# ent

id: cord-000317-pixbry0c
type: GGP
entity:
  space p ¼ 0 88 and time p ¼ 0 06 We have tested the effect on parameter estimates in England and Wales of relaxing the single introduction


id: cord-198395-v15queyh
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Incentives And Disincentives For Ridesharing A Behavioral Study Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration


id: cord-021673-vs4famsa
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Arts Council 2 National Heritage Board 1 Singapore Tourism Board 1 Singapore Sports Council


id: cord-026416-h0w5jsyd
type: ORG
entity:
  The Routledge Handbook of Urban Resilience Routledge International Handbooks Centre of Disease Control and Prevention CDC webpage Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development DSEPD City


id: cord-026416-h0w5jsyd
type: ORG
entity:
  Front Planning for Community Resilience A Handbook for Reducing Vulnerability to Disasters Hyogo Framework for Action and Urban Disaster Resilience Community Environment


id: cord-033713-jg79u8qc
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Universal Declaration of Human Rights United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Mark B DeGarmo


id: cord-287304-h6wj7m8u
type: ORG
entity:
  Mel The Globe and Mail SARS A Case Study in Emerging Infections Diseases of Globalization Socioeconomic Transitions and Health Governing


id: cord-262832-5iejckwx
type: ORG
entity:
  Taipei City Department of Health Strategies for Preparedness of Responding to Possible Pandemic of Novel Influenza


id: cord-315613-javtkg5m
type: DNA
entity:
  Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome A Multicohort MRI Study Gait Disturbances Are Associated with Increased Cognitive Impairment and Cerebrospinal Fluid Tau


id: cord-315613-javtkg5m
type: ORG
entity:
  Consensus on Shared Measures of Mobility and Cognition From the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in


id: cord-315613-javtkg5m
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Relationship Between Mood Thinking and Walking A Systematic Review Examining Depressive Symptoms Executive Function


id: cord-315613-javtkg5m
type: ORG
entity:
  the Health and Retirement Study Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome Could It Be Defined Through Increased Five Times Sit


id: cord-315613-javtkg5m
type: ORG
entity:
  Mucus An Underestimated Gut Target for Environmental Pollutants and Food Additives Microorganisms Mucus


id: cord-300212-3ljvw0vm
type: ORG
entity:
  Health Benefits of Urban Allotment Gardening Improved Physical and Psychological Well Being and Social Integration Statistics


id: cord-315343-ywgoqlxj
type: ORG
entity:
  the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways International Civil Aviation Organization Civil Aviation Statistics


id: cord-353718-8a5pq57e
type: ORG
entity:
  the University of Lisbon FMUL Paulo Nicola Primary Health Care Fátima Quitério Primary Health Care Center Group of Western Lisbon


id: cord-353718-8a5pq57e
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology Quality Criteria of the International Collaboration for Participatory Health Research Use of urban


id: cord-353277-vd0etd38
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Antinomies of Successful Mobilization Colombian Recyclers Manoeuvre between Dispossession and Exploitation Development and Change Garbage Citizenship Vital Infrastructures of Labor


id: cord-353277-vd0etd38
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Echoes of Slavery Recognizing the Racist Origins of the Agricultural and Domestic Worker Exclusion


id: cord-301053-3fw0hrbl
type: GGP
entity:
  S i K j 1 S i j yieldinġ 9 CC BY 4 0 International license It is made available under a is the author funder who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted May 18 2020 https doi org 10 1101 2020 05 11 20098541 doi medRxiv preprint where P eff Population splitting


id: cord-272526-2fgtjouu
type: FAC
entity:
  Holland Village Building a Competitive Pearl River Delta Region Cooperation Coordination and Planning


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: GGP
entity:
  Ii 0 11 p 0 01 and symptoms of pain Ii 0 14 p 0 01 fatigue ji 0 34 p 0 001 and cognitive difficulties p 0 30 P 0 001 For the three dimensions of the IIRS multiple regression results revealed 1


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: LAW
entity:
  The Collaborative Process to Achieve Access to Primary Health Care for Black Women and Women of Colour Project


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: EVENT
entity:
  Black Women and Women of Colour Women s Health in Women s Hands Community Health Centre Sistering Parkdale Community Health Centre Rexdale Community Health Centre


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: LAW
entity:
  P5 77 C Health and Livelihood Implications of Marginalization of Slum Dwellers in Provision of Water and Sanitation Services


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: DISEASE
entity:
  HIV Criminal justice system involvement was measured by arrest incarceration drug felony and loss denial of social services


# bib

id: cord-000317-pixbry0c
title: Spatial dynamics of the 1918 influenza pandemic in England, Wales and the United States
author: Eggo, Rosalind M.
date: 2011-02-06
txt: ./txt/cord-000317-pixbry0c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000317-pixbry0c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033019/
doi: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0216
summary:
  To better characterize the spread of the 1918 major wave, we fitted a range of city-to-city transmission models to mortality data collected for 246 population centres in England and Wales and 47 cities in the US. Using a gravity model for city-to-city contacts, we explored the effect of population size and distance on the spread of disease and tested assumptions regarding density dependence in connectivity between cities. We employed Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods to estimate parameters of the model for population, infectivity, distance and density dependence. For England and Wales, a model that estimated the degree of density dependence in connectivity between cities was preferable by deviance information criterion comparison. The low kernel power parameter estimates we have found in both England and Wales and the US suggests that long-distance interactions were important in spreading influenza between distant cities in both countries.

abstract:
  There is still limited understanding of key determinants of spatial spread of influenza. The 1918 pandemic provides an opportunity to elucidate spatial determinants of spread on a large scale. To better characterize the spread of the 1918 major wave, we fitted a range of city-to-city transmission models to mortality data collected for 246 population centres in England and Wales and 47 cities in the US. Using a gravity model for city-to-city contacts, we explored the effect of population size and distance on the spread of disease and tested assumptions regarding density dependence in connectivity between cities. We employed Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods to estimate parameters of the model for population, infectivity, distance and density dependence. We inferred the most likely transmission trees for both countries. For England and Wales, a model that estimated the degree of density dependence in connectivity between cities was preferable by deviance information criterion comparison. Early in the major wave, long distance infective interactions predominated, with local infection events more likely as the epidemic became widespread. For the US, with fewer more widely dispersed cities, statistical power was lacking to estimate population size dependence or the degree of density dependence, with the preferred model depending on distance only. We find that parameters estimated from the England and Wales dataset can be applied to the US data with no likelihood penalty.


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
title: Section II: Poster Sessions
author: nan
date: 2017-12-01
txt: ./txt/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5711696/
doi: 10.1093/jurban/jti137
abstract: nan
summary:
  Results: The CHIP Framework The CHIP framework aims to improve the health and wellness of the urban communities served by St. Josephs Health Centre through four intersecting pillars: • Raising Community Voices provides an infrastructure and process that supports community stakeholder input into health care service planning, decision-making, and delivery by the hospital and across the continuum of care; • Sharing Reciprocal Capacity promotes healthy communities through the sharing of our intellectual and physical capacity with our community partners; • Cultivating Integration Initiatives facilitates vertical, horizontal, and intersectoral integration initiatives in support of community-identified needs and gaps; and • Facilitating Healthy Exchange develops best practices in community integration through community-based research, and facilitates community voice in informing public policy.


id: cord-005189-z92vwovw
title: Are Megacities Sustainable?
author: Saier, Milton H.
date: 2006-07-28
txt: ./txt/cord-005189-z92vwovw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005189-z92vwovw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088849/
doi: 10.1007/s11270-006-9211-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  Increasing numbers of people are moving to cities, causing urban populations to expand. Moreover, the primary product produced by a particular urban population may result from the presence of a single company, and its presence in that city reflects the decisions of just a few executives. This tremendous rise results both from astronomical global birth over death rates and from the migration of rural populations to the cities. Moreover, about 1% of the world_s rural population moves from the country to the cities every two years. The sudden loss of a city_s infrastructure due to a natural or man-created disaster would be expected to promote human suffering of a magnitude that far surpasses anything that could have occurred in the past with a less centralized population living in a rural setting. Past examples of urban disasters abound: The great San Francisco earthquake and fire of 1906 caused thousands of deaths and tremendous loss of property.


id: cord-017790-5iwgebvp
author: Siegel, Frederic R.
date: 2019-07-13
txt: ./txt/cord-017790-5iwgebvp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017790-5iwgebvp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122453/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-22669-5_6
summary:
  Important factors that have to be considered by public health personnel in sea coast cities in order to be prepared to deal with disease include a location''s latitude and elevation as they influence climate (temperature and humidity). Here, the path is toxic metal from rock to soil to agricultural products or drinking/cooking water that can do the same harm to the human body as noted in the previous paragraph by bioaccumulation in and damage to vital organs and also cause medical symptoms and the onset of a NCD. The release of heavy metals from industrialization, utility sources, and vehicles into a city environment and associated ecosystems on land and in the oceans can be an inherited legacy or existing danger to public health through bad air and contaminated water, soils, and foods. How sea coast cities (and inner ones) and national governments have adapted to mitigate toxic metal pollution is reflected in the health status of their populations.

title:
  Disease Protection in Sea Coast (and Inland) Cities: Problems in Dense Populations with Shantytowns/Slums

abstract:
  As discussed earlier in this book, there are sea coast cities worldwide that are at risk from floods, storm surges, and extreme weather conditions such as wind-driven high category hurricanes (typhoons, monsoons), or drought and heat waves, plus along Pacific Ocean coasts, earthquakes and tsunamis. A municipality and its public health services have to be prepared to adapt to their preparations to deal with what contemporary experiences and history reveal are the most likely physical hazards and diseases to impact it. The two main preparatives are first to be able to care for the injured during a hazard event at well-staffed and supplied hospitals and medical clinics or field hospitals. The second is to fill the basic needs of affected populations with clean water, food, shelter, toilets, waste collection, and if necessary power restoration. These primary responses will help to reduce the chance of an onset and spread of disease. It is important to activate search and rescue teams help citizens isolated or trapped by the event that did not or could not evacuate such as in the case of extreme weather and flooding. In addition, where there have been deaths, bodies should be recovered and interred as soon as possible in order to prevent sickness that might originate from them. For instances of collapsed structures with people trapped inside, equipment that can move debris and rescue people or recover the deceased is necessary as would be the case for less common strong earthquakes as well as some extreme storm events. What was just described may be a good template to follow, but in reality, many sea coast cities in developing and less developed countries do not have the resources to cope with severe hazards that might impact them. Here, the World Health Organization and developed nations, large and small, have sent in personnel, supplies, and equipment to help an impacted sea coast city (or inland city) in the past and will surely continue to do so in the future.


id: cord-018316-drjfwcdg
title: Building the Infrastructure and Regulations Needed for Public Health and Fitness
author: Shephard, Roy J.
date: 2017-09-19
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123162/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-65097-5_22
abstract:
  1. To recognize the importance to the maintenance of good health of adequate public health regulations and an infrastructure that provides clean water and appropriate waste management. 2. To see the lack of such amenities over many centuries, but the progressive development of public health bureaucracies dedicated to provision of an appropriate infrastructure for healthy cities, beginning during the Victorian Era. 3. To observe how responsibility for the provision of adequate housing for poorer city dwellers has been shared between government, benevolent entrepreneurs and charities. 4. To note the new challenges to public health presented by such current issues as the abuse of tobacco and mood-altering drugs, continuing toxic auto-emissions, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, a decreased acceptance of MMR vaccinations, and the ready spread of infectious diseases by air travel.


id: cord-018762-xv8gtwzt
title: Challenges for the Application of GIS Interoperability in Emergency Management
author: Abdalla, Rifaat
date: 2007
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123726/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-72108-6_25
abstract:
  This paper highlights application challenges for GIS interoperability for emergency management with emphasis on critical infrastructure sectors. In the first part, this paper provides a comparative analysis of emergency management operations in the City of Vancouver; the City of Toronto, the Kitchener Waterloo Region, and the Dufferin County. A variety of qualitative research methods were employed for gathering information from key decision-makers involved with emergency management. The second part of this paper presents a scenario-based case study, which aims to provide a demonstration of the utility of GIS interoperability, for disaster management. This paper also discusses the strengths and weaknesses of leveraging GIS interoperability for disaster management.


id: cord-020617-w36yri4g
author: Kubo, Tomoko
date: 2020-03-09
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7143446/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-4202-2_2
title:
  Divided Tokyo: Housing Policy, the Ideology of Homeownership, and the Growing Contrast Between the City Center and the Suburbs

abstract:
  This chapter examines the generation of Tokyo’s division over time by focusing on the changes in national and municipal policies on urban planning, land use, and housing, as well as the outcomes of these long-term trajectories since the 1950s onward. By comparing with the Western urban discourse, we clarify the process of how Tokyo became divided in terms of residential conditions. The national government focused on the growth of major metropolitan areas, stimulating suburban development and homeownership in the suburbs from the 1950s to the 1980s. However, after the late 1990s, the target shifted from the suburbs to the city centers. Alongside global competition among cities, the long-term recession of the Japanese economy, and social changes, continuous investment to grow central Tokyo has increased in importance. In contrast, suburban neighborhoods are facing challenges related to an aging population and an increase in housing vacancies. Although government intervention is necessary, there are limited possibilities for the outer suburbs to revitalize and re-grow. The sharp contrast between the growth in city centers and the shrinking suburbs, and specifically the divided Tokyo, will become more obvious in the next decade.


id: cord-021673-vs4famsa
author: Foley, M.
date: 2009-11-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151847/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-045100-8.00004-1
abstract: nan
title:
  Establishing Singapore as the Events and Entertainment Capital of Asia: Strategic Brand Diversification


id: cord-026334-n8ek9fw3
author: Shah, Pooja
date: 2020-06-06
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7275654/
doi: 10.1007/s41403-020-00120-y
title:
  Prevention is Better than Cure: An Application of Big Data and Geospatial Technology in Mitigating Pandemic

abstract:
  COVID-19 has been a severe threat to city’s dense ecosystem and has collapsed the urban life. These spread has raised question on urban health infrastructure and coping capacity. To maintain social distance and providing community with essentials is a challenging task for government and city planners in dense urban area. Spatial mapping of resources, patients, medical infrastructure, potential open space, places which can be turned to quarantine centers, etc. has been done using GIS for city of Surat. Larger open spaces within the urban fabric are identified to implement emergency services and evacuation protocols. This tool will defiantly be helpful to the city administration in maintaining the cluster, quarantine tracking of the infected community and flow of daily essential, supply chain in cities with restriction in the infected cluster. Even having better technology to fight against any pandemic, geospatial technology will help to prevent the pandemic to spread further and hence, it is known as prevention is better then cure.


id: cord-026416-h0w5jsyd
title: Introduction: The City During Outbreak Events
author: Cheshmehzangi, Ali
date: 2020-06-09
txt: ./txt/cord-026416-h0w5jsyd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-026416-h0w5jsyd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7278264/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-5487-2_1
summary:
  Throughout the whole process of an outbreak, we need to have careful measures for urban resilience; and these should be holistic and inclusive to better contain people, health, infrastructure, and management of the situation. This category is the focus of this book, through which we try to address resilience and management measures to overcome the urban challenges and diverse disruptions of disease outbreak events. In each event, the city resilience and management measures and methods are not the same, but they are generally similar in terms of how we should respond to the impacts and vulnerabilities caused by the situation. In this regard, an epidemic situation is defined as the further expansion of the outbreak event, normally including a larger number of cities and communities, beyond just a particular contained region. The next few chapters of the book focus purely on key factors of urban resilience and city management to address their practicalities in a probable case of an outbreak event.

abstract:
  As the largest quarantine in human history, the City of Wuhan, China, with more than 11 million people went under a complete lockdown situation on 23 Jan 2020. An unprecedented situation that lasted longer than ever imagined. This occurred solely due to the spread of the novel coronavirus disease (later renamed as “COVID-19”), just one day before the celebration of the Chinese New Year.


id: cord-033713-jg79u8qc
title: Activating Embodied Imagination During COVID-19: A Performative Reflexive Autoethnography
author: DeGarmo, Mark B.
date: 2020-10-13
txt: ./txt/cord-033713-jg79u8qc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-033713-jg79u8qc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7554413/
doi: 10.1177/1077800420962474
summary:
  Through the process of participating in the "massive and microscopic sensemaking" challenge posed by Markham and Harris (2020) via my performative reflexive autoethnography, I have learned that embodied imagination''s implied cycling action always begins again in life. My bricolage armature during COVID-19 included throwing open my New York City apartment''s windows, as my mother always did mid-winter, March 13-17 while trying to mobilize in exodus to my country home 2 hr north; looping the same hike on my road; repeating words and phrases; and swimming to "bypass cognitive" domination and logocentric decision making (Cedillos, 2012 The complexity that the embodied bricoleur acknowledges and encounters through rigor includes the otherwise invisible yet embedded crystalline structures that refract and reflect the multiple dimensions and levels of the bricoleur''s past experiences, emotions, trainings, explorations, injuries, pleasures, and physiological challenges.

abstract:
  Embodied imagination is a learning theory that reverses the accepted Western “think first, then act” learning sequence though movement improvisation followed by reflection and reflective methods across verbal and nonverbal, including embodied-kinesthetic, modalities. Healing the Cartesian divide might have positive effects on world cultures and people across socioeconomic strata, especially urgent during the COVID-19 pandemic as multiple disruptions to daily life have quickly increased uncertainty and stress, compromising health and well-being, especially of traditionally marginalized excluded People of Color. Expanding the performative reflexive autoethnographic project through embodied imagination broadens and deepens this global, transcultural, transdisciplinary effort through the human body, traditionally not considered human thinking’s locus. Benefits across global societies include greater self-care, the ability to act effectively quickly in response to a world with exponentially increasing complexity, and awareness that creativity is a global communitarian human birthright, not a rarity relegated to exceptional people.


id: cord-102613-hly07ne3
title: Global Genetic Cartography of Urban Metagenomes and Anti-Microbial Resistance
author: Danko, David
date: 2020-05-04
txt: ./txt/cord-102613-hly07ne3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-102613-hly07ne3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/724526
doi: 10.1101/724526
summary:
  We identified covariates which influenced the taxonomic composition 204 of our samples: city, population density, average temperature in June, region, elevation above sea-level, 205 surface type, surface material, elevation above or below ground and proximity to the coast. To quantify how the principle covariates, climate, continent, and surface material impacted the taxo-213 nomic composition of samples, we performed a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on our taxonomic 214 data normalized by proportion and identified principal components (PCs) which were strongly associated 215 with a metadata covariate in a positive or negative direction (PCs were centered so an average direction 216 indicates an association). In general, negative controls had 798 lower k-mer complexity, fewer reads, and lower post PCR Qubit scores than case samples and no major Previous studies have reported that microbial species whose relative abundance is negatively cor-803 related with DNA concentration may be contaminants.

abstract:
  Although studies have shown that urban environments and mass-transit systems have distinct genetic profiles, there are no systematic worldwide studies of these dense, human microbial ecosystems. To address this gap in knowledge, we created a global metagenomic and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) atlas of urban mass transit systems from 60 cities, spanning 4,728 samples and 4,424 taxonomically-defined microorganisms collected for three years. This atlas provides an annotated, geospatial profile of microbial strains, functional characteristics, antimicrobial resistance markers, and novel genetic elements, including 10,928 novel predicted viral species, 1302 novel bacteria, and 2 novel archaea. Urban microbiomes often resemble human commensal microbiomes from the skin and airways, but also contain a consistent “core” of 31 species which are predominantly not human commensal species. Samples show distinct microbial signatures which may be used to accurately predict properties of their city of origin including population, proximity to the coast, and taxonomic profile. These data also show that AMR density across cities varies by several orders of magnitude, including many AMRs present on plasmids with cosmopolitan distributions. Together, these results constitute a high-resolution, global metagenomic atlas, which enables the discovery of new genetic components of the built human environment, highlights potential forensic applications, and provides an essential first draft of the global AMR burden of the world’s cities.


id: cord-136729-dr0dxm82
title: COVID-19 Plateau: A Phenomenon of Epidemic Development under Adaptive Prevention Strategies
author: Wu, Ziqiang
date: 2020-11-06
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.03376v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  Since the beginning of the COVID-19 spreading, the number of studies on the epidemic models increased dramatically. It is important for policy makers to know how the disease will spread, and what are the effects of the policies and environment on the spreading. In this paper, we propose two extensions to the standard infectious disease models: (a) We consider the prevention measures adopted based on the current severity of the infection, those measures are adaptive and change over time. (b) Multiple cities and regions are considered, with population movements between those cities/regions, while taking into account that each region may have different prevention measures. While the adaptive measures and mobility of the population were often observed during the pandemic, these effects are rarely explicitly modeled and studied in the classical epidemic models. The model we propose gives rise to a plateau phenomenon: the number of people infected by the disease stay at the same level during an extended period of time. We show what are conditions needs to be met in order for the spreading to exhibit a plateau period, and we show that this phenomenon is interdependent: when considering multiples cities, the conditions are different from a single city. We verify from the real-world data that plateau phenomenon does exists in many regions of the world in the current COVID-19 development. Finally, we provide theoretical analysis on the plateau phenomenon for the single-city model, and derive a series of results on the emergence and ending of the plateau, and on the height and length of the plateau. Our theoretical results match well with our empirical findings.


id: cord-138886-8zwjdlrt
title: Deconstructing laws of accessibility and facility distribution in cities
author: Xu, Yanyan
date: 2020-07-17
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.08832v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  The era of the automobile has seriously degraded the quality of urban life through costly travel and visible environmental effects. A new urban planning paradigm must be at the heart of our roadmap for the years to come. The one where, within minutes, inhabitants can access their basic living needs by bike or by foot. In this work, we present novel insights of the interplay between the distributions of facilities and population that maximize accessibility over the existing road networks. Results in six cities reveal that travel costs could be reduced in half through redistributing facilities. In the optimal scenario, the average travel distance can be modeled as a functional form of the number of facilities and the population density. As an application of this finding, it is possible to estimate the number of facilities needed for reaching a desired average travel distance given the population distribution in a city.


id: cord-198395-v15queyh
title: Incentive-driven discontinuous transition to high ride-sharing adoption
author: Storch, David-Maximilian
date: 2020-08-25
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.11079v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  Ride-sharing - the combination of multiple trips into one - may substantially contribute towards sustainable urban mobility. It is most efficient at high demand locations with many similar trip requests. However, here we reveal that people's willingness to share rides does not follow this trend. Modeling the fundamental incentives underlying individual ride-sharing decisions, we find two opposing adoption regimes, one with constant and one with decreasing adoption as demand increases. In the high demand limit, the transition between these regimes becomes discontinuous, switching abruptly from low to high ride-sharing adoption. Analyzing over 360 million ride requests in New York City and Chicago illustrates that both regimes coexist across the cities, consistent with our model predictions. These results suggest that current incentives for ride-sharing may be near the boundary to the high-sharing regime such that even a moderate increase in the financial incentives may significantly increase ride-sharing adoption.


id: cord-219520-by3gxrd8
title: Collaborative City Digital Twin For Covid-19 Pandemic: A Federated Learning Solution
author: Pang, Junjie
date: 2020-11-05
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.02883v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  In this work, we propose a collaborative city digital twin based on FL, a novel paradigm that allowing multiple city DT to share the local strategy and status in a timely manner. In particular, an FL central server manages the local updates of multiple collaborators (city DT), provides a global model which is trained in multiple iterations at different city DT systems, until the model gains the correlations between various response plan and infection trend. That means, a collaborative city DT paradigm based on FL techniques can obtain knowledge and patterns from multiple DTs, and eventually establish a `global view' for city crisis management. Meanwhile, it also helps to improve each city digital twin selves by consolidating other DT's respective data without violating privacy rules. To validate the proposed solution, we take COVID-19 pandemic as a case study. The experimental results on the real dataset with various response plan validate our proposed solution and demonstrate the superior performance.


id: cord-261420-8wavi5tk
title: Prediction of bifurcations by varying critical parameters of COVID-19
author: Nazarimehr, Fahimeh
date: 2020-06-16
txt: ./txt/cord-261420-8wavi5tk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261420-8wavi5tk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-020-05749-6
doi: 10.1007/s11071-020-05749-6
summary:
  Some critical parameters, such as the background of mortality without considering the disease state and the speed of moving people from infected to resistance, affect the conditions of society. Also, the interaction of five cities is studied with various connections and parameters to show the effect of traveling in the outbreak of the disease. Part (a) of Fig. 2 shows the bifurcations of Model (1) by changing the parameter of the background of mortality without considering the disease state. In the first step of this study, various bifurcations of the model by changing some critical parameters such as the background of mortality without considering the disease state and the speed of moving people from Fig. 9 Variations of state variables of five cities with different parameters for cities and coupling strength k ¼ 0:2; The population of the susceptible and resistant group in the cities cannot be synchronized, and they are different in all the times.

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 is a recent strong challenge for the world. In this paper, an epidemiology model is investigated as a model for the development of COVID-19. The propagation of COVID-19 through various sub-groups of society is studied. Some critical parameters, such as the background of mortality without considering the disease state and the speed of moving people from infected to resistance, affect the conditions of society. In this paper, early warning indicators are used to predict the bifurcation points in the system. In the interaction of various sub-groups of society, each sub-group can have various parameters. Six cases of the sub-groups interactions are studied. By coupling these sub-groups, various dynamics of the whole society are investigated.


id: cord-262832-5iejckwx
author: Yen, Muh-Yong
date: 2009-11-23
txt: ./txt/cord-262832-5iejckwx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262832-5iejckwx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19956722/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007962
summary:
  In launching countermeasures to bring the AHC outbreak under control, the Taipei Department of Health was also able to test its system and fine-tune its public health response for future EIDs. To evaluate the effectiveness of these intervention measures, daily surveillance was conducted to analyze the incidence rate and temporal-spatial distribution of new AHC cases. This risk communication program focused on communicating directly to the public through three routes: (1) schools delivered a Taipei Department of Health letter signed by the mayor (that detailed AHC information and prevention methods) for students to take home to their parents, (2) the mayor held a press conference to discuss the epidemic and offer guidance to citizens for preventing the spread of the disease, and (3) over 2.2 million short message services (SMS) messages, a communication tool for exchanging short text messages between mobile telephonic devices, were delivered to all Taipei mobile phone numbers.

title:
  Taipei''s Use of a Multi-Channel Mass Risk Communication Program to Rapidly Reverse an Epidemic of Highly Communicable Disease

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In September 2007, an outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) occurred in Keelung City and spread to Taipei City. In response to the epidemic, a new crisis management program was implemented and tested in Taipei. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Having noticed that transmission surged on weekends during the Keelung epidemic, Taipei City launched a multi-channel mass risk communications program that included short message service (SMS) messages sent directly to approximately 2.2 million Taipei residents on Friday, October 12th, 2007. The public was told to keep symptomatic students from schools and was provided guidelines for preventing the spread of the disease at home. Epidemiological characteristics of Taipei's outbreak were analyzed from 461 sampled AHC cases. Median time from exposure to onset of the disease was 1 day. This was significantly shorter for cases occurring in family clusters than in class clusters (mean±SD: 2.6±3.2 vs. 4.39±4.82 days, p = 0.03), as well as for cases occurring in larger family clusters as opposed to smaller ones (1.2±1.7 days vs. 3.9±4.0 days, p<0.01). Taipei's program had a significant impact on patient compliance. Home confinement of symptomatic children increased from 10% to 60% (p<0.05) and helped curb the spread of AHC. Taipei experienced a rapid decrease in AHC cases between the Friday of the SMS announcement and the following Monday, October 15, (0.70% vs. 0.36%). By October 26, AHC cases reduced to 0.01%. The success of this risk communication program in Taipei (as compared to Keelung) is further reflected through rapid improvements in three epidemic indicators: (1) significantly lower crude attack rates (1.95% vs. 14.92%, p<0.001), (2) a short epidemic period of AHC (13 vs. 34 days), and (3) a quick drop in risk level (1∼2 weeks) in Taipei districts that border Keelung (the original domestic epicenter). CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: The timely launch of this systematic, communication-based intervention proved effective at preventing a dangerous spike in AHC and was able to bring this high-risk disease under control. We recommend that public health officials incorporate similar methods into existing guidelines for preventing pandemic influenza and other emerging infectious diseases.


id: cord-265628-47dvjaa9
title: Administrative boundaries and urban areas in Italy: A perspective from scaling laws
author: nan
date: 2020-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-265628-47dvjaa9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265628-47dvjaa9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204619310448
doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103906
summary:
  Relying on open data for population, settlements and road networks, we showed the extent to which scaling relations hold for different boundaries for urban areas, and how they compare to each other. Area-population data for administrative boundaries can be reconciled with scaling relations valid for both the world''s cities data and with those obtained from natural cities, provided an effective area is adopted in place of polygon planimetric area of municipalities. Starting from the highest ranking, one can select all of the adjacent (surrounding) municipalities and try and find a candidate polygon to be merged with the central one, based on two requirements: (i) the aggregate areas and populations of the candidate mergers have a representative point in the (P A , ) plane which is closer to the scaling law than both the starting points, and (ii) the two candidates for the merger are connected by an urban area, as obtained by the method natural cities.

abstract:
  Delineating boundaries of urban areas is no easy task, due to the inherent complexity of the problem, heterogeneity of relevant data and little consensus on how to properly measure the results. Any such delineation must eventually be cast onto administrative boundaries, an essential requirement for real-world applications. In the effort of relating administrative and alternative boundaries, we investigated in Italy the validity of general scaling laws, such as the area-population relation, and proposed a practical application. Relying on open data for population, settlements and road networks, we showed the extent to which scaling relations hold for different boundaries for urban areas, and how they compare to each other. We considered, beside Italian municipalities, urban areas based on the idea of “natural cities”, obtained using head/tail breaks of areas related to human mobility as an explicit indicator of existence of a city. Area-population data for administrative boundaries can be reconciled with scaling relations valid for both the world’s cities data and with those obtained from natural cities, provided an effective area is adopted in place of polygon planimetric area of municipalities. We eventually proposed an aggregation of administrative units using the empirical scaling relation as an objective function for accepting or rejecting pairwise fusion of boundaries. We suggest considering such a method, along with expert considerations, as an additional tool for real-world urban planning as seen from the very general perspective of seemingly abstract scaling laws.


id: cord-266363-x9872ykd
title: The spatial value of live music: Performing, (re)developing and narrating urban spaces
author: van der Hoeven, Arno
date: 2020-10-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33100368/
doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.09.016
abstract:
  This paper examines the spatial value of live popular music by adopting an inter-disciplinary approach grounded in urban and music studies. What is understood of the relationship between live music and the built environment is improved, with a focus on how this cultural form contributes to performing, (re)developing and narrating urban spaces. The post-industrial city has become a stage for events that serve a wide range of social, cultural, economic and spatial objectives. However, the densification of the built environment has led to a debate about the extent to which live music’s positive outcomes outweigh the nuisance experienced by residents in terms of noise and the unavailability of public spaces. Furthermore, small venues in many cities are struggling with issues of gentrification, implying that the spatial value of music is part of wider concerns about who owns the city and which forms of culture can be produced and consumed in urban centres. Against this background, the paper asks the following questions concerning the spatial value of live music: how can it be defined? What are the challenges to achieving it? How can it be supported in urban planning? The study is grounded in a qualitative content analysis of 24 live music reports and strategies, as well as 10 in-depth interviews with policymakers, festival organisers and venue owners. Also discussed is how the spatial value of live music can be supported in urban policies by building interdisciplinary networks, establishing strategies, and creating and sustaining places for live music events.


id: cord-272526-2fgtjouu
author: Hutton, Thomas A
date: 2003-05-30
txt: ./txt/cord-272526-2fgtjouu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272526-2fgtjouu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0305900603000138
doi: 10.1016/s0305-9006(03)00013-8
summary:
  5 5 In general scholarly attention to the growth and development of service activities has evolved as follows: (a) an early interest in the growth of high-rise offices in the CBDs of the largest metropolitan cities, including important theoretical and conceptual contributions (Gottmann, 1961) , (b) a stream of empirical studies of office location, emphasizing regional policy implications and urban planning problems (Daniels, 1975; Goddard, 1975) , (c) growing interest in the social ramifications of services growth (Bell, 1973) , (d) a sharper analytical focus on business, ''producer'' and other intermediate services, and their role in urban and regional development (Noyelle and Stanback, 1984) , and in the operation of ''flexible'' industrial regimes, (e) assessments of the global dimensions of services development, especially in banking and finance, as well as in producer services and communications (Daniels, 1993 ), (f) acknowledgement of the importance of specialized services in the emergence of the ''informational city'' and urban society (Castells, 1989) , and (g) explorations of the intersections between tertiarization, occupational shifts, urban class (re)formation, and community-level impacts, especially in the metropolitan core (Ley, 1996) .

title:
  Service industries, globalization, and urban restructuring within the Asia-Pacific: new development trajectories and planning responses

abstract:
  While industralization programmes have been central to the development of Asia-Pacific states and city-regions over the past half-century, service industries are increasingly important as instruments of urban growth and change. The purpose of this paper is to establish service industries as increasingly significant aspects of urban development within the Asia-Pacific, and to propose a conceptual and analytical framework for scholarly investigation within this important research domain. To this end the paper explores a sequence of related themes and issues, concerning the larger developmental implications of urban services growth (or tertiarization), the facets of urban transformation associated with tertiarization, and a preliminary typology of urban service functions which acknowledges the rich diversity of service vocations and stages of development within the Asia-Pacific. The paper concludes that “advanced services”—specialized, intermediate service industries, advanced-technology services, and creative service industries—will be quite crucial to the development of city-regions within the Asia-Pacific, with respect to employment growth and human capital formation, to the urban economic (or export) base, to the operation of flexible production systems, and to competitive advantage. The development of these urban service poles will require innovative policy commitments and regulatory adjustments, as will the multi-centred specialized urban service corridors which function as engines of regional economic growth, and which provide platforms for national modernization and responses to the pressures (and opportunities) of globalization. To date, urban and regional development strategies for service industries within the Asia-Pacific have privileged globalization, industrial restructuring, and modernization aims, but there is also an encouraging record of more progressive planning experimentation in some jurisdictions, incorporating principles of sustainability and co-operative development. There is also increasing interest in policies to support cultural and creative industries among Asia-Pacific city-regions, informed by some recent urban policy experimentation in this domain. These experiences can offer models for further policy and programmatic innovation in the 21st century, as service industries continue to play larger roles in urban and regional development within the Asia-Pacific.


id: cord-275814-seirbkiq
title: Effect of air travel on the spread of an avian influenza pandemic to the United States
author: Tuncer, Necibe
date: 2014-03-31
txt: ./txt/cord-275814-seirbkiq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275814-seirbkiq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874548214000079
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcip.2014.02.001
summary:
  A two-city mathematical model involving a pandemic strain is used to derive the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ), which determines if the disease will spread and persist ( R 0 > 1 ) or go extinct ( R 0 < 1 ). Real air travel data is used to model the disease spread by individuals who are susceptible to or are infected with pandemic avian influenza. Real air travel data is used to model the disease spread by individuals who are susceptible to or are infected with pandemic avian influenza. We only consider the air travel of susceptible and infected humans with pandemic avian influenza because the infected individuals can only contract the disease from domestic birds (that do not travel). HPAI and pandemic avian influenza both become extinct in the bird and human populations when all the reproduction numbers are less than one.

abstract:
  Abstract The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strain H5N1, which first appeared in Hong Kong in 1997, achieved bird-to-human transmission, causing a severe disease with high mortality to humans [18]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a total of 637 cases were reported in fifteen countries, including 378 deaths, corresponding to a case fatality rate of nearly 60% [19]. Avian influenza continues to be one of the deadliest diseases that jumps from animals to humans. Epidemiologists believe that it is likely to cause the next major global pandemic that could kill millions of people. The 2002 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) demonstrated that international air travel can significantly influence the global spread of an infectious disease. This paper studies the effects of air travel on the spread of avian influenza from Asian and Australian cities to the United States. A two-city mathematical model involving a pandemic strain is used to derive the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ), which determines if the disease will spread and persist ( R 0 > 1 ) or go extinct ( R 0 < 1 ). Real air travel data is used to model the disease spread by individuals who are susceptible to or are infected with pandemic avian influenza. Analysis of the two-city model helps understand the dynamics of the spread of pandemic influenza when the cities are connected by air travel. Understanding these effects can help public health officials and policy-makers select the appropriate disease control measures. Also, it can provide guidance to decision-makers on where to implement control measures while conserving precious resources.


id: cord-287304-h6wj7m8u
title: Governing the Sick City: Urban Governance in the Age of Emerging Infectious Disease
author: Keil, Roger
date: 2007-12-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313325/
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00555.x
abstract:
  Abstract: Based on a case study of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Toronto, Canada, this article suggests that we may have to rethink our common perception of what urban governance entails. Rather than operating solely in the conceptual proximity of social cohesion and economic competitiveness, urban governance may soon prove to be more centrally concerned with questions of widespread disease, life and death and the construction of new internal boundaries and regulations just at the time that globalization seems to suggest the breakdown of some traditional scalar incisions such as national boundaries in a post‐Westphalian environment. We argue that urban governance must face the new (or reemerging) challenge of dealing with infectious disease in the context of the “new normal” and that global health governance may be better off by taking the possibilities that rest in metropolitan governance more seriously.


id: cord-298003-6yvcl92q
title: Responding to COVID-19: What’s the Problem?
author: Lawrence, Roderick J.
date: 2020-06-05
txt: ./txt/cord-298003-6yvcl92q.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298003-6yvcl92q.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-020-00456-4
doi: 10.1007/s11524-020-00456-4
summary:
  In addition to knowledge and know-how acquired from biological, ecological, health, medical and veterinary sciences, this pandemic confirms the crucial function and contribution of access to many types of resources when they are needed; in particular, sufficient stocks of medical equipment; hospital wards with specialised infrastructure; replenished supplies of pharmaceutical products; adequate numbers of trained and qualified medical doctors, nursing staff and auxiliary personnel in hospitals, medical centres and nursing homes for elderly persons and coordinated uses of all these resources when the virus is first diagnosed in specific localities. Ironically, many advocates of laissez-faire and neo-liberal economics now expect governments to intervene to support private enterprises that are financially fragile or bankrupt, Fig. 1 1 Effective responses to the complexity, emergence and uncertainty of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the compound nature of health, economic and social impacts of COVID-19 require understanding and implementing the virtuous relations between disciplinary knowledge and professional know-how, several types of resources, coordinated multi-level governance, and individual and collective behaviours that should be combined in transdisciplinary contributions.

abstract:
  This commentary argues that the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic should be considered as a transdisciplinary societal challenge that requires coordinated systemic thinking and actions in the context of uncertainty. Responses to the propagation of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the health, economic and social impacts of Covid-19 are complex, emergent and unpredictable. We describe the virtuous relations between three prerequisite conditions—multilevel governance, knowledge and types of resources and individual and collective behaviours—that should be combined in transdisciplinary responses.


id: cord-300212-3ljvw0vm
author: Włodarczyk-Marciniak, Renata
date: 2020-05-08
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32395422/
doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102236
title:
  Residents’ awareness of the role of informal green spaces in a post-industrial city, with a focus on regulating services and urban adaptation potential

abstract:
  Urban green spaces (UGS) and the ecosystem services they provide are essential for the health and wellbeing of city dwellers. UGS are increasingly seen as a potential solution for sustainable urban planning and development. Informal green spaces (IGS), even though they may make up a large share of UGS, are often overlooked in this regard. This study examines residents’ awareness of the ecosystem services provided by IGS and their need for redevelopment. The data were collected through structured interviews in the immediate vicinity of selected IGS in the Polish city of Łódź. Łódź is typical of post-industrial European cities struggling with environmental (heatwaves, cloudbursts), social (aging, depopulation) and spatial (a neglected and dense city center) issues. Our results show that residents saw IGS as places able to provide a range of services, mostly of the regulating type, and even minor design interventions can improve the attractiveness of IGS. Taking this into account, we conclude that IGS are important vegetated areas in the city, which can be complementary to formal greenery.


id: cord-301053-3fw0hrbl
title: Robot dance: a city-wise automatic control of Covid-19 mitigation levels
author: Silva, P. J. S.
date: 2020-05-18
txt: ./txt/cord-301053-3fw0hrbl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301053-3fw0hrbl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.11.20098541v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.11.20098541
summary:
  Taking into account parameters associated to the population of each city and the mobility among them, the optimal control framework suggests the level and duration of protective measures that must be implemented to ensure that the number of infected individuals is within a range that avoids the collapse of the health care system. Compared against other mitigation measures that are implemented simultaneously and in equal strength across cities our method has three major particularities when: Accounts for city commute and health infrastructure: It takes into account the daily commute among cities to estimate the dynamics of infected people while keeping the number of infected people within a desired level at each city avoiding the collapse of its health care system. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.11.20098541 doi: medRxiv preprint night day Figure 1 : Daily dynamics of workers traveling to nearby cities.

abstract:
  We develop an automatic control system to help to design efficient mitigation measures for the Covid-19 epidemic in cities. Taking into account parameters associated to the population of each city and the mobility among them, the optimal control framework suggests the level and duration of protective measures that must be implemented to ensure that the number of infected individuals is within a range that avoids the collapse of the health care system. Compared against other mitigation measures that are implemented simultaneously and in equal strength across cities our method has three major particularities when: Accounts for city commute and health infrastructure: It takes into account the daily commute among cities to estimate the dynamics of infected people while keeping the number of infected people within a desired level at each city avoiding the collapse of its health care system. City-specific control: It allows for orchestrating the control measures among cities so as to prevent all cities to face the same level control. The model tends to induce alternation between periods of stricter controls and periods of a more normal life in each city and among the cities. Flexible scenarios: It is flexible enough to allow for simulating the impact of particular actions. For example, one can simulate the how the control all cities change when the number of care beds increases in specific places. Therefore, our method creates an automatic dance adjusting mitigation levels within cities and alternating among cities as suggested in~cite{Pue2020}. This automatic dance may help the city economy and orchestration of resources. We provide case studies using the major cities of the state of Sao Paulo given by using estimates on the daily mobility among the cities their health care system capacity. We use official data in our case studies. However, sub-notification of infected people in Brazil is notoriously high. Hence the case study should not be considered as a real world policy suggestion. It high sub-notification is taken into account, the optimal control algorithm will suggest stricter mitigation measures, as also shown in the case studies. Surprisingly, the total duration of the protocol for the state is barely affected by the sub-notification, but the severity of such protocols is strengthened. This stresses a twofold implication, first, the protocol depends on high-quality data and, second, such optimal and orchestrated protocol is robust and can be adjusted to the demand.


id: cord-305629-utjng3dq
author: Kutralam-Muniasamy, Gurusamy
date: 2020-10-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33133301/
doi: 10.1007/s11869-020-00960-1
title:
  Impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on air quality and its association with human mortality trends in megapolis Mexico City

abstract:
  Mexico City is the second most populated city in Latin America, and it went through two partial lockdowns between April 1 and May 31, 2020, for reducing the COVID-19 propagation. The present study assessed air quality and its association with human mortality rates during the lockdown by estimating changes observed in air pollutants (CO, NO(2), O(3), SO(2), PM(10) and PM(2.5)) between the lockdown (April 1–May 31) and prelockdown (January 1–March 31) periods, as well as by comparing the air quality data of lockdown period with the same interval of previous 5 years (2015–2019). Concentrations of NO(2) (− 29%), SO(2) (− 55%) and PM(10) (− 11%) declined and the contents of CO (+ 1.1%), PM(2.5) (+ 19%) and O(3) (+ 63%) increased during the lockdown compared to the prelockdown period. This study also estimated that NO(2), SO(2), CO, PM(10) and PM(2.5) reduced by 19–36%, and O(3) enhanced by 14% compared to the average of 2015–2019. Reduction in traffic as well as less emission from vehicle exhausts led to remarkable decline in NO(2), SO(2) and PM(10). The significant positive associations of PM(2.5), CO and O(3) with the numbers of COVID-19 infections and deaths, however, underscored the necessity to enforce air pollution regulations to protect human health in one of the important cities of the northern hemisphere. [Figure: see text]


id: cord-314443-qeuvymu8
title: Pandemic and the planning of resilient cities and regions
author: Banai, Reza
date: 2020-09-15
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275120312774
doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2020.102929
abstract:
  The emergence of the coronavirus pandemic motivated this paper, which revisits the nexus of public health and the city, itself a main source of a pandemic which similarly threatens the lives and properties of the world population gradually one glacier at a time: climate change. We argue that pandemics expose both the vulnerability and resilience of the urban system expansively, from rooftop to the region, but also serve as change agents for the planning of resilient cities and regions globally. The discussion of the urban system and the pandemic is comparative, with the recent coronavirus and climate change, a persistent, long-lasting pandemic. The historical and critical review and synthesis of the durable concepts of the urban system at the kernel of the theories and practices of urbanism is highlighted by place matters, cyberspace, density, access, and the city-region. We note the implications for reconfiguring the resilient urban system of the future effectively with pandemic as change agent and the comprehensive plan and its regulatory zoning ordinance as implementation tool.


id: cord-315343-ywgoqlxj
title: City size and the spreading of COVID-19 in Brazil
author: Ribeiro, Haroldo V.
date: 2020-09-23
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.13892v2.pdf
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239699
abstract:
  The current outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an unprecedented example of how fast an infectious disease can spread around the globe (especially in urban areas) and the enormous impact it causes on public health and socio-economic activities. Despite the recent surge of investigations about different aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we still know little about the effects of city size on the propagation of this disease in urban areas. Here we investigate how the number of cases and deaths by COVID-19 scale with the population of Brazilian cities. Our results indicate small towns are proportionally more affected by COVID-19 during the initial spread of the disease, such that the cumulative numbers of cases and deaths per capita initially decrease with population size. However, during the long-term course of the pandemic, this urban advantage vanishes and large cities start to exhibit higher incidence of cases and deaths, such that every 1% rise in population is associated with a 0.14% increase in the number of fatalities per capita after about four months since the first two daily deaths. We argue that these patterns may be related to the existence of proportionally more health infrastructure in the largest cities and a lower proportion of older adults in large urban areas. We also find the initial growth rate of cases and deaths to be higher in large cities; however, these growth rates tend to decrease in large cities and to increase in small ones over time.


id: cord-315613-javtkg5m
author: Calderón-Garcidueñas, Lilian
date: 2020-09-02
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0013935120309841
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110087
title:
  Gait and balance disturbances are common in young urbanites and associated with cognitive impairment. Air pollution and the historical development of Alzheimer’s disease in the young

abstract:
  To determine whether gait and balance dysfunction are present in young urbanites exposed to fine particular matter PM(2.5) ≥ annual USEPA standard, we tested gait and balance with Tinetti and Berg tests in 575 clinically healthy subjects, age 21.0±5.7y who were residents in Metropolitan Mexico City, Villahermosa and Reynosa. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment was also applied to an independent cohort n:76, age 23.3± 9.1y. In the 575 cohort, 75.4% and 34.4% had abnormal total Tinetti and Berg scores and high risk of falls in 17.2% and 5.7% respectively. BMI impacted negatively Tinetti and Berg performance. Gait dysfunction worsen with age and males performed worse than females. Gait and balance dysfunction were associated with mild cognitive impairment MCI (19.73%) and dementia (55.26%) in 57/76 and 19 cognitively intact subjects had gait and balance dysfunction. Seventy-five percent of urbanites exposed to PM(2.5) had gait and balance dysfunction. For MMC residents-with historical documented Alzheimer disease (AD) and CSF abnormalities, these findings suggest Alzheimer Continuum is in progress. Early development of a Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome ought to be considered in city dwellers with normal cognition and gait dysfunction. The AD research frame in PM(2.5) exposed young urbanites should include gait and balance measurements. Multicity teens and young adult cohorts are warranted for quantitative gait and balance measurements and neuropsychological and brain imaging studies in high vs low PM(2.5) exposures. Early identification of gait and balance impairment in young air pollution-exposed urbanites would facilitate multidisciplinary prevention efforts for modifying the course of AD.


id: cord-317465-ucwuptgg
title: Human Mobility Restrictions and the Spread of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China
author: FANG, H.
date: 2020-03-26
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042424
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.24.20042424
abstract:
  We quantify the causal impact of human mobility restrictions, particularly the lockdown of the city of Wuhan on January 23, 2020, on the containment and delay of the spread of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We employ a set of difference-in-differences (DID) estimations to disentangle the lockdown effect on human mobility reductions from other confounding effects including panic effect, virus effect, and the Spring Festival effect. We find that the lockdown of Wuhan reduced inflow into Wuhan by 76.64%, outflows from Wuhan by 56.35%, and within-Wuhan movements by 54.15%. We also estimate the dynamic effects of up to 22 lagged population inflows from Wuhan and other Hubei cities, the epicenter of the 2019-nCoV outbreak, on the destination cities' new infection cases. We find, using simulations with these estimates, that the lockdown of the city of Wuhan on January 23, 2020 contributed significantly to reducing the total infection cases outside of Wuhan, even with the social distancing measures later imposed by other cities. We find that the COVID-19 cases would be 64.81% higher in the 347 Chinese cities outside Hubei province, and 52.64% higher in the 16 non-Wuhan cities inside Hubei, in the counterfactual world in which the city of Wuhan were not locked down from January 23, 2020. We also find that there were substantial undocumented infection cases in the early days of the 2019-nCoV outbreak in Wuhan and other cities of Hubei province, but over time, the gap between the officially reported cases and our estimated "actual" cases narrows significantly. We also find evidence that enhanced social distancing policies in the 63 Chinese cities outside Hubei province are effective in reducing the impact of population inflows from the epicenter cities in Hubei province on the spread of 2019-nCoV virus in the destination cities elsewhere.


id: cord-318301-gd43bacv
title: A critical review of liveability approaches and their dimensions
author: Paul, Arpan
date: 2020-10-02
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.09.008
doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.09.008
abstract:
  The last few decades have witnessed increasing trends in urbanization as a global phenomenon. In this regard, the concept of liveability has appeared as elementary for evaluating the degree of living standards of cities. The present review investigates a comparative critical assessment of the existing liveability approaches in urban studies. Based on the assessment, the review concludes that a gap prevails concerning liveability approaches between global cities in different parts of the world.


id: cord-330511-aiq6ejcq
author: Acuna-Zegarra, Manuel Adrian
date: 2020-03-31
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.28.20046276
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.28.20046276
title:
  The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic outbreak: a review of plausible scenarios of containment and mitigation for Mexico

abstract:
  We present here several variants of a mathematical model to explore three main issues related to SARS-CoV-2 spread in scenarios similar to those present in Mexico and elsewhere in Latin America. We explore the consequences for travel inside a given region, in this case Mexico, particularly focusing on airplane transportation but attempting to give a gross approximation to terrestrial movement since this is the main form of population movement across geographical areas in the country; then we proceed to study the effect of behavioral changes required to lower transmission by lowering the contact rate and infection probability and lastly, we explore the consequences of disease spread in a population subject to social isolation.These models are not suitable for predictive purposes although some rough predictions can be extracted from them. They are presented as a tool that can serve to explore plausible scenarios of spread and impact, effectiveness and consequences of contention and mitigation policies. Given the early stage at which the epidemic is at the date of writing in Mexico, we hope these ideas can be helpful for the understanding of the importance of isolation, social distancing and screening of the general population.


id: cord-336993-2plgjn2d
title: Under pressure: Factors shaping urban greenspace provision in a mid-sized city
author: Boulton, Chris
date: 2020-07-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834327/
doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2020.102816
abstract:
  Urban greenspaces provide diverse ecosystem functions, services and benefits to residents. Much commentary has been offered to date about citizens' demands for more urban greenspace. Less attention, however, has been given to the ‘supply side’ pressures experienced by local government in delivering urban greenspace, particularly in mid-sized cities. Greater attention to factors shaping supply is warranted, especially in the context of rapid population growth. By understanding how existing greenspace provision approaches can stymie the efforts of local government to meet citizens' needs, new approaches can be identified. This paper assesses several factors shaping urban greenspace provision in Surrey - a city within the Greater Vancouver area. Insights are derived from in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, public documents, and census and municipal data about parks and their context as a specific type of greenspace. Our findings suggest that governance tools, economy and property markets, and financial and natural resources manifest as core factors influencing urban greenspace provision in Surrey. A reliance on governance tools premised upon standards has created park provision paradoxes. Treating greenspace provision as a largely technocratic exercise may be limiting Surrey's ability to respond to changing politics, economics and population trends. We point to alternative approaches.


id: cord-348435-z1c16thl
author: Jiricka-Pürrer, Alexandra
date: 2020-09-30
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2213078020300530
doi: 10.1016/j.jort.2020.100329
title:
  City tourism pre- and post-covid-19 pandemic – Messages to take home for climate change adaptation and mitigation?

abstract:
  The paper presents the status quo on climate change impacts on city tourism in Austria describing the impacts by air travel and a short stay on the greenhouse gas emissions and the changing conditions in the city. For Austrian cities, depending on location and topography, heavy rainfall events, storms and heat waves in particular could become increasingly relevant in the tourism context. For medium-sized and large cities, heat is the most frequently discussed topic in connection with possible adaptation potentials. The analysis of challenges shows a strong overlap of adaptation targets in city tourism with adaptation challenges for city planning including connection to the sub-urban surrounding areas to confront climate change impacts. Covid-19 pandemic, additionally, offered the opportunity to discuss a new re-start of the city-tourism against the experience during the shutdown period in spring 2020. The paper argues that we can learn from the current health crisis for coping with climate change related extreme events and to increase achievements in climate change mitigation. Firstly, the pandemic provides a strong ability to discuss the impact of city tourism due to short-term air travel and options to enhance more climate-friendly options on the other hand. Secondly, Covid-19 emphasized the need to reconsider the role of free spaces in metropolitan areas as well as their accessibility. Herewith synergies with climate change adaptation are likely when questioning the availability and accessibility of green and blue infrastructure as well as their capacities. Challenges including crowding and impacts by over tourism on public free spaces will require joint strategies involving all public and private institutions (including local communities and businesses) responsible for the maintenance of green and blue free spaces. Thirdly, the strong interactions between urban and suburban areas became evident once more, which will also be very relevant for city tourism in the future (e.g. in times of heat waves). Reflection on the transferability of coping with such crowding effects, related to the adaptive behaviour of residents and tourists in times of severe heat waves, might be relevant for both city tourism and summer tourism destinations near metropolitan areas. Finally, the Covid-19 crisis encourages discussions on over-tourism in metropolitan destinations in favour of a more balanced approach, in particular in inner city areas and around major sightseeing attractions.


id: cord-348791-5d23x86j
title: Urban inequalities in the 21st century economy
author: Nijman, Jan
date: 2020-04-02
txt: ./txt/cord-348791-5d23x86j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-348791-5d23x86j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102188
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102188
summary:
  At the same time, urban studies scholars and geographers have long attended to questions of inequality (e.g., Harvey, 1973) and have done so at a finer spatial scale, as expressed in studies of residential segregation and neighborhood development (see Galster & Sharkey, 2017; Hamnett, 2019) . Among the geographic foci of the resulting set of nine papers are cities in the United States, China, Europe, and South America; they combine analyses of inequalities at regional/inter-urban and intra-urban scales; and they cover a range of inequality dimensions including questions of residential segregation, commuting, food access, health, housing disparities, job access, economic vitality, and demography. Foreign direct investment (FDI) tends to prefer cities with well developed infrastructure, covenient access to political power, substantial integration with the global economy, and advanced social-economic conditions, which result in an increase of urban primacy and spatial polarization (Huang & Wei, 2011) .

abstract:
  In the last decade or so, inequality studies have assumed renewed prominence across the social sciences. In this introduction to a special issue of Applied Geography, we set out to articulate the importance of urban spatial context in broader present-day inequality debates. We argue that the information-based economy is emphatically urban-based and that it has forged new spatial inequalities in and between cities and among urban populations. Income gaps have widened, inter-city disparities have grown, suburbs have been re-sorted into a wide array on the basis of class and race or ethnicity, and many central cities have assumed a renewed importance within metropolitan areas. We argue that attention to urban spatial dimensions at various scales is critical to understanding current inequality trends, from intra-urban to regional and global scales. Contributions to this special issue from North America, Europe, South America, and China suggest that deepening urban inequalities are pervasive across the globe.


id: cord-349238-qfvm883x
title: Risk factors for contracting watery diarrhoea in Kadoma City, Zimbabwe, 2011: a case control study
author: Maponga, Brian A
date: 2013-12-02
txt: ./txt/cord-349238-qfvm883x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-349238-qfvm883x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-567
doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-567
summary:
  title: Risk factors for contracting watery diarrhoea in Kadoma City, Zimbabwe, 2011: a case control study We conducted a case controlstudy to determine risk factorsfor contracting watery diarrhoea in children less than 5 years in Kadoma City. METHODS: An unmatched 1:1 case control study was conducted in Ngezi and Rimuka townships in Kadoma City, Zimbabwe. Diarrheal disease is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity in the world, and mostly results from contaminated food and water sources.In developing countries, children below 3 years experience on average 3 episodes of diarrhoea every year. A case was defined as a child less than five years old who presented to a health facility with acute watery diarrhoea, with or without vomiting and other symptoms, between 5 th September and 1 st October 2011, who had been resident in Kadoma City for one week prior to onset of symptoms. This study sought to establish risk factors for contracting watery diarrhoea among children less than five years old in Kadoma City.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Kadoma City experienced an increase in watery diarrhoea from 27 cases during week beginning 5(th) September, to 107 cases during week beginning 26(th) September 2011. The weekly diarrhoea cases crossed the threshold action line during week beginning 5(th) September at the children’s clinic in Rimuka Township, and the remaining four clinics reported cases crossing threshold action lines between week beginning 12(th) September and week beginning 26(th) September. Eighty-two percent of the cases were children less than 5 years old. We conducted a case controlstudy to determine risk factorsfor contracting watery diarrhoea in children less than 5 years in Kadoma City. METHODS: An unmatched 1:1 case control study was conducted in Ngezi and Rimuka townships in Kadoma City, Zimbabwe. A case was a child less than 5 years old, who developed acute watery diarrhoea between 5(th) September and 1(st) October 2011. A control was a child less than 5 years old who stayed in the same township and did not suffer from diarrhoea. A structured questionnaire was administered to caregivers of cases and controls.Laboratory water quality tests and stool test results were reviewed.Epi Info™ statistical software was used to analyse data. RESULTS: A total of 109 cases and 109 controls were enrolled. Independent protective factors were: having been exclusively breastfed for six months [AOR = 0.44; 95% CI (0.24-0.82)]; using municipal water [AOR = 0.38; 95% CI (0.18-0.80)]; using aqua tablets, [AOR = 0.49; 95% CI (0.26–0.94)] and; storing water in closed containers, [AOR = 0.24; 95% CI (0.07–0.0.83). The only independent risk factor for contracting watery diarrhoea was hand washing in a single bowl, [AOR = 2.89; 95% CI (1.33–6.28)]. Salmonella, Shigella, Rotavirus, and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli were isolated in the stool specimens. None of the 33 municipal water samples tested showed contamination with Escherichia coli, whilst 23 of 44 (52%) shallow well water samples and 3 of 15(20%) borehole water samples tested were positive for Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS: The outbreak resulted from inadequate clean water and use of contaminated water. Evidence from this study was used to guide public health response to the outbreak.


id: cord-349526-0fav1esn
author: Chang, ChaoYi
date: 2010-09-24
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32214734/
doi: 10.1007/s11434-010-3180-x
title:
  The novel H1N1 Influenza A global airline transmission and early warning without travel containments

abstract:
  A novel influenza A (H1N1) has been spreading worldwide. Early studies implied that international air travels might be key cause of a severe potential pandemic without appropriate containments. In this study, early outbreaks in Mexico and some cities of United States were used to estimate the preliminary epidemic parameters by applying adjusted SEIR epidemiological model, indicating transmissibility infectivity of the virus. According to the findings, a new spatial allocation model totally based on the real-time airline data was established to assess the potential spreading of H1N1 from Mexico to the world. Our estimates find the basic reproductive number R0 of H1N1 is around 3.4, and the effective reproductive number fall sharply by effective containment strategies. The finding also implies Spain, Canada, France, Panama, Peru are the most possible country to be involved in severe endemic H1N1 spreading.


id: cord-353277-vd0etd38
title: Informal Work and Sustainable Cities: From Formalization to Reparation
author: Tucker, Jennifer L.
date: 2020-09-18
txt: ./txt/cord-353277-vd0etd38.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-353277-vd0etd38.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590332220304218
doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.012
summary:
  Too often, policy elites, including those promoting sustainable cities, overlook this value, proposing formalization and relying on deficit-based framings of informal work. Building on our research in India and Paraguay, amplifying critical informality scholarship and centering the knowledge produced by workers'' organizations, we assert that by thinking historically, relationally, and spatially, and redistributing power and resources to workers, we can move beyond formalization to a frame that centers decent work, ecological health, and reparation for uneven legacies of harm. 40 Informal work produces economic, social, and environmental value that sustains lives and urban environments. Thinking historically, relationally, and spatially reveals how the value produced by informal workers subsidize urban economies and ecologies, even as racial capitalism predictably reproduces job scarcity, income inequality, and poverty, the very conditions that impel many to informal work.

abstract:
  Informal workers produce economic, social, and environmental value for cities. Too often, policy elites, including those promoting sustainable cities, overlook this value, proposing formalization and relying on deficit-based framings of informal work. In this perspective piece, we bring critical research and community-produced knowledge about informal work to sustainability scholarship. We challenge the dominant, deficit-based frame of informal work, which can dispossess workers, reduce their collective power, and undercut the social and environmental value their work generates. Instead, thinking historically, relationally, and spatially clarifies the essential role of informal work for urban economies and highlights their potential for promoting sustainable cities. It also reveals how growth-oriented economies reproduce environmental destruction, income inequality, and poverty, the very conditions impelling many to informal work. Rather than formalization, we propose reparation, an ethic and practice promoting ecological regeneration, while redressing historic wrongs and redistributing resources and social power to workers and grassroots social movements.


id: cord-353718-8a5pq57e
author: Freitas, Ângela
date: 2020-08-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32860097/
doi: 10.1007/s11524-020-00471-5
title:
  Assessing Urban Health Inequities through a Multidimensional and Participatory Framework: Evidence from the EURO-HEALTHY Project

abstract:
  Urban health inequities often reflect and follow the geographic patterns of inequality in the social, economic and environmental conditions within a city—the so-called determinants of health. Evidence of patterns within these conditions can support decision-making by identifying where action is urgent and which policies and interventions are needed to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts. Within the scope of the EU-funded project EURO-HEALTHY (Shaping EUROpean policies to promote HEALTH equitY), the City of Lisbon was selected as a case study to apply a multidimensional and participatory assessment approach of urban health whose purpose was to inform the evaluation of policies and interventions with potential to address local health gaps. In this paper, we present the set of indicators identified as drivers of urban health inequities within the City of Lisbon, exploring the added value of using a spatial indicator framework together with a participation process to orient a place-based assessment and to inform policies aimed at reducing health inequities. Two workshops with a panel of local stakeholders from health and social care services, municipal departments (e.g. urban planning, environment, social rights and education) and non-governmental and community-based organizations were organized. The aim was to engage local stakeholders to identify locally critical situations and select indicators of health determinants from a spatial equity perspective. To support the analysis, a matrix of 46 indicators of health determinants, with data disaggregated at the city neighbourhood scale, was constructed and was complemented with maps. The panel identified critical situations for urban health equity in 28 indicators across eight intervention axes: economic conditions, social protection and security; education; demographic change; lifestyles and behaviours; physical environment; built environment; road safety and healthcare resources and performance. The geographical distribution of identified critical situations showed that all 24 city neighbourhoods presented one or more problems. A group of neighbourhoods systematically perform worse in most indicators from different intervention axes, requiring not only priority action but mainly a multi- and intersectoral policy response. The indicator matrices and maps have provided a snapshot of urban inequities across different intervention axes, making a compelling argument for boosting intersectoral work across municipal departments and local stakeholders in the City of Lisbon. This study, by integrating local evidence in combination with social elements, pinpoints the importance of a place-based approach for assessing urban health equity.


