and severity of pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections in children. 61 The efficacy of ribavirin for the treatment of RSV CAP in infants is debatable, as certain in vitro studies have shown activity of ribavirin against RSV, but its usage for RSV infection is not routinely recommended in the management of lower respiratory tract disease because of the high cost, aerosol administration, and possible toxic effects among healthcare providers. 90 Zabofloxacin: is being developed as a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is a potent and selective inhibitor of the essential bacterial type II topoisomerases and topoisomerase IV and is indicated for community-acquired respiratory infections due to Gram-positive bacteria. abstract: Bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae represents a frequent cause of mortality worldwide. The increased incidence of pneumococcal diseases in both developed and developing countries is alarmingly high, affecting infants and aged adult populations. The growing rate of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation on medical device surfaces poses a greater challenge for treating respiratory infections. Over recent years, a better understanding of bacterial growth, metabolism, and virulence has offered several potential targets for developing therapeutics against bacterial pneumonia. This chapter will discuss the current and developing trends in treating bacterial pneumonia. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128045435000178 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804543-5.00017-8 id: cord-335055-gzuug3p5 author: Kwiyolecha, Elizabeth title: Patterns of viral pathogens causing upper respiratory tract infections among symptomatic children in Mwanza, Tanzania date: 2020-10-28 words: 3311.0 sentences: 196.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335055-gzuug3p5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335055-gzuug3p5.txt summary: title: Patterns of viral pathogens causing upper respiratory tract infections among symptomatic children in Mwanza, Tanzania Therefore, there is a paramount need to establish information on the common etiologies of RTIs in Tanzania, the information that can stimulate further studies and possible control interventions including introduction of cheap and reliable methods to detect these pathogens in clinical settings. In addition due to increased use of antibiotic without a support of a diagnostic test in the treatment of URTI as observed in number of previous studies [11] [12] [13] , make the availability of epidemiological data on the patterns of etiology of URTI of paramount important. A cross sectional hospital based study involving 339 children aged 1-59 months presenting with RTI symptoms was conducted from October 2017 to February 2018 in the city of Mwanza, Tanzania. A previous study 33 , documented Rhinovirus to cause up to 25-85% of the upper respiratory tract infections. abstract: Upper-respiratory tract infections (URTI) are the leading causes of childhood morbidities. This study investigated etiologies and patterns of URTI among children in Mwanza, Tanzania. A cross-sectional study involving 339 children was conducted between October-2017 and February-2018. Children with features suggestive of URTI such as nasal congestion, dry cough, painful swallowing and nasal discharge with/without fever were enrolled. Pathogens were detected from nasopharyngeal and ear-swabs by multiplex-PCR and culture respectively. Full blood count and C-reactive protein analysis were also done. The median age was 16 (IQR: 8–34) months. Majority (82.3%) had fever and nasal-congestion (65.5%). Rhinitis (55.9%) was the commonest diagnosis followed by pharyngitis (19.5%). Viruses were isolated in 46% of children, the commonest being Rhinoviruses (23.9%). Nineteen percent of children had more than 2 viruses; Rhinovirus and Enterovirus being the commonest combination. The commonest bacteria isolated from ears were Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Children with viral pathogens had significantly right shift of lymphocytes (73%—sensitivity). Majority (257/339) of children were symptoms free on eighth day. Viruses are the commonest cause of URTI with Rhinitis being the common diagnosis. Rapid diagnostic assays for URTI pathogens are urgently needed in low-income countries to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions which is associated with antibiotic resistance. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74555-2 doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74555-2 id: cord-327493-v2iatbol author: Kwon, Hyo Jin title: Clinical manifestations of respiratory adenoviral infection among hospitalized children in Korea date: 2013-08-05 words: 2820.0 sentences: 190.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327493-v2iatbol.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327493-v2iatbol.txt summary: BACKGROUND: The objective of our study was to understand the epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory adenoviral infections among children at a single institution over the course of several years. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that respiratory adenovirus infections are an important cause of hospitalization in young children, and contribute to a significant morbidity. The study was performed to more fully characterize the epidemiological pattern, clinical features and complications associated with hospitalization for adenoviral infection in Korean children. Adenovirus was associated with a wide variety of diagnoses, ranging from upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) to severe pneumonia and encephalitis ( Table 1 ). 22 reported that 70% of hospitalized children with adenoviral infection had pneumonia, while our results revealed a significant proportion of patients (45.4%) with URTI. Lower respiratory tract infections due to adenovirus in hospitalized Korean children: epidemiology, clinical features, and prognosis abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of our study was to understand the epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory adenoviral infections among children at a single institution over the course of several years. METHODS: From January 2005 to April 2009, 1836 children (≤15 years old) who had been admitted to Korea University Ansan Hospital were tested for acute respiratory infection. The patients who were positive for an adenovirus infection were enrolled in this study, and their medical records were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Adenoviruses were isolated from 310 patients. The male to female ratio was 1.6:1 and mean age was 32 ± 24 months. Children under 5 years of age had the highest prevalence. In 2007, adenovirus infections occurred endemically throughout the year. The clinical diagnoses were primarily upper respiratory tract infections (45.4%), lower respiratory tract infections (48.1%), and neurologic disease (5.2%). Associated symptoms, signs and laboratory findings included fever (91.9%), cough (83.9%), pharyngeal injection (62.3%), rale (32.6%) and elevated C‐reactive protein (93.9%). The most common radiologic findings were perihilar and peribronchial infiltrates (42.6%). Co‐infections were observed in 29 cases. The mean durations of hospitalization and fever were 6.2 ± 6.5 and 4.8 ± 3.1 days, respectively. The lengths of hospitalization were similar for patients admitted for upper respiratory tract infections with severe morbidity and those admitted for lower respiratory tract infections. No children in the study died. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that respiratory adenovirus infections are an important cause of hospitalization in young children, and contribute to a significant morbidity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23566140/ doi: 10.1111/ped.12108 id: cord-255351-vp19ydce author: Lanata, Claudio F. title: Global Causes of Diarrheal Disease Mortality in Children <5 Years of Age: A Systematic Review date: 2013-09-04 words: 5451.0 sentences: 221.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255351-vp19ydce.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255351-vp19ydce.txt summary: We present the results of a systematic literature review of studies of diarrhea etiology in hospitalized children and use these results to estimate the global burden of diarrhea mortality by pathogen for children under 5 years of age for 2011. From 22 643 citations identified in the electronic search, 1 003 articles were selected for further evaluation (Fig. 1) ; 840 articles were excluded because they had one or more of the exclusion criteria (About 35% because they were not longitudinal studies or inappropriate laboratory methods were used, 31% because no data was given for children ,5 years of age, 23% for studies that lasted less than 12 months of duration, and the rest because data were reported after rotavirus vaccine introduction, duplicate publications or reporting results on a pathogen not included in our list). abstract: Estimation of pathogen-specific causes of child diarrhea deaths is needed to guide vaccine development and other prevention strategies. We did a systematic review of articles published between 1990 and 2011 reporting at least one of 13 pathogens in children <5 years of age hospitalized with diarrhea. We included 2011 rotavirus data from the Rotavirus Surveillance Network coordinated by WHO. We excluded studies conducted during diarrhea outbreaks that did not discriminate between inpatient and outpatient cases, reporting nosocomial infections, those conducted in special populations, not done with adequate methods, and rotavirus studies in countries where the rotavirus vaccine was used. Age-adjusted median proportions for each pathogen were calculated and applied to 712 000 deaths due to diarrhea in children under 5 years for 2011, assuming that those observed among children hospitalized for diarrhea represent those causing child diarrhea deaths. 163 articles and WHO studies done in 31 countries were selected representing 286 inpatient studies. Studies seeking only one pathogen found higher proportions for some pathogens than studies seeking multiple pathogens (e.g. 39% rotavirus in 180 single-pathogen studies vs. 20% in 24 studies with 5–13 pathogens, p<0·0001). The percentage of episodes for which no pathogen could be identified was estimated to be 34%; the total of all age-adjusted percentages for pathogens and no-pathogen cases was 138%. Adjusting all proportions, including unknowns, to add to 100%, we estimated that rotavirus caused 197 000 [Uncertainty range (UR) 110 000–295 000], enteropathogenic E. coli 79 000 (UR 31 000–146 000), calicivirus 71 000 (UR 39 000–113 000), and enterotoxigenic E. coli 42 000 (UR 20 000–76 000) deaths. Rotavirus, calicivirus, enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic E. coli cause more than half of all diarrheal deaths in children <5 years in the world. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072788 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072788 id: cord-332404-va3rxy5p author: Landeros, A. title: An Examination of School Reopening Strategies during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic date: 2020-08-06 words: 6144.0 sentences: 360.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332404-va3rxy5p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332404-va3rxy5p.txt summary: Using a stratified Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Removed model, we explore the influences of reduced class density, transmission mitigation (such as the use of masks, desk shields, frequent surface cleaning, or outdoor instruction), and viral detection on cumulative prevalence. Given transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs through respiratory droplets, any reopening policy must adequately reduce crowded environments at school to protect children, teachers, staff, and ultimately communities. A recent study on the effects of school closure in March in the U.S. suggests that it reduced COVID-19 cases in states with low cumulative incidence [2] , yet education researchers worry that teachers will face lagging educational development of children once schools reopen due to the extended period of remote learning [11] . Our simulations with a single cohort indicate that a 5% percent threshold policy can shift infections in children from 80% to 55% over a 6 month period when child-to-child transmission rates in school are high ( Figure 3C ). abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to the closure of nearly all K-12 schools in the United States of America in March 2020. Although reopening K-12 schools for in-person schooling is desirable for many reasons, officials also understand that risk reduction strategies and detection of cases must be in place to allow children to safely return to school. Furthermore, the consequences of reclosing recently reopened schools are substantial and impact teachers, parents, and ultimately the educational experience in children. Using a stratified Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Removed model, we explore the influences of reduced class density, transmission mitigation (such as the use of masks, desk shields, frequent surface cleaning, or outdoor instruction), and viral detection on cumulative prevalence. Our model predicts that a combination of all three approaches will substantially reduce SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The model also shows that reduction of class density and the implementation of rapid viral testing, even with imperfect detection, have greater impact than moderate measures for transmission mitigation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32793918/ doi: 10.1101/2020.08.05.20169086 id: cord-018111-5qx8tolv author: Lanski, Steven L. title: Emergency Care date: 2015-03-28 words: 1629.0 sentences: 171.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018111-5qx8tolv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018111-5qx8tolv.txt summary: • Bradycardia-most common pre-arrest rhythm in children with hypotension, hypoxemia and acidosis (Fig. 3 ) -Sinus bradycardia • Maybe non-pathologic in case of well conditioned individuals like athletes • Causes include: hypothermia, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, hypothyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, toxic ingestion, head injury with raised ICP • Treatment-identify cause and treating that condition • HR < 60 bpm in a child who is a well-ventilated patient, but showing poor perfusion, chest compression should be initiated • If HR remains below 60 despite adequate ventilation and oxygenation, then epinephrine or atropine (0.02 mg/kg-0.1 mg min and 0.5 mg max) should be given • Symptomatic bradycardia unchanged by above may require pacing • AV mode blocks -First degree-prolonged PR interval • Generally asymptomatic -Second degree-2 types abstract: Children less than 6 years have the greatest risk for accidental ingestion and poisoning. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122904/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-10115-6_5 id: cord-354993-gdz63spj author: Larcher, Victor title: Children of COVID-19: pawns, pathfinders or partners? date: 2020-06-05 words: 1954.0 sentences: 111.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354993-gdz63spj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354993-gdz63spj.txt summary: 1 Covid-19 infection has been comparatively benign in children, but there is mounting evidence that their health and welfare have been aversely affected by social measures to control the pandemic. Ethical guidance so far issued makes no specific provision or concession for children-or indeed any vulnerable group, or those with instrumental value to society, 3 but is founded on the principle of equal concern and respect. 8 This Convention would apply to children''s involvement in the recovery from lockdown, for example, return to school, even if a consequence was of significant concomitant benefit to adults such as the ability of parents to return to work, improvement of family social circumstances and mental health. It would also encourage the more active involvement of children in the process, be compatible with participation rights as granted by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNRC) and give participants a sense of inclusivity and partnership that would be of social utility. abstract: Countries throughout the world are counting the health and socioeconomic costs of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the strategies necessary to contain it. Profound consequences from social isolation are beginning to emerge, and there is an urgency about charting a path to recovery, albeit to a ‘new normal’ that mitigates them. Children have not suffered as much from the direct effects of COVID-19 infection as older adults. Still, there is mounting evidence that their health and welfare are being adversely affected. Closure of schools has been a critical component of social isolation but has a far broader impact than the diminution of educational opportunities, as important as these are. Reopening of schools is therefore essential to recovery, with some countries already tentatively implementing it. Children’s interests are vital considerations in any recovery plan, but the question remains as to how to address them within the context of how society views children; should they be regarded as pawns, pathfinders or partners in this enterprise? url: https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106465 doi: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106465 id: cord-324752-t50bg7pq author: Lavery, Michael Joseph title: Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 in children (and adults): A virus that does not discriminate date: 2020-11-01 words: 2649.0 sentences: 185.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324752-t50bg7pq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324752-t50bg7pq.txt summary: COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a beta coronavirus with a characteristic S-glycoprotein ''spike'' on the cell surface.(1) Initial reports did not include cutaneous manifestations as a feature of COVID-19; however, there is a growing repertoire of reports demonstrating an array of dermatologic manifestations on the skin in children and adults. Dermatologic afflictions have been summarized into different categories several times, with the most recent analysis identifying six clinical patterns: urticaria, maculopapular-morbilliform eruption, papulovesicular exanthem, chilblain-like acral pattern, livedo reticularis-livedo racemose pattern, and purpuric ''vasculitic'' pattern.(2) In children, the dermatologic features appear to occur before or concomitantly with other COVID-19 manifestations. 24 Recently, nail changes have been identified in patients with COVID-19 manifesting as a convex half-moon shaped erythematous band at the distal margin of the lunula and coined ''the red half-moon nail sign.'' 25, 26 In the United Kingdom (UK), researchers analyzed data from users of the COVID Symptom Study application and noted 8.8% of 336,847 users, with a positive SARS-CoV-2 viral swab, reported a skin eruption. abstract: COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a beta coronavirus with a characteristic S-glycoprotein ‘spike’ on the cell surface.(1) Initial reports did not include cutaneous manifestations as a feature of COVID-19; however, there is a growing repertoire of reports demonstrating an array of dermatologic manifestations on the skin in children and adults. Dermatologic afflictions have been summarized into different categories several times, with the most recent analysis identifying six clinical patterns: urticaria, maculopapular-morbilliform eruption, papulovesicular exanthem, chilblain-like acral pattern, livedo reticularis-livedo racemose pattern, and purpuric ‘vasculitic’ pattern.(2) In children, the dermatologic features appear to occur before or concomitantly with other COVID-19 manifestations. Dermatologists play a key role in diagnosing patients with COVID-19 who may present for the first time unwittingly exhibiting early signs of COVID-19. We have reviewed the current evidence on the dermatologic impact of COVID-19 in both the adult and pediatric population. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738081X2030211X?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.10.020 id: cord-274443-r6ponjr4 author: Lawson, Monica title: Child Maltreatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Consequences of Parental Job Loss on Psychological and Physical Abuse Towards Children date: 2020-09-04 words: 6893.0 sentences: 319.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274443-r6ponjr4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274443-r6ponjr4.txt summary: Guided by an ecological approach and the family stress and stress and coping models of child maltreatment, the potential buffering role of parental positive cognitive reframing on the association between parental job loss and psychological maltreatment and physical abuse was evaluated among parents of 4-to 10-year-olds living in the United States. Among parents who lost their jobs because of COVID-19 related economic downturns, the probability of psychologically maltreating and physically abusing their children was anticipated to decrease as positive reframing increased. Consistent with the study hypotheses and prior observations of increased rates of child abuse during economic crises (Brooks-Gunn et al., 2013; Schenck-Fontaine et al., 2017) , the current investigation identified parental job loss during the COVID-19 pandemic as a robust predictor of psychological maltreatment and physical abuse towards children during the pandemic. The finding that positive cognitive reframing served as a protective buffer against the effect of job loss on physical abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic is consistent with our hypothesis and the stress and coping model of child maltreatment. abstract: BACKGROUND: Job loss resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic presents significant risk for child abuse. Protective factors, such as reframing coping, may mitigate the risk of job loss on child maltreatment. OBJECTIVE: The current study investigated factors associated with child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic, including parental job loss, and whether cognitive reframing moderated associations between job loss and child maltreatment. METHOD: A community sample of 342 parents (62% mothers) of 4- to 10-year-olds (M = 7.38, SD = 2.01; 57.3% male) living in the United States completed online questionnaires regarding experiences with COVID-19, the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale, and the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales. RESULTS: Two logistic regression analyses evaluated predictors of whether parents psychologically maltreated or physically abused their children during the pandemic controlling for maltreating history, parental depressive symptoms, financial stability, parent age, parent gender, child age, and child gender. Parents who lost their jobs (OR = 4.86, 95% CI [1.19, 19.91], p = .03), were more depressed (OR = 1.05, 95% CI [1.02, 1.08], p < .01), and previously psychologically maltreated their children (OR = 111.94, 95% CI [28.54, 439.01], p < .001) were more likely to psychologically maltreat during the pandemic. Regarding physical abuse, a significant interaction between job loss and reframing coping emerged (OR = 0.76, 95% CI [0.59, 0.99], p = .04). Among parents who lost their jobs, the probability of physical abuse decreased as reframing coping increased. CONCLUSIONS: Job loss during the COVID-19 pandemic is a significant risk factor for child maltreatment. Reframing coping may be an important buffer of this association on physical abuse and presents implications for maltreatment prevention. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145213420303641 doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104709 id: cord-019089-oots4fe4 author: Laya, Bernard F. title: Infections date: 2013-08-31 words: 5442.0 sentences: 322.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-019089-oots4fe4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019089-oots4fe4.txt summary: Imaging can also help evaluate complications to pneumonia and exclude other causes of respiratory distress including underlying developmental anomalies, foreign body, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and aspiration. Viruses are the most frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia in infants older than 4 months and in preschool-aged children, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most common. For school-aged children (6-16 years old), the incidence of bacterial infections from Streptococcus increases, although viral disease remains the most common cause (Condon 1991 ; Ostapchuk et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes 30 % of lower respiratory tract infections in school-aged children (Condon 1991 ; Donnelly 2001 ) . However, lung parenchymal, pleural, and lymph node infl ammatory abnormalities can be visualized and characterized by MRI in children with pulmonary infections. Swine-origin infl uenza A (H1N1) viral infection in children: initial chest radiographic fi ndings abstract: Lower respiratory tract infection is a very common illness in children and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Clinical signs and symptoms are nonspecific especially in infants and younger children and some even present with nonrespiratory complaints. Infectious agents causing pneumonia is not limited to viruses and bacteria, but it could also be due to Mycoplasma, Mycobacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasites. Coinfection with two or more microbial agents can also occur. The etiologic agent of lower respiratory infection in a child is often difficult to obtain, but the patient’s age can help narrow the possible cause. Microbiological tests are important but could be difficult to obtain especially in younger children. Various medical imaging modalities not only play an important role as an aid in diagnosis but can also help during and after therapy. Imaging can also help evaluate complications to pneumonia and exclude other causes of respiratory distress including underlying developmental anomalies, foreign body, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and aspiration. In this chapter, the imaging modalities utilized in the detection of pulmonary infections will be discussed. The spectrum of typical imaging findings for various etiologic agents in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised children will be presented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124155/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-35573-8_13 id: cord-264651-cqxmpxyq author: Lee, Shawna J. title: Parenting Activities and the Transition to Home-based Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-10-13 words: 8171.0 sentences: 424.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264651-cqxmpxyq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264651-cqxmpxyq.txt summary: During previous global health crises, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and influenza A (H1N1), research documented issues related to school closures such as conflicts between parental work responsibilities and child care needs, lack of effective communication between parents and schools, and a lack of inclusive procedures to provide students access to needed resources and services (Boon et al., 2011; Braunack-Mayer et al., 2013; O''Sullivan et al., 2009 ). To the best of our knowledge, to date there are no national estimates of how many parents were able to use online resources to provide at-home education for their children during the time period examined in the current study (April 2020). We present qualitative analyses using thematic content coding to examine parents'' responses to open-ended questions about common daily disruptions, the use of technology for children''s education, parents'' perceived changes in child behavior, and parents'' perceptions of what children need during the pandemic. abstract: This study reports on parent-child dynamics following COVID-19 related school closures, based on cross-sectional analyses of a survey that utilized a convenience sampling approach. Data were collected approximately five weeks after the World Health Organization declared that the Coronavirus was a pandemic. Participants (N = 405) were adults recruited throughout the U.S. This study examines data from parents (69% mothers and 31% fathers) with at least one child 0-12 years of age. The majority were White (71%) and 41% had at least a bachelor’s degree. 78% of parents said they were educating their child at home due to COVID-19. Most (77.1%) reported use of online tools for at-home education, including educational apps, social media, and school-provided electronic resources. More than one-third (34.7%) of parents said their child’s behavior had changed since the pandemic, including being sad, depressed, and lonely. Most parents were spending more time involved in daily caregiving of their children since COVID-19. Two out of every five parents met the PHQ-8 criteria for major depression or severe major depression (40.0%) and the GAD-7 criteria for moderate or severe anxiety (39.9%). Multivariate analyses indicated that, compared to non-depressed parents, parents who met criteria for probable major or severe depression (B = -.16, 95% CI = [-.29, -.02], p = .021) and parenting stress (B = -.37, 95% CI = [-.47, -.27], p < .001) were negatively associated with parents’ perceived preparation to educate at home. Compared to parents with minimal or mild anxiety, parents with moderate or severe anxiety reported higher child anxiety scores (B = .17, 95% CI = [.06, .28], p = .002). Parenting stress was also positively associated with higher child anxiety scores (B = .40, 95% CI = [.32, .48], p < .001). Content analyses of open-ended questions indicated that school closures were a significant disruption, followed by lack of physical activity, and social isolation. Overall, study results suggested that parents’ mental health may be an important factor linked to at-home education and child wellbeing during the pandemic. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33071407/ doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105585 id: cord-295260-te2jz2gn author: Leino, Annamari title: Pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity 4 years after the first virus-induced wheezing date: 2018-10-08 words: 3131.0 sentences: 178.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-295260-te2jz2gn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-295260-te2jz2gn.txt summary: Two studies have shown that wheezing at young age, induced by rhinovirus, may be associated with decreased pulmonary function or increased airway reactivity later in childhood. Vinku2 is the first study to investigate the associations between the patient characteristics of the first acute severe virus-induced wheezing episode and the subsequent pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity. Atopic sensitization diagnosed during the first acute severe wheezing episode was associated with increased bronchial reactivity and reduced lung function at preschool age. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the associations between the patient characteristics of the first acute severe virus-induced wheezing episode and the subsequent pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity later in childhood. In conclusion, atopic sensitization diagnosed during the first acute severe wheezing episode was associated with increased bronchial reactivity and reduced lung function at preschool age. abstract: BACKGROUND: Wheezing illnesses among young children are common, and are a risk factor for asthma. However, determinants of childhood bronchial reactivity, a key feature of asthma, are largely unknown. Aim of this study was to determine how patient characteristics during the first severe virus-induced wheezing episode are associated with pulmonary function at pre-school age. METHODS: Study consisted of 76 children presenting with their first wheezing episode at the ages of 3 to 23 months. At study entry, viral etiology, rhinovirus genome load, atopic and clinical characteristics, and standardized questionnaire were analyzed. At 4-year follow-up visit, impulse oscillometry with exercise challenge was performed. RESULTS: At study entry, the mean age of the children was 12 months (SD 6.0), 57 (75%) were rhinovirus positive and 22 (30%) were sensitized. At follow-up visit four years later, the mean age of the children was 60 months (SD 7.9) and 37 (49%) were using asthma medication regularly (discontinued before testing in 25 [68%] children). Bronchial reactivity (≥35% change in mean crude values of resistance) after exercise challenge or bronchodilation was present in 9 (12%) children. Children with atopic sensitization at the time of the first wheezing episode were more often likely to develop bronchial reactivity (odds ratio 8.8, P = .03) than the children without sensitization. No other significant associations were found. CONCLUSIONS: Atopic sensitization at the time of the first severe wheezing episode is an important early risk factor for increased bronchial reactivity at pre-school age. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13593 doi: 10.1111/all.13593 id: cord-329499-jh4pbqxu author: Leulseged, T. W. title: COVID-19 in Hospitalized Ethiopian Children: Characteristics and Outcome Profile date: 2020-11-04 words: 3834.0 sentences: 238.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329499-jh4pbqxu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329499-jh4pbqxu.txt summary: Aim: To assess the characteristics and outcome profile of 115 RT-PCR confirmed children with COVID-19, and to determine the presence of significant difference in disease severity and survival distribution between groups among children admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia. Therefore, in this study we aimed to assess the characteristics and outcome profile of 115 RT-PCR confirmed children with COVID-19, and to determine the presence of significant difference in disease severity and survival distribution between groups among children admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia. Based on the chi-square/ Fischer''s exact test result, a significant difference in COVID-19 disease severity was observed among the groups classified by the presence of symptom, fever, cough, sore throat, chest pain and headache. Therefore, in this study we have assessed the characteristics and outcome profile of 90 RT-PCR confirmed children with COVID-19 who were admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia from end of June to mid September, 2020. abstract: Background: Considering the number of people affected and the burden to the health care system due to the Coronavirus pandemic, there is still a gap in understanding the disease better leaving a space for new evidence to be filled by researchers. This scarcity of evidence is observed especially among children with the virus. Understanding the disease pattern and its effect among children is vital in providing timely and targeted intervention. Aim: To assess the characteristics and outcome profile of 115 RT-PCR confirmed children with COVID-19, and to determine the presence of significant difference in disease severity and survival distribution between groups among children admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted among 90 consecutively admitted eligible RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 children from end of June to mid September, 2020. Frequency tables, KM plots, median survival times and Log-rank test were used to describe the data and compare survival distribution between groups. A chi-square test/ Fischer exact test were used to determine the presence of a significant difference between the independent variables and disease severity. A statistically significant difference was detected for variables with a P-value of [≤] 0.05. Survival experience of different groups was compared using KM survival curves. Log-rank test was used to assess the presence of significant difference among survival distributions of groups for equality where a statistically significant difference in survival distribution between groups was detected for variables with a P-value of [≤] 0.05. Results: From the 90 children, 67 (74.4%) achieved clinical improvement and 23 (25.6%) were censored. There was no death. The median time to clinical improvement was 14 days. The median age of the participants was 15 years and 63.3% of the participants were females. The commonest reported route of disease transmission was through close contact with a diagnosed person (45.6%). Only three (3.3%) had a history of pre-existing comorbid illness. More than a quarter (26.7%) had one or more symptoms at admission, the commonest being cough (22.2%). Seventy three (81.1%) of the patients had mild COVID-19 at admission and the rest (18.9%) had moderate disease. On the chi-square and Fischers exact test, children with one or more symptom at presentation (73.3% Vs 36.7%, p-value= 0.0001), fever (40.0 % Vs 60.0%, p-value=0.045), cough (20.0 % Vs 80.0%, p-value=0.0001), sore throat (44.4 % Vs 55.6%, p-value=0.011), and headache (44.4 % Vs 55.6%, p-value=0.011) were more likely to develop moderate COVID-19. On the log rank test, a significant difference in survival between groups was observed only for sex. A significantly longer time was needed for female patients to achieve clinical improvement compared to male patients (15 days Vs 14 days, p-value= 0.042). Conclusions: The average duration of time to clinical improvement was 14 days and 74.4% achieved clinical improvement. There was no death during the observation period. The pediatric patients seemed to have a milder disease presentation and a favorable outcome compared to other countries report and also the adult pattern observed in our country. Having particular symptom groups is associated with the development of moderate COVID-19. Being female seemed to delay the time to clinical improvement. Further multicenter study with a large sample size is recommended to reach at a better conclusion. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.30.20223115v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.10.30.20223115 id: cord-253502-v2hh3w3r author: Leung, C.W. title: Clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in children date: 2004-11-05 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Children are susceptible to infection by SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) but the clinical picture of SARS is milder than in adults. Teenagers resemble adults in presentation and disease progression and may develop severe illness requiring intensive care and assisted ventilation. Fever, malaise, cough, coryza, chills or rigor, sputum production, headache, myalgia, leucopaenia, lymphopaenia, thrombocytopaenia, mildly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin times and elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels are common presenting features. Radiographic findings are non-specific but high-resolution computed tomography of the thorax in clinically suspected cases may be an early diagnostic aid when initial chest radiographs appear normal. The improved reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays are critical in the early diagnosis of SARS, with sensitivity approaching 80% in the first 3 days of illness when performed on nasopharyngeal aspirates, the preferred specimens. Absence of seroconversion to SARS-CoV beyond 28 days from disease onset generally excludes the diagnosis. The best treatment strategy for SARS among children remains to be determined. No case fatality has been reported in children and the short- to medium-term outcome appears to be good. The importance of continued monitoring for any long-term complications due to the disease or its empiric treatment, cannot be overemphasised. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S152605420400079X doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2004.07.010 id: cord-323941-6rdveab3 author: Levine, Diane Thembekile title: Child safety, protection, and safeguarding in the time of COVID-19 in Great Britain: Proposing a conceptual framework date: 2020-08-13 words: 6235.0 sentences: 263.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323941-6rdveab3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323941-6rdveab3.txt summary: While the pandemic clearly poses a risk to the lives and wellbeing of vulnerable groups, necessary public health measures taken to delay or limit the spread of the virus have led to distinctive challenges for prevention, family support, court processes, placement and alternative care. The UK Government''s efforts to address child vulnerability and provide protection and support for those children and young people who fall within its narrow definition have greatly impacted the way in which social services have delivered routine practice. In contrast, the aspirational conceptual framework re-frames the flow of information in a way that enables: a) a more holistic and child-led flow of information/data across the micro and macrosystems; b) places child development and their articulation of that development in a crucial, intersectional position in the data flow; c) suggests a single data flow through the interconnected systems intended to act as protective factors for vulnerable/at risk children and young people, and; d) recognises the importance of effective digital mediation of services for those who need it most. abstract: Abstract Background Great Britain has the highest coronavirus death rate in Europe. While the pandemic clearly poses a risk to the lives and wellbeing of vulnerable groups, necessary public health measures taken to delay or limit the spread of the virus have led to distinctive challenges for prevention, family support, court processes, placement and alternative care. The pandemic has also come about at a time when statutory changes to partnerships have led to a reduction in the importance of educational professional representation in the new formulation in England and Wales. Objectives In this discussion paper, we propose a novel and pragmatic conceptual framework during this challenging time. Participants We consulted with 8 education professionals and 4 field-based student social workers. Setting Bodies responsible for safeguarding have been working quickly to develop new approaches to fulfilling their responsibilities, for example through online home visits and case conferences. However, some communities have been highlighted as experiencing particular challenges because of the pandemic and its impacts. Protection of vulnerable children is increasingly dependent on individualised - and often pathologising - practice with a lack of emphasis on the importance of the social. Holistic consideration of the child is side-lined. Results Our framework comprises two phases: pandemic and aspirational. Conclusion The framework illuminates the importance of interconnected sectors and multi-agency working, the need for resilient and adaptable support systems, and the need to promote the importance of children’s rights and voices to be heard above the noise of the pandemic. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104668 doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104668 id: cord-002227-x1ddi8wg author: Li, Wanli title: Emergency treatment and nursing of children with severe pneumonia complicated by heart failure and respiratory failure: 10 case reports date: 2016-07-29 words: 4023.0 sentences: 204.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002227-x1ddi8wg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002227-x1ddi8wg.txt summary: In the process of nursing children with severe pneumonia, intensive care was provided, including condition assessment and diagnosis, close observation of disease, keeping the airway unblocked, rational oxygen therapy, prevention and treatment of respiratory and circulatory failure, support of vital organs, complications, and health education. As a result, severe pneumonia produces corresponding clinical symptoms, such as respiratory failure, heart failure, toxic encephalopathy and intestinal paralysis, which endanger the lives of children in the short term, and is the first cause of death of pediatric inpatients (6, 7) . Type I respiratory failure also refers to the coexistence of hypoxemia and hypercapnia, impairment of ventilatory function and gas exchange functions, severe lung lesion, obstruction of trachea and bronchia caused by sticky secretions, blood change of PaO 2 <60 mmHg, and PaCO 2 >50 mmHg. Main clinical manifestations of children patients with type I pneumonia with respiratory failure include, poor mental state or dysphoria, polypnea, cyanosis of lips, dyspnea, nasal flaring and three depression signs. abstract: Pneumonia refers to lung inflammation caused by different pathogens or other factors, and is a common pediatric disease occurring in infants and young children. It is closely related to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of infants and young children and is more frequent during winter and spring, or sudden changes in temperature. Pneumonia is a serious disease that poses a threat to children's health and its morbidity and mortality rank first, accounting for 24.5–65.2% of pediatric inpatients. Due to juvenile age, severe illness and rapid changes, children often suffer acute heart failure, respiratory failure and even toxic encephalopathy at the same time. The concurrence in different stages of the process of emergency treatment tends to relapse, which directly places the lives of these children at risk. Severe pneumonia constitutes one of the main causes of infant mortality. In the process of nursing children with severe pneumonia, intensive care was provided, including condition assessment and diagnosis, close observation of disease, keeping the airway unblocked, rational oxygen therapy, prevention and treatment of respiratory and circulatory failure, support of vital organs, complications, and health education. The inflammatory response was proactively controlled, to prevent suffocation and reduce mortality. In summary, positive and effective nursing can promote the rehabilitation of children patients, which can be reinforced with adequate communication with the parents and/or caretakers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5038202/ doi: 10.3892/etm.2016.3558 id: cord-269087-f9hyntvf author: Li, X. title: A Mini Review on Current Clinical and Research Findings for Children Suffering from COVID-19 date: 2020-04-04 words: 4280.0 sentences: 236.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269087-f9hyntvf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269087-f9hyntvf.txt summary: Results: We included 25 published literature references related to the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, accessary examination, treatment, and prognosis of pediatric patients with COVID-19. The risk factors which may suggest severe or critical progress for children are: Fast respiratory rate and/or; lethargy and drowsiness mental state and/or; lactate progressively increasing and/or; imaging showed bilateral or multi lobed infiltration, pleural effusion or rapidly expending of lesions in a short period of time and/or; less than 3 months old or those who underly diseases. To help better understand how it would affect children and what is the latest specific clinical and research finding on children with it, we provide a mini-review based on 25 literature references covering the fields of epidemiology, clinical manifestation, accessary examination, treatment, and prognosis of pediatric patients with COVID-19. According to the current literature on the pediatric cases, children confirmed with COVID-19 mostly had good prognosis, with considerably less severe to critical progress (5.9%) as compared to adult patients (18.5%). abstract: Background: As the novel coronavirus triggering COVID-19 has broken out in Wuhan, China and spread rapidly worldwide, it threatens the lives of thousands of people and poses a global threat on the economies of the entire world. However, infection with COVID-19 is currently rare in children. Objective To discuss the latest findings and research focus on the basis of characteristics of children confirmed with COVID-19, and provide an insight into the future treatment and research direction. Methods: We searched the terms "COVID-19 OR coronavirus OR SARS-CoV-2" AND "Pediatric OR children" on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, NIH, CDC, and CNKI. The authors also reviewed the guidelines published on Chinese CDC and Chinese NHC. Results: We included 25 published literature references related to the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, accessary examination, treatment, and prognosis of pediatric patients with COVID-19. Conclusion: The numbers of children with COVID-19 pneumonia infection are small, and most of them come from family aggregation. Symptoms are mainly mild or even asymptomatic, which allow children to be a risk factor for transmission. Thus, strict epidemiological history screening is needed for early diagnosis and segregation. This holds especially for infants, who are more susceptible to infection than other age groups in pediatric age, but have most likely subtle and unspecific symptoms. They need to be paid more attention to. CT examination is a necessity for screening the suspected cases, because most of the pediatric patients are mild cases, and plain chest X-ray do not usually show the lesions or the detailed features. Therefore, early chest CT examination combined with pathogenic detection is a recommended clinical diagnosis scheme in children. The risk factors which may suggest severe or critical progress for children are: Fast respiratory rate and/or; lethargy and drowsiness mental state and/or; lactate progressively increasing and/or; imaging showed bilateral or multi lobed infiltration, pleural effusion or rapidly expending of lesions in a short period of time and/or; less than 3 months old or those who underly diseases. For those critical pediatric patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, polypnea may be the most common symptom. For treatment, the elevated PCT seen in children in contrast to adults suggests that the underlying coinfection/secondary infection may be more common in pediatric patients and appropriate antibacterial treatment should be considered. Once cytokine storm is found in these patients, anti-autoimmune or blood-purifying therapy should be given in time. Furthermore, effective isolation measures and appropriate psychological comfort need to be provided timely. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.20044545 doi: 10.1101/2020.03.30.20044545 id: cord-288930-h13cxuh3 author: Lim, Faye J title: Viral Etiology and the Impact of Codetection in Young Children Presenting With Influenza-Like Illness date: 2016-07-20 words: 3429.0 sentences: 179.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288930-h13cxuh3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288930-h13cxuh3.txt summary: METHODS: Children aged 6 to 59 months who presented to a tertiary pediatric hospital between influenza seasons 2008 and 2012 with fever and acute respiratory symptoms were enrolled, and nasal samples were collected. We compared demographics, presenting symptoms, and clinical outcomes of children with a single-virus infection and those in whom 2 or more viruses were detected (virus-virus codetection). With this study, we describe the virology of ARTI in children aged 6 months to 4 years who presented to a tertiary pediatric hospital in Australia with influenza-like illness during influenza season. We conclude that the impact of virus-virus codetection on disease severity in children who present with influenza-like illness is likely to be limited to those infected with specific pathogen pairs. Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children abstract: BACKGROUND: Children with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) frequently exhibit virus-virus codetection, yet the clinical significance of ARTI remains contentious. Using data from a prospective cohort of children with influenza-like illness, we examined the virology of ARTI and determined the clinical impact of virus-virus codetection. METHODS: Children aged 6 to 59 months who presented to a tertiary pediatric hospital between influenza seasons 2008 and 2012 with fever and acute respiratory symptoms were enrolled, and nasal samples were collected. Respiratory viruses were identified by culture and polymerase chain reaction. We compared demographics, presenting symptoms, and clinical outcomes of children with a single-virus infection and those in whom 2 or more viruses were detected (virus-virus codetection). We used logistic regression models and estimated marginal means to calculate the adjusted odds ratios and probabilities of symptom presentation, prescription of antibiotics, and hospitalization. RESULTS: Of 2356 children, a virus was detected in 1630 (69.2%) of them; rhinovirus (40.8%), influenza (29.5%), and respiratory syncytial virus (26.4%) were detected most commonly. Two or more viruses were detected in 25% of these children. After we adjusted for demographic factors, children with virus-virus codetection had greater odds of presenting with cough (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–3.1) and rhinorrhea (aOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1–2.9) than those with a single-virus infection, although both symptoms were common. Children with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus combined had the highest probability of hospitalization (55%; 95% CI, 35%–73%), which was significantly greater than for those with influenza infection alone (22%; 95% CI, 16%–29%). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, virus-virus codetection has limited impact on clinical severity among children with influenza-like illness. However, infection with specific pathogen pairs might be associated with more severe outcomes. Routine diagnostics to identify specific viruses should be restricted to common pathogens. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piw042 doi: 10.1093/jpids/piw042 id: cord-274834-24v2b509 author: Lima, Rosiane title: Establishment of a pediatric COVID-19 biorepository: unique considerations and opportunities for studying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children date: 2020-09-11 words: 5588.0 sentences: 268.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274834-24v2b509.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274834-24v2b509.txt summary: Although the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is less clinically apparent, collecting high-quality biospecimens from infants, children, and adolescents in a standardized manner during the COVID-19 pandemic is essential to establish a biologic understanding of the disease in the pediatric population. METHODS: A COVID-19 biospecimen collection study was implemented with strategic enrollment guidelines to include patients seen in urgent care clinics and hospital settings, neonates born to SARS-CoV-2 infected mothers, and asymptomatic children. Specific questions that must be addressed revolve around the role children play in viral transmission, differences in pediatric viral susceptibility and immune responses, which could guide potential therapies for adults, the impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on fetal development, and factors driving the development of severe hyperinflammatory shock and cardiac damage seen in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). In order to capture the full range of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric population, a COVID-19 biospecimen collection study was designed and implemented, including patients seen in urgent care clinics and hospital settings, neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers, and asymptomatic children. abstract: BACKGROUND: COVID-19, the disease caused by the highly infectious and transmissible coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has quickly become a morbid global pandemic. Although the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is less clinically apparent, collecting high-quality biospecimens from infants, children, and adolescents in a standardized manner during the COVID-19 pandemic is essential to establish a biologic understanding of the disease in the pediatric population. This biorepository enables pediatric centers world-wide to collect samples uniformly to drive forward our understanding of COVID-19 by addressing specific pediatric and neonatal COVID-19-related questions. METHODS: A COVID-19 biospecimen collection study was implemented with strategic enrollment guidelines to include patients seen in urgent care clinics and hospital settings, neonates born to SARS-CoV-2 infected mothers, and asymptomatic children. The methodology described here, details the importance of establishing collaborations between the clinical and research teams to harmonize protocols for patient recruitment and sample collection, processing and storage. It also details modifications required for biobanking during a surge of the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Considerations and challenges facing enrollment of neonatal and pediatric cohorts are described. A roadmap is laid out for successful collection, processing, storage and database management of multiple pediatric samples such as blood, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs, sputum, saliva, tracheal aspirates, stool, and urine. Using this methodology, we enrolled 327 participants, who provided a total of 972 biospecimens. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric biospecimens will be key in answering questions relating to viral transmission by children, differences between pediatric and adult viral susceptibility and immune responses, the impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on fetal development, and factors driving the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. The specimens in this biorepository will allow necessary comparative studies between children and adults, help determine the accuracy of current pediatric viral testing techniques, in addition to, understanding neonatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease abnormalities. The successful establishment of a pediatric biorepository is critical to provide insight into disease pathogenesis, and subsequently, develop future treatment and vaccination strategies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32917141/ doi: 10.1186/s12874-020-01110-y id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28 author: Linday, Linda A. title: Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States date: 2010-12-17 words: 11336.0 sentences: 528.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.txt summary: Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children''s multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. This chapter discusses the role of essential fatty acids, vitamins, and trace metals in the pathophysiology of inflammation; reviews our clinical research on the use of a lemon-flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children''s chewable multivitamin-mineral with Se for the prevention and adjunctive treatment of these disorders; reviews the history of cod liver oil, including its importance in the discovery of vitamin D and the anti-infective properties of vitamin A; and discusses the current clinical use of these supplements. abstract: KEY POINTS: In the United States, children have lower blood levels than adults of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an important ω-3 fatty acid that helps decrease inflammation; vitamin A, the “anti-infective” vitamin; and selenium (Se), a trace metal that is an intrinsic part of glutathione peroxidase, an important free-radical scavenging enzyme. EPA, vitamin A, and Se are important in controlling inflammation and can be supplied by oral nutritional supplements. Cod liver oil contains EPA (and other important ω-3 fatty acids), and vitamin A as well as vitamin D. Fish oil contains ω-3 fatty acids (including EPA) but no vitamins. Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children’s multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. These supplements can be used by practitioners on an individual basis, when clinically indicated; the supplements can be purchased in the United States without a prescription. Socioeconomically disadvantaged children are at risk for micronutrient deficiencies. However, their families may not be able to afford to purchase these supplements, which are not available through Medicaid, The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, or the Food Stamp Program. If our results are confirmed in larger studies, a system change will be needed to provide these supplements to nutritionally vulnerable, socioeconomically disadvantaged children living in the United States. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120316/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-59259-880-9_21 id: cord-257778-xwu1gdak author: Link-Gelles, Ruth title: Limited Secondary Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Child Care Programs — Rhode Island, June 1–July 31, 2020 date: 2020-08-28 words: 1019.0 sentences: 71.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257778-xwu1gdak.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257778-xwu1gdak.txt summary: title: Limited Secondary Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Child Care Programs — Rhode Island, June 1–July 31, 2020 On June 1, 2020, with declines in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and hospitalizations in Rhode Island,* child care programs in the state reopened after a nearly 3-month closure implemented as part of mitigation efforts. To reopen safely, the Rhode Island Department of Human Services (RIDHS) required licensed centerand home-based child care programs to reduce enrollment, initially to a maximum of 12 persons, including staff members, in stable groups (i.e., staff members and students not switching between groups) in physically separated spaces, increasing to a maximum of 20 persons on June 29. The identification of 101 possible child care-associated COVID-19 cases resulted in closures of 89 classes and quarantine of 687 children and 166 staff members, including contacts. The third program had two cases with symptom onset dates indicating potential transmission; however, no epidemiologic link was identified. abstract: On June 1, 2020, with declines in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and hospitalizations in Rhode Island,* child care programs in the state reopened after a nearly 3-month closure implemented as part of mitigation efforts. To reopen safely, the Rhode Island Department of Human Services (RIDHS) required licensed center- and home-based child care programs to reduce enrollment, initially to a maximum of 12 persons, including staff members, in stable groups (i.e., staff members and students not switching between groups) in physically separated spaces, increasing to a maximum of 20 persons on June 29. Additional requirements included universal use of masks for adults, daily symptom screening of adults and children, and enhanced cleaning and disinfection according to CDC guidelines.† As of July 31, 666 of 891 (75%) programs were approved to reopen, with capacity for 18,945 children, representing 74% of the state's January 2020 child care program population (25,749 children). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32853185/ doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6934e2 id: cord-343818-pj1oludh author: Liu, Chan title: Children with COVID-19 behaving milder may challenge the public policies: a systematic review and meta-analysis date: 2020-09-01 words: 4850.0 sentences: 256.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343818-pj1oludh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343818-pj1oludh.txt summary: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and several Chinese databases for studies presenting characteristics of children confirmed with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from December 12, 2019 to May 10, 2020. The studies included in this meta-analysis should meet the following criteria: (1) all types of studies either retrospective or prospective (e.g. cohort, cross-sectional study, case report, case series); (2) studies reporting information regarding COVID-19; (3) studies describing clinical characteristics of pediatric patients (0-19 years) diagnosed by RT-PCR; (4) clinical data of more than five cases can be drawn from the articles. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study Clinical features of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 13 cases from Changsha Clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children aged <18 years in Jiangxi, China: an analysis of 23 cases abstract: BACKGROUND: The emerging virus is rampaging globally. A growing number of pediatric infected cases have been reported. Great efforts are needed to cut down the transmission. METHODS: A single-arm meta-analysis was conducted. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and several Chinese databases for studies presenting characteristics of children confirmed with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from December 12, 2019 to May 10, 2020. Quality Appraisal of Case Series Studies Checklist was used to assess quality and publication bias was analyzed by Egger’s test. Random-effect model was used to calculate the pooled incidence rate (IR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), or a fixed model instead when I(2) < 50%. We conducted subgroup analysis according to geographic region. Additionally, we searched United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization to see how different countries act to the education disruption in COVID-19. RESULTS: 29 studies with 4300 pediatric patients were included. The mean age was 7.04 (95% CI: 5.06–9.08) years old. 18.9% of children were asymptomatic (95% CI: 0.121–0.266), 37.4% (95% CI: 0.280–0.474) had no radiographic abnormalities. Besides, a proportion of 0.1% patients were admitted to intensive care units (0, 95% CI: 0.000–0.013) and four deaths were reported (0, 95% CI: 0.000–0.000). Up to 159 countries have implemented nationwide school closures, affecting over 70% of the world’s students. CONCLUSION: Children were also susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, while critical cases or deaths were rare. Characterized by mild presentation, the dilemma that children may become a potential spreader in the pandemic, while strict managements like prolonged school closures, may undermine their well-beings. Thus, the public policies are facing challenge. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02316-1 doi: 10.1186/s12887-020-02316-1 id: cord-001199-9khx93c0 author: Liu, Fengchen title: Effect of the One-Child Policy on Influenza Transmission in China: A Stochastic Transmission Model date: 2014-02-06 words: 6871.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001199-9khx93c0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001199-9khx93c0.txt summary: Changes in household structure and the proportion of children in the population as a result of the one-child policy could have more effects on the AR, and the difference in AR could be as high as 60% under a scenario of very high immunity loss rate per year ( Figures 5(A) ). For each parameter set, we simulated the influenza trajectories under two demographic control policies, and then computed the difference in average annual attack rates over 10 years (2015 to 2024) between two policies. For each parameter set, we simulated the influenza trajectories under two demographic control policies, and then computed the difference in average annual attack rates over 10 years (2015 to 2024) between two policies. For each parameter set, we simulated the influenza trajectories under two demographic control policies, and then computed the difference in average secondary attack rates over 10 years (2015 to 2024) between two policies. abstract: BACKGROUND: China's one-child-per-couple policy, introduced in 1979, led to profound demographic changes for nearly a quarter of the world's population. Several decades later, the consequences include decreased fertility rates, population aging, decreased household sizes, changes in family structure, and imbalanced sex ratios. The epidemiology of communicable diseases may have been affected by these changes since the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases depend on demographic characteristics of the population. Of particular interest is influenza because China and Southeast Asia lie at the center of a global transmission network of influenza. Moreover, changes in household structure may affect influenza transmission. Is it possible that the pronounced demographic changes that have occurred in China have affected influenza transmission? METHODS AND FINDINGS: To address this question, we developed a continuous-time, stochastic, individual-based simulation model for influenza transmission. With this model, we simulated 30 years of influenza transmission and compared influenza transmission rates in populations with and without the one-child policy control. We found that the average annual attack rate is reduced by 6.08% (SD 2.21%) in the presence of the one-child policy compared to a population in which no demographic changes occurred. There was no discernible difference in the secondary attack rate, −0.15% (SD 1.85%), between the populations with and without a one-child policy. We also forecasted influenza transmission over a ten-year time period in a population with a two-child policy under a hypothesis that a two-child-per-couple policy will be carried out in 2015, and found a negligible difference in the average annual attack rate compared to the population with the one-child policy. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the average annual attack rate is slightly lowered in a population with a one-child policy, which may have resulted from a decrease in household size and the proportion of children in the population. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3916292/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084961 id: cord-000028-uj7lyawj author: Longtin, Jean title: Human Bocavirus Infections in Hospitalized Children and Adults date: 2008-02-17 words: 3096.0 sentences: 180.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000028-uj7lyawj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000028-uj7lyawj.txt summary: Studies have reported human bocavirus (HBoV) in children with respiratory tract infections (RTIs), but only occasionally in adults. We searched for HBoV DNA in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) from adults with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis or pneumonia, from children hospitalized for acute RTIs, and from asymptomatic children during the winter of 2002–2003 in Canada. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence and clinical manifestations of HBoV infections in children and adults with respiratory tract symptoms, including a control group of children without symptoms. All pediatric (from case-patients and controls) and adult (case-patients only) NPA specimens were previously analyzed by using a multiplex real-time PCR assay for infl uenza A and B viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (24, 25) . Results from our study indicate that HBoV was rarely detected in adults with respiratory symptoms but was frequently detected in symptomatic and asymptomatic children during the 2002-2003 winter season. abstract: Studies have reported human bocavirus (HBoV) in children with respiratory tract infections (RTIs), but only occasionally in adults. We searched for HBoV DNA in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) from adults with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis or pneumonia, from children hospitalized for acute RTIs, and from asymptomatic children during the winter of 2002–2003 in Canada. HBoV was detected in NPAs of 1 (0.8%) of 126 symptomatic adults, 31 (13.8%) of 225 symptomatic children, and 43 (43%) of 100 asymptomatic children undergoing elective surgery. Another virus was detected in 22 (71%) of the 31 HBoV-positive NPAs from symptomatic children. Two clades of HBoV were identified. The pathogenic role of HBoV in RTIs is uncertain because it was frequently detected in symptomatic and asymptomatic children and was commonly found with other viruses in symptomatic children. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600186/ doi: 10.3201/eid1402.070851 id: cord-022467-j2trahab author: Loo, May title: Select Populations: Children date: 2009-05-15 words: 19061.0 sentences: 1249.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022467-j2trahab.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022467-j2trahab.txt summary: A recent clinical trial that included children over age 12 years and used a fixedcombination homeopathic remedy for a mean 4.1 days of treatment reported that 81.5% reported subjective feelings of being symptom free or significantly improved without complaint of any adverse side effects. 4 A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study from Great Britain of 170 children with a starting median age of 4.2 years in the experimental group and 3.6 years in the placebo group concluded that individually prescribed homeopathic remedies seem to be ineffective in reducing symptoms or decreasing the use of antibiotics in pediatric patients with URI. 414 In a nonrandomized clinical trial involving 30 children ages 3 months to 8 years with chronic diarrhea of 2 to 4 months'' duration that was unresponsive to Western medicine and TCM, individualized acupuncture treatment eliminated symptoms and normalized stools. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155731/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02028-2.50015-2 id: cord-023748-3kfy36hg author: Lye, Patricia S. title: Fever date: 2017-05-12 words: 15600.0 sentences: 931.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt summary: Although rapid testing for viral pathogens is often readily available, a detailed investigation to identify a viral pathogen is not necessary unless the confirmation of a viral infection will change the acute diagnostic plan; treatment with antivirals is an option (HSV, influenza) if the fever is prolonged and evolves into FUO or if there is end-organ involvement, as in hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalitis, or meningitis. Occult bacteremia is defined by the presence of a positive blood culture for pathogenic bacteria in a febrile patient who does not appear extremely ill and who has no focus of infection, excluding otitis media. A combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory studies can be used to define a specific population of infants aged 29-60 days who do not appear ill and are at low risk for bacterial infections. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173579/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39956-2.00039-x id: cord-268426-sz9ftmxr author: Maalla M’jid, Najat title: Hidden scars: the impact of violence and the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s mental health date: 2020-09-10 words: 1807.0 sentences: 102.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268426-sz9ftmxr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268426-sz9ftmxr.txt summary: title: Hidden scars: the impact of violence and the COVID-19 pandemic on children''s mental health Despite commitments made by the international community to end violence against children and support their mental health, there has been a serious lack of investment and capacity to provide quality, rights-based, culturally appropriate mental health care globally. This article outlines how the risk of children experiencing violence has increased and how the pandemic has weakened the capacity of child protection and mental health services to respond. While the data we have so far are only indicative, the mitigation measures taken in response to COVID-19 have heightened the risk of children experiencing or being exposed to violence at home due to school closures, confinement measures, and added family stress related to job loss, isolation, and anxieties over health and finances [5] . The United Nations issued a joint Agenda for Action on Child Protection and COVID-19 to highlight the steps States need to take to ensure that children''s protection from violence is prioritized in the response to the pandemic [10] . abstract: More than 1 billion children are exposed to violence every year. The devastating immediate and long-term impact of violence on the mental health of children is well established. Despite commitments made by the international community to end violence against children and support their mental health, there has been a serious lack of investment and capacity to provide quality, rights-based, culturally appropriate mental health care globally. The arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic has magnified these challenges. This article outlines how the risk of children experiencing violence has increased and how the pandemic has weakened the capacity of child protection and mental health services to respond. The article argues for child protection, mental health and other core services to be prioritized during and after the pandemic. A failure to do so will undermine the international community’s ability to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 and to fulfil its obligations under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00340-8 doi: 10.1186/s13034-020-00340-8 id: cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 author: Macdonald-Laurs, Emma title: CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? date: 2018-09-28 words: 4246.0 sentences: 272.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.txt summary: title: CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? Severe neurological complications from seasonal influenza, including influenza-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis (IAE), cause considerable morbidity and mortality in healthy children, and those with pre-existing neurological disease. We identified children aged 0e14 years, with evidence of influenza and associated severe neurological disease including status epilepticus or moderate to severe encephalopathy, admitted to two paediatric hospitals which comprise the Sydney Children''s Hospital Network, the largest paediatric network in Australia. In this case series we observed two groups of children who presented with severe influenza related neurological disease. Further studies of IAE are required to evaluate whether significant elevations of CSF neopterin, particularly in combination with diffusion restriction and other MRI changes, could predict short and long-term outcome. Given the severity of influenza associated neurological complications, we recommend a "treat and test" approach to the use of oseltamivir in children presenting with acute encephalopathy/encephalitis during the influenza season. abstract: PURPOSE: Neurological complications of influenza cause significant disease in children. Central nervous system inflammation, the presumed mechanism of influenza-associated encephalopathy, is difficult to detect. Characteristics of children presenting with severe neurological complications of influenza, and potential biomarkers of influenza-associated encephalopathy are described. METHODS: A multi-center, retrospective case-series of children with influenza and neurological complications during 2017 was performed. Enrolled cases met criteria for influenza-associated encephalopathy or had status epilepticus. Functional outcome at discharge was compared between groups using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS). RESULTS: There were 22 children with influenza studied of whom 11/22 had encephalopathy and 11/22 had status epilepticus. Only one child had a documented influenza immunization. The biomarker CSF neopterin was tested in 10/11 children with encephalopathy and was elevated in 8/10. MRI was performed in all children with encephalopathy and was abnormal in 8 (73%). Treatment of children with encephalopathy was with corticosteroids or intravenous immunoglobulin in 9/11 (82%). In all cases oseltamivir use was low (59%) while admission to the intensive care unit was frequent (14/22, 66%). Clinical outcome at discharge was moderate to severe disability (mRS score > 2) in the majority of children with encephalopathy (7/11, 64%), including one child who died. Children with status epilepticus recovered to near-baseline function in all cases. CONCLUSION: Raised CSF neopterin was present in most cases of encephalopathy, and along with diffusion restriction on MRI, is a useful diagnostic biomarker. Lack of seasonal influenza vaccination represents a missed opportunity to prevent illness in children, including severe neurological disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.09.009 doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.09.009 id: cord-300371-6ja5o3sa author: Maloney, Susan A. title: Prevention of infectious diseases among international pediatric travelers: Considerations for clinicians date: 2004-11-24 words: 7146.0 sentences: 363.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300371-6ja5o3sa.txt summary: Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travel-related vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travelrelated vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. During the assessment, the caregiver should ensure the following: 1) the child has received up-to-date and appropriate vaccinations (both routine and special travel-related vaccines); 2) the child has received appropriate malaria and other chemoprophylaxis regimens tailored for use in pediatric travelers; 3) prevention counseling, particularly in the areas of insect barriers, food and water safety, and injury avoidance, has been given; and 4) anticipatory guidance for managing potential illnesses (eg, diarrhea and dehydration) and seeking medical resources overseas has been provided. abstract: An estimated 1.9 million children travel overseas annually. Infectious disease risks associated with international travel are diverse and depend on the destination, planned activities, and baseline medical history. Children have special needs and vulnerabilities that should be addressed when preparing for travel abroad. Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travel-related vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. Special consideration should be given to children with chronic diseases. Families should be given anticipatory guidance for management of potential illnesses and information about the location of medical resources overseas. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1045187004000408 doi: 10.1053/j.spid.2004.05.002 id: cord-027550-yyqsatqw author: Mammas, Ioannis N. title: Update on current views and advances on RSV infection (Review) date: 2020-06-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection represents an excellent paradigm of precision medicine in modern paediatrics and several clinical trials are currently performed in the prevention and management of RSV infection. A new taxonomic terminology for RSV was recently adopted, while the diagnostic and omics techniques have revealed new modalities in the early identification of RSV infections and for better understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Coordinated clinical and research efforts constitute an important step in limiting RSV global predominance, improving epidemiological surveillance, and advancing neonatal and paediatric care. This review article presents the key messages of the plenary lectures, oral presentations and posters of the '5th workshop on paediatric virology' (Sparta, Greece, 12th October 2019) organized by the Paediatric Virology Study Group, focusing on recent advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, clinical management and prevention of RSV infection in childhood. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7307844/ doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4641 id: cord-312971-r9sggqh8 author: Mancino, Enrica title: A single centre study of viral community-acquired pneumonia in children: no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 from October 2019 to March 2020 date: 2020-04-29 words: 1306.0 sentences: 83.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312971-r9sggqh8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312971-r9sggqh8.txt summary: title: A single centre study of viral community-acquired pneumonia in children: no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 from October 2019 to March 2020 We described viral aetiologies, with particular interest in detecting SARS-CoV-2, in hospitalized pneumonia children. Key words: Community Acquired Pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, virus Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children worldwide [1] . Surprisingly, only a small number of cases of COVID-19 has been described in children, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection in the paediatric population is unusual [6] . Our aim was to describe viral aetiologies, with particular interest in detecting SARS-CoV-2, in hospitalized pneumonia children under 14 years of age. However, the clinical severity score was higher in RSV patients and hRV was found in 9/17 cases (53%) in coinfection, consistent with the notion that hRV is very frequently detected in respiratory infections J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f during childhood. abstract: Pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children. We described viral aetiologies, with particular interest in detecting SARS-CoV-2, in hospitalized pneumonia children. Human rhinovirus was the most frequently detected agent. No children tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Our findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection is rare in children and it was not circulating in Rome before COVID-19 outbreak. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104385 doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104385 id: cord-258049-l55mx4lp author: Mansbach, Jonathan M. title: Hospital course and discharge criteria for children hospitalized with bronchiolitis date: 2015-01-28 words: 3702.0 sentences: 207.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258049-l55mx4lp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258049-l55mx4lp.txt summary: We performed a prospective, multicenter, multiyear study [10] [11] [12] to examine the typical inpatient clinical course of and to develop hospital discharge guidelines for children age <2 years hospitalized with bronchiolitis. A child was considered clinically improved on the earliest date he/she met all of the following criteria: (1) none or mild retractions and improved or stable retractions compared with the previous inpatient day; (2) daily estimated average respiratory rate (RR) <60 breaths per minute for age <6 months, <55 breaths/minute for age 6 to 11 months, and <45 breaths/minute for age 12 months with a decreasing or stable trend over the course of the current day; (3) daily estimated average RAO2 saturation 90%, lowest RAO2 saturation 88% 21 ; and (4) not receiving intravenous (IV) fluids or for children receiving IV fluids a clinician report of the child maintaining oral hydration. abstract: BACKGROUND: For children hospitalized with bronchiolitis, there is uncertainty about the expected inpatient clinical course and when children are safe for discharge. OBJECTIVES: Examine the time to clinical improvement, risk of clinical worsening after improvement, and develop discharge criteria. DESIGN: Prospective multiyear cohort study. SETTING: Sixteen US hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive hospitalized children age <2 years with bronchiolitis. MEASUREMENT: We defined clinical improvement using: (1) retraction severity, (2) respiratory rate, (3) room air oxygen saturation, and (4) hydration status. After meeting improvement criteria, children were considered clinically worse based on the inverse of ≥1 of these criteria or need for intensive care. RESULTS: Among 1916 children, the median number of days from onset of difficulty breathing until clinical improvement was 4 (interquartile range, 3–7.5 days). Of the total, 1702 (88%) met clinical improvement criteria, with 4% worsening (3% required intensive care). Children who worsened were age <2 months (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.07‐5.94), gestational age <37 weeks (AOR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.13‐3.32), and presented with severe retractions (AOR: 5.55; 95% CI: 2.12‐14.50), inadequate oral intake (AOR: 2.54; 95% CI: 1.39‐4.62), or apnea (AOR: 2.87; 95% CI: 1.45‐5.68). Readmissions were similar for children who did and did not worsen. CONCLUSIONS: Although children hospitalized with bronchiolitis had wide‐ranging recovery times, only 4% worsened after initial improvement. Children who worsened were more likely to be younger, premature infants presenting in more severe distress. For children hospitalized with bronchiolitis, these data may help establish more evidence‐based discharge criteria, reduce practice variability, and safely shorten hospital length‐of‐stay. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:205–211. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25627657/ doi: 10.1002/jhm.2318 id: cord-257299-z9u12yqb author: Mansi, N. title: Ear, nose and throat manifestation of viral systemic infections in pediatric patients date: 2009-12-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Objective/Methods An exhaustive review of literature was performed to investigate available data and evidences regarding pediatric otolaryngologic manifestations of viral systemic infections. Results/Conclusions Modern otolaryngologists should be familiar with viral systemic infections since many have head and neck manifestations. Cooperation between otolaryngologist, paediatrician and virologist can be considered and excellent tool in diagnosis and treatment of these diseases in particular when complications occur. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20114152/ doi: 10.1016/s0165-5876(09)70006-0 id: cord-318965-0mxv8h06 author: Mastnak, Wolfgang title: Psychopathological problems related to the COVID‐19 pandemic and possible prevention with music therapy date: 2020-06-01 words: 1491.0 sentences: 84.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318965-0mxv8h06.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318965-0mxv8h06.txt summary: Although Brodin 1 stated that the disease tends to be mild in children, psychopathological considerations allow us to assume that the pandemic will have a high risk of long-term paediatric psychiatric sequelae and interdisciplinary preventative measures are needed. Although Brodin 1 stated that the disease tends to be mild in children, psychopathological considerations allow us to assume that the pandemic will have a high risk of long-term paediatric psychiatric sequelae and interdisciplinary preventative measures are needed. 3 Given that the COVID-19 pandemic is a global disaster, public health, education and social systems need to work together to minimise the mental sequelae in the younger generation. Depending on children''s resilience and/or susceptibility to stress, this could give rise to self-protective attitudes and personality features, as well as mental health issues such as post-traumatic stress disorders or depressive and avoidant personality traits. abstract: COVID-19 is having a profound effect on societies worldwide and the impact that it is having on children cannot be underestimated. Although Brodin (1) stated that the disease tends to be mild in children, psychopathological considerations allow us to assume that the pandemic will have a high risk of long-term paediatric psychiatric sequelae and interdisciplinary preventative measures are needed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32395840/ doi: 10.1111/apa.15346 id: cord-320002-25ivll3q author: Mathew, Joseph L. title: Etiology of community acquired pneumonia among children in India: prospective, cohort study date: 2015-10-21 words: 4151.0 sentences: 220.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320002-25ivll3q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320002-25ivll3q.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Childhood community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant problem in developing countries, and confirmation of microbial etiology is important for individual, as well as public health. The Pneumonia Research for Child Health (PERCH) project [15] is a 7-site case-control study to identify the cause of pneumonia among children in developing countries. Currently, there is no study from India reporting etiology of CAP in a large cohort of children, using multiple biological samples, and various sensitive as well as specific microbiologic methods. We initiated the Community Acquired Pneumonia Etiology Study (CAPES) to address this knowledge gap by determining the microbiologic etiology of CAP in a cohort of Indian children using multiple biological specimens (blood, nasopharyngeal aspirates, bronchoalveolar lavage) and the relationship between etiology and pneumonia severity. Lower respiratory infections among hospitalized children in New Caledonia: a pilot study for the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health project abstract: BACKGROUND: Childhood community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant problem in developing countries, and confirmation of microbial etiology is important for individual, as well as public health. However, there is paucity of data from a large cohort, examining multiple biological specimens for diverse pathogens (bacteria and viruses). The Community Acquired Pneumonia Etiology Study (CAPES) was designed to address this knowledge gap. METHODS: We enrolled children with CAP (based on WHO IMCI criteria of tachypnea with cough or breathing difficulty) over 24 consecutive months, and recorded presenting symptoms, risk factors, clinical signs, and chest radiography. We performed blood and nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) bacterial cultures, and serology (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae). We also performed multiplex PCR for 25 bacterial/viral species in a subgroup representing 20% of the cohort. Children requiring endotracheal intubation underwent culture and PCR of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens. FINDINGS: We enrolled 2345 children. NPA and blood cultures yielded bacteria in only 322 (13.7%) and 49 (2.1%) children respectively. In NPA, Streptococcus pneumoniae (79.1%) predominated, followed by Haemophilus influenzae (9.6%) and Staphylococcus aureus (6.8%). In blood, S. aureus (30.6%) dominated, followed by S. pneumoniae (20.4%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.2%). M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae serology were positive in 4.3% and 1.1% respectively. Multiplex PCR in 428 NPA specimens identified organisms in 422 (98.6%); of these 352 (82.2%) had multiple organisms and only 70 (16.4%) had a single organism viz. S. pneumoniae: 35 (50%), Cytomegalovirus (CMV): 13 (18.6%), Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): 9 (12.9%), other viruses: 6 (8.7%), S. aureus: 5 (7.1%), and H. influenzae: 2 (2.9%). BAL PCR (n = 30) identified single pathogens in 10 (S. pneumoniae–3, CMV–3, S. aureus–2, H. influenzae–2) and multiple pathogens in 18 children. There were 108 (4.6%) deaths. The pattern of pathogens identified did not correlate with pneumonia severity or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of children with CAP have multiple pathogens (bacteria and viruses). S. pneumoniae and S. aureus predominate in NPA and blood respectively. CMV and RSV were the dominant respiratory viruses in NPA and BAL. The presence of multiple pathogens, especially organisms associated with nasopharyngeal carriage, precludes confirmation of a causal relationship in most cases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26528392/ doi: 10.7189/jogh.05.020418 id: cord-011503-bz6iwfan author: McGovern, Ruth title: The Association Between Adverse Child Health, Psychological, Educational and Social Outcomes, and Nondependent Parental Substance: A Rapid Evidence Assessment date: 2018-05-08 words: 6904.0 sentences: 313.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011503-bz6iwfan.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011503-bz6iwfan.txt summary: The inclusion criteria were cross-sectional, longitudinal, case-control, and cohort studies; of children aged 0–18 years whose parents are high-risk substance misusers; reporting on their health, psychological, substance use, educational, and social outcomes. To be included, studies must report on parental substance misuse that meets one of the following criteria: a pattern of alcohol consumption that leads to the presence of physical or psychological problems (typically over 35 units per week for women and over 50 units per week for men); frequent illicit drug misuse (more than once per month as defined by the Crime Survey for England and Wales); and alcohol or illicit drug abuse defined as a maladaptive pattern of drinking/drug use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least one related problem in a 12-month period (failure to fulfill major role obligations, use in situations in which it is physically hazardous, alcohol or drug-related legal problems, having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of alcohol or drugs; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). abstract: BACKGROUND: Between 5% and 30% of children in high-income countries live with a substance misusing parent, the majority of which is below dependent levels. However, little is understood about the impact of nondependent parental substance misuse upon children. METHODS: We searched the international literature using rigorous systematic methods to identify studies examining parental substance misuse and adverse outcomes in children. The inclusion criteria were cross-sectional, longitudinal, case-control, and cohort studies; of children aged 0–18 years whose parents are high-risk substance misusers; reporting on their health, psychological, substance use, educational, and social outcomes. RESULTS: We identified 36 papers (from 33 unique studies), most of which were assessed as being of medium to high methodological quality (N= 28). Parental nondependent substance misuse was found to be associated with adversity in children, with strong evidence of an association with externalizing difficulties (N = 7 papers, all finding an association) and substance use (N = 23 papers, all finding an association) in adolescents and some evidence of adverse health outcomes in early childhood (N = 6/8 papers finding an association). There is less evidence of an association between parental substance misuse and adverse educational and social outcomes. The body of evidence was largest for parental alcohol misuse, with research examining the impact of parental illicit drug use being limited. CONCLUSION: Methodological limitations restrict our ability to make causal inference. Nonetheless, the prevalence of adverse outcomes in children whose parents are nondependent substance misusers highlights the need for practitioners to intervene with this population before a parent has developed substance dependency. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7243080/ doi: 10.1177/1524838018772850 id: cord-327284-j6cg7nf0 author: Meireles, André Luís Ferreira title: Impact of Social Isolation due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Pediatric Disorders: Rehabilitation Perspectives From a Developing Country date: 2020-08-17 words: 1478.0 sentences: 82.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327284-j6cg7nf0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327284-j6cg7nf0.txt summary: title: Impact of Social Isolation due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Pediatric Disorders: Rehabilitation Perspectives From a Developing Country Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin are being indicated in treatment protocols of countries such as Brazil; however, a case report on an adult patient taking chloroquine for presumable reticular erythematous mucinosis indicated that the drug induced myasthenic syndrome, suggesting that the drug might affect neuromuscular junction transmission and might adversely affect children with myasthenia. Other important negative effects of social isolation in children and adolescents during a pandemic are in the area of mental health. Evidence shows the importance of physical rehabilitation for pediatric patients with chronic neurological conditions 14, 15 ; however, these activities must be interrupted during a pandemic. Although we will probably will not be able to see the real impact of social isolation on health of children with disabilities until after COVID-19 is gone, pediatric physical therapists must adapt in order to provide the best possible care during this complex social moment that our patients and families are enduring. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32805029/ doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzaa152 id: cord-029480-3md13om6 author: Meix-Cereceda, Pablo title: Educational Values in Human Rights Treaties: UN, European, and African International Law date: 2020-07-21 words: 10800.0 sentences: 545.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-029480-3md13om6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029480-3md13om6.txt summary: -The original conception of law perceived not as a tool for personal defense, but as an opportunity given to all to survive under the protection of the order of the communal entity -Communalism which emphasizes group solidarity and interests generally, and all rules which sustain it, as opposed to individual interests, with its likely utility in building a sense of national unity among South Africans -The conciliatory character of the adjudication process which aims to restore peace and harmony between members rather than the adversarial approach which emphasizes retribution and seems repressive. 59 So far, it may be concluded that African instruments on human rights consider the very accessibility to school education as a key element for the first value that should guide education: the full development of the child''s personality. abstract: While human rights treaties provide a formidable set of principles on education and values, domestic Courts often tend to adjudicate claims in terms of local arguments for or against each particular educational practice. This article explores how international human rights law could inspire the interpretation of domestic law and educational practice, without neglecting specific cultural aspects. Firstly, the article reviews the sociological debate on values in education and shows its importance for the legal discussion. Secondly, some critical contestations of international cultural human rights are outlined, as well as certain arguments to justify the importance of this model. The study of international law follows: the UN, the European Court of Human Rights, and three relevant African Charters, as well as every reference to education made by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and by the African Court is examined. Lastly, a comparative section reveals a certain cultural commonality inspired by the UN treaties, but also reflects some cultural and institutional differences between the European and the African regional systems. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7371825/ doi: 10.1007/s12142-020-00599-6 id: cord-301022-0q2ertja author: Mims, James W. title: Inhalant Allergies in Children date: 2011-04-29 words: 7627.0 sentences: 431.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301022-0q2ertja.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301022-0q2ertja.txt summary: 38 However, dietary antigen avoidance has not proved to be effective in most studies and a 2008 review in Pediatrics states, "for infants at high risk of developing atopic disease, there is evidence that exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months compared with feeding intact cow milk protein formula decreases the cumulative incidence of atopic dermatitis and cow milk allergy in the first 2 years of life." 39 Beyond this, whether exposure to antigenic foods early in life promotes sensitization or tolerance is unclear. Although preventing allergy through environmental control has shown mixed results, two controlled studies have shown that treating young children who have atopic dermatitis with antihistamines decreases the risk of developing asthma. 101 This phenotype is also associated with early sensitization to food or inhalant allergens 102 and reduced lung function at age 6 years (compared with children with no history of wheezing with lower respiratory illnesses). abstract: Children with chronic or recurrent upper respiratory inflammatory disease (rhinitis) should be considered for inhalant allergies. Risk factors for inhalant allergies in children include a first-degree relative with allergies, food allergy in infancy, and atopic dermatitis. Although inhalant allergies are rare in infancy, inhalant allergies are common in older children and impair quality of life and productivity. Differentiating between viral and allergic rhinitis can be challenging in children, but the child's age, history, and risk factors can provide helpful information. Allergic rhinitis is a risk factor for asthma, and if one is present, medical consideration of the other is warranted. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0030666511000570 doi: 10.1016/j.otc.2011.03.013 id: cord-322348-8opy5z9h author: Morelli, Mara title: Parents and Children During the COVID-19 Lockdown: The Influence of Parenting Distress and Parenting Self-Efficacy on Children’s Emotional Well-Being date: 2020-10-06 words: 7098.0 sentences: 309.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322348-8opy5z9h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322348-8opy5z9h.txt summary: Within the Social Cognitive Theory framework, a path model in which parenting self-efficacy and parental regulatory emotional self-efficacy mediated the relationship between parents'' psychological distress and both children''s emotional regulation, and children''s lability/negativity, was investigated. (2020) in Italy showed that it was the parenting stress related to the health emergency, the pandemic, and the lockdown that increased children''s psychological, emotional, and behavioral problems. For this reason, this study focused on identifying which parental psychological variables can mediate the relationship between parents'' psychological distress during the pandemic and the lockdown and their children''s emotional regulation, in order to understand which possible intervention should be implemented to ameliorate families'' well-being. A SEM was employed to test the hypothesized mediation model in which parenting self-efficacy and parents'' regulatory emotional self-efficacy (related to the COVID-19 lockdown) mediated the relationship between parents'' psychological distress and both children''s emotional regulation and children''s lability/negativity. abstract: On March 10, 2020, Italy went into lockdown due to the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The World Health Organization highlighted how the lockdown had negative consequences on psychological well-being, especially for children. The present study aimed to investigate parental correlates of children’s emotion regulation during the COVID-19 lockdown. Within the Social Cognitive Theory framework, a path model in which parenting self-efficacy and parental regulatory emotional self-efficacy mediated the relationship between parents’ psychological distress and both children’s emotional regulation, and children’s lability/negativity, was investigated. A total of 277 parents of children aged from 6 to 13 years completed an online survey that assessed their psychological distress, regulatory emotional self-efficacy, and parenting self-efficacy. Parents reported also children’s emotional regulation and lability/negativity. A structural equation model (SEM) using MPLUS 8.3 was tested. Results showed that the hypothesized model exhibited excellent fit, chi-square (83) = 140.40, p < 0.01, RMSEA = 0.05, CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.96, SRMR = 0.04. The influences of parents’ psychological distress and parents’ regulatory emotional self-efficacy on children’s emotional regulation and lability/negativity were mediated by parenting self-efficacy. The mediation model was invariant across children’s biological sex and age, and geographical residence area (high risk vs. low risk for COVID-19). Results suggested how parents’ beliefs to be competent in managing parental tasks might be a protective factor for their children’s emotional well-being. Implications for intervention programs are discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.584645 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.584645 id: cord-017252-88b3preq author: Morgan, Carrie I. title: Pneumonia date: 2014-02-20 words: 6424.0 sentences: 315.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017252-88b3preq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017252-88b3preq.txt summary: Despite immunizations and public health initiatives, the most common bacterial causes of CAP have remained largely unchanged over the last several decades and include: Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , Haemophilus infl uenzae (including non-typable strains) and Moraxella catarrhalis [ 7 , 8 , 21 , 23 ] . Chest CT is helpful to further evaluate diffi cult cases, particularly immunocompromised children with ill-defi ned infi ltrates on CXR, complex empyema or effusion, or recurrent or chronic pneumonia [ 11 ] . Respiratory failure in an immunocompromised child frequently necessitates a chest CT to better visualize the pattern and extent of disease, aid in diagnosis of the etiology, determine the need for more invasive procedures, and to increase the sensitivity of assessing treatment response [ 11 ] . Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized school-age children: evidence for high prevalence of viral infections abstract: Respiratory diagnoses continue to make up a large number of admissions to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), most notably lower respiratory infections including pneumonia. This chapter will focus on pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), immunocompromised pneumonia, and aspiration pneumonia. The pathogenesis for developing pneumonia varies; it can occur by direct inhalation of infectious particles in the air or aspiration, direct extension from the upper airways, and hematogenous spread. There are multiple levels of defense against pathogen invasion including anatomic barriers, as well as innate and adaptive immunity, which may be compromised in PICU patients. The etiologies of pediatric pneumonia vary depending on age, host condition, and environmental factors like time of year and location. Viruses remain the most common form of lower respiratory tract infection in children, especially in neonates. Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia continues to be most prevalent in younger children as well, most often affecting children less than 5 years of age who are otherwise healthy. Despite immunizations and public health initiatives, the most common bacterial causes of CAP have remained largely unchanged over the last several decades and include: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae (including non-typable strains) and Moraxella catarrhalis. Pulmonary infection in an immunocompromised host provides a much broader differential and must be aggressively treated without delay. This chapter will also address various imaging modalities and typical findings with pediatric pneumonia. Methods for pathogen identification are broad and range from non-specific markers of illness to invasive techniques for culture. The mainstay of therapy continues to be antibiotics tailored to the patient and presumed etiology; more novel therapies may include corticosteroids or macrolide antibiotics for immune modulation. In those patients with pneumonia with effusion or empyema, drainage therapies with thoracostomy tubes or a VATS procedure may be indicated. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121765/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6356-5_6 id: cord-298807-67psjrt3 author: Morris, Peter S. title: Acute and Chronic Otitis Media date: 2009-12-31 words: 5590.0 sentences: 380.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298807-67psjrt3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298807-67psjrt3.txt summary: Leach, PhD a,b Upper respiratory tract infections (including otitis media) are the most common illnesses affecting children. Communities where more than 4% of children experience chronic tympanic membrane perforation secondary to suppurative infection are high-risk populations. If the duration of the discharge is uncertain, perforations Box 2 A simple PubMed search strategy to identify evidence-based guidelines, evidence-based summaries, systematic reviews, and RCTs on otitis media and additional studies involving Indigenous children that are easily visible (covering >2% of the tympanic membrane) are more likely to be associated with CSOM. 14, 82 Children who experience frequent suppurative infections (including those with immunodeficiency or persistent bacterial rhinosinusitis) are at greatest risk of developing CSOM as a complication of tympanostomy tubes. Antibiotics for the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children Effectiveness of ototopical antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media in Aboriginal children: a community-based, multicentre, double-blind randomised controlled trial abstract: Otitis media (OM) is a common illness in young children. OM has historically been associated with frequent and severe complications. Nowadays it is usually a mild condition that often resolves without treatment. For most children, progression to tympanic membrane perforation and chronic suppurative OM is unusual (low-risk populations); this has led to reevaluation of many interventions that were used routinely in the past. Evidence from a large number of randomized controlled trials can help when discussing treatment options with families. Indigenous children in the United States, Canada, Northern Europe, Australia, and New Zealand experience more OM than other children. In some places, Indigenous children continue to suffer from the most severe forms of the disease. Communities with more than 4% of the children affected by chronic tympanic membrane perforation have a major public health problem (high-risk populations). Higher rates of invasive pneumococcal disease, pneumonia, and chronic suppurative lung disease (including bronchiectasis) are also seen. These children will often benefit from effective treatment of persistent (or recurrent) bacterial infection. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031395509001217 doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2009.09.007 id: cord-263619-p17oomzn author: Moss, William J. title: Measles date: 2009-01-30 words: 9541.0 sentences: 457.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263619-p17oomzn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263619-p17oomzn.txt summary: Although providing passive immunity to young infants, maternally acquired antibodies can interfere with the immune responses to the attenuated measles vaccine by inhibiting replication of vaccine virus. Women with vaccine-induced immunity tend to have lower antimeasles virus antibody titers than women with naturally acquired immunity, and their children may be susceptible to measles at an earlier age. The cumulative distribution can reach 50% by 1 year of age, with a significant proportion of children acquiring measles virus infection before 9 months, the age of routine vaccination. Infants and younger children, although susceptible if not protected by immunization, are not exposed to measles virus at a rate sufficient to cause a large disease burden in this age group. The only documented case of disease induced by vaccine virus in an HIV-infected person was in a 20-year-old man who died 15 months after receiving his second dose of measles vaccine ( Angel et al., 1998 ) . abstract: Abstract Measles is a highly contagious disease characterized by a prodromal illness of fever, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis followed by the appearance of a generalized maculopapular rash. Measles virus is a nonsegmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus and a member of the Morbillivirus genus in the family of Paramyxoviridae. Although RNA viruses have high mutation rates, measles virus is an antigenically monotypic virus and the surface proteins responsible for inducing protective immunity have retained their antigenic structure. The public health significance is that measles vaccines developed decades ago from a single measles virus strain remain protective worldwide. Prior to the development and widespread use of measles vaccine, 30 million cases of measles were estimated to occur each year, resulting in more than 1 million deaths. Several live, attenuated measles vaccines are available, either as single-antigen vaccines or in combination with rubella and mumps vaccines (MR and MMR vaccines). Most of the currently used measles vaccines were derived from the Edmonston strain of measles virus that was isolated by Enders and Peebles in 1954. Measles vaccines are recommended for all susceptible children and adults for whom the vaccine is not contraindicated. Despite progress in reducing measles mortality, measles remains a major cause of vaccine-preventable death and an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children, particularly sub-Saharan Africa and in Asia. The ideal measles vaccine would be inexpensive, safe, heat-stable, immunogenic in neonates or very young infants, and administered as a single dose without needle or syringe. A number of vaccine candidates with some of these characteristics are undergoing preclinical studies, including DNA vaccines and various viral and bacterial vectored vaccines. The high infectivity of measles virus is a characteristic suitable to a biothreat agent. However, increasingly high levels of measles vaccination coverage throughout the world as part of accelerated measles control efforts would protect many from the deliberate use of measles virus as a biothreat agent. Genetic engineering of a measles virus strain that was not neutralized by antibodies induced by the current attenuated measles vaccines would likely have reduced infectivity, as suggested by the fact that wild-type measles viruses have not mutated to alter their neutralizing epitopes. Measles virus meets many of the biological criteria for disease eradication. Measles virus has no nonhuman reservoir, can be accurately diagnosed, and measles vaccination is a highly effective intervention. Where measles virus differs from smallpox and polio viruses is that it is more highly infectious, necessitating higher levels of population immunity to interrupt transmission. It remains unclear whether the threat from bioterrorism precludes stopping measles vaccination after eradication, but provision of a second opportunity for measles vaccination likely could be stopped following eradication. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123694089000305 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-369408-9.00030-5 id: cord-104078-o89bzjfi author: Muerbe, D. title: Aerosol emission of child voices during speaking, singing and shouting date: 2020-09-18 words: 2974.0 sentences: 181.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-104078-o89bzjfi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-104078-o89bzjfi.txt summary: This is also due to the fact, that there has been no reliable data available on aerosol emissions from children''s speaking, singing, and shouting. By utilizing a laser particle counter in cleanroom conditions we show, that children emit fewer aerosols during singing than what has been known so far for adults. Due to the principles of voice production and the described accumulation of SARS-CoV-2-infections during choir rehearsals (Hamner et al., 2020) , it is assumed that singing is connected with increased aerosol emission rates. The present study confirms higher emission rates of aerosols for singing in comparison to speaking also for children. On the contrary, in the shouting condition, which is not related to limitations in the child''s singing technique, some children reached higher emission rates than adults during loud singing. In the first task, the emission rates for three different vocal test conditions were compared: (a) speaking, (b) singing, and (c) shouting. abstract: Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, singing activities for children and young people have been strictly regulated with far-reaching consequences for music education in schools and ensemble and choir singing in some places. This is also due to the fact, that there has been no reliable data available on aerosol emissions from children's speaking, singing, and shouting. By utilizing a laser particle counter in cleanroom conditions we show, that children emit fewer aerosols during singing than what has been known so far for adults. In our data, the emission rates ranged from 16 P/s to 267 P/s for speaking, 141 P/s to 1240 P/s for singing, and 683 P/s to 4332 P/s for shouting. The data advocate an adaptation of existing risk management strategies and rules of conduct for groups of singing children, like gatherings in an educational context, e.g. singing lessons or choir rehearsals. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.17.20196733v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.09.17.20196733 id: cord-342853-n3e6yawi author: Naghipour, Mohammadreza title: Human bocavirus in Iranian children with acute respiratory infections date: 2007-03-26 words: 2115.0 sentences: 121.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342853-n3e6yawi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342853-n3e6yawi.txt summary: Human bocavirus (HBoV), a virus discovered in Sweden in 2005, has been associated with acute respiratory infections in young children and subsequent reports suggest that HBoV may have a worldwide distribution. This report describes the frequency and clinical presentation of HBoV in 261 Iranian children<5 years old with acute respiratory infections attending two regional hospitals in Rasht, Iran in the winter of 2003–2004. Human bocavirus (HBoV) was first described in 2005 [Allander et al., 2005] and it was suggested that the virus might be a cause of acute respiratory infections. Children less than 5 years of age with acute respiratory infections of less than 7 days duration attending the outpatient department or being admitted to hospital from Saturday to Thursday were enrolled after informed parental consent. Given the high frequency of HBoV in Iran, this virus might play a significant role as a cause of acute respiratory infections in children. abstract: Human bocavirus (HBoV), a virus discovered in Sweden in 2005, has been associated with acute respiratory infections in young children and subsequent reports suggest that HBoV may have a worldwide distribution. This report describes the frequency and clinical presentation of HBoV in 261 Iranian children<5 years old with acute respiratory infections attending two regional hospitals in Rasht, Iran in the winter of 2003–2004. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR (RT‐PCR) were used for the detection of HBoV and other respiratory pathogens from nasopharyngeal specimens. HBoV was detected in 21 (8%) children. Fifteen (12%) of these children were identified among 122 children admitted to hospital and 6 (4%) from 139 outpatients (P < 0.05). Most children with HBoV were less than 2 years (17/21, 81%) and 7 (33%) were less than 1 year old. Although HBoV was identified in all ages it affected slightly older children than the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The frequency of the virus varied from 1 (3%) in 40 patients in November to 7 (12%) of 61 in February, suggesting a seasonal pattern during the autumn and early winter. Seven children had co‐infections with RSV, adenovirus or influenza A. The relatively high frequency of HBoV suggests that the virus may contribute substantially to acute respiratory infections in children. J. Med. Virol. 79:539–543, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17385723/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.20815 id: cord-341208-vlzbri33 author: Narzisi, Antonio title: Handle the Autism Spectrum Condition during Coronavirus (COVID-19) Stay at Home Period: Ten Tips for Helping Parents and Caregivers of Young Children date: 2020-04-01 words: 1829.0 sentences: 114.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/cord-341208-vlzbri33.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341208-vlzbri33.txt summary: title: Handle the Autism Spectrum Condition during Coronavirus (COVID-19) Stay at Home Period: Ten Tips for Helping Parents and Caregivers of Young Children In this situation the handling of young children with special needs such as autism spectrum condition (ASC) could be challenging for families and caregivers. It is widely reported that children with ASC have executive functioning deficits [6] and they could show issues in planning their daily life activities, especially when their routine is broken. It is not possible to avoid children playing with the computer but at the moment, when parents are also at home, it could be useful establish a rule whereby children are expected to share the video games/internet (with parents, siblings, or other caregiver). In this period in which parents and children stay at home they could plan some activities sharing these special interests. abstract: COVID-19 has become pandemic [...]. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32244776/ doi: 10.3390/brainsci10040207 id: cord-317283-0zzs5cy8 author: Nicoletti, Angela title: Screening of COVID-19 in children admitted to the hospital for acute problems: preliminary data date: 2020-05-11 words: 1825.0 sentences: 115.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317283-0zzs5cy8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317283-0zzs5cy8.txt summary: The majority of COVID-19 positive children had a close contact with an infected case or were family cluster cases and their age, at onset of disease, ranged from 1.5 months to 17 years (4) . In order to gain more insights into the outbreak of COVID-19, in our population of children and adolescents, we analyzed the clinical presentations, laboratory data and radiologic findings of patients who came to the Emergency Pediatric Department of Catanzaro (Italy), for an acute disease. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of patients (age, sex, location, date at symptom onset, , travel history and information on relatives) were collected using a standardized electronic medical record. Laboratory indices and chest X-ray descriptions, in our patients and in children and adolescents with COVID-19 infections reported in the literature, are also presented. A Case Series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection: clinical and epidemiological features abstract: BACKGROUND: The new Coronavirus identified in Whuan at the end of 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the Beta Coronavirus genus and is responsible for the new Coronavirus 2019 pandemia (COVID-19). Infected children may be asymptomatic or present fever, dry cough, fatigue or gastrointestinal symptoms. The CDC recommends that clinicians should decide to test patients based on the presence of signs and symptoms compatible with COVID-19. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 42 children (the majority < 5 years of age) were referred, to our Pediatric Department, as possible cases of COVID-19 infection. Blood analysis, chest X-ray, and naso-oropharyngeal swab specimens for viral identification of COVID-19 were requested. RESULTS: None of the screened children resulted positive for COVID-19 infection. At first presentation, the most frequent signs and symptoms were: fever (71.4%), fatigue (35.7%) and cough (30.9%). An high C-reactive protein value and abnormalities of chest X-ray (bronchial wall thickening) were detected in 26.2% and 19% of patients, respectively. Almost half of patients (45.2%) required hospitalization in our Pediatric Unit and one patient in Intensive Care Unit. CONCLUSIONS: Testing people who meet the COVID-19 suspected case definition criteria is essential for clinical management and outbreak control. Children of all ages can get COVID-19, although they appear to be affected less frequently than adults, as reported in our preliminary survey. Further studies are needed to confirm our observations. (www.actabiomedica.it) url: https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i2.9607 doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9607 id: cord-329399-d0w8fof0 author: Nobakht, Z. title: A web-based daily care training to improve the quality of life of mothers of children with cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trial date: 2020-07-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Mothers of moderately to severely affected children with cerebral palsy (CP) have to spend a long time to take care of their children. This time-consuming responsibility affects their physical and psychosocial health. Therefore, mothers as caregivers are required to receive special training to take care of their children. AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a developed web-based intervention for daily care training of children with CP on their mothers’ quality of life (QOL), anxiety, depression, stress, and their musculoskeletal pain. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This study was a single blind randomized controlled trial. 91 mothers of children with CP with Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels III, IѴ, and Ѵ, who aged from 4 to 12 years were assigned to the intervention and control groups using block randomization. Mothers in the control group received their routine face to face occupational therapy intervention and mothers in the intervention group received 12 weeks web-based intervention. QOL, depression, anxiety, stress, and pain were measured before and after the intervention in both groups. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: The results of analysis of covariance showed that after controlling the mean score of pretest of pain, the mean score of post-tests in the intervention and control groups was significantly different (P < 0.05). The mean scores of physical health and total QOL scores of post-tests in the intervention group were significantly higher than the control group with controlling pretest scores. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Designed web-based intervention affects the caregivers’ QOL and pain significantly. This intervention can be used to provide daily care training for mothers of children with CP. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103731 doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103731 id: cord-335148-2ngwjp3r author: Noda, Tatsuya title: Gargling for Oral Hygiene and the Development of Fever in Childhood: A Population Study in Japan date: 2012-01-05 words: 2865.0 sentences: 167.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335148-2ngwjp3r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335148-2ngwjp3r.txt summary: In subgroup analysis, significantly lower ORs for fever onset were observed for children who gargled with green tea (OR = 0.32), functional water (OR = 0.46), or tap water (OR = 0.70). 2, 3 Although the effectiveness of gargling had long been unproven, a recent randomized controlled study in Japan showed that gargling with tap water inhibited the onset of upper respiratory tract infections among adults. As shown in Table 3 , gargling was associated with significantly lower odds ratios for fever onset, except among children aged 3 (in model 4) and 6 years. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the effectiveness of gargling in preventing febrile diseases and sickness absences among healthy children. The preventive effect of gargling is affected by the prevalence of the target disease; however, there was no mass outbreak of influenza or other major febrile infection in Fukuoka City during the study period, according to the Fukuoka City health authorities. abstract: BACKGROUND: Fever is one of the most common symptoms among children and is usually caused by respiratory infections. Although Japanese health authorities have long recommended gargling to prevent respiratory infections, its effectiveness among children is not clear. METHODS: The children in this observational study were enrolled from 145 nursery schools in Fukuoka City, Japan. Children in the exposure group were instructed to gargle at least once a day. The endpoints of this study were incidence of fever during the daytime and incidence of sickness absence. Differences among gargling agents for each endpoint were also analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 19 595 children aged 2 to 6 years were observed for 20 days (391 900 person-days). In multivariate logistic regression, the overall odds ratio (OR) for fever onset in the gargling group was significantly lower (OR = 0.68). In age-stratified analysis, ORs were significantly lower at age 2 (OR = 0.67), 4 (OR = 0.46), and 5 (OR = 0.41) years. Regarding sickness absence, the overall OR was 0.92 (not significant) in the gargling group. In age-stratified analysis, ORs were significantly lower at age 4 (OR = 0.68), 5 (OR = 0.59), and 6 (OR = 0.63) years. In subgroup analysis, significantly lower ORs for fever onset were observed for children who gargled with green tea (OR = 0.32), functional water (OR = 0.46), or tap water (OR = 0.70). However, the ORs were not significant for sickness absence. CONCLUSIONS: Gargling might be effective in preventing febrile diseases in children. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22123226/ doi: 10.2188/jea.je20100181 id: cord-316260-1t3ifsfi author: Nogueira-de-Almeida, Carlos Alberto title: COVID-19 and obesity in childhood and adolescence: A clinical review()() date: 2020-08-04 words: 7974.0 sentences: 450.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-316260-1t3ifsfi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-316260-1t3ifsfi.txt summary: In severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, these organic changes from obesity may increase the need for ventilatory assistance, risk of thromboembolism, reduced glomerular filtration rate, changes in the innate and adaptive immune response, and perpetuation of the chronic inflammatory response. 3--6 The present review aims to identify the factors that contribute to the increase in the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 in obese children and adolescents, and its health consequences, to collaborate for better clinical care of these patients. The three main risk factors that link obesity to COVID-19 demonstrated for adults 52 are also present among children and adolescents: chronic subclinical inflammation, impaired immune response, and underlying cardiorespiratory diseases. In conclusion, obesity in childhood and adolescence can be considered a risk factor for greater susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 and is associated with nutritional, cardiac, respiratory, renal, and immunological alterations, which may potentiate the complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify factors that contribute to the increased susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 in obese children and adolescents, and its health consequences. SOURCES: Studies published between 2000 and 2020 in the PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, SciELO, and Cochrane databases. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: Obesity is a highly prevalent comorbidity in severe cases of COVID-19 in children and adolescents; social isolation may lead to increase fat accumulation. Excessive adipose tissue, deficit in lean mass, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and low intake of essential nutrients are factors that compromise the functioning of organs and systems in obese individuals. These factors are associated with damage to immune, cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary systems, along with modification of the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis). In severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, these organic changes from obesity may increase the need for ventilatory assistance, risk of thromboembolism, reduced glomerular filtration rate, changes in the innate and adaptive immune response, and perpetuation of the chronic inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS: The need for social isolation can have the effect of causing or worsening obesity and its comorbidities, and pediatricians need to be aware of this issue. Facing children with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, health professionals should 1) diagnose excess weight; 2) advise on health care in times of isolation; 3) screen for comorbidities, ensuring that treatment is not interrupted; 4) measure levels of immunonutrients; 5) guide the family in understanding the specifics of the situation; and 6) refer to units qualified to care for obese children and adolescents when necessary. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32768388/ doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2020.07.001 id: cord-320156-xs936r6u author: Nunes, Marta C. title: Polyomaviruses-associated respiratory infections in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children date: 2014-10-28 words: 3682.0 sentences: 186.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320156-xs936r6u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320156-xs936r6u.txt summary: OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and clinical manifestations of WUPyV and KIPyV-associated lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) hospitalization in HIV-infected and -uninfected children; and probe the role of pneumococcal co-infection. Co-infections with other respiratory-viruses were detected in 65.5% of WUPyV-positive LRTIs and in 75.0% of KIPyV-positive LRTIs. Among HIV-uninfected children, there was a lower incidence of hospitalization for clinical pneumonia episodes in which KIPyV (80%; 95% CI: 41, 93) and WUPyV (49%; 95% CI: 9, 71) were identified among PCV9-recipients compared to placebo-recipients. The aim of this study was to determine the burden and clinical features of WUPyV and KIPyV infections in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children hospitalized for LRTIs. Furthermore, as an exploratory analysis we used the design of a RCT of a 9-valent PCV (PCV9) to probe whether pneumococcal co-infection may contribute to hospitalization for PyV-associated pneumonia. abstract: BACKGROUND: Two recently discovered polyomaviruses (PyV), WU and KI, have been identified in respiratory-tract specimens from children with acute respiratory infections, although there are limited data in HIV-infected children. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and clinical manifestations of WUPyV and KIPyV-associated lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) hospitalization in HIV-infected and -uninfected children; and probe the role of pneumococcal co-infection. STUDY DESIGN: Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from a cohort of 39,836 children randomized to receive 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV9) or placebo when hospitalized for LRTIs, and were screened by PCR for WUPyV, KIPyV and other respiratory viruses. RESULTS: In placebo-recipients the prevalence of WUPyV was 6.3% (18/285) in HIV-infected and 13.9% (66/476) in HIV-uninfected children (p = 0.002). In WUPyV-positive LRTIs HIV-infected children had lower oxygen saturation at admission and a higher case fatality rate (11.1% vs. 0%; p = 0.04). KIPyV was identified in 10.2% (29/285) of HIV-infected and in 7.4% (35/476) of HIV-uninfected placebo-recipients with LRTIs (p = 0.13). HIV-infected compared to HIV-uninfected children with KIPyV-positive LRTIs had lower oxygen saturation, higher respiratory rate and longer duration of hospitalization. Co-infections with other respiratory-viruses were detected in 65.5% of WUPyV-positive LRTIs and in 75.0% of KIPyV-positive LRTIs. Among HIV-uninfected children, there was a lower incidence of hospitalization for clinical pneumonia episodes in which KIPyV (80%; 95% CI: 41, 93) and WUPyV (49%; 95% CI: 9, 71) were identified among PCV9-recipients compared to placebo-recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Polyomaviruses were commonly identified in HIV-infected and -uninfected children hospitalized for LRTIs, frequently in association with other viruses and may contribute to the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1386653214004004 doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.10.013 id: cord-290432-4dli5emd author: O’Grady, Kerry-Ann F. title: Upper airway viruses and bacteria in urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in Brisbane, Australia: a cross-sectional study date: 2017-04-04 words: 3764.0 sentences: 184.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290432-4dli5emd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290432-4dli5emd.txt summary: We aimed to describe the prevalence of upper airway viruses and bacteria in symptomatic and asymptomatic urban-based Australian Indigenous children aged less than 5 years. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of data collected at baseline in an ongoing prospective cohort study of urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children registered with a primary health care service in the northern suburbs of Brisbane, Australia. Thus, in 164 urban-based Indigenous children presenting to an urban primary health care service, we described the prevalence of upper airway respiratory viruses and bacteria. We analysed data from a cohort of urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged less than 5 years collected at time of enrolment into a prospective study of ARIwC. In a study of upper airway viruses and bacteria in Central Australian Aboriginal children hospitalised for pneumonia [8] , a population with high rates of hospitalised lower ARI [15] and nasal colonisation [16] , the [8] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Respiratory morbidity in Australian Indigenous children is higher than their non-Indigenous counterparts, irrespective of urban or remote residence. There are limited studies addressing acute respiratory illness (ARI) in urban Indigenous children, particularly those that address the upper airway microbiome and its relationship to disease. We aimed to describe the prevalence of upper airway viruses and bacteria in symptomatic and asymptomatic urban-based Australian Indigenous children aged less than 5 years. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of data collected at baseline in an ongoing prospective cohort study of urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children registered with a primary health care service in the northern suburbs of Brisbane, Australia. Clinical, demographic and epidemiological data and bilateral anterior nasal swabs were collected on enrolment. Polymerase chain reaction was performed on nasal swabs to detect 17 respiratory viruses and 7 bacteria. The primary outcome was the prevalence of these microbes at enrolment. Logistic regression was performed to investigate differences in microbe prevalence between children with and without acute respiratory illness with cough as a symptom (ARIwC) at time of specimen collection. RESULTS: Between February 2013 and October 2015, 164 children were enrolled. The median age at enrolment was 18.0 months (IQR 7.2–34.3), 49.4% were boys and 56 children (34.2%) had ARIwC. Overall, 133/164 (81%) nasal swabs were positive for at least one organism; 131 (79.9%) for any bacteria, 59 (36.2%) for any virus and 57 (34.8%) for both viruses and bacteria. Co-detection of viruses and bacteria was more common in females than males (61.4% vs 38.6%, p = 0.044). No microbes, alone or in combination, were significantly associated with the presence of ARIwC. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of upper airways microbes in asymptomatic children is similar to non-Indigenous children with ARIwC from the same region. Determining the aetiology of ARIwC in this community is complicated by the high prevalence of multiple respiratory pathogens in the upper airways. STUDY REGISTRATION: Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry Registration Number: 12,614,001,214,628. Retrospectively registered. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2349-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28376882/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2349-1 id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author: O’Ryan, Miguel L. title: Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date: 2009-05-19 words: 45685.0 sentences: 2892.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt summary: coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10'' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173613/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50022-0 id: cord-304437-ezqghyid author: Palmieri, Tina L. title: Children are not little adults: blood transfusion in children with burn injury date: 2017-08-15 words: 3886.0 sentences: 218.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304437-ezqghyid.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304437-ezqghyid.txt summary: Children in particular have a different physiology than adults, which needs to be considered prior to transfusing blood and blood products. This article describes the physiologic differences between children and adults in general and after burn injury and describes how these differences impact blood transfusion practices in children. This article will discuss how differences in the physiologic, hematologic, metabolic, and immunologic systems in burned children impact blood transfusion requirements. Hyperkalemia has been associated with cardiac arrest during large blood volume transfusions intraoperatively in children and infants receiving exchange transfusions [9, 10] . 2. Cardiac function, mean blood volume, and normal hemoglobin levels are age-dependent in children; hence, children have a higher blood transfusion/unit volume ratio. Transfusion-related graft-versus-host reaction, in which the lymphocytes in the transfused blood cause host cell destruction, occurs primarily in immunocompromised patients and has been reported in neonates and immunocompromised children [25] [26] [27] [28] . abstract: Blood transfusion in burns larger than 20% total body surface area (TBSA) are frequent due to operative procedures, blood sampling, and physiologic response to burn injury. Optimizing the use of blood transfusions requires an understanding of the physiology of burn injury, the risks and benefits of blood transfusion, and the indications for transfusion. Age also plays a role in determining blood transfusion requirements. Children in particular have a different physiology than adults, which needs to be considered prior to transfusing blood and blood products. This article describes the physiologic differences between children and adults in general and after burn injury and describes how these differences impact blood transfusion practices in children. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41038-017-0090-z doi: 10.1186/s41038-017-0090-z id: cord-326963-34hw4oeg author: Panthi, Bindu title: An urgent call to address the nutritional status of women and children in Nepal during COVID-19 crises date: 2020-06-05 words: 1391.0 sentences: 71.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326963-34hw4oeg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326963-34hw4oeg.txt summary: The impact of the COVID-19 on nutrition outcomes has not been acknowledged at this point in Nepal but studies have shown that large scale emergencies have increased morbidity and often mortality in infants and young children [3] [4] [5] . Communities and vulnerable groups like women and children dealing with malnutrition are doubly susceptible to compromised health due to COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrition services like vitamin A and deworming campaign, supplementation of micronutrient powders, treatment of malnourished children through the outpatient therapeutic center, and nutrition rehabilitation homes have also been affected as a result of the priority shift of health sector towards COVID-19. Continuity of safe motherhood services along with maternal and child nutrition interventions are required including vitamin A and deworming tablets supplementation, screening and treatment of children with acute malnutrition, distributing fortified flour to pregnant women and children above 6 months, supplying micronutrient powder, and ensuring proper counseling on infant and young child feeding practices. abstract: Due to the ongoing nationwide lockdown in Nepal, women and children face a greater risk of malnutrition and eventually leading to mortality and morbidity. To harness the progress made so far in improving the nutritional status of women and children, a focus on nutrition should be a part of the COVID-19 response plan. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01210-7 doi: 10.1186/s12939-020-01210-7 id: cord-022569-ddaqfsmp author: Pappas, Diane E. title: The Common Cold date: 2013-02-10 words: 2933.0 sentences: 173.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022569-ddaqfsmp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022569-ddaqfsmp.txt summary: 17, 18 Furthermore, in vitro studies have shown that rhinovirus and coronavirus produce no detectable cytopathic effect when replicating in a cultured monolayer of nasal epithelial cells, whereas influenza virus A and adenovirus produce obvious damage. 19 The symptoms of the common cold appear to result from release of cytokines and other mediators from infected nasal epithelial cells as well as from an influx of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). However, a recent study found that 20 children hospitalized for preseptal or orbital cellulitis, indicative of bacterial sinusitis, had symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection for 7 days or less prior to hospitalization, suggesting that the complications of rhinosinusitis can occur during the first few days of a cold. The symptoms of the common cold appear to result from effects of inflammatory mediators released in response to the viral infection of the respiratory tract. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158329/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2702-9.00026-x id: cord-285459-fph03r22 author: Patel, Ami B title: SARS-CoV-2 Point Prevalence among Asymptomatic Hospitalized Children and Subsequent Healthcare Worker Evaluation date: 2020-08-28 words: 1590.0 sentences: 98.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285459-fph03r22.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285459-fph03r22.txt summary: Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriage among hospitalized children and the risk of transmission to healthcare workers (HCW) was evaluated through a point prevalence survey. We estimated a low, 1-2%, prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among children without symptoms of COVID-19 and there were no secondary transmission events among HCW exposed to these patients We conducted a point prevalence survey for SARS-CoV-2 among hospitalized children around the time of predicted peak community COVID-19 activity in Chicago. All inpatient children were included with the following exceptions: children known to be SARS-CoV-2-positive; children tested within the previous 72 hours because of clinical suspicion for COVID-19 and were SARS-CoV-2-negative; contraindications to obtaining a nasopharyngeal sample; or parents declined participation. A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 4 An exposure workup was conducted for all HCW who had significant contact with any patient who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on our point prevalence. abstract: Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriage among hospitalized children and the risk of transmission to healthcare workers (HCW) was evaluated through a point prevalence survey. We estimated a low, 1-2%, prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among children without symptoms of COVID-19 and there were no secondary transmission events among HCW exposed to these patients url: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa102 doi: 10.1093/jpids/piaa102 id: cord-323859-rkxgtyoq author: Patel, Khushboo title: Mental health implications of COVID-19 on children with disabilities date: 2020-07-02 words: 674.0 sentences: 40.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323859-rkxgtyoq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323859-rkxgtyoq.txt summary: Challenges of online learning coupled with a lack of recreational activities that can be done at home can prove to be frustrating for children with such physical disabilities. For instance, in India, 7.8 million children between 0-19 years of age have a physical or mental disability, and one fourth of them do not attend any educational institute (UNESCO, 2019). A system of online clinics and volunteer based psychological interventions should be set up as immediate priority to mitigate effects of COVID-19 on children with mental health issues (Holmes et al., 2020) . Amidst this, it becomes important to keep children with physical and mental disability not only physically safe, but also look after their psychological and emotional wellbeing. Resources for supporting children''s emotional wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic Protecting the psychological health of children through effective communication about COVID-19 Leaving no child behind during the pandemic: Children with disabilities and COVID-19 abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876201820303853?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102273 id: cord-310944-tfn0ltrz author: Peck, Jessica L. title: COVID 19: Impacts and Implications for Pediatric Practice date: 2020-07-09 words: 5786.0 sentences: 307.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310944-tfn0ltrz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310944-tfn0ltrz.txt summary: Other populations at significant risk include older adults (> 65 years of age), persons with underlying medical conditions (e.g., asthma, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease), persons with immunocompromise, persons with severe obesity (body mass index >40), persons with diabetes, persons undergoing dialysis, and persons residing in long-term care or nursing homes (CDC, 2020c) . Ideal PPE when caring for a patient with known or suspected COVID-19 infection includes: a new N-95 mask, gown, medical grade gloves, and eye covers and/or a face shield (CDC, 2020b). Recommendations for families include: 1) supporting children as they ask questions about the pandemic, 2) close monitoring of child health and well-being with prompt contact of primary healthcare providers if changes are noticed, and 3) continuing to seek care in-person or using telehealth to maintain well visits and immunization schedules while receiving anticipatory guidance and necessary screenings. abstract: Since the rapid emergence of the novel coronavirus in December of 2019 and subsequent development of a global pandemic, clinicians around the world have struggled to understand and respond effectively and efficiently. With global response encompassing social, political, organizational, and economic realms, world leaders are struggling to keep pace with the rapid changes. Challenges within global healthcare system and the healthcare profession itself include rationing supplies and services within health care systems, many of which were stretched to the brink before this latest viral outbreak (American Hospital Association, 2020). Leaders are making policy decisions while balancing the slow and precise nature of science with the rapid and pressing need for life-saving information (Altmann, Douek, & Boyton, 2020). Shortcuts on research are occurring, including publishing papers with lack of peer review. Social media and lurid reporting bolster feelings of mistrust and panic-buying while burgeoning conspiracy theories commandeer national dialogue. This is a time in history to prioritize global health and thoughtful pandemic preparedness (Lancet, 2020). Pediatric Nurse Practitioners (PNPs) are ideally situated to be a trusted source of accurate health information for children. This continuing education article summarizes the latest evidence-based information on the rapidly developing coronavirus pandemic; equipping PNPs for clinical preparation and response. 1.. Distinguish risk factors for COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality and identify modes of transmission. 2.. Appraise appropriate COVID-19 testing parameters and procedures for children. 3.. Compare pediatric clinical presentation to adults with COVID-19 infection and recommend appropriate treatment measures. 4.. State appropriate infection-control measures to reduce transmission. 5.. Describe measures to reduce the risk of infection spread, mitigate adverse health effects in high-risk children, and to promote general health through preventive care. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891524520301772?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2020.07.004 id: cord-303451-66c2qobr author: Pelaez, Martha title: Returning to School: Separation Problems and Anxiety in the Age of Pandemics date: 2020-07-15 words: 4438.0 sentences: 226.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303451-66c2qobr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303451-66c2qobr.txt summary: Using a behavioral theory of development, we provide suggestions for how to handle the departure and separation problems that may emerge as parents drop their children off at school. We offer some specific advice for parents and teachers to follow to prevent the departure and separation problems that typically develop during challenging behavioral interactions in school settings. In light of the COVID-19 crisis, when children return to school and separate from their parents after a months-long period of 24-hr-a-day interaction that occurred during a period of social distancing, we predict that high rates of protest and distress may emerge, as well as high rates of refusal to leave the parents. This is likely to produce heightened child separation-protest responses that can disrupt classroom settings the new physical distancing rules, and provoke anguish and anxiety in parents. The research we discussed earlier shows that, during departures and at separation, parents'' responses to children''s protests can encourage and reinforce more of this distressing behavior. abstract: The shift to the postpandemic school environment will cause dramatic changes and is likely to increase separation problems. In this article, we look at the anxiety problems that some parents and their children might experience when school reopens after the COVID-19 lockdown. Using a behavioral theory of development, we provide suggestions for how to handle the departure and separation problems that may emerge as parents drop their children off at school. Many parents are unsure about how to handle anxiety or fear as their children return to school or have to visit other environments outside their homes. Social distancing has caused families to develop stronger dependencies at home and to create new routines that vary, in many instances greatly, from their prepandemic routines. Families are adjusting to the new “normal.” They are keeping their children busy with schoolwork as best they can. In particular, families have likely developed close attachment relationships. Families have been struggling with an unprecedented lockdown, and for many parents and their children, this extended period of family confinement and severe restrictions has been especially stressful, and the timing for returning to school is uncertain. We emphasize here that parents can be responsive to their children’s needs, plan ahead, provide reassurance, and depart firmly without vacillating, and we provide other tips to avoid inadvertently shaping children’s negative or anxiety behaviors as they go back to school. We offer some specific advice for parents and teachers to follow to prevent the departure and separation problems that typically develop during challenging behavioral interactions in school settings. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00467-2 doi: 10.1007/s40617-020-00467-2 id: cord-354974-bh2expef author: Peterson, Ingrid title: Respiratory Virus–Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness and Viral Clustering in Malawian Children in a Setting With a High Prevalence of HIV Infection, Malaria, and Malnutrition date: 2016-09-13 words: 3863.0 sentences: 192.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354974-bh2expef.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354974-bh2expef.txt summary: BACKGROUND: We used data from 4 years of pediatric severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) sentinel surveillance in Blantyre, Malawi, to identify factors associated with clinical severity and coviral clustering. A total of 605 SARI cases (26.8%) had warning signs, which were positively associated with HIV infection (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–3.9), respiratory syncytial virus infection (aRR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3–3.0) and rainy season (aRR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6–3.8). In the context of a low-income population with multiple drivers of immune compromise (eg, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection, malnutrition, and malaria) [11] , we conducted active surveillance at a large urban teaching hospital in Malawi to estimate the incidence of childhood SARI and explore the association of SARI clinical severity with HIV infection and clustering of respiratory viral coinfection. After adjustment for age, sex, and HIV status, rainy season recruitment was significantly associated with SARI with warning signs in influenza virus-positive patients with SARI (aRR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.37-8.53; analysis not shown). abstract: BACKGROUND: We used data from 4 years of pediatric severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) sentinel surveillance in Blantyre, Malawi, to identify factors associated with clinical severity and coviral clustering. METHODS: From January 2011 to December 2014, 2363 children aged 3 months to 14 years presenting to the hospital with SARI were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for influenza virus and other respiratory viruses. We assessed risk factors for clinical severity and conducted clustering analysis to identify viral clusters in children with viral codetection. RESULTS: Hospital-attended influenza virus–positive SARI incidence was 2.0 cases per 10 000 children annually; it was highest among children aged <1 year (6.3 cases per 10 000), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected children aged 5–9 years (6.0 cases per 10 000). A total of 605 SARI cases (26.8%) had warning signs, which were positively associated with HIV infection (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–3.9), respiratory syncytial virus infection (aRR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3–3.0) and rainy season (aRR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6–3.8). We identified 6 coviral clusters; 1 cluster was associated with SARI with warning signs. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccination may benefit young children and HIV-infected children in this setting. Viral clustering may be associated with SARI severity; its assessment should be included in routine SARI surveillance. url: https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-pdf/214/11/1700/18070040/jiw426.pdf doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw426 id: cord-260459-7o1ob5fk author: Platt, Vanessa Borges title: VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: NOTIFICATION AND ALERT IN TIMES OF PANDEMIC date: 2020-10-28 words: 3399.0 sentences: 188.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-260459-7o1ob5fk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260459-7o1ob5fk.txt summary: METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive study of violence against children and adolescents (from 0 to 19 years) notified by health professionals by completing and entering the occurrence in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the State of Santa Catarina in 11 weeks in which the social isolation measure was instituted as mandatory, comparing with the same period before this measure. This study aimed to present data on compulsory notifications on cases of violence against children and adolescents in the state of Santa Catarina, in the months after the emergence of the new coronavirus, and how the establishment of sanitary measures of social isolation influenced the increase in domestic violence against children and adolescents when comparing this information to that of the pre-pandemic, to alert health professionals, public institutions, and society to the need to reinforce actions to prevent injuries, protection, and adequate care for victims. abstract: OBJECTIVE: Social isolation is currently identified as the best way to prevent the infection by the new coronavirus. However, for some social groups, such as children and adolescents, this measure carries a contradiction: the home, which should be the safest place for them, is also a frequent environment of a sad aggravation: domestic violence. This study aims to evaluate the notifications of interpersonal/self-inflicted violence available in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases in the State of Santa Catarina (southern Brazil), for the juvenile age group, before and during the new coronavirus pandemics. METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive study of violence against children and adolescents (from 0 to 19 years) notified by health professionals by completing and entering the occurrence in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the State of Santa Catarina in 11 weeks in which the social isolation measure was instituted as mandatory, comparing with the same period before this measure. RESULTS: During the study period, 136 municipalities in Santa Catarina made 1,851 notifications. There was a decrease of 55.3% of them in the isolation period, and the difficulties encountered in seeking protection and assistance institutions were listed. CONCLUSIONS: The society needs to be aware of possible cases of violence in the children and adolescent population. It is important to provide accessible, effective, and safe ways for complaints and notifications, as well as a quick response to the cases, aiming at protecting victims and minimizing damages to prevent the perpetuation of the violence. url: https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2020267 doi: 10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2020267 id: cord-022582-2e9i3m4b author: Potsic, William P. title: Otolaryngologic Disorders date: 2012-03-21 words: 16047.0 sentences: 956.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022582-2e9i3m4b.txt summary: When fluid persists in the middle ear for 3 to 4 months, causing a hearing loss or is associated with ASOM, myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement is helpful to resolve the hearing loss and reduce the frequency and severity of infection. In addition to antibiotics, treatment should include a wide field myringotomy from the anterior inferior quadrant to the posterior inferior quadrant, a tympanostomy tube placement for middle ear drainage, and a postauricular mastoidectomy to drain the subperiosteal abscess and the mastoid. These infections may be caused by a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens; and in addition to sore throat, symptoms include fever, mucopurulent nasal drainage, nasal obstruction, and facial pain. Symptoms typically appear at birth or soon thereafter and include inspiratory stridor, feeding difficulties, and, rarely, apnea or signs of severe airway obstruction. Children afflicted with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis present initially with hoarseness but may also have symptoms and signs of airway obstruction, including stridor. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158348/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02842-4.50055-3 id: cord-023942-vrs3je1x author: Powers, Karen S. title: Acute Pulmonary Infections date: 2011-12-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Viral bronchiolitis and bacterial pneumonia account for the majority of lower respiratory tract infections that lead to respiratory insufficiency and pediatric intensive care admission. Twenty-seven percent of children who require mechanical ventilation for at least 24 h in pediatric intensive care units are diagnosed with bronchiolitis and 16% have the diagnosis of pneumonia. The median length of time intubated for an acute pulmonary infection leading to respiratory failure is approximately 7 days. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7178869/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-85729-923-9_25 id: cord-342133-khrljehj author: Principi, Nicola title: Bocavirus Infection in Otherwise Healthy Children with Respiratory Disease date: 2015-08-12 words: 5116.0 sentences: 243.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342133-khrljehj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342133-khrljehj.txt summary: To evaluate the role of human bocavirus (hBoV) as a causative agent of respiratory disease, the importance of the viral load in respiratory disease type and severity and the pathogenicity of the different hBoV species, we studied all hBoV-positive nasopharyngeal samples collected from children who attended an emergency room for a respiratory tract infection during three winters (2009–2010, 2011–2012, and 2013–2014). To evaluate the circulation of the different hBoV types and the possible relationships between viral load, virus genetic characteristics, and the severity of infection, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from otherwise healthy children attending the emergency room of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca'' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy, due to a respiratory tract infection arising between November 1 and March 31 during 3 winters (2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014) . Single detection of human bocavirus 1 with a high viral load in severe respiratory tract infections in previously healthy children abstract: To evaluate the role of human bocavirus (hBoV) as a causative agent of respiratory disease, the importance of the viral load in respiratory disease type and severity and the pathogenicity of the different hBoV species, we studied all hBoV-positive nasopharyngeal samples collected from children who attended an emergency room for a respiratory tract infection during three winters (2009–2010, 2011–2012, and 2013–2014). Human bocavirus was detected using the respiratory virus panel fast assay and real-time PCR. Of the 1,823 nasopharyngeal samples, 104 (5.7%) were positive for hBoV; a similar prevalence was observed in all three periods studied. Among hBoV-infected children, 53.8% were between 1–2 years old, and hBoV was detected alone in 57/104 (54.8%) cases. All of the detected hBoV strains belonged to genotype 1. The median hBoV load was significantly higher in samples containing strains with both the N546H and T590S mutations compared to other samples (p<0.05). Children with a single hBoV-1 infection more frequently had upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) than those who were co-infected (37.0% vs 17.8%, respectively, p = 0.04). The duration of hospitalization was longer among children with high viral loads than that observed among children with low viral loads (8.0 ±2.2 days vs 5.0 ±1.5 days, respectively, p = 0.03), and the use of aerosol therapy was more frequent among children with high viral loads than among those with low viral loads (77.1% vs 55.7%, respectively, p = 0.04). This study shows that hBoV is a relatively uncommon but stable infectious agent in children and that hBoV1 seems to be the only strain detected in Italy in respiratory samples. From a clinical point of view, hBoV1 seems to have in the majority of healthy children relatively low clinical relevance. Moreover, the viral load influences only the duration of hospitalization and the use of aerosol therapy without any association with the site of the respiratory disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135640 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135640 id: cord-314810-ny4mnzqc author: Provenzi, Livio title: The Little Professor and the Virus: Scaffolding Children’s Meaning Making During the COVID-19 Emergency date: 2020-08-13 words: 2134.0 sentences: 98.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314810-ny4mnzqc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314810-ny4mnzqc.txt summary: In sum, scaffolding children''s meaning-making process during the present pandemic is crucial to help them cope with the emergency situation and to avoid the overwhelming and traumatic effects of misleading or partial cognitive appraisal and emotional over-reactions. After all, it is in the reciprocal and mutual exchange of affective states that happen within the parent-child relationship, that children can develop appropriate and successful emotional regulation strategies and resilience to stress (28) . Indeed, previous research suggests that family-based narrative approaches provide a structured opportunity to elicit parents'' and children''s meaning-making, assemble divergent storylines into a shared family narrative, and thereby enhance members'' skills to cope with stressful and traumatic events developing hope and trust in family support (29) . Additionally, far from hinder this intuitive thinking, adults can engage in a careful listening of children emotional world and they can understand which are the elements contributing to the emergent meaning-making process that they are developing (32) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32903863/ doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00817 id: cord-354608-1me3nopu author: Rabinowicz, Shira title: COVID-19 in the Pediatric Population—Review and Current Evidence date: 2020-09-19 words: 5426.0 sentences: 298.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354608-1me3nopu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354608-1me3nopu.txt summary: By mid-August 2020, the World Health Organization reported over 23 million confirmed cases of infection with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), resulting in more than 710,000 death worldwide [1] . We review the current evidence of epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and indirect health consequences of SARS-CoV-2 on children. In reports from countries that were severely affected early in course of the pandemic, children comprise 1-2% the diagnosed COVID-19 cases, underrepresented compared with other age groups [3, [13] [14] [15] . In summary, children at any age may be infected with SARS-CoV-2, with reduced frequency and severity compared with adults, although clear epidemiologic data is still missing. Characteristics and outcomes of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Pediatric Patients with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 and hyperinflammation in COVID-19. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has major health and economic impacts. We review disease characteristics in children. RECENT FINDINGS: Children comprise 1–2% of the diagnosed cases, and typically suffer mild disease. The median age of infected children is 3.3–11 years, and male/female ratio is 1.15–1.55. Common symptoms in children include upper respiratory symptoms (26–54%), cough (44–54%), fever (32–65%), and gastrointestinal (15–30%) symptoms. Substantial proportion (4–23%) are asymptomatic. Death rates are up to 0.7%. Risk factors associated with severe disease are neonatal age group, male gender, lower respiratory tract disease, and pre-existing medical conditions. Vertical transmission was reported. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS), characterized by fever, multisystem organ involvement, and laboratory markers of inflammation, causes critical illness in > 50% of cases and is increasingly reported from endemic countries. Indirect effects of the coronavirus epidemic include higher rates of psychiatric morbidities, education loss, unhealthy lifestyle changes, and increased child neglect. Vaccines are in clinical trials and immunogenicity has not yet been shown in children. SUMMARY: Overall, COVID-19 has lower incidence and causes milder disease in children compared with adult patients. MIS is a rare severe complication more common in children. More data on the efficacy and safety of antivirals in children are needed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32982599/ doi: 10.1007/s11908-020-00739-6 id: cord-352222-zq9o66i4 author: Rajatonirina, Soatiana title: Outcome Risk Factors during Respiratory Infections in a Paediatric Ward in Antananarivo, Madagascar 2010–2012 date: 2013-09-12 words: 4137.0 sentences: 245.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352222-zq9o66i4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352222-zq9o66i4.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infections are a leading cause of infectious disease-related morbidity, hospitalisation and mortality among children worldwide, and particularly in developing countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study in a paediatric ward in Antananarivo from November 2010 to July 2012 including patients under 5 years old suffering from respiratory infections. CONCLUSION: Co-mordidity, low-income and age under 6 months increase the risk of severe outcome for children infected by numerous respiratory pathogens. Our study aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with the evolution and outcome of respiratory illnesses in patients aged under 5 years old hospitalised in one of the four main public hospitals in Antananarivo. In our study, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen as in other studies of hospitalised patients with acute respiratory illness, and Haemophilus influenzae type B was the next most frequent [16] [17] [18] [19] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infections are a leading cause of infectious disease-related morbidity, hospitalisation and mortality among children worldwide, and particularly in developing countries. In these low-income countries, most patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI), whether it is mild or severe, are still treated empirically. The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with the evolution and outcome of respiratory illnesses in patients aged under 5 years old. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study in a paediatric ward in Antananarivo from November 2010 to July 2012 including patients under 5 years old suffering from respiratory infections. We collected demographic, socio-economic, clinical and epidemiological data, and samples for laboratory analysis. Deaths, rapid progression to respiratory distress during hospitalisation, and hospitalisation for more than 10 days were considered as severe outcomes. We used multivariate analysis to study the effects of co-infections. RESULTS: From November 2010 to July 2012, a total of 290 patients were enrolled. Co-infection was found in 192 patients (70%). Co-infections were more frequent in children under 36 months, with a significant difference for the 19–24 month-old group (OR: 8.0). Sixty-nine percent (230/290) of the patients recovered fully and without any severe outcome during hospitalisation; the outcome was scored as severe for 60 children and nine patients (3%) died. Risk factors significantly associated with worsening evolution during hospitalisation (severe outcome) were admission at age under 6 months (OR = 5.3), comorbidity (OR = 4.6) and low household income (OR = 4.1). CONCLUSION: Co-mordidity, low-income and age under 6 months increase the risk of severe outcome for children infected by numerous respiratory pathogens. These results highlight the need for implementation of targeted public health policy to reduce the contribution of respiratory diseases to childhood morbidity and mortality in low income countries. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24069161/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072839 id: cord-032017-h0cj4izx author: Roach, E. Steve title: Child Neglect by Any Other Name date: 2020-09-17 words: 2285.0 sentences: 120.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-032017-h0cj4izx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-032017-h0cj4izx.txt summary: Trying to "engage" families in order to educate and convince them of the wisdom of immunization is fine for the parents who want information and are willing to accept guidance, but this approach is clearly wasted on the entrenched vaccine deniers. But most Western families who fail to immunize their children know about vaccines and have ready access to physicians and nurses who could clearly explain their risks and benefits. It is time to stop the political correctness and "science speak." Parents should have the right to raise their children in accordance with their own preference, culture and religious beliefs, provided that their approach does not substantially increase the child''s odds of an avoidable illness or injury. Physicians must rise with one voice and say "enough!" By even considering the premise that vaccine denial can be a reasonable choice by a rational individual, we become enablers of child neglect. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7497733/ doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.09.006 id: cord-014813-qej5a8ks author: Rose, M. A. title: Feuchter Husten und protrahierte bakterielle Bronchitis bei Kindern und Jugendlichen date: 2018-06-08 words: 1116.0 sentences: 119.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-014813-qej5a8ks.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014813-qej5a8ks.txt summary: European Respiratory Society fordert feuchten Husten von mindestens 4 Wochen Dauer, eine mit mindestens 10 4 CFU/ml ("colony-forming units", kolonienbildende Einheiten) in der bronchoalveolären Lavage (BAL) oder im Sputum nachgewiesene Monoinfektion der unteren Atemwege und eine Besserung des Hustens nach einem 2-wöchigen empirischen Antibiotikazyklus (meist Amoxicillin-Clavulansäure, Amoxi-Clav) entsprechend einer mikro-biologisch gesicherten PBB ("Mikrobio-PBB"). Of the differential diagnoses of chronic cough, protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is more common in otherwise (pulmonary) healthy children under 6 years of age. Of the differential diagnoses of chronic cough, protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is more common in otherwise (pulmonary) healthy children under 6 years of age. Today, PBB and non-CF bronchiectasis, i.e., bronchiectasis not caused by cystic fibrosis (CF), are two sides of a disease spectrum of suppurative lung diseases, thus, making consequent therapy and long-term pediatric pneumological support of children with chronic productive cough necessary. abstract: Persistent cough is one of the most common reasons patients present to outpatient practices. Especially in children, chronic cough (>4 weeks) is a significant burden on the child and family. While in the past, the lower airways were considered sterile, the concept of a physiologic microbiome of the lower respiratory tract has increasingly emerged. Of the differential diagnoses of chronic cough, protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is more common in otherwise (pulmonary) healthy children under 6 years of age. Tracheomalacia may primarily exist or be the result of mechanically straining coughing, whereas apart from a reduced alveolar phagocytosis, there is usually no systemic or local immune weakness. Instead, an activated innate immunity with increased gene expression of the interleukin-1β signaling pathway can be immunologically detected. Here too, it is difficult to differentiate between cause and effect of chronic inflammatory events. Today, PBB and non-CF bronchiectasis, i.e., bronchiectasis not caused by cystic fibrosis (CF), are two sides of a disease spectrum of suppurative lung diseases, thus, making consequent therapy and long-term pediatric pneumological support of children with chronic productive cough necessary. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088285/ doi: 10.1007/s10405-018-0191-9 id: cord-024673-cl8gydrj author: Rosen, Lawrence D. title: Whole Health Learning: The Revolutionary Child of Integrative Health and Education date: 2020-05-12 words: 1927.0 sentences: 116.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024673-cl8gydrj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024673-cl8gydrj.txt summary: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), potentially traumatic events disproportionately affecting our most vulnerable children, greatly increase risk for poor physical and emotional health outcomes in adults. Reducing academic and attendance challenges contributes to greater academic success, attenuates the impact of adverse experiences into adulthood, and improves health outcomes across the lifespan.(16) Educational policy has become increasingly reflective of the need to consider the overall wellbeing of the child -physically, socially, and emotionally -with a focus upon systems and programs that support that holistic scope. Access to an integrated, comprehensive, and customizable SEL-based wellness studies program, designed to mitigate ACEs and improve long term health via self-care competency, would greatly benefit students, educators, families, and communities. Notable is a priority -to teach children in preschool and grades K-12 social and emotional skills, including mindful awareness practices.‖ This expressed support of whole health learning programs within schools as effective means to ameliorate the impact of ACEs on education and health is welcome. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7214304/ doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2020.05.003 id: cord-316356-xq9bw349 author: Ross, Kristie R. title: Is It Time to Head Home for the Night? Home Sleep Testing in Young Children date: 2020-10-17 words: 2089.0 sentences: 92.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-316356-xq9bw349.txt txt: ./txt/cord-316356-xq9bw349.txt summary: The gold standard for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is in-laboratory polysomnography (PSG), and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that polysomnography be performed in children with snoring and symptoms or signs of OSA (1) . The field''s focus on this tool for evaluating OSA (as well as evaluating other sleep disorders) reflects the ability of PSG to comprehensively collect physiological data on respiration, sleep, heart rate, and leg movements in controlled settings where issues of sensor loss can be readily addressed. Although home-based sleep apnea testing is widely used in adults to diagnose OSA, its use in children has been much more limited, reflecting concerns about the safety and feasibility of collecting multiple respiratory signals in this population. Importantly, the average duration of sleep monitored was 573 minutes, a period likely to provide representative sleep data for young children, and substantially longer than total sleep time reported from attended PSGs (5, 6) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33000957/ doi: 10.1513/annalsats.202008-970ed id: cord-254277-hr5g1tkq author: Rozdilsky, Janlyn R. title: Enhancing Sibling Presence in Pediatric ICU date: 2005-12-12 words: 6520.0 sentences: 305.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254277-hr5g1tkq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254277-hr5g1tkq.txt summary: Nurses may overlook siblings and assume parents and other family members are supporting them; however, distraught parents may not have the insight to identify the needs of their well children [9] , not know how to explain the situation [10] , or even realize that well siblings benefit from being with their ill sister or brother. Integrating knowledge of child development and well sibling stressors, along with understanding of illness and family adaptation, creates a sibling policy that enables PICU nurses to use their expertise and situation to provide holistic care to critically ill children and their family support systems. Nurses caring for critically ill children are situated ideally to lessen the detrimental effects of intensive care hospitalization on well siblings through direct interventions that are aimed at preparing siblings for the PICU environment, and through indirect interventions that are aimed at parental education and support. abstract: Critical illness of a child affects all members of the family, including well brothers and sisters. Stress in their lives results from changes in parental behaviors, caregiving arrangements, and family relationships. These changes, along with limited understanding and information about the crisis, create feelings of confusion, loneliness, jealousy, and sadness, as well as physical symptoms and behavior changes. Educating pediatric ICU nurses about the needs and reactions of well siblings enables them to optimize support to siblings and educate parents. A sibling policy guarantees that choice and support are offered in a consistent and thorough manner to each critically ill child’s family; this helps to ensure that the family unit has the abilities to nurture the ill child and other well children. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344214/ doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2005.07.001 id: cord-336940-6rgmpy5r author: Russell, B. S. title: Initial Challenges of Caregiving During COVID-19: Caregiver Burden, Mental Health, and the Parent–Child Relationship date: 2020-08-04 words: 7061.0 sentences: 277.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336940-6rgmpy5r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336940-6rgmpy5r.txt summary: Results indicate significant linkages between parents'' caregiver burden, mental health, and perceptions of children''s stress; these in turn are significantly linked to child-parent closeness and conflict, indicating possible spillover effects for depressed parents and compensatory effects for anxious parents. The hypothesized path model examined the direct and indirect associations among caregiver burden, generalized anxiety, depression symptomology, perceived child stress, and child-parent conflict and closeness, with parent gender and focal child age categories as controls. Path analysis results report of significant linkages between parents'' caregiver burden and mental health and perceptions of children''s stress; these in turn are significantly linked to child-parent closeness and conflict. The results of a multigroup path analysis, organized by parent gender, indicates good fit to the data [X 2 (10) = 159.04, p < 0.01], such that parents who reported higher rates of caregiver burden also reported higher rates of generalized anxiety, depression, and parent perceived child stress, with male caregivers reporting higher rates overall than female caregivers and stronger associations across the linkages between variables at each step in the model. abstract: Research confirms that the mental health burdens following community-wide disasters are extensive, with pervasive impacts noted in individuals and families. It is clear that child disaster outcomes are worst among children of highly distressed caregivers, or those caregivers who experience their own negative mental health outcomes from the disaster. The current study used path analysis to examine concurrent patterns of parents’ (n = 420) experience from a national sample during the early months of the U.S. COVID-19 pandemic. The results of a multi-group path analysis, organized by parent gender, indicate good fit to the data [X(2)(10) = 159.04, p < .01]. Results indicate significant linkages between parents’ caregiver burden, mental health, and perceptions of children’s stress; these in turn are significantly linked to child-parent closeness and conflict, indicating possible spillover effects for depressed parents and compensatory effects for anxious parents. The impact of millions of families sheltering in place during the COVID-19 pandemic for an undefined period of time may lead to unprecedented impacts on individuals’ mental health with unknown impacts on child-parent relationships. These impacts may be heightened for families whose caregivers experience increased mental health symptoms, as was the case for fathers in the current sample. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01037-x doi: 10.1007/s10578-020-01037-x id: cord-015893-e0fofgxq author: Ryhal, Bruce title: Viral Disease, Air Pollutants, Nanoparticles, and Asthma date: 2011-05-03 words: 6327.0 sentences: 316.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015893-e0fofgxq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015893-e0fofgxq.txt summary: Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter in air pollution may • exacerbate asthma, and patients should be cautioned to stay indoors when levels of these irritants are high. A study of children aged 6-8 years with asthma concluded that an asthma exacerbation was of a greater severity if a viral infection was present as opposed to a nonviral illness (7) . Inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) are well known to control the number of wheezing exacerbations in school-age children with chronic persistent asthma, an effect that appears to encompass those episodes caused by viral illness. Viral respiratory infections, and to a lesser extent air pollution, are common triggers of exacerbations and may interact with individuals to affect the development of some forms of asthma. By understanding and anticipating respiratory viral infections and air pollution as important causes of asthma, the health care provider can provide superior care for those who suffer from this chronic disease. abstract: Health care providers who treat patients with respiratory disease are often asked by their patients, “What caused my asthma? And what causes my asthma suddenly to become worse?” These questions have always been difficult to answer, and moving directly to a discussion of the management of asthma is a much easier road to take. In recent years, though, enough information has accumulated about the causes of asthma that one can weave a story containing useful advice that may help patients participate in the management of their disease. And there are also recent studies that can provide answers to the questions posed by physicians who have watched in puzzlement as their previously well-controlled asthma patients have spiraled rapidly out of control. This story has been growing increasingly complex, with an ever-expanding cast of players that sometimes creates a tangled web of interactions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119993/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6836-4_11 id: cord-298708-lvahzj59 author: Sahin, Ecem title: Vulnerabilities of Syrian refugee children in Turkey and actions taken for prevention and management in terms of health and wellbeing date: 2020-07-29 words: 10392.0 sentences: 468.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298708-lvahzj59.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298708-lvahzj59.txt summary: RESULTS: Syrian refugee children in Turkey are facing a variety of risks in terms of their health and wellbeing including communicable and non-communicable diseases, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, family violence, child labor, and child marriage. A study on mental health problems and related risk factors in Turkey reported that Syrian refugee children have been exposed to a number of traumatic events during war in Syria prior to arrival to Turkey such as witnessing explosions or gun battles (70 %), to lose someone important to them (56 %), to see dead or wounded people (55 %), or witnessing people being tortured (43 %) (Gormez et al., 2018) . The main commonality of the studies reviewed for this article is that Syrian refugee children in Turkey are faced with higher risks in terms of a variety of health and wellbeing indicators despite the efforts by governmental and non-governmental entities. abstract: BACKGROUND: The Syrian crisis, which started in March 2011, has resulted in the displacement of 6.3 million refugees predominantly to neighboring countries in addition to the internal displacement of 6.2 million people. Turkey is the country hosting the largest number of refugees in the world with 3.6 million Syrian refugees 46 % of which are under 18 years old. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to conduct a narrative review and analyze the vulnerabilities of refugee children in Turkey from the lens of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), more specifically SDG Goal 3: Good Health and Wellbeing, with a specific focus on Syrian refugee children. Moreover, this article explores the actions taken to prevent and mitigate issues that arise from these vulnerabilities. METHOD: This narrative review article collected data from various primary and secondary sources on the Turkish refugee framework including national and international legislation, governmental and non-governmental data and reports, and scientific papers. RESULTS: Syrian refugee children in Turkey are facing a variety of risks in terms of their health and wellbeing including communicable and non-communicable diseases, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, family violence, child labor, and child marriage. The measures taken for prevention and response by governmental and non-governmental entities are multilateral and aim to address issues from multiple perspectives including medical, psychosocial, child protection, and legal. CONCLUSIONS: The interventions and restructuring of the health system in Turkey contribute to the SDG number 3 for refugee children. The existence of a legal system which enables refugee access to health, protection, and other social services is key to achieve this goal. However, the existing system could be improved especially through solidifying the legal basis and centralizing the implementation for child and refugee protection. The engagement of all stakeholders to improve the health and wellbeing of refugee children remains vital. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104628 doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104628 id: cord-296434-tok2nvyd author: Sakellaropoulou, Afroditi title: Hyponatraemia in cases of children with pneumonia date: 2010-09-07 words: 2678.0 sentences: 155.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296434-tok2nvyd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296434-tok2nvyd.txt summary: CONCLUSIONS: Although studies in larger population groups are needed, in our study increased heart rhythm, tachypnoea, leucocyte count, C-reactive protein, and also erythrocyte sedimentation rate could be considered as possible risk factors influencing the degree of hyponatraemia, and thus the outcome of hospitalized children with CAP. Hyponatraemia is considered a common laboratory finding in children with communityacquired pneumonia (CAP), which can be defined clinically as the presence of signs and symptoms of pneumonia in a previously healthy child due to an infection which has been acquired outside hospital [9] . Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of hyponatraemia in children with CAP, to find predictive tools in order to classify the severity and outcome of CAP and also to explore possible differences of clinical importance between the two sexes. According to studies, SIADH occurs in about one third of children hospitalized for pneumonia, and was associated with a more severe disease and a poorer outcome [10] . abstract: INTRODUCTION: Hyponatraemia is the most common electrolyte imbalance seen in clinical practice, and a common laboratory finding in children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). This study aimed to identify the incidence of hyponatraemia in cases of CAP, to find predictive tools in order to classify the severity and outcome of CAP and to explore possible differences of clinical importance between the two sexes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The medical files of 54 children (66.4% males), 4.67 ±2.88 years old, were retro-prospectively reviewed. RESULTS: 35/54 (64.8%) children with pneumonia had normal values of sodium at admission, 18/54 (33.3%) had mild hyponatraemia and 1 child (1.9%) moderate hyponatraemia. Increased heart rhythm and tachypnoea at admission were correlated with lower values of sodium (z= −2.664, p = 0.007 and z = −1.705, p = 0.089 respectively). No differences were found between the two sexes concerning the characteristics of pneumonia or the range of sodium in serum at admission. A correlation was found between sodium admission values and: a) C-reactive protein (p = 0.000), and b) leukocyte count (p = 0.006). Sedimentation rate (p = 0.021) was also considered as a possible risk factor affecting the value of sodium at admission to hospital. Finally, a negative association was also observed between the degree of hyponatraemia and the duration of hospitalization (z = −3.398, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although studies in larger population groups are needed, in our study increased heart rhythm, tachypnoea, leucocyte count, C-reactive protein, and also erythrocyte sedimentation rate could be considered as possible risk factors influencing the degree of hyponatraemia, and thus the outcome of hospitalized children with CAP. url: https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2010.14471 doi: 10.5114/aoms.2010.14471 id: cord-305786-06dpjik8 author: Sandora, Thomas J. title: Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children date: 2005-07-09 words: 7819.0 sentences: 343.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305786-06dpjik8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305786-06dpjik8.txt summary: Fever and cough are also frequently present in children with pneumonia, and clinical signs may include retractions or abnormal auscultatory findings, such as rales or decreased breath sounds, which tend to be more specific as indicators of lower respiratory tract infection [23] [24] [25] [26] . Published studies of adult patients with CAP have shown that adherence to a treatment guideline results in improvement in several outcomes, including lower costs, decreased length of stay, more appropriate antibiotic usage, and lower mortality rates [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] . Empiric coverage for pneumonia in patients in the intensive care unit or others at risk for nosocomial infections should include broad-spectrum agents that provide coverage for these antibiotic-resistant organisms (and any organisms known to be a frequent cause of hospital-acquired infections in the institution) until a specific diagnosis can be made and antimicrobial susceptibilities are available. abstract: Pneumonia is one of the most common infections in the pediatric age group and one of the leading diagnoses that results in overnight hospital admission for children. Various micro-organisms can cause pneumonia, and etiologies differ by age. Clinical manifestations vary, and diagnostic testing is frequently not standardized. Hospital management should emphasize timely diagnosis and prompt initiation of antimicrobial therapy when appropriate. Issues of particular relevance to inpatient management are emphasized in this article. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0031395505000672 doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2005.03.004 id: cord-329123-ytezkugu author: Santi, Aura Daniella title: Atrial fibrillation in a child with COVID-19 infection date: 2020-10-19 words: 1415.0 sentences: 91.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329123-ytezkugu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329123-ytezkugu.txt summary: A multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children has been described in association with COVID-19 infection, with 80% involving cardiovascular sequelae. Criteria were met for severe multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children given the cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, mucocutaneous, and pulmonary involvement with history of COVID-19 infection. 6 Current guidelines for multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children treatment include starting low-dose aspirin, steroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin for all patients (dose dependent on severity) and biologic treatment with tocilizumab, anakinra, or infliximab for severe cases. 7 Monitoring for cardiovascular complications via serial troponin with early intervention is essential for multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children patients. Cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 in children remain a topic of novel investigation as literature in this population is lacking. The case highlights the importance of developing management strategies in patients with multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children in the setting of viral infection with COVID-19. abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has challenged our initial predictions of its ramifications, both short and long term. Cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 in children remain a topic of investigation as literature is lacking. We describe new onset atrial fibrillation in a child with a history of COVID-19 infection. Understanding of cardiogenic effects of COVID-19 can help minimise the delay in diagnosis. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1047951120003893 doi: 10.1017/s1047951120003893 id: cord-355047-ri43d5wk author: Sarangi, Bhakti title: Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in Indian Children in the Initial Phase of the Pandemic date: 2020-07-28 words: 1798.0 sentences: 116.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355047-ri43d5wk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355047-ri43d5wk.txt summary: METHODS: Clinical and laboratory profile and outcomes were studied for children (aged 1 month — 18 years) presenting between 1 April, 2020 and 20 May, 2020 with positive nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. All children between one month and 18 years of age who tested positive by the RT-PCR technique for nasopharyngeal swab were included in the study -these also included asymptomatic children as per the management guidelines in force. High CRP values have now become synonymous with severe COVID-19 infection among adults as seen in majority of the studies [13] . In conclusion, our study shows that there is a higher disease burden in lower-socioeconomic groups with majority of children having a positive household contact. • Majority of Indian children with SARS-CoV-2 infection had a mild course of disease during the initial stages of the pandemic Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: An observational cohort study abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric inpatients with COVID-19, early in the pandemic. METHODS: Clinical and laboratory profile and outcomes were studied for children (aged 1 month — 18 years) presenting between 1 April, 2020 and 20 May, 2020 with positive nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. RESULTS: 50 children (56% male) with median (IQR) age of 6 (2–12) years were included. Majority (56%) were from families belonging to Kuppuswamy upper lower socioeconomic class. 45 (90%) had positive household contact, and 33 (66%) had overcrowding at home. 29 (58%) children were asymptomatic while 20 (40%) had mild symptoms. Fever, cough, and sore throat were the most common symptoms. High C-reactive protein levels were seen in 15 (30%) children. There was no mortality. CONCLUSION: The disease burden appears high in lower socio-economic group with majority having a positive household contact. Milder disease pattern in the pediatric age group is reiterated. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32729850/ doi: 10.1007/s13312-020-1994-4 id: cord-267139-r8rg0iqq author: Scaggs Huang, Felicia A. title: Fever in the Returning Traveler date: 2018-03-31 words: 3494.0 sentences: 211.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267139-r8rg0iqq.txt summary: As many as 34% of patients with recent travel history are diagnosed with routine infections, but serious infections such as malaria, enteric fever, and dengue fever should be on the differential diagnosis due the high morbidity and mortality in children. As awareness of tropical illnesses rise in parents, such as the increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria worldwide or the emergence of epidemics with Zika virus in South America, families may be more anxious about serious infections as an etiologic factor of fevers. Because the causes and clinical outcomes associated with fevers in pediatric travelers vary from self-limited to deadly, a systems-based approach can lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment that evaluates for the most likely and serious diseases early in the illness course. A European study of travelers returning from Brazil in 2013 to 2016 reported that of the 29% of patients with travel-related complaints, 6% had dengue fever, 3% had chikungunya, and 3% had Zika virus infection. abstract: Millions of children travel annually, whether they are refugees, international adoptees, visitors, or vacationers. Although most young travelers do well, many develop a febrile illness during or shortly after their trips. Approaching a fever in the returning traveler requires an appropriate index of suspicion to diagnose and treat in a timely manner. As many as 34% of patients with recent travel history are diagnosed with routine infections, but serious infections such as malaria, enteric fever, and dengue fever should be on the differential diagnosis due the high morbidity and mortality in children. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891552017301046 doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2017.10.009 id: cord-343985-0p2j5hzc author: Self-Brown, Shannon title: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Delivery of an Evidence-Based Child Maltreatment Prevention Program: Understanding the Perspectives of SafeCare® Providers date: 2020-11-05 words: 7472.0 sentences: 346.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343985-0p2j5hzc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343985-0p2j5hzc.txt summary: The goals of these programs, whether delivered in child protection or prevention service settings, is to promote childhood health, safety, and development and improve parenting skills and responsible parenting among mothers and fathers, which correspond with decreases in maltreatment risk (Howard and Brooks-Gunn 2009; Supplee and Adirim 2012) . Thus, this study has two research aims: 1) examine active SafeCare Providers'' opinions on the feasibility and effectiveness of SafeCare via virtual delivery, and 2) better understand workforce concerns for human service professionals within the context of COVID-19 mitigation efforts. This study is the first to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the delivery of an evidence-based child maltreatment home visiting program that has transitioned to virtual delivery, as well as the impact of COVID-19 on the workforce responsible for delivering these programs. Given the risks impacting our world''s most vulnerable families during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative to ensure effective and sustainable delivery of evidence-based programs that can reduce maltreatment risk for young children. abstract: Child maltreatment (CM) is a global public health problem. Evidence-based home visiting programs, such as SafeCare®, reduce CM risk, and enhance parent-child relationships and other protective factors. As the result of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting restrictions, SafeCare Providers transitioned from home to virtual delivery for the SafeCare curriculum. The purpose of this study is to 1) examine active SafeCare Providers’ opinions on the feasibility and effectiveness of SafeCare via remote delivery, and 2) better understand workforce concerns for human service professionals within the context of COVID-19 mitigation efforts. Data are from a cross-sectional survey of SafeCare Providers (N = 303) in the United States, Canada, and Australia. The majority of Providers reported they were actively delivering SafeCare virtually and were comfortable with the delivery format. Providers indicated that the majority of SafeCare families are making progress on target skills, and that engagement is high among many families. Some service delivery challenges were reported, ranging from family data plan limitations to difficulty with delivery of specific components of the SafeCare curriculum related to modeling and assessment. The impact of COVID-19 on Providers’ daily routines, stress level, and work-life balance has been significant. Remote, virtual delivery of CM prevention programming offers the opportunity to continue serving vulnerable families in the midst of a pandemic. Barriers related to family technology and data access must be addressed to ensure reach and the effective delivery of prevention programming during the pandemic and beyond. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00217-6 doi: 10.1007/s10896-020-00217-6 id: cord-018585-hrl5ywth author: Sens, Mary Ann title: Other Pediatric Accidental Deaths date: 2014-02-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Injury, both intentional and accidental, is the most common cause of death in children throughout the world. Many injury patterns that are seen in children are similar to those in adult populations; however, others differ, reflecting the age, stature, and development of children. This chapter focuses on differences in injury patterns of children across the spectrum of childhood development and growth, including injuries and fatalities that primarily occur in infancy and early childhood. Risk factors for injury and death are identified within the context of childhood development. Topics covered include deaths associated with motorized and nonmotorized vehicles including pedestrian, occupant, and operator fatalities; farming and ranching deaths; drowning, boating, and diving deaths; fires and burns, including electrical deaths; animal-related deaths; falls; and airway-associated deaths. There are significant disparities in childhood injury and death among racial, ethnic, geographic, and socioeconomic groups. A brief consideration of these differences is provided to assist in forensic case examination. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123499/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-403-2_30 id: cord-320868-a9yegebb author: Senthilkumaran, Subramanian title: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Children: Indian Perspectives date: 2020-04-26 words: 808.0 sentences: 43.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320868-a9yegebb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320868-a9yegebb.txt summary: title: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Children: Indian Perspectives We would like to address additional issues related to epidemiology of COVID-19, reasons for uneventful clinical course in children, and the contributions of Indian judiciary to the health of children during the pandemic. In addition, increased expression of ACE2 in pediatric lungs and other tissues gives additional protection and contributes to uneventful clinical course [4] . In addition, exposure of pediatric population to various vaccines [10] carried out as per the Universal immunization program in India enhance the activation of the immune system [11, 12] , and contribute to uneventful clinical course. Over all, we believe that Indian children will withstand the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pandemic, but may be a link in transmission due to possibility of underreporting of cases, sub-clinical syndrome and longer shedding period of virus. Inflammatory cytokine profile in children with severe acute respiratory syndrome abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32336687/ doi: 10.1007/s13312-020-1869-8 id: cord-022448-ungitgh9 author: Sergueef, Nicette title: Clinical Conditions date: 2009-05-15 words: 77343.0 sentences: 4418.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022448-ungitgh9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022448-ungitgh9.txt summary: Brachial plexus injury, fracture of the clavicle, pectus excavatum and carinatum, scoliosis, kyphosis and vertebral somatic dysfunctions are other commonly encountered conditions with structural and functional consequences that can be addressed with osteopathic manipulative treatment. Palpate the infant to identify membranous, myofascial and interosseous somatic dysfunction, particularly in the upper thoracic spine, pectoral girdle, cervico-occipital area and cranium (temporal bone, occiput, occipitomastoid suture and jugular foramen). Secondly, but concomitant with the above, the progressive fl exion of the cranial base, associated with the anteroposterior growth of the skull, contributes to positional changes of both the pterygoid processes, which become longer and more vertical, and the petrous portions of the temporal bones, which become externally rotated. Because of the relationships between the sympathetic nervous system and the upper thoracic spinal segments, the second and third cervical vertebrae, and between the parasympathetic nervous system and the sphenoid, maxilla or palatine bones, somatic dysfunction of any of these vertebral and cranial areas can result in dysfunction of the ANS with impact on nasal function. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155703/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-443-10352-0.50013-4 id: cord-024981-yfuuirnw author: Severin, Paul N. title: Types of Disasters date: 2020-05-14 words: 29266.0 sentences: 1796.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024981-yfuuirnw.txt summary: The World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization define a disaster as "an event that occurs in most cases suddenly and unexpectedly, causing severe disturbances to people or objects affected by it, resulting in the loss of life and harm to the health of the population, the destruction or loss of community property, and/or severe damage to the environment. After the events of 9/11, much attention has been given to the possibility of another mass casualty act of terrorism, especially with weapons of mass destruction, that include chemical, biological, nuclear, radiological, and explosive devices (CBNRE), or other forms of violence such as active shooter incidents and mass shootings (Jacobson and Severin 2012) . Antidote therapy should be given as usual for nerve agents, including atropine, diazepam, and pralidoxime chloride (United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, National Library of Medicine 2019; United States Department of Health and Human Services, Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM) 2019). abstract: Disasters are increasing around the world. Children are greatly impacted by both natural disasters (forces of nature) and man-made (intentional, accidental) disasters. Their unique anatomical, physiological, behavioral, developmental, and psychological vulnerabilities must be considered when planning and preparing for disasters. The nurse or health care provider (HCP) must be able to rapidly identify acutely ill children during a disaster. Whether it is during a natural or man-made event, the nurse or HCP must intervene effectively to improve survival and outcomes. It is extremely vital to understand the medical management of these children during disasters, especially the use of appropriate medical countermeasures such as medications, antidotes, supplies, and equipment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7235629/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-43428-1_5 id: cord-353886-wvxohfum author: Sevilla Vallejo, Santiago title: Theoretical and applied study of the psychological and educational effects of lockdown in primary school students in Argentina date: 2020-12-31 words: 6447.0 sentences: 399.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353886-wvxohfum.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353886-wvxohfum.txt summary: Then, we will see how the current situation of lockdown or quarantine and preventive and compulsory social isolation affect both the regulation of emotions and the reading comprehension specifically of primary school students with learning disorders. As a result, teachers have to accompany their students in a virtual way, without in many cases having previous experience in 1 In a previous work, we studied the relation between emotional awareness and reading comprehension: El efecto del aislamiento social por el Covid-19 en la conciencia emocional y en la comprensi on lectora. The problem is that the teachers wrote on the blackboards in capital letters and the students worked on copying and, at the current situation, parents express that they do not have the necessary tools such as blackboards and do not know how to adapt the tasks or how to teach their children. abstract: Abstract Emotions are complex states, which have a fundamental role for children’s mental health and learning. The proper self-regulation of emotions allows to tolerate frustrations, improves social skills and healthy bonds with peers and adults in the environment (Bisquerra, 2003, p. 12). The lack of regulation causes discomfort that leads to a decrease in academic performance (Graziano, Reavis, Keanes & Calkins, 2006) and particularly in reading comprehension, because this competence requires motivation and cognitive processes that will allow to process the linguistic code, interpret it and represent it symbolically (Alonso-Tapia, 2005, p. 64). In this work, we show the essential relationship between emotional regulation and reading comprehension in primary school students. After that, we study the effect of lockdown on these two processes. The aim is to have preliminary information about the challenges and effects of the current situation. To do this, a semi-structured survey has been conducted of parents and teachers in order to assess the psychological and educational effects of the current health situation. The results of 40 semi-structured telephone surveys are analyzed, 20 of parents of children with learning disorders and 20 of their classroom teachers in Traslasierra, Córdoba-Argentina. The results inform that the students and their parents have difficulties to regulate their emotions and this emotional struggle has a negative impact on comprehension of texts. The problems that previously presented in these two areas have increased due to the lack of adaptation of activities by teachers, the lack of knowledge of their parents to help them and the difficulty in accessing digital technologies. Both parents and teachers express that lockdown affects learning processes, although parents are also concerned about the effects on social life. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590291120300280 doi: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100039 id: cord-348411-nrhe8aek author: Shah, Kaushal title: Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents date: 2020-08-26 words: 3465.0 sentences: 165.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348411-nrhe8aek.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348411-nrhe8aek.txt summary: It is essential and obligatory for the scientific community and healthcare workers to assess and analyze the psychological impact caused by the coronavirus pandemic on children and adolescents, as several mental health disorders begin during childhood. Children exposed to stressors such as separation through isolation from their families and friends, seeing or being aware of critically ill members affected with coronavirus, or the passing of loved ones or even thinking of their own death from the virus can cause them to develop anxiety, panic attacks, depression, and other mental illnesses [11] [12] . The conducted literature search was through Medline, PubMed, PubMed Central, and Embase using the keywords, ''coronavirus,'' ''COVID-19,'' ''mental health,'' ''child and adolescent,'' ''behavioral impact,'' ''psychological conditions,'' ''quarantine,'' and ''online education.'' The indexed search aimed to identify literature and articles relevant to our focused topic. abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was first reported in Wuhan, China, and was later reported to have spread throughout the world to create a global pandemic. As of August 18th, 2020, the coronavirus had spread to more than 216 countries with at least 21,756,357 confirmed cases, resulting in 771,635 deaths globally. Several countries declared this pandemic as a national emergency, forcing millions of people to go into lockdown. This unexpected imposed social isolation has caused enormous disruption of daily routines for the global community, especially children. Among the measures intended to reduce the spread of the virus, most schools closed, canceled classes, and moved it to home-based or online learning to encourage and adhere to social distancing guidelines. Education and learnings of 67.6% of students are impacted globally due to coronavirus in 143 countries. The transition away from physical classes has significantly disrupted the lives of students and their families, posing a potential risk to the mental well-being of children. An abrupt change in the learning environment and limited social interactions and activities posed an unusual situation for children's developing brains. It is essential and obligatory for the scientific community and healthcare workers to assess and analyze the psychological impact caused by the coronavirus pandemic on children and adolescents, as several mental health disorders begin during childhood. Countries across the globe, including the United States, are in the dilemma of determining appropriate strategies for children to minimize the psychological impact of coronavirus. The design of this review is to investigate and identify the risk factors to mental health and propose possible solutions to avoid the detrimental consequence of this crisis on the psychology of our future adult generations. url: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10051 doi: 10.7759/cureus.10051 id: cord-017245-kxqh32ip author: Sharma, Avinash title: Kawasaki Disease date: 2016-06-02 words: 4092.0 sentences: 254.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017245-kxqh32ip.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017245-kxqh32ip.txt summary: Initially described in 1967 by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki in Japanese children as an acute mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome [ 1 -3 ] , KD may lead to coronary artery abnormalities (CAAs) in up to 25 % of patients if left untreated. Japan reports the highest incidence of KD in the world -the present fi gure being 265/100,000 children below the age of 5 years. In the years to come, KD may soon replace rheumatic fever to become the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in India, just as in Japan, Europe and North America. If a child has fever for less than 5 days or has less than four criteria, the presence of coronary artery abnormalities (CAAs) detected on 2D echocardiography would also suggest a diagnosis of KD [ 17 ] . A replication study for association of ITPKC and CASP3 two-locus analysis in IVIG unresponsiveness and coronary artery lesion in Kawasaki disease abstract: To learn about the epidemiology, aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and differential diagnosis of Kawasaki disease (KD) url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121756/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-1750-6_35 id: cord-262892-n38r8n70 author: Sheikh, Jamila title: Nutritional Care of the Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective date: 2015-05-08 words: 6631.0 sentences: 298.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262892-n38r8n70.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262892-n38r8n70.txt summary: In well-resourced settings, early infant diagnosis and administration of life-saving antiretrovirals (ARVs) have significantly improved clinical outcomes in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The tenets of care developed from that era still hold true in that all infants, children, and adolescents with HIV require comprehensive nutritional services in addition to effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This chapter will review the principles of nutrition in the preand post-cART eras and discuss the etiologic factors associated with malnutrition, with an emphasis on interventions that have favorably impacted the growth and body composition of infants, children and adolescents with HIV. When cART providing effective viral suppression was unavailable, enteral and parenteral support was associated with improved weight and body composition and overall survival and is still a key part of care for children and adolescents who present with advanced HIV disease. abstract: In well-resourced settings, early infant diagnosis and administration of life-saving antiretrovirals (ARVs) have significantly improved clinical outcomes in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The dramatic increase in survival rates is associated with enhancements in overall quality of life, which reflect a multidisciplinary, holistic approach to care. Current optimism starkly contrasts with the outlook and prognosis two decades ago, when failure to thrive and wasting syndrome from uncontrolled pediatric HIV infection resulted from poor oral intake, malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and a persistently catabolic state. The tenets of care developed from that era still hold true in that all infants, children, and adolescents with HIV require comprehensive nutritional services in addition to effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This chapter will review the principles of nutrition in the pre- and post-cART eras and discuss the etiologic factors associated with malnutrition, with an emphasis on interventions that have favorably impacted the growth and body composition of infants, children and adolescents with HIV. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128007693000093 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800769-3.00009-3 id: cord-282868-yd7pzcbz author: Shelmerdine, Susan C. title: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a systematic review of imaging findings date: 2020-06-18 words: 5694.0 sentences: 299.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282868-yd7pzcbz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282868-yd7pzcbz.txt summary: MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched four databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar) for articles describing imaging findings in children with COVID-19. Whilst several systematic reviews of imaging findings in COVID-19 cases have been performed for adults [7, 8] , none has specifically focused on children. Inclusion criteria encompassed all studies investigating and describing imaging findings of confirmed COVID-19 infection in children, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. The same two reviewers (S.C.S., S.T.) independently extracted data from the full articles into a database (Excel; Microsoft, Redmond, WA), which included the following factors: study design, study setting/country, population demographics (e.g., gender, age, underlying comorbidities), sample size, patient outcomes (number of mortalities), imaging modality and imaging findings (pattern and location of involvement of disease) and results of any follow-up imaging. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a systematic review of imaging findings abstract: BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus infection that can cause a severe respiratory illness and has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Because children appear to be less severely affected than adults, their imaging appearances have not been extensively reported. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review available literature regarding imaging findings in paediatric cases of COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched four databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar) for articles describing imaging findings in children with COVID-19. We included all modalities, age <18 years, and foreign language articles, using descriptive statistics to identify patterns and locations of imaging findings, and their association with outcomes. RESULTS: Twenty-two articles were included, reporting chest imaging findings in 431 children, of whom 421 (97.7%) underwent CT. Criteria for imaging were lacking. At diagnosis, 143/421 (34.0%) had a normal CT. Abnormalities were more common in the lower lobes and were predominantly unilateral. The most common imaging pattern was ground-glass opacification (159/255, 62.4%). None of the studies described lymphadenopathy, while pleural effusions were rare (three cases). Improvement at follow-up CT imaging (3–15 days later) was seen in 29/100 (29%), remained normal in 25/100 (25%) and progressed in 9/100 (9%). CONCLUSION: CT chest findings in children with COVID-19 are frequently normal or mild. Lower lobes are predominantly affected by patchy ground-glass opacification. Appearances at follow-up remain normal or improve in the majority of children. Chest CT imaging adds little to the further management of the patient and should be reserved for severe cases or for identifying alternative diagnoses. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00247-020-04726-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-020-04726-w doi: 10.1007/s00247-020-04726-w id: cord-276108-35rsrx3m author: Shulman, Stanford T title: The History of Pediatric Infectious Diseases date: 2004 words: 10998.0 sentences: 437.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt summary: Epidemic diseases were better described during the 18th Century in colonial America compared with the earlier period, and there was clear recognition of the impact of smallpox, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, influenza, tuberculosis and whooping cough, particularly upon children. The early years of organized U.S. pediatrics were marked by a number of landmark advances in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases of children, with substantial reduction in infant mortality rates, to 189/1000 live births in New York City in 1900, with rates as low as 147 in Chicago and as high as 311 in Biddeford, ME (5). The importance of infectious diseases to the relatively small number of founding members of the American Pediatric Society, a group of distinguished physicians who devoted much or all of their effort to the improvement of the health of children, is reflected by analysis of the topics of the papers presented at the early annual scientific meetings of APS. abstract: The history of Pediatric Infectious Diseases closely parallels the history of Pediatrics at least until the last century, because historically infections comprised the major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality, as they still do in the developing world. This history reviews developments in the field through the centuries and is writen so that it does not overlap the contribution to this series by Baker and Katz entitled ‘Childhood Vaccine Development in the United States.' Remarkable descriptions of selected pediatric infections existed long before the invention of printing, and early pediatric texts included many chapters devoted to various infections. Coincident with the establishment of pediatric organizations in America in the late 19(th) and early 20(th) Centuries, major attention was focused on diphtheria, infant diarrheal illnesses, tuberculosis, streptococcal infections and their complications, and other pediatric infections, and substantial progress was made. The American Pediatric Society (1888), the American Academy of Pediatrics (1930), the Society for Pediatric Research (1931), and the American Board of Pediatrics (1933) all contributed to the evolution of the discipline of Pediatric Infectious Disease, and numerous leaders of these organizations had significant infectious diseases interests. The establishment of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases sub-board, and an accreditation process for training programs, as well as sub-specialty textbooks and journal, further validated the development of this specialty, particularly in North America. The many remaining challenges related to infectious diseases in children (including HIV, emerging infections, antimicrobial resistance, opportunistic infections, and infections in the developing world) insure the future of the specialty. The genomic era of medicine and the tools of molecular biology will lead to new insights into pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of infections. Pediatric Infectious Diseases physicians can celebrate the past triumphs of the discipline and future achievements, all contributing to improved health for children. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14605240/ doi: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000101756.93542.09 id: cord-348717-qgny6f6y author: Shumba, Constance title: Reorienting Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya: A Review date: 2020-09-25 words: 8589.0 sentences: 390.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348717-qgny6f6y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348717-qgny6f6y.txt summary: Anecdotal evidence in Kenya shows that the COVID-19 pandemic is contributing to deteriorating optimal environments that threaten children''s early development and has direct health impacts on caregivers and children [11] [12] [13] . There are several far-reaching, interlinked direct and indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated control measures on nurturing care and related ECD outcomes including children''s cognitive, physical, language, motor, and social and emotional development (Figure 1 ). There is a need to build and leverage community level programs and policy support, targeting children at risk of abuse and neglect, and adolescents at risk of early pregnancy, to ameliorate the negative effects of the pandemic, such as poor nurturing care environments and transactional sex for food and pads among adolescent girls, all of which subsequently leading to poor child development outcomes. abstract: In Kenya, millions of children have limited access to nurturing care. With the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is anticipated that vulnerable children will bear the biggest brunt of the direct and indirect impacts of the pandemic. This review aimed to deepen understanding of the effects of COVID-19 on nurturing care from conception to four years of age, a period where the care of children is often delivered through caregivers or other informal platforms. The review has drawn upon the empirical evidence from previous pandemics and epidemics, and anecdotal and emerging evidence from the ongoing COVID-19 crisis. Multifactorial impacts fall into five key domains: direct health; health and nutrition systems; economic protection; social and child protection; and child development and early learning. The review proposes program and policy strategies to guide the reorientation of nurturing care, prevent the detrimental effects associated with deteriorating nurturing care environments, and support the optimal development of the youngest and most vulnerable children. These include the provision of cash transfers and essential supplies for vulnerable households and strengthening of community-based platforms for nurturing care. Further research on COVID-19 and the ability of children’s ecology to provide nurturing care is needed, as is further testing of new ideas. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32992966/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph17197028 id: cord-330780-lmntovs5 author: Simacek, Jessica title: Current Trends in Telehealth Applications to Deliver Social Communication Interventions for Young Children with or at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder date: 2020-10-12 words: 4783.0 sentences: 244.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-330780-lmntovs5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330780-lmntovs5.txt summary: title: Current Trends in Telehealth Applications to Deliver Social Communication Interventions for Young Children with or at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Early, intensive, and high-quality interventions can often improve social communication outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This article highlights the current trends in social communication intervention via telehealth used in early intervention practices for children with ASD over the past 5 years, including a brief review of studies (from 2014 to January 2020) and our team''s experiences in this area. One of the best-documented uses of telehealth applications is training parents to implement intervention strategies to support their child''s social communication development (18 studies; 81.8%). This study examined the effects of parent-implemented functional communication training delivered via synchronous telehealth coaching on child requests during routines This study coached parents synchronously via telehealth to implement assessment and intervention (functional communication training) procedures to reduce self-injurious behaviors and to increase child requests abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Early, intensive, and high-quality interventions can often improve social communication outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Many children experience barriers to intervention, resulting in significant delays to intervention onset or missed opportunities for intervention altogether. With constant advances in technology, the field is experiencing a rapid increase in investigation of telehealth applications to intervention delivery. This article highlights the current trends in social communication intervention via telehealth used in early intervention practices for children with ASD over the past 5 years, including a brief review of studies (from 2014 to January 2020) and our team’s experiences in this area. RECENT FINDINGS: Based on our experience and the 22 studies we identified in this area, we describe the current trends in telehealth applications used and how interventions were delivered. We also provide recommendations, limitations, and future directions on this topic. SUMMARY: Telehealth offers innovative intervention delivery options by increasing intervention access, overcoming barriers such as geography and costs of service delivery for young children with ASD. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-020-00214-w doi: 10.1007/s40474-020-00214-w id: cord-293259-o51fnvuw author: Sinaei, Reza title: Why COVID-19 is less frequent and severe in children: a narrative review date: 2020-09-25 words: 7043.0 sentences: 359.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293259-o51fnvuw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293259-o51fnvuw.txt summary: Thus far, only a small number of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have involved children, so that they have accounted for only 1-5% of total patients [2, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a hyperproinflammatory response or cytokine storm state that results to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS). The search strategy was constructed based on searching terms 2019 novel coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 with using and/or, also the terms of child, pediatric, newborn, infant, adolescence, adult, age, age groups, severity, epidemiology, prevalence, difference, immune system, etiology, reasons in title, abstract, and key words. The first results stem from some considerations that children have a less vigorous immune response to the virus than adults because the cytokine storm is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections [28] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the streaks of severity, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is, in general, less frequent and severe in children than in adults. We searched for causal evidence of this mystery. DATA SOURCES: An extensive search strategy was designed to identify papers on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We searched Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE databases, and Cochrane library and carried out a review on the causes of this dilemma. RESULTS: Our searches produced 81 relevant articles. The review showed that children accounted for a lower percentage of reported cases, and they also experienced less severe illness courses. Some potential explanations, including the tendency to engage the upper airway, the different expression in both receptors of angiotensin-converting enzyme and renin–angiotensin system, a less vigorous immune response, the lower levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, myeloperoxidase, and P-selectin and a higher intracellular adhesion molecule-1, a potential protective role of lymphocytes, and also lung infiltrations might have protective roles in the immune system–respiratory tract interactions. Finally, what have shed light on this under representation comes from two studies that revealed high-titer immunoglobulin-G antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus and mycoplasma pneumonia, may carry out cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, just like what suggested about the vaccines. CONCLUSIONS: These results require an in-depth look. Properties of the immune system including a less vigorous adaptive system beside a preliminary potent innate response and a trained immunity alongside a healthier respiratory system, and their interactions, might protect children against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, further studies are needed to explore other possible causes of this enigma. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00392-y doi: 10.1007/s12519-020-00392-y id: cord-327976-pwe95zoi author: Singh, Dr Shweta title: Impact of COVID-19 and Lockdown on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review with Recommendations. date: 2020-08-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown has brought about a sense of fear and anxiety around the globe. This phenomenon has led to short term as well as long term psychosocial and mental health implications for children and adolescents. The quality and magnitude of impact on minors is determined by many vulnerability factors like developmental age, educational status, pre-existing mental health condition, being economically underprivileged or being quarantined due to infection or fear of infection. AIMS: This paper is aimed at narratively reviewing various articles related to mental-health aspects of children and adolescents impacted by COVID-19 pandemic and enforcement of nationwide or regional lockdowns to prevent further spread of infection. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a review and collected articles and advisories on mental health aspects of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. We selected articles and thematically organized them. We put up their major findings under the thematic areas of impact on young children, school and college going students, children and adolescents with mental health challenges, economically underprivileged children, impact due to quarantine and separation from parents and the advisories of international organizations. We have also provided recommendations to the above. CONCLUSION: There is a pressing need for planning longitudinal and developmental studies, and implementing evidence based elaborative plan of action to cater to the psycho social and mental health needs of the vulnerable children and adolescents during pandemic as well as post pandemic. There is a need to ameliorate children and adolescents’ access to mental health support services geared towards providing measures for developing healthy coping mechanisms during the current crisis. For this innovative child and adolescent mental health policies policies with direct and digital collaborative networks of psychiatrists, psychologists, paediatricians, and community volunteers are deemed necessary. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S016517812031725X doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429 id: cord-023817-39r3a4fd author: Singh, Namita title: Rotavirus and Noro- and Caliciviruses date: 2012 words: 4637.0 sentences: 287.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023817-39r3a4fd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023817-39r3a4fd.txt summary: Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children of developed and developing countries worldwide. Worldwide, approximately 40% of hospitalizations for diarrhea in children younger than 5 years of age are attributable to rotavirus infection. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines a confirmed case of rotavirus gastroenteritis as diarrhea (3 or more loose stools within 24 h) or vomiting (1 or more episodes in a 24 h period) in a child with a positive stool detection of rotavirus by a standard assay, such as an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The non-bloody, watery diarrhea of rotavirus gastroenteritis is clinically indistinguishable from that caused by other enteric viruses, including norovirus and other caliciviruses, enteric adenovirus, and astrovirus. Norwalk virus carries historical import as the first confirmed viral etiology for human gastroenteritis when it was identified by electron microscopy in stools from a severe outbreak of diarrhea in Norwalk, Ohio in 1972. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7176162/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_120 id: cord-317092-5qba9jiq author: Singh, Tulika title: Lessons from COVID-19 in children: Key hypotheses to guide preventative and therapeutic strategies date: 2020-05-08 words: 4971.0 sentences: 355.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317092-5qba9jiq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317092-5qba9jiq.txt summary: The current pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), reveals a peculiar trend of milder disease and lower case fatality in children compared to adults. Understanding differences in children''s immunity, host cellular factors required for virus replication, and physiology can provide insights into the correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs. In this review, we summarize current pediatric-specific knowledge on clinical disease, transmission, risks for severe disease, protective immunity, and novel therapies and vaccines in trial. 38 For example, a regulator of lung morphogenesis that is lower in childhood, nuclear factor kappa-light-chainenhancer of activated B cells (NF-b), plays a pathologic role in inflammatory diseases and should be evaluated as a protective host factor in pediatric versus adult SARS-CoV-2 infections. In this review, we evaluated recent reports on the pathology and immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and offered several hypotheses for how these features may differ in children versus adults, and how they may differentially modulate disease in these populations. abstract: The current pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), reveals a peculiar trend of milder disease and lower case fatality in children compared to adults. Consistent epidemiologic evidence of reduced severity of infection in children across different populations and countries suggests there are underlying biologic differences between children and adults that mediate differential disease pathogenesis. This presents a unique opportunity to learn about disease modifying host factors from pediatric populations. Our review summarizes the current knowledge of pediatric clinical disease, role in transmission, risks for severe disease, protective immunity, as well as novel therapies and vaccine trials for children. We then define key hypotheses and areas for future research that can use the pediatric model of disease, transmission, and immunity to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies for people of all age groups. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32382748/ doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa547 id: cord-264242-zfv30l3o author: Sivabalan, Somu title: Does a Crying Child Enhance the Risk for COVID-19 Transmission? date: 2020-04-26 words: 914.0 sentences: 52.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264242-zfv30l3o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264242-zfv30l3o.txt summary: In our routine pediatric outpatient practice for non-COVID cases i.e. well baby visits and kids presenting with afebrile, non-respiratory symptoms, a surgical face mask with proper hand hygiene and gloves has been recommended for health care professionals [2] . AGPs are believed to produce aerosols and droplets as source of respiratory pathogens that exposes the health care workers to pathogens causing acute respiratory infections including Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [5] . Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is uncommon in children [1] , with greater morbidity and mortality in adults and elderly. Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: A systematic review abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32336688/ doi: 10.1007/s13312-020-1870-2 id: cord-268042-qhrhymle author: Skokauskas, Norbert title: Supporting children of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-07-18 words: 652.0 sentences: 38.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268042-qhrhymle.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268042-qhrhymle.txt summary: The WHO 2019 "Novel Coronavirus Global Research and Innovation Forum: Towards a Research Roadmap" highlights several knowledge needs, including what are the relevant, acceptable and feasible approaches for supporting the physical health and psychosocial needs of those providing care for COVID-19 patients [1] . Social distancing strategies disrupt healthy routines needed by children and increased exposure to trauma in childhood poses risks for later development of many forms of psychopathology, including anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), disruptive behavior, and substance abuse [2] . If their parents happen to be healthcare workers and first responders, it will surely impair their ability and willingness to work during any crisis, including the COVID-19 pandemic [3] . Using online strategies to provide interventions built on a foundation derived from the principles of evidence-based child trauma treatment, programs can reduce traumatic stress symptoms in children while building resilience and strengthening coping strategies. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy is an evidence-based child and parent intervention designed to help children recover from traumatic life events. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32683490/ doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01604-6 id: cord-259694-8uv291b5 author: Sloan, Carlie J. title: Longitudinal changes in well-being of parents of individuals with developmental or mental health problems date: 2020-08-21 words: 7304.0 sentences: 348.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-259694-8uv291b5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259694-8uv291b5.txt summary: The current study examines (1) longitudinal changes in the effect of having a child with a developmental or mental health problem on parental negative affect, psychological well-being, and somatic symptoms, (2) age and gender moderations on these effects, and (3) the unique impact of factors related to the child''s condition. Additionally, among those with children with developmental or mental health problems, older parental age of onset of the child''s condition was protective of parental well-being, and longer duration of the child''s condition also predicted better health outcomes, suggesting that parents may adapt to the stress of their caregiving role over time. Having a child with a developmental or mental health problem will predict higher negative affect, lower psychological well-being, and a greater number of somatic symptoms, at both a baseline time point and a 10-year follow-up, compared to parents of children without these problems. abstract: A large body of work demonstrates the impact of caregiving burden on the well-being of parents of individuals with developmental conditions or mental health problems. However, a relative dearth of research examines this impact longitudinally into parents' older age. Objective. The current study examines (1) longitudinal changes in the effect of having a child with a developmental or mental health problem on parental negative affect, psychological well-being, and somatic symptoms, (2) age and gender moderations on these effects, and (3) the unique impact of factors related to the child's condition. Method. This study employs hierarchical linear regression models to examine longitudinal survey data from midlife adults (N = 1,101) from two waves of the National Study of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS). Results. Models revealed some evidence for age attenuation of the impact of caregiving stress. Parents of children with developmental problems still had higher negative affect, poorer psychological well-being, and more somatic symptoms on average than parents in a comparison sample, whereas parents of children with mental health problems only showed evidence of higher negative affect compared to this sample. Within-group analyses also revealed differences between each parenting group into later adulthood. Conclusions. Parents of individuals with developmental or mental health problems may be at risk for poorer well-being late in life. Yet, age and gender differences as well as diagnostic group differences nuance these findings. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113309 doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113309 id: cord-346388-j6pajd68 author: Song, Hwasung title: Tourism Destination Management Strategy for Young Children: Willingness to Pay for Child-Friendly Tourism Facilities and Services at a Heritage Site date: 2020-09-28 words: 5627.0 sentences: 286.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346388-j6pajd68.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346388-j6pajd68.txt summary: Therefore, the present study examines the preferences of tourists in order to establish a tourism destination management strategy for young children as a type of accessible tourism from a public perspective. Choice experiments (CEs) were used to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for facilities and services for young children at a tourist destination, in order to understand preferences. From this perspective, it has become important to consider the level of accessibility for young children when designing facilities and services of tourist destinations. Therefore, CE was selected as the analysis method for understanding tourists'' preferences for child-friendly tourism facilities and services and developing a tourism destination management strategy for young children. Preferences for facilities and services for young children were identified using CEs. The study site was Hwaseong Fortress, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in Suwon City, a leader in the clean restroom culture. abstract: The present study seeks to establish tourism destination management centered on young children for accessible tourism from a public perspective. Preferences for services and facilities for young children were identified using a choice experiment (CE). The present study was conducted at Hwaseong Fortress, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in Suwon City, which leads the clean restroom culture. Overall, 1870 experiments were conducted with 374 participants to estimate their willingness to pay for child-friendly tourism facilities and services. As a result, willingness to pay was found in the order of specialized courses for young children, rest areas, restrooms, and rides. In conclusion, the importance of health/hygiene and amenities has implications for tourism destination management for young children. This study contributes to a better understanding of families with young children by evaluating preferences for levels of services and facilities for young children. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197100 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17197100 id: cord-346338-kdjgu93q author: Spinelli, Maria title: Parents'' Stress and Children''s Psychological Problems in Families Facing the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy date: 2020-07-03 words: 4483.0 sentences: 201.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346338-kdjgu93q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346338-kdjgu93q.txt summary: Methods: Parents of children aged between 2and 14-years-old completed an online survey reporting their home environment conditions, any relation they had to the pandemic consequences, their difficulties experienced due to the quarantine, their perception of individual and parent-child dyadic stress, and their children''s emotional and behavioral problems. We expected that implications of the COVID-19 outbreak might increase parents'' psychological difficulties, particularly stress both at the individual and the dyadic level, with a consequent negative impact on children''s emotional and behavioral wellbeing (Dalton et al., 2020) . Because the only risk factor associated with parent''s individual and dyadic stress and children''s psychological problems was the Quarantine parent risk index, we did not include in the model the Home and COVID risk indices. We explored bivariate associations among the environment, family, and COVID-19 outbreak-related factors on parents'' stress and children''s psychological problems, and the interplay among these variables. abstract: Objectives: The present study aimed to explore the effect of risk factors associated with the COVID-19 outbreak experience on parents' and children's well-being. Methods: Parents of children aged between 2- and 14-years-old completed an online survey reporting their home environment conditions, any relation they had to the pandemic consequences, their difficulties experienced due to the quarantine, their perception of individual and parent-child dyadic stress, and their children's emotional and behavioral problems. Results: Results showed that the perception of the difficulty of quarantine is a crucial factor that undermines both parents' and children's well-being. Quarantine's impact on children's behavioral and emotional problems is mediated by parent's individual and dyadic stress, with a stronger effect from the latter. Parents who reported more difficulties in dealing with quarantine show more stress. This, in turn, increases the children's problems. Living in a more at-risk area, the quality of the home environment, or the relation they have with the pandemic consequences, do not have an effect on families' well-being. Conclusions: Dealing with quarantine is a particularly stressful experience for parents who must balance personal life, work, and raising children, being left alone without other resources. This situation puts parents at a higher risk of experiencing distress, potentially impairing their ability to be supportive caregivers. The lack of support these children receive in such a difficult moment may be the reason for their more pronounced psychological symptoms. Policies should take into consideration the implications of the lockdown for families' mental health, and supportive interventions for the immediate and for the future should be promoted. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32719646/ doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713 id: cord-329905-dwfwwdbn author: Staat, Dana D. title: International Adoption: Issues in Infectious Diseases date: 2012-01-06 words: 6323.0 sentences: 391.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329905-dwfwwdbn.txt summary: Furthermore, infectious organisms (e.g., intestinal parasites), bacterial pathogens (e.g., Bordetella pertussis and Treponema pallidum), and viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses) may cause clinically significant morbidity and mortality among infected children. 7 Adopted children may have received vaccines of differing potencies or at different ages, or they may have been given a number of doses other than what is recommended in the United States. Because other countries may focus on required vaccinations for diseases endemic to their region, clinicians should ensure that all vaccinations that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommend are given to newly adopted children. 24 Of note, the high rate of positive results among internationally adopted children may be due to not only exposure to active cases of tuberculosis in their countries of origin but also vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is more common in developing countries than in the United States. abstract: International adoptions have become increasingly common in the United States. Children awaiting international adoption and families traveling to adopt these children can be exposed to a variety of infectious diseases. Compared with the United States, foreign countries often have different immunization practices and methods of diagnosing, treating, and monitoring disease. Reporting of medical conditions can also differ from that of the United States. The prevalence of infectious diseases varies from country to country and may or may not be common among adopted children. The transmission of tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and measles from adopted children to family members has been documented. Furthermore, infectious organisms (e.g., intestinal parasites), bacterial pathogens (e.g., Bordetella pertussis and Treponema pallidum), and viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses) may cause clinically significant morbidity and mortality among infected children. Diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome or avian influenza have not been reported among international adoptees, but transmission is possible if infection is present. Family members may be infected by others during travel or by their adopted child after returning home. Families preparing to adopt a child from abroad should pay special attention to the infectious diseases they may encounter and to the precautions they should take on returning home. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16945042/ doi: 10.1592/phco.26.9.1207 id: cord-303741-1ou0cy5k author: Stafstrom, Carl E. title: COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children date: 2020-09-10 words: 7035.0 sentences: 369.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303741-1ou0cy5k.txt summary: An especially apropos case demonstrated maternal viremia, placental infection shown by immunohistochemistry, and high placental viral load with subsequent neonatal viremia, implying transplacental transfer of SARS-CoV-2 from pregnant mother to fetus [24] ; this newborn presented with neurological symptoms as discussed in Section 3. The lack of unequivocal reports of SARS-CoV-2 being recovered from the CSF of individuals affected with presumed neurological involvement nor in brain tissue from the limited number of autopsied cases strengthens the possibility that the virus does not often directly cause the symptoms but rather, that the neurological sequelae are secondary to hypoxia, cytokine involvement, or some other non-direct mechanism (see Section 6). Finally, 4 of 27 children with COVID-19 associated MIS-C developed new neurologic symptoms including encephalopathy, headache, weakness, ataxia, and dysarthria [81] ; two patients had lumbar punctures and CSF was negative for SARS-CoV-2 in both. abstract: The ongoing worldwide pandemic of the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing disease, COVID-19, has presented enormous and unprecedented challenges for all medical specialists. However, to date, children, especially neonates, have been relatively spared from the devastating consequences of this infection. Neurologic involvement is being increasingly recognized among adults with COVID-19, who can develop sensory deficits in smell and taste, delirium, encephalopathy, headaches, strokes, and peripheral nervous system disorders. Among neonates and children, COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations have been relatively rare, yet reports involving neurologic dysfunction in this age range are increasing. As discussed in this review, pediatric neurologists and other pediatric specialists should be alert to potential neurological involvement by this virus, which might have neuroinvasive capability and carry long-term neuropsychiatric and medical consequences. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32927628/ doi: 10.3390/children7090133 id: cord-282446-01lu7sce author: Stokholm, Jakob title: Azithromycin for episodes with asthma-like symptoms in young children aged 1–3 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial date: 2015-12-17 words: 5309.0 sentences: 250.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282446-01lu7sce.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282446-01lu7sce.txt summary: [3] [4] [5] We discovered in our birth cohort, the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2000 (COPSAC 2000 ; a previous birth cohort of children born to mothers with asthma), that airway bacteria (Haemophilus infl uenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis) and respiratory viruses (at least one of picornavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, parainfl uenzavirus, infl uenza virus, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, or bocavirus) are equally closely associated with episodes of asthma-like symptoms in the fi rst 3 years of life. 4 We did a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of azithromycin for treatment of episodes of troublesome lung symptoms in young children who were followed up prospectively in our new unselected Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2010 (COPSAC 2010 ) birth cohort. This study is, to our knowledge, the fi rst randomised controlled trial of azithromycin treatment of acute episodes of asthma-like symptoms in children aged 1-3 years with a history of recurrent episodes and its fi ndings show a clinically signifi cant shortening of symptom duration by 63% after intervention. abstract: BACKGROUND: Bacteria and viruses are equally associated with the risk of acute episodes of asthma-like symptoms in young children, suggesting antibiotics as a potential treatment for such episodes. We aimed to assess the effect of azithromycin on the duration of respiratory episodes in young children with recurrent asthma-like symptoms, hypothesising that it reduces the duration of the symptomatic period. METHODS: In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we recruited children aged 1–3 years, who were diagnosed with recurrent asthma-like symptoms from the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2010 cohort; a birth cohort consisting of the general Danish population of Zealand, including Copenhagen. Exclusion criteria were macrolide allergy, heart, liver, neurological, and kidney disease, and, before each treatment, one or more clinical signs of pneumonia (respiratory frequency of ≥50 breaths per min; fever of ≥39°C; C-reactive protein concentration of ≥476·20 nmol/L [≥50 mg/L]). Each episode of asthma-like symptoms lasting at least 3 days was randomly allocated to a 3-day course of azithromycin oral solution of 10 mg/kg per day or placebo after thorough examination by a study physician at the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma research unit. Each episode was randomly allocated independently of previous treatment from a computer-generated list of random numbers in blocks of ten (generated at the Pharmacy of Glostrup). Investigators and children were masked until the youngest child turned 3 years of age and throughout the data validation and analysis phases. The primary outcome was duration of the respiratory episode after treatment, verified by prospective daily diaries and analysed with Poisson regression. Analyses were per protocol (excluding those without a primary outcome measure or who did not receive treatment). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01233297. FINDINGS: Between Nov 17, 2010, and Jan 28, 2014, we randomly allocated 158 asthma-like episodes in 72 children (79 [50%] to azithromycin and 79 [50%] to placebo). The mean duration of the episode after treatment was 3·4 days for children receiving azithromycin compared with 7·7 days for children receiving placebo. Azithromycin caused a significant shortening of the episode of 63·3% (95% CI 56·0–69·3; p<0·0001). The effect size increased with early initiation of treatment, showing a reduction in episode duration of 83% if treatment was initiated before day 6 of the episode compared with 36% if initiated on or after day 6 (p<0·0001). We noted no differences in clinical adverse events between the azithromycin (18 [23%] of 78 episodes included in final analysis) and placebo (24 [30%] of 79) groups (p=0·30), but we did not investigate bacterial resistance patterns after treatment. INTERPRETATION: Azithromycin reduced the duration of episodes of asthma-like symptoms in young children, suggesting that this drug could have a role in acute management of exacerbations. Further research is needed to disentangle the inflammatory versus antimicrobial aspects of this relation. FUNDING: Lundbeck Foundation, Danish Ministry of Health, Danish Council for Strategic Research, Capital Region Research Foundation. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213260015005007 doi: 10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00500-7 id: cord-285965-mar8zt2t author: Su, Liang title: The different clinical characteristics of corona virus disease cases between children and their families in China – the character of children with COVID-19 date: 2020-03-25 words: 2751.0 sentences: 160.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285965-mar8zt2t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285965-mar8zt2t.txt summary: This study aims to analyze the different clinical characteristics between children and their families infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Here, we report the clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, imaging characteristics, and treatment regimen of nine SARS-CoV-2 infected children and their families in Jinan, Shandong province to increase awareness of this disease, especially in children. A retrospective review was conducted of the clinical, lab tests, and radiologic findings for nine children and their families admitted to the Jinan Infectious Diseases Hospital identified to be nucleic acid-positive for SARS-CoV-2 from 24 January 2020 to 24 February 2020. All the patients were recorded with basic information and epidemiological histories [4] including (1) History of travel or residence in Wuhan and surrounding areas or other reported cases within 14 days of onset; (2) History of contact with new coronavirus infection (nucleic acid-positive) 14 days before onset; (3) history of contact with patients with fever or respiratory symptoms from Wuhan and surrounding areas, or from communities with case reports within 14 days before onset; (4) Cluster onset, along with disease condition changes. abstract: This study aims to analyze the different clinical characteristics between children and their families infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Clinical data from nine children and their 14 families were collected, including general status, clinical, laboratory test, and imaging characteristics. All the children were detected positive result after their families onset. Three children had fever (22.2%) or cough (11.2%) symptoms and six (66.7%) children had no symptom. Among the 14 adult patients, the major symptoms included fever (57.1%), cough (35.7%), chest tightness/pain (21.4%), fatigue (21.4%) and sore throat (7.1%). Nearly 70% of the patients had normal (71.4%) or decreased (28.6%) white blood cell counts, and 50% (7/14) had lymphocytopenia. There were 10 adults (71.4%) showed abnormal imaging. The main manifestations were pulmonary consolidation (70%), nodular shadow (50%), and ground glass opacity (50%). Five discharged children were admitted again because their stool showed positive result in SARS-CoV-2 PCR. COVID-19 in children is mainly caused by family transmission, and their symptoms are mild and prognosis is better than adult. However, their PCR result in stool showed longer time than their families. Because of the mild or asymptomatic clinical process, it is difficult to recognize early for pediatrician and public health staff. url: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1744483 doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1744483 id: cord-273620-gn8g6suq author: Szczawinska‐Poplonyk, Aleksandra title: Fatal respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus infection in a child with severe combined immunodeficiency date: 2012-11-30 words: 1447.0 sentences: 80.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273620-gn8g6suq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273620-gn8g6suq.txt summary: 2 Human coronaviruses (HCoV) HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 and related new strains HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1, identified after the epidemic outbreak of severe acquired respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, are likely to be common respiratory viruses in otherwise healthy children and were not implicated in severe lung infections in immunocompromised patients thus far. The chest X-ray of a 15-month-old child with severe combined immunodeficiency and respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus HKU1 infection. However, it is worth noting that coronavirus respiratory infections have not been described in children with genetically determined immunodeficiencies thus far and this is the first report of a documented HCoV-HKU1-related pneumonia with the RDS in a child with SCID. The identification of HCoV-HKU1 provides a novel insight into the epidemiology and clinical implications of coronavirus infections in severely immunocompromised children and indicates for consideration of this pathogen-related etiology of respiratory infection in SCID. abstract: Please cite this paper as: Szczawinska‐Poplonyk et al. (2012) Fatal respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus infection in a child with severe combined immunodeficiency. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/irv.12059. Coronaviruses have been demonstrated to contribute substantially to respiratory tract infections among the child population. Though infected children commonly present mild upper airway symptoms, in high‐risk patients with underlying conditions, particularly in immunocompromised children these pathogens may lead to severe lung infection and extrapulmonary disorders. In this paper, we provide the first report of the case of a 15‐month‐old child with severe combined immunodeficiency and coronavirus HKU1‐related pneumonia with fatal respiratory distress syndrome. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23199056/ doi: 10.1111/irv.12059 id: cord-327963-dqsg84e5 author: Tang, Suqin title: Mental Health and Its Correlates among Children and Adolescents during COVID-19 School Closure: The Importance of Parent-Child Discussion date: 2020-10-12 words: 5145.0 sentences: 249.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327963-dqsg84e5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327963-dqsg84e5.txt summary: Besides demographic information, psychological distress (including depression, anxiety, and stress), life satisfaction, perceived impact of home quarantine, and parent-child discussions on COVID-19 were assessed. To address these gaps in the literature, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and levels of life satisfaction, among children and adolescents experiencing home quarantine and school closure in Shanghai due to COVID-19. Positive screens and symptom levels for depression, anxiety, and stress were higher among those who were more negative about the impact of home quarantine and who had no discussion about the COVID-19 with their parents. In order to further explore how children and adolescents'' intrapersonal perception on the impact of quarantine, interpersonal interaction with parents regarding COVID-19, and the interaction effects between perceived beneficial and parent-child discussion in association with the severity of depression, anxiety and stress, as well as levels of life satisfaction, were examined. abstract: BACKGROUND: : School closures due to the COVID-19 outbreak have affected 87% of the world's students physically, socially, and psychologically, yet rigorous investigation into their mental health during this period is still lacking. METHODS: : A cross-sectional online survey of 4,342 primary and secondary school students from Shanghai, China was conducted during March 13–23, 2020. Besides demographic information, psychological distress (including depression, anxiety, and stress), life satisfaction, perceived impact of home quarantine, and parent-child discussions on COVID-19 were assessed. RESULTS: : The three most prevalent symptoms were: anxiety (24.9%), depression (19.7%), and stress (15.2%). Participants were generally satisfied with life and 21.4% became more satisfied with life during school closures. Senior grades were positively correlated with psychological symptoms and negatively associated with life satisfaction, whereas the perceived benefit from home quarantine and parent-child discussions on COVID-19 were negatively correlated with psychopathological symptoms and positively correlated with life satisfaction. Among participants who perceived no benefit from home quarantine, those who had discussions with their parents about COVID-19 experienced less depression, anxiety, and stress. LIMITATIONS: Limitations included the inability to infer the casual relationship, no parental report for mental health of children aged 6 to 9, and the inadequate measurement of parent-child discussion. CONCLUSIONS: : Mental health problems and resilience co-existed in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak. Given the important role of parent-child discussions, open communication between parents and children about the pandemic should be encouraged to help children and adolescents cope with mental health problems in public health crisis. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.016 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.016 id: cord-030800-fgvc3qw8 author: Tao, Yun title: The Impact of Parent–Child Attachment on Self-Injury Behavior: Negative Emotion and Emotional Coping Style as Serial Mediators date: 2020-07-31 words: 7038.0 sentences: 324.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-030800-fgvc3qw8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-030800-fgvc3qw8.txt summary: Therefore, in order to examine how and when father-child and mother-child attachment were linked to adolescents'' self-injury behavior, negative emotion and emotional coping style are listed as possible mediating factors. Thus, all these studies have demonstrated that unhealthy father-child and mother-child attachment can directly trigger junior high school students'' negative emotions, and that the influencing mechanisms are actually different. To sum up, it is believed that negative emotion may affect emotional coping style; therefore, it is essential to examine the serial mediating roles of these two factors in the correlations between father or mother-child attachment and self-injury behavior. Finally, we expected there to be a serial mediating role played by negative emotion and emotional coping style in the correlations between father or mother-child attachment and self-injury behavior. This study finds that father-child and mother-child attachment of junior high school students can both directly negatively influence self-injury behavior, which conforms to the basic view of interpersonal or systematic models (Crouch and Wright, 2004) . abstract: In order to explore the relationship between parent–child attachment, negative emotion, emotional coping style, and self-injury behavior, 662 junior high school students in four junior middle schools in China’s Yunnan Province were investigated using a parent–child attachment questionnaire, adolescent negative emotion questionnaire, emotional coping style scale, and adolescent self-injury behavior scale. As a result, two mediate models were created to explain how parent–child attachment affects self-injury behavior. Negative emotion and emotional coping style play serial mediating roles in mother–child and father–child attachment models, respectively. The results show that negative emotion mediates between self-injury behavior and both father–child and mother–child attachment, while emotional coping style only functions between father–child attachment and self-injury behavior. By means of bootstrap analysis, negative emotion and emotional coping style have serial mediating roles concerning the impact of parent–child attachment on self-injury behavior. By comparison, the father–child and mother–child attachment have different mediating models: the former relies on emotional coping style, while the latter is associated with emotional experiences. This implies that parent–child attachment has different mechanisms in triggering self-injury behavior, which is in line with the hypothesis of attachment specificity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7411466/ doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01477 id: cord-284145-7le8303x author: Taylor, Johanna title: Specialist paediatric palliative care for children and young people with cancer: A mixed-methods systematic review date: 2020-05-02 words: 8354.0 sentences: 408.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-284145-7le8303x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284145-7le8303x.txt summary: • • Accessing specialist paediatric palliative care is associated with less intensive care at the end of life, more advance care planning and fewer in-hospital deaths for children and young people with cancer, but there is no robust evidence to tell us whether these services lead to improvements in quality of life or symptom management. This mixed-methods systematic review synthesises the existing evidence on the benefits, drawbacks, facilitators and barriers associated with referral to and uptake of specialist paediatric palliative care for children and young people with cancer and their families. 76 The impact of specialist paediatric palliative care A total of 17 distinct outcome domains were identified and these were categorised under one of six overarching categories: advance care planning (n = 9 studies), end-oflife care provision (n = 16), location of death (n = 18), child''s quality of life (n = 6), family support (n = 3) and service satisfaction (n = 7). abstract: BACKGROUND: Specialist paediatric palliative care services are promoted as an important component of palliative care provision, but there is uncertainty about their role for children with cancer. AIM: To examine the impact of specialist paediatric palliative care for children and young people with cancer and explore factors affecting access. DESIGN: A mixed-methods systematic review and narrative synthesis (PROSPERO Registration No. CRD42017064874). DATA SOURCES: Database (CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO) searches (2000–2019) identified primary studies of any design exploring the impact of and/or factors affecting access to specialist paediatric palliative care. Study quality was assessed using The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS: An evidence base of mainly low- and moderate-quality studies (n = 42) shows that accessing specialist paediatric palliative care is associated with less intensive care at the end of life, more advance care planning and fewer in-hospital deaths. Current evidence cannot tell us whether these services improve children’s symptom burden or quality of life. Nine studies reporting provider or family views identified uncertainties about what specialist paediatric palliative care offers, concerns about involving a new team, association of palliative care with end of life and indecision about when to introduce palliative care as important barriers to access. There was evidence that children with haematological malignancies are less likely to access these services. CONCLUSION: Current evidence suggests that children and young people with cancer receiving specialist palliative care are cared for differently. However, little is understood about children’s views, and research is needed to determine whether specialist input improves quality of life. url: https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216320908490 doi: 10.1177/0269216320908490 id: cord-254556-1zthrgy1 author: Taylor, Sylvia title: Respiratory viruses and influenza-like illness: Epidemiology and outcomes in children aged 6 months to 10 years in a multi-country population sample date: 2016-09-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Better population data on respiratory viruses in children in tropical and southern hemisphere countries is needed. METHODS: The epidemiology of respiratory viruses among healthy children (6 months to <10 years) with influenza-like illness (ILI) was determined in a population sample derived from an influenza vaccine trial (NCT01051661) in 17 centers in eight countries (Australia, South East Asia and Latin America). Active surveillance for ILI was conducted for approximately 1 year (between February 2010 and August 2011), with PCR analysis of nasal and throat swabs. RESULTS: 6266 children were included, of whom 2421 experienced 3717 ILI episodes. Rhinovirus/enterovirus had the highest prevalence (41.5%), followed by influenza (15.8%), adenovirus (9.8%), parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (both 9.7%), coronavirus (5.6%), human metapneumovirus (5.5%) and human bocavirus (HBov) (2.0%). Corresponding incidence per 100 person-years was 29.78, 11.34, 7.03, 6.96, 6.94, 4.00, 3.98 and 1.41. Except for influenza, respiratory virus prevalence declined with age. The incidence of medically-attended ILI associated with viral infection ranged from 1.03 (HBov) to 23.69 (rhinovirus/enterovirus). The percentage of children missing school or daycare ranged from 21.4% (HBov) to 52.1% (influenza). CONCLUSIONS: Active surveillance of healthy children provided evidence of respiratory illness burden associated with several viruses, with a substantial burden in older children. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27667752/ doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.09.003 id: cord-331825-dwi350c0 author: Teherani, Mehgan F title: Burden of illness in households with SARS-CoV-2 infected children date: 2020-08-11 words: 1629.0 sentences: 117.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331825-dwi350c0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331825-dwi350c0.txt summary: We investigated the dynamics of illness among household members of SARS-CoV-2 infected children that received medical care (n=32). To address this knowledge gap, we utilized a prospective registry of laboratory-confirmed pediatric COVID-19 cases and conducted contact tracing of household members to characterize the presumed transmission before and after the child''s diagnosis. We defined the suspected index case as the first person (child or adult) to report symptoms or test positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the household, documented 14 days prior to, during, or after symptoms of other family members. Because pediatric patients are more likely to be asymptomatic or show mild symptoms, it has been challenging to define their role in SARS-CoV-2 household transmission, which this study aimed to address. In our study of child-to-adult transmission cases, children were symptomatic for at least 4 days prior to seeking care, the time period when they were most likely to be infectious to other household members 5,9 . abstract: We investigated the dynamics of illness among household members of SARS-CoV-2 infected children that received medical care (n=32). We identified 144 household contacts (HCs): 58 children and 86 adults. Forty-six percent of HCs developed symptoms consistent with COVID-19 disease. Child-to-adult transmission was suspected in 7 cases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32780809/ doi: 10.1093/jpids/piaa097 id: cord-326277-dwyvics9 author: Thakur, Kalpna title: Effect of the Pandemic and Lockdown on Mental Health of Children date: 2020-05-12 words: 475.0 sentences: 35.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326277-dwyvics9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326277-dwyvics9.txt summary: However, this lockdown has restricted people to stay at home which is likely to impact their physical as well as mental health. It has been found that children staying at home due to lockdown spend more time in front of TV and internet which can lead to psycho-social problems, like lower selfesteem [1] . suggests that children who are separated from their parents/ caregivers due to their infections or their parents being affected or their parents serving in hospitals are more susceptible to psychological problems. Though, great efforts have been made by Indian government to combat this pandemic, however, this will lead India half way only as we need to focus on holistic health of children and not focusing only on providing basic care. For this we suggest, the parents of children staying at home should reduce their use of internet and TV by engaging them in physical activities. Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03308-w doi: 10.1007/s12098-020-03308-w id: cord-265850-v83dwt6k author: Thomas, Michael S. C. title: Education, the science of learning, and the COVID-19 crisis date: 2020-05-25 words: 1498.0 sentences: 86.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265850-v83dwt6k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265850-v83dwt6k.txt summary: In the COVID-19 crisis, the science of learning has two different responsibilities: first, to offer guidance about how best to deal with the impact of the current situation, including lockdown and home-schooling; and second, to consider bigger questions about what this large-scale educational experiment might mean for the future. The second part, taking the longer view, considers the potential negative impact of the COVID-19 crisis in increasing inequality in education; but also the potential positive impact of driving innovations in technology use for educating children. In the current crisis, with schools closed, children at home, and parents expected to take on teaching duties, psychology and the science of learning have two different responsibilities. But perhaps there are also initial glimpses of what a technology-led revolution in education might look like: teachers serving as curators for virtual learning environments, which children can explore together with classmates to solve problems. abstract: In the COVID-19 crisis, the science of learning has two different responsibilities: first, to offer guidance about how best to deal with the impact of the current situation, including lockdown and home-schooling; and second, to consider bigger questions about what this large-scale educational experiment might mean for the future. The first part of this Viewpoint summarises advice for parents on mental health, and on becoming stand-in-teachers. The second part, taking the longer view, considers the potential negative impact of the COVID-19 crisis in increasing inequality in education; but also the potential positive impact of driving innovations in technology use for educating children. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836416/ doi: 10.1007/s11125-020-09468-z id: cord-016720-hgpnaoe7 author: Tremblay, Richard E. title: Disruptive Behaviors: Should We Foster or Prevent Resiliency? date: 2005 words: 6717.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016720-hgpnaoe7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016720-hgpnaoe7.txt summary: Thus, if the development of physical aggression, opposition, and hyperactivity was like an illness that starts at a given point in time following an exposure to specific causal factors, the "resiliency" model would posit that some who are exposed get it, while others who are also exposed do not get it. In fact, after following the development of children for 20 years, I am simply saying what Thomas Hobbes (1641/1998) stated very clearly almost 400 years ago in his insightful treaty on social life and how humans become citizens: "an evil man is rather like a sturdy boy." Disruptive school children, adolescents, and adults are resilient children, they have resisted the socialization process, they remain in their original form. We also tested whether the 2-year (between 7 and 9 years of age) preventive intervention targeting the disruptive kindergarten boys and their families would deflect them to a low-level antisocial behavior trajectory during adolescence. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121087/ doi: 10.1007/0-387-23824-7_3 id: cord-335051-31imf6bv author: Tsabouri, Sophia title: SPECIAL ARTICLE: Risk factors for severity in children with coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19): A comprehensive literature review date: 2020-07-30 words: 1674.0 sentences: 141.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335051-31imf6bv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335051-31imf6bv.txt summary: We carried out a comprehensive literature review to identify the underlying mechanisms and risk factors for severe COVID-19 in children, in comparison with the other two coronavirus outbreaks in the past, SARS and MERS. • Risk factors for severe disease from COVID-19 in children are reported to be young age 53 and underlying comorbidities, although not confirmed in all studies. 9 From the currently available data it appears that children tend to 105 have asymptomatic or mild disease more commonly than adults, 8,10 but severe cases and even 106 deaths have been reported worldwide in patients younger than 18 years. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human 445 coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1: a study of hospitalized children with acute 446 respiratory tract infection in Guangzhou, China. Middle East respiratory syndrome 459 coronavirus in pediatrics: a report of seven cases from Saudi Arabia. abstract: The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected hundreds of thousands of people, including infants and children. We carried out a comprehensive literature review to identify the underlying mechanisms and risk factors for severe COVID-19 in children, in comparison with the other two coronavirus outbreaks in the past, SARS and MERS. Search in the Pubmed and Scopus databases to identify publications between February 26, 2020 and June 10, 2020 identified 23 relevant papers in English. Children have so far accounted for 1.7-2% of the diagnosed cases of COVID-19. They often have milder disease than adults, and child deaths have been rare. The documented risk factors for severe disease in children are young age and underlying comorbidities, although the potentially fatal multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) occurs in older children. It is unclear whether male gender and certain laboratory and imaging findings can also be considered as risk factors, due to current insufficiency of evidence. Reports on other potential factors, such as vitamin D level, responsiveness of the immune system, co-infections and genetic polymorphisms have not yet been published. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0031395520301073 doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2020.07.014 id: cord-314124-yk4y0kea author: Tsou, Ian Y. title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in a paediatric cluster in Singapore date: 2003-08-20 words: 1955.0 sentences: 117.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314124-yk4y0kea.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314124-yk4y0kea.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a major infectious disease pandemic that occurred in early 2003, and one of the diagnostic criteria is the presence of chest radiographic findings. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new form of atypical pneumonia, and is an infectious disease which has caused a pandemic with significant public health concerns. Materials and methods: The chest radiographs of four related children ranging in age from 18 months to 9 years diagnosed as having SARS were reviewed for the presence of air-space shadowing, air bronchograms, peribronchial thickening, interstitial disease, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hilar lymphadenopathy and mediastinal widening. Materials and methods: The chest radiographs of four related children ranging in age from 18 months to 9 years diagnosed as having SARS were reviewed for the presence of air-space shadowing, air bronchograms, peribronchial thickening, interstitial disease, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hilar lymphadenopathy and mediastinal widening. Chest radiographic findings of a case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore abstract: BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a major infectious disease pandemic that occurred in early 2003, and one of the diagnostic criteria is the presence of chest radiographic findings. OBJECTIVE: To describe the radiographic features of SARS in a cluster of affected children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chest radiographs of four related children ranging in age from 18 months to 9 years diagnosed as having SARS were reviewed for the presence of air-space shadowing, air bronchograms, peribronchial thickening, interstitial disease, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hilar lymphadenopathy and mediastinal widening. RESULTS: Ill-defined air-space shadowing was the common finding in all the children. The distribution was unifocal or multifocal. No other findings were seen on the radiographs. None of the children developed radiographic findings consistent with acute respiratory distress syndrome. All four children showed significant resolution of the radiographic findings 4–6 days after the initial radiograph. CONCLUSIONS: Early recognition of these features is important in implementing isolation and containment measures to prevent the spread of infection. SARS in children appears to manifest as a milder form of the disease as compared to adults. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12928757/ doi: 10.1007/s00247-003-1042-2 id: cord-002304-u30y2xdt author: Valentini, Diletta title: Fatal varicella pneumonia in an unvaccinated child with Down Syndrome: a case report date: 2016-11-17 words: 1726.0 sentences: 104.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002304-u30y2xdt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002304-u30y2xdt.txt summary: CASE PRESENTATION: A 2-year-old white Caucasian female affected by Down Syndrome was referred to our hospital for cardiac arrest in course of varicella disease. The importance of the vaccine for preventable infectious diseases is stressed in this paper, in which we present a case of death in an unvaccinated cardiopathic child with Down Syndrome affected by varicella. Based on conservative estimates, the global annual varicella disease burden reports 4.2 million severe complications leading to hospitalization and 4200 deaths [5] . As the burden of preventable infections in children diagnosed with chronic diseases is high in terms Fig. 2 Histological image that showed interstitial pneumonitis and diffuse necrosis and hemorrhage in the pulmonary parenchyma of incidence and severity, it is essential to protect these children with timely administration of vaccinations according to the current recommendations. abstract: BACKGROUND: Varicella is an acute infectious disease common during childhood. It has mostly an uncomplicated course in early childhood. Neverthless, it may result in severe complications, especially in particular age groups and clinical conditions. Down Syndrome represents a risk factor for developing complications, because of the frequent comorbidities and their immunodeficiency. CASE PRESENTATION: A 2-year-old white Caucasian female affected by Down Syndrome was referred to our hospital for cardiac arrest in course of varicella disease. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation and stabilization, her clinical conditions didn’t improve and she developed a massive pulmonary hemorrage, which led her to exitus. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality due to varicella infection is rare, but it is more common in subjects with immune deficit or chronic pathologies, and in particular age-groups. The importance of the vaccine for preventable infectious diseases is stressed in this paper, in which we present a case of death in an unvaccinated cardiopathic child with Down Syndrome affected by varicella. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114766/ doi: 10.1186/s13052-016-0312-1 id: cord-263688-xz2hnym0 author: Varghese, Litty title: Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Human Coronaviruses in the Pediatric Population date: 2017-05-08 words: 3513.0 sentences: 168.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263688-xz2hnym0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263688-xz2hnym0.txt summary: The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the epidemiology of HCoV detected in children from a community-based cohort and in hospitalized children, (2) assess the clinical features of illnesses with different HCoV types detected, and (3) evaluate potential risk factors associated with increased severity of illness, defined as the use of respiratory support and/or hospitalization in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). To evaluate potential risk factors associated with increased severity of illness in the hospitalized children with HCoV, demographic (eg, age, sex) and clinical characteristics (ie, chronic complex conditions [CCCs]), HCoV types and viral coinfection associated with respiratory support (defined above), and/ or PICU admissions were collected from the electronic medical record. Among hospitalized children, bivariate analyses assessed the associations of demographic characteristics, clinical factors, HCoV types, and presence of viral codetections, with increased severity of illness, ie, receiving respiratory support and/or admission to the PICU. abstract: BACKGROUND: The epidemiology and clinical features of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in children are not fully characterized. METHODS: A retrospective study of children with HCoV detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed for a community cohort and a children’s hospital in the same community from January 2013 to December 2014. The RT-PCR assay detected HCoV 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 in nasal swabs from symptomatic children ≤18 years. Factors associated with increased severity of illness in hospitalized children were assessed by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Human coronavirus was detected in 261 children, 49 and 212 from the community and hospital, respectively. The distribution of HCoV types and seasonal trends were similar in the community and hospital. Community cases were older than hospitalized cases (median age, 4.4 versus 1.7 years, respectively; P < .01), and a minority of community cases (26.5%) sought medical attention. Among the hospitalized children with HCoV detected, 39 (18.4%) received respiratory support and 24 (11.3%) were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Age <2 years (odds ratio [OR] = 5.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9–13.1) and cardiovascular (OR = 3.9; 95% CI, 1.6–9.5), genetic/congenital (OR = 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1–7.0), and respiratory chronic complex conditions ([CCCs] OR = 4.5; 95% CI, 1.7–12.0) were associated with receiving respiratory support. Genetic/congenital (OR = 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1–7.4) CCCs were associated with PICU admission. Severity of illness was similar among hospitalized children with different HCoV types. CONCLUSIONS: Children in the community with HCoV detected generally had mild illness as demonstrated by few medically attended cases. In hospitalized children, young age and CCCs, but not HCoV type, were associated with increased severity of illness. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28482105/ doi: 10.1093/jpids/pix027 id: cord-268190-r428y2j9 author: Vivanti, Alexandre J. title: Post-natal follow-up for women and neonates during the COVID-19 pandemic: French National Authority for Health recommendations date: 2020-05-11 words: 2963.0 sentences: 161.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268190-r428y2j9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268190-r428y2j9.txt summary: INTRODUCTION: In the context of the stage 3 SARS-Cov-2 epidemic situation, it is necessary to put forward a method of rapid response for an HAS position statement in order to answer to the requests from the French Ministry of Solidarity and Health, healthcare professionals and/or health system users'' associations, concerning post-natal follow-up for women and neonates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the shorter length of stay in the maternity unit, it is recommended that a newborn child be examined in person between the 6 th and 10 th day after the birth, preferably by a paediatrician or a general practitioner. The newborn''s visit planned during the second week (close medical supervision of the infant) is left, during an outbreak of COVID-19, to the decision of the paediatrician or general practitioner who examined the child between the 6 th and 10 th day postpartum. A mother with COVID-19 and her child are monitored by their general practitioner and, if necessary, the paediatrician for the newborn. abstract: INTRODUCTION: In the context of the stage 3 SARS-Cov-2 epidemic situation, it is necessary to put forward a method of rapid response for an HAS position statement in order to answer to the requests from the French Ministry of Solidarity and Health, healthcare professionals and/or health system users’ associations, concerning post-natal follow-up for women and neonates during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A simplified 7-step process that favours HAS collaboration with experts (healthcare professionals, health system users’ associations, scientific societies etc.), the restrictive selection of available evidence and the use of digital means of communication. A short and specific dissemination format, which can be quickly updated in view of the changes in available data has been chosen. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2468784720301483 doi: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101805 id: cord-009606-xz23twqx author: Vorobieva S. Jensen, V. title: Epidemiological and molecular characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage strains in pre-school children in Arkhangelsk, northern European Russia, prior to the introduction of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines date: 2020-04-15 words: 6157.0 sentences: 311.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009606-xz23twqx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009606-xz23twqx.txt summary: title: Epidemiological and molecular characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage strains in pre-school children in Arkhangelsk, northern European Russia, prior to the introduction of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines The objective was to determine the prevalence of carriage, serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility and the molecular structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains before marketing and introduction of PCV-13. High rates of non-susceptibility to penicillin, macrolides and multidrug resistance were associated with specific vaccine serotypes, pandemic clones, and local sequence types. pneumoniae carriage isolates in pre-school children of the Arkhangelsk region between separately located DCCs. The serotype distribution was diverse in the area, but globally reported epidemiological features, such as age-dependence, Carriage rates A 38.4% overall frequency of pneumococcal carriage rate was found in non-vaccinated pre-school children. Serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular epidemiology of invasive and non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in paediatric patients after the introduction of 13-valent conjugate vaccine in a nationwide surveillance study conducted in abstract: BACKGROUND: The 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV-13) was introduced in the National Immunization Programme (NIP) schedule in Russia in March 2014. Previously, the 7-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV-7) was marketed in Russia in 2009 but has never been offered for mass vaccination. A carriage study was performed among children in Arkhangelsk in 2006. The objective was to determine the prevalence of carriage, serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility and the molecular structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains before marketing and introduction of PCV-13. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a cluster-randomized sample of children and a self-administrated questionnaire for parents/guardians. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 438 children younger than 7 years attending nurseries and kindergartens in the Arkhangelsk region, Russia. Detailed demographic data, as well as information about the child’s health, traveling, exposure to antimicrobials within the last 3 months and anthropometric measurements were collected for all study subjects. Variables extracted from the questionnaire were analysed using statistic regression models to estimate the risk of carriage. All pneumococcal isolates were examined with susceptibility testing, serotyping and multilocus sequence typing. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of asymptomatic carriage was high and peaking at 36 months with a rate of 57%. PCV-13 covered 67.3% of the detected strains. High rates of non-susceptibility to penicillin, macrolides and multidrug resistance were associated with specific vaccine serotypes, pandemic clones, and local sequence types. Nine percent of isolates represented three globally disseminated disease-associated pandemic clones; penicillin- and macrolide-resistant clones Norway(NT)-42 and Poland(6B)-20, as well as penicillin- and macrolide-susceptible clone Netherlands(3)-31. A high level of antimicrobial consumption was noted by the study. According to the parent’s reports, 89.5% of the children used at least one antimicrobial regime since birth. None of the hypothesised predictors of S. pneumoniae carriage were statistically significant in univariable and multivariable logistic models. CONCLUSIONS: The study identified a high coverage of the PCV-13-vaccine, but serotype replacement and expansion of globally disseminated disease-associated clones with non-vaccine serotypes may be expected. Further surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution is therefore required. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161136/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-04998-5 id: cord-329750-purunxce author: Waldman, Amy title: Childhood multiple sclerosis: A review date: 2006-06-28 words: 8430.0 sentences: 481.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329750-purunxce.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329750-purunxce.txt summary: Although children and adults with MS have similar neurological symptoms, laboratory (cerebrospinal fluid) data, and neuroimaging findings, the clinical course, pathogenesis, and treatment of childhood onset MS require further investigation. The study concluded that children and adults with MS have similar clinical profiles, including mode of onset, symptoms, and physical and laboratory (cerebral spinal fluid [CSF]) findings. The results from the Natalizumab Safety and Efficacy in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (AFFIRM) and Safety and Efficacy of Natalizumab in Combination with Interferon ␤-1a in Patients with Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (SENTINEL) studies in adult patients indicate that the annualized rate of clinical relapses was reduced by 68%, the number of new and enhancing MRI lesions was reduced by 83%, and a decrease occurred in progression and prolongation of the interval before neurological deterioration, demonstrating the usefulness of the drug [Polman et al., 2006; Rudicket al., 2006] . abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that is increasingly recognized as a disease that affects children. Similar to adult‐onset MS, children present with visual and sensory complaints, as well as weakness, spasticity, and ataxia. A lumbar puncture can be helpful in diagnosing MS when CSF immunoglobulins and oligoclonal bands are present. White matter demyelinating lesions on MRI are required for the diagnosis; however, children typically have fewer lesions than adults. Many criteria have been proposed to diagnose MS that have been applied to children, mostly above 10 years of age. The recent revisions to the McDonald criteria allow for earlier diagnosis, such as after a clinically isolated event. However, children are more likely than adults to have monosymptomatic illnesses. None of the approved disease‐modifying therapies used in adult‐onset MS have been approved for pediatrics; however, a few studies have verified their safety and tolerability in children. Although children and adults with MS have similar neurological symptoms, laboratory (cerebrospinal fluid) data, and neuroimaging findings, the clinical course, pathogenesis, and treatment of childhood onset MS require further investigation. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:147–156. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16807911/ doi: 10.1002/mrdd.20105 id: cord-033828-a54virh0 author: Wallace, Rebecca title: News Coverage of Child Care during COVID-19: Where Are Women and Gender? date: 2020-08-13 words: 2247.0 sentences: 102.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-033828-a54virh0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-033828-a54virh0.txt summary: We find that gender remains systematically written out of coverage of child care, occluded by a larger focus on health-, economic-, and accessibility-related concerns about child care services. Labor force data also reveal that COVID-19-related job losses have been borne disproportionately by women, and economists insist that "there will be no recovery without a she-covery; no she-covery without child care." 3 There has been a genuine acknowledgment of the pandemic''s disproportionate effects on women, so the question we tackle in this article is whether women and gender have been central to news coverage of child care, which is an essential service for women''s resumption of their regular work activities. The gender frame most commonly emerges in coverage focused on economic recovery, where often little more than a single mention of women emerges in the context of discussing the caretaking challenges that parents are experiencing during the pandemic. abstract: Research has long observed the absence of gender in child care policy, media, and elections. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has invoked critical questions about child care and its importance to states’ economic recoveries around the world. In this research note, we analyze news coverage of child care in major Canadian daily newspapers to explore whether and how news narratives regarding child care are shifting in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, are we seeing a focus on women and gender in child care coverage amid the compounding pressures that women face in the current social and economic climate? The results of our analysis suggest that the pandemic has not shifted the conversation on child care and that current coverage principally reflects long-standing trends in child care framing. We find that gender remains systematically written out of coverage of child care, occluded by a larger focus on health-, economic-, and accessibility-related concerns about child care services. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7562856/ doi: 10.1017/s1743923x20000598 id: cord-337037-xpj17vn4 author: Weigel, Ralf title: Global child health in Germany - Time for action date: 2020-10-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Child health is central to the SDG agenda. Universities in the UK and other European countries provide leadership in research and education for global child health to inform related policy and practice, but the German contribution is inadequate. German paediatricians and other child health professionals could make more substantial contributions to the debate at home and internationally, but lack opportunities for scholarship and research. We argue, that there is a momentum to advance global child health in academia and call on German universities to realise this potential. url: https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.1829401 doi: 10.1080/16549716.2020.1829401 id: cord-265506-fxus6n65 author: Westrupp, Elizabeth M. title: Study Protocol for the COVID-19 Pandemic Adjustment Survey (CPAS): A Longitudinal Study of Australian Parents of a Child 0–18 Years date: 2020-08-31 words: 6673.0 sentences: 379.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265506-fxus6n65.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265506-fxus6n65.txt summary: OBJECTIVE: This study aims to: (1) provide timely information on the mental health impacts of the emerging COVID-19 crisis in a close to representative sample of Australian parents and children (0–18 years), (2) identify adults and families most at risk of poor mental health outcomes, and (3) identify factors to target through clinical and public health intervention to reduce risk. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide timely information on the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on parents and children in Australia; identify communities, parents, families, and children most at risk of poor outcomes; and identify potential factors to address in clinical and public health interventions to reduce risk. abstract: BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic presents significant risks to the mental health and wellbeing of Australian families. Employment and economic uncertainty, chronic stress, anxiety, and social isolation are likely to have negative impacts on parent mental health, couple and family relationships, as well as child health and development. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to: (1) provide timely information on the mental health impacts of the emerging COVID-19 crisis in a close to representative sample of Australian parents and children (0–18 years), (2) identify adults and families most at risk of poor mental health outcomes, and (3) identify factors to target through clinical and public health intervention to reduce risk. Specifically, this study will investigate the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with increased risk for parents’ mental health, lower well-being, loneliness, and alcohol use; parent-parent and parent-child relationships (both verbal and physical); and child and adolescent mental health problems. METHODS: The study aims to recruit a close to representative sample of at least 2,000 adults aged 18 years and over living in Australia who are parents of a child 0–4 years (early childhood, N = 400), 5–12 years (primary school N = 800), and 13–18 years (secondary school, N = 800). The design will be a longitudinal cohort study using an online recruitment methodology. Participants will be invited to complete an online baseline self-report survey (20 min) followed by a series of shorter online surveys (10 min) scheduled every 2 weeks for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., estimated to be 14 surveys over 6 months). RESULTS: The study will employ post stratification weights to address differences between the final sample and the national population in geographic communities across Australia. Associations will be analyzed using multilevel modeling with time-variant and time-invariant predictors of change in trajectory over the testing period. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide timely information on the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on parents and children in Australia; identify communities, parents, families, and children most at risk of poor outcomes; and identify potential factors to address in clinical and public health interventions to reduce risk. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33110413/ doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.555750 id: cord-029481-8pq1oaa4 author: Whitcomb, Caroline Green title: Review of Doug Selwyn (2019). All children are our children: New York: Peter Lang. 202 pp. ISBN 9781433161643 (Paperback) date: 2020-07-21 words: 1761.0 sentences: 98.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/cord-029481-8pq1oaa4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029481-8pq1oaa4.txt summary: Amidst today''s cries for change and the pandemicforced rethinking of education, Selwyn''s articulation of the intentional weaving of societal evils for the ill of our children and his vision for a more just and equitable future make this work a necessary read. After rolling out pages of statistical truths, Selwyn (2019: 24) states, ''[i]n the OECD the U.S. ranks 35 th out of 37 th in terms of poverty and inequality.'' While the rest of the world may have a far clearer picture of the USA, nothing will change until Americans move beyond blind patriotism and see ourselves as we truly are. Finland''s educational philosophy, based on the work of American theorist John Dewey, states: ''All pupils can learn if they are given proper opportunities and support, that understanding of and learning through human diversity is an important educational goal, and that schools should function as small-scale democracies'' (Selwyn 2019: 29) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7371826/ doi: 10.1007/s42438-020-00172-x id: cord-010175-p2py9wau author: Winter, Harland title: GASTROINTESTINAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND AIDS date: 1996-04-01 words: 4337.0 sentences: 226.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt summary: The observations that transmission is increased in women who were symptomatic or who had more advanced AIDS27 and that zidovudine therapy given during pregnancy reduces perinatal transmission3 suggest that viral burden is an important factor in vertical transmission; however, the effects of maternal nutritional status, micronutrient deficiency, or acute infection on viral replication are difficult to evaluate. Gastrointestinal bleeding is unusual in HIV-infected children, but, when present, it may be caused by focal ulcerations in the colon, stomach, small intestine, or esophagus from cytomegalovirus-induced disease. Many of the medications used to treat complications of HIV disease cause hepatocellular injury or cholestasis; however, infectious agents, such as hepatitis B, that cause hepatocellular injury by immune mechanisms have milder clinical courses in immunodeficient hosts.Z4 Preservation of immune function in HIV-infected children could account for the apparent increase in chronic active hepatitis in the pediatric population compared with the incidence in Although abnormalities in liver function tests are not diagnostic, they are beneficial as screening procedures. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7172360/ doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70421-1 id: cord-269266-ygewa5xd author: Wurzel, Danielle F. title: Adenovirus Species C Is Associated With Chronic Suppurative Lung Diseases in Children date: 2014-04-18 words: 4370.0 sentences: 228.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269266-ygewa5xd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269266-ygewa5xd.txt summary: An HAdV(+) BAL was significantly associated with bacterial coinfection with Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae (odds ratio [OR], 3.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.38–7.75; P = .007) and negatively associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection (P = .03). Human adenovirus (HAdV) detection is associated with lower airway neutrophilic inflammation in children with chronic respiratory symptoms, [13] and is significantly more likely to be present in the lower airways of children with PBB, compared with controls [14] . We hypothesized that, in the lower airways of children with PBB and mild BE, certain HAdV genotypes/species would predominate, and that presence of HAdV increases the risk of bacterial coinfection. This is the first study to examine the HAdV genotypes detectable in the lower airways of children with chronic endobronchial suppuration (PBB and bronchiectasis). The significant association between HAdV and lower airway bacterial infection suggests a possible role of HAdV-C in the pathogenesis of chronic suppurative lung diseases in young children. abstract: Background. The role of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in chronic respiratory disease pathogenesis is recognized. However, no studies have performed molecular sequencing of HAdVs from the lower airways of children with chronic endobronchial suppuration. We thus examined the major HAdV genotypes/species, and relationships to bacterial coinfection, in children with protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) and mild bronchiectasis (BE). Methods. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples of 245 children with PBB or mild (cylindrical) BE were included in this prospective cohort study. HAdVs were genotyped (when possible) in those whose BAL had HAdV detected (HAdV(+)). Presence of bacterial infection (defined as ≥10(4) colony-forming units/mL) was compared between BAL HAdV(+) and HAdV negative (HAdV(−)) groups. Immune function tests were performed including blood lymphocyte subsets in a random subgroup. Results. Species C HAdVs were identified in 23 of 24 (96%) HAdV(+) children; 13 (57%) were HAdV-1 and 10 (43%) were HAdV-2. An HAdV(+) BAL was significantly associated with bacterial coinfection with Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae (odds ratio [OR], 3.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.38–7.75; P = .007) and negatively associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection (P = .03). Young age was related to increased rates of HAdV(+). Blood CD16 and CD56 natural killer cells were significantly more likely to be elevated in those with HAdV (80%) compared with those without (56.1%) (P = .027). Conclusions. HAdV-C is the major HAdV species detected in the lower airways of children with PBB and BE. Younger age appears to be an important risk factor for HAdV(+) of the lower airways and influences the likelihood of bacterial coinfection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24748519/ doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu225 id: cord-310677-begnpodw author: Yeasmin, Sabina title: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study date: 2020-07-29 words: 4173.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310677-begnpodw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310677-begnpodw.txt summary: This study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of children aged<15 years during the lockdown in Bangladesh. K-means clustering used to group children according to mental health score and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) performed to identify the relationship among the parental behavior and child mental health, and also these associations were assessed through chi-square test. The chi-square test was used to measure the association of socio-demographic variables, parental behavior towards children, and child mental health scores among the cluster. In this study, children''s mental health (depression, anxiety, and sleeping disorder) scores were classified into four groups: sub-threshold, mild, moderate, and severe disturbance. abstract: COVID-19 pandemic poses a significant mental health threat among children in Bangladesh. This study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of children aged<15 years during the lockdown in Bangladesh. An online cross-sectional study was conducted from 25th April to 9th May 2020 among 384 parents having at least one child aged less than 15 years using non-probability sampling. K-means clustering used to group children according to mental health score and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) performed to identify the relationship among the parental behavior and child mental health, and also these associations were assessed through chi-square test. Children were classified into four groups where 43% of child had subthreshold mental disturbances (mean Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)-10; 2.8), 30.5% had mild (mean MDD-10; 8.9), 19.3% suffered moderately (mean MDD-10; 15.9), and 7.2% of child suffered from severe disturbances (mean MDD-10; 25.2). The higher percentage of mental health disturbances of children with the higher education level of parents, relative infected by COVID-19 (yes), parents still need to go the workplace (yes), and parent’s abnormal behavior but lower to their counterparts. This paper demonstrates large proportions of children are suffering from mental health disturbances in Bangladesh during the period of lockdown. Implementation of psychological intervention strategies and improvement in house-hold financial conditions, literacy of parents, taking care of children, and job security may help in improving the psychological/mental status of children and the authors believe that the findings will be beneficial to accelerate the rate of achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) linked to health status in Bangladesh. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740920309488?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105277 id: cord-338674-tnnd1s57 author: Yin, J Kevin title: Pilot study of influenza vaccine effectiveness in urban Australian children attending childcare date: 2011-06-10 words: 3040.0 sentences: 172.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-338674-tnnd1s57.txt txt: ./txt/cord-338674-tnnd1s57.txt summary: This study explored methods of follow up and sample collection for a proposed randomised controlled trial of influenza vaccination in children attending childcare. Efficacious influenza vaccines have been available for over 50 years, and yet, routine use in childhood remains the What is already known on this topic 1 Children in childcare are more likely to contract influenza and transmit infection to their siblings, parents, extended families and child-care workers. 3 Evidence for the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in children aged less than 24 months is limited and high quality, appropriately powered, randomised controlled trials are needed. A population-based surveillance study showed that less than 10% of hospitalised children aged Յ59 months with ILI had confirmed influenza infection. Studies of the 1996-1997 inactivated influenza vaccine among children attending day care: immunologic response, protection against infection, and clinical effectiveness abstract: Background: Influenza outbreaks in the childcare setting are a significant cause of excess winter morbidity. This study explored methods of follow up and sample collection for a proposed randomised controlled trial of influenza vaccination in children attending childcare. Methods: The study was conducted in four Sydney childcare centres during 2007. Healthy children aged 6–59 months eligible for vaccination were recruited in two centres, with another two acting as controls. Data on influenza‐like illness (ILI: ≥37.8°C plus at least one respiratory symptom) occurrence were collected weekly. In those children with an ILI, parents were asked to collect nasal swabs and send via surface mail for viral polymerase chain reaction. Vaccine efficacy (VE) for ILI was estimated overall and for subgroups aged 6–23 and 24–59 months using the formula VE = 1 − relative risk (RR). Results: Sixty‐three per cent (151/238) of eligible children had parents give consent. Sixty‐three children received influenza vaccine and 88 participated as controls. Of 26 specimens returned, a virus was detected in 18 (69%); none with influenza. Two symptomatic children had positive near‐patient influenza tests in general practice (one a vaccine failure). The RR with 95% confidence interval in all children and those aged 6–23 months were less than one, 0.56 (0.32–1.02) and 0.46 (0.15–1.45), respectively. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the feasibility and utility of parent‐collected and mailed respiratory specimens for VE research in the childcare setting. Two‐thirds of parent‐collected swabs proved positive for at least one virus. Finding ways to reduce reluctance of parents to submit samples could improve the representativeness of samples collected and the power of the study. No evidence was found for influenza VE, but point estimates were in the direction of protection. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02098.x doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02098.x id: cord-273322-zz733a0k author: ZHAO, Yang title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 versus Influenza A in Children: An Observational Control Study in China date: 2020-08-31 words: 2168.0 sentences: 113.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273322-zz733a0k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273322-zz733a0k.txt summary: This study aimed to understand the differences in clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features between the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and influenza A in children. Compared with either inpatients or outpatients with influenza A, children with COVID-19 showed significantly more frequent family infections and higher ratio of low fever (< 37.3 °C), but shorter cough and fever duration, lower body temperature, and lower rates of cough, fever, high fever (> 39 °C), nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, vomiting, myalgia or arthralgia, and febrile seizures. This study compared the clinical characteristics, epidemiology, and routine laboratory test results between 23 inpatients (5.7 ± 3.8 years; 9 boys, 39% of total) with pediatric COVID-19 (recruited from January 1 to March 28, 2020) and age-and sexmatched 69 inpatients and 69 outpatients with pediatric influenza A (from January 1 to December 31, 2019) who received treatment in the Beijing Ditan Hospital in Beijing, China, which has been designated as treatment facility of infectious diseases including COVID-19. abstract: This study aimed to understand the differences in clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features between the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and influenza A in children. Data of 23 hospitalized children with COVID-19 (9 boys, 5.7 ± 3.8 years old) were compared with age- and sex-matched 69 hospitalized and 69 outpatient children with influenza A from a hospital in China. The participants' epidemiological history, family cluster, clinical manifestations, and blood test results were assessed. Compared with either inpatients or outpatients with influenza A, children with COVID-19 showed significantly more frequent family infections and higher ratio of low fever (< 37.3 °C), but shorter cough and fever duration, lower body temperature, and lower rates of cough, fever, high fever (> 39 °C), nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, vomiting, myalgia or arthralgia, and febrile seizures. They also showed higher counts of lymphocytes, T lymphocyte CD8, and platelets and levels of cholinesterase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and lactic acid, but lower serum amyloid, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and shorter prothrombin time. The level of alanine aminotransferase in children with COVID-19 is lower than that in inpatients but higher than that in outpatients with influenza A. Pediatric COVID-19 is associated with more frequent family infection, milder symptoms, and milder immune responses relative to pediatric influenza A. url: https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2020.080 doi: 10.3967/bes2020.080 id: cord-333061-d1mdacx3 author: Zhang, Xiu-Hang title: A Specially Designed Medical Screen for Children Suffering from Burns: A Randomized Trial of a Distraction-type Therapy date: 2020-05-30 words: 2918.0 sentences: 159.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333061-d1mdacx3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333061-d1mdacx3.txt summary: Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of the specially designed medical dressing screen during wound dressing changes of children who suffered burns to their hand or foot. Conclusions This study demonstrated "that the" application of the medical screen for burns can relieve the pain of 1-3 years old children suffering from a burns during dressing changes. The study was designed to compare the effect of a specially designed medical dressing screen''s intervention with usual 84 care or a touch-screen computer alone during wound dressing changes for children aged 1-3 years who suffering from 85 burns on their hands or feet. Despite the limited number of previous studies 314 investigating this topic 11 , the current results provide further evidence that the special designed medical screen is more 315 effective than touch computer or usual care, suggesting that this will be a powerful and effective complement 316 treatment method for minimizing pain in children burn patients related to dressing changes. abstract: Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of the specially designed medical dressing screen during wound dressing changes of children who suffered burns to their hand or foot. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Burns and Plastic Reconstruction Unit. Participants Children (N=120) with burns on up to 1%-5% of the total body surface area. Interventions The patients were selected and randomly allocated to 3 equal-sized groups as follows:control group (N=40): the children received only regular dressing changes; computer group (N=40): a touch-screen computer was used for children during dressing changes; medical screen group (N=40): a medical screen combined with the touch-screen computer were used for children during dressing changes. All patients underwent a dressing change once per day for four days. Data were distributed four times: immediately after the initial dressing change (T1); and immediately after each times at next three consecutive days (T2-T4). Main Outcome Measures The Pain level of the children evaluated by medical staffs was the primary outcome, the Pain level of the children evaluated by children's parents and the satisfaction of wound therapist were used as second outcomes. Results The mean scores related to pain level at the medical screen group displayed significantly better results than those of control group and those of the computer group. Additionally, the results of the pain evaluated by parents and satisfaction score of the wound therapist at the medical screen group was also better than other groups. Conclusions This study demonstrated “that the” application of the medical screen for burns can relieve the pain of 1-3 years old children suffering from a burns during dressing changes. Additionally, the application of the medical screen also increased the satisfaction of the parents and the wound therapist performing the dressing changes. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305417920303843?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.05.018 id: cord-341331-l24oe2pd author: Zheng, Baojia title: An increasing public health burden arising from children infected with SARS‐CoV2: a systematic review and meta‐analysis date: 2020-08-05 words: 3322.0 sentences: 214.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-341331-l24oe2pd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341331-l24oe2pd.txt summary: Therefore, it is valuable to perform a comprehensive analysis of the different published SARS-CoV2 pediatric cases recording clinical and epidemiological features, merging and This article is protected by copyright. The included studies were required to meet the following eligibility criteria: (1) studies focused on pediatric patients infected with SARS-CoV2 whose nucleic acid test or CT scan were positive; (2) retrospective observational studies, case reports or research articles describing the epidemiological, demographic, and clinical features of confirmed cases, which allowed stratification; and (3) a minimum size of patients (n>3) to conduct a meta-analysis. analysis, aiming to evaluate the features and situation of the children infected with SARS-CoV2 and their possibly increasing health burden on the public. In our study, we found that the proportion of asymptomatic infections in children was high; both males and females were susceptible to SARS-CoV2. abstract: BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV2) is spreading all over the world and poses a great threat to humans. This study aimed to systematically review the current situation and public health burden associated with children infected with SARS‐CoV2. METHODS: We searched 4 electronic databases without language limitations. The pooled proportion or odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI confidence interval (CI) were calculated for each analysis to explore the prevalence of asymptomatic infection and coinfection, as well as to assess the sex of SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected children. RESULTS: We obtained data from 14 eligible studies with 410 patients for the meta‐analysis. The pooled proportion of asymptomatic infection was 40.45% (95%CI: 24.04‐56.85), while coinfection was 10.14% (95%CI: 3.97‐16.30), of which Mycoplasma pneumonia (50%, 95%CI: 28.24‐71.76) and influenza virus or parainfluenza virus (22.76%, 95%CI: 4.76‐40.77) were the most common pathogens. Both male and female children were susceptible to SARS‐CoV2 infection. And the pooled proportion of family clustering infection was 83.63% (95%CI: 77.54‐89.72). CONCLUSION: A high proportion of asymptomatic infections occurs in children infected with SARS‐CoV2, who are also susceptible to coinfection regardless of sex. These data affirm the increasing public health burden arising from infected children regarding the causation of asymptomatic infection or misdiagnosis and as a significant contributor to virus spread. The public should pay more attention to children during epidemics and conduct multimethod detection to further effectively identify infected children and control the source of infection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25008 doi: 10.1002/ppul.25008 id: cord-252970-hnd0653u author: de Nobrega, Manoel title: How face masks can affect school performance date: 2020-09-01 words: 1265.0 sentences: 84.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-252970-hnd0653u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252970-hnd0653u.txt summary: The cognitive processes involved in hearing acoustically distorted speech are likely to include verbal work memory and attention-based performance monitoring. Excessive background noise and classroom reverberation may affect the educational performance of children with normal hearing that present other learning difficulties 5 . It also surprises that each of the three transparent masks has mitigated the talk more than the nontransparent masks, and produced an resonant peak between 5000 and 7000 Hz. Although transparent masks have reduced the level of sound pressure and possibly degraded even more speech than non-transparent facial masks, they play an important role in preserving non-verbal communication slopes on face 9 . • Awareness the parents about how facial masks, associated or not to the face shield, can harm the intensity and quality of speech and how much this can impact on the school performance of their children. Effect of minimal/mild hearing loss on children''s speech understanding in a simulated classroom abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165587620304717?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110328 id: cord-294772-nma7w7of author: de Oliveira Collet, Giulia title: COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric dentistry: fear, eating habits and parent’s oral health perceptions date: 2020-09-15 words: 3582.0 sentences: 220.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-294772-nma7w7of.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294772-nma7w7of.txt summary: title: COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric dentistry: fear, eating habits and parent''s oral health perceptions The questions addressed topics regarding changes in daily routine, dietary habits, fear level, oral health, and variation of income during the pandemic. The changes in diet, economic issues, general concerns, fear, added to the lack of preventive dental care, could impact the oral health of children during the enforced stay-at-home orders. Thus, this study aimed to assess the fear level, dietary choices and parent''s oral health perceptions during the stay-at-home orders period in Brazil. Regarding oral health, 24.4% of parents/caregivers reported their children were undergoing dental treatment before the pandemic. Association was found among parents/caregivers'' willingness to take their children to dental appointments, fear level (p<0.001), and the local number of COVID-19 cases (p<0.001) ( Table 4) . The present study concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the eating habits and dental care of children in Brazil. abstract: BACKGROUND: Severe measures have been implemented around the world to reduce COVID-19 spread with a significant impact on family dynamics. AIM: To assess the impact of the pandemic on fear, dietary choices and oral health perceptions of parents. DESIGN: questionnaire containing 19 questions was remotely applied to 1,003 parents of children aged 0-12 years. The questions addressed topics regarding changes in daily routine, dietary habits, fear level, oral health, and variation of income during the pandemic. Data analysis included the description of the relative and absolute frequencies of the variables. Association tests were performed using Fisher's exact and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: 73% of respondents reported income loss. Five hundred sixty-eight people denied seeking medical or dental care. 61.5% of respondents revealed changes in the dietary pattern; most of them mentioned an increase in food intake. Most parents (66.6%) would only seek urgent dental care. There was an association between parents’ willingness to take their children to dental appointments with the fear level (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Most families have experienced changes in daily routine and eating habits during the pandemic. Parents fear COVID-19 and it impacts their behavior regarding seeking dental care for their children. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32952248/ doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105469 id: cord-346060-ns6v76rb author: degli Espinosa, Francesca title: A Model of Support for Families of Children With Autism Living in the COVID-19 Lockdown: Lessons From Italy date: 2020-06-02 words: 6478.0 sentences: 260.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346060-ns6v76rb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346060-ns6v76rb.txt summary: After the first 2 weeks of lockdown with limited structure and free reinforcement access, in some of our first cohort families we observed the following during our online meetings: high levels of escape from simple instructions, the loss of independence and communication skills (appropriate mands), satiation (significant reduction in the time children spent with favorite items), an increase in problematic interactions between parents and all children, and unmanageable levels of mands for attention (both appropriate and inappropriate). Although, in general, the daily structure centered on adult-led or shared activities alternated with periods of solitary reinforcement, all parents learned to interact with their children and siblings in a way that worked for them and maintained low rates of problem behavior. We wished to create a mutually reinforcing situation for both the adults and the children, where parents could experience success in delivering instructions and interacting with their child, given that they would need to engage in this behavior daily in a confined space, over extended periods of time without a break. abstract: Italy has been the European country most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic to date and has been in social lockdown for the longest period of time compared to other countries outside China. Almost overnight, Italian behavior analysts were faced with the challenge of setting up remotely whole-family systems aimed at maintaining adaptive skills and low levels of challenging behavior to be carried out solely by caregivers. Given these extraordinary circumstances, the protocols available from the applied behavior-analytic, parent training, and autism literature did not appear to fully meet the needs of parents having to be with their children under extreme levels of stress in a confined space with limited reinforcers for 24 hr a day, 7 days a week. To meet this unprecedented challenge, we developed a dynamic and holistic protocol that extended to the full day and that recognized the need for sustainable intervention delivered solely by parents, who were often looking after more than one child. These practices are presented in this article, together with a discussion of lessons we have learned thus far, which may be useful for behavior analysts working in other regions in which the effects of the pandemic are not yet fully realized. Although somewhat unorthodox, we include some parent comments at the end with the goal of sharing the parent perspective in real time as this pandemic unfolds across the world. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837696/ doi: 10.1007/s40617-020-00438-7 id: cord-308916-6p2qutc5 author: le Roux, David M. title: Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease date: 2017-09-21 words: 4936.0 sentences: 213.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308916-6p2qutc5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308916-6p2qutc5.txt summary: New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae have contributed to decreases in radiologic, clinical and complicated pneumonia cases and have reduced hospitalization and mortality. In a review of four randomized controlled trials and two case-control studies of Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination in high-burden communities, the vaccination was associated with an 18% decrease in radiologic pneumonia [13] . However, given the high mortality from pneumonia in low-and middle-income countries, the lack of easy access to care, and the high prevalence of risk factors for severe disease, revised World Health Organization pneumonia guidelines still recommend antibiotic treatment for all children who meet the WHO pneumonia case definitions [80] . Effectiveness of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than 5 years of age for prevention of pneumonia: updated analysis using World Health Organization standardized interpretation of chest radiographs abstract: Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae have contributed to decreases in radiologic, clinical and complicated pneumonia cases and have reduced hospitalization and mortality. The importance of co-infections with multiple pathogens and the predominance of viral-associated disease are emerging. Better access to effective preventative and management strategies is needed in low- and middle-income countries, while new strategies are needed to address the residual burden of disease once these have been implemented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29043417/ doi: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8 id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet author: nan title: Section II: Poster Sessions date: 2017-12-01 words: 83515.0 sentences: 5162.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt summary: Results: The CHIP Framework The CHIP framework aims to improve the health and wellness of the urban communities served by St. Josephs Health Centre through four intersecting pillars: • Raising Community Voices provides an infrastructure and process that supports community stakeholder input into health care service planning, decision-making, and delivery by the hospital and across the continuum of care; • Sharing Reciprocal Capacity promotes healthy communities through the sharing of our intellectual and physical capacity with our community partners; • Cultivating Integration Initiatives facilitates vertical, horizontal, and intersectoral integration initiatives in support of community-identified needs and gaps; and • Facilitating Healthy Exchange develops best practices in community integration through community-based research, and facilitates community voice in informing public policy. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5711696/ doi: 10.1093/jurban/jti137 id: cord-005646-xhx9pzhj author: nan title: 2nd World Congress on Pediatric Intensive Care 1996 Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 23–26 June 1996 Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Posters and Nursing Programme date: 1996 words: 72031.0 sentences: 4734.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt summary: Aims and methods The aim of both a prospective and retrospective survey conducted in German pediatric intensive care units in 1993 was to accumulate data on the epidemiology, risk factors, natural history and treatment strategies in a large group of pediatric ARDS patients who were treated in the tt~ee year period from 1991 to 1993.All patients had acute bilateral alveolar infiltration of noncardiogenic origin and a pO2~iO2 ratio < 150mmHg. The influence of sex, underlying disease and single organ failure was analyzed using the Fischer''s exact test, the influence of additional organ failure on mortality was tested with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszet statistics. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095092/ doi: 10.1007/bf02316512 id: cord-006236-2gpwf4z2 author: nan title: Abstracts from the First International Conference on Heart Failure in Children and Young Adults date: 2004 words: 13113.0 sentences: 882.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006236-2gpwf4z2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006236-2gpwf4z2.txt summary: Key words: Gene Expression, Ventricular Hypertrophy, and Congenital Heart Disease Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be used to support children with severe graft failure after heart transplant (Tx). In the 2 pts with graft failure from acute rejection, ECMO duration was 5 and 6 days; both regained normal heart function and were successfully decannulated without complications. Key words: ECMO, Heart Transplant, Graft Failure, Acute Hemodynamic Rejection Background: Ventricular assist device (VAD) support is well established in treating adults with end-stage heart disease. Key words: Mechanical circulatory support, Pediatric, VAD, Congenital Heart Disease, and Cardiomyopathy Background: Measurement of whole blood B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels has been shown to detect heart failure in adults presenting with dyspnea in the acute setting. Key words: levosimendan, heart failure, cardiomyopathy Methods: 20 children were studied, age range from 2 to 192 months (median 32.5 months). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100653/ doi: 10.1007/s00246-004-2553-9 id: cord-006702-ekf6mja9 author: nan title: Abstracts for the 17th IPNA Congress, Iguaçu, Brazil, September 2016: Oral Presentations date: 2016-08-17 words: 23229.0 sentences: 1404.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006702-ekf6mja9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006702-ekf6mja9.txt summary: After correction using the optimal linear regression, the variability of the measurements was examined using Bland-Altman plots Results: We studied 29 patients (17 male, 12 female) with a median age (SD) of 14.0 (3.4) years and eGFR 111 (17) Objectives: Mutations of the Pkhd1 gene cause autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Objectives: To examine the characteristics, follow up and availability of long term outcome data in a cohort of New Zealand children with acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) following cardiac surgery at Starship Hospital over a six-year period. Methods: Cohort study conducted from 2008-2012 of 57 female patients age 9-21 years recruited from 2 pediatric nephrology clinics with CKD (n=25), on dialysis (n=9), or status post kidney transplantation (n=23) who received the standard 3-dose vaccine series of the HPV vaccine. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102258/ doi: 10.1007/s00467-016-3466-6 id: cord-008695-y7il3hyb author: nan title: Pandemic Flu: Clinical management of patients with an influenza-like illness during an influenza pandemic date: 2007-01-25 words: 25924.0 sentences: 1616.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-008695-y7il3hyb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-008695-y7il3hyb.txt summary: Children may be considered at increased risk of complications if they have cough and fever (or influenza-like illness) and temperature >38.5ºC, plus either chronic co-morbid disease or one of following features: breathing difficulties severe earache vomiting >24 hours drowsiness These patients should be offered an antibiotic as well as oseltamivir (in those >1 year of age) and advice on antipyretics and fluids. Children may be considered at increased risk of complications if they have: Cough and fever (or influenza-like illness) and temperature >38.5ºC and either (i) chronic co-morbid disease (see Appendix 2) or (ii) one of the following features • Breathing difficulties • Severe earache • Vomiting > 24 hours • Drowsiness These patients should be offered an antibiotic as well as oseltamivir (in those over one year of age) and advice on antipyretics and fluids. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7133687/ doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(07)60001-2 id: cord-009713-sxd4t2tz author: nan title: Poster Presentations date: 2020-01-10 words: 43950.0 sentences: 2945.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.txt summary: Poster No. 010 Seizure, developmental and cognitive outcomes in children post hemispherotomy TT TAY 1 , DR REED 2 , VJ JOSAN 3 , SR RUST 4 , JT TAN 5 1 University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; 2 Neuropsychology Team, Paediatric Psychosocial Service, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK; 3 Neurosurgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation, Manchester, UK; 4 Paediatric Neuropsychology, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK; 5 Paediatric Neurology, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK Introduction: Patients with focal refractory epilepsy secondary to structural hemispheric changes have been shown in retrospective studies to have significantly improved seizure outcomes following hemispheric disconnection. In a univariate analysis of 682 cases with ≥12 months follow-up data, poor final outcome (defined as modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 3-6) occurred in 30% and was associated with very young or elderly age at onset, movement disorder, decreased consciousness, autonomic dysfunction, mechanical ventilation, higher mRS score in the acute phase, longer hospital stay, extreme delta brush on EEG, abnormal MRI, CSF pleocytosis and elevated CSF protein (all p<0.05). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163607/ doi: 10.1111/dmcn.14411 id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j author: nan title: 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date: 2018-03-31 words: 182060.0 sentences: 10342.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt summary: Completed cranial radiation and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant with unrelated cord marrow donor and is disease free at approximately day +200.Case 2: 5 year-old female diagnosed with FLT3 and MLL negative AML and completed treatment per COG AAML1031 study on the low risk arm without Bortezomib. Design/Method: This study was a retrospective chart review that included patients 3 to 23 years old with sickle cell disease type SS and S 0 followed at St. Christopher''s Hospital for Children. Background: Hydroxyurea, chronic blood transfusion, and bone marrow transplantation can reduce complications, and improve survival in sickle cell disease (SCD), but are associated with a significant decisional dilemma because of the inherent risk-benefit tradeoffs, and the lack of comparative studies. Brown University -Hasbro Children''s Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States Background: Despite clinical advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric and young adult patients, pain remains a significant source of disease-related morbidity. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167873/ doi: 10.1002/pbc.27057 id: cord-014608-g3p19coe author: nan title: Pneumococcal colonization and carriage date: 2014-12-01 words: 21648.0 sentences: 1365.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-014608-g3p19coe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014608-g3p19coe.txt summary: Background and Aims: Data on the nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae across age groups are important to help predict the impact of introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) into routine vaccination programmes, given their important indirect effect. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from well children 3 months to 5Y of age from Karachi, Pakistan as part of a pneumococcal carriage study to evaluate PCV-10 impact. Methods: To determine pneumococcal colonization, we recruited a convenience sample of residents of all ages from 8 rural villages and children aged <5 years at 2 urban pediatric clinics annually during 2008-2012; we determined their PCV13 vaccination status and obtained nasopharyngeal swab specimens. No conflict of interest ISPPD-9 / pneumonia 2014 Mar 9-13;3:1-286 Background: Using nasopharyngeal carriage as a marker of vaccine impact, pneumococcal colonisation and its relation to invasive disease and demographic attributes were examined in children, their parents, and older adults in the UK following the introduction of PCV7 and prior to PCV13. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6205665/ doi: 10.1007/bf03399438 id: cord-014687-0am4l5ms author: nan title: SPR 2012 date: 2012-03-29 words: 98592.0 sentences: 5600.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-014687-0am4l5ms.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014687-0am4l5ms.txt summary: This presentation will focus on recent developments that have lead to a better understanding of the embryopathogenesis for fibropolycystic liver diseases (including choledochal cysts and Caroli disease), histopathological findings that have led to new classification systems for of pediatric vascular anomalies, technological advances and contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging that are useful to characterize and limit the differential diagnosis of hepatic masses. Disclosure: Dr. Annapragada has indicated that he is a stock holder and consultant for Marval Biosciences Inc. Paper #: PA-067 Cardiovascular Image Quality Using a Nanoparticle CT Contrast Agent: Preliminary Studies in a Pig Model Rajesh Krishnamurthy, Radiology, Texas Children''s Hospital, rxkrishn@texaschildrens.org; Ketan Ghaghada, Prakash Masand, Abhay Divekar, Eric Hoffman, Ananth Annapragada Purpose or Case Report: Image quality in a separate study using a long circulating, liposomal-based nanoscale blood pool iodinated contrast agent (NCTX) suggests clinical utility in pediatrics, potentially reducing difficulties in contrast-CT of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) including the size of intravenous cannula, need for accurate timing, inability to simultaneously opacify multiple targets of interest (requiring repeated contrast administration and/or repeated imaging). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7080092/ doi: 10.1007/s00247-012-2356-8 id: cord-015306-us58wwmp author: nan title: Abstracts for the IPNA Congress, 30 August - 3 September 2013, Shanghai, China date: 2013-06-21 words: 71194.0 sentences: 4580.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015306-us58wwmp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015306-us58wwmp.txt summary: The incidence of renal involvement varies from 20 to 60% and there have been some reports showing that nephritis might be related to an older age at onset, persistent purpura (> 1 month), severe abdominal pain, and relapsing disease.Recently, several studies have shown that galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is recognized by anti-glycan antibodies, resulting in the formation of the circulating immune complexes and their mesangial deposition causing renal injury in HSP nephritis and serum galactose-deficient IgA1 levels were highly inherited in children with HSP nephritis.Regarding the treatment of HSP, one randomized double-blinded controlled study recently showed that patients with abdiminal pain or arthralgia may benefit from early treatment with prednisone, but the drug has not been proven to be capable of preventing the development of renal symptoms. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101731/ doi: 10.1007/s00467-013-2518-4 id: cord-015324-y44sfr0c author: nan title: Scientific Programme date: 2007-09-01 words: 197618.0 sentences: 12774.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015324-y44sfr0c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015324-y44sfr0c.txt summary: In order to further validate this approach, we performed a prospective randomized open-label multicenter trial in 41 low-risk pediatric renal transplant recipients (12 f, 29 m; mean age 10.1 yrs; range, 3.4 to 17.8) on CsA (target trough level 100-200 ng/ml), MMF (1200 mg/m 2 per day) and methylprednisolone (3) (4) mg/m 2 per day), who were randomly assigned >1 year posttransplant to continue steroids or to withdraw over a period of 3 months. We evaluated MMF in 15 children with LN, 11 F/4 M, mean age: 12.4±3.9 yrs, proteinuria >3 g/day, decreased C3 and increased anti-dsDNA serum levels, normal renal function. Patients and methods: 91 children and adolescents (60 male, 31 female, mean age at transplantation 9.7±5.2 years) with stable renal function and observation period exceeding 6 months were included. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101932/ doi: 10.1007/s00467-007-0558-3 id: cord-015352-2d02eq3y author: nan title: ESPR 2017 date: 2017-04-26 words: 82253.0 sentences: 4479.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt summary: Lapierre; Montreal/CA Summary: Objectives: To review the classification of visceroatrial situs To describe the associated cardiac and non-cardiac anomalies To illustrate typical findings in fetuses, neonates and children To discuss the surgical consideration and the long-term follow-up in these patients Abstract: By definition, the type of situs is determined by the relationship between the atria and the adjacent organs. As is often the case, radiology in JIA is all about: knowing your clinicians (i.e. the pretest likelihood for disease) being technically eloquent (e.g. using high-resolution US probes, not delaying post-contrast MRI acquisitions) knowing what is normal (e.g. normal undulations in the articular surface, focal bone marrow signal variation) not being dogmatic about individual observations or measurements interpreting your findings in a clinical context The lecture will demonstrate similarities and differences among joints and modalities in children with variable-severity JIA. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103096/ doi: 10.1007/s00247-017-3820-2 id: cord-017184-1ewi3dka author: nan title: Primary Immunodeficiencies date: 2008 words: 44492.0 sentences: 2035.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017184-1ewi3dka.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017184-1ewi3dka.txt summary: In this disease, microorganism phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes appears annulled, and the patient is subject to severe infections supported by capsular bacteria: the deficiency, described in association with severe and recurrent infantile infections [175, 485, 487] , depends on the lack of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) [487] , its Primary Immunodeficiencies a possible atopy dependence on IgA underproduction rather than on IgE hyperproduction ( Fig. 4.1 ): in children with levels of IgA at the minimum normal level, and followed from birth until the age of 18-23 months, a greater severity of atopic manifestations and an increased cumulative incidence of asthma, AD and otitis media with effusion (OME) were observed compared to controls. abstract: Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), once considered to be very rare, are now increasingly recognized because of growing knowledge in the immunological field and the availability of more sophisticated diagnostic techniques and therapeutic modalities [161]. However in a database of >120,000 inpatients of a general hospital for conditions suggestive of ID 59 patients were tested, and an undiagnosed PID was found in 17 (29%) of the subjects tested [107]. The publication of the first case of agammaglobulinemia by Bruton in 1952 [60] demonstrated that the PID diagnosis is first done in the laboratory. However, PIDs require specialized immunological centers for diagnosis and management [33]. A large body of epidemiological evidence supports the hypothesis of the existence of a close etiopathogenetic relation between PID and atopy [73]. In particular, an elevated frequency of asthma, food allergy (FA), atopic dermatitis and enteric pathologies can be found in various PIDs. In addition we will discuss another subject that is certainly of interest: the pseudo-immunodepressed child with recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs), an event that often requires medical intervention and that very often leads to the suspicion that it involves antibody deficiencies [149]. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121684/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-33395-1_22 id: cord-022653-qa1uph35 author: nan title: Poster Discussion Session PDS date: 2017-08-30 words: 58292.0 sentences: 3300.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022653-qa1uph35.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022653-qa1uph35.txt summary: 0206 | G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) regulates endothelial permeability induced by Bradykinin 0208 | Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of c1 esterase inhibitor of chronic urticaria challenges most commonly identified were the following: time of onset of disease; frequency/duration of and provoking factors for wheals; diurnal variation; occurrence in relation to weekends, holidays, and foreign travel; shape, size, and distribution of wheals; associated angioedema; associated subjective symptoms of lesions; family and personal history regarding urticaria, atopy; previous or current allergies, infections, internal diseases, or other possible causes; psychosomatic and psychiatric diseases; surgical implantations and events during surgery; gastric/ intestinal problems; induction by physical agents or exercise; use of drugs; food allergies; relationship to the menstrual cycle; smoking habits; type of work, hobbies; stress; quality of life and emotional impact; previous therapy and response to therapy, and previous diagnostic procedures/results. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159476/ doi: 10.1111/all.13251 id: cord-023186-gqltd6u0 author: nan title: Poster Sessions date: 2019-06-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167664/ doi: 10.1002/ppul.24373 id: cord-023239-06a03o14 author: nan title: II. Topic Sessions date: 2016-06-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7168082/ doi: 10.1002/ppul.23455 id: cord-034340-3ksfpaf7 author: nan title: Proceedings of the 26th European Paediatric Rheumatology Congress: part 2: Virtual. 23 - 26 September 2020 date: 2020-10-28 words: 35088.0 sentences: 2148.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-034340-3ksfpaf7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-034340-3ksfpaf7.txt summary: Objectives: The current study was undertaken to evaluate sociodemographic and sociocultural features, parent behavior, the gestation and breastfeeding period, nutritional status of early childhood in our patients with JIA, and to determine their relationship with disease activity, damage index, remission time, and relapse rate. Methods: In the present study were included data 170 JIA(55 boys and 115 girls)aged from 2 to 17 years,who received scheduled vaccination before the age of 2 years and before JIA onset against measles,parotitis,diphtheria and rubella.Incomplete vaccination means the reduced number of vaccine to age.In all patients the Ig G anti-vaccine antibodies levels were detected with ELISA.JIA categories were:oligoarthritis -73,polyarthritis -61,systemic-16 and enthesitisrelated arthritis-20.Data presented with median and 25%>75% Results: Incomplete vaccination against MMR was in 50 (42%)diphtheria in 85 (50%) of the JIA patients. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7592179/ doi: 10.1186/s12969-020-00470-5 id: cord-295792-hajvtzj9 author: Álvez, Fernando title: SARS-CoV2 coronavirus: So far polite with children. Debatable immunological and non-immunological evidence date: 2020-07-03 words: 4504.0 sentences: 196.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-295792-hajvtzj9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-295792-hajvtzj9.txt summary: In short, the purpose of this first defensive barrier for early control during the incubation period and the first symptoms of SAR-CoV2 infection is to inhibit viral replication, promote elimination of the virus, induce tissue repair and trigger a specific adaptive immune response (AIR) (12) . Furthermore, this enzyme also plays an important role in the immune response, especially in inflammation, and is involved in the defensive mechanisms of the lung -protecting it from severe injury induced by respiratory viruses (11, 18) . However, serological studies evaluating the immune response to respiratory infections including CovH have shown steadily increasing seroprevalence of antibodies to CovH in both children and young adults, as well as cross-reactivity, such as between antibodies to the previous SARS-CoV and CovH (25) (26) . Cell Responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-Infected mice abstract: Abstract The reasons for the relative resistance of children to certain infections such as that caused by coronavirus SARS- CoV2 are not yet fully clear. Deciphering these differences can provide important information about the pathogenesis of the disease. Regarding the SARS-CoV2 virus, children are at the same risk of infection as the general population of all ages, with the most serious cases being found in infants. However, it has been reported that the disease is much less frequent than in adults and that most cases are benign or moderate (even with high viral loads), provided there are no other risk factors or underlying diseases. It is not clear why they have lower morbidity and virtually no mortality. A series of findings, relationships and behavioral patterns between the infectious agent and the child host may account for the lower incidence and a greatly attenuated clinical presentation of the disease in children. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301054620301075?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.aller.2020.05.003 id: cord-264612-paewji35 author: Øverlien, Carolina title: The COVID‐19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Children in Domestic Violence Refuges date: 2020-08-18 words: 3289.0 sentences: 144.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264612-paewji35.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264612-paewji35.txt summary: As such, when reports began arriving from different parts of the world concerning a possible increase of domestic violence and abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic (see, for example, Godin, 2020) , my colleagues and I constructed a web-based survey to distribute to all refuges in Norway (N ¼ 46). The questions focused on four main topics: 1) changes in the ''[The survery] covers the four to six weeks following the implementation of the government''s strict, wide-ranging virus control measures'' and Children in Domestic Violence Refuges services due to the pandemic; 2) the refuges'' cooperation with other services; 3) what the refuge staff saw as most worrying in the current situation and what they saw as vital in order to support victims; and 4) changes in the requests and motivations for contacting the refuges. In Norway, it is mandatory that school staff report concerns about abuse to the child protection services; as such, they also represent an important safety net for children and adolescents exposed to violence. abstract: The COVID‐19 pandemic has resulted in negative consequences for children exposed to violence and abuse. Domestic violence refuge staff were greatly concerned about children both living outside and inside refuges. Domestic violence refuges have played a pivotal role during the COVID‐19 pandemic and should receive wider acknowledgement and greater support for their work. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32904999/ doi: 10.1002/car.2650 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel