Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 302 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8763 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 47 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 302 child 53 COVID-19 31 SARS 29 infection 26 patient 23 respiratory 21 study 19 pneumonia 13 parent 13 covid-19 13 RSV 12 virus 11 result 11 asthma 11 United 10 disease 10 HIV 9 year 9 health 9 care 9 States 8 treatment 8 cause 8 case 8 PCR 7 influenza 7 Hospital 7 Health 6 mental 6 infant 6 conclusion 6 MRI 6 Fig 6 China 5 school 5 group 5 family 5 diarrhea 5 diagnosis 5 University 5 Pediatric 5 PICU 5 HRV 5 Children 4 viral 4 pediatric 4 pandemic 4 method 4 intervention 4 injury Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 28583 child 16606 % 14027 patient 9862 study 7212 infection 6991 year 6936 disease 5914 age 5736 case 5078 treatment 4935 group 4409 health 4317 result 4170 risk 3707 parent 3671 time 3656 cell 3616 virus 3583 care 3479 level 3365 infant 3359 day 3353 month 3138 pneumonia 3100 family 2966 diagnosis 2950 adult 2933 datum 2927 symptom 2822 therapy 2809 effect 2787 factor 2649 analysis 2626 asthma 2610 rate 2546 p 2427 method 2426 use 2193 population 2188 blood 2178 response 2177 influenza 2144 syndrome 2074 school 2073 finding 1967 conclusion 1954 outcome 1911 control 1861 development 1818 system Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 2310 al 2267 COVID-19 1989 et 1527 . 1428 SARS 1206 CT 1183 Health 1024 HIV 1023 MRI 978 United 963 RSV 937 Children 858 mg 857 States 822 • 788 CoV-2 781 Hospital 772 C 771 PCR 696 S. 656 China 605 US 591 A 570 Pediatric 538 University 473 Table 452 T 444 Fig 440 B 416 CI 414 kg 408 National 405 Disease 385 IgE 382 II 379 Group 372 MR 364 C. 360 CKD 340 IV 337 UK 331 Child 325 Report 324 New 324 Department 318 Medical 315 L 308 World 306 Coronavirus 301 ICU Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 5708 we 5400 it 2844 they 1156 them 898 i 848 he 760 she 348 you 288 us 157 themselves 135 itself 123 one 89 me 82 him 69 her 26 ourselves 18 yourself 13 's 10 himself 9 iga1 9 herself 6 ours 6 oneself 6 myself 6 em 5 thee 5 s 3 mg 2 theirs 2 siil-33 2 il- 2 cgvh 1 ™ 1 y€ 1 y638 1 y402h 1 pteronyssinus 1 p<.001 1 mrnas 1 mine 1 m 1 ly294002 1 ivig 1 interleukin-20 1 il6c 1 il-12+p40 1 igg4 1 igg3 1 ige2 1 ig6 Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 89976 be 19215 have 5730 use 5631 include 4086 associate 3714 show 3662 increase 3576 do 3044 report 2661 find 2579 compare 2569 follow 2498 identify 2372 develop 2309 base 2185 provide 2114 cause 1989 occur 1977 present 1896 perform 1873 require 1867 receive 1835 reduce 1740 suggest 1687 relate 1632 treat 1589 consider 1521 make 1511 need 1481 see 1453 give 1436 describe 1409 evaluate 1370 affect 1360 detect 1341 improve 1337 lead 1331 result 1315 assess 1288 demonstrate 1284 observe 1264 decrease 1226 remain 1212 determine 1204 indicate 1027 involve 1021 diagnose 997 take 993 know 948 obtain Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 8418 not 5343 high 4807 more 4707 respiratory 4570 clinical 4508 - 4322 also 4220 other 3734 low 3545 most 3374 pediatric 3183 severe 3090 well 2924 such 2834 acute 2682 renal 2543 however 2507 only 2460 young 2450 common 2434 first 2419 significant 2249 viral 2242 early 2102 old 1933 positive 1876 less 1870 normal 1840 as 1698 non 1683 different 1680 specific 1667 important 1619 chronic 1603 significantly 1595 social 1556 long 1504 many 1498 human 1445 often 1386 bacterial 1320 primary 1282 medical 1268 further 1256 new 1246 large 1230 mental 1224 negative 1204 pulmonary 1172 available Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 939 most 421 Most 396 least 370 good 334 high 149 large 117 great 106 low 71 common 52 young 41 late 37 early 35 bad 34 big 31 strong 20 small 20 old 16 long 14 poor 10 near 9 fast 5 short 5 rich 5 narrow 5 easy 4 severe 4 safe 4 mild 4 hard 4 close 3 wide 3 thick 3 new 3 harsh 3 full 2 t.t 2 sick 2 postt 2 fit 2 few 2 dry 2 deep 2 deadly 2 cold 2 broad 2 MOST 2 Least 1 â€"there 1 ~e 1 ~I Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2606 most 388 least 68 well 6 hard 3 long 2 youngest 2 fast 1 ® 1 worst 1 slowest 1 oldest 1 lowest 1 highest 1 fewest 1 ecommendatio.ns 1 early 1 cfdna 1 astrocytomas 1 -who 1 -significantly 1 -particularly Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 doi.org 13 orcid.org 10 www.cdc.gov 4 www.who.int 4 www.fns.usda.gov 4 www.dovepress.com 4 www 4 creativecommons.org 4 creat 2 www.mdpi.com 2 www.frontiersin.org 2 www.drlinday.com 2 vivli.org 1 xcmsonline.scripps.edu 1 wwwn.cdc.gov 1 www2.ncid.cdc.gov 1 www.vi-vi.org 1 www.unicef.org 1 www.timesonline.co.uk 1 www.thinkglobalhealth.org 1 www.sajp.co.za 1 www.rstudio.com 1 www.roche.com 1 www.perform2020.org 1 www.ohchr.org 1 www.ncqa.org 1 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 www.gematics 1 www.fbi.gov 1 www.euronews.com 1 www.dbmi.columbia 1 www.cwla.org 1 www.cpcare.ir 1 www.child-bright.ca 1 www.acf.hhs.gov 1 www.aap.org 1 ww3.unipark.de 1 tuescuelaencasa.isep-cba.edu.ar 1 store.samhsa.gov 1 spn.mlst.net 1 rhone.b3e.jussieu.fr 1 pubmlst.org 1 preventchildabuse.org 1 ped-rheum 1 osf.io 1 orise.orau 1 gabriel 1 forms.gle 1 endcorporalpunishment.org 1 dx.doi.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 9 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.17.20156224 8 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.17.20196733 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.09.20170977 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.30.20223115 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.20088021 4 http://www 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.13.20212118 4 http://creat 3 http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/coverage/childvaxview/ 3 http://doi.org/10 3 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2 http://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/anprmcomments/ 2 http://www.fns.usda.gov/fsp/faqs.htm#9 2 http://www.drlinday.com 2 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars 2 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.05.20169086 2 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74555-2 2 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103790 1 http://xcmsonline.scripps.edu/ 1 http://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/ 1 http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yellowfever 1 http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19 1 http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/safehospitals/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance 1 http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen] 1 http://www.vi-vi.org 1 http://www.unicef.org/supply/documents/height-length-measuring-boards 1 http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/arti-cle6239476.ece 1 http://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/updatedtimeline-coronavirus 1 http://www.sajp.co.za 1 http://www.rstudio.com/} 1 http://www.roche.com/research_and_development/who_we_are_how_we_work/clinical_trials/our_commit-ment_to_data_sharing.htm 1 http://www.perform2020.org/ 1 http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Education/Training/Compilation/Pages/5 1 http://www.ncqa.org/hedis/measures/childhood-immunization-status/ 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/igblast/ 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/7/10/186/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/19/7269/s1 1 http://www.gematics 1 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped 1 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb 1 http://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/activeshooter-incidents- 1 http://www.euronews.com/2020/03/31/ 1 http://www.dovepress.com/testimonials.php 1 http://www.dovepress.com/risk-management-and-healthcare-policy-journal 1 http://www.dovepress.com/infection-and-drug-resistance-journal 1 http://www.dovepress.com/ 1 http://www.dbmi.columbia 1 http://www.cwla.org/coronavirus/ 1 http://www.cpcare.ir Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 4 snarayan@childrensnational.org 3 nkadom@childrensnational.org 3 drvikasmenghani@gmail.com 3 dristuna@yahoo.com 2 usha.nagaraj@osumc.edu 2 suraj.serai@cchmc.org 2 mjl1213@yumc.yonsei.ac.kr 2 kurianj@email.chop.edu 2 kim.cecil@cchmc.org 2 jaraque@georgiahealth.edu 2 eiblanco74@gmail.com 2 e.nhihuynh@gmail.com 2 andrea.doria@sickkids.ca 2 amitsensation@yahoo.co.in 2 alokjaju@gmail.com 2 ahmad.aouthmany@utoledo.edu 2 henrietta.rosenberg@mountsinai.org 2 eitank@hadassah.org.il 1 veronika.v.vorobieva@gmail.com 1 tsai@childrens.harvard.edu 1 tkelly@chw.org 1 teresaliang86@gmail.com 1 taylorchung12@gmail.com 1 tanyasupakul@yahoo.com 1 swestra@partners.org 1 sumitsingh78@yahoo.com 1 sthawai2@jhmi.edu 1 states@email.chop.edu 1 stanescu@u.washington.edu 1 spalasis@yahoo.com 1 shilpavhegde@gmail.com 1 shawn.parnell@seattlechildrens.org 1 scorpion68kd@yahoo.com 1 schmitzk@ohsu.edu 1 sblumer@montefiore.org 1 rxkrishn@texaschildrens.org 1 run4boston@gmail.com 1 rudyavar@gwmail.gwu.edu 1 rubioeva@yahoo.com 1 rlodha1661@gmail.com 1 ramy.jalbout@yahoo.com 1 rami.nachabe@philips.com 1 ralf.weigel@uni-wh.de 1 radhakrp@ucmail.uc.edu 1 r.wallace@queensu.ca 1 quiquesoto@gmail.com 1 pkhanna@uw.edu 1 philippe.vanhems@chu-lyon.fr 1 p.sly@uq.edu.au 1 nskwatra@childrensnational.org Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 children are not 24 children are more 22 children do not 21 children were not 20 children are less 20 levels were significantly 19 % were male 19 children are often 19 children did not 19 study did not 18 patients did not 17 children is not 16 child is not 16 group were significantly 16 patients had normal 14 children are also 14 children shows milder 13 data are available 13 infections are common 13 patients do not 13 pneumonia requiring hospitalization 12 children were asymptomatic 11 children were more 11 diagnosis is not 11 infection is not 11 results are consistent 11 studies have also 11 study has several 10 diagnosis is usually 10 disease is not 10 studies have not 9 children are particularly 9 children have not 9 group was significantly 9 study was not 9 treatment is surgical 8 % had mild 8 % were female 8 children were also 8 levels were higher 8 patients had mild 8 symptoms are not 8 treatment is largely 8 year follow up 7 children are likely 7 children are susceptible 7 children had more 7 children is similar 7 children were less 7 data were available Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 children is not well 3 symptoms were not significantly 3 virus has no nonhuman 2 % were no longer 2 cells are not immortal 2 children are not able 2 children are not fully 2 children are not small 2 children does not necessarily 2 children has not yet 2 children were no longer 2 group was not statistically 2 levels do not necessarily 2 patients do not often 2 results were not statistically 2 studies are not necessary 2 study are not publicly 2 study found no association 2 study had no role 2 symptoms are not worse 1 % had no dental 1 % had no rear 1 % had no schooling 1 % had no special 1 % having no underlying 1 % was not significantly 1 % were not satisfied 1 adults are not prevalent 1 adults show no differences 1 age has no significant 1 age was not consistently 1 age were not significant 1 care are not uncommon 1 care did not even 1 care increased not only 1 care is not as 1 case is not easily 1 case was not suitable 1 cases are not different 1 cases had no pathogen 1 cases was not available 1 cells are not evenly 1 cells has not yet 1 cells showed no change 1 cells was no longer 1 child does not fulfi 1 child does not spontaneously 1 child had no relapse 1 child has not recently 1 child is not appropriately A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-022084-hap7flng author = ARRUDA, EURICO title = Respiratory Tract Viral Infections date = 2009-05-15 keywords = HMPV; HRV; PCR; RNA; RSV; SARS; child; infection; respiratory; virus summary = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the immunization of persons aged 50 years and older; residents of nursing homes; children and adults with chronic cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, including asthma; persons chronically ill with diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, or hemoglobinopathies; immunosuppressed patients including those with HIV infection; children and adolescents on chronic aspirin therapy who may develop postinfluenza Reye'' s syndrome; women who will be pregnant during the influenza season; children aged 6 to 23 months; those who can transmit influenza to persons at high risk, such as health-care workers and household contacts of those at high risk including children 0 to 23 months of age; crew members of cruise ships; providers of essential services; and unimmunized travelers to areas where influenza may be circulating, including the tropics, the southern hemisphere between April and September, and those traveling in large organized tourist groups. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-443-06668-9.50064-8 id = cord-347488-th07jo7u author = Akseer, Nadia title = COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation strategies: implications for maternal and child health and nutrition date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; child; health summary = Although there has been focus on rising rates of childhood wasting in the short term, maternal and child undernutrition rates are also likely to increase as a consequence of COVID-19 and its impacts on poverty, coverage of essential interventions, and access to appropriate nutritious foods. Key sectors at particular risk of collapse or reduced efficiency in the wake of COVID-19 include food systems, incomes, and social protection, health care services for women and children, and services and access to clean water and sanitation. A recent modelling exercise of various estimates of the potential impact of COVID-19-related economic deterioration, food insecurity, and interruption of programs of community-based detection and management of malnutrition suggests that the prevalence of wasting could increase by 10-50% with an excess of ∼40,000-2,000,000 child deaths (4) . In today''s COVID-19 environment, such systems in Peru, Kyrgyz Republic, and many other countries can be leveraged to build on and enhance social and economic protection for vulnerable families, and consequently prevent ill health and chronic undernutrition in children. doi = 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa171 id = cord-103829-mavc34a0 author = Alam, T. title = Extended effect of short-course azithromycin for the treatment of diarrhoea in children on antimicrobial resistance in nasopharyngeal and intestinal bacteria: Study Protocol for the antimicrobial resistance sub-study of the multicountry AntiBiotics for Children with Diarrhea (ABCD) trial. date = 2020-07-19 keywords = ABCD; AMR; child summary = We aim to determine the impact of a 3-day course of azithromycin on the risk of AMR at 90 and 180 days after treatment, among a subset of children and their household contacts enrolled into a multi-country, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of azithromycin children under 2 years with diarrhea in low income settings, Methods and analysis The AntiBiotics for Children with Diarrhea (ABCD) trial is testing the efficacy of a 3-day course of azithromycin, compared to placebo, in reducing mortality and linear growth faltering in the subsequent 6 months among 11,500 children aged 2-23 months of age across multiple sites in Bangladesh, India, Kenya Malawi, Mali, Pakistan and Tanzania with diarrhea and one or more of the following; dehydration, severe stunting, or moderate wasting (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03130114). pneumoniae, isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs, is no different between children treated with 3-days of azithromycin or placebo in a randomly selected sub-sample of children enrolled in the ABCD trial, at 90 and 180 days after treatment. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.17.20156224 id = cord-302863-9e5ajbgq author = Alhabdan, Yazeed Abdullah title = Prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among primary school children: a population-based cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date = 2018-11-30 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; child; dental summary = Our study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries and identifying key associated factors in four major risk domains, including socioeconomic factors, child oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and identifying key associated factors in 6-8-year-old school children in Riyadh city of Saudi Arabia would contribute towards the knowledge of dental caries by enriching the baseline data and determining population-specific risk factors of such a highly prevalent and preventable condition. Our analysis is the first in Saudi Arabia to comprehensively evaluate and prioritize factors encompassing all four major risk domains for dental caries, including parental socioeconomic status, children oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits. doi = 10.1186/s12199-018-0750-z id = cord-276660-5yney7dh author = Allgaier, Katharina title = Times are changing: digitalisation in child and adolescent psychotherapy date = 2020-07-31 keywords = DHI; child summary = The work by Hollis and colleagues and our own search revealed that most robust evidence exists for interventions for anxiety disorders and mild to moderate depression (especially computerized cognitive behavioural therapy (cCBT) approaches). Increasing evidence emerges for DHI targeting autism spectrum disorders which include DHI for children from preschool age to adolescence and their parents [1, 2] . In summary, DHI are promising therapeutic interventions for children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders, with already robust data regarding depression and anxiety disorders. SARS-CoV2-19 catalyses the integration of DHI into the standard repertoire of child and adolescent psychiatry and psychotherapy. Fortunately, at least one partner in therapy, the children and adolescents, are often accustomed to and sometimes highly trained in digitally delivered communication. The effects of human interaction on the outcomes of digital health interventions for children and adolescents with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analyses doi = 10.1007/s00787-020-01610-8 id = cord-021951-xxvol17t author = Amos, Louella B. title = Cough date = 2017-05-12 keywords = RSV; cause; child; cough; diagnosis; pneumonia; table summary = Although children with cough resulting from cystic fibrosis (CF), Mycoplasma species, tuberculosis, aspiration, a bronchial foreign body, or an anatomic abnormality usually have abnormal chest radiographs, a normal radiograph does not exclude these diagnoses. Pertussis is a relatively common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, children, adolescents, and adults, especially in those who are underimmunized or not immunized. Bacterial pneumonia is relatively less common in infants than is viral pneumonia but can cause severe illness, with cough, respiratory distress, and fever. The mutation affects the gene''s protein product, termed cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator Any age (even infants) Coexistence of allergy increases likelihood, but absence of allergy does not decrease likelihood Wheeze need not be present ↑Cough with upper respiratory infections ↑Cough with (and especially after) exercise ↑Cough with hard laughing or crying ↑Cough with exposure to cold ↑Cough with exposure to cigarette smoke Usually a history of dramatic response to inhaled β-agonists CF may manifest at birth with meconium ileus (10-15% of patients), or later, with steatorrhea and failure to thrive despite a voracious appetite, in an apparent effort to make up for the calories that are lost in the stool (see Chapter 11). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-39956-2.00002-9 id = cord-267610-bzbr9ios author = Anastassopoulou, Cleo title = SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the ambiguous role of children and considerations for the reopening of schools in the fall date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child summary = In agreement with this reasoning, data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infections in children involve the upper rather than the lower respiratory tract, the typical site of severe COVID-19 disease where ACE2 receptors are more abundant [29] . In this respect, a large prospective NIH-funded study of 6000 people from 2000 US families in 11 cities, called human epidemiology and response to SARS-CoV-2, will help determine the incidence of novel coronavirus infection in children in the USA and whether rates differ between children who have asthma or other allergic conditions and children who do not [45] . School children are nonetheless anticipated to contribute to the community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through their large numbers of daily social contacts, some of which are intergenerational, with older age groups where the risk for more severe illness is increased. doi = 10.2217/fmb-2020-0195 id = cord-321949-s1qu3odd author = Anderson, Evan J title = Rotavirus infection in adults date = 2004-01-28 keywords = adult; child; gastroenteritis; infection; rotavirus summary = Spread by faecal-oral transmission, rotavirus infection in adults typically manifests with nausea, malaise, headache, abdominal cramping, diarrhoea, and fever. In this review we intend to familiarise clinicians who primarily provide care for adult patients with the salient features of rotavirus pathophysiology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention. In a separate study, 14 parents of children with rotavirus gastroenteritis developed serological evidence of infection, but only three had diarrhoea. Rotavirus infections in adult patients infected with HIV-1 frequently present as a chronic diarrhoea with sustained viral shedding in stools. In a small prospective study in the UK, rotavirus caused 4·1% of acute diarrhoea in adults admitted to hospital. 79 In a study of Mexican adults, 63% of patients presenting with acute gastroenteritis during winter months were positive for rotavirus. Rotavirus infections in adults in association with acute gastroenteritis doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(04)00928-4 id = cord-104491-uu2rbtem author = Andiman, Warren A. title = Where Have All the “AIDS Babies” Gone? A Historical Memoir of the Pediatric AIDS Epidemic in New Haven and its Eventual Eradication date = 2020-09-30 keywords = AIDS; HIV; Haven; MTCT; New; YNHH; child summary = However, a search of the medical records at Yale-New Haven Hospital (YNHH) would have revealed names of at least a dozen additional patients living with HIV. In time, the Hospital''s Board of Trustees gave the go-ahead for the "official" creation of the "AIDS Care Program." Soon the City of New Haven and local charitable organizations joined us in common cause. We made clear our need for funding and asked for official promises by the hospital and medical school to establish an AIDS Care Program, in perpetuity, dedicated to the ongoing outpatient and inpatient care of HIV-infected patients of all ages. Following years of reluctance on the part of "professional" foster parents to bring babies living with HIV into their homes, we joined with the Connecticut State Department of Social Services and rolled-out intensive educational programs that featured infection control guidelines. doi = nan id = cord-005750-54hul2lw author = Antonelli, Massimo title = Year in review in Intensive Care Medicine, 2008: III. Paediatrics, Ethics, outcome research and critical care organization, sedation, pharmacology and miscellanea date = 2009-02-10 keywords = ICU; care; child; patient; study summary = In their paper, the authors present a detailed description of sequential analysis methodologies and describe their potential prospective use as tools for monitoring the performance of intensive care units. [2] undertook a study to determine whether outcomes were influenced by time of admission to an Australian tertiary paediatric intensive care unit without 24 h per day in-house intensivist cover. [6] who reported a prospective observational study across 15 Italian paediatric intensive care units conducted over a period of 1 year. In this randomised controlled trial, there was a significant difference in mortality rate with use of ACCM/ PALS haemodynamic support guidelines for septic shock between patients with or without ScvO 2 guided therapy. The authors concluded that their results support the finding that the clinical scales do not evaluate the level of sedation accurately in critically ill children with neuromuscular relaxation, leading to a higher risk of over or undersedation. doi = 10.1007/s00134-009-1433-4 id = cord-016542-gia859eu author = Argent, A. C. title = The Needs of Children in Natural or Manmade Disasters date = 2009-11-19 keywords = care; child; disaster; need; pediatric summary = Particular insight into the needs of children and the availability of specific pediatric resources will be required by any team coordinating both planning for and response to any disaster in which significant numbers of children are involved [1, 14, 59, 60] . Mace and Bern [72] reviewed the capacity of disaster medical assistance teams in the USA to respond to pediatric emergencies and found major deficiencies in the training curriculum with pediatric topics such as trauma, disaster triage, burns, pain management, and mental health missing in 33, 36, 42, 42 , and 45% of the time, respectively. Appropriate disaster planning should include: measures to reduce the injury during possible disasters, organization of emergency and pre-hospital services to deal with emergencies, plans for utilization of health services and utilities such as hospitals and intensive care units, and contingency plans to provide accommodation and resources to support both the rescue efforts and the ongoing needs of displaced people doi = 10.1007/978-88-470-1436-7_32 id = cord-265445-bazcczdj author = Arias-Bravo, Guisselle title = Overnutrition in Infants Is Associated With High Level of Leptin, Viral Coinfection and Increased Severity of Respiratory Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study date = 2020-02-18 keywords = RSV; child; respiratory; virus summary = title: Overnutrition in Infants Is Associated With High Level of Leptin, Viral Coinfection and Increased Severity of Respiratory Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study Objective: To investigate the relationship of overnutrition (obese and overweight) with severity of illness in children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs), frequency of viral coinfections and leptin levels. However, the empirical evidence needed to estimate the impact of overnutrition (including overweight and obese conditions) on the severity of viral respiratory infections in children is still lacking (10) . Hence, the objective of this study was to estimate the relationship of overnutrition on severity of illness in infants (aged between 0 and 5 months) and children (aged between 6 and 24 months) hospitalized with ALRIs. Moreover, frequency of viral coinfection, RSV viral load and levels of leptin according to nutritional status were evaluated. doi = 10.3389/fped.2020.00044 id = cord-031482-atltc10d author = Arkow, Phil title = Human–Animal Relationships and Social Work: Opportunities Beyond the Veterinary Environment date = 2020-09-05 keywords = abuse; animal; child; human; pet; social; violence summary = doi = 10.1007/s10560-020-00697-x id = cord-016783-8x05oh5q author = Arruda, L. Karla title = Early Interventions in Allergic Diseases date = 2010 keywords = HRV; Prevention; RSV; asthma; child summary = Evidence indicates that environmental factors acting early in life, including respiratory viral infections, exposure to pets and microbial products, day-care attendance, breast feeding, and exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, are key events for establishment of sensitization and development of chronic, persistent symptoms of allergic diseases [1] . Evidence indicates that environmental factors acting early in life, including respiratory viral infections, exposure to pets and microbial products, day-care attendance, breast feeding, and exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, are key events for establishment of sensitization and development of chronic, persistent symptoms of allergic diseases [1] . The relationship of exposure to microbial agents (endotoxin, fungal agents, and other microbial contaminants) early in life (3 months of age) and the development of atopic sensitization and physician-diagnosed asthma and wheeze in the first 4 years of life, in children of atopic mothers, was investigated in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study. doi = 10.1007/978-4-431-99362-9_23 id = cord-292929-s8pnm9wv author = Ashikalli, Louicia title = The indirect impact of COVID-19 on child health date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; child; health; pandemic summary = It explores the physical and psychological effects, discusses the role of parenting and education, offering practical advice about how best to provide support as a health care professional. Whilst initial data does not suggest that children with comorbidities are at particularly increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease (12) (13) (14) , the challenge of maintaining a good continuity of care for existing patients and adequate diagnostic care for children presenting for the first time remains. At the start of this pandemic in the UK the advice given to the families with children with many chronic diseases was to shield the whole household to prevent the risk of severe illness. The absence of mental health services during previous pandemics increased the risk of psychological distress to those affected (30) . Large organisations such as UNICEF have provided online documents to help teenagers protect their mental health during the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.paed.2020.09.004 id = cord-336562-5qmzne98 author = Auten, Richard title = Pediatric pulmonology year in review 2016: Part 2 date = 2017-04-25 keywords = asthma; child; respiratory summary = The ability to obtain tidal breathing measurements may lead to new insights into changes in chest and abdominal motion in pediatric respiratory disease. 47 Acute viral bronchiolitis, due to RSV and other pathogens, continues to have a major impact worldwide on childhood mortality and hospital admissions, 51 is associated with subsequent asthma and allergy risk, 52 and could be increasing in incidence. 57 Flores et al 58 conducted a randomized clinical trial comparing 3% hypertonic saline to normal saline in previously healthy infants hospitalized with mild-to-moderate acute viral bronchiolitis. Thus, the study does not support the use of nebulized hypertonic saline over normal saline in therapy of hospitalized children with mild-to-moderate acute viral bronchiolitis. Association between trafficrelated air pollution and asthma in preschool children in a national Japanese nested case-control study Changes in lung function measured by spirometry and the forced oscillation technique in cystic fibrosis patients undergoing treatment for respiratory tract exacerbation doi = 10.1002/ppul.23719 id = cord-315825-ckg8mf8t author = B, Liu title = Decrease of respiratory diseases in one social children welfare institute in Shanxi Province during COVID-19 date = 2020-09-02 keywords = child; disease; welfare summary = In order to resist the epidemic of COVID-19 outbreak, this welfare institute actively responded to government exhortation and carefully planned many urgent measures according to ''Guidelines on the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia Epidemic in New Corona virus Infections in Service Organizations of Children''s Welfare (First Edition)'' released by the O ce of the Ministry of Civil A airs, 7 for examples, disinfection and sterilization, isolation and age-based partitioned management, as well as monitoring body temperature. According to the data analysis of the same time period from 2018 to 2020, the anti-epidemic measures lead to that the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases reduced significantly among children of the social children welfare institute in 2020 compared with 2018 and 2019. Based on the survey analysis, we can clearly conclude that the actions taken during the epidemic of COVID-19 have strikingly resulted in the prevalence rate transform of respiratory diseases for the children, which suggests that the disinfection and management in welfare institutions administration should be strengthened daily. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa150 id = cord-274996-fk510s1v author = Babatunde, Gbotemi Bukola title = Stakeholders'' perceptions of child and adolescent mental health services in a South African district: a qualitative study date = 2020-10-02 keywords = CAMH; Health; child; mental; service summary = The participants include stakeholders from the Departments of Health (DoH), Basic Education (DBE), community-based/non-governmental organizations and caregivers of children receiving CAMH care. These multiple stakeholders, particularly teachers and caregivers (parents, grandparents, foster parents and other family members), are perceived to be active gatekeepers to CAMH care, given their vital role in identifying and seeking help for children and adolescents with mental (behavioural, emotional, social and developmental) disorders. Service providers who helped to identify and refer children and adolescents potentially requiring mental health care were situated at different levels of the community, health and education systems, and included nurses in clinics, social workers in the communities, educators, learner support agents and school health nurses in schools. A senior mental health professional highlighted that the psychologists are mostly the first point of contact for children and adolescents with CAMH conditions within the hospital (most of the referrals from the schools are addressed to them) and they refer them to the appropriate specialists for cases in need of more specialized interventions. doi = 10.1186/s13033-020-00406-2 id = cord-324181-nyrpg3ud author = Baker, Jeffrey title = Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2) date = 2020-05-19 keywords = baloxavir; child; influenza summary = title: Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2) 19, 20 We report the safety and efficacy results of single oral dose baloxavir treatment in otherwise healthy children 1-<12 years old with acute influenza from miniSTONE-2 (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03629184), a phase III, randomized, active controlled trial. This was a global, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, active controlled trial of the safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a single oral dose of baloxavir versus twice-daily (for 5 days) oral oseltamivir, in otherwise healthy children with influenza. Parents completed the Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness and Flu Scale (CARIFS) 22 questionnaire at scheduled visits (day [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] , and responses were used to measure secondary efficacy endpoints including time to alleviation of signs and symptoms (TTASS) of influenza [defined as when a score of 0 (no problem) or 1 (minor problem) was reported for cough and nasal symptoms on the CARIFS questionnaire, return to normal health and activity, and return to afebrile state (tympanic temperature ≤37.2°C), remaining for at least 21.5 hours]. doi = 10.1097/inf.0000000000002747 id = cord-283138-18q23z8l author = Balasubramanian, S. title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children - What We Know So Far and What We Do Not date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child; infection summary = Pediatric coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection is relatively mild when compared to adults, and children are reported to have a better prognosis. Clinical features of COVID-19 in children include fever and cough, but a large proportion of infected children appears to be asymptomatic and may contribute to transmission. It remains unclear why children and young adults are less severely affected than older individuals, but this might involve differences in immune system function in the elderly and/or differences in the expression/function of the cellular receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This review additionally considers COVID-19 in immunosuppressed children, and also suggests a management algorithm for the few children who appear to present with life threatening infection, including the potential use of antiviral and immunomodulatory treatment. Asymptomatic, mild and moderate infections comprise over 90% of all children who have tested positive for COVID-19 with fewer severe and critical cases (5.9%) compared to adults (18.5%) [13] . doi = 10.1007/s13312-020-1819-5 id = cord-031409-7cs1z6x6 author = Baraitser, Lisa title = The maternal death drive: Greta Thunberg and the question of the future date = 2020-09-04 keywords = Freud; Thunberg; child; death; life; time summary = Drawing on earlier work, this paper develops the notion of a ''maternal death drive'' that supplements Freud''s death drive by accounting for repetition that retains a relation to the developmental time of ''life'' but remains ''otherwise'' to a life drive. The temporal form of this ''life in death'' is that of ''dynamic chronicity'', analogous to late modern narratives that describe the present as ''thin'' and the time of human futurity as running out. The maternal (death drive) alerts us to a new figure of a child whose task is to carry expectations and anxieties about the future and bind them into a reproductive present. In many ways, the death drive is a temporal concept, holding together the paradoxical time in which repetition contains within it a backwards pull towards the no-time of the living organism, even as the shape of this relation describes ''a life''. doi = 10.1057/s41282-020-00197-y id = cord-261151-27ocvgnw author = Becker, Jessica E. title = Pediatric Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry: An Update and Review date = 2020-04-25 keywords = Pediatric; child; patient; psychiatric summary = Moreover, much like in adult C-L psychiatry, these services can assist medical teams in managing the acute onset of neuropsychiatric disease, including delirium and catatonia, as well as help to identify and treat psychiatric symptoms and sequelae of systemic illnesses and treatments. 2 The survey results highlighted the most common reasons for pediatric psychiatric consultation to include suicide risk assessment, assistance in the diagnosis and management of medically unexplained symptoms, adjustment to medical illness, assessment for psychopharmacologic intervention, delirium, treatment non-adherence, and the management of children admitted to pediatric units to await psychiatric hospital placement (boarding). 27 Though often under-recognized, pediatric delirium is a common problem, present in at least 20-25% of critically ill patients, 28 and is associated with increased cost of care, 29 length of hospitalization, 30 mortality rate, 31 and the risk of future development of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms for both patients and their families. doi = 10.1016/j.psym.2020.04.015 id = cord-032985-s6izbwqb author = Bellon-Harn, Monica L. title = Use of Videos and Digital Media in Parent-implemented Interventions for Parents of Children with Primary Speech Sound And/or Language Disorders: A Scoping Review date = 2020-10-01 keywords = child; parent summary = doi = 10.1007/s10826-020-01842-x id = cord-298551-ua90xoak author = Bennet, Rutger title = Influenza epidemiology among hospitalized children in Stockholm, Sweden 1998–2014 date = 2016-06-14 keywords = child; influenza summary = The hospital is a tertiary referral center with surgery and a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with resources for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), but only children resident in the catchment area were included in the study. The yearly incidence rates in different age groups varied considerably, with median (range) for children <5 years 59 (19Previously known risk factors were found in 312/922 (34% , Table 1 ), the most important being neuromuscular disease (131 cases) and chronic lung disease (40 cases). This is a report of children hospitalized for influenza A or B in a defined population in the northern Stockholm area 1998-2014, covering the pre-pandemic period, including the 2003-2004 outbreak, the 2009 pandemic, and four post-pandemic seasons. In contrast to the known effect of trivalent influenza vaccine (the only one used during the studied period except for the pandemic year) in healthy children >18 months, less is known about its effect in younger children and in those with risk factors. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.082 id = cord-010411-zgdvo29n author = Biglan, Anthony title = A Strategic Plan for Strengthening America’s Families: A Brief from the Coalition of Behavioral Science Organizations date = 2020-04-28 keywords = Biglan; behavior; child; family; intervention; school summary = As noted above, schools in high poverty neighborhoods and communities have higher rates of punitive practices and fewer resources for preventing the development of problem behavior (American Psychological Association, n.d.). Given the extent of discrimination in the USA, its impact on public health, and the size of the workforce, it is imperative that foundations and the NIH fund research to identify more effective ways to reduce prejudice in schools, work settings, and neighborhoods and communities. While it is true that addressing the above-described contextual conditions is likely to improve family well-being significantly, it is unlikely that reducing problems like poverty and discrimination will ensure that every family and school adopt the most effective ways of nurturing children''s development . Evidence of the value of both economic development efforts and programs targeting families and schools suggests it is time to test comprehensive interventions that simultaneously address all risk factors for problems for which we have some effective solutions. doi = 10.1007/s10567-020-00318-0 id = cord-335582-30rws724 author = Bonal, Xavier title = The impact of lockdown on the learning gap: family and school divisions in times of crisis date = 2020-09-15 keywords = child; education; family; school; student summary = Middle-class families were able to maintain higher standards of education quality in a critical context, while children from socially disadvantaged families had few learning opportunities both in terms of time and learning experiences (schoolwork and maintenance of after-school activities). During the COVID-19 Catalan lockdown, the instructional time received by students from different social backgrounds has been unequal, as has the educational value of the activities developed at home in non-school time. Extant research evidence based on these experiences identifies the existence of a general loss of learning connected to school absence, which can be more or less severe depending on students'' previous performance, family characteristics, age, and education pathway, among other factors. Inequalities in families'' economic, social and cultural capital impacted on student learning opportunities by different means, including school responses to the lockdown, access to digital facilities and the level of parental learning support. doi = 10.1007/s11159-020-09860-z id = cord-314196-1go07yi6 author = Bondy, Andy title = Promoting Functional Communication Within the Home date = 2020-05-12 keywords = Problem; child; skill summary = During this time of home confinement, many families will need to look at opportunities for their children to use existing functional communication skills or even to acquire new skills. When a child is having difficulties with a family activity or routine, determine whether a problem with one or more of these specific communication skills is contributing to the difficulty. The key to teaching this type of lesson is to create situations involving the use of moderately rewarding items or activities when the child is relatively calm. Asking for help is universally important because everyone at some time will be in a situation where the solution to a problem must come from someone else. -Potential solution: Marshall''s parents teach him "the no game." They tell Marshall that sometimes they will say no to him, but if he responds calmly, they will provide other types of rewards-special time with them when he can pick which game to play. doi = 10.1007/s40617-020-00439-6 id = cord-023712-nptuuixw author = Bower, John title = Bronchiolitis date = 2014-10-31 keywords = RSV; bronchiolitis; child; respiratory summary = 12 Influenza A and B viruses frequently cause lower respiratory tract disease among children younger than 2 years of age, but the proportion manifesting as bronchiolitis is less than that observed with RSV. Although rapid diagnostic testing is generally unnecessary, it may be useful at times for implementing appropriate infection control, monitoring seasonal patterns of respiratory pathogens, restricting antimicrobial use, or providing confirmation of the diagnosis in children with unusual clinical presentations or severe disease. Timely diagnosis of specific viral respiratory pathogens may occasionally be necessary to guide specific antiviral therapy in children with high-risk conditions or severe illness with influenza or RSV. Although the risk of respiratory failure is relatively low for most children with RSV bronchiolitis, a small number of severely affected infants will require assisted ventilation in most intensive care units each year. Comparison of risk factors for human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus disease severity in young children doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00068-0 id = cord-023728-fgcldn4e author = Bower, John title = Croup in Children (Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis) date = 2014-10-31 keywords = child; croup; respiratory summary = The term croup now generally refers to an acute respiratory tract illness characterized by a distinctive barking cough, hoarseness, and inspiratory stridor in a young child, usually between 6 months and 3 years old. From 1979 to 1997, croup cases associated with parainfluenza viruses, estimated from the National Hospital Discharge Survey, showed that the number of admissions among children younger than 5 years decreased by approximately one third. 14 The human coronaviruses (hCoV) have been identified in up to 7% of young children with acute respiratory tract infections, with the NL63 strain most often associated with croup. Although abrupt onset of stridor at night may be the initial indication of illness, most children have a prodrome of mild upper respiratory tract signs of rhinorrhea, cough, and sometimes fever 12 to 48 hours before the onset of the distinctive "rough and stridulous" cough of croup. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00061-8 id = cord-029723-g6pvyzrc author = Brenner, Maria title = A systematic concept analysis of ‘technology dependent’: challenging the terminology date = 2020-07-24 keywords = care; child; dependent; technology summary = Each of the articles was analysed for data relevant to the (1) attributes, (2) antecedents, and (3) consequences of a child''s dependence on medical technology to sustain life using a coding framework based on Rodgers'' evolutionary method ( Table 2 ). The conceptual analysis identified four domains of consequence of the initiation of technology dependence: clinical care of the child; psychosocial sequelae for the child; family adaptation; and ongoing impact for health and social care. A literature review identified multiple issues specific to the clinical care of a child who is dependent on technology to sustain their life. Impact, meaning and need for help and support: the experience of parents caring for children with disabilities, lifelimiting/life-threatening illness or technology dependence doi = 10.1007/s00431-020-03737-x id = cord-271814-a2vlkwce author = Brough, Helen A. title = Managing childhood allergies and immunodeficiencies during respiratory virus epidemics – The 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic: A statement from the EAACI‐section on pediatrics date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COVID-19; child; disease summary = In addition, there is no evidence that currently available asthma and allergy treatments, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, and bronchodilators, increase the risk of severe disease from COVID‐19. allergy, asthma, biologics, children, coronavirus, corticosteroids, COVID-19, immunodeficiency, SARS-CoV-2, treatment clinically diagnosed, but not virologically confirmed. The care of children with allergies or immune conditions is being adapted to the current situation, with more remote working and providing guidance to children to reduce likelihood of infection in children who would be deemed at higher risk of severe COVID-19 disease. Evaluating asthma and allergy more specifically as potential risk factors, a retrospective study based on electronic medical records from 140 hospitalized COVID-19 adult patients investigated pre-existing asthma or allergic diseases. As a joint project, questionThe current COVID-19 pandemic might also pose a risk to pediatric patients with secondary immunodeficiencies, such as patients on immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune or severe allergic diseases. doi = 10.1111/pai.13262 id = cord-267907-zbsbqj9o author = Brown, Samantha M. title = Stress and Parenting during the Global COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; child; parenting; stress summary = METHOD: Tests of group differences and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were employed to assess the relationships among demographic characteristics, COVID-19 related stressors, mental health risk, protective factors, parental perceived stress, and child abuse potential. Results also indicate racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19 related stressors, but not in mental health risk, protective factors, perceived stress, or child abuse potential. That is, child maltreatment may occur from stressors that result from economic hardship, low education, single parenthood, or a large number of dependent children (Centers for J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Running head: STRESS, PARENTING, AND COVID-19 3 Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.; Sedlak et al., 2010) , among others, but that might not otherwise impact persons outside of the family. In conclusion, this study examined the risk and protective impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to parental perceived stress and child abuse potential among families in the western United States. doi = 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104699 id = cord-318916-5lzun9bv author = Bruining, Hilgo title = COVID-19 and child and adolescent psychiatry: an unexpected blessing for part of our population? date = 2020-07-04 keywords = child; covid-19 summary = The COVID-19 outbreak has brought new challenges for child psychiatry and mental health services that must be addressed, including national guidelines covering interventions for major public health crises affecting children [8] . In this context, the crisis may provide a unique window of opportunity to test long-standing hypotheses on modern life stressors and mental health problems or psychiatric pathogenesis and well-being in developing children and adolescents [9, 10] . Therefore, we argue that the research agendas currently laid out to register and understand the negative effects of COVID-19 on child and adolescent (mental) health should also include the perspective of children and families who are benefitting from the societal changes. Hypotheses on both positive and negative responses of children and families to this crisis should be developed to understand the full breadth of impact on modern daily life routines and environments in future post COVID-19 times. doi = 10.1007/s00787-020-01578-5 id = cord-281248-z2gisufl author = Buonsenso, Danilo title = A Pediatric Strategy for the Next Phase of the SARS–CoV-2 Pandemic date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child summary = Considering that most of these conditions present several overlaps with SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 1 ), this will pose challenges to pediatricians and health system to appropriately manage all these conditions and properly allocate resources, because COVID-19 will need to be considered until exclusion, in order to reduce nosocomial transmission and new outbreaks. In light of new evidences and the need to reduce as much as possible the diffusion of infectious diseases among children during the next season (because this would lead to include all cases in the differential diagnosis with COVID-19 because of similar symptoms), a reorganization of school environments should be a priority for policy makers. Therefore, even though the direct clinical impact of the SARS-COV-2 virus on children has been limited with a very low mortality rate, and the COVID-19-related pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome remains a relatively rare consequence of the disease, pediatricians will still need to include SARS-CoV-2 in the differential diagnosis. doi = 10.3389/fped.2020.582798 id = cord-034973-1yucjgp5 author = Burgason, Kyle A. title = Using Loseke to examine the influence of laws, myths, and claims making on sex offenders’ socially constructed realities date = 2020-11-09 keywords = Loseke; child; offender; problem; sex; social summary = doi = 10.1007/s43545-020-00005-5 id = cord-313981-yuh5rwkt author = Burgner, David title = The burden of pneumonia in children: an Australian perspective date = 2005-05-21 keywords = Australia; child; indigenous summary = 3 The epidemiology of respiratory infections in this population is related to the country of origin or transit, PAEDIATRIC RESPIRATORY REVIEWS (2005) Summary The burden of pneumonia in Australian children is significant with an incidence of 5-8 per 1000 person-years. There are limited data on pathogen-specific causes of pneumonia, however Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common bacterial cause in children under 5 years of age and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are the predominant viral causes in young children. There are limited data on pathogen-specific causes of pneumonia, however Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common bacterial cause in children under 5 years of age and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are the predominant viral causes in young children. The epidemiology of childhood respiratory infections partly reflects these differences, with familiar pathogens occurring frequently throughout the country, but with high incidences of bacterial pneumonia amongst Indigenous Australians and less familiar pathogens, such as meliodosis, occurring in the Northern Territory. doi = 10.1016/j.prrv.2005.03.004 id = cord-321514-knyw023l author = Bénet, Thomas title = Severity of Pneumonia in Under 5-Year-Old Children from Developing Countries: A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Study date = 2017-07-12 keywords = PCR; child; pneumonia summary = The objectives were to evaluate the microbiological agents linked with hypoxemia in hospitalized children with pneumonia from developing countries, to identify predictors of hypoxemia, and to characterize factors associated with in-hospital mortality. The objectives of the present study are to assess the microbiological agents linked to hypoxemia in hospitalized children with pneumonia in developing countries, to identify clinical and para-clinical predictors of hypoxemia and to pinpoint factors associated with death within 2 weeks after admission. The present study selectively comprised sites with better quality data on oxygen saturation (SO 2 ) at admission, mortality among pneumonia cases, and documented recording of patient follow-up during hospitalization. One of the objectives of this study was to assess microbiological agents and other predictors of hypoxemia and death in under 5-year-old hospitalized children with pneumonia from developing countries. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0733 id = cord-318012-bg9y2nsp author = Cantais, Aymeric title = Epidemiology and microbiological investigations of community-acquired pneumonia in children admitted at the emergency department of a university hospital date = 2014-05-22 keywords = cap; case; child summary = BACKGROUND: The management of children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is largely influenced by the development of new molecular diagnostic tests that allow the simultaneous detection of a wide range of pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the huge proportion of CAP of viral origin, the high number of co-infection by multiple viruses and the low number of bacterial CAP, notably in children under 5 years, and address the need to re-evaluate the indications of empiric antimicrobial treatment in this age group. The aim of the present study was to document the presence of a large variety of pathogens in respiratory specimens from children attending the Pediatric Emergency Department of the University hospital of Saint-Etienne, France, during a six-month period and presenting a CAP based on clinical and radiological evidence. A single center epidemiological observational study was conducted over a six-month period (November 2012 to April 2013) on children aging from one month to 16.5 years and presenting with CAP at the Pediatric Emergency Department of the University hospital of Saint-Etienne, France. doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.05.006 id = cord-323742-rt0g0ufe author = Carter, Michael J. title = Assessment of an Antibody-in-Lymphocyte Supernatant Assay for the Etiological Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Children date = 2020-01-17 keywords = ALS; child; pneumococcal; pneumonia summary = Acute IgG ALS to pneumococcal proteins discriminated between pneumococcal pneumonia and non-pneumococcal pneumonia in children enrolled to the study with good sensitivity and specificity, with AUROC curve ranging from 0.60 (95% CI 0.42-0.79) for Ply, to 0.85 (95% CI 0.75-0.94) for CbpA, using thresholds derived from the Youden Index (Table 2) . Among children with non-pneumococcal pneumonia (i.e., not "confounded" by definite pneumococcal or probable pneumococcal or probable bacterial or unknown pneumonia), those with NP carriage of pneumococci had higher acute IgG ALS to all five pneumococcal proteins than those without NP carriage (Wilcoxon rank sum tests; CbpA, p < 0.001; PcsB, p < 0.001; PhtD, p < 0.001; Ply, p < 0.001; StkpC, p < 0.001; Figure 7) . Among children ≥2 years of age with non-pneumococcal pneumonia, there were no significant differences in acute IgG ALS to any pneumococcal protein detected between those with (n = 19) and without (n = 49) NP carriage of pneumococci (Wilcoxon rank sum tests, p > 0.5 for all comparisons, Figure S4 ). doi = 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00459 id = cord-018846-gmujrso2 author = Castagnini, Luis A. title = Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess date = 2015-07-14 keywords = GABHS; child; tonsillectomy; tonsillitis summary = The routine use of tonsillectomy as a treatment option for recurrent tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscess has decreased over the last decade and clearer indications for surgery have emerged. Furthermore, with a few rare exceptions (e.g. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum , Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Fusobacterium spp.) anti-microbial treatment is not benefi cial for bacterial causes of tonsillitis except GABHS given that there is not a signifi cant reduction in the rate of complications or in duration of clinical symptoms [ 7 ] . The Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) recommends testing for GABHS unless a patient presents with symptoms strongly suggestive of a viral etiology; examples of such symptoms include cough, coryza, rhinorrhea, stomatitis or hoarseness. Children that do not meet these criteria but have multiple antibiotic allergies or intolerances or suffer from periodic fevers, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis (PFAPA syndrome) or with a history of peritonsillar abscesses may also be considered candidates for tonsillectomy. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-21744-4_10 id = cord-277805-b3hizdmz author = Catassi, Giulia N. title = A negative fallout of COVID-19 lockdown in Italy: life-threatening delay in the diagnosis of celiac disease date = 2020-05-16 keywords = child summary = On COVID-19 day-19 lockdown in Italy (March 31, 2020), a 17-month-old girl presented at our pediatric academic medical center for evaluation of abdominal pain and distention, and widespread edema. Since the clinical history suggested celiac disease (CD), serum CD autoantibodies were checked, as recommended by the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) diagnostic guidelines, 1 and a gluten-free diet (GFD) was started before getting the results, due to the severity of symptoms. In young children, delayed CD diagnosis may be responsible for life-threatening manifestations, such as the celiac crisis and intestinal intussusception observed in our patient. 1 In conclusion, the history of this patient highlights a potentially life-threatening delay in the diagnosis and treatment of CD, a disorder usually characterized by a benign presentation in Europe, that was apparently related to the negative impact of COVID-19 lockdown on clinical practice in Italy. doi = 10.1016/j.dld.2020.05.016 id = cord-348212-c2iibuqa author = Cavallo, Federica title = Novel coronavirus infection and children date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = RESULTS: Usually, infants and children present milder symptoms of the disease with a better outcome than adults. Collecting the samples of these patients, scientists have discovered a new coronavirus that is now known as the cause of the disease named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (1). The most common symptoms in adults are fever, dry cough, sore-throat, myalgia, fatigue and in severe cases (usually older patients with comorbidities) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with lung failure or severe coagulation dysregulation as a result of an uncontrolled inflammation (5) . At variance, in Spain around 60% of children affected by COVID-19 have been hospitalized for mild symptoms and 9.7% of these patients have requested intensive care because of the comparison of respiratory complications. On the basis of the Chinese experience, the severity of COVID-19 disease in children is defined by clinical features, laboratory testing and chest radiograph into 5 groups (22) ( Table 2 ). doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9586 id = cord-323473-e2pgjynr author = Cevey-Macherel, Manon title = Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children based on WHO clinical guidelines date = 2009-02-24 keywords = PCR; child; pneumonia summary = The objective of the study was to define the causative agents among children hospitalized for CAP defined by WHO guidelines and to correlate etiology with clinical severity and surrogate markers. The aims of this study, performed before the routine implementation of the heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine in Switzerland, were to define, as strictly as possible, the causative agents of pneumonia among children aged from 2 months to 5 years hospitalized for CAP on the basis of WHO clinical criteria, and to determine which factors could help clinicians to discriminate bacterial from viral pneumonia. Excluding patients with undetermined etiology, univariate analyses showed that dehydration was the only clinical sign significantly more represented in the bacterial group of pneumonia. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children based on antibody responses to bacterial and viral antigens Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized school-age children: evidence for high prevalence of viral infections doi = 10.1007/s00431-009-0943-y id = cord-029852-yighpvle author = Chandrasekar, Shyam title = Renal Complications in Children with Hematotoxic Snakebite: More Information Needed date = 2020-07-29 keywords = AKI; child summary = (iv) Though one of the criteria for dialysis mentioned in Renal Complications in Children with Hematotoxic Snakebite: More Information Needed this study was hyperkalemia, but the reason why medical management was not considered as an option is not apparent. How many of these children who underwent dialysis developed ''permanent renal damage'' at the 6-month follow up too has not been mentioned by authors, which could have been new information for the readers. (ix) We presume that the median number of vials of antisnake venom (ASV) used in both groups have been mentioned in (xi) The authors have mentioned mean "bite to ASV administration time" as 36.4 (5.9) minutes which seems practically difficult as their study population included patients from faraway places like the neighboring states of Bihar and Jharkhand. doi = 10.1007/s13312-020-1904-9 id = cord-324786-8k81jetq author = Chang, Anne B title = Antibiotics for bronchiectasis exacerbations in children: rationale and study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial date = 2012-08-31 keywords = bronchiectasis; child; exacerbation; respiratory; study summary = Our study tests the hypothesis that both oral azithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid are superior to placebo at improving resolution rates of respiratory exacerbations by day 14 in children with bronchiectasis unrelated to cystic fibrosis. Our multicentre, double-blind RCT is designed to determine if azithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, compared with placebo, improve symptom resolution on day 14 in children with acute respiratory exacerbations. Early and effective management of bronchiectasis exacerbations in children may lead to reduced hospitalisations, better quality of life (QOL) and improved future adult lung function. Our study tests the primary hypothesis that both oral azithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid are superior to placebo in improving the resolution rate of respiratory exacerbations by day 14 in children with non-CF bronchiectasis. We are conducting a multicentre, parallel group, double-blind placebo RCT (with concealed allocation) to assess the impact of treatment with antibiotics (azithromycin or amoxicillinclavulanic acid) in children with an exacerbation of bronchiectasis. doi = 10.1186/1745-6215-13-156 id = cord-344486-iu5flbcl author = Chiotos, Kathleen title = Multicenter interim guidance on use of antivirals for children with COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; child; patient summary = In the few months since this initial publication, new evidence has emerged demonstrating the efficacy of the antiviral medication remdesivir in shortening time to clinical recovery in adults with COVID-19, while several other studies have shown ineffectiveness of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) . Further, additional observational studies have provided insight into the clinical epidemiology of COVID-19 in children, demonstrating that while most young patients experience mild illness, a small proportion develop severe illness associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including need for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission and mortality (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) . Nevertheless, the panel recognizes that pediatric clinicians are likely to consider comorbidities when weighing the risks and benefits of antiviral therapy on a case-bycase basis, and in making these decisions may consider: 1) the available, albeit limited, pediatric COVID-19 literature; 2) risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 in adults; and 3) pre-existing medical conditions in children associated with worse clinical outcomes for other viral infections. doi = 10.1093/jpids/piaa115 id = cord-345222-otfnrarh author = Ciccarelli, Simona title = Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis date = 2013-10-29 keywords = Escherichia; Shigella; acute; cause; child; diarrhea; gastroenteritis; infection summary = 4 In spite of the intense promotion of oral rehydration solution (ORS) at the community level and the training of health care workers, diarrhea mortality remains unacceptably high: more than 2 million children aged less than 5 years die each year from gastroenteritis, almost all living in resource-constrained nations, where acute diarrhea represents a leading cause of child mortality, second only to pneumonia. Probiotics, also defined as food supplements, improve the intestinal microbial balance of the host, have beneficial effects on health, prevent outbreaks of community-acquired diarrhea, reduce colonization of infants with pathogenic microorganisms, and reduce the duration and severity of diarrheal infections, balancing the intestinal ecosystem. 143 The European Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence have suggested the use of probiotic strains with proven efficacy and in appropriate doses for the management of children with acute gastroenteritis as an adjunct to rehydration therapy. doi = 10.2147/idr.s12718 id = cord-351797-b7ywe980 author = Cito, Gianmartin title = Paternal Behaviors in the Era of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-29 keywords = child; father summary = Considering that the stereotype of "father" has changed and is no longer seen as a mere householder, men are now given the opportunity to play a fundamental role in their children''s upbringing, influencing their development and family wellbeing. Middle-aged fathers may experience the return of adult children at home, while advanced paternal aged men may require the intervention of their adult children to manage aspects of daily life and health care. Concerning paternal mental health issues, an active two-way relationship can exist between fathers and children: the father''s well-being can positively influence the child''s well-being, and vice versa. Given the changing expectations, diversity and changing demographics, a new understanding and insight into the crucial role and powerful influence of fathers on children''s health, care and development, has been therefore outlined. Fathers and pediatricians: enhancing men''s roles in the care and development of their children doi = 10.5534/wjmh.200071 id = cord-283440-8du0s33p author = Ciuca, Ioana M title = COVID-19 in Children: An Ample Review date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; child summary = The aim of this review was to describe the current knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including knowledge on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. This review highlights that COVID-19 in children is similar to the disease in the adult population, but with particularities regarding clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, chest imaging, and treatment. It started at the end of 2019, when many adult patients with a new form of pneumonia that was frequently fatal were admitted to Chinese hospitals; this illness was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). [11] [12] [13] This study aimed to review the current data on SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including data on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s257180 id = cord-310543-2ly18d15 author = Clemens, Vera title = Potential effects of “social” distancing measures and school lockdown on child and adolescent mental health date = 2020-05-23 keywords = child; health; increase summary = title: Potential effects of "social" distancing measures and school lockdown on child and adolescent mental health In brief, children and adolescents are at home with their families, experience an increase in stress and a reduction in support and coping resources. Prospective assessment of the effect of COVID-19-related mental health effects in children and adolescents is needed. Although measures that aim for "social distancing" are important to protect the health of our society, political decision makers have to keep in mind that it does not come without side effects and that children, adolescents and their families bear a major burden of these measures. Likewise, in the current situation, risk-benefit analyses are urgently needed based on the effects of "social distancing" including importantly for children and adolescents school closures. Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents doi = 10.1007/s00787-020-01549-w id = cord-000254-bufbjdmw author = Clement, Annick title = Interstitial lung diseases in children date = 2010-08-20 keywords = ILD; TGF; alveolar; cell; child; disease; disorder; interstitial; lung; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1186/1750-1172-5-22 id = cord-017291-bhe34dky author = Cohen, Cheryl title = Influenza date = 2017-05-05 keywords = IIV; LAIV; child; influenza; vaccine summary = Children aged <5 years (especially those <2 years) and those with underlying illness such as cardiac, respiratory and severe neurologic disease have an increased risk of severe outcomes associated with influenza. Vaccine cannot be given to children aged <6 months but maternal influenza immunization during pregnancy is recommended and can confer protection to the young infant. The highest rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations and deaths are typically seen in individuals aged ≥65 years, <5 years and those with underlying medical conditions that confer an increased risk for severe influenza [9] . Therefore, in Table 2 .1 Children at high risk of severe influenza in whom influenza antiviral treatment is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) current guidance [9, 39] 1. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-54033-7_2 id = cord-309860-otx45b8x author = Conway, Nicholas T. title = Clinical Predictors of Influenza in Young Children: The Limitations of “Influenza-Like Illness” date = 2012-09-03 keywords = ILI; child; influenza summary = This study aims to identify clinical predictors of influenza infection in children ≤5 years old from which age-specific ILI definitions are then constructed. METHODS: Children aged 6–59 months with a history of fever and acute respiratory symptoms were recruited in the Western Australia Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (WAIVE) Study. The predictor variables of interest fell into 2 groups: (1) demographic factors (age, sex, race [indigenous or other], deprivation quintile, influenza vaccination status, prematurity [<37 completed weeks gestation], birth weight, past medical history, child care usage, household composition, and household smokers); and (2) symptomatology (recorded temperature and presence or absence of parentally reported: cough, coryza, wheeze, breathing difficulties, earache, sinusitis, sore throat, irritability, rash, diarrhoea, vomiting, lethargy, poor feeding, sleep disturbance, fever, and pallor). To our knowledge, this is the first study attempting to construct a definition of ILI for children aged 5 years and under using prospectively gathered data from a general pediatric population presenting with symptoms suggestive of acute respiratory tract infection. doi = 10.1093/jpids/pis081 id = cord-254235-mok10c5i author = Cooper, Dan M. title = Re-Opening Schools Safely: The Case for Collaboration, Constructive Disruption of Pre-COVID Expectations, and Creative Solutions date = 2020-05-21 keywords = child; school summary = With fast-approaching preparations required for a new school year, a collaborative team of clinicians, scientists, and educators developed this commentary to begin to highlight issues that must be considered to ensure a safe and strategically planned re-opening of schools. School re-opening can mitigate risks to children, families, and school personnel only if it is sensitive to community needs. Though SARS-CoV-2 community surveillance testing has yet to be standardized, large scale viral nucleic acid and serological testing in children is needed to guide safe school reopening. Under current conditions of increased sensitivity to possible COVID-19 symptomatology, children with these chronic health disorders risk being socially shunned and unnecessarily removed from school. More research is needed to understand the risks that all children, including those with chronic conditions, may encounter in school settings in the COVID-19 era. Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units. doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.022 id = cord-315436-8qrlc5sf author = Corona, Laura L. title = Parent Perceptions of Caregiver-Mediated Telemedicine Tools for Assessing Autism Risk in Toddlers date = 2020-06-02 keywords = ASD; TELE; child; parent summary = The present study examined the use, acceptability, and parents'' perceptions of two caregiver-mediated tools for assessing ASD risk in toddlers, in which remote clinicians guided parents to complete interactive screening activities with their children. Emerging research has examined the feasibility and acceptability of telemedicine procedures in the assessment and diagnosis of ASD, using video technologies to allow clinicians to remotely observe child behavior and converse with caregivers (Juárez et al. (2018) compared a tele-assessment procedure in which a remote psychologist observed administration of the Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers and Young Children (STAT; Stone et al. As part of a larger project evaluating the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of two novel, parent-guided screening tools either developed (TELE-ASD-PEDS) or adapted for (TELE-STAT) the remote assessment of ASD in young children, we conducted preliminary evaluations of parent perceptions and feedback regarding these telemedicine tools. doi = 10.1007/s10803-020-04554-9 id = cord-004458-t2iynltq author = Corten, Lieselotte title = Use of airway clearance therapy in children hospitalised with acute lower respiratory tract infections in a South African paediatric hospital date = 2020-02-19 keywords = ACT; LRTI; child summary = title: Use of airway clearance therapy in children hospitalised with acute lower respiratory tract infections in a South African paediatric hospital BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prescription, frequency and nature of airway clearance therapy (ACT) in children hospitalised with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). METHOD: A retrospective folder review of children hospitalised with LRTI between January and June 2015 was conducted, extracting data on demographic characteristics, health condition, ACT interventions and patient outcomes. Children hospitalised for presumed nosocomial infections and pneumonia had the longest length of stay, were more likely to receive ACT and had the highest mortality rate. Folders were identified using primary diagnostic codes (ICD 10 codes) for a range of respiratory conditions or clinical signs of respiratory disease, and physiotherapy department records were used to identify patients who were referred for and/or received ACT during the study period. Other studies have not reported significant differences for length of stay when receiving ACT in children hospitalised with pneumonia (Corten et al. doi = 10.4102/sajp.v76i1.1367 id = cord-281844-c0uhcatg author = Costa, Lusmaia D.C. title = Exacerbation of asthma and airway infection: is the virus the villain? date = 2014-12-31 keywords = PCR; asthma; child; viral; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jped.2014.07.001 id = cord-338007-fa4i981h author = Coyne, Lisa W. title = First Things First: Parent Psychological Flexibility and Self-Compassion During COVID-19 date = 2020-05-06 keywords = care; child; parent; self summary = For parents, shaping these processes may help promote family nurturance, support children''s prosocial behavior, and provide effective and consistent use of evidence-based parenting "kernels." The goal of this article is to provide practitioners with evidence-based tools that will support psychological flexibility, self-care, and positive parenting behaviors in caregivers during COVID-19 and beyond. In behavioral terms, mindfulness and acceptance processes involve paying purposeful attention to the present moment, allowing or making space for unwanted thoughts and emotions, and relinquishing attachment to thoughts as literal truths, where that is helpful. #SmallThingsMatter "Small things matter" is an important principle for action and informs the study of "kernels," or fundamental units of behavioral influence that appear to underlie effective prevention and treatment for children, adults, and families (Embry & Biglan, 2008) . doi = 10.1007/s40617-020-00435-w id = cord-010837-8x3bch0r author = Curran, Janet A. title = Improving transitions in care for children with complex and medically fragile needs: a mixed methods study date = 2020-05-14 keywords = care; child; family; transition summary = In Phase 2, pediatricians, nurses, and health administrators participated in key stakeholder interviews to identify barriers and facilitators to a successful transition in care for children and families with complex care needs. (2) other parents on the inpatient unit act as key supports to the family; (3) satisfaction with the care from the local community pediatrician, but dissatisfaction with care received from the community hospital following misplacement of the child''s feeding tube; (4) an advanced practice nurse guiding the discharge process and using a locally developed tool to guide discharge planning that was distributed to the family and home community to promote continuity of care; (5) a high level of engagement from the family helping to facilitate a smooth transition as reported by the health care team; and (6) a lack of pediatric expertise in community physiotherapy. doi = 10.1186/s12887-020-02117-6 id = cord-320438-9j41eyw3 author = Daltro, Pedro title = Pulmonary infections date = 2011-04-27 keywords = Fig; child; pneumonia summary = This paper reviews the most common imaging findings of pulmonary infection in children. This paper reviews the most common causes of pulmonary infection in children, emphasizing the imaging findings. As with other viral infections, focal or diffuse interstitial opacities are the initial chest radiograph presentation, but they can progress rapidly to bilateral areas of consolidation (Fig. 3 ). These children are prone to repeated bacterial infections with associated pneumonia leading to postinfectious bronchiectasis (Fig. 18) . Chest radiograph and CT findings show Fig. 16 Axial CT shows the typical halo sign in an immunocompromised child with invasive aspergillosis chronic or recurrent pneumonia, usually by Aspergillus or Candida organisms. The most common chest radiograph and CT findings are diffuse reticular interstitial opacities that can progress to massive alveolar consolidations resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome in infants (Fig. 20) . doi = 10.1007/s00247-011-2012-8 id = cord-006050-rwayc7lr author = Das, Rashmi Ranjan title = Clinical profile and outcome of swine flu in Indian children date = 2010-08-01 keywords = H1N1; child summary = Of the 3 children who died, one (12 years old) had underlying steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome with chronic kidney disease and he was admitted with diagnosis of severe pneumonia and tested positive for H1N1 influenza infection; the child died within 24 hours of admission. • Risk factors for hospitalization include: underlying co-morbid condition, respiratory distress, vomiting, wheezing, diarrhea, or hypotension, infiltrates/consolidation on chest radiograph. • Risk factors for hospitalization include: underlying co-morbid condition, respiratory distress, vomiting, wheezing, diarrhea, or hypotension, infiltrates/consolidation on chest radiograph. • Risk factors for hospitalization include: underlying co-morbid condition, respiratory distress, vomiting, wheezing, diarrhea, or hypotension, infiltrates/consolidation on chest radiograph. The clinical features of patients who were hospitalized with 2009 H1N1 influenza were generally similar to those reported during peak periods of seasonal influenza and past pandemics with an acute onset of respiratory illness [17] [18] [19] [20] . doi = 10.1007/s13312-011-0085-y id = cord-010018-gl8uuqej author = Del Borrello, Giovanni title = New insights into pediatric community‐acquired pneumonia gained from untargeted metabolomics: A preliminary study date = 2019-12-10 keywords = child; pneumonia; study summary = 3, 4 Although epidemiological research has repeatedly pointed out that the large majority of lower respiratory infection in pediatric patients are caused by viruses, 2 physicians often lack the tools to reliably discriminate between bacterial and viral etiology [5] [6] [7] and a large percentage of children presenting with respiratory symptoms and fever are ultimately administered antibiotics. To increase the specificity of our findings and reduce the role of confounding variables, three exclusion criteria were strictly applied, concerning: infants (ie, children under 1 year of age), to avoid any diagnostic overlap between pneumonia and bronchiolitis; children with a previous diagnosis of chronic disease (HIV, asthma, immunodeficiency, CHD), to reduce the pathophysiological heterogeneity between CAP cases; and children given any oral or injected antibiotic therapy in the 48 hours preceding enrollment, to avoid cases of partially treated pneumonia, as the related pathophysiological profile differs from that of a lung infection devoid of any treatment. doi = 10.1002/ppul.24602 id = cord-332173-m38sr6oc author = Denburg, Avram E. title = Does moral reasoning influence public values for health care priority setting?: A population-based randomized stated preference survey date = 2020-05-13 keywords = QALY; child; health; participant; preference summary = Relatedly, a limited body of evidence points to the impact of embedded moral reasoning on attenuated public preference for the young, suggesting that deliberation on a range of ethical principles can influence stated preferences for allocating resources based on age (10) . In keeping with much of the prior literature on age-based resource allocation, we expected that control group participants would display an aggregate mean preference for allocation to children, particularly in scenarios where theoretical QALY gains were largest (i.e. cancer treatment and eating disorders therapy). We further hypothesized that participants in the intervention arm would display stronger aggregate preference for children across all the clinical scenarios tested, regardless of the duration of life years gained, as a result of their access to a varied palette of ethical principles by which to justify preferential allocation to children, including vulnerability, dependency, potential, and social distinction. doi = 10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.04.007 id = cord-018604-ua5h47jg author = Dersch-Mills, Deonne title = Assessment Considerations in Pediatric Patients date = 2018-12-28 keywords = child; dose; infant; medication summary = Pharmacists need to be aware of this variability and use every patient encounter as an opportunity for assessment of many aspects of medication including dose, formulation, administration, and indication. Infants and children also have physiological differences that need to be considered especially when assessing efficacy, toxicity, and the patient''s overall response to medications through physical exam or use of laboratory values. Lastly, a lack of appropriate medication formulations for children creates a requirement for pharmacists to specifically assess the formulations, measurement, and administration of pediatric medications. Until children are mature enough to provide this information themselves (note that this age varies depending on the child), parents and other caregivers are relied upon to provide an accurate history of the patient''s illness(s) and medication(s). Because of the lack of appropriate information in the product labeling, alternative data sources need to be accessed to assess the use of the medication in an infant or child. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-11775-7_28 id = cord-023713-daz2vokz author = Devereux, Graham title = Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases date = 2013-09-06 keywords = HRV; Health; States; United; asthma; child; prevalence; study; year summary = A systematic review and metaanalysis of the longitudinal studies relating maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy to childhood outcomes concluded that high maternal dietary vitamin D intake is associated with a reduced risk of children wheezing up to the age of 5 years (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.73). The Dutch Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study related symptom data prospectively collected annually from 3863 children up to the age of 8 years to land-use regression estimates of individual NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and soot exposures at their birth addresses. 327 A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective birth cohort studies evaluating the effects of allergen (i.e., HDM or dietary) avoidance during pregnancy concluded that early-life allergen avoidance in isolation does not reduce the likelihood of asthma in children at age 5 years (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.78). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-08593-9.00049-8 id = cord-277315-e26oc883 author = Dhiman, Sapna title = Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs date = 2020-10-06 keywords = CSI; caregiver; child; covid-19 summary = Caregivers not using tele-rehabilitation along with a perception of it being a poor medium for rehabilitation were at greater risks for poor mental health whereas a negative perception on homecare therapy were strongly associated with higher psychological symptoms and strain. The overall result of the study shows a high prevalence of depressive symptoms among caregivers tending children with special needs during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Apart from it, we found several demographic, social factors and services related to care of child are associated with depression, stress, anxiety symptoms and perceived strain. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among caregivers tending children with special needs doi = 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103790 id = cord-034066-fsp7e5x5 author = Di Figlia-Peck, Stephanie title = Treatment of children and adolescents who are overweight or obese date = 2020-10-21 keywords = BMI; activity; adolescent; child; intervention; obesity; weight summary = 2 And in 2008, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality of the HHS came out with an Evidence-Based/Technology Assessment entitled "The Effectiveness of Weight Management Programs in Children and Adolescents." 3 In addition to these government-sponsored guidelines, recommendations for management of overweight and obesity in this population have been issued by multiple other organizations. One 12month technology-based program for adolescents with Type 2 diabetes "was not sufficient to produce weight loss with the combination of web intervention and group sessions and telephone follow up, but improvements in sedentary behavior and use of behavior change strategies expected to lead to behavior change was evidenced." 32 Telemedicine, in theory, should be able to compensate for some of the barriers that prevent access to and utilization of family based comprehensive behavioral interventions for child and adolescent obesity. doi = 10.1016/j.cppeds.2020.100871 id = cord-286531-3syf6upw author = Dong, Chuanmei title = Young Children’s Online Learning during COVID-19 Pandemic: Chinese Parents’ Beliefs and Attitudes date = 2020-09-08 keywords = child; chinese; learning; online summary = This study surveyed 3275 Chinese parents'' beliefs and attitudes around young children''s online learning during the lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic. To fill this research gap, this study endeavors to understand how Chinese parents perceive their young children''s online learning during the COVID-19 lockdown through a large-scale online survey. Thus, it is of great theoretical importance to understand Chinese parental beliefs and attitudes around young children''s online learning during the lockdown as a unique study in terms of time and place. As the first exploration of Chinese parents'' beliefs and attitudes around online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study has found that many young children had online learning experiences that were delivered by their kindergarten teachers or online learning apps at no or low cost. doi = 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105440 id = cord-018545-fk17n2bx author = Dorofaeff, Tavey title = Infections in the PICU date = 2012 keywords = CMV; HIV; HSV; PICU; care; cause; child; infection; patient summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_268 id = cord-264486-o01s0upf author = Du, Wenjun title = Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children compared with adults in Shandong Province, China date = 2020-04-16 keywords = case; child summary = title: Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children compared with adults in Shandong Province, China We reported on the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of children cases to help health workers better understand and provide timely diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: Retrospectively, two research centers'' case series of 67 consecutive hospitalized cases including 53 adult and 14 children cases with COVID-19 between 23 Jan 2020 and 15 Feb 2020 from Jinan and Rizhao were enrolled in this study. Laboratory tests and chest computed tomographic (CT) scans were also evaluated and the results suggested that decreased lymphocyte counts and bilateral pneumonia were common clinical features, especially in severe cases [7, 8] . In this study, we analyzed and compared the epidemic characteristics and clinical features in children and adults in Shandong Province, China. This is because a lower inflammatory response to lung injuries causes milder clinical symptoms in children compared with adults. doi = 10.1007/s15010-020-01427-2 id = cord-333479-d0mgma42 author = Duan, Li title = An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in China during the outbreak of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-02 keywords = China; child; chinese; internet summary = Moreover, multiple linear regression and bivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between outcome variables (the reported level of anxiety and clinical depressive symptom) and potential predictors (e.g. concerns related to the epidemic, smartphone/internet addiction, and coping style) while adjusting for other identified explanatory variables. Additionally, in order to further analyze the significant factors associated with the level of respondent'' anxiety, we conducted multiple linear regression analysis and obtained the following factors to construct a multiple linear regression model of anxiety: clinical depression levels, implementation of the precaution and control measures, sex, family member or friend was infected with coronavirus, occupation of the mother involved in the epidemic, region (e.g., rural, urban), and emotion-focused coping style, which accounted for 31.0% of the total variance ( Table 5) . doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.029 id = cord-274123-wgigtgl9 author = Dube, Felix S. title = Respiratory microbes present in the nasopharynx of children hospitalised with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa date = 2016-10-24 keywords = PTB; child summary = title: Respiratory microbes present in the nasopharynx of children hospitalised with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa We have recently shown [5] that specific pathogens (including Bordetella pertussis, influenza virus, respiratory syncyntial virus [RSV], adenovirus, parainfluenzavirus, bocavirus) are detected significantly more frequently from the nasopharynx (NP) of children with pneumonia than age-matched controls, and so are likely to play an important role in pneumonia aetiology. This is the first comprehensive detailed study of the diversity of respiratory microbes detected in children presenting with suspected PTB in a TB endemic setting and showed that multiple potential pathogens are present in th nasopharynx of such children. In conclusion, this study describes the detection of multiple respiratory microbes in the nasopharynx of children hospitalised with suspected PTB. pneumoniae, hMPV, coronavirus O43, influenza C virus, rhinovirus and cytomegalovirus formed the dominant microbial profile in children with PTB but this failed to reach statistical significance on testing of each individual microbe. doi = 10.1186/s12879-016-1934-z id = cord-340512-wjbh1z8y author = Dugas, M. title = COVID-19 in Children with Brain-Based Developmental Disabilities: A Rapid Review date = 2020-05-06 keywords = child; covid-19 summary = To assess whether children with brain-based developmental disabilities were more likely to develop COVID-19 and have complications or poorer outcomes following infection. We conducted a two-week rapid review on studies with primary data regarding children aged between zero and 18 years old with brain-based developmental disabilities, or who were at risk of developing such disabilities, with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. Of the 50 COVID-19 pediatric patients reported in the included studies, a total of seven children were at risk of developing brain-based disabilities. We considered any study with primary data that included children aged between zero and 18 with a brain-based developmental disability or at risk of developing such disability with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (see Appendix 3 for full list). Our rapid review has identified knowledge gaps in the literature regarding the effects of COVID-19 in children with developmental brain-based disabilities, and those at risk of developing such disabilities. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.01.20088021 id = cord-032073-8eguv697 author = El Fakiri, K. title = Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Moroccan Children date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) in a Moroccan pediatric population. Patients were classified as follows: Asymptomatic infection (children without manifestations of clinical symptoms of COVID-19 testing positive to SARS-COV-2); Acute upper respiratory tract infection (children with fever, cough, pharyngeal pain, nasal congestion, fatigue, headache, myalgia or discomfort, and without signs of pneumonia by chest imaging or sepsis); Mild pneumonia (when children have a fever, respiratory symptoms such as cough, and chest imaging indicating pneumonia, but not reaching the criteria of severe pneumonia); Severe pneumonia (when any of the following criteria are present: (i) increased respiratory rate: ≥60 breaths/min (<2 years), ≥40 breaths/min (between 2 and 5 years), ≥30 breaths/min (≥5 years); (ii) oxygen saturation <94%; (iii) hypoxia; (iv) disturbance of consciousness; and, (v) food refusal or feeding difficulty, with signs of dehydration); Treatment was prescribed according to the Moroccan Ministry of Health recommendations [5] . doi = 10.1007/s13312-020-1958-8 id = cord-030018-sabmw7wf author = El-Shabrawi, Mortada title = Infant and child health and healthcare before and after COVID-19 pandemic: will it be the same ever? date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; Health; child; pandemic summary = BACKGROUND: The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) current pandemic is an unpreceded global health crisis. COVID-19 pandemic proved rapidly to be a major international medical problem that has many sequences on infants, children, and adolescents. There is an urging challenge of how to provide the required healthcare needed by infants and children in due time and place avoiding the possibility to catch SARS-CoV-2 infection if they go to seek medical advice at hospitals or healthcare facilities. The mandatory lockdown and inevitable social distancing measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic has forced the governments in many countries to close nurseries, child care centers, schools, training centers, and higher education facilities as universities and institutions. So far, the COVID-19 crisis has had a great impact on child health and healthcare all over the world, not only from the medical aspect, but also from the social, psychologic, economic, and educational aspects. doi = 10.1186/s43054-020-00039-7 id = cord-353482-dz343h7t author = Ellis, Matthew title = Global Community Child Health date = 2020-05-11 keywords = child; community summary = This special issue of IJERPH has published a range of studies in this developing field of Global Community Child Health research. In addition to rural community-based initiatives given that most children now live in cities we are also interested to hear about urban initiatives….'' We hope this issue will of great interest to the researchers and practitioners as well as academia from the fields of Global Health as well as Global Child Health because it comprised of 14 articles representing all five continents. Despite of the journal''s strive for reaching out to a wider global child health community, this issue missed contributions relating to child safeguarding and social determinants of urban health. Whatever the level of the threat it is the mobilisation of community and household level interventions to protect and enable children which lies at the heart of global community child health [1] . We invited studies describing community-based interventions which impact on child health and wellbeing around the globe. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17093331 id = cord-003822-gbwsplgq author = Elmore, Dominique title = Is Fever a Red Flag for Bacterial Pneumonia in Children With Viral Bronchiolitis? date = 2019-08-06 keywords = RSV; child summary = We conducted a retrospective study of 349 children aged 2 years and younger with diagnoses of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and viral upper respiratory infection. Several previous studies have revealed potential morbidity from bacterial pneumonia in patients with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Following a respiratory season at our institution, we noted that children with viral illness who also had a fever tended to have a worse clinical course versus afebrile patients. Our objective is to investigate whether children with viral bronchiolitis with fever are more likely to have a diagnosis of secondary bacterial pneumonia than their counterparts without fever. The study demonstrates that fever can be used as a marker indicating a need to investigate for secondary bacterial pneumonia in children with RSV and other viral illnesses. Febrile children with viral bronchiolitis were 2 to 8 times more likely to be diagnosed with a secondary bacterial pneumonia compared with their afebrile counterparts. doi = 10.1177/2333794x19868660 id = cord-293136-lfwqzf8m author = Escosa‐García, Luis title = Ten key points about COVID‐19 in children: the shadows on the wall date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child summary = It was initially named Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome (PIMS) temporally associated with COVID-19 by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) 18 To date, some cases of neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported 27 28 . Recent data from a German study indicate that viral loads in the very young (age group 0-6 years) do not significantly differ from those of adults 44 To put it briefly, SARS-CoV-2 PCR of nasopharyngeal swab is considered the gold standard diagnostic test for acute COVID-19 disease. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center''s observational study Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units doi = 10.1002/ppul.25025 id = cord-310840-h49dx92d author = Eslamy, Hedieh K. title = Pneumonia in Normal and Immunocompromised Children: An Overview and Update date = 2011-09-30 keywords = Fig; child; infection; lung; pneumonia summary = The role of imaging is to detect the presence of pneumonia, and determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as effusion/empyema and suppurative lung changes. The role of imaging, including chest radiographs, ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT), is to detect the presence of pneumonia, determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as parapneumonic effusion/ empyema and suppurative lung complications. CT is often used to further evaluate: (1) suppurative lung complications and to differentiate these from parapneumonic effusion/empyema; (2) patients with recurrent or chronic pneumonia and concern for an underlying lesion; and (3) immunocompromised children with noncontributory or confusing chest radiographs and clinical findings that could be secondary to lung infection. The chest radiograph of acute focal pneumonia usually shows a dense, typically more peripheral airspace opacity, which may appear segmental, lobar, or spherical ( Figs. doi = 10.1016/j.rcl.2011.06.007 id = cord-330777-xcwppaux author = Esposito, Susanna title = Collection by trained pediatricians or parents of mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs for the detection of influenza viruses in childhood date = 2010-04-30 keywords = child; swab summary = This study evaluated the efficiency of pediatric mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs used by parents in 203 children aged 6 months to 5 years with signs and symptoms of respiratory disease. These findings show that mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs specifically designed for infants and children can be used by parents without reducing the influenza virus detection rate. The influenza virus detection rates were similar in the samples collected using the two methods (Cohen''s kappa = 0.86): in comparison with the pediatricians, the sensitivity and specificity of the parental collections were respectively 89.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 77.8-100%) and 97.7% (95% CI: 95.5-100%), and the positive and negative predictive values were respectively 86.2% (95% CI: 73.7-95.1%) and 98.2% (95% CI: 96.4-100%). Our findings demonstrate that mid-turbinate nasal flocked swabs specifically designed for infants and children can be used by parents without reducing influenza virus detection rates. doi = 10.1186/1743-422x-7-85 id = cord-011333-yyhwtnza author = Faienza, Maria Felicia title = Childhood obesity, cardiovascular and liver health: a growing epidemic with age date = 2020-02-04 keywords = BMI; NAFLD; child; obesity summary = Nevertheless, improving dietary intake and increasing physical activity performance are to date the best therapeutic tools in children to weaken the onset of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes risk during adulthood. The raising prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome together with insulin resistance [43] , worldwide is associated with liver abnormalities encompassing the clinical spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Physical inactivity affects a vast majority of children and adolescents who become prone to high obesity rates and related diseases, including CVD and NAFLD. Nevertheless, improving dietary intake and increasing physical activity performance are to date the best therapeutic tools in children to weaken the onset of obesity, CVD, and diabetes risk during adulthood. The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1007/s12519-020-00341-9 id = cord-281132-7hk6ze9k author = Falahi, S. title = The prevalence of human bocavirus in <2-year-old children with acute bronchiolitis date = 2020-08-03 keywords = HBoV; child summary = Several viral agents including Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Rhinovirus, Parainfluenza and Human bocavirus (HBoV) are responsible for acute bronchiolitis. The present systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the pooled prevalence of HBoV in the respiratory samples of children with acute bronchiolitis. Searching and selection of related articles According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations [15] , we searched various databases including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for related articles using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms of "bocavirus", "HBoV", "prevalence", "frequency", "epidemiology", "acute bronchiolitis", "lower respiratory tract infection", and "acute respiratory tract infection" either alone or in combination with each other applying the Boolean operators (AND, OR). For calculating the prevalence of single HBoV infection in <2year-old children with bronchiolitis, a total of 15 articles were included in the meta-analysis process. doi = 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100736 id = cord-261424-t0yulofo author = Feltman, Dalia M. title = Seeking Normalcy as the Curve Flattens: Ethical Considerations for Pediatricians Managing Collateral Damage of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; child; family; pediatrician summary = Pediatricians around the world have cycled through these emotions when considering the health and safety of patients and families during this coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic. As advocates for children, pediatricians are in a unique position to redesign the system in a way that prioritizes children and families, addresses the social determinants of health, reduces inequalities and health disparities, and ensures ethical research on treatment and prevention of COVID-19. However, actions to conserve the medical resources that prevent iatrogenic spread of infection and protect health professionals and other patients have shifted priorities away from the best practices that are part of our usual care for children. As we begin to imagine that new normal, we consider three domains that require attention to help children to stay well: medical, mental health, and educational needs. Children in families with mental health needs will be vulnerable to further disruptions to their psychosocial stability due to COVID-19 control measures. doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.06.067 id = cord-337637-wehstffa author = Ferreira, Flavia de A title = Comparison of atopic and nonatopic children with chronic cough: Bronchoalveolar lavage cell profile date = 2007-08-28 keywords = bal; child; cough summary = Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL; three aliquots of 1 ml/kg saline) was performed in the right middle lobe of 24 (11 atopic and 13 nonatopic) children with persistent cough (8 females, 16 males), mean age 4.7 years (range: 1–11). 1 Atopic patients with chronic cough due to cough variant asthma are thought to have airway inflammation similar to atopic patients with asthma, whose bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid contains eosinophils and mast cells. A nonsignificant increase in the number of total cells per ml of BAL fluid was observed in both atopic (median: 39  10 4 , range: 20-123  10 4 ) and nonatopic (median: 22  10 4 , range: 17-132  10 4 ) children with chronic cough when compared to controls (median: 11  10 4 , range: 9-30  10 4 ). doi = 10.1002/ppul.20648 id = cord-314190-fvdock94 author = Florin, Todd A title = Viral bronchiolitis date = 2017-01-01 keywords = bronchiolitis; child; infant; respiratory; virus summary = The evidence and guideline recommendations consistently support a clinical diagnosis with the limited role for diagnostic testing for children presenting with the typical clinical syndrome of viral upper respiratory infection progressing to the lower respiratory tract. 24, 25, 27, 29, 30 Studies have investigated whether severity of illness, as measured by need for hospital admission, length of hospital stay, intensive care unit admission, repeated emergency department visits, and apnoea, is associated with specifi c viral infections or co-infections, but the evidence is confl icting. Recent studies suggest that higher respiratory syncytial virus genomic load, measured using quantitative PCR, might be associated with increased length of stay, use of respiratory support, and need for intensive care, in addition to recurrent wheezing, compared with lower viral loads. Systematic literature review assessing tobacco smoke exposure as a risk factor for serious respiratory syncytial virus disease among infants and young children doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30951-5 id = cord-026977-prrjscnd author = Forsner, M. title = Moral Challenges When Suspecting Abuse and Neglect in School Children: A Mixed Method Study date = 2020-06-16 keywords = Social; abuse; child; moral; report summary = In this current study we explore school professionals'' experiences and deliberations in situation when they suspected child abuse and neglect from an ethical perspective. 354), In agreement with Johnstone''s standpoint that obstructions to mandatory reporting of child abuse has not given attention to the ethical aspects, supports the need for a research design that focuses on how school professionals describe their personal involvement-feelings and actions taken-in cases of suspected maltreatment-and how they have dealt with their duty to report. In agreement with these authors, the intention of this study design was to contribute to an understanding of the moral dimension of how a selected group of participants think and act when they suspected child abuse and neglect. First, some background questions were asked about their professional role and experiences, followed by an open request: "Please tell about a situation in which you considered to report child abuse or neglect to Social Services". doi = 10.1007/s10560-020-00680-6 id = cord-033802-r68za4cr author = Foster, Mark title = The safeguarding implications of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-16 keywords = child summary = Findings from a survey, conducted between April and June 2020, of more than 2,000 young people aged 10-17 across the UK, and their parent or carer include: and not all will have been able to seek, adversely affected by the pandemic attentional difficulties over a one-month period as lockdown has progressed: Parents/carers of primary school age children taking part in the survey reported an increase in their child''s emotional, behavioural, and restless/attentional difficulties. And parents/carers of children with Special Educational Needs (SEN) and those with a pre-existing mental health difficulty reported a reduction in their child''s emotional difficulties and no change in behavioural or restless/attentional difficulties. Parents/carers of secondary school age children reported a reduction in their child''s emotional difficulties, but an increase in restless/attentional behaviours. doi = 10.1038/s41407-020-0434-6 id = cord-352952-91goqi90 author = Francis, Joshua R. title = An observational study of febrile seizures: the importance of viral infection and immunization date = 2016-12-03 keywords = child; febrile; seizure summary = We aimed to determine the frequency of detection of specific viral pathogens in children with febrile seizures, to describe risk factors including recent vaccination and clinical features associated with specific etiologies. Children aged 6 months to 5 years presenting to the Emergency Department of a tertiary children''s hospital in Western Australia with febrile seizures were enrolled between March 2012 and October 2013. Despite this, there are limited data using modern diagnostic techniques examining the role of viral infections in children who present with febrile seizures [4, 5] . The Febrile seizures: Viruses and their Etiologic Role (FEVER) study was established to determine the frequency of detection of specific viral pathogens in children with febrile seizures, to describe risk factors and clinical features associated with specific pathogens, and to examine the role of recent immunizations in children presenting with febrile seizures. Respiratory viruses are important in the etiology of fever in children who present with febrile seizures. doi = 10.1186/s12887-016-0740-5 id = cord-355623-tmr1ieg1 author = Gallucci, Marcella title = When the Cough Does Not Improve: A Review on Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis in Children date = 2020-08-07 keywords = PBB; bal; child summary = Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is a common cause of chronic wet cough in preschool children with no symptoms or signs of other specific causes, and resolution usually follows a 2-week course of an appropriate oral antibiotic. in an Australian study among children with a history of chronic wet cough lasting more than 4 weeks, a positive culture of a respiratory pathogen on BAL (bacterial growth ≥10 4 CFU/ml in BAL) obtained during a flexible bronchoscopy and a clinical response to 2 weeks treatment with antibiotics (amoxicillinclavulanate acid) (9) ( Table 1) . According to the European Respiratory Society (ERS) guidelines new definition, PBB-clinical is based on all three of the following criteria: "presence of chronic (>4 weeks'' duration) wet or productive cough; absence of symptoms or signs (i.e., specific cough pointers) suggestive of other causes of wet or productive Abbreviations: BA, bronchial aspirate; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; CLDS, cystic lung diseases; CT, computerized tomography; GER, gastroesophageal reflux; NTHi, Haemophilus influenzae non-typeable; PBB, protracted bacterial bronchitis; QoL, quality of life; UACS, upper airway cough syndrome. doi = 10.3389/fped.2020.00433 id = cord-268176-tb12txdf author = Garcia de Avila, Marla Andréia title = Children’s Anxiety and Factors Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Study Using the Children’s Anxiety Questionnaire and the Numerical Rating Scale date = 2020-08-09 keywords = CAQ; COVID-19; NRS; child summary = This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety among Brazilian children and its associated factors during social distancing during COVID-19. In logistic regression, the following variables were associated with higher CAQ scores: social distancing without parents; more persons living together in home; and education level of guardians. There were no statistically significant differences for NRS and the studied variables, but the prevalence of anxiety was highest among the children who maintained social distance with someone other than the parents (28.6%, n = 16). Higher levels of anxiety (CAQ ≥ 9) were associated with social distancing, the number of persons at home, guardians'' age, and education level of the guardians. The prevalence of anxiety among the children during the COVID-19 pandemic in this group was 19.4% (n = 56), according to the CAQ, and 21.8% (n = 63), according to the NRS. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165757 id = cord-253799-lzbeaf2p author = García‐Salido, Alberto title = SARS‐COV‐2 children transmission: the evidence is that today we do not have enough evidence date = 2020-06-07 keywords = child summary = I have read with interest the review by Ludvigsson on the role of children as transmitters of the new coronavirus (SARS‐COV‐2). The main conclusion we can draw now is that under confined conditions, children are not the main drivers of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Dear Editors, I have read with interest the review by Ludvigsson on the role of children as transmitters of the new coronavirus (SARS-COV-2). The main conclusion we can draw now is that under confined conditions, children are not the main drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the author states "it is highly likely that children can transmit the SARS-COV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, and even asymptomatic children can have viral loads" 1 . Children are unlikely to be the main drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic -a systematic review Covid-19: Delaying school reopening by two weeks would halve risks to children, says iSAGE doi = 10.1111/apa.15396 id = cord-255915-7hkn37p2 author = Garstang, J. title = Effect of covid-19 lockdown on child protection medical assessments: a retrospective observational study in Birmingham, UK. date = 2020-08-14 keywords = CPME; child summary = Objectives To determine any change in referral patterns and outcomes in children (0-18) referred for child protection medical examination (CPME) during the covid-19 pandemic compared to previous years. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.09.20170977 doi: medRxiv preprint Although there has been much professional concern about the potential risk children have faced at home there have been limited data, with one report of an increase in abusive head trauma noted in London (11) and a short report from the North-East of England noting a dramatic decrease in CPME referrals (12) . The aim was to determine differences in the number and outcomes of child protection referrals for CPME in Birmingham during the covid-19 pandemic lockdown (March to June 2020) compared with the same periods in 2018 and 2019. Are there differences in demographic details, referral source and outcomes for children presenting for child protection medical examination during the covid-19 pandemic compared to previous years? doi = 10.1101/2020.08.09.20170977 id = cord-337561-m0z14iyu author = Gerber, Nicole title = Winter is coming: care of the febrile children in the time of COVID-19 date = 2020-11-11 keywords = child summary = title: Winter is coming: care of the febrile children in the time of COVID-19 Occult bacteremia was a common condition in well-appearing young febrile children and frequently required laboratory evaluation and treatment with empiric antibiotics [3] . With the introduction of the protein-polysaccharide conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in 1987, and the pneumococcal vaccine based on similar technology in 2000 (expanded in 2010), the evaluation of febrile children became a little easier for pediatricians. Rates of invasive bacterial disease declined rapidly, and while we remain vigilant in our evaluation of febrile children, most could be confidently discharged without an extensive workup, with a likely diagnosis of a viral syndrome. Spurred by the media and frightened by this new mysterious disease, worried parents rushed their children to medical care. We assess febrile children for this disease and many undergo laboratory evaluation and subspecialty consultation. What will be the disease course for children with co-infections with COVID-19 and another viral illness? doi = 10.1007/s12519-020-00396-8 id = cord-022292-msz4au4b author = Gershan, William M. title = Cough date = 2009-05-15 keywords = GER; Table; cause; child; cough; diagnosis; patient; treatment summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7216-9131-2.50006-3 id = cord-032363-86ovid90 author = Gerson, William T. title = “WHO ARE WE?” Common pediatric orthopedic disorders and the primary care clinician date = 2020-09-20 keywords = child summary = title: "WHO ARE WE?" Common pediatric orthopedic disorders and the primary care clinician "WHO ARE WE?" Common pediatric orthopedic disorders and the primary care clinician William T. -The Beatles (Paul McCartney), "Golden Slumbers," 1969 Bent, Stork, and Nemeth speak to the soul of children''s healthcare in their superb summary on common childhood orthopedic disorders. Our professional soul''s origin lies in the notion of childhood; its poems and lullabies; in our children''s hospitals whose own origins derive, in part, from the treatment of orthopedic conditions; and in the breadth of our training and experience in the principles and practice of children''s healthcare. Every primary care clinician should read this paper, not just because musculoskeletal illness represents a large portion of all childhood office visits. It provides a concise synopsis of the most common orthopedic concerns presenting to primary care clinicians, beginning with the newborn exam, and often resulting, not necessarily appropriately, in referral to pediatric orthopedic surgeons. The authors present a developmentally-based approach to infant, childhood, and adolescent musculoskeletal complaints. doi = 10.1016/j.cppeds.2020.100885 id = cord-311393-e82jy629 author = Giménez-Dasí, Marta title = Six Weeks of Confinement: Psychological Effects on a Sample of Children in Early Childhood and Primary Education date = 2020-10-08 keywords = Education; Primary; child summary = Children in Primary Education obtained lower scores in dimensions related to self-regulation (emotional, attentional, and behavioral) and in willingness to study. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the changes that the confinement situation experienced between the 11th of March and the 25th of April could have caused on a sample of children residing in the Community of Madrid. The objective of the present study was to verify whether the situation of 6 weeks of strict confinement experienced in Madrid as a consequence of the SARS-CoV-2 health crisis had caused a change in the psychological well-being of children. In general, the results obtained are congruent with those found in previous studies on the effects of social isolation on children and also with the few studies that have been carried out on the particular situation of confinement during SARS-CoV-2 health crisis (Jiao et al., 2020; Pisano et al., 2020) . doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590463 id = cord-339638-yrxoj1hl author = Goldman, Ran D. title = Willingness to Vaccinate Children against Influenza after the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; child; influenza summary = OBJECTIVES: To determine factors associated with parents who plan to vaccinate their children against influenza next year, especially those who did not vaccinate against influenza last year using a global survey. To determine factors associated with parents who plan to vaccinate their children against influenza next year, especially those who did not vaccinate against influenza last year using a global survey. In order to better understand how COVID-19 has influenced attitudes towards J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f influenza vaccination, we specifically aimed to describe characteristics of caregivers who intend to immunize their children in 2020-2021 despite the child not receiving influenza immunization in the prior year. Most caregivers were not concerned about their child having COVID-19 when coming to the EDs in the six countries where this survey took place, and we found a significant correlation between level of concern and plan to vaccinate against influenza (p-value= 0.037; Figure 2 [available at www.jpeds.com]). doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.005 id = cord-259823-ia1g5dt4 author = Gowin, Ewelina title = Assessment of the Usefulness of Multiplex Real-Time PCR Tests in the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Process of Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children: A Single-Center Experience date = 2017-01-15 keywords = PCR; child; infection summary = British, American, and Polish guidelines state that, in children hospitalized due to pneumonia, microbiological examinations should include blood cultures, the detection of the presence of viruses with the use of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) or immunofluorescence in material collected from the nasopharynx (smear or upper respiratory aspirate), the assessment of antibodies against Mycoplasma and Chlamydophila in classes IgM and IgG, and the comparison of antibody levels in the acute phase of the disease and during convalescence [4] [5] [6] . achieved positive results of multiplex real-time PCR tests detecting only viral factors in 76% of cases in a group of children below the age of six with symptoms of respiratory tract infection and the dominant pathogen was RSV [12] . doi = 10.1155/2017/8037963 id = cord-029518-a3507av0 author = Graf, William D. title = Reply date = 2020-07-22 keywords = child summary = We thank Drs. Trabacca and Russo for their reflection and comments about childhood disability and the ethics of care during the exceptional circumstances of a viral pandemic. The general precautions that apply to all families (i.e. physical distancing, restricted socialization, "shelter in place", and "distance learning" school routines for children) seem to be intuitively practiced at heightened levels to better protect children with chronic conditions and disabilities-especially those who are immunosuppressed or have compromised respiratory function. (3) These trends are similar to the experience of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) viral pandemic, when children with disabilities had higher morbidity and mortality risks. Because of the heightened risks for many people with disabilities, emerging from this current pandemic will require a cautious balance between the safe resumption of educational routines, supportive therapies, and rehabilitation (i.e. easing of physical distancing) and the ongoing need of enhanced protections (e.g. mask-wearing) until COVID-19-related herd immunity can be achieved. The ethic of care, disability and rehabilitation during the covid-19 pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.07.001 id = cord-254852-qr5gdmbc author = Grief, Samuel N. title = Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Pneumonia date = 2018-08-14 keywords = Society; child; patient; pneumonia summary = A 2015 prospective, multi-center study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified a responsible pathogen in only 38% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults requiring hospitalization. 13 However, more extensive diagnostic testing should be considered in patients who are at risk for infection with unusual pathogens, who are not responding to treatment, or when additional testing is likely to change antibiotic management (Table 3) . Their analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials found significantly decreased mortality in severe pneumonia, decreased need for mechanical ventilation, decreased occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome, decreased time to clinical stability, and shorter duration of hospitalization. Elderly patients with pneumonia may not exhibit typical symptoms or physical examination findings seen in younger adults, such as pleuritic chest pain, cough, fever, and leukocytosis. Impact of inappropriate antibiotic therapy on mortality in patients with ventilator-associate pneumonia and blood stream infection: a meta-analysis doi = 10.1016/j.pop.2018.04.001 id = cord-343910-jib877fo author = Guidotti, M. title = Does autism protect against COVID quarantine effects? date = 2020-10-14 keywords = child; family summary = 95 autistic children followed by the child and adolescent psychiatry department of Tours university hospital were assessed from the 18th of March to the 8th of May. The following clinical points were investigated: child anxiety, family anxiety, behavior problems, impact on sleep, impact on appetite, impact on school work, family tension, confinement intolerance, difficulties to follow a schedule, isolation behavior. Results: Despite minor changes in family anxiety and school work, no difference was highlighted between clinical scores collected at the beginning and at the end of this period. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.13.20212118 doi: medRxiv preprint Eight clinical items (child anxiety, behavior problems, impact on sleep, impact on appetite, family tension, confinement intolerance, difficulties to follow a schedule, isolation behavior) had an average score of less than 2 and two items (family anxiety and impact on school work) were greater than 2 at both T1 and T2 time points (Fig.1) . doi = 10.1101/2020.10.13.20212118 id = cord-326532-2ehuuvnx author = Götzinger, Florian title = COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; Europe; ICU; SARS; child summary = This study aimed to capture key data on children and adolescents with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection across Europe to inform physicians and health-care service planning during the ongoing pandemic. Significant risk factors for requiring ICU admission in multivariable analyses were being younger than 1 month (odds ratio 5·06, 95% CI 1·72–14·87; p=0·0035), male sex (2·12, 1·06–4·21; p=0·033), pre-existing medical conditions (3·27, 1·67–6·42; p=0·0015), and presence of lower respiratory tract infection signs or symptoms at presentation (10·46, 5·16–21·23; p<0·0001). For this cohort study, European members of the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (ptbnet)-which currently includes 304 clinicians and researchers, most of whom are based at tertiary or quaternary paediatric infectious diseases or paediatric pulmonology units, across 128 paediatric health-care institutions in 31 European countries [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] -were invited to contribute cases of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection that had been managed at or managed remotely by their health-care institution (including individuals admitted to other hospitals or identified during community screening) before or during the study period. doi = 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30177-2 id = cord-308493-3fsn7awq author = Günther‐Bel, Cristina title = A Mixed‐method Study of Individual, Couple and Parental Functioning During the State‐regulated COVID‐19 Lockdown in Spain date = 2020-07-17 keywords = CERFB; DAS; child; couple; lockdown summary = Adults 18 years or older (N=407) completed an online survey that included demographic, household, and employment information along with standardized measures of psychological distress (State‐Trait Anxiety, Beck Depression) and relationship functioning – either the Dyadic Adjustment Scale if there were no children in the household or a Basic Family Relations Evaluation Questionnaire (CERFB) measuring conjugal, parental, and co‐parental functions. More specific aims of the study were to (a) compare lockdown responses from the pandemic convenience sample to benchmarks for established measures of individual, couple and parental functioning; (b) describe via qualitative analysis the ways in which participants felt their couple and family relationships had improved and/or deteriorated during the first few weeks of lockdown; (c) identify demographic, household, and employment-related correlates of pandemic relationship functioning and psychological distress with special attention to variations across couples with children at home, couples with no children, and couples with empty nests; and (d) explore possible changes in relationship functioning over time during the first three weeks of lockdown. doi = 10.1111/famp.12585 id = cord-018408-ttae193b author = Haddad, Imad Y. title = Pneumonia and Empyema date = 2008-11-15 keywords = VAP; cause; child; patient; pneumonia; respiratory summary = Second, patients with genetic or acquired immune defi ciency commonly develop severe pneumonia with opportunistic infections that usually do not infect healthy children. These immunocompromised patients commonly have been given chemo-radiotherapy for cancer or are receiving immune-suppressive agents to prevent rejection episodes following solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The pathogens that commonly produce CAP or VAP, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Gram-negative bacilli, and Staphylococcus aureus, are relatively virulent bacteria so that only a small inoculum is required and the aspiration is usually subtle. Bacterial organisms recovered from tracheal secretions obtained through an endotracheal tube may or may not refl ect the causative agent(s) responsible for lower respiratory tract infection. In addition, recipients of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are frequently given life-long treatment with immunosuppressive agents designed to prevent graft rejection or graft-versus-host disease. Early-onset nosocomial pneumonia and VAP are commonly caused by antibiotic-sensitive, community-acquired organisms (e.g., Strep. doi = 10.1007/978-1-84800-925-7_17 id = cord-279401-eehb5yny author = Haffejee, Sadiyya title = ‘When will I be free’: Lessons of COVID-19 for Child Protection in South Africa date = 2020-09-04 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; CYCC; South; child summary = Children residing at a child and youth care centre in Gauteng, South Africa (herewith referred to as CYCC X) were invited to participate in the study. In South Africa, the social and economic disruptions caused by the pandemic and associated lockdown, combined with long-term structural social, economic and political inequality, and failures within government has impacted on service delivery, access to resources and availability of supportive networks, the absence of which increases vulnerability and heightens levels of anxiety and stress in children. In this exploratory study we aimed to address the research question ''What can the experiences and perspectives of South African children in care during lockdown tell us about the themes we should focus on to improve care moving forward?'' As the findings emerged, we noted that there were a number of domains of concern that reflect the social ecologies in which our participants operated. doi = 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104715 id = cord-257751-n7w1psr4 author = Halperin, Daniel T. title = Coping With COVID-19: Learning From Past Pandemics to Avoid Pitfalls and Panic date = 2020-06-30 keywords = SARS; States; United; child; covid-19 summary = As we wrestle with how best to mitigate COVID-19, it is imperative to concur on the likely main drivers of transmission (notably, infection clusters resulting from prolonged indoor respiratory exposure) in order to clearly explain risk and to determine the most effective, realistic behavioral and other means to reduce illness and mortality. What is clear, based on evidence from several countries (and despite media attention to statistically anomalous cases of healthy and younger victims), is that severe outcomes and deaths from COVID-19 are overwhelmingly associated with preexisting (and especially multiple) serious illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease, [14] [15] [16] more so in men and particularly when exacerbated by obesity and smoking. Moreover, the fact that between 96% (in the United States 16 ) and more than 99% (in Italy 14 ) of COVID-19-related deaths, at any age, have occurred in persons with preexisting conditions could suggest that even very old but otherwise healthy people may not be at greatly elevated risk of dying from the disease. doi = 10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00189 id = cord-275578-9y90uj5h author = Han, Aixi title = Demographic Scenarios of Future Environmental Footprints of Healthy Diets in China date = 2020-07-30 keywords = China; Universal; child; food summary = First, China has committed to cutting its carbon intensity by 40-45% from 2005 levels by 2020 and reaching the peak levels before 2030 [30] ; secondly, climate change is expected to aggravate water scarcity in some regions by changing water regimes, both in terms of availability and variability; last but not least, rapid urbanization is shifting an increasing amount of arable land to urban areas, which is set to constrain the available land resources for food production. (3) Last but not least, by adopting the national age and gender-specific dietary guidelines, our results determine the minimal environmental impacts of the food system in China, which lays the foundation for future studies and for policymakers to evaluate the trade-offs with other sector policies as well as to explore potential synergies. We evaluated the minimum environmental footprints, including the carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF), and ecological footprint (EF), of China''s food systems into 2100 under different demographic scenarios and using the national age-gender specified energy and nutrition intake requirements. doi = 10.3390/foods9081021 id = cord-000996-ef5d81cg author = Han, Seung Beom title = Clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibilities of viridans streptococcal bacteremia during febrile neutropenia in patients with hematologic malignancies: a comparison between adults and children date = 2013-06-17 keywords = VSB; adult; child summary = BACKGROUND: This study was performed to compare the clinical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibilities of viridans streptococcal bacteremia (VSB) between febrile neutropenic adults and children with hematologic malignancies. We performed this retrospective study to compare clinical characteristics including the occurrence of severe complications and antibiotic susceptibilities of viridans streptococci between febrile neutropenic adults and children with hematologic malignancies, and to propose appropriate antibacterial treatment strategies for adults and children. Data gathered on patients'' demographics and clinical characteristics consisted of gender, underlying disease with remission status, type of therapy preceding febrile neutropenia, number of days from the beginning of respective therapies to the diagnosis of VSB, use of antibacterial prophylaxis, and occurrence of oral mucositis, respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, severe complications and polymicrobial infection by other bacteria or fungi. In this study, there were no definite differences in clinical and laboratory characteristics, mortality, or occurrence of severe complications between febrile neutropenic adults and children with VSB, despite a significant difference in antibiotic susceptibility to cefepime between the two groups. doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-13-273 id = cord-255972-u7v0es5w author = Hashikawa, Andrew title = Child Care in the Time of COVID-19: A Period of Challenge and Opportunity. date = 2020-07-17 keywords = Care; ECE; SARS; child summary = Existing CFOC standards do not address the new concerns expressed by ECE workers during the pandemic, which include: determining the risks for ECE workers, establishing whether physical distancing in young children is feasible and effective, providing more details about cleaning and disinfecting, defining new group size requirements, defining the proper use of SARS-CoV-2 screening tests, handling readmission of children with symptoms or positive COVID-19 tests, and establishing guidelines for temperature checks (type of thermometer, fever threshold for exclusion, when to take temperatures after the initial screening). Even though there remain gaps in COVID-19 specific information that need further research, there is an important role for pediatric health experts to provide some structured guidance based on both expert group consensus and best available evidence to assist ECE directors in operating their programs and in providing consistent messaging to parents. doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.042 id = cord-013473-8q0a33dr author = Hetherington, Erin title = Longitudinal Predictors of Self-Regulation at School Entry: Findings from the All Our Families Cohort date = 2020-10-16 keywords = child; regulation; self summary = Risk factors included income, maternal mental health, child sex, and screen time, and potential moderation by parenting and childcare. Parenting and participation in childcare do not appear to moderate the associations between lower income, maternal mental health, male sex, and screen time with child self-regulation. Overall the literature points to some clear risk factors for elements of poor self-regulation, including lower income, maternal mental health, child sex, and screen time. Overall the literature points to some clear risk factors for elements of poor self-regulation, including lower income, maternal mental health, child sex, and screen time. The purpose of this study is to identify whether modifiable factors (such as childcare and parenting behavior) moderate known risk factors including lower income, maternal mental health and child sex on child self-regulation. Contrary to expectations, neither childcare nor poor parenting moderated the associations between predictors at age 3 (income, maternal mental health, male sex, or screen time) and self-regulation at age 5. doi = 10.3390/children7100186 id = cord-314597-1q3osgk7 author = Hill, Holly A. title = Vaccination Coverage by Age 24 Months Among Children Born in 2016 and 2017 — National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2017–2019 date = 2020-10-23 keywords = child; dose summary = title: Vaccination Coverage by Age 24 Months Among Children Born in 2016 and 2017 — National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2017–2019 Immunization has been described as a "global health and development success story," and worldwide is estimated to prevent 2-3 million deaths annually.* In the United States, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) currently recommends vaccination against 14 potentially serious illnesses by the time a child reaches age 24 months (1). Considering the disruptions to health care provider operations caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, extra effort will be required to achieve and maintain high levels of coverage with routine childhood vaccinations. Considering the disruptions to health care provider operations caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, extra effort will be required to achieve and maintain high levels of coverage with routine childhood vaccinations. doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6942a1 id = cord-013401-yh8cu1hx author = Hitachi, Mami title = Improvement of Dietary Diversity and Attitude toward Recommended Feeding through Novel Community Based Nutritional Education Program in Coastal Kenya—An Intervention Study date = 2020-10-05 keywords = Kenya; Kumi; child; intervention summary = Community-based nutritional intervention to improve the practice of dietary diversity and child nutrition by community health workers (CHWs) involving Nyumba Kumi as small neighborhood units (SNUs) in communities has not yet been explored. This study aimed to prove the hypothesis that community-based nutritional educational programs cooperating with CHWs and Nyumba Kumi might effectively change the attitudes of caregivers toward feeding practices and dietary diversity for their children. To assess the variable changes per treatment group at the pre-and post-intervention periods, the mean differences of household caregiver situation (DDS and attitude score) and child nutritional status (HAZ, WAZ, and WHZ) were tested using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs. The results revealed that the interventions using CHWs and Nyumba Kumi (SNUs) were useful to improve dietary diversity and caregivers'' attitudes toward recommended feeding; however, we could not identify the effect on child nutritional status in the short observation period of the study. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17197269 id = cord-281948-xv7vuypd author = Hoang, Ansel title = COVID-19 in 7780 pediatric patients: A systematic review date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; MIS; SARS; child summary = We included published or in press peer-reviewed cross-sectional, case series, and case reports providing clinical signs, imaging findings, and/or laboratory results of pediatric patients who were positive for COVID-19. Data collected included the type of article (e.g., case series), country of origin, number of pediatric patients, demographic information, and all clinical symptoms (e. Compared to that review and other COVID-19 pediatric systematic reviews, [18À21] this manuscript has several key advantages: (1) we summarize 131 studies that includes 7780 children from 26 different countries, (2) this report synthesizes underlying pediatric medical conditions and delineates bacterial and viral coinfections, (3) we quantitatively describe clinical symptoms and imaging findings, (4) herein, we conglomerate the mean and standard deviation of frequently used laboratory analytes in COVID-19 positive children, (5) our report presents antiviral therapies by specific agents, and (6) our systematic review offers a preliminary comparison of patients with/without MIS-C. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100433 id = cord-296141-h1h18ek6 author = Hoekstra, Pieter J. title = Suicidality in children and adolescents: lessons to be learned from the COVID-19 crisis date = 2020-06-02 keywords = child; suicide summary = In a previous study, conducted in a large population cohort of seventh and tenth grade students from Korea, family conflict, being exposed to violence, and being victim of bullying were associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation [6] . A systematic review into psychosocial risk factors for suicidality in children and adolescents, also in the current issue of European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry [7] , substantiate the role of stressful life events (in interaction with vulnerability factors), most notably family conflicts, academic stressors (including bullying or exam stress), trauma, and other adverse life events (peer conflict, legal problems, physical abuse, worries about sexual orientation, romantic breakups, exposure to suicide/suicide attempts, and physical and/or sexual violence). It will be of utmost importance to learn lessons how schools may use the benefits of online teaching to decrease psychosocial risk factors associated with suicidality and to improve the mental health for large groups of children. doi = 10.1007/s00787-020-01570-z id = cord-269716-x3b0qphd author = Hopper, Lydia M. title = Problem solving flexibility across early development date = 2020-08-26 keywords = Hopper; child; old; phase; trial summary = For all children and action sequences used, in the first trial of Phase 2, 7 of the 20 2year-olds (35.00%), 14 of the 22 3-year-olds (63.64%), and 13 of the 19 4-year-olds (68.42%) used the (newly available) most efficient method (i.e., they removed only the lower two of five straws from the tube), highlighting their recognition of the changed task demands. In spite of this, after correcting for multiple comparisons, post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed no significant difference across age groups when comparing the numbers of children whose responses in the first trial of Phase 2 responses were efficient: 4-year-olds versus 2year-olds, t(35.92) = À2.41, p = .021, 95% CI [À0.68, À0.06]; 4-year-olds versus 3-year-olds, Considering all 4 trials that children completed in Phase 2, on average children removed significantly fewer straws per trial in Phase 2 than they did in Phase 1, highlighting their understanding of the changed task demands. doi = 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104966 id = cord-295575-zgta5ah8 author = Howard, Evin title = The Impact of Ambient Environmental Exposures to Microbial Products on Asthma Outcomes from Birth to Childhood date = 2019-11-28 keywords = asthma; child; study summary = The purpose of this literature review was to specifically examine asthma outcomes related to environmental exposures to microbial products, pertaining to endotoxin from bacteria-(1,3)-β-D-glucan and ergosterol from fungus, and common viruses associated with worsening asthma morbidity (rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus, and the influenza virus) during infancy, and to assess the risk of asthma development later in childhood [15] [16] [17] [18] (see Table 1 ). conducted a prospective longitudinal study examining whether early exposure to microbial products in dust was associated with allergy and asthma later in childhood for children in suburban areas using the following three birth cohort studies for children born between 1996 and 1999: [24••] , dust samples were collected from children''s mattresses, bedroom floors, and living room floors; and showed no association between endotoxin nor the fungal membrane lipid ergosterol in the development of asthma with exposure from birth to 7 years of age. doi = 10.1007/s11882-019-0890-2 id = cord-319286-xbf4zhnr author = Howie, Erin K. title = Exploring the Reliability and Validity of the TechU-Q to Evaluate Device and Purpose Specific Screen Use in Preschool Children and Parents date = 2020-08-05 keywords = child; parent; technology summary = This study surveyed parents of young children (n = 96, mean child age 3.0, SD 1.0 years) from three settings (Australia, United States) to test the reliability and validity of a new tool to capture richer data on technology use within a techno-microsystem. An important step to better understand the implications of MTSD use, and thus provide evidence to inform health and education guidelines , is the development of a reliable, valid, and feasible measure to capture family screen technology use (Saunders and Vallance 2017) . For young children, parents were asked to report the amount of time using each device for each purpose: educational activities, social networking, watching videos, playing games, and other general use. The current study aimed to establish face, content and construct validity of the TechU-Q and then to use this measure to explore the device-and purpose-specific use of technology in young children and their parents. doi = 10.1007/s10826-020-01787-1 id = cord-299781-9d5g5xaw author = Hrusak, Ondrej title = Flash Survey on SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Pediatric Patients on anti-Cancer Treatment date = 2020-04-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child summary = title: Flash Survey on SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Pediatric Patients on anti-Cancer Treatment While we should not underestimate the risk of developing a more severe course of COVID-19 than observed here, the intensity of preventive measures should not cause delays or obstructions in oncological treatment. The outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020 was identified in December, 2019. 11 To evaluate this, we used a flash survey to determine whether there was current evidence that pediatric patients with cancer in SARS-CoV-2 affected areas had been tested for this virus or had developed severe COVID-19 disease. More research is needed to better understand the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in pediatric patients with cancer or other immunocompromised children. doi = 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.03.021 id = cord-309095-ka9abe0c author = Idoiaga, Nahia title = Exploring Children’s Social and Emotional Representations of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = These results indicate the need for governments to also consider children in their management of the current situation by placing greater emphasis on social and inclusive policies to help alleviate the possible effects that they may suffer as a consequence of the pandemic and the lockdown. Thus, the main goal of this article is to study how children understand or represent the COVID-19, while observing their emotional response to the coronavirus pandemic in Spain. Amid the current COVID-19 crisis, research from China suggests that resilience should be nurtured by public health programs implemented by healthcare professionals, schools, and families in order to help children to overcome conditions of distress, and prospectively provide them with emotional and psychological support (Pettoello-Mantovani et al., 2019; Dalton et al., 2020; Jiao et al., 2020) Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org Further, given the results of our lexical similarity analysis, it is worth noting that we again observed the appearance of the emotions of fear, nervousness, sadness, happiness, calmness, boredom, and anger. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01952 id = cord-322711-u6yr8wqh author = Imran, Nazish title = Psychological burden of quarantine in children and adolescents: A rapid systematic review and proposed solutions date = 2020 keywords = COVID-19; adolescent; child; quarantine summary = This rapid review takes into account the impact of quarantine on mental health of children and adolescents, and proposes measures to improve psychological outcomes of isolation. The seven studies before onset of COVID 19 about psychological impact of quarantine in children have reported isolation, social exclusion stigma and fear among the children. 3 Uncertainties regarding pandemic itself, strict social distancing measures, widespread and prolonged school closures, parental stressors, and loss of loved ones are likely to affect children and adolescent''s wellbeing in addition to specific psychological effects of quarantine and isolation. 5 Since the COVID-19 outbreak related disease containment measures and school closure has become relevant to all affected countries around the globe, urgent evidence synthesis is needed to help policy makers understand the mental health outcomes of quarantine in children and adolescents. Thus, to summarize, this review shows considerable psychological impact of quarantine and other disease containment measures among children and adolescents. doi = 10.12669/pjms.36.5.3088 id = cord-022156-mm8en4os author = Isaiah, Amal title = Tracheal Infections date = 2015-07-14 keywords = bacterial; child; croup; uenza; viral summary = Tracheal infections have a signifi cantly lower incidence compared to infections of the upper respiratory tract, with 1-5 % of all children requiring outpatient evaluation for viral croup within the fi rst 3 years of life. In 1958, the fi rst evidence for association between croup and two newly isolated myxoviruses, parainfl uenza virus types 1 and 2, resulted in separation of two categories of cases-mild, requiring only outpatient follow up, and severe, requiring hospitalization [ 12 ] . Among other important viral pathogens causing tracheal infections, RSV was studied in isolates from sentinel practices in England and Wales from 1975 to 1990, during which an increase in mortality, by as much as 60-80 %, was observed in comparison with parainfl uenza and infl uenza viruses [ 13 ] . [ 31 ] studied the clinical courses of croup caused by parainfl uenza and infl uenza viruses to highlight the differences in morbidity caused by the different viral strains in hospitalized children. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-21744-4_12 id = cord-326328-9w2p3xla author = JENKINS, IAN A. title = Infections of the airway date = 2009-06-25 keywords = Lemierre; abscess; airway; child; figure; infection summary = Infectious mononucleosis (IM) can cause compromise of the airway ( Figure 2 ) and this has been reported in as many as 25-60% of children presenting with IM (7) (8) (9) . Although most authors since the 1960s have advocated the use of glucocorticoids to avert the need for surgical intervention, several series note that, despite steroids, 40-88% of patients with airway obstruction required tonsillectomy (7, 9) . Historically, epiglottitis has been associated primarily with Haemophilus influenzae infections, typically occurring in children aged 3 months to 5 years, with a peak incidence between 1 and 3 years, and characterized by a rapid onset of fever, drooling and stridor (47) . Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management Haemophilus influenzae type b epiglottitis as a cause of acute upper airways obstruction in children doi = 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.02999.x id = cord-344823-jl5ph260 author = Jacob, Hannah title = Safeguarding Children in a Pandemic: Pandemonium with Possibility? date = 2020-09-30 keywords = child; young summary = Hannah Jacob* Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK ''One of the biggest worries for those of us working in child health has been delayed presentations to health services'' breast feeding, immunisation, crying and sleep advice that they usually receive in the early weeks. Across the UK there has been a reduction in the number of referrals for child protection medicals (Local Government Association, 2020), despite increases in calls to Childline from children worried about the impact of coronavirus (National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 2020). Children and young people need not miss school and carers will need less time off work to attend appointments previously conducted at healthcare facilities often hours away. We must endeavour to take the learning and shreds of hope gleaned over the last few months with us as we rebuild our services, to make them even better for the children and young people who will need them so desperately over the coming years. doi = 10.1002/car.2654 id = cord-265530-hn7fi5cv author = Jansen, Danielle title = Child and adolescent health needs attention now, and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-01 keywords = child; covid-19 summary = A comparison of the seven countries in which the EUPHA Child and Adolescent Public Health section (CAPH) directorate lives and works (Denmark, Finland, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and the UK) yielded both identical policy responses, such as physical distancing and closing of schools, and differences, such as restrictions on gathering ranging from no gathering allowed (Spain) to more liberal policies allowing for up to 10 people to meet throughout the peak pandemic (Denmark and Finland). Similarly, there were interventions aimed to improve access to care, via providing online consultations (the Netherlands, Spain and Denmark) and helplines for children and adolescents with mental health problems (Denmark, Portugal). We differentiate child and adolescent public health into eight core public health priorities, all most probably affected by the pandemic (Children''s Commisioner 2018): (1) injuries, (2) mental health (3) maltreatment, (4) risky behaviors, (5) nutrition in early life and prevention of childhood and adolescent obesity, (6) vaccination uptake, (7) access to health care, and (8) inequity in child development and learning. doi = 10.1007/s00038-020-01446-8 id = cord-272125-dez1nzg4 author = Jartti, T. title = Allergic sensitization is associated with rhinovirus‐, but not other virus‐, induced wheezing in children date = 2010-10-26 keywords = HRV; RSV; child summary = A specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization for common food and aeroallergens and other atopy‐related variables including total IgE, blood and nasal eosinophils, exhaled nitric oxide, eczema and atopic eczema, parental allergy and asthma, number of wheezing episodes, positive asthma predictive index or asthma and use of inhaled corticosteroid were correlated with specific viral etiology. The number of sensitizations was particularly associated with sole rhinovirus etiology (odds ratio 4.59; 95% confidence interval 1.78, 11.8; adjusted to age and sex), followed by aeroallergen sensitization (respectively; 4.18; 2.00, 8.72), total IgE level (2.06; 1.32, 3.21), food allergen sensitization (2.02; 1.08, 3.78), and nasal eosinophil count (1.52; 1.08, 2.13). Log 10 Number of sensitizations were particularly associated with sole HRV etiology (odds ratio 4.59; adjusted to age and sex), followed by aeroallergen sensitization (respectively, 4.18), total IgE level (2.06), food allergen sensitization (2.02), and nasal eosinophil count (1.52) (p < 0.05 for all, Fig. 1b , Table S2 ). doi = 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01059.x id = cord-353519-cmeociax author = Jay Miller, J. title = Child Welfare Workers and Peritraumatic Distress: The Impact of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; child; welfare; worker summary = This exploratory study examined COVID-19 related peritraumatic distress among child welfare workers (N=1,996) in one southeastern state in the United States (U.S.). Sexual orientation, self-reported physical and mental health, relationship status, supervision status, and financial stability impacted distress levels experienced by child welfare workers. In a broader review of six articles published about the impact of COVID on healthcare workers, Spoorthy, Pratapa, and Mahant (2020) concluded that factors such as gender, age, and lack of social support, among others, were linked to stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among study participants. Research Question 1: What are COVID-19 related peritraumatic distress levels among child welfare workers? This study is likely the first to examine COVID-19 related distress among child welfare workers. In addition, though exploratory, the study has a more than adequate sample size of child welfare workers and examines the concept of peritraumatic distress related to the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105508 id = cord-347033-ha095nwp author = Jethwani, Pratap title = Management of children and adolescents having type 1 diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic in India: challenges and solutions date = 2020-09-15 keywords = T1DM; child summary = title: Management of children and adolescents having type 1 diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic in India: challenges and solutions The Research Society of Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI) has circulated the contact numbers of nodal persons of insulin manufacturers and supporting programs to people having T1DM and their doctors through email and social media. Proposed solutions: Every child and adolescent with T1DM should be educated about sick day management rules at frequent intervals during lockdown with the help of information booklets and videos through social and digital media. Proposed solutions: Emergency preparedness plans can help children and adolescents having T1DM and their families in managing diabetes better during such emergencies. Proposed solutions: Telemedicine guidelines, by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, may be followed to provide medical support to them for issues related to insulin dose adjustment and management of their complications [19] . doi = 10.1007/s13410-020-00865-w id = cord-353214-qo98m7jx author = Jhaveri, Ravi title = Fever Without Localizing Signs date = 2017-07-18 keywords = child; febrile; infection summary = 19 Among 233 infants who were born at term with no perinatal complications or underlying diseases, who had not received antibiotics, and who were hospitalized for fever and possible septicemia, 144 (62%) were considered unlikely to have a serious bacterial infection and fulfilled all of the following criteria: no clinical evidence of infection of the ear, skin, bones, or joints; white blood cell (WBC) count between 5000 and 15,000/mm 3 ; less than 1500 band cells/mm 3 ; and normal urinalysis results. Some clinicians adhere to a protocol of treating all young infants with fever and no apparent focus of infection with broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents administered intravenously in the hospital until the results of cultures of the blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are known. 34 Studies performed in that era showed that some children 3 months of age or older with fever who did not appear to be toxic and who had no apparent focus of infection had bacteremia, most often due to S. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-40181-4.00014-1 id = cord-315860-9j667c03 author = Jullien, Sophie title = Pneumonia in children admitted to the national referral hospital in Bhutan: A prospective cohort study date = 2020-04-10 keywords = Bhutan; child; pneumonia summary = METHODS: This prospective study enrolled children aged 2–59 months admitted to the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital with World Health Organization (WHO)-defined clinical pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Respiratory viral infections predominated among this cohort of WHO-defined clinical pneumonia cases, whereas bacterial aetiologies were uncommon, highlighting the epidemiologic transition that Bhutan seems to have reached. We conducted this prospective hospital-based observational study to describe the epidemiology, aetiology, and clinical and radiological presentation of World Health Organization (WHO)defined pneumonia among children aged between 2 and 59 months admitted to the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital in Thimphu. All children aged 2-59 months hospitalized with WHO-defined pneumonia (irrespective of severity) were eligible for recruitment (World Health Organization, 2014) (see Box 1). Causes of severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission in children without HIV infection from Africa and Asia: the PERCH multi-country case-control study doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.017 id = cord-310998-zchtu6cm author = Kalash, Danny A. title = How COVID-19 Deepens Child Oral Health Inequities date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = Well before the coronavirus, U.S. children in poverty, from low-income families, or racial and ethnic minorities, overrepresented our national dental disease burden. 3 When compounded with social barriers, the chronic and cumulative consequences of child oral disease contribute to wider health inequities through the life course. 5 By abruptly pausing the provision of child dental care, COVID-19 adds delays to time-sensitive treatment, worsens the status of already significant decay, and further overburdens our previously strained dental safety net including community health centers, federally qualified health centers, and hospitals. 6 COVID-19''s spread refocuses our attention to those social inequities, perpetuated by deficient federal and state policies, which carry both direct and unintended consequences for child oral health. This forces families to prioritize only absolute necessities -like food, shelter, and utilities -and neglect or delay other expenses, including parent or child oral health care or hygiene supplies. Dr. Kalash did not report any disclosures. doi = 10.1016/j.adaj.2020.05.015 id = cord-253251-i79h14f7 author = Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin title = An investigation of district spatial variations of childhood diarrhoea and fever morbidity in Malawi date = 2005-09-01 keywords = Malawi; child; diarrhoea; effect summary = In particular, the results suggest that children living in the capital city are less affected by fever, although this is not true for diarrhoea, where some urban agglomerations are associated with a higher childhood morbidity risk. The study applied Bayesian statistical and geo-statistical techniques to the 2000 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data of Malawi with location (district) attributes and other information to answer specific questions about geographic inequalities in childhood disease prevalence. To gain an understanding of the geographic variation or patterns based on the observed morbidity prevalence, a Bayesian hierarchical model was fitted, with the inclusion of spatial (district) and nonlinear metrical (mother''s and child''s age) covariates. Geo-additive logistic models were used (on the probability of a child having diarrhoea and fever during the reference period) to determine the socio-economic and demographic variables that are associated with the ailments while simultaneously controlling for spatial dependence in the data and possible nonlinear effects of covariates. doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.028 id = cord-274643-vjb2yt93 author = Kang, G. title = Viral Diarrhea date = 2008-08-26 keywords = child; diarrhea; gastroenteritis; infection; virus summary = Of the ''non-group A'' rotaviruses, group B rotavirus has been identified in epidemic outbreaks of severe diarrhea in adults in China and in symptomatic infections in children. Between 20% and 50% of cases of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus in hospitals are considered to be of nosocomial origin, and nosocomial viral enteric infections have been documented in up to 6% of children admitted for more than 72 hours in both developed and developing countries. Rotaviruses induce a clinical illness characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, fever, and dehydration (or a combination of some of these symptoms) that occurs primarily in infants and young children and may lead to hospitalization for rehydration therapy. Studies in adult volunteers indicate that people with detectable levels of antibodies do not develop the illness, although epidemiological observations suggest that human astrovirus infections do not induce heterotypic immunity, as an episode of astrovirus diarrhea is not associated with a reduced incidence of a subsequent episode. doi = 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00571-2 id = cord-314390-q36ye9ff author = Kang, Gagandeep title = Viral Diarrhea date = 2016-10-24 keywords = child; diarrhea; gastroenteritis; infection; virus summary = Of the ''non-group A'' rotaviruses, group B rotavirus has been identified in epidemic outbreaks of severe diarrhea in adults in China and in symptomatic infections in children. Between 20% and 50% of cases of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus in hospitals are considered to be of nosocomial origin, and nosocomial viral enteric infections have been documented in up to 6% of children admitted for >72 h in both developed and developing countries. Rotaviruses induce a clinical illness characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, fever, and dehydration (or a combination of some of these symptoms) that occurs primarily in infants and young children and may lead to hospitalization for rehydration therapy. Studies in adult volunteers indicate that people with detectable levels of antibodies do not develop the illness, although epidemiological observations suggest that human astrovirus infections may not induce heterotypic immunity, as an episode of astrovirus diarrhea is not associated with a reduced incidence of a subsequent episode. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00486-0 id = cord-297241-ajy2wi51 author = Katz, Carmit title = Invisible children and non-essential workers: Child protection during COVID-19 in Israel according to policy documents and media coverage date = 2020-10-06 keywords = COVID-19; Israel; child summary = title: Invisible children and non-essential workers: Child protection during COVID-19 in Israel according to policy documents and media coverage OBJECTIVE: Examine child protection in Israel during COVID-19, as portrayed in mainstream news media and government policy documents. CONCLUSION: Children were initially invisible to Israeli policymakers facing the pandemic, highlighting the centrality of advocates promoting children''s rights and of mainstream news media in disseminating the discourse of protecting children from maltreatment, especially in times of crisis. Through an analysis of official government policy documents as well as media coverage, the current study seeks to answer the following questions: (1) What were the government''s policies with respect to protecting children from maltreatment during COVID-19? Parallel to the neglect of children in published policy documents, child protection advocates led a media campaign targeting the public and policymakers, which highlighted the need to provide children and families at risk with services. doi = 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104770 id = cord-283667-jqlz7yt8 author = Katz, Sophie E. title = Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the United States Changing Epidemiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges, and Areas for Future Research date = 2018-03-31 keywords = CAP; United; child; pneumonia summary = That study used traditional culture methods, pneumolysin-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, viral direct fluorescent antibody tests, and serologic tests for viruses, Mycoplasma spp, and Chlamydia spp to identify pathogens in 154 hospitalized children with radiographically confirmed lower respiratory infections at a single institution. A majority of patients (60%) were noted to have infection with typical respiratory bacteria (most commonly, Streptococcus pneumoniae, detected in 73% of children with documented bacterial disease), with viruses identified in 45% of children. The multicenter Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community (EPIC) Study was a prospective, population-based surveillance study of greater than 2300 pediatric CAP hospitalizations in the United States conducted from 2010 to 2012. To evaluate the impact of CRP in the etiologic diagnosis of pneumonia, a meta-analysis of 8 studies with more than 1200 children with viral or bacterial causes of CAP demonstrated that CRP levels greater than or equal to 40 mg/L to 60 mg/L were associated with only a 64% positive predictive value for identifying children with bacterial pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2017.11.002 id = cord-310534-ng6321hh author = Kaushik, Ashlesha title = COVID-19 in Children: Clinical Approach and Management- Correspondence date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = We would like to commend the authors for a timely and succinct article on approach to management of pediatric COVID-19, providing essential and practical guidance to clinicians, and would like to comment on the management of COVID-19 in light of recent evidence, available studies and guidelines. The therapeutic approach for managing critically ill patients with Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/ respiratory failure centers around lung protection with low tidal volumes, high positive end-expiratory pressures and fluid restriction. A recent multicenter expert pediatric guidance panel has recommended Remdesivir as the preferred antiviral agent in children if available [3] . HCQS has been shown to be effective against SARS CoV-2 in in-vitro studies, considered relatively safe in children, and is also suggested by authors in the management approach. But in regions where Remdesivir is not available, either Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Hydroxychloroquine (or Chloroquine) maybe used in children with severe disease (preferably as a part of clinical trial). doi = 10.1007/s12098-020-03374-0 id = cord-261938-ls363vud author = Khan, Farah title = Refugee and Migrant Children’s Mental Healthcare: Serving the Voiceless, Invisible, and the Vulnerable Global Citizens date = 2020-08-22 keywords = child; health; mental; refugee summary = In assessing medical fitness and healthcare mediations for refugees and migrant children, special consideration should be given to certain areas such as their distinct history, whether they are with their family or separated or unaccompanied, and whether they have been peddled or have been left behind. Children''s right to medical care is guaranteed by all the world leaders and Member States of the WHO European Region and is compiled in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), a convention guaranteeing the highest attainable standard of healthcare and treatment of illness and rehabilitation of the refugee, migrant, and asylum-seeking children similar to the children native to the host country [3] . A study reports of unaccompanied refugee and migrant children who were arriving in Germany with multidrug-resistant bacteria colonization at higher rates, and other records of a surge of measles, which is vaccine-preventable, have also been seen in asylum-seeking juveniles [14, 15] . doi = 10.7759/cureus.9944 id = cord-328709-bqf3d6r3 author = Khan, Mariam S. title = Paid Family Leave and Children Health Outcomes in OECD Countries date = 2020-07-18 keywords = OECD; child; leave; pay summary = Many OECD countries, except for the United States, have adopted paid family leave and a large body of literature has examined the effect of these leave policies on health outcomes for children. While the important role of caregivers during the neonatal period is clear, most research has examined the impact of employment leave after birth for mothers-with little to no work focusing on the impact of paid paternity leave on health outcomes of children. To address this gap, this study examines the separate effects of paid maternity and paternity leave policies on the health outcomes of children in OECD countries during the period of 1990 to 2016. The findings of this study are beneficial in understanding the lagged impact of paid family leave, including maternity and paternity leave, on the health outcomes of children. doi = 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105259 id = cord-313258-luiw46zj author = Kim, Joon Hwan title = Clinical risk factors associated with the development of wheezing in children less than 2 years of age who required hospitalization for viral lower respiratory tract infections date = 2015-07-22 keywords = Kim; child; wheeze summary = CONCLUSION: Past and parental history of allergic diseases, past history of hospitalization for respiratory illnesses, exposure to secondhand smoke at home, and total eosinophil count were closely associated with the development of wheezing in children <2 years of age who required hospitalization for viral LRTIs. Clinicians should take these factors into consideration when treating, counseling, and monitoring young children admitted for viral LRTIs. Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are common in early childhood and are mostly caused by respiratory viruses. The present study showed that past and parental history of allergic diseases, past history of hospitalization for respiratory illnesses, exposure to secondhand smoke at home, and serum total eosinophil count were independently associated with the development of wheezing in children <2 years of age who had viral lower respiratory infections requiring hospitalization. doi = 10.3345/kjp.2015.58.7.245 id = cord-259501-iggw1exl author = Kim, Yong Yean title = Acute Respiratory Illness in Rural Haiti date = 2019-02-14 keywords = Haiti; child summary = Earlier studies in resource-poor settings have identified Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B and Staphylococcus aureus as important bacterial causes of ARI, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Influenza as important viral causes (Rudan et al., 2008) . A multicountry study that included Haiti showed that agents detected in hospitalized children less than 5 years of age who had pneumonia included RSV, Influenza A and B, Parainfluenza viruses, Adenovirus and Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) (Bénet et al., 2017) . Analysis of specific viral or bacterial agents detected showed more children with FluA or FluB had LRTI (33%) compared to URTI (15%) [ Table 5 ]. The overall findings of RV as the most common virus detected followed by Influenza in Haiti is comparable to that found in studies of children in other tropical, resource-poor countries (Hoffman et al., 2012; Schlaudecker et al., 2012; Taylor et al., 2017) . doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.003 id = cord-016596-hxr0n1jd author = Kivekäs, Ilkka title = Epiglottitis, Acute Laryngitis, and Croup date = 2018-05-04 keywords = airway; child; epiglottitis summary = Epiglottitis, acute laryngitis, and croup are infections of the upper airway, affecting the epiglottis, larynx, and larynx and trachea, respectively. influenzae type b caused most cases of epiglottitis and the disease primarily affected children younger than 5 years old. In a study of 61 patients in the vaccine era (60 adults, 1 child), only 21% required airway intervention (11 intubations, 2 tracheotomies) [12] . An upper respiratory tract infection is the most common cause of acute laryngitis and nearly all cases are viral. Epiglottitis, acute laryngitis, and croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) are infections of the upper airway, affecting the epiglottis, larynx, and larynx and trachea, respectively. Epiglottitis, acute laryngitis, and croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) are infections of the upper airway, affecting the epiglottis, larynx, and larynx and trachea, respectively. Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection, while viruses cause nearly all cases of acute laryngitis and croup. Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection, while viruses cause nearly all cases of acute laryngitis and croup. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-74835-1_20 id = cord-312615-q333qgps author = Knobbe, Rebecca B title = Pathogens Causing Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Less Than 5 Years of Age in Senegal date = 2019-12-30 keywords = Senegal; case; child; respiratory summary = The aim of this study was to identity the various respiratory pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections in children below 5 years of age visiting a sub-urban primary care clinic in Senegal. CONCLUSIONS: This case-control study in a primary care setting in sub-Saharan Africa found influenza virus A and B, RSV, and S pneumoniae to be the main causes of acute respiratory tract infections in children below 5 years of age. Therefore, the aim of this case-control study was to investigate the prevalence of the different viruses and bacteria colonizing the airways and their association with the occurrence of ARTIs and severity of disease in children less than 5 years of age, visiting a sub-urban primary care clinic in Dakar, Senegal. This case-control study investigates the prevalence of the different viruses and bacteria colonizing the airways and their 6 Microbiology Insights association with the occurrence of ARTIs in children visiting a sub-urban primary care clinic in Senegal. doi = 10.1177/1178636119890885 id = cord-312835-a60bkohc author = Kohli, Utkarsh title = Fulminant myocarditis and atrial fibrillation in child with acute COVID-19 date = 2020-10-18 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = COVID-19 has manifested with ventricular dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias, most commonly atrial fibrillation (AFib), in adults. We report a 15 year-old girl with acute COVID-19, fulminant myocarditis and AFib. Serum pro-NT BNP, inflammatory markers and high sensitivity troponin concentration were all markedly elevated (Supplement 1). While ventricular dysfunction and the whole gamut of arrhythmias have been reported in adults with acute COVID-19 [1] , pediatric patients have either been asymptomatic or have mostly manifested with mild respiratory illness [2] . Rare pediatric patients with COVID-19 have presented with ventricular dysfunction [3] ; however, arrhythmias such as AFib, which are exceedingly rare in otherwise healthy children, have not been reported in children with acute COVID-19 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . In a recently published single center pediatric series (n=36), nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (n=5) and sustained atrial tachycardia (n=1) were noted in approximately 17 % of children with acute COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2020.10.004 id = cord-263556-y8vx4ie2 author = Koistinen, Annamari title = Prednisolone for the first rhinovirus‐induced wheezing and 4‐year asthma risk: A randomized trial date = 2017-08-06 keywords = asthma; child; rhinovirus summary = Based on our previous findings, 8, 9 we hypothesized that in children with high rhinovirus genome load, the effect of OCS is likely to last beyond 12 months by reducing the need for initiation of long-term asthma control medication. Second, in the placebo group, asthma risk was high: regular asthma control medication was initiated to all children with high rhinovirus genome load during the subsequent 14 months after the first acute rhinovirus-induced wheezing episode. No difference was found in overall analysis F I G U R E 3 The time to initiation of asthma control medication in children randomized to receive prednisolone or placebo for the first rhinovirus-induced wheezing episode. 9 In summary, early systemic short-course prednisolone treatment may be beneficial in reducing the risk for asthma control medication during the first 5 years in first-time wheezing preschool children whose episode was severe and associated with high rhinovirus genome load. doi = 10.1111/pai.12749 id = cord-265112-fjn05uag author = Koistinen, Annamari title = Vitamin D, virus etiology, and atopy in first‐time wheezing children in Finland date = 2014-12-29 keywords = child summary = A few studies of young children without wheezing, or of older children, have reported an inverse association between the 25OHD level and atopic dermatitis or severity of atopic dermatitis (2, 7, 8) . Besides atopy, a low 25OHD concentration has been reported to be associated with increased susceptibility to acute respiratory infection (9). (9) reported that low serum 25OHD levels are associated with increased risk of acute respiratory infections. In conclusion, in wheezing children receiving vitamin D supplement of 400 IU per day with mean 25OHD level of 86 nmol/l (IQR 71-101 nmol/l), the 25OHD level was not associated with rhinovirus, RSV or bocavirus infection, virus coinfection, atopy, or severity of illness. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of viral coinfections in wheezing children Additional associations between patient characteristics and serum 25OHD concentration Appendix S1. doi = 10.1111/pai.12308 id = cord-312266-hnbgaxft author = Krishnamurthy, A. title = Current therapeutics and prophylactic approaches to treat pneumonia date = 2016-08-05 keywords = CAP; antibiotic; child; pneumonia summary = The Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are increasingly available in both developed as well as developing countries, especially the 7-and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines which have shown effectiveness in reducing the incidence and severity of pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections in children. 61 The efficacy of ribavirin for the treatment of RSV CAP in infants is debatable, as certain in vitro studies have shown activity of ribavirin against RSV, but its usage for RSV infection is not routinely recommended in the management of lower respiratory tract disease because of the high cost, aerosol administration, and possible toxic effects among healthcare providers. 90 Zabofloxacin: is being developed as a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is a potent and selective inhibitor of the essential bacterial type II topoisomerases and topoisomerase IV and is indicated for community-acquired respiratory infections due to Gram-positive bacteria. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-804543-5.00017-8 id = cord-335055-gzuug3p5 author = Kwiyolecha, Elizabeth title = Patterns of viral pathogens causing upper respiratory tract infections among symptomatic children in Mwanza, Tanzania date = 2020-10-28 keywords = URTI; child; respiratory; study summary = title: Patterns of viral pathogens causing upper respiratory tract infections among symptomatic children in Mwanza, Tanzania Therefore, there is a paramount need to establish information on the common etiologies of RTIs in Tanzania, the information that can stimulate further studies and possible control interventions including introduction of cheap and reliable methods to detect these pathogens in clinical settings. In addition due to increased use of antibiotic without a support of a diagnostic test in the treatment of URTI as observed in number of previous studies [11] [12] [13] , make the availability of epidemiological data on the patterns of etiology of URTI of paramount important. A cross sectional hospital based study involving 339 children aged 1-59 months presenting with RTI symptoms was conducted from October 2017 to February 2018 in the city of Mwanza, Tanzania. A previous study 33 , documented Rhinovirus to cause up to 25-85% of the upper respiratory tract infections. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-74555-2 id = cord-327493-v2iatbol author = Kwon, Hyo Jin title = Clinical manifestations of respiratory adenoviral infection among hospitalized children in Korea date = 2013-08-05 keywords = child; infection; respiratory summary = BACKGROUND: The objective of our study was to understand the epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory adenoviral infections among children at a single institution over the course of several years. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that respiratory adenovirus infections are an important cause of hospitalization in young children, and contribute to a significant morbidity. The study was performed to more fully characterize the epidemiological pattern, clinical features and complications associated with hospitalization for adenoviral infection in Korean children. Adenovirus was associated with a wide variety of diagnoses, ranging from upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) to severe pneumonia and encephalitis ( Table 1 ). 22 reported that 70% of hospitalized children with adenoviral infection had pneumonia, while our results revealed a significant proportion of patients (45.4%) with URTI. Lower respiratory tract infections due to adenovirus in hospitalized Korean children: epidemiology, clinical features, and prognosis doi = 10.1111/ped.12108 id = cord-255351-vp19ydce author = Lanata, Claudio F. title = Global Causes of Diarrheal Disease Mortality in Children <5 Years of Age: A Systematic Review date = 2013-09-04 keywords = child; pathogen; study summary = We present the results of a systematic literature review of studies of diarrhea etiology in hospitalized children and use these results to estimate the global burden of diarrhea mortality by pathogen for children under 5 years of age for 2011. From 22 643 citations identified in the electronic search, 1 003 articles were selected for further evaluation (Fig. 1) ; 840 articles were excluded because they had one or more of the exclusion criteria (About 35% because they were not longitudinal studies or inappropriate laboratory methods were used, 31% because no data was given for children ,5 years of age, 23% for studies that lasted less than 12 months of duration, and the rest because data were reported after rotavirus vaccine introduction, duplicate publications or reporting results on a pathogen not included in our list). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0072788 id = cord-332404-va3rxy5p author = Landeros, A. title = An Examination of School Reopening Strategies during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic date = 2020-08-06 keywords = SARS; child; figure summary = Using a stratified Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Removed model, we explore the influences of reduced class density, transmission mitigation (such as the use of masks, desk shields, frequent surface cleaning, or outdoor instruction), and viral detection on cumulative prevalence. Given transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs through respiratory droplets, any reopening policy must adequately reduce crowded environments at school to protect children, teachers, staff, and ultimately communities. A recent study on the effects of school closure in March in the U.S. suggests that it reduced COVID-19 cases in states with low cumulative incidence [2] , yet education researchers worry that teachers will face lagging educational development of children once schools reopen due to the extended period of remote learning [11] . Our simulations with a single cohort indicate that a 5% percent threshold policy can shift infections in children from 80% to 55% over a 6 month period when child-to-child transmission rates in school are high ( Figure 3C ). doi = 10.1101/2020.08.05.20169086 id = cord-018111-5qx8tolv author = Lanski, Steven L. title = Emergency Care date = 2015-03-28 keywords = child; injury; laceration summary = • Bradycardia-most common pre-arrest rhythm in children with hypotension, hypoxemia and acidosis (Fig. 3 ) -Sinus bradycardia • Maybe non-pathologic in case of well conditioned individuals like athletes • Causes include: hypothermia, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, hypothyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, toxic ingestion, head injury with raised ICP • Treatment-identify cause and treating that condition • HR < 60 bpm in a child who is a well-ventilated patient, but showing poor perfusion, chest compression should be initiated • If HR remains below 60 despite adequate ventilation and oxygenation, then epinephrine or atropine (0.02 mg/kg-0.1 mg min and 0.5 mg max) should be given • Symptomatic bradycardia unchanged by above may require pacing • AV mode blocks -First degree-prolonged PR interval • Generally asymptomatic -Second degree-2 types doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-10115-6_5 id = cord-354993-gdz63spj author = Larcher, Victor title = Children of COVID-19: pawns, pathfinders or partners? date = 2020-06-05 keywords = child; covid-19 summary = 1 Covid-19 infection has been comparatively benign in children, but there is mounting evidence that their health and welfare have been aversely affected by social measures to control the pandemic. Ethical guidance so far issued makes no specific provision or concession for children-or indeed any vulnerable group, or those with instrumental value to society, 3 but is founded on the principle of equal concern and respect. 8 This Convention would apply to children''s involvement in the recovery from lockdown, for example, return to school, even if a consequence was of significant concomitant benefit to adults such as the ability of parents to return to work, improvement of family social circumstances and mental health. It would also encourage the more active involvement of children in the process, be compatible with participation rights as granted by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNRC) and give participants a sense of inclusivity and partnership that would be of social utility. doi = 10.1136/medethics-2020-106465 id = cord-324752-t50bg7pq author = Lavery, Michael Joseph title = Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 in children (and adults): A virus that does not discriminate date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child summary = COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a beta coronavirus with a characteristic S-glycoprotein ''spike'' on the cell surface.(1) Initial reports did not include cutaneous manifestations as a feature of COVID-19; however, there is a growing repertoire of reports demonstrating an array of dermatologic manifestations on the skin in children and adults. Dermatologic afflictions have been summarized into different categories several times, with the most recent analysis identifying six clinical patterns: urticaria, maculopapular-morbilliform eruption, papulovesicular exanthem, chilblain-like acral pattern, livedo reticularis-livedo racemose pattern, and purpuric ''vasculitic'' pattern.(2) In children, the dermatologic features appear to occur before or concomitantly with other COVID-19 manifestations. 24 Recently, nail changes have been identified in patients with COVID-19 manifesting as a convex half-moon shaped erythematous band at the distal margin of the lunula and coined ''the red half-moon nail sign.'' 25, 26 In the United Kingdom (UK), researchers analyzed data from users of the COVID Symptom Study application and noted 8.8% of 336,847 users, with a positive SARS-CoV-2 viral swab, reported a skin eruption. doi = 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.10.020 id = cord-274443-r6ponjr4 author = Lawson, Monica title = Child Maltreatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Consequences of Parental Job Loss on Psychological and Physical Abuse Towards Children date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; abuse; child summary = Guided by an ecological approach and the family stress and stress and coping models of child maltreatment, the potential buffering role of parental positive cognitive reframing on the association between parental job loss and psychological maltreatment and physical abuse was evaluated among parents of 4-to 10-year-olds living in the United States. Among parents who lost their jobs because of COVID-19 related economic downturns, the probability of psychologically maltreating and physically abusing their children was anticipated to decrease as positive reframing increased. Consistent with the study hypotheses and prior observations of increased rates of child abuse during economic crises (Brooks-Gunn et al., 2013; Schenck-Fontaine et al., 2017) , the current investigation identified parental job loss during the COVID-19 pandemic as a robust predictor of psychological maltreatment and physical abuse towards children during the pandemic. The finding that positive cognitive reframing served as a protective buffer against the effect of job loss on physical abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic is consistent with our hypothesis and the stress and coping model of child maltreatment. doi = 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104709 id = cord-019089-oots4fe4 author = Laya, Bernard F. title = Infections date = 2013-08-31 keywords = Fig; child; infection; pneumonia summary = Imaging can also help evaluate complications to pneumonia and exclude other causes of respiratory distress including underlying developmental anomalies, foreign body, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and aspiration. Viruses are the most frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia in infants older than 4 months and in preschool-aged children, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most common. For school-aged children (6-16 years old), the incidence of bacterial infections from Streptococcus increases, although viral disease remains the most common cause (Condon 1991 ; Ostapchuk et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes 30 % of lower respiratory tract infections in school-aged children (Condon 1991 ; Donnelly 2001 ) . However, lung parenchymal, pleural, and lymph node infl ammatory abnormalities can be visualized and characterized by MRI in children with pulmonary infections. Swine-origin infl uenza A (H1N1) viral infection in children: initial chest radiographic fi ndings doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-35573-8_13 id = cord-264651-cqxmpxyq author = Lee, Shawna J. title = Parenting Activities and the Transition to Home-based Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; U.S.; child; home; parent summary = During previous global health crises, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and influenza A (H1N1), research documented issues related to school closures such as conflicts between parental work responsibilities and child care needs, lack of effective communication between parents and schools, and a lack of inclusive procedures to provide students access to needed resources and services (Boon et al., 2011; Braunack-Mayer et al., 2013; O''Sullivan et al., 2009 ). To the best of our knowledge, to date there are no national estimates of how many parents were able to use online resources to provide at-home education for their children during the time period examined in the current study (April 2020). We present qualitative analyses using thematic content coding to examine parents'' responses to open-ended questions about common daily disruptions, the use of technology for children''s education, parents'' perceived changes in child behavior, and parents'' perceptions of what children need during the pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105585 id = cord-295260-te2jz2gn author = Leino, Annamari title = Pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity 4 years after the first virus-induced wheezing date = 2018-10-08 keywords = IOS; child; function summary = Two studies have shown that wheezing at young age, induced by rhinovirus, may be associated with decreased pulmonary function or increased airway reactivity later in childhood. Vinku2 is the first study to investigate the associations between the patient characteristics of the first acute severe virus-induced wheezing episode and the subsequent pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity. Atopic sensitization diagnosed during the first acute severe wheezing episode was associated with increased bronchial reactivity and reduced lung function at preschool age. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the associations between the patient characteristics of the first acute severe virus-induced wheezing episode and the subsequent pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity later in childhood. In conclusion, atopic sensitization diagnosed during the first acute severe wheezing episode was associated with increased bronchial reactivity and reduced lung function at preschool age. doi = 10.1111/all.13593 id = cord-329499-jh4pbqxu author = Leulseged, T. W. title = COVID-19 in Hospitalized Ethiopian Children: Characteristics and Outcome Profile date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; November; child summary = Aim: To assess the characteristics and outcome profile of 115 RT-PCR confirmed children with COVID-19, and to determine the presence of significant difference in disease severity and survival distribution between groups among children admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia. Therefore, in this study we aimed to assess the characteristics and outcome profile of 115 RT-PCR confirmed children with COVID-19, and to determine the presence of significant difference in disease severity and survival distribution between groups among children admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia. Based on the chi-square/ Fischer''s exact test result, a significant difference in COVID-19 disease severity was observed among the groups classified by the presence of symptom, fever, cough, sore throat, chest pain and headache. Therefore, in this study we have assessed the characteristics and outcome profile of 90 RT-PCR confirmed children with COVID-19 who were admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia from end of June to mid September, 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.30.20223115 id = cord-253502-v2hh3w3r author = Leung, C.W. title = Clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in children date = 2004-11-05 keywords = PCR; SARS; acute; child; respiratory; severe summary = doi = 10.1016/j.prrv.2004.07.010 id = cord-323941-6rdveab3 author = Levine, Diane Thembekile title = Child safety, protection, and safeguarding in the time of COVID-19 in Great Britain: Proposing a conceptual framework date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = While the pandemic clearly poses a risk to the lives and wellbeing of vulnerable groups, necessary public health measures taken to delay or limit the spread of the virus have led to distinctive challenges for prevention, family support, court processes, placement and alternative care. The UK Government''s efforts to address child vulnerability and provide protection and support for those children and young people who fall within its narrow definition have greatly impacted the way in which social services have delivered routine practice. In contrast, the aspirational conceptual framework re-frames the flow of information in a way that enables: a) a more holistic and child-led flow of information/data across the micro and macrosystems; b) places child development and their articulation of that development in a crucial, intersectional position in the data flow; c) suggests a single data flow through the interconnected systems intended to act as protective factors for vulnerable/at risk children and young people, and; d) recognises the importance of effective digital mediation of services for those who need it most. doi = 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104668 id = cord-002227-x1ddi8wg author = Li, Wanli title = Emergency treatment and nursing of children with severe pneumonia complicated by heart failure and respiratory failure: 10 case reports date = 2016-07-29 keywords = child; pneumonia; respiratory; severe summary = In the process of nursing children with severe pneumonia, intensive care was provided, including condition assessment and diagnosis, close observation of disease, keeping the airway unblocked, rational oxygen therapy, prevention and treatment of respiratory and circulatory failure, support of vital organs, complications, and health education. As a result, severe pneumonia produces corresponding clinical symptoms, such as respiratory failure, heart failure, toxic encephalopathy and intestinal paralysis, which endanger the lives of children in the short term, and is the first cause of death of pediatric inpatients (6, 7) . Type I respiratory failure also refers to the coexistence of hypoxemia and hypercapnia, impairment of ventilatory function and gas exchange functions, severe lung lesion, obstruction of trachea and bronchia caused by sticky secretions, blood change of PaO 2 <60 mmHg, and PaCO 2 >50 mmHg. Main clinical manifestations of children patients with type I pneumonia with respiratory failure include, poor mental state or dysphoria, polypnea, cyanosis of lips, dyspnea, nasal flaring and three depression signs. doi = 10.3892/etm.2016.3558 id = cord-269087-f9hyntvf author = Li, X. title = A Mini Review on Current Clinical and Research Findings for Children Suffering from COVID-19 date = 2020-04-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child; patient summary = Results: We included 25 published literature references related to the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, accessary examination, treatment, and prognosis of pediatric patients with COVID-19. The risk factors which may suggest severe or critical progress for children are: Fast respiratory rate and/or; lethargy and drowsiness mental state and/or; lactate progressively increasing and/or; imaging showed bilateral or multi lobed infiltration, pleural effusion or rapidly expending of lesions in a short period of time and/or; less than 3 months old or those who underly diseases. To help better understand how it would affect children and what is the latest specific clinical and research finding on children with it, we provide a mini-review based on 25 literature references covering the fields of epidemiology, clinical manifestation, accessary examination, treatment, and prognosis of pediatric patients with COVID-19. According to the current literature on the pediatric cases, children confirmed with COVID-19 mostly had good prognosis, with considerably less severe to critical progress (5.9%) as compared to adult patients (18.5%). doi = 10.1101/2020.03.30.20044545 id = cord-288930-h13cxuh3 author = Lim, Faye J title = Viral Etiology and the Impact of Codetection in Young Children Presenting With Influenza-Like Illness date = 2016-07-20 keywords = child; infection; virus summary = METHODS: Children aged 6 to 59 months who presented to a tertiary pediatric hospital between influenza seasons 2008 and 2012 with fever and acute respiratory symptoms were enrolled, and nasal samples were collected. We compared demographics, presenting symptoms, and clinical outcomes of children with a single-virus infection and those in whom 2 or more viruses were detected (virus-virus codetection). With this study, we describe the virology of ARTI in children aged 6 months to 4 years who presented to a tertiary pediatric hospital in Australia with influenza-like illness during influenza season. We conclude that the impact of virus-virus codetection on disease severity in children who present with influenza-like illness is likely to be limited to those infected with specific pathogen pairs. Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children doi = 10.1093/jpids/piw042 id = cord-274834-24v2b509 author = Lima, Rosiane title = Establishment of a pediatric COVID-19 biorepository: unique considerations and opportunities for studying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; MIS; SARS; child summary = Although the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is less clinically apparent, collecting high-quality biospecimens from infants, children, and adolescents in a standardized manner during the COVID-19 pandemic is essential to establish a biologic understanding of the disease in the pediatric population. METHODS: A COVID-19 biospecimen collection study was implemented with strategic enrollment guidelines to include patients seen in urgent care clinics and hospital settings, neonates born to SARS-CoV-2 infected mothers, and asymptomatic children. Specific questions that must be addressed revolve around the role children play in viral transmission, differences in pediatric viral susceptibility and immune responses, which could guide potential therapies for adults, the impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on fetal development, and factors driving the development of severe hyperinflammatory shock and cardiac damage seen in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). In order to capture the full range of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric population, a COVID-19 biospecimen collection study was designed and implemented, including patients seen in urgent care clinics and hospital settings, neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers, and asymptomatic children. doi = 10.1186/s12874-020-01110-y id = cord-016130-5q9ufu28 author = Linday, Linda A. title = Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States date = 2010-12-17 keywords = States; United; child; cod; liver; oil; study; vitamin summary = Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children''s multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. This chapter discusses the role of essential fatty acids, vitamins, and trace metals in the pathophysiology of inflammation; reviews our clinical research on the use of a lemon-flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children''s chewable multivitamin-mineral with Se for the prevention and adjunctive treatment of these disorders; reviews the history of cod liver oil, including its importance in the discovery of vitamin D and the anti-infective properties of vitamin A; and discusses the current clinical use of these supplements. doi = 10.1007/978-1-59259-880-9_21 id = cord-257778-xwu1gdak author = Link-Gelles, Ruth title = Limited Secondary Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Child Care Programs — Rhode Island, June 1–July 31, 2020 date = 2020-08-28 keywords = child summary = title: Limited Secondary Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Child Care Programs — Rhode Island, June 1–July 31, 2020 On June 1, 2020, with declines in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and hospitalizations in Rhode Island,* child care programs in the state reopened after a nearly 3-month closure implemented as part of mitigation efforts. To reopen safely, the Rhode Island Department of Human Services (RIDHS) required licensed centerand home-based child care programs to reduce enrollment, initially to a maximum of 12 persons, including staff members, in stable groups (i.e., staff members and students not switching between groups) in physically separated spaces, increasing to a maximum of 20 persons on June 29. The identification of 101 possible child care-associated COVID-19 cases resulted in closures of 89 classes and quarantine of 687 children and 166 staff members, including contacts. The third program had two cases with symptom onset dates indicating potential transmission; however, no epidemiologic link was identified. doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6934e2 id = cord-343818-pj1oludh author = Liu, Chan title = Children with COVID-19 behaving milder may challenge the public policies: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child summary = We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and several Chinese databases for studies presenting characteristics of children confirmed with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from December 12, 2019 to May 10, 2020. The studies included in this meta-analysis should meet the following criteria: (1) all types of studies either retrospective or prospective (e.g. cohort, cross-sectional study, case report, case series); (2) studies reporting information regarding COVID-19; (3) studies describing clinical characteristics of pediatric patients (0-19 years) diagnosed by RT-PCR; (4) clinical data of more than five cases can be drawn from the articles. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study Clinical features of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 13 cases from Changsha Clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children aged <18 years in Jiangxi, China: an analysis of 23 cases doi = 10.1186/s12887-020-02316-1 id = cord-001199-9khx93c0 author = Liu, Fengchen title = Effect of the One-Child Policy on Influenza Transmission in China: A Stochastic Transmission Model date = 2014-02-06 keywords = China; child; policy summary = Changes in household structure and the proportion of children in the population as a result of the one-child policy could have more effects on the AR, and the difference in AR could be as high as 60% under a scenario of very high immunity loss rate per year ( Figures 5(A) ). For each parameter set, we simulated the influenza trajectories under two demographic control policies, and then computed the difference in average annual attack rates over 10 years (2015 to 2024) between two policies. For each parameter set, we simulated the influenza trajectories under two demographic control policies, and then computed the difference in average annual attack rates over 10 years (2015 to 2024) between two policies. For each parameter set, we simulated the influenza trajectories under two demographic control policies, and then computed the difference in average secondary attack rates over 10 years (2015 to 2024) between two policies. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0084961 id = cord-000028-uj7lyawj author = Longtin, Jean title = Human Bocavirus Infections in Hospitalized Children and Adults date = 2008-02-17 keywords = HBoV; NPA; child summary = Studies have reported human bocavirus (HBoV) in children with respiratory tract infections (RTIs), but only occasionally in adults. We searched for HBoV DNA in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) from adults with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis or pneumonia, from children hospitalized for acute RTIs, and from asymptomatic children during the winter of 2002–2003 in Canada. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence and clinical manifestations of HBoV infections in children and adults with respiratory tract symptoms, including a control group of children without symptoms. All pediatric (from case-patients and controls) and adult (case-patients only) NPA specimens were previously analyzed by using a multiplex real-time PCR assay for infl uenza A and B viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (24, 25) . Results from our study indicate that HBoV was rarely detected in adults with respiratory symptoms but was frequently detected in symptomatic and asymptomatic children during the 2002-2003 winter season. doi = 10.3201/eid1402.070851 id = cord-022467-j2trahab author = Loo, May title = Select Populations: Children date = 2009-05-15 keywords = ADHD; United; acupuncture; asthma; cam; child; chinese; clinical; study; therapy; treatment summary = A recent clinical trial that included children over age 12 years and used a fixedcombination homeopathic remedy for a mean 4.1 days of treatment reported that 81.5% reported subjective feelings of being symptom free or significantly improved without complaint of any adverse side effects. 4 A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study from Great Britain of 170 children with a starting median age of 4.2 years in the experimental group and 3.6 years in the placebo group concluded that individually prescribed homeopathic remedies seem to be ineffective in reducing symptoms or decreasing the use of antibiotics in pediatric patients with URI. 414 In a nonrandomized clinical trial involving 30 children ages 3 months to 8 years with chronic diarrhea of 2 to 4 months'' duration that was unresponsive to Western medicine and TCM, individualized acupuncture treatment eliminated symptoms and normalized stools. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-02028-2.50015-2 id = cord-023748-3kfy36hg author = Lye, Patricia S. title = Fever date = 2017-05-12 keywords = CSF; FUO; UTI; bacterial; chapter; child; diagnosis; fever; infection; meningitis summary = Although rapid testing for viral pathogens is often readily available, a detailed investigation to identify a viral pathogen is not necessary unless the confirmation of a viral infection will change the acute diagnostic plan; treatment with antivirals is an option (HSV, influenza) if the fever is prolonged and evolves into FUO or if there is end-organ involvement, as in hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalitis, or meningitis. Occult bacteremia is defined by the presence of a positive blood culture for pathogenic bacteria in a febrile patient who does not appear extremely ill and who has no focus of infection, excluding otitis media. A combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory studies can be used to define a specific population of infants aged 29-60 days who do not appear ill and are at low risk for bacterial infections. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-39956-2.00039-x id = cord-268426-sz9ftmxr author = Maalla M’jid, Najat title = Hidden scars: the impact of violence and the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s mental health date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = title: Hidden scars: the impact of violence and the COVID-19 pandemic on children''s mental health Despite commitments made by the international community to end violence against children and support their mental health, there has been a serious lack of investment and capacity to provide quality, rights-based, culturally appropriate mental health care globally. This article outlines how the risk of children experiencing violence has increased and how the pandemic has weakened the capacity of child protection and mental health services to respond. While the data we have so far are only indicative, the mitigation measures taken in response to COVID-19 have heightened the risk of children experiencing or being exposed to violence at home due to school closures, confinement measures, and added family stress related to job loss, isolation, and anxieties over health and finances [5] . The United Nations issued a joint Agenda for Action on Child Protection and COVID-19 to highlight the steps States need to take to ensure that children''s protection from violence is prioritized in the response to the pandemic [10] . doi = 10.1186/s13034-020-00340-8 id = cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 author = Macdonald-Laurs, Emma title = CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? date = 2018-09-28 keywords = CSF; IAE; MRI; child summary = title: CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? Severe neurological complications from seasonal influenza, including influenza-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis (IAE), cause considerable morbidity and mortality in healthy children, and those with pre-existing neurological disease. We identified children aged 0e14 years, with evidence of influenza and associated severe neurological disease including status epilepticus or moderate to severe encephalopathy, admitted to two paediatric hospitals which comprise the Sydney Children''s Hospital Network, the largest paediatric network in Australia. In this case series we observed two groups of children who presented with severe influenza related neurological disease. Further studies of IAE are required to evaluate whether significant elevations of CSF neopterin, particularly in combination with diffusion restriction and other MRI changes, could predict short and long-term outcome. Given the severity of influenza associated neurological complications, we recommend a "treat and test" approach to the use of oseltamivir in children presenting with acute encephalopathy/encephalitis during the influenza season. doi = 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.09.009 id = cord-300371-6ja5o3sa author = Maloney, Susan A. title = Prevention of infectious diseases among international pediatric travelers: Considerations for clinicians date = 2004-11-24 keywords = States; U.S.; United; child; traveler summary = Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travel-related vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. Children should have a pretravel health assessment that includes recommendations for both routine and special travelrelated vaccination; malaria chemoprophylaxis, if indicated; and prevention counseling regarding insect and animal exposures, food and water safety, and avoiding injuries. During the assessment, the caregiver should ensure the following: 1) the child has received up-to-date and appropriate vaccinations (both routine and special travel-related vaccines); 2) the child has received appropriate malaria and other chemoprophylaxis regimens tailored for use in pediatric travelers; 3) prevention counseling, particularly in the areas of insect barriers, food and water safety, and injury avoidance, has been given; and 4) anticipatory guidance for managing potential illnesses (eg, diarrhea and dehydration) and seeking medical resources overseas has been provided. doi = 10.1053/j.spid.2004.05.002 id = cord-027550-yyqsatqw author = Mammas, Ioannis N. title = Update on current views and advances on RSV infection (Review) date = 2020-06-15 keywords = RSV; bronchiolitis; child; infection; respiratory; virus summary = doi = 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4641 id = cord-312971-r9sggqh8 author = Mancino, Enrica title = A single centre study of viral community-acquired pneumonia in children: no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 from October 2019 to March 2020 date = 2020-04-29 keywords = SARS; child summary = title: A single centre study of viral community-acquired pneumonia in children: no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 from October 2019 to March 2020 We described viral aetiologies, with particular interest in detecting SARS-CoV-2, in hospitalized pneumonia children. Key words: Community Acquired Pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, virus Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children worldwide [1] . Surprisingly, only a small number of cases of COVID-19 has been described in children, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection in the paediatric population is unusual [6] . Our aim was to describe viral aetiologies, with particular interest in detecting SARS-CoV-2, in hospitalized pneumonia children under 14 years of age. However, the clinical severity score was higher in RSV patients and hRV was found in 9/17 cases (53%) in coinfection, consistent with the notion that hRV is very frequently detected in respiratory infections J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f during childhood. doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104385 id = cord-258049-l55mx4lp author = Mansbach, Jonathan M. title = Hospital course and discharge criteria for children hospitalized with bronchiolitis date = 2015-01-28 keywords = child; clinical; improvement summary = We performed a prospective, multicenter, multiyear study [10] [11] [12] to examine the typical inpatient clinical course of and to develop hospital discharge guidelines for children age <2 years hospitalized with bronchiolitis. A child was considered clinically improved on the earliest date he/she met all of the following criteria: (1) none or mild retractions and improved or stable retractions compared with the previous inpatient day; (2) daily estimated average respiratory rate (RR) <60 breaths per minute for age <6 months, <55 breaths/minute for age 6 to 11 months, and <45 breaths/minute for age 12 months with a decreasing or stable trend over the course of the current day; (3) daily estimated average RAO2 saturation 90%, lowest RAO2 saturation 88% 21 ; and (4) not receiving intravenous (IV) fluids or for children receiving IV fluids a clinician report of the child maintaining oral hydration. doi = 10.1002/jhm.2318 id = cord-257299-z9u12yqb author = Mansi, N. title = Ear, nose and throat manifestation of viral systemic infections in pediatric patients date = 2009-12-31 keywords = EBV; cause; child; infection; respiratory; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/s0165-5876(09)70006-0 id = cord-318965-0mxv8h06 author = Mastnak, Wolfgang title = Psychopathological problems related to the COVID‐19 pandemic and possible prevention with music therapy date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = Although Brodin 1 stated that the disease tends to be mild in children, psychopathological considerations allow us to assume that the pandemic will have a high risk of long-term paediatric psychiatric sequelae and interdisciplinary preventative measures are needed. Although Brodin 1 stated that the disease tends to be mild in children, psychopathological considerations allow us to assume that the pandemic will have a high risk of long-term paediatric psychiatric sequelae and interdisciplinary preventative measures are needed. 3 Given that the COVID-19 pandemic is a global disaster, public health, education and social systems need to work together to minimise the mental sequelae in the younger generation. Depending on children''s resilience and/or susceptibility to stress, this could give rise to self-protective attitudes and personality features, as well as mental health issues such as post-traumatic stress disorders or depressive and avoidant personality traits. doi = 10.1111/apa.15346 id = cord-320002-25ivll3q author = Mathew, Joseph L. title = Etiology of community acquired pneumonia among children in India: prospective, cohort study date = 2015-10-21 keywords = NPA; PCR; child summary = BACKGROUND: Childhood community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant problem in developing countries, and confirmation of microbial etiology is important for individual, as well as public health. The Pneumonia Research for Child Health (PERCH) project [15] is a 7-site case-control study to identify the cause of pneumonia among children in developing countries. Currently, there is no study from India reporting etiology of CAP in a large cohort of children, using multiple biological samples, and various sensitive as well as specific microbiologic methods. We initiated the Community Acquired Pneumonia Etiology Study (CAPES) to address this knowledge gap by determining the microbiologic etiology of CAP in a cohort of Indian children using multiple biological specimens (blood, nasopharyngeal aspirates, bronchoalveolar lavage) and the relationship between etiology and pneumonia severity. Lower respiratory infections among hospitalized children in New Caledonia: a pilot study for the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health project doi = 10.7189/jogh.05.020418 id = cord-011503-bz6iwfan author = McGovern, Ruth title = The Association Between Adverse Child Health, Psychological, Educational and Social Outcomes, and Nondependent Parental Substance: A Rapid Evidence Assessment date = 2018-05-08 keywords = alcohol; child; misuse; parental; substance summary = The inclusion criteria were cross-sectional, longitudinal, case-control, and cohort studies; of children aged 0–18 years whose parents are high-risk substance misusers; reporting on their health, psychological, substance use, educational, and social outcomes. To be included, studies must report on parental substance misuse that meets one of the following criteria: a pattern of alcohol consumption that leads to the presence of physical or psychological problems (typically over 35 units per week for women and over 50 units per week for men); frequent illicit drug misuse (more than once per month as defined by the Crime Survey for England and Wales); and alcohol or illicit drug abuse defined as a maladaptive pattern of drinking/drug use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least one related problem in a 12-month period (failure to fulfill major role obligations, use in situations in which it is physically hazardous, alcohol or drug-related legal problems, having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of alcohol or drugs; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). doi = 10.1177/1524838018772850 id = cord-327284-j6cg7nf0 author = Meireles, André Luís Ferreira title = Impact of Social Isolation due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Pediatric Disorders: Rehabilitation Perspectives From a Developing Country date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = title: Impact of Social Isolation due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Pediatric Disorders: Rehabilitation Perspectives From a Developing Country Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin are being indicated in treatment protocols of countries such as Brazil; however, a case report on an adult patient taking chloroquine for presumable reticular erythematous mucinosis indicated that the drug induced myasthenic syndrome, suggesting that the drug might affect neuromuscular junction transmission and might adversely affect children with myasthenia. Other important negative effects of social isolation in children and adolescents during a pandemic are in the area of mental health. Evidence shows the importance of physical rehabilitation for pediatric patients with chronic neurological conditions 14, 15 ; however, these activities must be interrupted during a pandemic. Although we will probably will not be able to see the real impact of social isolation on health of children with disabilities until after COVID-19 is gone, pediatric physical therapists must adapt in order to provide the best possible care during this complex social moment that our patients and families are enduring. doi = 10.1093/ptj/pzaa152 id = cord-029480-3md13om6 author = Meix-Cereceda, Pablo title = Educational Values in Human Rights Treaties: UN, European, and African International Law date = 2020-07-21 keywords = ACHPR; African; Court; Human; Rights; child summary = -The original conception of law perceived not as a tool for personal defense, but as an opportunity given to all to survive under the protection of the order of the communal entity -Communalism which emphasizes group solidarity and interests generally, and all rules which sustain it, as opposed to individual interests, with its likely utility in building a sense of national unity among South Africans -The conciliatory character of the adjudication process which aims to restore peace and harmony between members rather than the adversarial approach which emphasizes retribution and seems repressive. 59 So far, it may be concluded that African instruments on human rights consider the very accessibility to school education as a key element for the first value that should guide education: the full development of the child''s personality. doi = 10.1007/s12142-020-00599-6 id = cord-301022-0q2ertja author = Mims, James W. title = Inhalant Allergies in Children date = 2011-04-29 keywords = allergic; allergy; asthma; child summary = 38 However, dietary antigen avoidance has not proved to be effective in most studies and a 2008 review in Pediatrics states, "for infants at high risk of developing atopic disease, there is evidence that exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months compared with feeding intact cow milk protein formula decreases the cumulative incidence of atopic dermatitis and cow milk allergy in the first 2 years of life." 39 Beyond this, whether exposure to antigenic foods early in life promotes sensitization or tolerance is unclear. Although preventing allergy through environmental control has shown mixed results, two controlled studies have shown that treating young children who have atopic dermatitis with antihistamines decreases the risk of developing asthma. 101 This phenotype is also associated with early sensitization to food or inhalant allergens 102 and reduced lung function at age 6 years (compared with children with no history of wheezing with lower respiratory illnesses). doi = 10.1016/j.otc.2011.03.013 id = cord-322348-8opy5z9h author = Morelli, Mara title = Parents and Children During the COVID-19 Lockdown: The Influence of Parenting Distress and Parenting Self-Efficacy on Children’s Emotional Well-Being date = 2020-10-06 keywords = Italy; SARS; child; parent summary = Within the Social Cognitive Theory framework, a path model in which parenting self-efficacy and parental regulatory emotional self-efficacy mediated the relationship between parents'' psychological distress and both children''s emotional regulation, and children''s lability/negativity, was investigated. (2020) in Italy showed that it was the parenting stress related to the health emergency, the pandemic, and the lockdown that increased children''s psychological, emotional, and behavioral problems. For this reason, this study focused on identifying which parental psychological variables can mediate the relationship between parents'' psychological distress during the pandemic and the lockdown and their children''s emotional regulation, in order to understand which possible intervention should be implemented to ameliorate families'' well-being. A SEM was employed to test the hypothesized mediation model in which parenting self-efficacy and parents'' regulatory emotional self-efficacy (related to the COVID-19 lockdown) mediated the relationship between parents'' psychological distress and both children''s emotional regulation and children''s lability/negativity. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.584645 id = cord-017252-88b3preq author = Morgan, Carrie I. title = Pneumonia date = 2014-02-20 keywords = child; infection; patient; pneumonia; respiratory summary = Despite immunizations and public health initiatives, the most common bacterial causes of CAP have remained largely unchanged over the last several decades and include: Streptococcus pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , Haemophilus infl uenzae (including non-typable strains) and Moraxella catarrhalis [ 7 , 8 , 21 , 23 ] . Chest CT is helpful to further evaluate diffi cult cases, particularly immunocompromised children with ill-defi ned infi ltrates on CXR, complex empyema or effusion, or recurrent or chronic pneumonia [ 11 ] . Respiratory failure in an immunocompromised child frequently necessitates a chest CT to better visualize the pattern and extent of disease, aid in diagnosis of the etiology, determine the need for more invasive procedures, and to increase the sensitivity of assessing treatment response [ 11 ] . Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized school-age children: evidence for high prevalence of viral infections doi = 10.1007/978-1-4471-6356-5_6 id = cord-298807-67psjrt3 author = Morris, Peter S. title = Acute and Chronic Otitis Media date = 2009-12-31 keywords = AOM; CSOM; child summary = Leach, PhD a,b Upper respiratory tract infections (including otitis media) are the most common illnesses affecting children. Communities where more than 4% of children experience chronic tympanic membrane perforation secondary to suppurative infection are high-risk populations. If the duration of the discharge is uncertain, perforations Box 2 A simple PubMed search strategy to identify evidence-based guidelines, evidence-based summaries, systematic reviews, and RCTs on otitis media and additional studies involving Indigenous children that are easily visible (covering >2% of the tympanic membrane) are more likely to be associated with CSOM. 14, 82 Children who experience frequent suppurative infections (including those with immunodeficiency or persistent bacterial rhinosinusitis) are at greatest risk of developing CSOM as a complication of tympanostomy tubes. Antibiotics for the prevention of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media in children Effectiveness of ototopical antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media in Aboriginal children: a community-based, multicentre, double-blind randomised controlled trial doi = 10.1016/j.pcl.2009.09.007 id = cord-263619-p17oomzn author = Moss, William J. title = Measles date = 2009-01-30 keywords = child; measle; vaccine; virus summary = Although providing passive immunity to young infants, maternally acquired antibodies can interfere with the immune responses to the attenuated measles vaccine by inhibiting replication of vaccine virus. Women with vaccine-induced immunity tend to have lower antimeasles virus antibody titers than women with naturally acquired immunity, and their children may be susceptible to measles at an earlier age. The cumulative distribution can reach 50% by 1 year of age, with a significant proportion of children acquiring measles virus infection before 9 months, the age of routine vaccination. Infants and younger children, although susceptible if not protected by immunization, are not exposed to measles virus at a rate sufficient to cause a large disease burden in this age group. The only documented case of disease induced by vaccine virus in an HIV-infected person was in a 20-year-old man who died 15 months after receiving his second dose of measles vaccine ( Angel et al., 1998 ) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-369408-9.00030-5 id = cord-104078-o89bzjfi author = Muerbe, D. title = Aerosol emission of child voices during speaking, singing and shouting date = 2020-09-18 keywords = child; emission summary = This is also due to the fact, that there has been no reliable data available on aerosol emissions from children''s speaking, singing, and shouting. By utilizing a laser particle counter in cleanroom conditions we show, that children emit fewer aerosols during singing than what has been known so far for adults. Due to the principles of voice production and the described accumulation of SARS-CoV-2-infections during choir rehearsals (Hamner et al., 2020) , it is assumed that singing is connected with increased aerosol emission rates. The present study confirms higher emission rates of aerosols for singing in comparison to speaking also for children. On the contrary, in the shouting condition, which is not related to limitations in the child''s singing technique, some children reached higher emission rates than adults during loud singing. In the first task, the emission rates for three different vocal test conditions were compared: (a) speaking, (b) singing, and (c) shouting. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.17.20196733 id = cord-342853-n3e6yawi author = Naghipour, Mohammadreza title = Human bocavirus in Iranian children with acute respiratory infections date = 2007-03-26 keywords = child; respiratory summary = Human bocavirus (HBoV), a virus discovered in Sweden in 2005, has been associated with acute respiratory infections in young children and subsequent reports suggest that HBoV may have a worldwide distribution. This report describes the frequency and clinical presentation of HBoV in 261 Iranian children<5 years old with acute respiratory infections attending two regional hospitals in Rasht, Iran in the winter of 2003–2004. Human bocavirus (HBoV) was first described in 2005 [Allander et al., 2005] and it was suggested that the virus might be a cause of acute respiratory infections. Children less than 5 years of age with acute respiratory infections of less than 7 days duration attending the outpatient department or being admitted to hospital from Saturday to Thursday were enrolled after informed parental consent. Given the high frequency of HBoV in Iran, this virus might play a significant role as a cause of acute respiratory infections in children. doi = 10.1002/jmv.20815 id = cord-341208-vlzbri33 author = Narzisi, Antonio title = Handle the Autism Spectrum Condition during Coronavirus (COVID-19) Stay at Home Period: Ten Tips for Helping Parents and Caregivers of Young Children date = 2020-04-01 keywords = ASC; child summary = title: Handle the Autism Spectrum Condition during Coronavirus (COVID-19) Stay at Home Period: Ten Tips for Helping Parents and Caregivers of Young Children In this situation the handling of young children with special needs such as autism spectrum condition (ASC) could be challenging for families and caregivers. It is widely reported that children with ASC have executive functioning deficits [6] and they could show issues in planning their daily life activities, especially when their routine is broken. It is not possible to avoid children playing with the computer but at the moment, when parents are also at home, it could be useful establish a rule whereby children are expected to share the video games/internet (with parents, siblings, or other caregiver). In this period in which parents and children stay at home they could plan some activities sharing these special interests. doi = 10.3390/brainsci10040207 id = cord-317283-0zzs5cy8 author = Nicoletti, Angela title = Screening of COVID-19 in children admitted to the hospital for acute problems: preliminary data date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = The majority of COVID-19 positive children had a close contact with an infected case or were family cluster cases and their age, at onset of disease, ranged from 1.5 months to 17 years (4) . In order to gain more insights into the outbreak of COVID-19, in our population of children and adolescents, we analyzed the clinical presentations, laboratory data and radiologic findings of patients who came to the Emergency Pediatric Department of Catanzaro (Italy), for an acute disease. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of patients (age, sex, location, date at symptom onset, , travel history and information on relatives) were collected using a standardized electronic medical record. Laboratory indices and chest X-ray descriptions, in our patients and in children and adolescents with COVID-19 infections reported in the literature, are also presented. A Case Series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection: clinical and epidemiological features doi = 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9607 id = cord-329399-d0w8fof0 author = Nobakht, Z. title = A web-based daily care training to improve the quality of life of mothers of children with cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trial date = 2020-07-10 keywords = QOL; child summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103731 id = cord-335148-2ngwjp3r author = Noda, Tatsuya title = Gargling for Oral Hygiene and the Development of Fever in Childhood: A Population Study in Japan date = 2012-01-05 keywords = Fukuoka; child summary = In subgroup analysis, significantly lower ORs for fever onset were observed for children who gargled with green tea (OR = 0.32), functional water (OR = 0.46), or tap water (OR = 0.70). 2, 3 Although the effectiveness of gargling had long been unproven, a recent randomized controlled study in Japan showed that gargling with tap water inhibited the onset of upper respiratory tract infections among adults. As shown in Table 3 , gargling was associated with significantly lower odds ratios for fever onset, except among children aged 3 (in model 4) and 6 years. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the effectiveness of gargling in preventing febrile diseases and sickness absences among healthy children. The preventive effect of gargling is affected by the prevalence of the target disease; however, there was no mass outbreak of influenza or other major febrile infection in Fukuoka City during the study period, according to the Fukuoka City health authorities. doi = 10.2188/jea.je20100181 id = cord-316260-1t3ifsfi author = Nogueira-de-Almeida, Carlos Alberto title = COVID-19 and obesity in childhood and adolescence: A clinical review()() date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; child; increase; obese; obesity summary = In severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, these organic changes from obesity may increase the need for ventilatory assistance, risk of thromboembolism, reduced glomerular filtration rate, changes in the innate and adaptive immune response, and perpetuation of the chronic inflammatory response. 3--6 The present review aims to identify the factors that contribute to the increase in the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 in obese children and adolescents, and its health consequences, to collaborate for better clinical care of these patients. The three main risk factors that link obesity to COVID-19 demonstrated for adults 52 are also present among children and adolescents: chronic subclinical inflammation, impaired immune response, and underlying cardiorespiratory diseases. In conclusion, obesity in childhood and adolescence can be considered a risk factor for greater susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 and is associated with nutritional, cardiac, respiratory, renal, and immunological alterations, which may potentiate the complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jped.2020.07.001 id = cord-320156-xs936r6u author = Nunes, Marta C. title = Polyomaviruses-associated respiratory infections in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children date = 2014-10-28 keywords = HIV; child summary = OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and clinical manifestations of WUPyV and KIPyV-associated lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) hospitalization in HIV-infected and -uninfected children; and probe the role of pneumococcal co-infection. Co-infections with other respiratory-viruses were detected in 65.5% of WUPyV-positive LRTIs and in 75.0% of KIPyV-positive LRTIs. Among HIV-uninfected children, there was a lower incidence of hospitalization for clinical pneumonia episodes in which KIPyV (80%; 95% CI: 41, 93) and WUPyV (49%; 95% CI: 9, 71) were identified among PCV9-recipients compared to placebo-recipients. The aim of this study was to determine the burden and clinical features of WUPyV and KIPyV infections in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children hospitalized for LRTIs. Furthermore, as an exploratory analysis we used the design of a RCT of a 9-valent PCV (PCV9) to probe whether pneumococcal co-infection may contribute to hospitalization for PyV-associated pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.10.013 id = cord-290432-4dli5emd author = O’Grady, Kerry-Ann F. title = Upper airway viruses and bacteria in urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in Brisbane, Australia: a cross-sectional study date = 2017-04-04 keywords = child; indigenous; virus summary = We aimed to describe the prevalence of upper airway viruses and bacteria in symptomatic and asymptomatic urban-based Australian Indigenous children aged less than 5 years. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of data collected at baseline in an ongoing prospective cohort study of urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children registered with a primary health care service in the northern suburbs of Brisbane, Australia. Thus, in 164 urban-based Indigenous children presenting to an urban primary health care service, we described the prevalence of upper airway respiratory viruses and bacteria. We analysed data from a cohort of urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged less than 5 years collected at time of enrolment into a prospective study of ARIwC. In a study of upper airway viruses and bacteria in Central Australian Aboriginal children hospitalised for pneumonia [8] , a population with high rates of hospitalised lower ARI [15] and nasal colonisation [16] , the [8] . doi = 10.1186/s12879-017-2349-1 id = cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author = O’Ryan, Miguel L. title = Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date = 2009-05-19 keywords = Campylobacter; EAEC; EPEC; Escherichia; Salmonella; Shigella; States; United; cause; child; coli; diarrhea; human; infant; infection; neonatal; outbreak; rotavirus summary = coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10'' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50022-0 id = cord-304437-ezqghyid author = Palmieri, Tina L. title = Children are not little adults: blood transfusion in children with burn injury date = 2017-08-15 keywords = blood; child; transfusion summary = Children in particular have a different physiology than adults, which needs to be considered prior to transfusing blood and blood products. This article describes the physiologic differences between children and adults in general and after burn injury and describes how these differences impact blood transfusion practices in children. This article will discuss how differences in the physiologic, hematologic, metabolic, and immunologic systems in burned children impact blood transfusion requirements. Hyperkalemia has been associated with cardiac arrest during large blood volume transfusions intraoperatively in children and infants receiving exchange transfusions [9, 10] . 2. Cardiac function, mean blood volume, and normal hemoglobin levels are age-dependent in children; hence, children have a higher blood transfusion/unit volume ratio. Transfusion-related graft-versus-host reaction, in which the lymphocytes in the transfused blood cause host cell destruction, occurs primarily in immunocompromised patients and has been reported in neonates and immunocompromised children [25] [26] [27] [28] . doi = 10.1186/s41038-017-0090-z id = cord-326963-34hw4oeg author = Panthi, Bindu title = An urgent call to address the nutritional status of women and children in Nepal during COVID-19 crises date = 2020-06-05 keywords = Nepal; child summary = The impact of the COVID-19 on nutrition outcomes has not been acknowledged at this point in Nepal but studies have shown that large scale emergencies have increased morbidity and often mortality in infants and young children [3] [4] [5] . Communities and vulnerable groups like women and children dealing with malnutrition are doubly susceptible to compromised health due to COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrition services like vitamin A and deworming campaign, supplementation of micronutrient powders, treatment of malnourished children through the outpatient therapeutic center, and nutrition rehabilitation homes have also been affected as a result of the priority shift of health sector towards COVID-19. Continuity of safe motherhood services along with maternal and child nutrition interventions are required including vitamin A and deworming tablets supplementation, screening and treatment of children with acute malnutrition, distributing fortified flour to pregnant women and children above 6 months, supplying micronutrient powder, and ensuring proper counseling on infant and young child feeding practices. doi = 10.1186/s12939-020-01210-7 id = cord-022569-ddaqfsmp author = Pappas, Diane E. title = The Common Cold date = 2013-02-10 keywords = child; cold; nasal summary = 17, 18 Furthermore, in vitro studies have shown that rhinovirus and coronavirus produce no detectable cytopathic effect when replicating in a cultured monolayer of nasal epithelial cells, whereas influenza virus A and adenovirus produce obvious damage. 19 The symptoms of the common cold appear to result from release of cytokines and other mediators from infected nasal epithelial cells as well as from an influx of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). However, a recent study found that 20 children hospitalized for preseptal or orbital cellulitis, indicative of bacterial sinusitis, had symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection for 7 days or less prior to hospitalization, suggesting that the complications of rhinosinusitis can occur during the first few days of a cold. The symptoms of the common cold appear to result from effects of inflammatory mediators released in response to the viral infection of the respiratory tract. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2702-9.00026-x id = cord-285459-fph03r22 author = Patel, Ami B title = SARS-CoV-2 Point Prevalence among Asymptomatic Hospitalized Children and Subsequent Healthcare Worker Evaluation date = 2020-08-28 keywords = SARS; child summary = Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriage among hospitalized children and the risk of transmission to healthcare workers (HCW) was evaluated through a point prevalence survey. We estimated a low, 1-2%, prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among children without symptoms of COVID-19 and there were no secondary transmission events among HCW exposed to these patients We conducted a point prevalence survey for SARS-CoV-2 among hospitalized children around the time of predicted peak community COVID-19 activity in Chicago. All inpatient children were included with the following exceptions: children known to be SARS-CoV-2-positive; children tested within the previous 72 hours because of clinical suspicion for COVID-19 and were SARS-CoV-2-negative; contraindications to obtaining a nasopharyngeal sample; or parents declined participation. A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 4 An exposure workup was conducted for all HCW who had significant contact with any patient who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on our point prevalence. doi = 10.1093/jpids/piaa102 id = cord-323859-rkxgtyoq author = Patel, Khushboo title = Mental health implications of COVID-19 on children with disabilities date = 2020-07-02 keywords = child summary = Challenges of online learning coupled with a lack of recreational activities that can be done at home can prove to be frustrating for children with such physical disabilities. For instance, in India, 7.8 million children between 0-19 years of age have a physical or mental disability, and one fourth of them do not attend any educational institute (UNESCO, 2019). A system of online clinics and volunteer based psychological interventions should be set up as immediate priority to mitigate effects of COVID-19 on children with mental health issues (Holmes et al., 2020) . Amidst this, it becomes important to keep children with physical and mental disability not only physically safe, but also look after their psychological and emotional wellbeing. Resources for supporting children''s emotional wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic Protecting the psychological health of children through effective communication about COVID-19 Leaving no child behind during the pandemic: Children with disabilities and COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102273 id = cord-310944-tfn0ltrz author = Peck, Jessica L. title = COVID 19: Impacts and Implications for Pediatric Practice date = 2020-07-09 keywords = CDC; COVID-19; Curtis; PPE; child summary = Other populations at significant risk include older adults (> 65 years of age), persons with underlying medical conditions (e.g., asthma, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease), persons with immunocompromise, persons with severe obesity (body mass index >40), persons with diabetes, persons undergoing dialysis, and persons residing in long-term care or nursing homes (CDC, 2020c) . Ideal PPE when caring for a patient with known or suspected COVID-19 infection includes: a new N-95 mask, gown, medical grade gloves, and eye covers and/or a face shield (CDC, 2020b). Recommendations for families include: 1) supporting children as they ask questions about the pandemic, 2) close monitoring of child health and well-being with prompt contact of primary healthcare providers if changes are noticed, and 3) continuing to seek care in-person or using telehealth to maintain well visits and immunization schedules while receiving anticipatory guidance and necessary screenings. doi = 10.1016/j.pedhc.2020.07.004 id = cord-303451-66c2qobr author = Pelaez, Martha title = Returning to School: Separation Problems and Anxiety in the Age of Pandemics date = 2020-07-15 keywords = child; parent; school summary = Using a behavioral theory of development, we provide suggestions for how to handle the departure and separation problems that may emerge as parents drop their children off at school. We offer some specific advice for parents and teachers to follow to prevent the departure and separation problems that typically develop during challenging behavioral interactions in school settings. In light of the COVID-19 crisis, when children return to school and separate from their parents after a months-long period of 24-hr-a-day interaction that occurred during a period of social distancing, we predict that high rates of protest and distress may emerge, as well as high rates of refusal to leave the parents. This is likely to produce heightened child separation-protest responses that can disrupt classroom settings the new physical distancing rules, and provoke anguish and anxiety in parents. The research we discussed earlier shows that, during departures and at separation, parents'' responses to children''s protests can encourage and reinforce more of this distressing behavior. doi = 10.1007/s40617-020-00467-2 id = cord-354974-bh2expef author = Peterson, Ingrid title = Respiratory Virus–Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness and Viral Clustering in Malawian Children in a Setting With a High Prevalence of HIV Infection, Malaria, and Malnutrition date = 2016-09-13 keywords = HIV; RSV; child; sari summary = BACKGROUND: We used data from 4 years of pediatric severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) sentinel surveillance in Blantyre, Malawi, to identify factors associated with clinical severity and coviral clustering. A total of 605 SARI cases (26.8%) had warning signs, which were positively associated with HIV infection (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–3.9), respiratory syncytial virus infection (aRR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3–3.0) and rainy season (aRR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6–3.8). In the context of a low-income population with multiple drivers of immune compromise (eg, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection, malnutrition, and malaria) [11] , we conducted active surveillance at a large urban teaching hospital in Malawi to estimate the incidence of childhood SARI and explore the association of SARI clinical severity with HIV infection and clustering of respiratory viral coinfection. After adjustment for age, sex, and HIV status, rainy season recruitment was significantly associated with SARI with warning signs in influenza virus-positive patients with SARI (aRR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.37-8.53; analysis not shown). doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiw426 id = cord-260459-7o1ob5fk author = Platt, Vanessa Borges title = VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: NOTIFICATION AND ALERT IN TIMES OF PANDEMIC date = 2020-10-28 keywords = Catarina; Santa; child; violence summary = METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive study of violence against children and adolescents (from 0 to 19 years) notified by health professionals by completing and entering the occurrence in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the State of Santa Catarina in 11 weeks in which the social isolation measure was instituted as mandatory, comparing with the same period before this measure. This study aimed to present data on compulsory notifications on cases of violence against children and adolescents in the state of Santa Catarina, in the months after the emergence of the new coronavirus, and how the establishment of sanitary measures of social isolation influenced the increase in domestic violence against children and adolescents when comparing this information to that of the pre-pandemic, to alert health professionals, public institutions, and society to the need to reinforce actions to prevent injuries, protection, and adequate care for victims. doi = 10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2020267 id = cord-022582-2e9i3m4b author = Potsic, William P. title = Otolaryngologic Disorders date = 2012-03-21 keywords = airway; child; ear; infection; middle; nasal; neck; present; treatment summary = When fluid persists in the middle ear for 3 to 4 months, causing a hearing loss or is associated with ASOM, myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement is helpful to resolve the hearing loss and reduce the frequency and severity of infection. In addition to antibiotics, treatment should include a wide field myringotomy from the anterior inferior quadrant to the posterior inferior quadrant, a tympanostomy tube placement for middle ear drainage, and a postauricular mastoidectomy to drain the subperiosteal abscess and the mastoid. These infections may be caused by a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens; and in addition to sore throat, symptoms include fever, mucopurulent nasal drainage, nasal obstruction, and facial pain. Symptoms typically appear at birth or soon thereafter and include inspiratory stridor, feeding difficulties, and, rarely, apnea or signs of severe airway obstruction. Children afflicted with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis present initially with hoarseness but may also have symptoms and signs of airway obstruction, including stridor. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-02842-4.50055-3 id = cord-023942-vrs3je1x author = Powers, Karen S. title = Acute Pulmonary Infections date = 2011-12-16 keywords = MRSA; RSV; child; disease; infant; infection; pneumonia; respiratory summary = doi = 10.1007/978-0-85729-923-9_25 id = cord-342133-khrljehj author = Principi, Nicola title = Bocavirus Infection in Otherwise Healthy Children with Respiratory Disease date = 2015-08-12 keywords = child; infection; respiratory; viral summary = To evaluate the role of human bocavirus (hBoV) as a causative agent of respiratory disease, the importance of the viral load in respiratory disease type and severity and the pathogenicity of the different hBoV species, we studied all hBoV-positive nasopharyngeal samples collected from children who attended an emergency room for a respiratory tract infection during three winters (2009–2010, 2011–2012, and 2013–2014). To evaluate the circulation of the different hBoV types and the possible relationships between viral load, virus genetic characteristics, and the severity of infection, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from otherwise healthy children attending the emergency room of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca'' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy, due to a respiratory tract infection arising between November 1 and March 31 during 3 winters (2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014) . Single detection of human bocavirus 1 with a high viral load in severe respiratory tract infections in previously healthy children doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0135640 id = cord-314810-ny4mnzqc author = Provenzi, Livio title = The Little Professor and the Virus: Scaffolding Children’s Meaning Making During the COVID-19 Emergency date = 2020-08-13 keywords = child; covid-19 summary = In sum, scaffolding children''s meaning-making process during the present pandemic is crucial to help them cope with the emergency situation and to avoid the overwhelming and traumatic effects of misleading or partial cognitive appraisal and emotional over-reactions. After all, it is in the reciprocal and mutual exchange of affective states that happen within the parent-child relationship, that children can develop appropriate and successful emotional regulation strategies and resilience to stress (28) . Indeed, previous research suggests that family-based narrative approaches provide a structured opportunity to elicit parents'' and children''s meaning-making, assemble divergent storylines into a shared family narrative, and thereby enhance members'' skills to cope with stressful and traumatic events developing hope and trust in family support (29) . Additionally, far from hinder this intuitive thinking, adults can engage in a careful listening of children emotional world and they can understand which are the elements contributing to the emergent meaning-making process that they are developing (32) . doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00817 id = cord-354608-1me3nopu author = Rabinowicz, Shira title = COVID-19 in the Pediatric Population—Review and Current Evidence date = 2020-09-19 keywords = MIS; SARS; child; covid-19; disease summary = By mid-August 2020, the World Health Organization reported over 23 million confirmed cases of infection with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), resulting in more than 710,000 death worldwide [1] . We review the current evidence of epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and indirect health consequences of SARS-CoV-2 on children. In reports from countries that were severely affected early in course of the pandemic, children comprise 1-2% the diagnosed COVID-19 cases, underrepresented compared with other age groups [3, [13] [14] [15] . In summary, children at any age may be infected with SARS-CoV-2, with reduced frequency and severity compared with adults, although clear epidemiologic data is still missing. Characteristics and outcomes of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Pediatric Patients with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 and hyperinflammation in COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s11908-020-00739-6 id = cord-352222-zq9o66i4 author = Rajatonirina, Soatiana title = Outcome Risk Factors during Respiratory Infections in a Paediatric Ward in Antananarivo, Madagascar 2010–2012 date = 2013-09-12 keywords = child; infection; respiratory summary = BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infections are a leading cause of infectious disease-related morbidity, hospitalisation and mortality among children worldwide, and particularly in developing countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study in a paediatric ward in Antananarivo from November 2010 to July 2012 including patients under 5 years old suffering from respiratory infections. CONCLUSION: Co-mordidity, low-income and age under 6 months increase the risk of severe outcome for children infected by numerous respiratory pathogens. Our study aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with the evolution and outcome of respiratory illnesses in patients aged under 5 years old hospitalised in one of the four main public hospitals in Antananarivo. In our study, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen as in other studies of hospitalised patients with acute respiratory illness, and Haemophilus influenzae type B was the next most frequent [16] [17] [18] [19] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0072839 id = cord-032017-h0cj4izx author = Roach, E. Steve title = Child Neglect by Any Other Name date = 2020-09-17 keywords = child; vaccine summary = Trying to "engage" families in order to educate and convince them of the wisdom of immunization is fine for the parents who want information and are willing to accept guidance, but this approach is clearly wasted on the entrenched vaccine deniers. But most Western families who fail to immunize their children know about vaccines and have ready access to physicians and nurses who could clearly explain their risks and benefits. It is time to stop the political correctness and "science speak." Parents should have the right to raise their children in accordance with their own preference, culture and religious beliefs, provided that their approach does not substantially increase the child''s odds of an avoidable illness or injury. Physicians must rise with one voice and say "enough!" By even considering the premise that vaccine denial can be a reasonable choice by a rational individual, we become enablers of child neglect. doi = 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.09.006 id = cord-014813-qej5a8ks author = Rose, M. A. title = Feuchter Husten und protrahierte bakterielle Bronchitis bei Kindern und Jugendlichen date = 2018-06-08 keywords = PBB; child summary = European Respiratory Society fordert feuchten Husten von mindestens 4 Wochen Dauer, eine mit mindestens 10 4 CFU/ml ("colony-forming units", kolonienbildende Einheiten) in der bronchoalveolären Lavage (BAL) oder im Sputum nachgewiesene Monoinfektion der unteren Atemwege und eine Besserung des Hustens nach einem 2-wöchigen empirischen Antibiotikazyklus (meist Amoxicillin-Clavulansäure, Amoxi-Clav) entsprechend einer mikro-biologisch gesicherten PBB ("Mikrobio-PBB"). Of the differential diagnoses of chronic cough, protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is more common in otherwise (pulmonary) healthy children under 6 years of age. Of the differential diagnoses of chronic cough, protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is more common in otherwise (pulmonary) healthy children under 6 years of age. Today, PBB and non-CF bronchiectasis, i.e., bronchiectasis not caused by cystic fibrosis (CF), are two sides of a disease spectrum of suppurative lung diseases, thus, making consequent therapy and long-term pediatric pneumological support of children with chronic productive cough necessary. doi = 10.1007/s10405-018-0191-9 id = cord-024673-cl8gydrj author = Rosen, Lawrence D. title = Whole Health Learning: The Revolutionary Child of Integrative Health and Education date = 2020-05-12 keywords = child; health summary = Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), potentially traumatic events disproportionately affecting our most vulnerable children, greatly increase risk for poor physical and emotional health outcomes in adults. Reducing academic and attendance challenges contributes to greater academic success, attenuates the impact of adverse experiences into adulthood, and improves health outcomes across the lifespan.(16) Educational policy has become increasingly reflective of the need to consider the overall wellbeing of the child -physically, socially, and emotionally -with a focus upon systems and programs that support that holistic scope. Access to an integrated, comprehensive, and customizable SEL-based wellness studies program, designed to mitigate ACEs and improve long term health via self-care competency, would greatly benefit students, educators, families, and communities. Notable is a priority -to teach children in preschool and grades K-12 social and emotional skills, including mindful awareness practices.‖ This expressed support of whole health learning programs within schools as effective means to ameliorate the impact of ACEs on education and health is welcome. doi = 10.1016/j.explore.2020.05.003 id = cord-316356-xq9bw349 author = Ross, Kristie R. title = Is It Time to Head Home for the Night? Home Sleep Testing in Young Children date = 2020-10-17 keywords = child; sleep summary = The gold standard for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is in-laboratory polysomnography (PSG), and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that polysomnography be performed in children with snoring and symptoms or signs of OSA (1) . The field''s focus on this tool for evaluating OSA (as well as evaluating other sleep disorders) reflects the ability of PSG to comprehensively collect physiological data on respiration, sleep, heart rate, and leg movements in controlled settings where issues of sensor loss can be readily addressed. Although home-based sleep apnea testing is widely used in adults to diagnose OSA, its use in children has been much more limited, reflecting concerns about the safety and feasibility of collecting multiple respiratory signals in this population. Importantly, the average duration of sleep monitored was 573 minutes, a period likely to provide representative sleep data for young children, and substantially longer than total sleep time reported from attended PSGs (5, 6) . doi = 10.1513/annalsats.202008-970ed id = cord-254277-hr5g1tkq author = Rozdilsky, Janlyn R. title = Enhancing Sibling Presence in Pediatric ICU date = 2005-12-12 keywords = PICU; child; parent; sibling summary = Nurses may overlook siblings and assume parents and other family members are supporting them; however, distraught parents may not have the insight to identify the needs of their well children [9] , not know how to explain the situation [10] , or even realize that well siblings benefit from being with their ill sister or brother. Integrating knowledge of child development and well sibling stressors, along with understanding of illness and family adaptation, creates a sibling policy that enables PICU nurses to use their expertise and situation to provide holistic care to critically ill children and their family support systems. Nurses caring for critically ill children are situated ideally to lessen the detrimental effects of intensive care hospitalization on well siblings through direct interventions that are aimed at preparing siblings for the PICU environment, and through indirect interventions that are aimed at parental education and support. doi = 10.1016/j.ccell.2005.07.001 id = cord-336940-6rgmpy5r author = Russell, B. S. title = Initial Challenges of Caregiving During COVID-19: Caregiver Burden, Mental Health, and the Parent–Child Relationship date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; caregiver; child; parent summary = Results indicate significant linkages between parents'' caregiver burden, mental health, and perceptions of children''s stress; these in turn are significantly linked to child-parent closeness and conflict, indicating possible spillover effects for depressed parents and compensatory effects for anxious parents. The hypothesized path model examined the direct and indirect associations among caregiver burden, generalized anxiety, depression symptomology, perceived child stress, and child-parent conflict and closeness, with parent gender and focal child age categories as controls. Path analysis results report of significant linkages between parents'' caregiver burden and mental health and perceptions of children''s stress; these in turn are significantly linked to child-parent closeness and conflict. The results of a multigroup path analysis, organized by parent gender, indicates good fit to the data [X 2 (10) = 159.04, p < 0.01], such that parents who reported higher rates of caregiver burden also reported higher rates of generalized anxiety, depression, and parent perceived child stress, with male caregivers reporting higher rates overall than female caregivers and stronger associations across the linkages between variables at each step in the model. doi = 10.1007/s10578-020-01037-x id = cord-015893-e0fofgxq author = Ryhal, Bruce title = Viral Disease, Air Pollutants, Nanoparticles, and Asthma date = 2011-05-03 keywords = HRV; asthma; child; respiratory; viral summary = Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter in air pollution may • exacerbate asthma, and patients should be cautioned to stay indoors when levels of these irritants are high. A study of children aged 6-8 years with asthma concluded that an asthma exacerbation was of a greater severity if a viral infection was present as opposed to a nonviral illness (7) . Inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) are well known to control the number of wheezing exacerbations in school-age children with chronic persistent asthma, an effect that appears to encompass those episodes caused by viral illness. Viral respiratory infections, and to a lesser extent air pollution, are common triggers of exacerbations and may interact with individuals to affect the development of some forms of asthma. By understanding and anticipating respiratory viral infections and air pollution as important causes of asthma, the health care provider can provide superior care for those who suffer from this chronic disease. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-6836-4_11 id = cord-298708-lvahzj59 author = Sahin, Ecem title = Vulnerabilities of Syrian refugee children in Turkey and actions taken for prevention and management in terms of health and wellbeing date = 2020-07-29 keywords = Health; SDG; Turkey; child; refugee; syrian; turkish summary = RESULTS: Syrian refugee children in Turkey are facing a variety of risks in terms of their health and wellbeing including communicable and non-communicable diseases, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, family violence, child labor, and child marriage. A study on mental health problems and related risk factors in Turkey reported that Syrian refugee children have been exposed to a number of traumatic events during war in Syria prior to arrival to Turkey such as witnessing explosions or gun battles (70 %), to lose someone important to them (56 %), to see dead or wounded people (55 %), or witnessing people being tortured (43 %) (Gormez et al., 2018) . The main commonality of the studies reviewed for this article is that Syrian refugee children in Turkey are faced with higher risks in terms of a variety of health and wellbeing indicators despite the efforts by governmental and non-governmental entities. doi = 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104628 id = cord-296434-tok2nvyd author = Sakellaropoulou, Afroditi title = Hyponatraemia in cases of children with pneumonia date = 2010-09-07 keywords = child summary = CONCLUSIONS: Although studies in larger population groups are needed, in our study increased heart rhythm, tachypnoea, leucocyte count, C-reactive protein, and also erythrocyte sedimentation rate could be considered as possible risk factors influencing the degree of hyponatraemia, and thus the outcome of hospitalized children with CAP. Hyponatraemia is considered a common laboratory finding in children with communityacquired pneumonia (CAP), which can be defined clinically as the presence of signs and symptoms of pneumonia in a previously healthy child due to an infection which has been acquired outside hospital [9] . Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of hyponatraemia in children with CAP, to find predictive tools in order to classify the severity and outcome of CAP and also to explore possible differences of clinical importance between the two sexes. According to studies, SIADH occurs in about one third of children hospitalized for pneumonia, and was associated with a more severe disease and a poorer outcome [10] . doi = 10.5114/aoms.2010.14471 id = cord-305786-06dpjik8 author = Sandora, Thomas J. title = Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children date = 2005-07-09 keywords = child; patient; pneumonia summary = Fever and cough are also frequently present in children with pneumonia, and clinical signs may include retractions or abnormal auscultatory findings, such as rales or decreased breath sounds, which tend to be more specific as indicators of lower respiratory tract infection [23] [24] [25] [26] . Published studies of adult patients with CAP have shown that adherence to a treatment guideline results in improvement in several outcomes, including lower costs, decreased length of stay, more appropriate antibiotic usage, and lower mortality rates [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] . Empiric coverage for pneumonia in patients in the intensive care unit or others at risk for nosocomial infections should include broad-spectrum agents that provide coverage for these antibiotic-resistant organisms (and any organisms known to be a frequent cause of hospital-acquired infections in the institution) until a specific diagnosis can be made and antimicrobial susceptibilities are available. doi = 10.1016/j.pcl.2005.03.004 id = cord-329123-ytezkugu author = Santi, Aura Daniella title = Atrial fibrillation in a child with COVID-19 infection date = 2020-10-19 keywords = child; covid-19 summary = A multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children has been described in association with COVID-19 infection, with 80% involving cardiovascular sequelae. Criteria were met for severe multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children given the cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, mucocutaneous, and pulmonary involvement with history of COVID-19 infection. 6 Current guidelines for multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children treatment include starting low-dose aspirin, steroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin for all patients (dose dependent on severity) and biologic treatment with tocilizumab, anakinra, or infliximab for severe cases. 7 Monitoring for cardiovascular complications via serial troponin with early intervention is essential for multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children patients. Cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 in children remain a topic of novel investigation as literature in this population is lacking. The case highlights the importance of developing management strategies in patients with multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children in the setting of viral infection with COVID-19. doi = 10.1017/s1047951120003893 id = cord-355047-ri43d5wk author = Sarangi, Bhakti title = Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in Indian Children in the Initial Phase of the Pandemic date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = METHODS: Clinical and laboratory profile and outcomes were studied for children (aged 1 month — 18 years) presenting between 1 April, 2020 and 20 May, 2020 with positive nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. All children between one month and 18 years of age who tested positive by the RT-PCR technique for nasopharyngeal swab were included in the study -these also included asymptomatic children as per the management guidelines in force. High CRP values have now become synonymous with severe COVID-19 infection among adults as seen in majority of the studies [13] . In conclusion, our study shows that there is a higher disease burden in lower-socioeconomic groups with majority of children having a positive household contact. • Majority of Indian children with SARS-CoV-2 infection had a mild course of disease during the initial stages of the pandemic Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: An observational cohort study doi = 10.1007/s13312-020-1994-4 id = cord-267139-r8rg0iqq author = Scaggs Huang, Felicia A. title = Fever in the Returning Traveler date = 2018-03-31 keywords = child; fever; infection; return summary = As many as 34% of patients with recent travel history are diagnosed with routine infections, but serious infections such as malaria, enteric fever, and dengue fever should be on the differential diagnosis due the high morbidity and mortality in children. As awareness of tropical illnesses rise in parents, such as the increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria worldwide or the emergence of epidemics with Zika virus in South America, families may be more anxious about serious infections as an etiologic factor of fevers. Because the causes and clinical outcomes associated with fevers in pediatric travelers vary from self-limited to deadly, a systems-based approach can lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment that evaluates for the most likely and serious diseases early in the illness course. A European study of travelers returning from Brazil in 2013 to 2016 reported that of the 29% of patients with travel-related complaints, 6% had dengue fever, 3% had chikungunya, and 3% had Zika virus infection. doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2017.10.009 id = cord-343985-0p2j5hzc author = Self-Brown, Shannon title = The Impact of COVID-19 on the Delivery of an Evidence-Based Child Maltreatment Prevention Program: Understanding the Perspectives of SafeCare® Providers date = 2020-11-05 keywords = COVID-19; Providers; SafeCare; child; delivery summary = The goals of these programs, whether delivered in child protection or prevention service settings, is to promote childhood health, safety, and development and improve parenting skills and responsible parenting among mothers and fathers, which correspond with decreases in maltreatment risk (Howard and Brooks-Gunn 2009; Supplee and Adirim 2012) . Thus, this study has two research aims: 1) examine active SafeCare Providers'' opinions on the feasibility and effectiveness of SafeCare via virtual delivery, and 2) better understand workforce concerns for human service professionals within the context of COVID-19 mitigation efforts. This study is the first to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the delivery of an evidence-based child maltreatment home visiting program that has transitioned to virtual delivery, as well as the impact of COVID-19 on the workforce responsible for delivering these programs. Given the risks impacting our world''s most vulnerable families during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative to ensure effective and sustainable delivery of evidence-based programs that can reduce maltreatment risk for young children. doi = 10.1007/s10896-020-00217-6 id = cord-018585-hrl5ywth author = Sens, Mary Ann title = Other Pediatric Accidental Deaths date = 2014-02-10 keywords = Fig; Prevention; cause; child; death; injury; present; vehicle summary = doi = 10.1007/978-1-61779-403-2_30 id = cord-320868-a9yegebb author = Senthilkumaran, Subramanian title = Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Children: Indian Perspectives date = 2020-04-26 keywords = child summary = title: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Children: Indian Perspectives We would like to address additional issues related to epidemiology of COVID-19, reasons for uneventful clinical course in children, and the contributions of Indian judiciary to the health of children during the pandemic. In addition, increased expression of ACE2 in pediatric lungs and other tissues gives additional protection and contributes to uneventful clinical course [4] . In addition, exposure of pediatric population to various vaccines [10] carried out as per the Universal immunization program in India enhance the activation of the immune system [11, 12] , and contribute to uneventful clinical course. Over all, we believe that Indian children will withstand the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pandemic, but may be a link in transmission due to possibility of underreporting of cases, sub-clinical syndrome and longer shedding period of virus. Inflammatory cytokine profile in children with severe acute respiratory syndrome doi = 10.1007/s13312-020-1869-8 id = cord-022448-ungitgh9 author = Sergueef, Nicette title = Clinical Conditions date = 2009-05-15 keywords = CMT; EOM; Fig; SBS; SCM; bone; cavity; child; cranial; dysfunction; infant; muscle; nasal; result; tongue; treatment; upper summary = Brachial plexus injury, fracture of the clavicle, pectus excavatum and carinatum, scoliosis, kyphosis and vertebral somatic dysfunctions are other commonly encountered conditions with structural and functional consequences that can be addressed with osteopathic manipulative treatment. Palpate the infant to identify membranous, myofascial and interosseous somatic dysfunction, particularly in the upper thoracic spine, pectoral girdle, cervico-occipital area and cranium (temporal bone, occiput, occipitomastoid suture and jugular foramen). Secondly, but concomitant with the above, the progressive fl exion of the cranial base, associated with the anteroposterior growth of the skull, contributes to positional changes of both the pterygoid processes, which become longer and more vertical, and the petrous portions of the temporal bones, which become externally rotated. Because of the relationships between the sympathetic nervous system and the upper thoracic spinal segments, the second and third cervical vertebrae, and between the parasympathetic nervous system and the sphenoid, maxilla or palatine bones, somatic dysfunction of any of these vertebral and cranial areas can result in dysfunction of the ANS with impact on nasal function. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-443-10352-0.50013-4 id = cord-024981-yfuuirnw author = Severin, Paul N. title = Types of Disasters date = 2020-05-14 keywords = Department; Education; Emergency; Health; High; Homeland; National; Office; School; Security; States; United; agent; child; disaster; injury; occur; pediatric; table summary = The World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization define a disaster as "an event that occurs in most cases suddenly and unexpectedly, causing severe disturbances to people or objects affected by it, resulting in the loss of life and harm to the health of the population, the destruction or loss of community property, and/or severe damage to the environment. After the events of 9/11, much attention has been given to the possibility of another mass casualty act of terrorism, especially with weapons of mass destruction, that include chemical, biological, nuclear, radiological, and explosive devices (CBNRE), or other forms of violence such as active shooter incidents and mass shootings (Jacobson and Severin 2012) . Antidote therapy should be given as usual for nerve agents, including atropine, diazepam, and pralidoxime chloride (United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, National Library of Medicine 2019; United States Department of Health and Human Services, Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM) 2019). doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-43428-1_5 id = cord-353886-wvxohfum author = Sevilla Vallejo, Santiago title = Theoretical and applied study of the psychological and educational effects of lockdown in primary school students in Argentina date = 2020-12-31 keywords = child; parent; student; teacher summary = Then, we will see how the current situation of lockdown or quarantine and preventive and compulsory social isolation affect both the regulation of emotions and the reading comprehension specifically of primary school students with learning disorders. As a result, teachers have to accompany their students in a virtual way, without in many cases having previous experience in 1 In a previous work, we studied the relation between emotional awareness and reading comprehension: El efecto del aislamiento social por el Covid-19 en la conciencia emocional y en la comprensi on lectora. The problem is that the teachers wrote on the blackboards in capital letters and the students worked on copying and, at the current situation, parents express that they do not have the necessary tools such as blackboards and do not know how to adapt the tasks or how to teach their children. doi = 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100039 id = cord-348411-nrhe8aek author = Shah, Kaushal title = Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents date = 2020-08-26 keywords = child; health; mental summary = It is essential and obligatory for the scientific community and healthcare workers to assess and analyze the psychological impact caused by the coronavirus pandemic on children and adolescents, as several mental health disorders begin during childhood. Children exposed to stressors such as separation through isolation from their families and friends, seeing or being aware of critically ill members affected with coronavirus, or the passing of loved ones or even thinking of their own death from the virus can cause them to develop anxiety, panic attacks, depression, and other mental illnesses [11] [12] . The conducted literature search was through Medline, PubMed, PubMed Central, and Embase using the keywords, ''coronavirus,'' ''COVID-19,'' ''mental health,'' ''child and adolescent,'' ''behavioral impact,'' ''psychological conditions,'' ''quarantine,'' and ''online education.'' The indexed search aimed to identify literature and articles relevant to our focused topic. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10051 id = cord-017245-kxqh32ip author = Sharma, Avinash title = Kawasaki Disease date = 2016-06-02 keywords = Japan; Kawasaki; child summary = Initially described in 1967 by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki in Japanese children as an acute mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome [ 1 -3 ] , KD may lead to coronary artery abnormalities (CAAs) in up to 25 % of patients if left untreated. Japan reports the highest incidence of KD in the world -the present fi gure being 265/100,000 children below the age of 5 years. In the years to come, KD may soon replace rheumatic fever to become the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in India, just as in Japan, Europe and North America. If a child has fever for less than 5 days or has less than four criteria, the presence of coronary artery abnormalities (CAAs) detected on 2D echocardiography would also suggest a diagnosis of KD [ 17 ] . A replication study for association of ITPKC and CASP3 two-locus analysis in IVIG unresponsiveness and coronary artery lesion in Kawasaki disease doi = 10.1007/978-981-10-1750-6_35 id = cord-262892-n38r8n70 author = Sheikh, Jamila title = Nutritional Care of the Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective date = 2015-05-08 keywords = HIV; States; United; child; infection summary = In well-resourced settings, early infant diagnosis and administration of life-saving antiretrovirals (ARVs) have significantly improved clinical outcomes in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The tenets of care developed from that era still hold true in that all infants, children, and adolescents with HIV require comprehensive nutritional services in addition to effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). This chapter will review the principles of nutrition in the preand post-cART eras and discuss the etiologic factors associated with malnutrition, with an emphasis on interventions that have favorably impacted the growth and body composition of infants, children and adolescents with HIV. When cART providing effective viral suppression was unavailable, enteral and parenteral support was associated with improved weight and body composition and overall survival and is still a key part of care for children and adolescents who present with advanced HIV disease. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-800769-3.00009-3 id = cord-282868-yd7pzcbz author = Shelmerdine, Susan C. title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a systematic review of imaging findings date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; China; child summary = MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched four databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar) for articles describing imaging findings in children with COVID-19. Whilst several systematic reviews of imaging findings in COVID-19 cases have been performed for adults [7, 8] , none has specifically focused on children. Inclusion criteria encompassed all studies investigating and describing imaging findings of confirmed COVID-19 infection in children, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. The same two reviewers (S.C.S., S.T.) independently extracted data from the full articles into a database (Excel; Microsoft, Redmond, WA), which included the following factors: study design, study setting/country, population demographics (e.g., gender, age, underlying comorbidities), sample size, patient outcomes (number of mortalities), imaging modality and imaging findings (pattern and location of involvement of disease) and results of any follow-up imaging. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a systematic review of imaging findings doi = 10.1007/s00247-020-04726-w id = cord-276108-35rsrx3m author = Shulman, Stanford T title = The History of Pediatric Infectious Diseases date = 2004 keywords = APS; American; Diseases; Infectious; New; Pediatric; Society; century; child summary = Epidemic diseases were better described during the 18th Century in colonial America compared with the earlier period, and there was clear recognition of the impact of smallpox, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, influenza, tuberculosis and whooping cough, particularly upon children. The early years of organized U.S. pediatrics were marked by a number of landmark advances in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases of children, with substantial reduction in infant mortality rates, to 189/1000 live births in New York City in 1900, with rates as low as 147 in Chicago and as high as 311 in Biddeford, ME (5). The importance of infectious diseases to the relatively small number of founding members of the American Pediatric Society, a group of distinguished physicians who devoted much or all of their effort to the improvement of the health of children, is reflected by analysis of the topics of the papers presented at the early annual scientific meetings of APS. doi = 10.1203/01.pdr.0000101756.93542.09 id = cord-348717-qgny6f6y author = Shumba, Constance title = Reorienting Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya: A Review date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; ECD; Kenya; child; health; impact summary = Anecdotal evidence in Kenya shows that the COVID-19 pandemic is contributing to deteriorating optimal environments that threaten children''s early development and has direct health impacts on caregivers and children [11] [12] [13] . There are several far-reaching, interlinked direct and indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated control measures on nurturing care and related ECD outcomes including children''s cognitive, physical, language, motor, and social and emotional development (Figure 1 ). There is a need to build and leverage community level programs and policy support, targeting children at risk of abuse and neglect, and adolescents at risk of early pregnancy, to ameliorate the negative effects of the pandemic, such as poor nurturing care environments and transactional sex for food and pads among adolescent girls, all of which subsequently leading to poor child development outcomes. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17197028 id = cord-330780-lmntovs5 author = Simacek, Jessica title = Current Trends in Telehealth Applications to Deliver Social Communication Interventions for Young Children with or at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder date = 2020-10-12 keywords = ASD; child; intervention; telehealth summary = title: Current Trends in Telehealth Applications to Deliver Social Communication Interventions for Young Children with or at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Early, intensive, and high-quality interventions can often improve social communication outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This article highlights the current trends in social communication intervention via telehealth used in early intervention practices for children with ASD over the past 5 years, including a brief review of studies (from 2014 to January 2020) and our team''s experiences in this area. One of the best-documented uses of telehealth applications is training parents to implement intervention strategies to support their child''s social communication development (18 studies; 81.8%). This study examined the effects of parent-implemented functional communication training delivered via synchronous telehealth coaching on child requests during routines This study coached parents synchronously via telehealth to implement assessment and intervention (functional communication training) procedures to reduce self-injurious behaviors and to increase child requests doi = 10.1007/s40474-020-00214-w id = cord-293259-o51fnvuw author = Sinaei, Reza title = Why COVID-19 is less frequent and severe in children: a narrative review date = 2020-09-25 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; MIS; SARS; child summary = Thus far, only a small number of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have involved children, so that they have accounted for only 1-5% of total patients [2, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a hyperproinflammatory response or cytokine storm state that results to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS). The search strategy was constructed based on searching terms 2019 novel coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 with using and/or, also the terms of child, pediatric, newborn, infant, adolescence, adult, age, age groups, severity, epidemiology, prevalence, difference, immune system, etiology, reasons in title, abstract, and key words. The first results stem from some considerations that children have a less vigorous immune response to the virus than adults because the cytokine storm is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections [28] . doi = 10.1007/s12519-020-00392-y id = cord-327976-pwe95zoi author = Singh, Dr Shweta title = Impact of COVID-19 and Lockdown on Mental Health of Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review with Recommendations. date = 2020-08-24 keywords = child; covid-19; health; mental summary = doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429 id = cord-023817-39r3a4fd author = Singh, Namita title = Rotavirus and Noro- and Caliciviruses date = 2012 keywords = child; diarrhea; infection; rotavirus summary = Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children of developed and developing countries worldwide. Worldwide, approximately 40% of hospitalizations for diarrhea in children younger than 5 years of age are attributable to rotavirus infection. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines a confirmed case of rotavirus gastroenteritis as diarrhea (3 or more loose stools within 24 h) or vomiting (1 or more episodes in a 24 h period) in a child with a positive stool detection of rotavirus by a standard assay, such as an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The non-bloody, watery diarrhea of rotavirus gastroenteritis is clinically indistinguishable from that caused by other enteric viruses, including norovirus and other caliciviruses, enteric adenovirus, and astrovirus. Norwalk virus carries historical import as the first confirmed viral etiology for human gastroenteritis when it was identified by electron microscopy in stools from a severe outbreak of diarrhea in Norwalk, Ohio in 1972. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_120 id = cord-317092-5qba9jiq author = Singh, Tulika title = Lessons from COVID-19 in children: Key hypotheses to guide preventative and therapeutic strategies date = 2020-05-08 keywords = SARS; child; covid-19 summary = The current pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), reveals a peculiar trend of milder disease and lower case fatality in children compared to adults. Understanding differences in children''s immunity, host cellular factors required for virus replication, and physiology can provide insights into the correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs. In this review, we summarize current pediatric-specific knowledge on clinical disease, transmission, risks for severe disease, protective immunity, and novel therapies and vaccines in trial. 38 For example, a regulator of lung morphogenesis that is lower in childhood, nuclear factor kappa-light-chainenhancer of activated B cells (NF-b), plays a pathologic role in inflammatory diseases and should be evaluated as a protective host factor in pediatric versus adult SARS-CoV-2 infections. In this review, we evaluated recent reports on the pathology and immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and offered several hypotheses for how these features may differ in children versus adults, and how they may differentially modulate disease in these populations. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa547 id = cord-264242-zfv30l3o author = Sivabalan, Somu title = Does a Crying Child Enhance the Risk for COVID-19 Transmission? date = 2020-04-26 keywords = child summary = In our routine pediatric outpatient practice for non-COVID cases i.e. well baby visits and kids presenting with afebrile, non-respiratory symptoms, a surgical face mask with proper hand hygiene and gloves has been recommended for health care professionals [2] . AGPs are believed to produce aerosols and droplets as source of respiratory pathogens that exposes the health care workers to pathogens causing acute respiratory infections including Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [5] . Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is uncommon in children [1] , with greater morbidity and mortality in adults and elderly. Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: A systematic review doi = 10.1007/s13312-020-1870-2 id = cord-268042-qhrhymle author = Skokauskas, Norbert title = Supporting children of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-18 keywords = child summary = The WHO 2019 "Novel Coronavirus Global Research and Innovation Forum: Towards a Research Roadmap" highlights several knowledge needs, including what are the relevant, acceptable and feasible approaches for supporting the physical health and psychosocial needs of those providing care for COVID-19 patients [1] . Social distancing strategies disrupt healthy routines needed by children and increased exposure to trauma in childhood poses risks for later development of many forms of psychopathology, including anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), disruptive behavior, and substance abuse [2] . If their parents happen to be healthcare workers and first responders, it will surely impair their ability and willingness to work during any crisis, including the COVID-19 pandemic [3] . Using online strategies to provide interventions built on a foundation derived from the principles of evidence-based child trauma treatment, programs can reduce traumatic stress symptoms in children while building resilience and strengthening coping strategies. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy is an evidence-based child and parent intervention designed to help children recover from traumatic life events. doi = 10.1007/s00787-020-01604-6 id = cord-259694-8uv291b5 author = Sloan, Carlie J. title = Longitudinal changes in well-being of parents of individuals with developmental or mental health problems date = 2020-08-21 keywords = child; mental; parent summary = The current study examines (1) longitudinal changes in the effect of having a child with a developmental or mental health problem on parental negative affect, psychological well-being, and somatic symptoms, (2) age and gender moderations on these effects, and (3) the unique impact of factors related to the child''s condition. Additionally, among those with children with developmental or mental health problems, older parental age of onset of the child''s condition was protective of parental well-being, and longer duration of the child''s condition also predicted better health outcomes, suggesting that parents may adapt to the stress of their caregiving role over time. Having a child with a developmental or mental health problem will predict higher negative affect, lower psychological well-being, and a greater number of somatic symptoms, at both a baseline time point and a 10-year follow-up, compared to parents of children without these problems. doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113309 id = cord-346388-j6pajd68 author = Song, Hwasung title = Tourism Destination Management Strategy for Young Children: Willingness to Pay for Child-Friendly Tourism Facilities and Services at a Heritage Site date = 2020-09-28 keywords = Hwaseong; child; tourism; young summary = Therefore, the present study examines the preferences of tourists in order to establish a tourism destination management strategy for young children as a type of accessible tourism from a public perspective. Choice experiments (CEs) were used to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for facilities and services for young children at a tourist destination, in order to understand preferences. From this perspective, it has become important to consider the level of accessibility for young children when designing facilities and services of tourist destinations. Therefore, CE was selected as the analysis method for understanding tourists'' preferences for child-friendly tourism facilities and services and developing a tourism destination management strategy for young children. Preferences for facilities and services for young children were identified using CEs. The study site was Hwaseong Fortress, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in Suwon City, a leader in the clean restroom culture. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17197100 id = cord-346338-kdjgu93q author = Spinelli, Maria title = Parents'' Stress and Children''s Psychological Problems in Families Facing the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy date = 2020-07-03 keywords = child; covid-19; parent summary = Methods: Parents of children aged between 2and 14-years-old completed an online survey reporting their home environment conditions, any relation they had to the pandemic consequences, their difficulties experienced due to the quarantine, their perception of individual and parent-child dyadic stress, and their children''s emotional and behavioral problems. We expected that implications of the COVID-19 outbreak might increase parents'' psychological difficulties, particularly stress both at the individual and the dyadic level, with a consequent negative impact on children''s emotional and behavioral wellbeing (Dalton et al., 2020) . Because the only risk factor associated with parent''s individual and dyadic stress and children''s psychological problems was the Quarantine parent risk index, we did not include in the model the Home and COVID risk indices. We explored bivariate associations among the environment, family, and COVID-19 outbreak-related factors on parents'' stress and children''s psychological problems, and the interplay among these variables. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713 id = cord-329905-dwfwwdbn author = Staat, Dana D. title = International Adoption: Issues in Infectious Diseases date = 2012-01-06 keywords = States; United; child summary = Furthermore, infectious organisms (e.g., intestinal parasites), bacterial pathogens (e.g., Bordetella pertussis and Treponema pallidum), and viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses) may cause clinically significant morbidity and mortality among infected children. 7 Adopted children may have received vaccines of differing potencies or at different ages, or they may have been given a number of doses other than what is recommended in the United States. Because other countries may focus on required vaccinations for diseases endemic to their region, clinicians should ensure that all vaccinations that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommend are given to newly adopted children. 24 Of note, the high rate of positive results among internationally adopted children may be due to not only exposure to active cases of tuberculosis in their countries of origin but also vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is more common in developing countries than in the United States. doi = 10.1592/phco.26.9.1207 id = cord-303741-1ou0cy5k author = Stafstrom, Carl E. title = COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children date = 2020-09-10 keywords = CNS; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; child; infection summary = An especially apropos case demonstrated maternal viremia, placental infection shown by immunohistochemistry, and high placental viral load with subsequent neonatal viremia, implying transplacental transfer of SARS-CoV-2 from pregnant mother to fetus [24] ; this newborn presented with neurological symptoms as discussed in Section 3. The lack of unequivocal reports of SARS-CoV-2 being recovered from the CSF of individuals affected with presumed neurological involvement nor in brain tissue from the limited number of autopsied cases strengthens the possibility that the virus does not often directly cause the symptoms but rather, that the neurological sequelae are secondary to hypoxia, cytokine involvement, or some other non-direct mechanism (see Section 6). Finally, 4 of 27 children with COVID-19 associated MIS-C developed new neurologic symptoms including encephalopathy, headache, weakness, ataxia, and dysarthria [81] ; two patients had lumbar punctures and CSF was negative for SARS-CoV-2 in both. doi = 10.3390/children7090133 id = cord-282446-01lu7sce author = Stokholm, Jakob title = Azithromycin for episodes with asthma-like symptoms in young children aged 1–3 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial date = 2015-12-17 keywords = COPSAC; child; episode; treatment summary = [3] [4] [5] We discovered in our birth cohort, the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2000 (COPSAC 2000 ; a previous birth cohort of children born to mothers with asthma), that airway bacteria (Haemophilus infl uenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis) and respiratory viruses (at least one of picornavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, parainfl uenzavirus, infl uenza virus, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, or bocavirus) are equally closely associated with episodes of asthma-like symptoms in the fi rst 3 years of life. 4 We did a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of azithromycin for treatment of episodes of troublesome lung symptoms in young children who were followed up prospectively in our new unselected Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2010 (COPSAC 2010 ) birth cohort. This study is, to our knowledge, the fi rst randomised controlled trial of azithromycin treatment of acute episodes of asthma-like symptoms in children aged 1-3 years with a history of recurrent episodes and its fi ndings show a clinically signifi cant shortening of symptom duration by 63% after intervention. doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00500-7 id = cord-285965-mar8zt2t author = Su, Liang title = The different clinical characteristics of corona virus disease cases between children and their families in China – the character of children with COVID-19 date = 2020-03-25 keywords = Hubei; SARS; child summary = This study aims to analyze the different clinical characteristics between children and their families infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Here, we report the clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, imaging characteristics, and treatment regimen of nine SARS-CoV-2 infected children and their families in Jinan, Shandong province to increase awareness of this disease, especially in children. A retrospective review was conducted of the clinical, lab tests, and radiologic findings for nine children and their families admitted to the Jinan Infectious Diseases Hospital identified to be nucleic acid-positive for SARS-CoV-2 from 24 January 2020 to 24 February 2020. All the patients were recorded with basic information and epidemiological histories [4] including (1) History of travel or residence in Wuhan and surrounding areas or other reported cases within 14 days of onset; (2) History of contact with new coronavirus infection (nucleic acid-positive) 14 days before onset; (3) history of contact with patients with fever or respiratory symptoms from Wuhan and surrounding areas, or from communities with case reports within 14 days before onset; (4) Cluster onset, along with disease condition changes. doi = 10.1080/22221751.2020.1744483 id = cord-273620-gn8g6suq author = Szczawinska‐Poplonyk, Aleksandra title = Fatal respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus infection in a child with severe combined immunodeficiency date = 2012-11-30 keywords = child; respiratory summary = 2 Human coronaviruses (HCoV) HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 and related new strains HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1, identified after the epidemic outbreak of severe acquired respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, are likely to be common respiratory viruses in otherwise healthy children and were not implicated in severe lung infections in immunocompromised patients thus far. The chest X-ray of a 15-month-old child with severe combined immunodeficiency and respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus HKU1 infection. However, it is worth noting that coronavirus respiratory infections have not been described in children with genetically determined immunodeficiencies thus far and this is the first report of a documented HCoV-HKU1-related pneumonia with the RDS in a child with SCID. The identification of HCoV-HKU1 provides a novel insight into the epidemiology and clinical implications of coronavirus infections in severely immunocompromised children and indicates for consideration of this pathogen-related etiology of respiratory infection in SCID. doi = 10.1111/irv.12059 id = cord-327963-dqsg84e5 author = Tang, Suqin title = Mental Health and Its Correlates among Children and Adolescents during COVID-19 School Closure: The Importance of Parent-Child Discussion date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COVID-19; child; school summary = Besides demographic information, psychological distress (including depression, anxiety, and stress), life satisfaction, perceived impact of home quarantine, and parent-child discussions on COVID-19 were assessed. To address these gaps in the literature, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and levels of life satisfaction, among children and adolescents experiencing home quarantine and school closure in Shanghai due to COVID-19. Positive screens and symptom levels for depression, anxiety, and stress were higher among those who were more negative about the impact of home quarantine and who had no discussion about the COVID-19 with their parents. In order to further explore how children and adolescents'' intrapersonal perception on the impact of quarantine, interpersonal interaction with parents regarding COVID-19, and the interaction effects between perceived beneficial and parent-child discussion in association with the severity of depression, anxiety and stress, as well as levels of life satisfaction, were examined. doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.016 id = cord-030800-fgvc3qw8 author = Tao, Yun title = The Impact of Parent–Child Attachment on Self-Injury Behavior: Negative Emotion and Emotional Coping Style as Serial Mediators date = 2020-07-31 keywords = behavior; child; injury; self summary = Therefore, in order to examine how and when father-child and mother-child attachment were linked to adolescents'' self-injury behavior, negative emotion and emotional coping style are listed as possible mediating factors. Thus, all these studies have demonstrated that unhealthy father-child and mother-child attachment can directly trigger junior high school students'' negative emotions, and that the influencing mechanisms are actually different. To sum up, it is believed that negative emotion may affect emotional coping style; therefore, it is essential to examine the serial mediating roles of these two factors in the correlations between father or mother-child attachment and self-injury behavior. Finally, we expected there to be a serial mediating role played by negative emotion and emotional coping style in the correlations between father or mother-child attachment and self-injury behavior. This study finds that father-child and mother-child attachment of junior high school students can both directly negatively influence self-injury behavior, which conforms to the basic view of interpersonal or systematic models (Crouch and Wright, 2004) . doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01477 id = cord-284145-7le8303x author = Taylor, Johanna title = Specialist paediatric palliative care for children and young people with cancer: A mixed-methods systematic review date = 2020-05-02 keywords = care; child; palliative; specialist summary = • • Accessing specialist paediatric palliative care is associated with less intensive care at the end of life, more advance care planning and fewer in-hospital deaths for children and young people with cancer, but there is no robust evidence to tell us whether these services lead to improvements in quality of life or symptom management. This mixed-methods systematic review synthesises the existing evidence on the benefits, drawbacks, facilitators and barriers associated with referral to and uptake of specialist paediatric palliative care for children and young people with cancer and their families. 76 The impact of specialist paediatric palliative care A total of 17 distinct outcome domains were identified and these were categorised under one of six overarching categories: advance care planning (n = 9 studies), end-oflife care provision (n = 16), location of death (n = 18), child''s quality of life (n = 6), family support (n = 3) and service satisfaction (n = 7). doi = 10.1177/0269216320908490 id = cord-254556-1zthrgy1 author = Taylor, Sylvia title = Respiratory viruses and influenza-like illness: Epidemiology and outcomes in children aged 6 months to 10 years in a multi-country population sample date = 2016-09-22 keywords = ILI; RSV; child summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.09.003 id = cord-331825-dwi350c0 author = Teherani, Mehgan F title = Burden of illness in households with SARS-CoV-2 infected children date = 2020-08-11 keywords = SARS; child summary = We investigated the dynamics of illness among household members of SARS-CoV-2 infected children that received medical care (n=32). To address this knowledge gap, we utilized a prospective registry of laboratory-confirmed pediatric COVID-19 cases and conducted contact tracing of household members to characterize the presumed transmission before and after the child''s diagnosis. We defined the suspected index case as the first person (child or adult) to report symptoms or test positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the household, documented 14 days prior to, during, or after symptoms of other family members. Because pediatric patients are more likely to be asymptomatic or show mild symptoms, it has been challenging to define their role in SARS-CoV-2 household transmission, which this study aimed to address. In our study of child-to-adult transmission cases, children were symptomatic for at least 4 days prior to seeking care, the time period when they were most likely to be infectious to other household members 5,9 . doi = 10.1093/jpids/piaa097 id = cord-326277-dwyvics9 author = Thakur, Kalpna title = Effect of the Pandemic and Lockdown on Mental Health of Children date = 2020-05-12 keywords = child summary = However, this lockdown has restricted people to stay at home which is likely to impact their physical as well as mental health. It has been found that children staying at home due to lockdown spend more time in front of TV and internet which can lead to psycho-social problems, like lower selfesteem [1] . suggests that children who are separated from their parents/ caregivers due to their infections or their parents being affected or their parents serving in hospitals are more susceptible to psychological problems. Though, great efforts have been made by Indian government to combat this pandemic, however, this will lead India half way only as we need to focus on holistic health of children and not focusing only on providing basic care. For this we suggest, the parents of children staying at home should reduce their use of internet and TV by engaging them in physical activities. Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. doi = 10.1007/s12098-020-03308-w id = cord-265850-v83dwt6k author = Thomas, Michael S. C. title = Education, the science of learning, and the COVID-19 crisis date = 2020-05-25 keywords = child; learning summary = In the COVID-19 crisis, the science of learning has two different responsibilities: first, to offer guidance about how best to deal with the impact of the current situation, including lockdown and home-schooling; and second, to consider bigger questions about what this large-scale educational experiment might mean for the future. The second part, taking the longer view, considers the potential negative impact of the COVID-19 crisis in increasing inequality in education; but also the potential positive impact of driving innovations in technology use for educating children. In the current crisis, with schools closed, children at home, and parents expected to take on teaching duties, psychology and the science of learning have two different responsibilities. But perhaps there are also initial glimpses of what a technology-led revolution in education might look like: teachers serving as curators for virtual learning environments, which children can explore together with classmates to solve problems. doi = 10.1007/s11125-020-09468-z id = cord-016720-hgpnaoe7 author = Tremblay, Richard E. title = Disruptive Behaviors: Should We Foster or Prevent Resiliency? date = 2005 keywords = Tremblay; aggression; behavior; child summary = Thus, if the development of physical aggression, opposition, and hyperactivity was like an illness that starts at a given point in time following an exposure to specific causal factors, the "resiliency" model would posit that some who are exposed get it, while others who are also exposed do not get it. In fact, after following the development of children for 20 years, I am simply saying what Thomas Hobbes (1641/1998) stated very clearly almost 400 years ago in his insightful treaty on social life and how humans become citizens: "an evil man is rather like a sturdy boy." Disruptive school children, adolescents, and adults are resilient children, they have resisted the socialization process, they remain in their original form. We also tested whether the 2-year (between 7 and 9 years of age) preventive intervention targeting the disruptive kindergarten boys and their families would deflect them to a low-level antisocial behavior trajectory during adolescence. doi = 10.1007/0-387-23824-7_3 id = cord-335051-31imf6bv author = Tsabouri, Sophia title = SPECIAL ARTICLE: Risk factors for severity in children with coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19): A comprehensive literature review date = 2020-07-30 keywords = child; covid-19 summary = We carried out a comprehensive literature review to identify the underlying mechanisms and risk factors for severe COVID-19 in children, in comparison with the other two coronavirus outbreaks in the past, SARS and MERS. • Risk factors for severe disease from COVID-19 in children are reported to be young age 53 and underlying comorbidities, although not confirmed in all studies. 9 From the currently available data it appears that children tend to 105 have asymptomatic or mild disease more commonly than adults, 8,10 but severe cases and even 106 deaths have been reported worldwide in patients younger than 18 years. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human 445 coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1: a study of hospitalized children with acute 446 respiratory tract infection in Guangzhou, China. Middle East respiratory syndrome 459 coronavirus in pediatrics: a report of seven cases from Saudi Arabia. doi = 10.1016/j.pcl.2020.07.014 id = cord-314124-yk4y0kea author = Tsou, Ian Y. title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in a paediatric cluster in Singapore date = 2003-08-20 keywords = SARS; child summary = BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a major infectious disease pandemic that occurred in early 2003, and one of the diagnostic criteria is the presence of chest radiographic findings. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new form of atypical pneumonia, and is an infectious disease which has caused a pandemic with significant public health concerns. Materials and methods: The chest radiographs of four related children ranging in age from 18 months to 9 years diagnosed as having SARS were reviewed for the presence of air-space shadowing, air bronchograms, peribronchial thickening, interstitial disease, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hilar lymphadenopathy and mediastinal widening. Materials and methods: The chest radiographs of four related children ranging in age from 18 months to 9 years diagnosed as having SARS were reviewed for the presence of air-space shadowing, air bronchograms, peribronchial thickening, interstitial disease, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hilar lymphadenopathy and mediastinal widening. Chest radiographic findings of a case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore doi = 10.1007/s00247-003-1042-2 id = cord-002304-u30y2xdt author = Valentini, Diletta title = Fatal varicella pneumonia in an unvaccinated child with Down Syndrome: a case report date = 2016-11-17 keywords = child; varicella summary = CASE PRESENTATION: A 2-year-old white Caucasian female affected by Down Syndrome was referred to our hospital for cardiac arrest in course of varicella disease. The importance of the vaccine for preventable infectious diseases is stressed in this paper, in which we present a case of death in an unvaccinated cardiopathic child with Down Syndrome affected by varicella. Based on conservative estimates, the global annual varicella disease burden reports 4.2 million severe complications leading to hospitalization and 4200 deaths [5] . As the burden of preventable infections in children diagnosed with chronic diseases is high in terms Fig. 2 Histological image that showed interstitial pneumonitis and diffuse necrosis and hemorrhage in the pulmonary parenchyma of incidence and severity, it is essential to protect these children with timely administration of vaccinations according to the current recommendations. doi = 10.1186/s13052-016-0312-1 id = cord-263688-xz2hnym0 author = Varghese, Litty title = Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Human Coronaviruses in the Pediatric Population date = 2017-05-08 keywords = NL63; PICU; child summary = The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the epidemiology of HCoV detected in children from a community-based cohort and in hospitalized children, (2) assess the clinical features of illnesses with different HCoV types detected, and (3) evaluate potential risk factors associated with increased severity of illness, defined as the use of respiratory support and/or hospitalization in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). To evaluate potential risk factors associated with increased severity of illness in the hospitalized children with HCoV, demographic (eg, age, sex) and clinical characteristics (ie, chronic complex conditions [CCCs]), HCoV types and viral coinfection associated with respiratory support (defined above), and/ or PICU admissions were collected from the electronic medical record. Among hospitalized children, bivariate analyses assessed the associations of demographic characteristics, clinical factors, HCoV types, and presence of viral codetections, with increased severity of illness, ie, receiving respiratory support and/or admission to the PICU. doi = 10.1093/jpids/pix027 id = cord-268190-r428y2j9 author = Vivanti, Alexandre J. title = Post-natal follow-up for women and neonates during the COVID-19 pandemic: French National Authority for Health recommendations date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; child; mother summary = INTRODUCTION: In the context of the stage 3 SARS-Cov-2 epidemic situation, it is necessary to put forward a method of rapid response for an HAS position statement in order to answer to the requests from the French Ministry of Solidarity and Health, healthcare professionals and/or health system users'' associations, concerning post-natal follow-up for women and neonates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the shorter length of stay in the maternity unit, it is recommended that a newborn child be examined in person between the 6 th and 10 th day after the birth, preferably by a paediatrician or a general practitioner. The newborn''s visit planned during the second week (close medical supervision of the infant) is left, during an outbreak of COVID-19, to the decision of the paediatrician or general practitioner who examined the child between the 6 th and 10 th day postpartum. A mother with COVID-19 and her child are monitored by their general practitioner and, if necessary, the paediatrician for the newborn. doi = 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101805 id = cord-009606-xz23twqx author = Vorobieva S. Jensen, V. title = Epidemiological and molecular characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage strains in pre-school children in Arkhangelsk, northern European Russia, prior to the introduction of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines date = 2020-04-15 keywords = Arkhangelsk; Russia; child; serotype; streptococcus summary = title: Epidemiological and molecular characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage strains in pre-school children in Arkhangelsk, northern European Russia, prior to the introduction of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines The objective was to determine the prevalence of carriage, serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility and the molecular structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains before marketing and introduction of PCV-13. High rates of non-susceptibility to penicillin, macrolides and multidrug resistance were associated with specific vaccine serotypes, pandemic clones, and local sequence types. pneumoniae carriage isolates in pre-school children of the Arkhangelsk region between separately located DCCs. The serotype distribution was diverse in the area, but globally reported epidemiological features, such as age-dependence, Carriage rates A 38.4% overall frequency of pneumococcal carriage rate was found in non-vaccinated pre-school children. Serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular epidemiology of invasive and non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in paediatric patients after the introduction of 13-valent conjugate vaccine in a nationwide surveillance study conducted in doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-04998-5 id = cord-329750-purunxce author = Waldman, Amy title = Childhood multiple sclerosis: A review date = 2006-06-28 keywords = CNS; MRI; child; multiple summary = Although children and adults with MS have similar neurological symptoms, laboratory (cerebrospinal fluid) data, and neuroimaging findings, the clinical course, pathogenesis, and treatment of childhood onset MS require further investigation. The study concluded that children and adults with MS have similar clinical profiles, including mode of onset, symptoms, and physical and laboratory (cerebral spinal fluid [CSF]) findings. The results from the Natalizumab Safety and Efficacy in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (AFFIRM) and Safety and Efficacy of Natalizumab in Combination with Interferon ␤-1a in Patients with Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (SENTINEL) studies in adult patients indicate that the annualized rate of clinical relapses was reduced by 68%, the number of new and enhancing MRI lesions was reduced by 83%, and a decrease occurred in progression and prolongation of the interval before neurological deterioration, demonstrating the usefulness of the drug [Polman et al., 2006; Rudicket al., 2006] . doi = 10.1002/mrdd.20105 id = cord-033828-a54virh0 author = Wallace, Rebecca title = News Coverage of Child Care during COVID-19: Where Are Women and Gender? date = 2020-08-13 keywords = care; child summary = We find that gender remains systematically written out of coverage of child care, occluded by a larger focus on health-, economic-, and accessibility-related concerns about child care services. Labor force data also reveal that COVID-19-related job losses have been borne disproportionately by women, and economists insist that "there will be no recovery without a she-covery; no she-covery without child care." 3 There has been a genuine acknowledgment of the pandemic''s disproportionate effects on women, so the question we tackle in this article is whether women and gender have been central to news coverage of child care, which is an essential service for women''s resumption of their regular work activities. The gender frame most commonly emerges in coverage focused on economic recovery, where often little more than a single mention of women emerges in the context of discussing the caretaking challenges that parents are experiencing during the pandemic. doi = 10.1017/s1743923x20000598 id = cord-337037-xpj17vn4 author = Weigel, Ralf title = Global child health in Germany - Time for action date = 2020-10-09 keywords = Germany; Health; child summary = doi = 10.1080/16549716.2020.1829401 id = cord-265506-fxus6n65 author = Westrupp, Elizabeth M. title = Study Protocol for the COVID-19 Pandemic Adjustment Survey (CPAS): A Longitudinal Study of Australian Parents of a Child 0–18 Years date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; Facebook; australian; child; item summary = OBJECTIVE: This study aims to: (1) provide timely information on the mental health impacts of the emerging COVID-19 crisis in a close to representative sample of Australian parents and children (0–18 years), (2) identify adults and families most at risk of poor mental health outcomes, and (3) identify factors to target through clinical and public health intervention to reduce risk. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide timely information on the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on parents and children in Australia; identify communities, parents, families, and children most at risk of poor outcomes; and identify potential factors to address in clinical and public health interventions to reduce risk. doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.555750 id = cord-029481-8pq1oaa4 author = Whitcomb, Caroline Green title = Review of Doug Selwyn (2019). All children are our children: New York: Peter Lang. 202 pp. ISBN 9781433161643 (Paperback) date = 2020-07-21 keywords = Selwyn; child summary = Amidst today''s cries for change and the pandemicforced rethinking of education, Selwyn''s articulation of the intentional weaving of societal evils for the ill of our children and his vision for a more just and equitable future make this work a necessary read. After rolling out pages of statistical truths, Selwyn (2019: 24) states, ''[i]n the OECD the U.S. ranks 35 th out of 37 th in terms of poverty and inequality.'' While the rest of the world may have a far clearer picture of the USA, nothing will change until Americans move beyond blind patriotism and see ourselves as we truly are. Finland''s educational philosophy, based on the work of American theorist John Dewey, states: ''All pupils can learn if they are given proper opportunities and support, that understanding of and learning through human diversity is an important educational goal, and that schools should function as small-scale democracies'' (Selwyn 2019: 29) . doi = 10.1007/s42438-020-00172-x id = cord-010175-p2py9wau author = Winter, Harland title = GASTROINTESTINAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND AIDS date = 1996-04-01 keywords = AIDS; HIV; child; infection summary = The observations that transmission is increased in women who were symptomatic or who had more advanced AIDS27 and that zidovudine therapy given during pregnancy reduces perinatal transmission3 suggest that viral burden is an important factor in vertical transmission; however, the effects of maternal nutritional status, micronutrient deficiency, or acute infection on viral replication are difficult to evaluate. Gastrointestinal bleeding is unusual in HIV-infected children, but, when present, it may be caused by focal ulcerations in the colon, stomach, small intestine, or esophagus from cytomegalovirus-induced disease. Many of the medications used to treat complications of HIV disease cause hepatocellular injury or cholestasis; however, infectious agents, such as hepatitis B, that cause hepatocellular injury by immune mechanisms have milder clinical courses in immunodeficient hosts.Z4 Preservation of immune function in HIV-infected children could account for the apparent increase in chronic active hepatitis in the pediatric population compared with the incidence in Although abnormalities in liver function tests are not diagnostic, they are beneficial as screening procedures. doi = 10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70421-1 id = cord-269266-ygewa5xd author = Wurzel, Danielle F. title = Adenovirus Species C Is Associated With Chronic Suppurative Lung Diseases in Children date = 2014-04-18 keywords = PBB; child; hadv summary = An HAdV(+) BAL was significantly associated with bacterial coinfection with Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae (odds ratio [OR], 3.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.38–7.75; P = .007) and negatively associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection (P = .03). Human adenovirus (HAdV) detection is associated with lower airway neutrophilic inflammation in children with chronic respiratory symptoms, [13] and is significantly more likely to be present in the lower airways of children with PBB, compared with controls [14] . We hypothesized that, in the lower airways of children with PBB and mild BE, certain HAdV genotypes/species would predominate, and that presence of HAdV increases the risk of bacterial coinfection. This is the first study to examine the HAdV genotypes detectable in the lower airways of children with chronic endobronchial suppuration (PBB and bronchiectasis). The significant association between HAdV and lower airway bacterial infection suggests a possible role of HAdV-C in the pathogenesis of chronic suppurative lung diseases in young children. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciu225 id = cord-310677-begnpodw author = Yeasmin, Sabina title = Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study date = 2020-07-29 keywords = Bangladesh; child; mental summary = This study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of children aged<15 years during the lockdown in Bangladesh. K-means clustering used to group children according to mental health score and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) performed to identify the relationship among the parental behavior and child mental health, and also these associations were assessed through chi-square test. The chi-square test was used to measure the association of socio-demographic variables, parental behavior towards children, and child mental health scores among the cluster. In this study, children''s mental health (depression, anxiety, and sleeping disorder) scores were classified into four groups: sub-threshold, mild, moderate, and severe disturbance. doi = 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105277 id = cord-338674-tnnd1s57 author = Yin, J Kevin title = Pilot study of influenza vaccine effectiveness in urban Australian children attending childcare date = 2011-06-10 keywords = ILI; child; influenza summary = This study explored methods of follow up and sample collection for a proposed randomised controlled trial of influenza vaccination in children attending childcare. Efficacious influenza vaccines have been available for over 50 years, and yet, routine use in childhood remains the What is already known on this topic 1 Children in childcare are more likely to contract influenza and transmit infection to their siblings, parents, extended families and child-care workers. 3 Evidence for the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in children aged less than 24 months is limited and high quality, appropriately powered, randomised controlled trials are needed. A population-based surveillance study showed that less than 10% of hospitalised children aged Յ59 months with ILI had confirmed influenza infection. Studies of the 1996-1997 inactivated influenza vaccine among children attending day care: immunologic response, protection against infection, and clinical effectiveness doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02098.x id = cord-273322-zz733a0k author = ZHAO, Yang title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 versus Influenza A in Children: An Observational Control Study in China date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; child summary = This study aimed to understand the differences in clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features between the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and influenza A in children. Compared with either inpatients or outpatients with influenza A, children with COVID-19 showed significantly more frequent family infections and higher ratio of low fever (< 37.3 °C), but shorter cough and fever duration, lower body temperature, and lower rates of cough, fever, high fever (> 39 °C), nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, vomiting, myalgia or arthralgia, and febrile seizures. This study compared the clinical characteristics, epidemiology, and routine laboratory test results between 23 inpatients (5.7 ± 3.8 years; 9 boys, 39% of total) with pediatric COVID-19 (recruited from January 1 to March 28, 2020) and age-and sexmatched 69 inpatients and 69 outpatients with pediatric influenza A (from January 1 to December 31, 2019) who received treatment in the Beijing Ditan Hospital in Beijing, China, which has been designated as treatment facility of infectious diseases including COVID-19. doi = 10.3967/bes2020.080 id = cord-333061-d1mdacx3 author = Zhang, Xiu-Hang title = A Specially Designed Medical Screen for Children Suffering from Burns: A Randomized Trial of a Distraction-type Therapy date = 2020-05-30 keywords = child; screen summary = Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of the specially designed medical dressing screen during wound dressing changes of children who suffered burns to their hand or foot. Conclusions This study demonstrated "that the" application of the medical screen for burns can relieve the pain of 1-3 years old children suffering from a burns during dressing changes. The study was designed to compare the effect of a specially designed medical dressing screen''s intervention with usual 84 care or a touch-screen computer alone during wound dressing changes for children aged 1-3 years who suffering from 85 burns on their hands or feet. Despite the limited number of previous studies 314 investigating this topic 11 , the current results provide further evidence that the special designed medical screen is more 315 effective than touch computer or usual care, suggesting that this will be a powerful and effective complement 316 treatment method for minimizing pain in children burn patients related to dressing changes. doi = 10.1016/j.burns.2020.05.018 id = cord-341331-l24oe2pd author = Zheng, Baojia title = An increasing public health burden arising from children infected with SARS‐CoV2: a systematic review and meta‐analysis date = 2020-08-05 keywords = China; SARS; child summary = Therefore, it is valuable to perform a comprehensive analysis of the different published SARS-CoV2 pediatric cases recording clinical and epidemiological features, merging and This article is protected by copyright. The included studies were required to meet the following eligibility criteria: (1) studies focused on pediatric patients infected with SARS-CoV2 whose nucleic acid test or CT scan were positive; (2) retrospective observational studies, case reports or research articles describing the epidemiological, demographic, and clinical features of confirmed cases, which allowed stratification; and (3) a minimum size of patients (n>3) to conduct a meta-analysis. analysis, aiming to evaluate the features and situation of the children infected with SARS-CoV2 and their possibly increasing health burden on the public. In our study, we found that the proportion of asymptomatic infections in children was high; both males and females were susceptible to SARS-CoV2. doi = 10.1002/ppul.25008 id = cord-252970-hnd0653u author = de Nobrega, Manoel title = How face masks can affect school performance date = 2020-09-01 keywords = child summary = The cognitive processes involved in hearing acoustically distorted speech are likely to include verbal work memory and attention-based performance monitoring. Excessive background noise and classroom reverberation may affect the educational performance of children with normal hearing that present other learning difficulties 5 . It also surprises that each of the three transparent masks has mitigated the talk more than the nontransparent masks, and produced an resonant peak between 5000 and 7000 Hz. Although transparent masks have reduced the level of sound pressure and possibly degraded even more speech than non-transparent facial masks, they play an important role in preserving non-verbal communication slopes on face 9 . • Awareness the parents about how facial masks, associated or not to the face shield, can harm the intensity and quality of speech and how much this can impact on the school performance of their children. Effect of minimal/mild hearing loss on children''s speech understanding in a simulated classroom doi = 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110328 id = cord-294772-nma7w7of author = de Oliveira Collet, Giulia title = COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric dentistry: fear, eating habits and parent’s oral health perceptions date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; child; pandemic summary = title: COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric dentistry: fear, eating habits and parent''s oral health perceptions The questions addressed topics regarding changes in daily routine, dietary habits, fear level, oral health, and variation of income during the pandemic. The changes in diet, economic issues, general concerns, fear, added to the lack of preventive dental care, could impact the oral health of children during the enforced stay-at-home orders. Thus, this study aimed to assess the fear level, dietary choices and parent''s oral health perceptions during the stay-at-home orders period in Brazil. Regarding oral health, 24.4% of parents/caregivers reported their children were undergoing dental treatment before the pandemic. Association was found among parents/caregivers'' willingness to take their children to dental appointments, fear level (p<0.001), and the local number of COVID-19 cases (p<0.001) ( Table 4) . The present study concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the eating habits and dental care of children in Brazil. doi = 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105469 id = cord-346060-ns6v76rb author = degli Espinosa, Francesca title = A Model of Support for Families of Children With Autism Living in the COVID-19 Lockdown: Lessons From Italy date = 2020-06-02 keywords = ABA; activity; child; parent summary = After the first 2 weeks of lockdown with limited structure and free reinforcement access, in some of our first cohort families we observed the following during our online meetings: high levels of escape from simple instructions, the loss of independence and communication skills (appropriate mands), satiation (significant reduction in the time children spent with favorite items), an increase in problematic interactions between parents and all children, and unmanageable levels of mands for attention (both appropriate and inappropriate). Although, in general, the daily structure centered on adult-led or shared activities alternated with periods of solitary reinforcement, all parents learned to interact with their children and siblings in a way that worked for them and maintained low rates of problem behavior. We wished to create a mutually reinforcing situation for both the adults and the children, where parents could experience success in delivering instructions and interacting with their child, given that they would need to engage in this behavior daily in a confined space, over extended periods of time without a break. doi = 10.1007/s40617-020-00438-7 id = cord-308916-6p2qutc5 author = le Roux, David M. title = Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease date = 2017-09-21 keywords = HIV; child; pneumonia summary = New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae have contributed to decreases in radiologic, clinical and complicated pneumonia cases and have reduced hospitalization and mortality. In a review of four randomized controlled trials and two case-control studies of Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination in high-burden communities, the vaccination was associated with an 18% decrease in radiologic pneumonia [13] . However, given the high mortality from pneumonia in low-and middle-income countries, the lack of easy access to care, and the high prevalence of risk factors for severe disease, revised World Health Organization pneumonia guidelines still recommend antibiotic treatment for all children who meet the WHO pneumonia case definitions [80] . Effectiveness of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than 5 years of age for prevention of pneumonia: updated analysis using World Health Organization standardized interpretation of chest radiographs doi = 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8 id = cord-002774-tpqsjjet author = nan title = Section II: Poster Sessions date = 2017-12-01 keywords = AIDS; Canada; Centre; City; Community; HCV; HIV; Health; India; MSM; National; New; Toronto; Vancouver; York; access; african; age; care; child; datum; drug; group; high; introduction; method; need; patient; population; poster; program; research; result; service; session; social; study; urban; woman; year summary = Results: The CHIP Framework The CHIP framework aims to improve the health and wellness of the urban communities served by St. Josephs Health Centre through four intersecting pillars: • Raising Community Voices provides an infrastructure and process that supports community stakeholder input into health care service planning, decision-making, and delivery by the hospital and across the continuum of care; • Sharing Reciprocal Capacity promotes healthy communities through the sharing of our intellectual and physical capacity with our community partners; • Cultivating Integration Initiatives facilitates vertical, horizontal, and intersectoral integration initiatives in support of community-identified needs and gaps; and • Facilitating Healthy Exchange develops best practices in community integration through community-based research, and facilitates community voice in informing public policy. doi = 10.1093/jurban/jti137 id = cord-005646-xhx9pzhj author = nan title = 2nd World Congress on Pediatric Intensive Care 1996 Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 23–26 June 1996 Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Posters and Nursing Programme date = 1996 keywords = ARDS; CPB; Care; Children; ECMO; Hospital; ICU; Intensive; PICU; Pediatric; Unit; age; blood; case; child; conclusion; day; failure; group; high; hour; increase; infant; level; mean; method; patient; prism; pulmonary; respiratory; result; severe; study; ventilation; year summary = Aims and methods The aim of both a prospective and retrospective survey conducted in German pediatric intensive care units in 1993 was to accumulate data on the epidemiology, risk factors, natural history and treatment strategies in a large group of pediatric ARDS patients who were treated in the tt~ee year period from 1991 to 1993.All patients had acute bilateral alveolar infiltration of noncardiogenic origin and a pO2~iO2 ratio < 150mmHg. The influence of sex, underlying disease and single organ failure was analyzed using the Fischer''s exact test, the influence of additional organ failure on mortality was tested with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszet statistics. doi = 10.1007/bf02316512 id = cord-006236-2gpwf4z2 author = nan title = Abstracts from the First International Conference on Heart Failure in Children and Young Adults date = 2004 keywords = BNP; DCM; ECMO; VAD; child; failure; heart; patient summary = Key words: Gene Expression, Ventricular Hypertrophy, and Congenital Heart Disease Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be used to support children with severe graft failure after heart transplant (Tx). In the 2 pts with graft failure from acute rejection, ECMO duration was 5 and 6 days; both regained normal heart function and were successfully decannulated without complications. Key words: ECMO, Heart Transplant, Graft Failure, Acute Hemodynamic Rejection Background: Ventricular assist device (VAD) support is well established in treating adults with end-stage heart disease. Key words: Mechanical circulatory support, Pediatric, VAD, Congenital Heart Disease, and Cardiomyopathy Background: Measurement of whole blood B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels has been shown to detect heart failure in adults presenting with dyspnea in the acute setting. Key words: levosimendan, heart failure, cardiomyopathy Methods: 20 children were studied, age range from 2 to 192 months (median 32.5 months). doi = 10.1007/s00246-004-2553-9 id = cord-006702-ekf6mja9 author = nan title = Abstracts for the 17th IPNA Congress, Iguaçu, Brazil, September 2016: Oral Presentations date = 2016-08-17 keywords = CKD; Hospital; Objectives; UTI; University; VUR; child; patient; result; study summary = After correction using the optimal linear regression, the variability of the measurements was examined using Bland-Altman plots Results: We studied 29 patients (17 male, 12 female) with a median age (SD) of 14.0 (3.4) years and eGFR 111 (17) Objectives: Mutations of the Pkhd1 gene cause autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Objectives: To examine the characteristics, follow up and availability of long term outcome data in a cohort of New Zealand children with acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) following cardiac surgery at Starship Hospital over a six-year period. Methods: Cohort study conducted from 2008-2012 of 57 female patients age 9-21 years recruited from 2 pediatric nephrology clinics with CKD (n=25), on dialysis (n=9), or status post kidney transplantation (n=23) who received the standard 3-dose vaccine series of the HPV vaccine. doi = 10.1007/s00467-016-3466-6 id = cord-008695-y7il3hyb author = nan title = Pandemic Flu: Clinical management of patients with an influenza-like illness during an influenza pandemic date = 2007-01-25 keywords = H5N1; Staph; child; influenza; pandemic; patient; pneumonia summary = Children may be considered at increased risk of complications if they have cough and fever (or influenza-like illness) and temperature >38.5ºC, plus either chronic co-morbid disease or one of following features: breathing difficulties severe earache vomiting >24 hours drowsiness These patients should be offered an antibiotic as well as oseltamivir (in those >1 year of age) and advice on antipyretics and fluids. Children may be considered at increased risk of complications if they have: Cough and fever (or influenza-like illness) and temperature >38.5ºC and either (i) chronic co-morbid disease (see Appendix 2) or (ii) one of the following features • Breathing difficulties • Severe earache • Vomiting > 24 hours • Drowsiness These patients should be offered an antibiotic as well as oseltamivir (in those over one year of age) and advice on antipyretics and fluids. doi = 10.1016/s0163-4453(07)60001-2 id = cord-009713-sxd4t2tz author = nan title = Poster Presentations date = 2020-01-10 keywords = CSF; Children; DMD; EEG; Hospital; MRI; Neurology; Paediatric; age; case; child; conclusion; patient; present; report; result; seizure; study; year summary = Poster No. 010 Seizure, developmental and cognitive outcomes in children post hemispherotomy TT TAY 1 , DR REED 2 , VJ JOSAN 3 , SR RUST 4 , JT TAN 5 1 University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; 2 Neuropsychology Team, Paediatric Psychosocial Service, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK; 3 Neurosurgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation, Manchester, UK; 4 Paediatric Neuropsychology, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK; 5 Paediatric Neurology, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK Introduction: Patients with focal refractory epilepsy secondary to structural hemispheric changes have been shown in retrospective studies to have significantly improved seizure outcomes following hemispheric disconnection. In a univariate analysis of 682 cases with ≥12 months follow-up data, poor final outcome (defined as modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 3-6) occurred in 30% and was associated with very young or elderly age at onset, movement disorder, decreased consciousness, autonomic dysfunction, mechanical ventilation, higher mRS score in the acute phase, longer hospital stay, extreme delta brush on EEG, abnormal MRI, CSF pleocytosis and elevated CSF protein (all p<0.05). doi = 10.1111/dmcn.14411 id = cord-009997-oecpqf1j author = nan title = 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date = 2018-03-31 keywords = AKI; AML; AYA; BRAF; Background; CNS; Cancer; Center; Children; EBV; GVHD; Group; HLH; HSCT; Hospital; January; MRD; MRI; Medical; Method; S301; SCD; States; TCD; United; University; VOC; VTE; cell; child; disease; high; patient; pediatric; result; study; therapy; treatment; tumor; year summary = Completed cranial radiation and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant with unrelated cord marrow donor and is disease free at approximately day +200.Case 2: 5 year-old female diagnosed with FLT3 and MLL negative AML and completed treatment per COG AAML1031 study on the low risk arm without Bortezomib. Design/Method: This study was a retrospective chart review that included patients 3 to 23 years old with sickle cell disease type SS and S 0 followed at St. Christopher''s Hospital for Children. Background: Hydroxyurea, chronic blood transfusion, and bone marrow transplantation can reduce complications, and improve survival in sickle cell disease (SCD), but are associated with a significant decisional dilemma because of the inherent risk-benefit tradeoffs, and the lack of comparative studies. Brown University -Hasbro Children''s Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States Background: Despite clinical advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric and young adult patients, pain remains a significant source of disease-related morbidity. doi = 10.1002/pbc.27057 id = cord-014608-g3p19coe author = nan title = Pneumococcal colonization and carriage date = 2014-12-01 keywords = HIV; PCV13; PCV7; carriage; child; pcv; pneumococcal; streptococcus summary = Background and Aims: Data on the nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae across age groups are important to help predict the impact of introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) into routine vaccination programmes, given their important indirect effect. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from well children 3 months to 5Y of age from Karachi, Pakistan as part of a pneumococcal carriage study to evaluate PCV-10 impact. Methods: To determine pneumococcal colonization, we recruited a convenience sample of residents of all ages from 8 rural villages and children aged <5 years at 2 urban pediatric clinics annually during 2008-2012; we determined their PCV13 vaccination status and obtained nasopharyngeal swab specimens. No conflict of interest ISPPD-9 / pneumonia 2014 Mar 9-13;3:1-286 Background: Using nasopharyngeal carriage as a marker of vaccine impact, pneumococcal colonisation and its relation to invasive disease and demographic attributes were examined in children, their parents, and older adults in the UK following the introduction of PCV7 and prior to PCV13. doi = 10.1007/bf03399438 id = cord-014687-0am4l5ms author = nan title = SPR 2012 date = 2012-03-29 keywords = ACR; ADC; Administration; Case; Center; Children; College; DWI; Dr.; Drug; FDA; Food; Hospital; Imaging; MDCT; MRI; Materials; Medical; NF1; PET; Pediatric; Purpose; Radiology; Report; SPR; Society; University; child; clinical; conclusion; diagnosis; finding; image; patient; result; review; study summary = This presentation will focus on recent developments that have lead to a better understanding of the embryopathogenesis for fibropolycystic liver diseases (including choledochal cysts and Caroli disease), histopathological findings that have led to new classification systems for of pediatric vascular anomalies, technological advances and contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging that are useful to characterize and limit the differential diagnosis of hepatic masses. Disclosure: Dr. Annapragada has indicated that he is a stock holder and consultant for Marval Biosciences Inc. Paper #: PA-067 Cardiovascular Image Quality Using a Nanoparticle CT Contrast Agent: Preliminary Studies in a Pig Model Rajesh Krishnamurthy, Radiology, Texas Children''s Hospital, rxkrishn@texaschildrens.org; Ketan Ghaghada, Prakash Masand, Abhay Divekar, Eric Hoffman, Ananth Annapragada Purpose or Case Report: Image quality in a separate study using a long circulating, liposomal-based nanoscale blood pool iodinated contrast agent (NCTX) suggests clinical utility in pediatrics, potentially reducing difficulties in contrast-CT of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) including the size of intravenous cannula, need for accurate timing, inability to simultaneously opacify multiple targets of interest (requiring repeated contrast administration and/or repeated imaging). doi = 10.1007/s00247-012-2356-8 id = cord-015306-us58wwmp author = nan title = Abstracts for the IPNA Congress, 30 August - 3 September 2013, Shanghai, China date = 2013-06-21 keywords = AKI; CKD; DMSA; EBV; ESRD; HSP; HSPN; Hospital; NGAL; Nephrology; Objective; RSV; UTI; University; VUR; child; conclusion; group; kidney; level; method; patient; renal; result; study; year summary = The incidence of renal involvement varies from 20 to 60% and there have been some reports showing that nephritis might be related to an older age at onset, persistent purpura (> 1 month), severe abdominal pain, and relapsing disease.Recently, several studies have shown that galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is recognized by anti-glycan antibodies, resulting in the formation of the circulating immune complexes and their mesangial deposition causing renal injury in HSP nephritis and serum galactose-deficient IgA1 levels were highly inherited in children with HSP nephritis.Regarding the treatment of HSP, one randomized double-blinded controlled study recently showed that patients with abdiminal pain or arthralgia may benefit from early treatment with prednisone, but the drug has not been proven to be capable of preventing the development of renal symptoms. doi = 10.1007/s00467-013-2518-4 id = cord-015324-y44sfr0c author = nan title = Scientific Programme date = 2007-09-01 keywords = BMI; CKD; CRF; CRP; Children; DMSA; Department; ESRD; FSGS; GFR; Group; HIV; HSP; HUS; Hospital; III; MMF; Nephrology; PCR; PTH; Pediatric; SDS; SLE; SRNS; TGF; UTI; University; VUR; age; child; conclusion; disease; kidney; method; patient; renal; result; study; year summary = In order to further validate this approach, we performed a prospective randomized open-label multicenter trial in 41 low-risk pediatric renal transplant recipients (12 f, 29 m; mean age 10.1 yrs; range, 3.4 to 17.8) on CsA (target trough level 100-200 ng/ml), MMF (1200 mg/m 2 per day) and methylprednisolone (3) (4) mg/m 2 per day), who were randomly assigned >1 year posttransplant to continue steroids or to withdraw over a period of 3 months. We evaluated MMF in 15 children with LN, 11 F/4 M, mean age: 12.4±3.9 yrs, proteinuria >3 g/day, decreased C3 and increased anti-dsDNA serum levels, normal renal function. Patients and methods: 91 children and adolescents (60 male, 31 female, mean age at transplantation 9.7±5.2 years) with stable renal function and observation period exceeding 6 months were included. doi = 10.1007/s00467-007-0558-3 id = cord-015352-2d02eq3y author = nan title = ESPR 2017 date = 2017-04-26 keywords = ADC; CNS; CXR; DWI; JIA; LUS; MRE; MRI; Objective; Pediatr; Radiol; Suppl; ZIKV; case; child; diagnosis; disease; figure; finding; high; image; imaging; patient; pediatric; study summary = Lapierre; Montreal/CA Summary: Objectives: To review the classification of visceroatrial situs To describe the associated cardiac and non-cardiac anomalies To illustrate typical findings in fetuses, neonates and children To discuss the surgical consideration and the long-term follow-up in these patients Abstract: By definition, the type of situs is determined by the relationship between the atria and the adjacent organs. As is often the case, radiology in JIA is all about: knowing your clinicians (i.e. the pretest likelihood for disease) being technically eloquent (e.g. using high-resolution US probes, not delaying post-contrast MRI acquisitions) knowing what is normal (e.g. normal undulations in the articular surface, focal bone marrow signal variation) not being dogmatic about individual observations or measurements interpreting your findings in a clinical context The lecture will demonstrate similarities and differences among joints and modalities in children with variable-severity JIA. doi = 10.1007/s00247-017-3820-2 id = cord-017184-1ewi3dka author = nan title = Primary Immunodeficiencies date = 2008 keywords = BMT; CD4; CD8; Fig; HLA; IFN; SCID; Table; cell; child; deficiency; infection; patient summary = In this disease, microorganism phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes appears annulled, and the patient is subject to severe infections supported by capsular bacteria: the deficiency, described in association with severe and recurrent infantile infections [175, 485, 487] , depends on the lack of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) [487] , its Primary Immunodeficiencies a possible atopy dependence on IgA underproduction rather than on IgE hyperproduction ( Fig. 4.1 ): in children with levels of IgA at the minimum normal level, and followed from birth until the age of 18-23 months, a greater severity of atopic manifestations and an increased cumulative incidence of asthma, AD and otitis media with effusion (OME) were observed compared to controls. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-33395-1_22 id = cord-022653-qa1uph35 author = nan title = Poster Discussion Session PDS date = 2017-08-30 keywords = AIT; CD4; Der; ELISA; HDM; IgE; P<.001; allergen; allergic; allergy; asthma; cell; child; conclusion; group; introduction; level; objective; patient; result; study; test; treatment; year summary = 0206 | G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) regulates endothelial permeability induced by Bradykinin 0208 | Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of c1 esterase inhibitor of chronic urticaria challenges most commonly identified were the following: time of onset of disease; frequency/duration of and provoking factors for wheals; diurnal variation; occurrence in relation to weekends, holidays, and foreign travel; shape, size, and distribution of wheals; associated angioedema; associated subjective symptoms of lesions; family and personal history regarding urticaria, atopy; previous or current allergies, infections, internal diseases, or other possible causes; psychosomatic and psychiatric diseases; surgical implantations and events during surgery; gastric/ intestinal problems; induction by physical agents or exercise; use of drugs; food allergies; relationship to the menstrual cycle; smoking habits; type of work, hobbies; stress; quality of life and emotional impact; previous therapy and response to therapy, and previous diagnostic procedures/results. doi = 10.1111/all.13251 id = cord-023186-gqltd6u0 author = nan title = Poster Sessions date = 2019-06-27 keywords = CPAP; OSA; PICU; case; child; group; patient; study summary = doi = 10.1002/ppul.24373 id = cord-023239-06a03o14 author = nan title = II. Topic Sessions date = 2016-06-10 keywords = CFTR; FEV; GWAS; NCPAP; OSAS; PCD; RSV; airway; asthma; child; disease; function; lung; patient; study summary = doi = 10.1002/ppul.23455 id = cord-034340-3ksfpaf7 author = nan title = Proceedings of the 26th European Paediatric Rheumatology Congress: part 2: Virtual. 23 - 26 September 2020 date = 2020-10-28 keywords = ANA; ESR; IVIG; JIA; MAS; MTX; SLE; TNF; arthritis; case; child; clinical; disease; introduction; patient; result; treatment; year summary = Objectives: The current study was undertaken to evaluate sociodemographic and sociocultural features, parent behavior, the gestation and breastfeeding period, nutritional status of early childhood in our patients with JIA, and to determine their relationship with disease activity, damage index, remission time, and relapse rate. Methods: In the present study were included data 170 JIA(55 boys and 115 girls)aged from 2 to 17 years,who received scheduled vaccination before the age of 2 years and before JIA onset against measles,parotitis,diphtheria and rubella.Incomplete vaccination means the reduced number of vaccine to age.In all patients the Ig G anti-vaccine antibodies levels were detected with ELISA.JIA categories were:oligoarthritis -73,polyarthritis -61,systemic-16 and enthesitisrelated arthritis-20.Data presented with median and 25%>75% Results: Incomplete vaccination against MMR was in 50 (42%)diphtheria in 85 (50%) of the JIA patients. doi = 10.1186/s12969-020-00470-5 id = cord-295792-hajvtzj9 author = Álvez, Fernando title = SARS-CoV2 coronavirus: So far polite with children. Debatable immunological and non-immunological evidence date = 2020-07-03 keywords = ACE2; SARS; child; virus summary = In short, the purpose of this first defensive barrier for early control during the incubation period and the first symptoms of SAR-CoV2 infection is to inhibit viral replication, promote elimination of the virus, induce tissue repair and trigger a specific adaptive immune response (AIR) (12) . Furthermore, this enzyme also plays an important role in the immune response, especially in inflammation, and is involved in the defensive mechanisms of the lung -protecting it from severe injury induced by respiratory viruses (11, 18) . However, serological studies evaluating the immune response to respiratory infections including CovH have shown steadily increasing seroprevalence of antibodies to CovH in both children and young adults, as well as cross-reactivity, such as between antibodies to the previous SARS-CoV and CovH (25) (26) . Cell Responses are required for protection from clinical disease and for virus clearance in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-Infected mice doi = 10.1016/j.aller.2020.05.003 id = cord-264612-paewji35 author = Øverlien, Carolina title = The COVID‐19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Children in Domestic Violence Refuges date = 2020-08-18 keywords = child; violence summary = As such, when reports began arriving from different parts of the world concerning a possible increase of domestic violence and abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic (see, for example, Godin, 2020) , my colleagues and I constructed a web-based survey to distribute to all refuges in Norway (N ¼ 46). The questions focused on four main topics: 1) changes in the ''[The survery] covers the four to six weeks following the implementation of the government''s strict, wide-ranging virus control measures'' and Children in Domestic Violence Refuges services due to the pandemic; 2) the refuges'' cooperation with other services; 3) what the refuge staff saw as most worrying in the current situation and what they saw as vital in order to support victims; and 4) changes in the requests and motivations for contacting the refuges. In Norway, it is mandatory that school staff report concerns about abuse to the child protection services; as such, they also represent an important safety net for children and adolescents exposed to violence. doi = 10.1002/car.2650