Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 65 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22497 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 47 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 control 12 Control 9 patient 8 cell 8 COVID-19 7 study 6 China 5 result 5 method 5 level 5 increase 4 optimal 4 infection 4 effect 4 disease 4 day 4 case 4 animal 4 University 4 TNF 4 Prevention 4 PCR 4 IL-6 4 Health 4 Fig 3 model 3 high 3 health 3 expression 3 dna 3 conclusion 3 blood 3 RNA 3 LPS 3 ELISA 3 CDC 2 western 2 virus 2 treatment 2 rat 2 rabbit 2 problem 2 pregnancy 2 outbreak 2 objective 2 mouse 2 laboratory 2 group 2 gene 2 follow Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 6749 patient 6196 % 6128 control 6119 cell 4432 study 4079 group 3941 level 3435 infection 3182 result 2855 effect 2833 disease 2478 mouse 2374 day 2362 expression 2361 method 2316 time 2209 protein 2031 blood 1973 treatment 1970 p 1964 activity 1940 case 1775 model 1761 system 1757 analysis 1749 response 1573 gene 1439 factor 1429 tissue 1403 datum 1392 rate 1386 care 1366 number 1355 woman 1329 value 1317 health 1288 change 1286 conclusion 1237 risk 1228 rat 1216 role 1196 animal 1186 sample 1177 population 1168 virus 1131 age 1121 concentration 1115 function 1106 difference 1098 rabbit Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 1517 al 1477 . 1203 et 731 TNF 691 C 634 University 627 mg 601 LPS 590 PCR 566 A 549 Control 518 II 501 IL-6 499 ICU 488 T 481 M 450 kg 439 u 420 Health 405 Group 363 B 352 C. 341 E. 335 S 309 L 302 S. 291 mRNA 291 USA 284 RNA 283 United 282 I 279 Fig 272 China 271 ELISA 269 COVID-19 257 t 257 L. 256 M. 255 Turkey 247 D 245 AE 242 G 238 IL 237 PE 233 Department 225 Hospital 224 Medical 223 CDC 222 Prevention 219 States Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 4736 we 2713 it 1022 they 900 i 366 them 125 us 90 he 61 itself 58 one 41 she 40 themselves 39 you 17 me 13 him 10 s 7 u 7 her 5 himself 4 em 3 igfbp2 2 mrnas 2 itsn2 1 y€ 1 yourself 1 ykl-40 1 wi~ 1 tv/ 1 tnf~ 1 tnfsf7 1 tnfrt 1 thee 1 talens 1 ta 1 t 1 p~ 1 p7sngf 1 p206 1 p.dligh]cine 1 ourselves 1 ol!guria 1 oct 1 myself 1 m 1 interferon-7 1 imagej 1 il- 1 ii.f.2.a 1 igg2c 1 i.e.2 1 i.b.3.e Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 50625 be 7698 have 4828 use 2792 increase 2418 show 1944 include 1813 compare 1572 follow 1566 associate 1536 do 1503 induce 1461 find 1449 determine 1299 reduce 1235 suggest 1121 decrease 1116 measure 1095 develop 1048 perform 1010 cause 969 observe 967 base 958 investigate 949 occur 923 study 910 obtain 906 evaluate 877 treat 870 provide 826 report 800 consider 798 demonstrate 788 identify 774 lead 771 indicate 771 give 735 relate 726 result 719 produce 717 control 700 require 679 express 654 affect 650 involve 642 make 640 detect 630 prevent 620 receive 602 see 596 know Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4026 not 2781 high 2588 - 2308 also 1955 other 1678 more 1649 low 1530 significant 1524 significantly 1468 human 1445 such 1333 well 1321 different 1283 clinical 1226 only 1220 however 1180 first 1142 most 1092 normal 1009 important 1004 specific 922 non 919 as 887 fetal 872 acute 869 early 864 new 825 respiratory 785 optimal 782 severe 772 total 760 respectively 703 positive 694 infectious 666 further 665 then 663 similar 655 inflammatory 639 immune 635 effective 630 present 628 many 626 maternal 611 mean 609 possible 607 major 604 thus 597 long 583 large 580 several Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 279 most 192 high 183 least 155 good 102 Most 75 low 31 large 25 great 16 strong 16 late 15 early 14 bad 9 small 8 close 6 simple 6 postt 4 common 3 short 3 old 3 near 3 long 3 fast 3 big 2 young 2 wide 2 heavy 2 broad 2 Least 1 ~trointesfimd 1 weak 1 strict 1 slow 1 slight 1 severe 1 serotypes 1 rich 1 poor 1 palienl 1 nmol/1 1 nfthe 1 new 1 lfigh 1 hexose 1 furth 1 few 1 easy 1 deep 1 deadly 1 cord-325300-wawui0fd 1 cert,+r Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 863 most 113 least 27 well 4 erv1 3 lowest 2 hard 2 fast 1 ® 1 near 1 highest 1 early 1 -tion Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 doi.org 13 www.cdc.gov 6 www 2 www.informatics.jax.org 2 www.fda.gov 2 www.eucomm.org 2 chao.stat.nthu.edu.tw 1 www.who.int 1 www.rzpd.de 1 www.mousecanada 1 www.mmrrc.org 1 www.mirbase.org 1 www.knockoutmouse.org 1 www.jcaho.org 1 www.hpa.org.uk 1 www.gpops.org 1 www.fda 1 sourceforge.net 1 sites.google.com 1 qiime.org 1 pavlab 1 orcid.org 1 norcomm.phenogenomics.ca 1 mml.spbstu.ru 1 komp.org 1 jaxmice.jax.org 1 github.com 1 ecoli.cas.psu.edu 1 creativecommons 1 creat 1 covid19optimalcontrol.crc.nd.edu Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 8 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 5 http://www 2 http://www.cdc.gov/ 2 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.22.20076018 2 http://chao.stat.nthu.edu.tw/wordpress/paper/119.pdf 1 http://www/who.int/ocp 1 http://www.who.int/csr/sarsarchive/2003_05_07a/en/ 1 http://www.rzpd.de 1 http://www.mousecanada 1 http://www.mmrrc.org 1 http://www.mirbase.org/ 1 http://www.knockoutmouse.org 1 http://www.jcaho.org 1 http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgihome 1 http://www.informatics.jax.org/ 1 http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/cjd/ 1 http://www.gpops.org/ 1 http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/ode/guidance/094.html#4 1 http://www.fda.gov/cber/gdlns/cjdvcjd.htm 1 http://www.fda 1 http://www.eucomm.org/docs/protocols/mouse_protocol_1_Sanger 1 http://www.eucomm.org 1 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/respirators/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/respirators/disp_part/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/mon 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/cjd/cjd.htm 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidad/disease/lyme/lyme.htm 1 http://www.cdc.gov/flu/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/general/ 1 http://sourceforge.net/ 1 http://sites.google.com/site/hsofiarodrigues/home/ 1 http://qiime.org/scripts/ 1 http://pavlab 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-8915 1 http://norcomm.phenogenomics.ca/index 1 http://mml.spbstu.ru/seqopt/ 1 http://komp.org 1 http://jaxmice.jax.org/jaxnotes/509/509j.html 1 http://github.com/TAlexPerkins/covid19optimalcontrol 1 http://ecoli.cas.psu.edu/ 1 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.27.20115295 1 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67459-8 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110454 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103567 1 http://creativecommons 1 http://creat Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 vladislav.nenchev@gmail.com 1 mdcassoc@ix.netcom.com 1 joao.gondim@ufrpe.br 1 jamilah.jantan@nkfs.org 1 c89040507@yahoo.com.tw 1 alice3030301@yahoo.com.tw Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 levels were significantly 23 levels were higher 15 levels were not 14 group were significantly 12 levels did not 11 expression was significantly 10 group was significantly 10 levels were lower 10 patients did not 9 activity was significantly 9 levels were also 8 cells were then 8 groups were similar 7 group did not 7 infection is usually 7 patients were significantly 6 cells were pre 6 effect was not 6 expression was not 6 genes were significantly 6 levels increased significantly 6 mice are susceptible 6 patients were randomly 6 treatment did not 5 activities were significantly 5 activity is not 5 cells were also 5 effects are non 5 groups were comparable 5 infection is often 5 levels are lower 5 levels decreased significantly 5 levels were normal 5 levels were statistically 5 mice are usually 5 mice do not 5 patients do not 5 patients had normal 5 patients having varicella 5 patients were prospectively 4 % did not 4 activities were higher 4 cells are not 4 cells were not 4 controls do not 4 expression was higher 4 expression was highest 4 expression was lower 4 infection does not 4 infection is subclinical Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 levels were not significantly 2 analysis showed no significant 2 control were not more 2 controls do not adequately 2 expression was not significantly 2 levels were not different 2 levels were not statistically 2 model is not sufficient 2 treatment had no effect 1 % had no degree 1 % have no active 1 % have no vaccination 1 activities was not high 1 activity is not co 1 activity is not essential 1 activity is not yet 1 activity was not different 1 activity was not necessary 1 analysis shows no significant 1 blood is not reflective 1 cases are not necessary 1 cases were not significantly 1 cell is no longer 1 cells are not critical 1 cells are not only 1 cells are not yet 1 cells do not phagocytose 1 cells showed no immuno 1 cells were not able 1 cells were not statistically 1 control are not appropriate 1 control are not likely 1 control is not sufficient 1 control measures not yet 1 control showed no significant 1 control was no longer 1 control was not significantly 1 control were no more 1 control were not only 1 controls are not sufficient 1 controls is not only 1 controls showed no stimulating 1 controls were not significantly 1 days had no effect 1 disease are not present 1 disease has no effective 1 disease is not always 1 disease is not anymore 1 diseases is not currently 1 diseases is not just A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-320262-9zxgaprl author = Asamoah, Joshua Kiddy K. title = Global stability and cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 considering the impact of the environment:using data from Ghana date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COVID-19; control summary = title: Global stability and cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 considering the impact of the environment:using data from Ghana that other optimal control model on COVID-19 have been studied (see for example [27, 28, 29 , 30, 31, The model further assumes that, no exposed individual transmits the disease. It is further inferred from this 310 study that; applying optimal control strategy on the rate at which the virus is released into the system, m 1 311 and m 2 , and also on the relative transmission rate due to human behaviour will considerably strike down 312 COVID-19 pandemic. Early dynamics of transmission and control 376 of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study A model based study on the dynamics 431 of COVID-19: Prediction and control A model based study on the dynamics 431 of COVID-19: Prediction and control Modeling the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the dynamics of 435 novel coronavirus with optimal control analysis with a case study Modelling of rabies transmission dynamics 477 using optimal control analysis doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110103 id = cord-281635-a6ia8kxf author = Bellinzoni, R. C. title = Efficacy of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine in the control of calf diarrhoea in beef herds in Argentina date = 1989-06-30 keywords = calf; control; herd summary = title: Efficacy of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine in the control of calf diarrhoea in beef herds in Argentina In a small-scale experimental trial, involving 21 pregnant cows (13 vaccinated and eight unvaccinated controls), a significant increase in neutralizing antibody titres against different serotypes of bovine rotaviruses was found in both the colostrum and serum of vaccinated cows compared with that of unvaccinated controls. For that reason, after several years of epidemiological studies, it was decided to develop and test an inactivated oil-adjuvanted vaccine with the aim of controlling diarrhoea in beef and dairy herds in Argentina. The results showed that the oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine tested was effective in the control of calf neonatal diarrhoea in Argentina. As shown in Figure 1 , compared with controls, vaccinated cows showed significantly higher neutralizing antibody levels against rotavirus in serum, colostrum and milk until at least 30 days after calving. doi = 10.1016/0264-410x(89)90241-7 id = cord-267416-4dzqzwx0 author = Bolzoni, Luca title = Time-optimal control strategies in SIR epidemic models date = 2017-10-31 keywords = Fig; control; optimal summary = Abstract We investigate the time-optimal control problem in SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) epidemic models, focusing on different control policies: vaccination, isolation, culling, and reduction of transmission. On the other hand, the optimal control theory has been widely applied to solve the problem of minimizing the total number of infected individuals (or the total infectious burden) in basic SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) epidemic models by means of different control policies, such as: the implementation of emergency prophylactic vaccination plans, the isolation of infected individuals, the reduction of disease transmission through the limitation of contacts between individuals, and non-selective culling [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . Here, by using simple SIR models in an optimal control framework [26] , we thoroughly investigate the problem of minimizing the epidemic duration by using prophylactic vaccination, isolation, non-selective culling, or reduction of transmission controls. doi = 10.1016/j.mbs.2017.07.011 id = cord-334583-825kmicf author = Bonyah, Ebenezer title = Optimal control application to an Ebola model date = 2016-03-08 keywords = Ebola; control summary = Optimal control theory is applied to a system of ordinary differential equations which is modeling Ebola infection through three different routes including contact between humans and a dead body. The holding is incorporated in the model by adding a control term that may minimize the treatment failure rate of individuals with Ebola disease. The "case holding" control, u 2 (t) deals with effort needed to identify the proportion of typical Ebola exposed individuals that is known and will be put under treatment in order to reduce the number of individuals that may turn to be infectious. The term u 3 (t) deals with the effort that ensures those that are infectious both in the first and super infection stages are given treatment and monitored to take their drugs in order to minimize the number of individuals developing and dying of Ebola. In this work, mathematical model of Ebola disease with three possible routes of transmission that include prevention and two treatment measures as optimal control has been examined. doi = 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.01.012 id = cord-349159-rndtf508 author = Brosseau, Lisa M title = Selecting Controls for Minimizing SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Transmission in Workplaces and Conserving Respiratory Protective Equipment Supplies date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; control; exposure summary = Built on the recognition that aerosol-transmissible organisms are likely to exhibit a dose–response function, such that higher exposures result from longer contact times or higher air concentrations, this control banding model offers a systematic method for identifying a set of source and pathway controls that could eliminate or reduce the need for receptor controls. From that perspective, occupational hygienists have an obligation Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 2020, 1-10 doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa083 Original Article to consider hazardous SARS-CoV-2 aerosols in workplace risk assessments and to encourage employers to utilize well-studied and proven source and pathway control strategies for minimizing aerosol exposures. (2019) proposed a control banding method for aerosol-transmissible diseases, such as COVID-19, for two reasons: (i) to identify those jobs at highest risk and (ii) encourage the use of source and pathway controls before resorting to personal protective equipment (PPE), for the ultimate goal of conserving PPE for those in the highest risk categories. doi = 10.1093/annweh/wxaa083 id = cord-310232-n10ciwy6 author = Cheung, Wing title = Maternal anxiety and feelings of control during labour: A study of Chinese first-time pregnant women date = 2007-06-30 keywords = LAS; chinese; control summary = Abstract Objective to explore and examine the relationship between maternal anxiety levels and feelings of control during labour among Hong Kong Chinese first-time pregnant women. Recent studies have suggested that feelings of control during labour are one of the important factors contributing to maternal childbirth satisfaction (Gibbins and Thomson, 2001) , and women should be empowered through knowledge of what to expect from accurate information received about the birth process. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between Hong Kong Chinese first-time pregnant women''s anxiety levels and their feelings of control during labour. It was envisaged that the results of this study could (1) increase understanding of the psychological parameters of Chinese women in childbirth; (2) help in explaining women''s unspoken high anxiety level and its relationship with their feelings of control during labour; and (3) help midwives to develop appropriate strategies to enhance positive childbirth experience for their clients. doi = 10.1016/j.midw.2006.05.001 id = cord-306100-dkbujz83 author = Chughtai, Abrar A. title = Policies on the use of respiratory protection for hospital health workers to protect from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) date = 2020-03-13 keywords = Control; Prevention summary = As drugs or vaccines are not yet available, various non-pharmaceutical measures have been recommended to reduce the spread of infection, including hygiene and disinfection, improving environmental control, early detection and reporting, isolation, quarantine, use of personal protective equipment, social distancing and travel restrictions (( World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 ; Bell et al., 2006 ) ). Masks and respirators are commonly used to protect healthcare workers from respiratory infections, particularly during the initial periods of outbreaks/ pandemics when other control measures not yet available ( Aiello et al., 2010 a; Aledort et al., 2007 ) . History is repeating itself with the same controversies around powered air purifying respirators during the The only similarity is that all health organisations and countries generally recommend the use of masks by suspected or infected cases of COVID-19 (i.e. source control) to prevent spread of infections. doi = 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103567 id = cord-342137-l67pvf73 author = Collins, Charles title = Schistosomiasis control and the health system in P.R. China date = 2012-11-01 keywords = China; P.R.; control; health summary = These cover the policy-making process, intersectoral action for health, equity and access to health services, funding for public goods and externalities, and strengthening resource management and planning. These issues form the basis of an agenda for integrating research and capacity strengthening in the Chinese health system with a view to creating a more positive enabling environment for schistosomiasis control. The debate over the vertical and/or horizontal nature of disease control programmes has occupied an important place in health systems analysis, together with discussions over the nature of integration and the specific circumstances in which integration is or is not appropriate [8] [9] [10] [11] . The paper concludes by analysing four emerging themes; the role and integrity of the public sector, the importance of equity for infectious diseases of poverty, the significance of health systems development, and the importance of advocacy. doi = 10.1186/2049-9957-1-8 id = cord-309705-el5rembl author = Dantés, Héctor Gómez title = Prevention and control of Aedes transmitted infections in the post-pandemic scenario of COVID-19: challenges and opportunities for the region of the Americas date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; control; health summary = The occurrence of arboviral diseases with COVID-19 in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region presents challenges and opportunities for strengthening health services, surveillance and control programs. The fear of contagion by COVID-19 is constraining people with arboviral diseases to search for care which can lead to an increase in serious cases and could disrupt the operation of vector-control programs due to the reluctance of residents to open their doors to health personnel. Despite having limited information on the direct impact on human health of the interaction of arboviral diseases with COVID-19, (12) it is essential that all efforts be made to protect populations at risk (13) since Aedes-transmitted diseases (ATDs) mainly affect vulnerable populations living in poor urban or rural areas and in houses with limited access to sewerage and drinking water services. Given the emergence of COVID-19, it is essential that countries commit to supporting this Plan of Action and strengthen their surveillance and control programs in an integrated way where new epidemiological circumstances are seen as challenges and opportunities and much less as disbeliefs or limitations. doi = 10.1590/0074-02760200284 id = cord-002426-5e1xn7kj author = Falcón-Lezama, Jorge Abelardo title = Analysis of spatial mobility in subjects from a Dengue endemic urban locality in Morelos State, Mexico date = 2017-02-22 keywords = DENV; case; control summary = MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a cohort-nested, case-control study with 126 individuals (42 cases, 42 intradomestic controls and 42 population controls) with the goal of describing human mobility patterns of recently Dengue virus-infected subjects, and comparing them with those of non-infected subjects living in an urban endemic locality. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study show that human mobility in a small urban setting exceeded that considered by local health authority''s administrative limits, and was different between recently infected and non-infected subjects living in the same household. These observations provide important insights about the role that human mobility may have in Dengue virus transmission and persistence across endemic geographic areas that need to be taken into account when planning preventive and control measures. Sample: 126 individuals (42 cases, 42 intradomestic controls and 42 population controls) with age older than 12, and residents in Axochiapan, Morelos State, México, were selected from the cohort "Peridomestic infection as determinant for Dengue virus transmission" [13] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0172313 id = cord-312552-udky2ko7 author = Fouque, Florence title = Introduction to a Landscape Analysis of Multisectoral Approaches for Prevention and Control of Infectious and Vector-Borne Diseases date = 2020-10-29 keywords = Development; MSA; control summary = The Swiss Development Cooperation, Canada''s International Development Research Centre, the Swiss Tropical Public Health Institute, and the UNICEF/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/World Bank/World Health Organization (WHO) Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) collaborated on a project to review, understand and promote the use of multisectoral approaches (MSAs) in the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases (VBDs). The SDC, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) from Canada, the Swiss TPH, and the UNICEF/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/World Bank/World Health Organization (WHO) Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) agreed on a collaborative activity, started in late 2016, to better understand the landscape, the building blocks, and the processes of an MSA for the prevention and control of VBDs and to implement selected case studies to test these approaches. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiaa489 id = cord-336409-crkcxpw0 author = Ganasegeran, Kurubaran title = COVID-19 in Malaysia: Crucial measures in critical times date = 2020-08-11 keywords = Control; Malaysia summary = Albeit the global COVID-19 pandemic trend is increasing, Malaysia is seeing a decrease on the number of infections, with high recoveries and low mortality rates [1] . This viewpoint aims to discuss the targeted containment strategies executed by Malaysia, which till date is showing positive responses in controlling the spread of COVID-19. (2) high compliance on the practice of physical distancing measures and the usage of face mask; (3) reducing flight and public transportation services; (4) self-quarantine at home; (5) changes to crucial essential services like funerals to minimize crowd size and exposure to body fluids; and (6) avoidance of misinformation -verified and clear information regarding COVID-19 needs to be delivered on-time and consistently to the public to avoid fake news, rumors and panic. With declining trend of positive cases, Malaysia executed a relaxed Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) that aims to carefully re-open the country''s major economy in phases [1] . doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020333 id = cord-268959-wh28s0ws author = Gao, Da-peng title = Optimal control analysis of a tuberculosis model()() date = 2017-12-29 keywords = control; model summary = [8] in 2002, the time dependent optimal control strategies have been employed in the study of dynamics of TB mathematical models by many authors (see, for example, [8, [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] ). First, a "case finding" (identification of latently infected individuals) control mechanism is incorporated in model (1.1) by replacing constant vaccination rate with u 1 ( t ). Following the idea of Kumar and Srivastava [14] , in this paper, the cost constructions that account for high nonlinear relationship (nonlinearity of order four i.e. u 4 1 (t) ) between cost and effort s during vaccination process has been employed in the application of optimal control to TB mathematical models. Our goal is to minimize the number of infected individuals (including latent, infectious, being treated individuals) with TB virus while at the same time keeping the cost of implementing these three control strategies very low. Vaccination and treatment as control interventions in an infectious disease model with their cost optimization doi = 10.1016/j.apm.2017.12.027 id = cord-275997-4ibeidyw author = Goldrick, Barbara A. title = The practice of infection control and applied epidemiology: A historical perspective date = 2005-10-31 keywords = Control; Infection summary = In keeping with its philosophy of quality health care and responsible public reporting, the Association of Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, continues to explore the issue of mandatory reporting of HAIs. The practice of infection control and applied epidemiology: A historical perspective Barbara A. In addition, the current trend toward mandatory reporting of health care-associated infections (HAIs) among several states will add more tasks for ICPs with limited resources, at the risk of spending less time on prevention and control activities. In addition, the current trend toward mandatory reporting of health care-associated infections (HAIs) among several states will add more tasks for ICPs with limited resources, at the risk of spending less time on prevention and control activities. Ninety-five tasks identified in the 1992 PA were organized into 5 major practice dimensions describing the responsibilities of ICPs in the United States and Canada: infectious process, surveillance/epidemiologic investigation, transmission of infection, management and communication, and education 14 (Table 1) ; however, new tasks were added, and outdated tasks were eliminated. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.04.250 id = cord-134344-sxno0tfd author = Gondim, Joao A. M. title = Optimal quarantine strategies for the COVID-19 pandemic in a population with a discrete age structure date = 2020-05-19 keywords = control; quarantine summary = We then compare the optimal controls for different quarantine lengths and distribution of the total control cost by assessing their respective reductions in deaths in comparison to the same period without quarantine. We then compare the optimal controls for different quarantine lengths and distribution of the total control cost by assessing their respective reductions in deaths in comparison to the same period without quarantine. Our goal is to calculate the optimal quarantine strategies numerically for different choices of parameters in the model, which reflect the decisions governments must make when implementing these policies, such as evaluating the economical costs of the quarantine for each of the age groups and when to start implementing the measures. and Q i (t) be the number of susceptible, exposed, infected, recovered and quarantined individuals in each age group at time t ≥ 0, respectively. Optimal quarantine strategies for covid-19 control models doi = nan id = cord-020941-1qwbkg9o author = HODDLE, MARK S. title = Biological Control of Vertebrate Pests date = 2007-09-02 keywords = Australia; Linnaeus; New; RCD; Zealand; control; european; population; rabbit summary = Historical records indicate that the majority of attempts at vertebrate biological control have been ad hoc efforts and not the product of careful studies designed to elucidate factors and conditions likely to affect the impact of natural enemy introductions on pest populations. Biological control should be fostered internationally because many countries experience similar problems (e.g., rabbits are agricultural pests in Argentina, Australia, Chile, Europe, and New Zealand; rats, cats, and dogs attack endangered faunas on many oceanic islands; feral pigs and goats in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States degrade habitat and threaten endangered flora). Rabbit populations in Australia and New Zealand are maintained at low levels by introduced predators, but regulation only occurs after pest numbers have been reduced by other means. doi = 10.1016/b978-012257305-7/50085-0 id = cord-021571-7kbq0v9w author = Heath, Joan A. title = Infections Acquired in the Nursery: Epidemiology and Control date = 2009-05-19 keywords = CDC; Control; NICU; care; hand; infant; infection; neonatal; nosocomial; outbreak; patient summary = The fact that a hand hygiene campaign was associated with increased hand hygiene compliance and a lower rate of CONS-positive cultures supports this ~ontention.''~ Enterococcus has been shown to account for 10% of total nosocomial infections in neonates, 6% to 15% of bloodstream infections, 0% to 5% of cases of pneumonia, 17% of urinary tract infections, and 9% of surgical site Sepsis and meningitis are common manifestations of enterococcal infection during NICU outbreak^''^,^^; however, polymicrobial bacteremia and NEC frequently accompany enterococcal sepsis.77 Identified risk factors for enterococcal sepsis, after adjustment for birth weight, include use of a nonumbilical CVC, prolonged presence of a CVC, and bowel resection?'' Because Enterococcus colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and can survive for long periods of time on inanimate surfaces, the patient''s environment may become contaminated and, along with the infant, serve as a reservoir for ongoing spread of the organism. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50037-2 id = cord-325032-3x5wklr4 author = Jiang, Shanhe title = Semiformal Organizations and Control During the COVID-19 Crisis in China date = 2020-10-30 keywords = China; Jiang; Wuhan; control summary = Using a survey data collected during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in China, this study investigated the prevalence and importance of semiformal organizations, formal organizations, and informal groups participating in social control and social service and the predictors of the perceived importance of these three forms of social control mechanisms. The table is based on the data from the respondents'' answers to this question: "During the COVID-19 lockdown period, who participated in the following activities: checkpoint inspection, health screening, food supplies, drug supplies, sanitization, and information distribution." The choices included residents'' or village committee, government agencies or officers, community police or police officers, volunteers, regular citizens, and no action. In sum, formal organizations, government agencies and police, the semiformal organizations, residents'' committee in urban areas and village committee in rural areas, and informal groups or individuals, volunteers, and regular citizens, all participated in community control and service. doi = 10.1007/s11417-020-09334-z id = cord-003602-wtestt8i author = Jung, Eunok title = Strategies in regulating glioblastoma signaling pathways and anti-invasion therapy date = 2019-04-22 keywords = AMPK; Fig; cell; control; glucose summary = In this work, optimal control theory was applied to regulate intracellular signaling pathways of miR-451–AMPK–mTOR–cell cycle dynamics via glucose and drug intravenous administration infusions. The core control system predicts bistability and hysteresis bifurcation when delayed down-regulation of miR-451 activities along certain molecular pathways would induce glioma cells to stay longer in the proliferative phase despite relatively low glucose concentrations, making this mechanism a therapeutic target. In the current investigation, we aim to regulate the amount of glucose and drug infusions to up-regulate miR-451 and mTOR above its threshold values inducing cell proliferation Strategies in regulating glioblastoma signaling pathways and anti-invasion therapy avoiding migration to neighboring tissues. The mutual antagonistic mechanism Strategies in regulating glioblastoma signaling pathways and anti-invasion therapy between miR-451 (mTOR) and AMPK complex and the cell''s strategic metabolic adaptation support the survival of cancer cells even in a nutrient-deprived microenvironment [14, 55] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0215547 id = cord-266342-9iql8yib author = Kokkoris, Michail D. title = Staying on track in turbulent times: Trait self-control and goal pursuit during self-quarantine date = 2021-02-15 keywords = control; self summary = High self-control people''s ability to continue performing pre-pandemic goal-directed behaviors and to turn new behaviors into habits explained their success at goal attainment despite the major disruptions caused by the pandemic. At the same time, regardless of whether high self-control people were more likely to continue engaging in their pre-pandemic goal-directed behaviors, it is intriguing whether self-control promotes flexibility and the ability to develop new goal-directed behaviors to adapt to the current situation as well. Thus, we investigated whether people with higher self-control would be more flexible to adjust to the new situation, would find it easier to develop new behaviors to reach their goals and would be more likely to turn these behaviors into habits that support their goal pursuit. lower) self-control made more progress towards their goals, and whether they did so by continuing performing their pre-existing goal-directed behaviors and/or by being more flexible and able to develop new behaviors and turn them into habits. doi = 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110454 id = cord-011501-o9hmzaxm author = Kühnel, Martina B title = How short is too short? A randomised controlled trial evaluating short-term existential behavioural therapy for informal caregivers of palliative patients date = 2020-04-29 keywords = caregiver; control; intervention; participant summary = A randomised controlled trial evaluating short-term existential behavioural therapy for informal caregivers of palliative patients Self-efficacy, scepticism of benefit of the intervention, belief of better coping alone and support by family and friends were significant factors in declining participation in the randomised controlled trial. Secondary outcomes were informal caregivers'' levels of anxiety, subjective distress and minor mental disorders, positive and negative affect, satisfaction with life, quality of life and direct health care costs. The interaction effect between the group (sEBT/control) and the time of investigation was not included in the main models as it was not significantly different from zero, except for psychological impairment. This randomised controlled trial studied the impact of sEBT on depression, anxiety, subjective distress, minor mental disorders, positive and negative affect, satisfaction with life, quality of life and direct health care costs. Caregivers who declined the intervention did not differ significantly from participants of the randomised controlled trial in outcomes at any assessment. doi = 10.1177/0269216320911595 id = cord-016171-17ut32bu author = Lane, J. Michael title = Smallpox as a Weapon for Bioterrorism date = 2009 keywords = Centers; Control; Disease; Prevention; Smallpox; virus summary = Following September 11, 2001, the United States rebuilt its supplies of vaccine and Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG), expanded the network of laboratories capable of testing for variola virus, and engaged in a broad education campaign to help health care workers and the general public understand the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003a) . Following September 11, 2001, the United States rebuilt its supplies of vaccine and Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG), expanded the network of laboratories capable of testing for variola virus, and engaged in a broad education campaign to help health care workers and the general public understand the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003a) . If this algorithm indicates that a patient is high risk to be smallpox, local and national public health authorities should be immediately notified by telephone, and laboratory specimens taken for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), electron photomicroscopy (EM), and viral culture. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-1266-4_5 id = cord-146214-lp78l776 author = Leal, Laura title = Learning a functional control for high-frequency finance date = 2020-06-17 keywords = control; neural; optimal summary = Moreover, to answer to genuine requests of financial regulators on the explainability of machine learning generated controls, we project the obtained"blackbox controls"on the space usually spanned by the closed-form solution of the stylized optimal trading problem, leading to a transparent structure. Our paper addresses this last case, belonging to the academic field of optimal trading, initially introduced by [1] and [3] , and then extended in a lot of ways, from sophisticated stochastic control [5] to Gaussianquadratic approximations allowing to obtain closed-form solutions like [13] or [14] , or under a self-financing equation context in [12] . We start by the functional space of controls spanned by the closed-form solution of the stylized problem: they are non-linear in the remaining time to trade and affine in the remaining quantity to trade (see [9] for a description of the relationship between the optimal controls and the space generated by the h 1 (t) and h 2 (t) defined later in the paper). doi = nan id = cord-329276-tfrjw743 author = Ledzewicz, Urszula title = On the Role of the Objective in the Optimization of Compartmental Models for Biomedical Therapies date = 2020-09-30 keywords = control; model; optimal; problem; tumor summary = We discuss various aspects of the modeling of the dynamics (such as growth and interaction terms), modeling of treatment (including pharmacometrics of the drugs), and give special attention to the choice of the objective functional to be minimized. , m, represent the administration of the therapies (dose rates) and as variables are separated from the effects of the actions (which, for example, depend on the concentrations), then a model which is linear in the controls is not only adequate, but is the correct one. Choosing the objective functional in the form (17) with N = 0 (as we do not consider an immune boost), optimal chemotherapy protocols follow the concatenation structure 1s01 with 1 representing a full dose segment, s denoting administration following a singular control and 0 standing for a rest-period of the treatment. doi = 10.1007/s10957-020-01754-2 id = cord-287546-0x294f8t author = Lin, Feng title = An optimal control theory approach to non-pharmaceutical interventions date = 2010-02-19 keywords = NPI; control; figure; policy summary = RESULTS: An optimal policy is derived for the control model using a linear NPI implementation cost. Additional studies investigate the effects of departures from the modeling assumptions, which include exponential terminal time and linear NPI implementation cost. Additional studies investigate the effects of departures from the modeling assumptions, which include exponential terminal time and linear NPI implementation cost. It measures the loss of productivity (persondays) due to implementing NPIs. To determine the value of c, the public health officials need to consider many factors, such as culture of the community, perceptions to death, consequences of pandemic and of Figure 1 expands the classic Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) model to capture the mortality. Figure 3 shows the impact of optimal control on pandemic severity, peak, and total deaths, when NPIs are triggered at different initial states. doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-10-32 id = cord-155440-7l8tatwq author = Malinovskaya, Anna title = Online network monitoring date = 2020-10-19 keywords = chart; control; network summary = Our approach is to apply multivariate control charts based on exponential smoothing and cumulative sums in order to monitor networks determined by temporal exponential random graph models (TERGM). The leading SPC tool for analysis is a control chart, which exists in various forms in terms of the number of variables, data type and different statistics being of interest. To conduct surveillance over Y t , we propose to consider only the dynamically estimated parameters of a random graph model in order to reduce computational complexity and to allow for real-time monitoring. In this case, as well as fine-tuning the configuration of statistics, one can modify some settings which design the estimation procedure of the model parameter, for example, the run time, the sample size or the step length (Morris et al., 2008) . In this paper, we show how multivariate control charts can be used to detect changes in TERGM networks. Monitoring of social network and change detection by applying statistical process: ERGM doi = nan id = cord-003640-psnec2qp author = Mbareche, Hamza title = Bioaerosols Play a Major Role in the Nasopharyngeal Microbiota Content in Agricultural Environment date = 2019-04-16 keywords = air; control; farmer; non; pig; sample summary = Results: A multivariate analysis showed air samples and nasopharyngeal flora of pig workers cluster together, compared to the non-exposed control group. An ecological analysis was conducted to reveal the variation in the community composition between the three sample groups (nasopharynx of pig farmers and non-exposed controls and air from pig farms). Given the observed difference in the number of bacterial OTUs, evenness, and evolutionary distance (alpha diversity) and in the bacterial community composition (beta diversity) in samples of the nasopharyngeal flora of farmers and non-exposed individuals and bioaerosols, collected in pig buildings, the next step was to reveal the taxonomic profiles of the three groups. Given the observed difference in the number of bacterial OTUs, evenness, and evolutionary distance (alpha diversity) and in the bacterial community composition (beta diversity) in samples of the nasopharyngeal flora of farmers and non-exposed individuals and bioaerosols, collected in pig buildings, the next step was to reveal the taxonomic profiles of the three groups. doi = 10.3390/ijerph16081375 id = cord-032542-zisirutu author = Mikalsen, Marius title = Shifting Conceptualization of Control in Agile Transformations date = 2020-08-18 keywords = agile; control summary = Through a case study of a new, cross-functional unit in a financial institution, we report on their work to implement control in agile transformations. Our findings indicate how agile transformations require rethinking traditional control mechanisms and experiment with new control perspectives more suitable for the digital era. One particular form of change aiming to overcome some of these challenges is creating semi-independent, cross-functional units (i.e. consisting of personnel from both business-and softwaredevelopment units) that use agile methods to improve the value of the software developed [2] . To answer this research question, we report from a case study of a financial institution that implements a new semi-independent unit, an agile program, consisting of several cross-functional teams working according to agile principles. In this paper, we have used stewardship theory to investigate how cross-functional teams work with OKRs and how new forms of control can emerge in agile transformations. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-58858-8_18 id = cord-024274-jps1j60a author = Miranda, Mary Elizabeth G. title = Rabies Prevention in Asia: Institutionalizing Implementation Capacities date = 2020-05-05 keywords = Asia; China; Health; control; rabies summary = The focus areas include human rabies prevention through preand postexposure prophylaxis, mass dog vaccination, surveillance and epidemiology, laboratory diagnostic capability, public awareness and risk communication, legislation, dog population management, and establishment and protection of rabies-free zones/areas. Asian countries were urged to develop comprehensive national plans with improved access to modern human vaccines and application of new economical postexposure treatments, better disease diagnosis and surveillance, and processing of data at the national, regional, and global levels, intersectoral collaborative efforts for dog rabies control and plans to expand public and health care worker awareness regarding rabies control and prevention. An example of a successful, sustainable community-based integrated rabies control program is the Bohol Rabies elimination program, implemented as a partnership between the provincial government, the national government line agencies (Health, Agriculture, Education, Interior, and Local Government) and a few nonprofit organizations. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-21084-7_6 id = cord-190242-sb0mjhzm author = Moore, Stephen E. title = Controlling the Transmission Dynamics of COVID-19 date = 2020-03-31 keywords = control summary = In this article, we consider an optimal control COVID-19 transmission model and assess the impact of some control measures that can lead to the reduction of exposed and infectious individuals in the population. We investigate three control strategies for this deadly infectious disease using personal protection, treatment with early diagnosis, treatment with delay diagnosis and spraying of virus in the environment as time-dependent control functions in our dynamical model to curb the disease spread. In this section, we formulate an optimal control model for COVID-19 to derive four control measures with minimal implementation cost to eradicate the disease after a defined period of time. In this subsection, solution trajectories for the number of exposed, infectious with delay diagnosis and virus in the environment for all the three control strategies are numerically compared with that of the non-optimal control model. doi = nan id = cord-000721-leedutqo author = Nawaz, Sameena title = Human Bocaviruses Are Not Significantly Associated with Gastroenteritis: Results of Retesting Archive DNA from a Case Control Study in the UK date = 2012-07-24 keywords = case; control summary = Human bocavirus (HBoV)s, which are associated with respiratory infections, have also frequently been detected in stool samples in cases of gastroenteritis, and a tentative association between HBoVs, and in particular type-2 HBoVs, and gastroenteritis has previously been made. The aim of this study was to determine the role of HBoVs in gastroenteritis, using archived DNA samples from the case-control Infectious Intestinal Disease Study (IID). In the genotype-specific assays 106 of the 324 HBoV-positive samples were genotyped, with HBoV-1 predominantly found in controls whilst HBoV-2 was more frequently associated with cases of gastroenteritis (p<0.01). The prevalence of HBoV-2 in children in the UK was significantly lower than that reported in a study in Australia, in which HBoV-2 was detected in 17.2% and 8.1% of the cases and controls, respectively [22] . Human bocavirus in children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis: a case-control study doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0041346 id = cord-269363-drjj705k author = Nenchev, Vladislav title = Optimal quarantine control of an infectious outbreak date = 2020-07-28 keywords = control; optimal summary = An issue of practical concern for many disease outbreaks without an available vaccine, such as for SARS-CoV-2 as of June 2020, is minimizing the overall quarantine effort or the final outbreak size, while respecting control and capacity constraints on the current number of infections. Upon an outbreak of a previously unknown disease, better model parameter estimates can be obtained as more data becomes available, and the induced optimization problem can be recomputed in a data-driven receding horizon manner to improve actions. In this work, the goal is to obtain an optimal quarantine control policy u ( t ), t ∈ [0, t f ] for a fixed final time t f , that minimizes a weighted combination of the total number of infections and the overall number of quarantined individuals at time t f . doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110139 id = cord-341434-2xrdv92m author = Nowland, Megan H. title = Biology and Diseases of Rabbits date = 2015-07-10 keywords = Chermette; Control; Eimeria; Fox; Lawsonia; New; PCR; Pasteurella; Prevention; Songer; Zealand; animal; laboratory; rabbit; white summary = Etiology Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative nonmotile coccobacillus that causes pasteurellosis, also known as ''snuffles'', the primary respiratory disease affecting domestic rabbits (Deeb and DiGiacomo, 2000; Guo et al., 2012) . Research Complications Pasteurellosis can cause considerable economic losses (El Tayeb et al., 2004; Ferreira et al., 2012; Stahel et al., 2009 ) and has the potential to affect different types of research studies using rabbits due to the multisystemic nature of the disease, and the possibility of high morbidity and mortality. piliforme is a pleomorphic, Gramnegative, spore-forming, motile, obligate intracellular rod-shaped bacterium that causes Tyzzer''s disease and infects various animals including mice, nonhuman primates, gerbils, rats, rabbits, and others (Allen et al., 1965; Ganaway et al., 1971; Pritt et al., 2010) . Research Complications EPEC infection can cause high morbidity and mortality in laboratory rabbit colonies and can affect studies involving intestinal physiology in rabbits. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00010-9 id = cord-266386-932nb2z9 author = Oh, Hyang Soon title = Current Status of Infection Prevention and Control Programs for Emergency Medical Personnel in the Republic of Korea date = 2015-11-25 keywords = ICP; Korea; control summary = IPCPs were found to have weaknesses with regard to the following resources: the assignment of infection control personnel (ICP) (79.5%), hand hygiene resources such as waterless antiseptics (79.3%), the use of paper towels (38.9%), personal protective equipment such as face shields (46.9%), and safety containers for sharps and a separated space for the disposal of infectious waste (10.1%). Part B included 10 questions assessing the resources of the IPCPs, including human resources and infrastructure for implementing IPCPs, the assignment of part-time infection control personnel (ICP), the assignment of part-time staff for decontamination, the frequency of infection control committee meetings, infection control guidelines, and hand hygiene equipment (hand antiseptics and hand drying methods) both in the station and in in the ambulance, personal protective equipment (PPE), the types of gloves and safety containers for the prevention of sharps injuries, and decontamination procedures. Part C included 22 questions assessing the following activities of IPCPs: employee health programs; post-exposure management programs; vaccination programs; health screening programs; surveillance programs for patients, emergency medical personnel, and spaces and instruments; education; and decontamination activities. doi = 10.3961/jpmph.15.058 id = cord-305207-fgvbrg8d author = Ohara, Hiroshi title = Fact-finding Survey of Nosocomial Infection Control in Hospitals in Kathmandu, Nepal—A Basis for Improvement date = 2013-06-29 keywords = control; hospital; infection summary = In the healthcare setting, particularly in developed countries, various measures including the organization of infection control teams (ICTs), preparation of manuals, strengthening of surveillance systems, and training of staff have been taken to assure effective control. The form consisted of the following items: "general information of the hospitals, control system including manual and infection control committees (ICC), equipment and facility preparedness, training conditions, surveillance conditions, expectation for international cooperation and current problems. Among the problems observed in the study were weak ICC function, few training opportunities among the hospital staff, inadequate use of antibiotics, shortage of infection control staff, shortage of doctors and nurses and their overload in daily medical practice, shortage of fundamental equipment including PPE, inadequate practice of basic techComparison of nosocomial infection control conditions between 2003 and 2011 at five national hospitals showed an improvement trend. Appropriate nosocomial infection control is a key strategy in providing high quality medical care, and effective measures are particularly required in developing countries, where the frequency of infectious diseases is high and environmental conditions of hospitals are poor [14, 15] . doi = 10.2149/tmh.2013-03 id = cord-284985-q3eiyp7e author = O’Connell, Mary Beth title = Attitudes of Michigan Female College Students about Pharmacists Prescribing Birth Control in a Community Pharmacy date = 2020-06-09 keywords = birth; control; student summary = A survey with 49 items about provider attributes, pharmacy services use and evaluation, advantages and barriers of pharmacists prescribing birth control, sexual and reproductive history, and demographics was distributed by survey link and QR code. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine female college students'' opinions about and willingness to use pharmacists for obtaining hormonal contraception in a community pharmacy across a wide range of student characteristics, attitudes, and health service opinions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine female college students'' opinions about and willingness to use pharmacists for obtaining hormonal contraception in a community pharmacy across a wide range of student characteristics, attitudes, and health service opinions. Literature was reviewed related to over-the-counter birth control, emergency contraception, pharmacists prescribing contraception, obstetrics and gynecology practice/provider patient preferences, pharmacy clinical services in community pharmacies, and position statements related to these topics to create our survey. doi = 10.3390/pharmacy8020099 id = cord-330956-692irru4 author = Pazos, F. A. title = A control approach to the Covid-19 disease using a SEIHRD dynamical model date = 2020-05-30 keywords = control; number; people summary = The recent worldwide epidemic of Covid-19 disease, for which there is no vaccine or medications to prevent or cure it, led to the adoption of public health measures by governments and populations in most of the affected countries to avoid the contagion and its spread. α and β are the probability of disease transmission in a single contact with exposed (infected) people times the average daily number of contacts per person and have units of 1/day. We propose the use of control theory to determine public nonpharmaceuticals interventions (NPIs) in order to control the evolution of the epidemic, avoiding the collapse of health care systems while minimizing harmful effects on the population and on the economy. Therefore, the control action needs to be calculated as a function of the number of infected people I (the number of exposed people E is quite unknown) in order to avoid future hospitalization requirements in the next 10.6 days at most. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.27.20115295 id = cord-340851-lnv8yi9l author = Perkins, Alex title = Optimal control of the COVID-19 pandemic with non-pharmaceutical interventions date = 2020-04-23 keywords = April; COVID-19; control; international summary = To characterize a range of possible strategies for control and to understand their consequences, we performed an optimal control analysis of a mathematical model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Our results also highlight that the potential scope for controlling COVID-19 until a vaccine is available depends on epidemiological parameters about which there is still considerable uncertainty, including the basic reproduction number and the effectiveness of social distancing. Strategies for successfully controlling COVID-19 until then will depend on a suite of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) [3] , including some degree of social distancing but also diagnostic testing, contact tracing, and case isolation [5] . Because they are similar to the components of the objective functional but more easily interpretable, we describe effects of model parameters on t1 t0 D(t)dt (cumulative deaths) and t1 t0 u(t)dt (cumulative time under control). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.22.20076018 id = cord-295407-aq011b97 author = Pettus, Katherine title = Availability of Internationally Controlled Essential Medicines in the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; control summary = Frequently used medicines include opioids such as morphine or fentanyl and midazolam, all of them listed as ICEMs. This paper describes the issues related to the lack of availability and limited access to ICEMs during the COVID-19 pandemic in both intensive and palliative care patients in countries of all income levels and makes recommendations for improving access. The additional COVID-19 burden of health-related suffering only underscores the government obligation to take a balanced approach to the regulation of internationally controlled substances, and to make strategic interventions, in partnership with clinical associations, to ensure the availability, accessibility, and affordability of essential medicines for primary, intensive, and palliative care. doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.153 id = cord-277409-q5wx313k author = Resende, Lucilene Aparecida title = Impact of LbSapSal Vaccine in Canine Immunological and Parasitological Features before and after Leishmania chagasi-Challenge date = 2016-08-24 keywords = Control; IFN; Leishmania summary = Additionally, LbSap has been shown to induce a prominent pro-inflammatory immune response characterized by increased levels of both IL-12 and IFN-γ and decreased levels of TGF-β by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which were associated with parasite control in dogs [26] . Previous studies of dogs using the "LbSapSal" vaccine displayed higher counts of circulating and Leishmania-specific CD8 + T cells in addition to high nitric oxide (NO) production [22] and reduction of splenic parasite load [27] . chagasi-challenge (T 90) demonstrated that "LbSapSal" group showed a significant increase of TNF-α levels (P<0.05) upon VSA-stimulation as compared to "Sal" and "LbSal" groups ( Fig 1A, middle panel) . The results observed at the post-vaccination period (T 3rd ) demonstrated that the "LbSal" group showed a significant reduction in the IL-10 levels (P<0.05) upon VSA-stimulation as compared to the "Sal" group ( Fig 2B, middle panel) . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0161169 id = cord-225429-pz9lsaw6 author = Rodrigues, Helena Sofia title = Optimal Control and Numerical Optimization Applied to Epidemiological Models date = 2014-01-29 keywords = Dengue; Optimal; control; disease; figure; model; problem summary = This PhD thesis is motivated by the study of epidemiological models applied to infectious diseases in an Optimal Control perspective, giving particular relevance to Dengue. Moreover, it is our aim to frame the disease management question into an optimal control problem requiring the maximization/minimization of some objective function that depends on the infected individuals (biological issues) and control costs (economic issues), given some initial conditions. The aim of this section is to present a mathematical model to study the dynamic of the Dengue epidemics, in order to minimize the investments in disease''s control, since financial resources are always scarce. This Assuming that the parameters are fixed, the only variable that can influence this threshold is the control variable c, it has shown that with a steady insecticide campaign it is possible to reduce the number of infected humans and mosquitoes, and can prevent an outbreak that could transform an epidemiological episode to an endemic disease. doi = nan id = cord-259673-z7kvf8n8 author = Rogerson, Stephen J. title = Identifying and combating the impacts of COVID-19 on malaria date = 2020-07-30 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; control; malaria summary = These gains are largely attributable to expanding the distribution of insecticidetreated bed nets (ITNs), indoor spraying of residual insecticides (IRS) and other vector control strategies; access to early diagnosis (e.g. rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)); and more effective antimalarial treatments [1] , together with targeted interventions such as intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC). Key interventions and innovative approaches, such as targeted MDA programmes and enhanced distribution of ITNs, will be critical in preventing dramatic increases in malaria deaths [12] , but their implementation and prioritisation will bring logistic and financial challenges given COVID-19 disruptions and the competing needs of other health issues and services. To reduce the impact of COVID-19 disruptions, it is essential that the supply of diagnostics and treatments for malaria are maintained and that there is strong support of ITN distribution, IRS and other preventive interventions. Support malaria-endemic countries both in fighting COVID-19 disease and in controlling malaria through an integrated health care programme and community engagement. doi = 10.1186/s12916-020-01710-x id = cord-260693-8mfuwx8l author = Seelig, Frederik title = The COVID-19 pandemic should not derail global vector control efforts date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; control summary = However, a similar approach should also be adopted for the control of arboviral diseases of global importance, including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever, as recommended by the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) in their interim guidance on control of Aedes aegypti mosquitos during the COVID-19 pandemic [2] . The combined impact of both COVID-19 and epidemics of dengue or other vector-borne diseases (VBDs) could have potentially devastating consequences [6] . • Continue the implementation of the WHO''s global vector control response 2017-2030 (GVCR) strategy and regional policies for vector control [7, 8] , with respect to inter-and intrasectoral collaboration, engagement and mobilisation of communities, and scaling up of vector control if required, according to the implementation plan of vector control activities, while adapting activities as necessary to prevent further spread of COVID-19, in particular vector surveillance, which may need to be scaled down [9, 10] . It is vital that the COVID-19 response does not increase VBD threats in these communities by derailing global vector control efforts. doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008606 id = cord-276758-k2imddzr author = Siegel, Jane D. title = 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings date = 2007-12-07 keywords = CDC; Control; MRSA; PPE; Precautions; SARS; Standard; Staphylococcus; States; United; base; care; health; infection; outbreak; patient; transmission summary = Activities currently assigned to ICPs in response to emerging challenges include (1) surveillance and infection prevention at facilities other than acute care hospitals (eg, ambulatory clinics, day surgery centers, LTCFs, rehabilitation centers, home care); (2) oversight of employee health services related to infection prevention (eg, assessment of risk and administration of recommended treatment after exposure to infectious agents, tuberculosis screening, influenza vaccination, respiratory protection fit testing, and administration of other vaccines as indicated, such as smallpox vaccine in 2003); (3) preparedness planning for annual influenza outbreaks, pandemic influenza, SARS, and bioweapons attacks; (4) adherence monitoring for selected infection control practices; (5) oversight of risk assessment and implementation of prevention measures associated with construction and renovation; (6) prevention of transmission of MDROs; (7) evaluation of new medical products that could be associated with increased infection risk (eg, intravenous infusion materials); (8) communication with the public, facility staff, and state and local health departments concerning infection control-related issues; and (9) participation in local and multicenter research projects. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007 id = cord-296226-ugeupo3u author = Sim, Shuzhen title = A greener vision for vector control: The example of the Singapore dengue control programme date = 2020-08-27 keywords = Aedes; Health; NEA; Singapore; control; dengue summary = Aedes-borne diseases, in particular, including dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika, are increasing at an alarming rate due to urbanisation, population movement, weak vector control programmes, and climate change. The environmental management put in place to implement this high standard of public cleanliness has greatly benefited Singapore''s efforts to tackle VBDs. Underscoring the view that Aedes-borne diseases are environmental diseases, dengue control in Singapore is led by the National Environment Agency (NEA), a statutory board of the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources (MEWR). In view of the importance of infrastructure maintenance and design, environmental sanitation, people''s behaviours, and use of technologies on dengue prevention, the NEA collaborates closely with other government ministries (e.g., Health, National Development, Education, Finance), town councils (responsible for management and maintenance of the common property of public housing estates, including vector control), community associations, research and academic institutions, and the private sector (Fig 2) . doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008428 id = cord-337913-eu2gn4bl author = Stojanov, Ana title = Does Perceived Lack of Control Lead to Conspiracy Theory Beliefs? Findings from an online MTurk sample date = 2020-08-17 keywords = belief; conspiracy; control; theory summary = Across six studies conducted online using MTurk samples, we observed no effect of control manipulations on conspiracy theory beliefs, while replicating previously reported correlational evidence of their association. Given the significance and potential consequences of widespread conspiracy beliefs [38, 39] , and the plausible but largely unsubstantiated role of control in their appeal, we here report three studies to test the effects of lack of control on conspiracy theory beliefs using a standard priming paradigm and a validated measure of conspiracy ideation, which reflects the belief that a powerful entity lies behind significant social or political events and that the conventional (official) truth is not the "real" truth. In a recent meta-analysis of experimental manipulations of control on conspiracy beliefs [68] conducted on 45 effect sizes across 23 studies (including those reported here), we found no moderating effect of sample type (MTurk vs. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0237771 id = cord-299359-s8j78naz author = Sundaram, Maria E. title = Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated With Detection of Noninfluenza Respiratory Viruses in Seasonal Studies of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness date = 2013-09-15 keywords = control; influenza summary = We investigated the association between influenza infection, vaccination, and detection of other respiratory viruses among children <5 years old and adults ≥50 years old with acute respiratory illness who participated in seasonal studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness. This could theoretically contribute to overestimation of true VE (ie, bias away from the null); therefore, a key assumption of the test-negative control design of influenza vaccine effectiveness studies is that the proportion of noninfluenza viral illness does not differ by influenza vaccination status [9] . The goals of this study were to determine if influenza vaccination is associated with detection of noninfluenza respiratory viruses and to determine if vaccine effectiveness estimates differ when different control groups are used in the analysis. For participants in these age groups, multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing was subsequently performed to detect other respiratory viruses, providing an opportunity to investigate the relationship between influenza vaccination and infection with other viral pathogens. doi = 10.1093/cid/cit379 id = cord-014540-27hnlu5v author = Sutthiruk, Nantanit title = Abstracts from the 8th International Congress of the Asia Pacific Society of Infection Control (APSIC): Bangkok, Thailand. 12-15 February 2017 date = 2017-02-22 keywords = CPE; Chen; Control; Infection; Lee; MRSA; Resistance; SSI; VAP; hygiene; patient; study summary = A secondary questionnaire was sent to determine whether any cases showed a positive blood or cerebral spinal fluid culture for Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing GNB, AmpC β-lactamases producing GNB, or carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriacae (CRE) between April 2012 and March 2015.The following data were collected; demographic data pertaining to both the care facilities and patients, clinical diagnosis, and outcomes. Utilization of diagnosis-procedure combination data for advancing the antimicrobial stewardship program Haruo Nakayama, Toshiko Ota, Naoko Shirane, Chikako Matuoka, Kentaro Kodama, Masanobu Ohtsuka Toho University Ohashi medical center, Tokyo, Japan Background Infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria results in increased morbidity, mortality and economic burden. The purpose of this study was to test the effectively of the Infection Control Risk Assessment (ICRA) monitoring tool developed by the Infection Prevention and Control Unit (IPCU) of Asian Hospital and Medical Center with the aim to increase the compliance of construction workers to recommended infection prevention and control measures during construction, renovation and demolition in the hospital. doi = 10.1186/s13756-017-0176-1 id = cord-317864-44knig6g author = Thacker, S.B. title = Centers for Disease Control date = 2008-08-26 keywords = CDC; Control; Disease; Health summary = Emerging from a small, wartime government program with a regional focus on malaria in 1946, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has become a global public health agency that addresses the entire scope of public health, with over 10 000 employees and contractors in nearly 200 occupations. The CDC''s expertise has expanded in direct correlation with the expanding view of public health needs: it is recognized globally for its ability to respond to urgent threat related to disease epidemics and the health consequences of disaster and war. CDC programs have contributed significantly to the eradication and reduction of diseases such as smallpox, polio, and guinea worm, as well as the control of health problems such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), childhood lead poisoning, breast and cervical cancer, diabetes, violence, and unintentional injuries. The history of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began in 1942 with the establishment of the Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA), under the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). doi = 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00303-8 id = cord-303601-o8uk6if2 author = Tsay, Calvin title = Modeling, state estimation, and optimal control for the US COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; control summary = This includes modeling the dynamics of affected populations, estimating the model parameters and hidden states from data, and an optimal control strategy for sequencing social distancing and testing events such that the number of infections is minimized. Figure 2 shows the predicted values obtained by solving the parameter estimation problem and the historical data by country, retrieved by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (https ://githu b.com/CSSEG ISand Data/COVID -19; accessed April 16, 2020). For the estimated parameter values as described previously, we simulate the results of implementing two different simplistic control policies: (i) continuing with strict social distancing, quarantining, and testing, policies that result from continuing to lower the asymptomatic ( α a ) and infected ( α i ) exposures shown in Fig. 2 ; and (ii) a relaxed policy with more lenient measures and reduced testing, in this case the values of α a and α i are increased to 0.2 and 0.02, respectively, while κ is decreased to 0.2. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-67459-8 id = cord-325300-wawui0fd author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = 4 Communicable Diseases date = 2000-12-31 keywords = AIDS; Africa; America; HIV; Health; OPV; States; United; World; case; control; disease; person; vaccine summary = No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings. doi = 10.1016/b978-012703350-1/50006-1 id = cord-323761-9m177ozm author = Wang, Huijie title = Asthma in Pregnancy: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Whole-Course Management, and Medication Safety date = 2020-02-22 keywords = ICS; asthma; control; patient; pregnancy summary = Studies have shown that maternal asthma increases the risk for adverse complications in fetuses and mothers, including SGA (small for gestational age), LBW (low birth weight), congenital malformations (cleft lip or cleft palate), increased perinatal mortality, PB (premature birth), maternal preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, prenatal hemorrhage, caesarean section, urinary tract infection, excessive amniotic fluid, and premature rupture of membranes, especially for those patients with severe or uncontrolled asthma during pregnancy [6, 7] . e long-term goals of asthma management are to achieve good symptom control, maintain normal activity levels, and minimize the risk of acute attacks, irreversible damage to lung function, and drug-related adverse effects. Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody omalizumab is as an add-on therapy for the treatment of nonpregnant patients with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma that is inadequately controlled with ICS and has the effect of preventing exacerbation, reducing the frequency of asthmatic symptoms, reducing the frequency of emergency room visit or hospital admission, and reducing the steroid dose. doi = 10.1155/2020/9046842 id = cord-295019-8tf8ah6g author = Weber, Wilfried title = Emerging biomedical applications of synthetic biology date = 2011-11-29 keywords = FIG; RNA; cell; control; expression; gene; synthetic summary = Synthetic mammalian transcription circuits consisting of a chimeric small-molecule-responsive transcription factor and a cognate synthetic promoter were originally designed for future gene-based therapies, and the aim was to adjust therapeutic transgene expression in mammalian cells in response to a pharmacologically active substance 34, 47, 49, 91 . When mammalian cells that are transgenic for the screening circuit are exposed to a compound library, they detect and modulate reporter gene expression in the presence of a non-toxic, cellpermeable and bioavailable molecule that has a classspecific core structure and corresponding drug activity (for example, antibiotic activity) (FIG. The availability of compact RNA sensor-actuators that are easy to design and to alter and that control transgene expression in response to intracellular levels of key proteins may also improve the ability to link metabolic disease states with gene-based therapeutic interventions. doi = 10.1038/nrg3094 id = cord-267671-ys43n672 author = Whary, Mark T. title = Biology and Diseases of Mice date = 2015-07-10 keywords = BALB; C57BL/6; Control; Fig; Helicobacter; LCMV; MHV; PCR; SCID; animal; cell; complication; diagnosis; disease; dna; infection; laboratory; medicine; mouse; sign; strain; virus summary = Clinical Signs MCMV causes subclinical infection in adult immunocompetent mice, but experimental inoculation of neonates can cause lethal disease due to multisystemic necrosis and inflammation. Diagnosis Because infected mice do not manifest signs or lesions and the virus is very difficult to propagate in cell culture, detection and diagnosis rely on serology and molecular methods. Differential Diagnosis Reovirus infection must be differentiated from other diarrheal diseases of infant mice, including those caused by mouse coronaviruses, EDIM virus, Salmonella spp., or Clostridium piliforme. Epizootiology EDIM virus appears to be infectious only for mice and occurs episodically in mouse colonies, and infection is probably widespread geographically (Livingston and Riley, 2003; Pritchett-Corning LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE et al., 2009) . Sentinel mouse surveillance, using soiled bedding, is an effective strategy for detecting MNV (Manuel et al., 2008) Differential Diagnosis The mild change in fecal consistency associated with MNV in adult mice may mimic rotavirus, coronavirus, Helicobacter spp., Citrobacter rodentium, or other enteric diseases. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00003-1 id = cord-119576-8qp8o2g2 author = Xu, Liyan title = Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Antiepidemic Policies and Global Situation Assessment of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-16 keywords = China; Wuhan; case; control summary = With a two-layer contact-dispersion model and data in China, we analyze the cost-effectiveness of three types of antiepidemic measures for COVID-19: regular epidemiological control, local social interaction control, and inter-city travel restriction. We find that: 1) intercity travel restriction has minimal or even negative effect compared to the other two at the national level; 2) the time of reaching turning point is independent of the current number of cases, and only related to the enforcement stringency of epidemiological control and social interaction control measures; 3) strong enforcement at the early stage is the only opportunity to maximize both antiepidemic effectiveness and cost-effectiveness; 4) mediocre stringency of social interaction measures is the worst choice. Overall, compared with in-city epidemiological and social interaction control measures, the contribution of inter-city travel restrictions to the reduction of the number of infected cases and the spatial spread of disease is much smaller-lower by two orders of magnitudes. doi = nan id = cord-293041-7ndp05ru author = Xu, Pengbo title = The Effect of Response Inhibition Training on Risky Decision-Making Task Performance date = 2020-07-24 keywords = Risk; Task; control; training summary = If the method of improving risky decisionmaking ability through primary cognitive training (such as inhibitory control) is proven and widely accepted, it will greatly advance the research process in the field of decision-making and will certainly provide a direction for future development. On the basis of previous studies, we chose the Balloon Analog Risk Task that has strong operability with initial results that are relatively stable and we appropriately increased the time interval between cognitive training and posttest decision-making task assessment. The two groups were assessed with the Stroop task and the Balloon Analog Risk Task to evaluate the pretest and posttest performance on inhibitory control and risky decision-making tasks at weeks 1 and 4. Because the experiment adopted a mixed design with between-and within-subjects factors, mixed-model ANOVAs of 2 (control group and training group) × 2 (pretest and posttest) factors were used to evaluate the transfer effect of response inhibition training to Stroop performance and its impact on Balloon Analog Risk Task performance. doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01806 id = cord-307946-1olapsmv author = Xu, Zhijie title = Primary Care Practitioners’ Barriers to and Experience of COVID-19 Epidemic Control in China: a Qualitative Study date = 2020-08-31 keywords = China; control; epidemic; pcp summary = title: Primary Care Practitioners'' Barriers to and Experience of COVID-19 Epidemic Control in China: a Qualitative Study Barriers to epidemic control in primary care included inappropriate PCP scheduling and role ambiguity, difficult tasks and inadequate capacities, and inexperienced community workers and insufficient cooperation. PCPs reported potential solutions for improving countermeasures, such as improving management, optimizing workflows, providing additional support, facilitating cooperation, and strengthening the primary care system. To understand PCPs'' perceived barriers to and experience of performing their tasks in epidemic control, we recruited frontline PCPs in China and conducted in-depth interviews using a qualitative design. The government officials and medical experts irregularly visited the community/township health centers and inspected PCPs'' daily practice of epidemic control, including the material preparation and arrangement, and held meetings to discuss the existing problems and potential solutions with PCPs. One participant stated, "It really troubled me that I had to accompany those supervisors, maybe 3 to 5 times a week, and show them what we had done with countless papers and forms and photos." Some instructions distributed to PCPs by supervisors were perceived as "scratching the surface". doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-06107-3 id = cord-018213-w6sh9f3h author = Xue, Lan title = China’s Institutional Mechanisms for Influenza A (H1N1) Prevention and Control date = 2018-11-24 keywords = China; Control; H1N1; Influenza; Prevention summary = This time marked the initial formation of a working inter-departmental mechanism positioned to combat health emergencies through "paying equal attention to both prevention and response, and instilling continued collaboration for any event." On April 26th, Health Minister Chen Zhu convened a meeting of the MOH Leading Group and Expert Panel for Influenza Pandemic Prevention and Control, at which the attendees analyzed swine influenza situations in the United States and Mexico, predicted epidemic trends, and deliberated on domestic strategies and measures to cope with a swine flu pandemic. At the beginning of the Influenza A (H1N1) Epidemic, China established a national level emergency management mechanism directly under the leadership of the State Council that enabled cross-departmental joint prevention and control collaboration, which provided an effective organizational support and operation mechanism for the response efforts. doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-0644-0_4 id = cord-016006-7yas4yqt author = Yoshikawa, Minako Jen title = Dengue and chikungunya virus infection in Southeast Asia: active governmental intervention in Republic of Singapore date = 2010-06-18 keywords = Aedes; NEA; Singapore; control; dengue summary = This paper discusses countermeasures of Republic of Singapore towards mosquito-borne infectious diseases, particularly, dengue and chikungunya virus infection to identify an essential factor in controlling emergence of infectious diseases. Although a considerable number of studies on its outbreak response, surveillance, prevention, and disease management have been conducted by the medical and science community, others often attribute Singapore''s outstanding infectious disease control to the small territory and economic affluence alone. In addition, the regulatory requirement made dengue infection legally notifiable in 1977 under the Infectious Diseases Act of 1976 while DHF had been already made administratively notifiable in 1966 [11, 12, 13] .While the rest of the Southeast Asian region experienced epidemics in 1976 and 1977, the vector control system contributed to low frequency of DHF in Singapore [10] . It is necessary to keep in mind that curving mosquito-borne epidemics like dengue infection and chikungunya fever require capacities such as laboratory-based surveillance and territory-wide vector control program as well as regional collaboration. doi = 10.1007/978-4-431-53875-2_4 id = cord-005814-ak5pq312 author = nan title = 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts date = 1995 keywords = AMI; APACHE; ARDS; ARF; COPD; CPB; CPR; CVP; Care; ECG; ECMO; Group; H20; Hospital; ICP; ICU; III; IL-6; Intensive; January; LPS; MOF; PSV; SAPS; TNF; Unit; University; acute; blood; cardiac; change; conclusion; control; day; effect; failure; follow; high; hour; increase; level; mean; measure; method; mortality; objective; patient; peep; pressure; pulmonary; respiratory; result; study; treatment; value summary = Results: In 5 patients with treated SS, 16 tests were performed (VL n=8; Dobu n=4; NA n=4 Method: Septic shock was defined as severe sepsis with either persistent hypotension (mean arterial pressure; MAP<70 mmHg) or the requirement for a noradrenaline (NA) infusion ~> 0.1 ~g/kg/min with a MAP _< 90mmHg. Cardiovascular support was limited to NA + dobutamine (DB), 546C88 was administered for up to 8 h at a fixed dose-rate of either i, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/h iv. Methods: Fourteen cases were s~udied,their gestational age ranged from(27-32)ws.Continnous positive air way pressure was applied to six cases at Peep level from (3-6)cm H2o through nasal pronge,(group I),the other 8 cases were managed as routine,(group II).Blood gases, TcPO2,TcCo2,resp.rate,depth and pattern were monitored for assessment of tissue Oxygenation and ventilation, Results: Our rasults showed that early application of CPAP improve ventilation among (83.3%)of cases,while (16.7%)of cases need IMV.The cases of group II need IMV among (75%)of the studied cases during the second or the third day of life. doi = 10.1007/bf02426401 id = cord-006391-esnsa4u5 author = nan title = Abstracts 5(th) Tripartite Meeting Salzburg/Austria, September 9–11,1982 date = 1982 keywords = AMX; ATP; Doppler; Group; animal; blood; cell; control; day; effect; graft; increase; level; liver; method; normal; patient; rat; result; study summary = In our parallel tests using an excision-sample technique [2] which is considerably more sensitive than the DGHM procedure, we have observed the following mean reductions in the counts of accessible bacteria: iodine in ethanol, 96%; povidone-iodine, 89%; chlorhexidine in ethanol, 88%; iso-propanol, The purpose of this study was to compare radiation injury in Guinea Pig small bowel (1) devoid of contents (2) containing bile (3) containing pancreatic juice. Studies in vitro employing isolated perfused rat pancreas and stomach revealed following results: Mean basal pancreatic somatostatin release in normal, diabetic and transplanted rats were 12___3, 24-t-7, and 17__+4 pg/ml, respectively. As these changes appear closely correlated to the blood glucose levels which show a 30 % decrease at 4 h and progressive restoration towards normal values up to 24 h, attempts have been made to alter the insulin/glucagon ratio by glucose infusion after PH and study its relation to liver regeneration. doi = 10.1007/bf01279099 id = cord-015021-pol2qm74 author = nan title = Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date = 1994 keywords = APACHE; ARDS; CD14; CD4; CLP; CRP; CSF; ELISA; ICU; IFN; III; IL-1; IL-2; IL-4; IL-6; IL-8; LEH; LPS; MOF; PAF; PMN; SIRS; TNF; University; animal; blood; cell; control; cytokine; day; effect; endotoxin; factor; follow; group; high; increase; injury; level; method; mouse; patient; production; rat; release; response; result; sepsis; septic; shock; study; trauma summary = It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. doi = 10.1007/bf02258437 id = cord-015394-uj7fe5y6 author = nan title = Scientific Abstracts date = 2008-12-23 keywords = ACTH; AEA; ANOVA; BMI; CRF; Center; ELISA; EOC; ERK; GDM; Gynecology; Hospital; IL-1; IL-6; IL-8; IUGR; IVF; LPS; Medical; Medicine; NIH; Netherlands; Obstetrics; P<0.05; PCOS; PCR; PPROM; RNA; Research; School; TNF; USA; University; VEGF; cell; conclusion; control; dna; expression; fetal; fsh; human; increase; level; maternal; method; objective; placental; pregnancy; result; study; western; woman summary = Studies involving immunohistochemical analysis of normal ovaries have shown that granulosa cells express significantly higher levels of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor, cFos compared to theca cells, where cFos expression is virtually absent. Following acute hypoxia (0.5% O2) for one to six hours, RhoA mRNA, total protein and activation (RhoA-GTP) levels were analysed, using semi-quantitative PCRs and western blot, and compared to normoxic non-pregnant human uterine smooth muscle control cells. Since there is an urgent need for non-invasive methods for determination of fetal (F) and placental (P) function, this study was designed to evaluate the genes differently and commonly expressed in P tissue and leukocytes in maternal (M) and F circulation.Material and Methods. The current study: 1) localized IL-6 mRNA levels in preeclamptic versus normal decidual sections; 2) evaluated mechanisms regulating IL-6 synthesis by targeting intracellular signaling pathways with specific inhibitors; 3) identified potential IL-6 targets by immunolocalizing the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) to specific cell types in placental bed biopsies. doi = 10.1177/19337191080150020102 id = cord-022659-chwk2bs4 author = nan title = Abstracts: Poster session date = 2004-10-08 keywords = ALS; Alzheimer; Association; CNS; CSF; GBS; HTLV; MBP; MRI; Neurological; Parkinson; age; cell; control; day; disease; patient; study; test summary = We investigated the usefulness of informant-based data in Alzheimer''s disease (AD) by comparing caregivers'' subjective evaluations of 83 probable A D patients'' performance on an abbreviated version of the Memory Self-Report Questionnaire to objective evaluations derived from an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests and to clinicians'' evaluations. Compared with 89 subjects (mean age 75.2 yr; 34 men, 55 women) with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), there were no significant group differences for comparable Clinical Dementia Rating stages of dementia for measures of language, Activities of Daily Living, or general cognition. The mean age at onset did not differ significantly between handedness groups (F [ l,lOO] = .82), but the mean duration of symptoms ( Alterations in the optical properties of brain can be used to detect pathological changes in patients with Alzheimer''s disease (AD). doi = 10.1002/ana.410320224 id = cord-022940-atbjwpo5 author = nan title = Poster Sessions date = 2016-09-07 keywords = Akt; Ankara; Biology; Department; ELISA; Faculty; GSH; HCC; IL-6; IMA; Institute; Istanbul; MCF-7; MDA; MTT; P-02.08.5; P-09.04.4; PCR; PON1; RNA; ROS; Research; Russian; SOD; Sciences; TAS; TNF; TOS; Turkey; University; activity; analysis; cancer; cell; conclusion; control; dna; effect; expression; gene; group; high; increase; introduction; level; method; patient; protein; result; study; tissue; treatment; turkish; western summary = We have studied the effect of inhibition of IRE1 (inositol requiring enzyme 1), which is a central mediator of endoplasmic reticulum stress and controls cell proliferation and tumor growth, on hypoxic regulation of the expression of different proliferation related genes in U87 glioma cells. Transient inhibition of Akt and mTOR protein kinase activation in tumor cells followed by reactivation of signaling pathway did not result in a time-dependent difference on EGFR, HER2 and HER3 expression levels. In our study we aimed to determine cytotoxic effect of RES in K562 human CML cell line and to evaluate the expressions of miRNAs that are associated with genetics of leukemia after treatment with RES; to investigate target genes of miRNAs which show significant expression alterations and molecular mechanisms of RES treatment. doi = 10.1111/febs.13808