Carrel name: keyword-copd-cord
Creating study carrel named keyword-copd-cord
Initializing database
         file: cache/cord-001613-fsbemdry.json
          key: cord-001613-fsbemdry
      authors: Chang, Chih-Hao; Tsao, Kuo-Chien; Hu, Han-Chung; Huang, Chung-Chi; Kao, Kuo-Chin; Chen, Ning-Hung; Yang, Cheng-Ta; Tsai, Ying-Huang; Hsieh, Meng-Jer
        title: Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein cannot differentiate bacterial or viral infection in COPD exacerbation requiring emergency department visits
         date: 2015-04-13
      journal: Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
          DOI: 10.2147/copd.s76740
          sha: 
       doc_id: 1613
     cord_uid: fsbemdry

         file: cache/cord-002591-kt25ip40.json
          key: cord-002591-kt25ip40
      authors: Ponce-Gallegos, Marco Antonio; Ramírez-Venegas, Alejandra; Falfán-Valencia, Ramcés
        title: Th17 profile in COPD exacerbations
         date: 2017-06-22
      journal: Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
          DOI: 10.2147/copd.s136592
          sha: 
       doc_id: 2591
     cord_uid: kt25ip40

         file: cache/cord-004314-gtwtakpr.json
          key: cord-004314-gtwtakpr
      authors: Holmen, Heidi; Larsen, Marie Hamilton; Sallinen, Merja Helena; Thoresen, Lisbeth; Ahlsen, Birgitte; Andersen, Marit Helen; Borge, Christine Råheim; Eik, Hedda; Wahl, Astrid Klopstad; Mengshoel, Anne Marit
        title: Working with patients suffering from chronic diseases can be a balancing act for health care professionals - a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies
         date: 2020-02-10
      journal: BMC Health Serv Res
          DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4826-2
          sha: 
       doc_id: 4314
     cord_uid: gtwtakpr

         file: cache/cord-004535-p4s5uqz8.json
          key: cord-004535-p4s5uqz8
      authors: Luyt, Charles-Edouard
        title: Virus diseases in ICU patients: a long time underestimated; but be aware of overestimation
         date: 2006-05-24
      journal: Intensive Care Med
          DOI: 10.1007/s00134-006-0203-9
          sha: 
       doc_id: 4535
     cord_uid: p4s5uqz8

         file: cache/cord-004982-q9wsiimn.json
          key: cord-004982-q9wsiimn
      authors: Rohmann, Kristina; Tschernig, Thomas; Pabst, Reinhard; Goldmann, Thorsten; Drömann, Daniel
        title: Innate immunity in the human lung: pathogen recognition and lung disease
         date: 2010-10-09
      journal: Cell Tissue Res
          DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1048-7
          sha: 
       doc_id: 4982
     cord_uid: q9wsiimn

         file: cache/cord-006452-mmdk2xom.json
          key: cord-006452-mmdk2xom
      authors: Chen, Jing; Tang, Yue; Liu, Yun; Dou, Yushun
        title: Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases
         date: 2018-10-18
      journal: AAPS PharmSciTech
          DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1183-0
          sha: 
       doc_id: 6452
     cord_uid: mmdk2xom

         file: cache/cord-007444-c9vu8ako.json
          key: cord-007444-c9vu8ako
      authors: Sherk, Peter A.; Grossman, Ronald F.
        title: The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation
         date: 2000-12-01
      journal: Clin Chest Med
          DOI: 10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70179-9
          sha: 
       doc_id: 7444
     cord_uid: c9vu8ako

         file: cache/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.json
          key: cord-010078-8lkkez3n
      authors: nan
        title: Invited Speakers
         date: 2010-11-24
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01863.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 10078
     cord_uid: 8lkkez3n

         file: cache/cord-011269-j2rogzm7.json
          key: cord-011269-j2rogzm7
      authors: Stefan, Mihaela S.; Pekow, Penelope S.; Shea, Christopher M.; Hughes, Ashley M.; Hill, Nicholas S.; Steingrub, Jay S.; Lindenauer, Peter K.
        title: Protocol for two-arm pragmatic cluster randomized hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial comparing two education strategies for improving the uptake of noninvasive ventilation in patients with severe COPD exacerbation
         date: 2020-05-06
      journal: Implement Sci Commun
          DOI: 10.1186/s43058-020-00028-2
          sha: 
       doc_id: 11269
     cord_uid: j2rogzm7

         file: cache/cord-006862-5va1yyit.json
          key: cord-006862-5va1yyit
      authors: nan
        title: ITS ASM 2012
         date: 2012-11-04
      journal: Ir J Med Sci
          DOI: 10.1007/s11845-012-0856-z
          sha: 
       doc_id: 6862
     cord_uid: 5va1yyit

         file: cache/cord-014804-ye6wuwgd.json
          key: cord-014804-ye6wuwgd
      authors: Moeser, A.; Lange, C.; von Lilienfeld-Toal, M.; Welte, T.; Pletz, M.
        title: Pneumonien bei immunsupprimierten Patienten
         date: 2018-03-16
      journal: Pneumologe (Berl)
          DOI: 10.1007/s10405-018-0174-x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 14804
     cord_uid: ye6wuwgd

         file: cache/cord-010075-72jodunj.json
          key: cord-010075-72jodunj
      authors: nan
        title: Paediatric SIG: Poster Session
         date: 2011-03-21
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_12.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 10075
     cord_uid: 72jodunj

         file: cache/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.json
          key: cord-007726-bqlf72fe
      authors: Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina; Johnson, Jill R.
        title: The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease
         date: 2018-11-09
      journal: Mouse Cell Culture
          DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9086-3_1
          sha: 
       doc_id: 7726
     cord_uid: bqlf72fe

         file: cache/cord-006888-qfnukav4.json
          key: cord-006888-qfnukav4
      authors: nan
        title: Irish Thoracic Society Annual Scientific Meeting, Ramada Hotel, Belfast: 7th–8th November 2008
         date: 2008-10-21
      journal: Ir J Med Sci
          DOI: 10.1007/s11845-008-0235-y
          sha: 
       doc_id: 6888
     cord_uid: qfnukav4

         file: cache/cord-015674-d4h9016a.json
          key: cord-015674-d4h9016a
      authors: Provost, Karin; Desai, Himanshu; Sethi, Sanjay
        title: Infectious Mechanisms Regulating Susceptibility to Acute Exacerbations of COPD
         date: 2013-07-13
      journal: Smoking and Lung Inflammation
          DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7351-0_8
          sha: 
       doc_id: 15674
     cord_uid: d4h9016a

         file: cache/cord-011800-8h7eiihp.json
          key: cord-011800-8h7eiihp
      authors: Guan, Wei-jie
        title: Giants in Chest Medicine: Professor Nan-shan Zhong, MD
         date: 2018-02-05
      journal: Chest
          DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.10.043
          sha: 
       doc_id: 11800
     cord_uid: 8h7eiihp

         file: cache/cord-016300-vw11c2wt.json
          key: cord-016300-vw11c2wt
      authors: Jain, Kewal K.
        title: Biomarkers of Pulmonary Diseases
         date: 2017-09-18
      journal: The Handbook of Biomarkers
          DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7431-3_16
          sha: 
       doc_id: 16300
     cord_uid: vw11c2wt

         file: cache/cord-017428-euzvhtax.json
          key: cord-017428-euzvhtax
      authors: Janssens, Wim; Lehouck, An; Decramer, Marc; Gayan-Ramirez, Ghislaine
        title: Vitamin D and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
         date: 2012-02-17
      journal: Vitamin D and the Lung
          DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-888-7_11
          sha: 
       doc_id: 17428
     cord_uid: euzvhtax

         file: cache/cord-016814-tf17dpo5.json
          key: cord-016814-tf17dpo5
      authors: Enes, Sara Rolandsson; Uriarte, Juan J.; Pouliot, Robert A.; Weiss, Daniel J.
        title: Clinical Application of Stem/Stromal Cells in COPD
         date: 2019-08-07
      journal: Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Lung Disease
          DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29403-8_6
          sha: 
       doc_id: 16814
     cord_uid: tf17dpo5

         file: cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.json
          key: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu
      authors: Starkel, Julie L.; Stapke, Christina; Stanley-O’Malley, Abigail; Noland, Diana
        title: Respiratory
         date: 2019-10-07
      journal: Integrative and Functional Medical Nutrition Therapy
          DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_51
          sha: 
       doc_id: 16009
     cord_uid: qa7bcsbu

         file: cache/cord-018005-53cl75gk.json
          key: cord-018005-53cl75gk
      authors: Humphreys, Hilary; Winter, Bob; Paul, Mical
        title: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
         date: 2012-08-21
      journal: Infections in the Adult Intensive Care Unit
          DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4318-5_6
          sha: 
       doc_id: 18005
     cord_uid: 53cl75gk

         file: cache/cord-017784-4r3fpmlb.json
          key: cord-017784-4r3fpmlb
      authors: Foccillo, Giampiero
        title: The Infections Causing Acute Respiratory Failure in Elderly Patients
         date: 2019-08-06
      journal: Ventilatory Support and Oxygen Therapy in Elder, Palliative and End-of-Life Care Patients
          DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-26664-6_5
          sha: 
       doc_id: 17784
     cord_uid: 4r3fpmlb

         file: cache/cord-020507-3gzh1lw6.json
          key: cord-020507-3gzh1lw6
      authors: Gillissen, Adrian; Zielen, Stefan
        title: Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis und Lungenemphysem
         date: 2005
      journal: Medizinische Therapie 2005|2006
          DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27385-9_105
          sha: 
       doc_id: 20507
     cord_uid: 3gzh1lw6

         file: cache/cord-017412-1avevzya.json
          key: cord-017412-1avevzya
      authors: Losada, Liliana; Ghedin, Elodie; Morris, Alison; Chu, Hong Wei; Nierman, William C.
        title: The Human Lung Microbiome
         date: 2010-10-11
      journal: Metagenomics of the Human Body
          DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7089-3_7
          sha: 
       doc_id: 17412
     cord_uid: 1avevzya

         file: cache/cord-022050-h24f0fpd.json
          key: cord-022050-h24f0fpd
      authors: Naughton, Matthew T.; Tuxen, David V.
        title: Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma
         date: 2009-05-15
      journal: Clinical Critical Care Medicine
          DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02844-8.50029-9
          sha: 
       doc_id: 22050
     cord_uid: h24f0fpd

         file: cache/cord-018439-4btpqlxd.json
          key: cord-018439-4btpqlxd
      authors: Kato, Akane; Hanaoka, Masayuki
        title: Pathogenesis of COPD (Persistence of Airway Inflammation): Why Does Airway Inflammation Persist After Cessation of Smoking?
         date: 2016-07-06
      journal: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
          DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-0839-9_4
          sha: 
       doc_id: 18439
     cord_uid: 4btpqlxd

         file: cache/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.json
          key: cord-018452-qyf2vymf
      authors: Sica, Valentina; Izzo, Valentina
        title: Pathophysiologic Role of Autophagy in Human Airways
         date: 2016-03-07
      journal: Autophagy Networks in Inflammation
          DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30079-5_16
          sha: 
       doc_id: 18452
     cord_uid: qyf2vymf

         file: cache/cord-023288-sqr33y72.json
          key: cord-023288-sqr33y72
      authors: nan
        title: Paediatric SIG: Poster Session
         date: 2008-03-12
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_11.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 23288
     cord_uid: sqr33y72

         file: cache/cord-023306-3gdfo6vd.json
          key: cord-023306-3gdfo6vd
      authors: nan
        title: TSANZ Oral Abstracts
         date: 2010-03-01
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01735.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 23306
     cord_uid: 3gdfo6vd

         file: cache/cord-023298-ysur3sjq.json
          key: cord-023298-ysur3sjq
      authors: nan
        title: Respiratory Nurses SIG: Poster Session
         date: 2011-03-21
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_16.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 23298
     cord_uid: ysur3sjq

         file: cache/cord-030131-klhg7x8z.json
          key: cord-030131-klhg7x8z
      authors: Tan, Dingyu; Walline, Joseph Harold; Ling, Bingyu; Xu, Yan; Sun, Jiayan; Wang, Bingxia; Shan, Xueqin; Wang, Yunyun; Cao, Peng; Zhu, Qingcheng; Geng, Ping; Xu, Jun
        title: High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus non-invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after extubation: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial
         date: 2020-08-06
      journal: Crit Care
          DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03214-9
          sha: 
       doc_id: 30131
     cord_uid: klhg7x8z

         file: cache/cord-023303-fxus38mp.json
          key: cord-023303-fxus38mp
      authors: nan
        title: Lung Cancer/Bronchology SIGs: Combined Poster Session
         date: 2008-03-12
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_8.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 23303
     cord_uid: fxus38mp

         file: cache/cord-023305-5lb9kho6.json
          key: cord-023305-5lb9kho6
      authors: nan
        title: Oliv SIG: Poster Session
         date: 2011-03-21
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_11.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 23305
     cord_uid: 5lb9kho6

         file: cache/cord-028989-w50thois.json
          key: cord-028989-w50thois
      authors: Figueira Gonçalves, Juan Marco; Golpe, Rafael
        title: Clinical challenges in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients who suffered SARS-CoV-2 infection()
         date: 2020-07-10
      journal: Med Clin (Engl Ed)
          DOI: 10.1016/j.medcle.2020.04.012
          sha: 
       doc_id: 28989
     cord_uid: w50thois

         file: cache/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.json
          key: cord-023331-jrvmgnu3
      authors: nan
        title: Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management
         date: 2008-03-12
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_3.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 23331
     cord_uid: jrvmgnu3

         file: cache/cord-023311-7wqdlha4.json
          key: cord-023311-7wqdlha4
      authors: nan
        title: Oral Session
         date: 2010-11-24
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01864.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 23311
     cord_uid: 7wqdlha4

         file: cache/cord-023308-af5nihyi.json
          key: cord-023308-af5nihyi
      authors: nan
        title: COPD SIG: Poster Session 2
         date: 2008-03-12
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_6.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 23308
     cord_uid: af5nihyi

         file: cache/cord-253564-3y1wdepc.json
          key: cord-253564-3y1wdepc
      authors: Traves, Suzanne L; Proud, David
        title: Viral-associated exacerbations of asthma and COPD
         date: 2007-03-21
      journal: Curr Opin Pharmacol
          DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2006.11.010
          sha: 
       doc_id: 253564
     cord_uid: 3y1wdepc

         file: cache/cord-023302-p9pxz44a.json
          key: cord-023302-p9pxz44a
      authors: nan
        title: Cystic Fibrosis SIG: Poster Session
         date: 2011-03-21
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_7.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 23302
     cord_uid: p9pxz44a

         file: cache/cord-023343-y17z9w2x.json
          key: cord-023343-y17z9w2x
      authors: nan
        title: COPD SIG: Poster Session 1
         date: 2011-03-21
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_5.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 23343
     cord_uid: y17z9w2x

         file: cache/cord-048201-8qnrcgnk.json
          key: cord-048201-8qnrcgnk
      authors: Slebos, Dirk-Jan; Ryter, Stefan W; Choi, Augustine MK
        title: Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide in pulmonary medicine
         date: 2003-08-07
      journal: Respir Res
          DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-4-7
          sha: 
       doc_id: 48201
     cord_uid: 8qnrcgnk

         file: cache/cord-103137-qohntipf.json
          key: cord-103137-qohntipf
      authors: Porter, P.; Brisbane, J.; Abeyratne, U.; Bear, N.; Wood, J.; Peltonen, V.; Della, P.; Purdie, F.; Smith, C.; Claxton, S.
        title: Rapid, point of care detection of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease using a cough-centred algorithm in acute care settings.
         date: 2020-09-08
      journal: nan
          DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.05.20164731
          sha: 
       doc_id: 103137
     cord_uid: qohntipf

         file: cache/cord-031315-p7jb4gf2.json
          key: cord-031315-p7jb4gf2
      authors: Kong, Qing; Mo, Shuming; Wang, Wenqian; Tang, Zihui; Wei, Ying; Du, Yijie; Liu, Baojun; Kong, Lingwen; Lv, Yubao; Dong, Jingcheng
        title: Efficacy and safety of Jia Wei Bushen Yiqi formulas as an adjunct therapy to systemic glucocorticoids on acute exacerbation of COPD: study protocol for a randomized, double-blinded, multi-center, placebo-controlled clinical trial
         date: 2020-09-03
      journal: Trials
          DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04669-5
          sha: 
       doc_id: 31315
     cord_uid: p7jb4gf2

         file: cache/cord-023333-b7w9zrl6.json
          key: cord-023333-b7w9zrl6
      authors: nan
        title: Oeld/Population Health SIG: Poster Session
         date: 2011-03-21
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_10.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 23333
     cord_uid: b7w9zrl6

         file: cache/cord-261856-i1e0uj0s.json
          key: cord-261856-i1e0uj0s
      authors: Heffner, John E; Highland, Kristin B
        title: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in geriatric critical care
         date: 2005-03-04
      journal: Crit Care Clin
          DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0704(03)00054-x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 261856
     cord_uid: i1e0uj0s

         file: cache/cord-023314-rwjxk8v4.json
          key: cord-023314-rwjxk8v4
      authors: nan
        title: Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 1
         date: 2011-03-21
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_1.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 23314
     cord_uid: rwjxk8v4

         file: cache/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.json
          key: cord-258093-6fn8ei9f
      authors: Hanania, Nicola A.; King, Monroe J.; Braman, Sidney S.; Saltoun, Carol; Wise, Robert A.; Enright, Paul; Falsey, Ann R.; Mathur, Sameer K.; Ramsdell, Joe W.; Rogers, Linda; Stempel, David A.; Lima, John J.; Fish, James E.; Wilson, Sandra R.; Boyd, Cynthia; Patel, Kushang V.; Irvin, Charles G.; Yawn, Barbara P.; Halm, Ethan A.; Wasserman, Stephen I.; Sands, Mark F.; Ershler, William B.; Ledford, Dennis K.
        title: Asthma in the elderly: Current understanding and future research needs—a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop
         date: 2011-08-25
      journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol
          DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.048
          sha: 
       doc_id: 258093
     cord_uid: 6fn8ei9f

         file: cache/cord-031558-8wysernx.json
          key: cord-031558-8wysernx
      authors: Michas, Marta; Deuchar, Lesly; Leigh, Richard; Bhutani, Mohit; Rowe, Brian H.; Stickland, Michael K.; Ospina, Maria B.
        title: Factors influencing the implementation and uptake of a discharge care bundle for patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative focus group study
         date: 2020-08-21
      journal: Implement Sci Commun
          DOI: 10.1186/s43058-020-00017-5
          sha: 
       doc_id: 31558
     cord_uid: 8wysernx

         file: cache/cord-027721-hpzs6fvf.json
          key: cord-027721-hpzs6fvf
      authors: Mcheick, Hamid; Sayegh, John; Ajami, Hicham
        title: Context-Aware Healthcare Adaptation Model for COPD Diseases
         date: 2020-05-31
      journal: The Impact of Digital Technologies on Public Health in Developed and Developing Countries
          DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51517-1_27
          sha: 
       doc_id: 27721
     cord_uid: hpzs6fvf

         file: cache/cord-264295-7ojvhwb0.json
          key: cord-264295-7ojvhwb0
      authors: Maddaloni, Ernesto; D’Onofrio, Luca; Alessandri, Francesco; Mignogna, Carmen; Leto, Gaetano; Pascarella, Giuseppe; Mezzaroma, Ivano; Lichtner, Miriam; Pozzilli, Paolo; Agrò, Felice Eugenio; Rocco, Monica; Pugliese, Francesco; Lenzi, Andrea; Holman, Rury R.; Mastroianni, Claudio Maria; Buzzetti, Raffaella
        title: Cardiometabolic multimorbidity is associated with a worse Covid-19 prognosis than individual cardiometabolic risk factors: a multicentre retrospective study (CoViDiab II)
         date: 2020-10-01
      journal: Cardiovasc Diabetol
          DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01140-2
          sha: 
       doc_id: 264295
     cord_uid: 7ojvhwb0

         file: cache/cord-103020-ckuma42j.json
          key: cord-103020-ckuma42j
      authors: McDowell, G.; Sumowski, M.; Toellner, H.; Karok, S.; O'Dwyer, C.; Hornsby, J.; Lowe, D.; Carlin, C.
        title: Two-way remote monitoring allows effective and realistic provision of home-NIV to COPD patients with persistent hypercapnia.
         date: 2020-11-12
      journal: nan
          DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.08.20227892
          sha: 
       doc_id: 103020
     cord_uid: ckuma42j

         file: cache/cord-032831-mupxzffk.json
          key: cord-032831-mupxzffk
      authors: Diehl, J.-L.; Piquilloud, L.; Vimpere, D.; Aissaoui, N.; Guerot, E.; Augy, J. L.; Pierrot, M.; Hourton, D.; Arnoux, A.; Richard, C.; Mancebo, J.; Mercat, A.
        title: Physiological effects of adding ECCO(2)R to invasive mechanical ventilation for COPD exacerbations
         date: 2020-09-29
      journal: Ann Intensive Care
          DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00743-y
          sha: 
       doc_id: 32831
     cord_uid: mupxzffk

         file: cache/cord-291639-hioh2s35.json
          key: cord-291639-hioh2s35
      authors: Alfredo, Potena; Gaetano, Caramori; Paolo, Casolari; Marco, Contoli; Johnston, Sebastian L; Alberto, Papi
        title: Pathophysiology of viral-induced exacerbations of COPD
         date: 2007-12-17
      journal: Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
          DOI: nan
          sha: 
       doc_id: 291639
     cord_uid: hioh2s35

         file: cache/cord-260114-tkh93k1u.json
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      authors: Zhao, Qianwen; Meng, Meng; Kumar, Rahul; Wu, Yinlian; Huang, Jiaofeng; Lian, Ningfang; Deng, Yunlei; Lin, Su
        title: The impact of COPD and smoking history on the severity of COVID‐19: A systemic review and meta‐analysis
         date: 2020-05-17
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          DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25889
          sha: 
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         file: cache/cord-033561-kc0mi20z.json
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      authors: Hausen, Thomas; Gesenhues, Anne
        title: Atemwege und Lunge
         date: 2020-10-09
      journal: Praxisleitfaden Allgemeinmedizin
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          sha: 
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      authors: Boixeda, R.; Campins, L.; Juanola, J.; Force, L.
        title: Is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease a protective factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection? The importance of bronchodilator treatment()
         date: 2020-09-26
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      authors: Mansfield, K. E.; Mathur, R.; Tazare, J.; Henderson, A. D.; Mulick, A.; Carreira, H.; Matthews, A. A.; Bidulka, P.; Gayle, A.; Forbes, H.; Cook, S.; Wong, A.; Strongman, H.; Wing, K.; Warren-Gash, C.; Cadogan, S. L.; Smeeth, L.; Hayes, J.; Quint, J.; McKee, M.; Langan, S.
        title: COVID-19 collateral: Indirect acute effects of the pandemic on physical and mental health in the UK
         date: 2020-10-30
      journal: nan
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          sha: 
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      authors: Klaile, Esther; Klassert, Tilman E; Scheffrahn, Inka; Müller, Mario M; Heinrich, Annina; Heyl, Kerstin A; Dienemann, Hendrik; Grünewald, Christiane; Bals, Robert; Singer, Bernhard B; Slevogt, Hortense
        title: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cell adhesion molecules are co-expressed in the human lung and their expression can be modulated in bronchial epithelial cells by non-typable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, TLR3, and type I and II interferons
         date: 2013-08-14
      journal: Respir Res
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          sha: 
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      authors: Sichelstiel, Anke; Yadava, Koshika; Trompette, Aurélien; Salami, Olawale; Iwakura, Yoichiro; Nicod, Laurent P.; Marsland, Benjamin J.
        title: Targeting IL-1β and IL-17A Driven Inflammation during Influenza-Induced Exacerbations of Chronic Lung Inflammation
         date: 2014-06-11
      journal: PLoS One
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     cord_uid: vmbhok1u

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      authors: Sanz, Ivan; Tamames, Sonia; Rojo, Silvia; Justel, Mar; Lozano, José Eugenio; Disdier, Carlos; Vega, Tomás; Ortiz de Lejarazu, Raúl
        title: Viral Etiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations during the A/H1N1pdm09 Pandemic and Postpandemic Period
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         date: 2003-04-15
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        title: How Viral Infections Cause Exacerbation of Airway Diseases
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     cord_uid: i27mge10

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      authors: Alcendor, Donald J.
        title: Racial Disparities-Associated COVID-19 Mortality among Minority Populations in the US
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      authors: Lipworth, Brian; Chan, Rory; Lipworth, Samuel; RuiWen Kuo, Chris
        title: Weathering the Cytokine Storm in Susceptible Patients with Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection
         date: 2020-04-18
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      authors: Tesfaigzi, Yohannes; Meek, Paula; Lareau, Suzanne
        title: Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic mucus hypersecretion
         date: 2006-06-28
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      authors: Ogger, Patricia P.; Byrne, Adam J.
        title: Macrophage metabolic reprogramming during chronic lung disease
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        title: COPD in the time of COVID-19: An analysis of acute exacerbations and reported behavioural changes in patients with COPD
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        title: Age-dependent assessment of genes involved in cellular senescence, telomere and mitochondrial pathways in human lung tissue of smokers, COPD and IPF: Associations with SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 axis
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      authors: Proud, David
        title: Upper airway viral infections
         date: 2007-07-05
      journal: Pulm Pharmacol Ther
          DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2007.06.004
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      authors: Woodfork, Karen
        title: Bronchitis
         date: 2008-01-10
      journal: xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference
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      authors: Jouneau, Stéphane; Brinchault, Graziella; Desrues, Benoît
        title: Prise en charge des exacerbations : de la ville à l’hôpital
         date: 2015-04-30
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      authors: Ezzeldin, Nada; Shalaby, Alaa; Saad-Hussein, Amal; Ezzeldin, Howayda; El Lebedy, Dalia; Farouk, Hebatallah; Kandil, Dina M.
        title: Association of TNF-α –308G/A, SP-B 1580 C/T, IL-13 –1055 C/T gene polymorphisms and latent adenoviral infection with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an Egyptian population
         date: 2012-05-09
      journal: Arch Med Sci
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      authors: Liang, Ying; Chang, Chun; Chen, Yahong; Dong, Fawu; Zhang, Linlin; Sun, Yongchang
        title: Symptoms, Management and Healthcare Utilization of COPD Patients During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Beijing
         date: 2020-10-14
      journal: Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
          DOI: 10.2147/copd.s270448
          sha: 
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     cord_uid: s0t4kp2x

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          key: cord-275858-46jzw94p
      authors: Leung, Janice M.; Niikura, Masahiro; Yang, Cheng Wei Tony; Sin, Don D.
        title: COVID-19 and COPD
         date: 2020-08-13
      journal: Eur Respir J
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          sha: 
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      authors: Wang, Cuixue; Zhou, Jiedong; Wang, Jinquan; Li, Shujing; Fukunaga, Atsushi; Yodoi, Junji; Tian, Hai
        title: Progress in the mechanism and targeted drug therapy for COPD
         date: 2020-10-27
      journal: Signal Transduct Target Ther
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          sha: 
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          key: cord-280348-vrnxucye
      authors: Argano, Christiano; Scichilone, Nicola; Natoli, Giuseppe; Nobili, Alessandro; Corazza, Gino Roberto; Mannucci, Pier Mannuccio; Perticone, Francesco; Corrao, Salvatore
        title: Pattern of comorbidities and 1-year mortality in elderly patients with COPD hospitalized in internal medicine wards: data from the RePoSI Registry
         date: 2020-07-27
      journal: Intern Emerg Med
          DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02412-1
          sha: 
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          key: cord-304556-1f47gvys
      authors: Grabiec, Aleksander M.; Hussell, Tracy
        title: The role of airway macrophages in apoptotic cell clearance following acute and chronic lung inflammation
         date: 2016-03-08
      journal: Semin Immunopathol
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          sha: 
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         file: cache/cord-272034-fvii5nsv.json
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      authors: McNaughton, Amanda; Levack, William; McNaughton, Harry
        title: Taking Charge: A Proposed Psychological Intervention to Improve Pulmonary Rehabilitation Outcomes for People with COPD
         date: 2020-09-11
      journal: Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
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          sha: 
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     cord_uid: fvii5nsv

         file: cache/cord-283061-qr8xynn2.json
          key: cord-283061-qr8xynn2
      authors: Uzzaman, Md. Nazim; Jackson, Tracy; Uddin, Aftab; Rowa-Dewar, Neneh; Chisti, Mohammod Jobayer; Habib, G M Monsur; Pinnock, Hilary
        title: Continuing professional education for general practitioners on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: feasibility of a blended learning approach in Bangladesh
         date: 2020-09-28
      journal: BMC Fam Pract
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          sha: 
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     cord_uid: qr8xynn2

         file: cache/cord-290674-1kdc6xk8.json
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      authors: Hershenson, Marc B.
        title: Rhinovirus-Induced Exacerbations of Asthma and COPD
         date: 2013-02-21
      journal: Scientifica (Cairo)
          DOI: 10.1155/2013/405876
          sha: 
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     cord_uid: 1kdc6xk8

         file: cache/cord-304461-332eygtr.json
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      authors: Ganesan, Shyamala; Comstock, Adam T; Sajjan, Uma S
        title: Barrier function of airway tract epithelium
         date: 2013-10-01
      journal: Tissue Barriers
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          sha: 
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      authors: Leung, J. M.; Yang, C. X.; Tam, A.; Shaipanich, T.; Hackett, T. L.; Singhera, G. K.; Dorscheid, D. R.; Sin, D. D.
        title: ACE-2 Expression in the Small Airway Epithelia of Smokers and COPD Patients: Implications for COVID-19
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      journal: medRxiv
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          sha: 
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     cord_uid: ei2b8oqn

         file: cache/cord-305838-i0ck2oo0.json
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      authors: Kouri, Andrew; Gupta, Samir; Yadollahi, Azadeh; Ryan, Clodagh M.; Gershon, Andrea S.; To, Teresa; Tarlo, Susan M.; Goldstein, Roger S.; Chapman, Kenneth R.; Chow, Chung-Wai
        title: CHEST Reviews: Addressing reduced laboratory-based pulmonary function testing during a pandemic
         date: 2020-07-08
      journal: Chest
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         file: cache/cord-286449-ekvzaae2.json
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      authors: McManus, Terence E.; Marley, Anne-Marie; Baxter, Noreen; Christie, Sharon N.; O'Neill, Hugh J.; Elborn, J. Stuart; Coyle, Peter V.; Kidney, Joseph C.
        title: Respiratory viral infection in exacerbations of COPD
         date: 2008-07-30
      journal: Respir Med
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      authors: Bouquet, Jerome; Tabor, David E.; Silver, Jonathan S.; Nair, Varsha; Tovchigrechko, Andrey; Griffin, M. Pamela; Esser, Mark T.; Sellman, Bret R.; Jin, Hong
        title: Microbial burden and viral exacerbations in a longitudinal multicenter COPD cohort
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          sha: 
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      authors: Boixeda, Ramon; Rabella, Nuria; Sauca, Goretti; Delgado, Maria; Martínez-Costa, Xavier; Mauri, Montserrat; Vicente, Vanessa; Palomera, Elisabet; Serra-Prat, Mateu; Capdevila, Josep Antón
        title: Microbiological study of patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD) and the usefulness of analytical and clinical parameters in its identification (VIRAE study)
         date: 2012-05-25
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      authors: Takamoto, Hiroki; Nishine, Hiroki; Sato, Shohei; Sun, Guanghao; Watanabe, Sadao; Seokjin, Kim; Asai, Masahito; Mineshita, Masamichi; Matsui, Takemi
        title: Development and Clinical Application of a Novel Non-contact Early Airflow Limitation Screening System Using an Infrared Time-of-Flight Depth Image Sensor
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      authors: Fujita, Yu; Takeshita, Fumitaka; Kuwano, Kazuyoshi; Ochiya, Takahiro
        title: RNAi Therapeutic Platforms for Lung Diseases
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      journal: Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
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         date: 2014-10-31
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          sha: 
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        title: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An Asia–Pacific perspective
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      authors: Falsey, Ann R; Walsh, Edward E; Esser, Mark T; Shoemaker, Kathryn; Yu, Li; Griffin, M Pam
        title: Respiratory syncytial virus–associated illness in adults with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or congestive heart failure
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      authors: Schrumpf, Jasmijn A.; van der Does, Anne M.; Hiemstra, Pieter S.
        title: Impact of the Local Inflammatory Environment on Mucosal Vitamin D Metabolism and Signaling in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases
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         date: 2019-07-03
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      authors: Scully, Crispian
        title: Respiratory medicine
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      authors: Ritchie, Andrew I.; Wedzicha, Jadwiga A.
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        title: Androgen and Androgen Receptors as Regulators of Monocyte and Macrophage Biology in the Healthy and Diseased Lung
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      authors: Sin, Don D.
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      journal: EClinicalMedicine
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        title: Viruses exacerbating chronic pulmonary disease: the role of immune modulation
         date: 2012-03-15
      journal: BMC Med
          DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-27
          sha: 
       doc_id: 285148
     cord_uid: bch7814v

         file: cache/cord-332737-iclruwmx.json
          key: cord-332737-iclruwmx
      authors: Webley, Wilmore C.; Hahn, David L.
        title: Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides
         date: 2017-05-19
      journal: Respir Res
          DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0584-z
          sha: 
       doc_id: 332737
     cord_uid: iclruwmx

         file: cache/cord-308466-f0iu6sje.json
          key: cord-308466-f0iu6sje
      authors: Ko, Fanny W.; Chan, Ka Pang; Hui, David S.; Goddard, John R.; Shaw, Janet G.; Reid, David W.; Yang, Ian A.
        title: Acute exacerbation of COPD
         date: 2016-03-30
      journal: Respirology
          DOI: 10.1111/resp.12780
          sha: 
       doc_id: 308466
     cord_uid: f0iu6sje

         file: cache/cord-309885-6sjxi2et.json
          key: cord-309885-6sjxi2et
      authors: Maremanda, Krishna P.; Sundar, Isaac K.; Li, Dongmei; Rahman, Irfan
        title: Age-Dependent Assessment of Genes Involved in Cellular Senescence, Telomere, and Mitochondrial Pathways in Human Lung Tissue of Smokers, COPD, and IPF: Associations With SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 Axis
         date: 2020-09-09
      journal: Front Pharmacol
          DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.584637
          sha: 
       doc_id: 309885
     cord_uid: 6sjxi2et

         file: cache/cord-297840-z5l6vdsr.json
          key: cord-297840-z5l6vdsr
      authors: Río, Francisco García; Clau, Luis Borderías; Macario, Ciro Casanova; Celli, Bartolomé R.; Sanglás, Joan Escarrabill; Mangado, Nicolás González; Torrent, Josep Roca; Romero, Fernando Uresandi
        title: Air Travel and Respiratory Disease
         date: 2007-02-28
      journal: Archivos de Bronconeumología ((English Edition))
          DOI: 10.1016/s1579-2129(07)60031-7
          sha: 
       doc_id: 297840
     cord_uid: z5l6vdsr

         file: cache/cord-332652-wm9krxve.json
          key: cord-332652-wm9krxve
      authors: Koslik, Hayley J.; Joshua, Jisha; Cuevas-Mota, Jazmine; Goba, Daniel; Oren, Eyal; Alcaraz, John E.; Garfein, Richard S.
        title: Prevalence and correlates of obstructive lung disease among people who inject drugs, San Diego, California
         date: 2020-07-02
      journal: Drug Alcohol Depend
          DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108158
          sha: 
       doc_id: 332652
     cord_uid: wm9krxve

         file: cache/cord-341832-uskyldv0.json
          key: cord-341832-uskyldv0
      authors: Miravitlles, Marc
        title: Tratamiento farmacológico de las agudizaciones infecciosas de la EPOC
         date: 2007-12-31
      journal: Archivos de Bronconeumología
          DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2896(07)74006-1
          sha: 
       doc_id: 341832
     cord_uid: uskyldv0

         file: cache/cord-319163-d1oj15cw.json
          key: cord-319163-d1oj15cw
      authors: Lee, Jinju; Kim, Hun Sik
        title: The Role of Autophagy in Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation
         date: 2019-02-04
      journal: Immune Netw
          DOI: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e5
          sha: 
       doc_id: 319163
     cord_uid: d1oj15cw

         file: cache/cord-338907-5l6rsa94.json
          key: cord-338907-5l6rsa94
      authors: Choi, Juwhan; Oh, Jee Youn; Lee, Young Seok; Hur, Gyu Young; Lee, Sung Yong; Shim, Jae Jeong; Kang, Kyung Ho; Min, Kyung Hoon
        title: The association between blood eosinophil percent and bacterial infection in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
         date: 2019-05-06
      journal: Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
          DOI: 10.2147/copd.s197361
          sha: 
       doc_id: 338907
     cord_uid: 5l6rsa94

         file: cache/cord-326834-eeldyj2u.json
          key: cord-326834-eeldyj2u
      authors: Graziani, Desirée; Soriano, Joan B; Del Rio-Bermudez, Carlos; Morena, Diego; Díaz, Teresa; Castillo, María; Alonso, Miguel; Ancochea, Julio; Lumbreras, Sara; Izquierdo, José Luis
        title: Characteristics and Prognosis of COVID-19 in Patients with COPD
         date: 2020-10-12
      journal: J Clin Med
          DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103259
          sha: 
       doc_id: 326834
     cord_uid: eeldyj2u

         file: cache/cord-323468-xn7anxj6.json
          key: cord-323468-xn7anxj6
      authors: Olloquequi, Jordi
        title: COVID‐19 Susceptibility in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
         date: 2020-08-11
      journal: Eur J Clin Invest
          DOI: 10.1111/eci.13382
          sha: 
       doc_id: 323468
     cord_uid: xn7anxj6

         file: cache/cord-335597-anrzcsrt.json
          key: cord-335597-anrzcsrt
      authors: nan
        title: 44. Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie
         date: 2020-10-26
      journal: Wien Klin Wochenschr
          DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01745-3
          sha: 
       doc_id: 335597
     cord_uid: anrzcsrt

         file: cache/cord-342476-0rupk21u.json
          key: cord-342476-0rupk21u
      authors: van Rijn, Anneloes L.; van Boheemen, Sander; Sidorov, Igor; Carbo, Ellen C.; Pappas, Nikos; Mei, Hailiang; Feltkamp, Mariet; Aanerud, Marianne; Bakke, Per; Claas, Eric C. J.; Eagan, Tomas M.; Hiemstra, Pieter S.; Kroes, Aloys C. M.; de Vries, Jutte J. C.
        title: The respiratory virome and exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
         date: 2019-10-24
      journal: PLoS One
          DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223952
          sha: 
       doc_id: 342476
     cord_uid: 0rupk21u

         file: cache/cord-345517-ji4cet51.json
          key: cord-345517-ji4cet51
      authors: Duarte de Araújo, António Manuel Silva; Correia-de-Sousa, António Jaime Botelho
        title: Copd: will there be room for nebulisers after the current covid-19 pandemic?
         date: 2020-09-16
      journal: nan
          DOI: 10.1016/j.opresp.2020.08.001
          sha: 
       doc_id: 345517
     cord_uid: ji4cet51

         file: cache/cord-344835-iivry1ou.json
          key: cord-344835-iivry1ou
      authors: Tsoumakidou, Maria; Siafakas, Nikolaos M
        title: Novel insights into the aetiology and pathophysiology of increased airway inflammation during COPD exacerbations
         date: 2006-05-22
      journal: Respir Res
          DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-80
          sha: 
       doc_id: 344835
     cord_uid: iivry1ou

         file: cache/cord-344889-1y4ieamp.json
          key: cord-344889-1y4ieamp
      authors: Cameron, Robert J.; de Wit, Deo; Welsh, Toni N.; Ferguson, John; Grissell, Terry V.; Rye, Peter J.
        title: Virus infection in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring ventilation
         date: 2006-05-24
      journal: Intensive Care Med
          DOI: 10.1007/s00134-006-0202-x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 344889
     cord_uid: 1y4ieamp

         file: cache/cord-349647-cfjrwt44.json
          key: cord-349647-cfjrwt44
      authors: Girkin, Jason; Maltby, Steven; Singanayagam, Aran; Bartlett, Nathan; Mallia, Patrick
        title: Chapter 8 In vivo experimental models of infection and disease
         date: 2019-12-31
      journal: Rhinovirus Infections
          DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816417-4.00008-1
          sha: 
       doc_id: 349647
     cord_uid: cfjrwt44

         file: cache/cord-349807-ar77cnsa.json
          key: cord-349807-ar77cnsa
      authors: Rouadi, Philip W.; Idriss, Samar A.; Naclerio, Robert M.; Peden, David B.; Ansotegui, Ignacio J.; Canonica, Giorgio Walter; Gonzalez-Diaz, Sandra Nora; Rosario Filho, Nelson A.; Ivancevich, Juan Carlos; Hellings, Peter W.; Murrieta-Aguttes, Margarita; Zaitoun, Fares H.; Irani, Carla; Karam, Marilyn R.; Bousquet, Jean
        title: Immunopathological features of air pollution and its impact on inflammatory airway diseases (IAD)
         date: 2020-10-05
      journal: World Allergy Organ J
          DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100467
          sha: 
       doc_id: 349807
     cord_uid: ar77cnsa

         file: cache/cord-343607-yu5n9eur.json
          key: cord-343607-yu5n9eur
      authors: Wesseling, Geertjan
        title: Occasional review: Influenza in COPD: pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment
         date: 2007-03-17
      journal: Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
          DOI: nan
          sha: 
       doc_id: 343607
     cord_uid: yu5n9eur

         file: cache/cord-331895-3srslmgk.json
          key: cord-331895-3srslmgk
      authors: Jacobs, M.; Van Eeckhoutte, H. P.; Wijnant, S. R.; Janssens, W.; Joos, G. F.; Brusselle, G. G.; Bracke, K. R.
        title: Increased expression of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, in alveolar and bronchial epithelium of smokers and COPD subjects
         date: 2020-06-02
      journal: nan
          DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.27.20114298
          sha: 
       doc_id: 331895
     cord_uid: 3srslmgk

         file: cache/cord-022633-fr55uod6.json
          key: cord-022633-fr55uod6
      authors: nan
        title: SAEM Abstracts, Plenary Session
         date: 2012-04-26
      journal: Acad Emerg Med
          DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01332.x
          sha: 
       doc_id: 22633
     cord_uid: fr55uod6

         file: cache/cord-355038-o2hr5mox.json
          key: cord-355038-o2hr5mox
      authors: nan
        title: Proceedings of Réanimation 2020, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress
         date: 2020-02-11
      journal: Ann Intensive Care
          DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-0623-7
          sha: 
       doc_id: 355038
     cord_uid: o2hr5mox

         file: cache/cord-005814-ak5pq312.json
          key: cord-005814-ak5pq312
      authors: nan
        title: 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts
         date: 1995
      journal: Intensive Care Med
          DOI: 10.1007/bf02426401
          sha: 
       doc_id: 5814
     cord_uid: ak5pq312

Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics
=== updating bibliographic database
Building study carrel named keyword-copd-cord
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-011800-8h7eiihp
     author: Guan, Wei-jie
      title: Giants in Chest Medicine: Professor Nan-shan Zhong, MD
       date: 2018-02-05
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-011800-8h7eiihp.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-011800-8h7eiihp.txt

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Content-Type	text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
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X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
X-TIKA:embedded_depth	0
X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	2
resourceName	b'cord-011800-8h7eiihp.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-014804-ye6wuwgd
     author: Moeser, A.
      title: Pneumonien bei immunsupprimierten Patienten
       date: 2018-03-16
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-014804-ye6wuwgd.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-014804-ye6wuwgd.txt

Content-Encoding	UTF-8
Content-Type	text/plain; charset=UTF-8
X-Parsed-By	['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser']
X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
X-TIKA:embedded_depth	0
X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	3
resourceName	b'cord-014804-ye6wuwgd.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-004535-p4s5uqz8
     author: Luyt, Charles-Edouard
      title: Virus diseases in ICU patients: a long time underestimated; but be aware of overestimation
       date: 2006-05-24
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-004535-p4s5uqz8.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-004535-p4s5uqz8.txt

Content-Encoding	ISO-8859-1
Content-Type	text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
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X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
X-TIKA:embedded_depth	0
X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	3
resourceName	b'cord-004535-p4s5uqz8.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread:
OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable
OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS.
/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 92181 Aborted                 $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT"
parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95.
parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help.
=== file2bib.sh ===
OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread:
OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable
OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS.
/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 88042 Aborted                 $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT"
=== file2bib.sh ===
OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread:
OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable
OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS.
/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 90862 Aborted                 $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT"
=== file2bib.sh ===
OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread:
OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable
OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS.
/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 91532 Aborted                 $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT"
=== file2bib.sh ===
OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread:
OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable
OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS.
/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 91826 Aborted                 $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT"
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-004982-q9wsiimn
     author: Rohmann, Kristina
      title: Innate immunity in the human lung: pathogen recognition and lung disease
       date: 2010-10-09
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-004982-q9wsiimn.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-004982-q9wsiimn.txt

Content-Encoding	UTF-8
Content-Type	text/plain; charset=UTF-8
X-Parsed-By	['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser']
X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
X-TIKA:embedded_depth	0
X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	4
resourceName	b'cord-004982-q9wsiimn.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-028989-w50thois
     author: Figueira Gonçalves, Juan Marco
      title: Clinical challenges in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients who suffered SARS-CoV-2 infection()
       date: 2020-07-10
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-028989-w50thois.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-028989-w50thois.txt

Content-Encoding	UTF-8
Content-Type	text/plain; charset=UTF-8
X-Parsed-By	['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser']
X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
X-TIKA:embedded_depth	0
X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	2
resourceName	b'cord-028989-w50thois.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-260114-tkh93k1u
     author: Zhao, Qianwen
      title: The impact of COPD and smoking history on the severity of COVID‐19: A systemic review and meta‐analysis
       date: 2020-05-17
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-260114-tkh93k1u.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-260114-tkh93k1u.txt

Content-Encoding	UTF-8
Content-Type	text/plain; charset=UTF-8
X-Parsed-By	['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser']
X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
X-TIKA:embedded_depth	0
X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	1
resourceName	b'cord-260114-tkh93k1u.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-256224-qprj8vlc
     author: Boixeda, R.
      title: Is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease a protective factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection? The importance of bronchodilator treatment()
       date: 2020-09-26
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-256224-qprj8vlc.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-256224-qprj8vlc.txt

Content-Encoding	UTF-8
Content-Type	text/plain; charset=UTF-8
X-Parsed-By	['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser']
X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
X-TIKA:embedded_depth	0
X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	3
resourceName	b'cord-256224-qprj8vlc.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-002591-kt25ip40
     author: Ponce-Gallegos, Marco Antonio
      title: Th17 profile in COPD exacerbations
       date: 2017-06-22
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-002591-kt25ip40.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-002591-kt25ip40.txt

Content-Encoding	UTF-8
Content-Type	text/plain; charset=UTF-8
X-Parsed-By	['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser']
X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
X-TIKA:embedded_depth	0
X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	2
resourceName	b'cord-002591-kt25ip40.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-017784-4r3fpmlb
     author: Foccillo, Giampiero
      title: The Infections Causing Acute Respiratory Failure in Elderly Patients
       date: 2019-08-06
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-017784-4r3fpmlb.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-017784-4r3fpmlb.txt

Content-Encoding	UTF-8
Content-Type	text/plain; charset=UTF-8
X-Parsed-By	['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser']
X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
X-TIKA:embedded_depth	0
X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	4
resourceName	b'cord-017784-4r3fpmlb.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-020507-3gzh1lw6
     author: Gillissen, Adrian
      title: Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis und Lungenemphysem
       date: 2005
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-020507-3gzh1lw6.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-020507-3gzh1lw6.txt

Content-Encoding	UTF-8
Content-Type	text/plain; charset=UTF-8
X-Parsed-By	['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser']
X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
X-TIKA:embedded_depth	0
X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	2
resourceName	b'cord-020507-3gzh1lw6.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-018005-53cl75gk
     author: Humphreys, Hilary
      title: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
       date: 2012-08-21
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-018005-53cl75gk.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-018005-53cl75gk.txt

Content-Encoding	UTF-8
Content-Type	text/plain; charset=UTF-8
X-Parsed-By	['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser']
X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
X-TIKA:embedded_depth	0
X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	3
resourceName	b'cord-018005-53cl75gk.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread:
OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable
OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS.
/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 92947 Aborted                 $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT"
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-103137-qohntipf
     author: Porter, P.
      title: Rapid, point of care detection of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease using a cough-centred algorithm in acute care settings.
       date: 2020-09-08
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-103137-qohntipf.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-103137-qohntipf.txt

Content-Encoding	UTF-8
Content-Type	text/plain; charset=UTF-8
X-Parsed-By	['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser']
X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
X-TIKA:embedded_depth	0
X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	3
resourceName	b'cord-103137-qohntipf.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread:
OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable
OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS.
/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 88108 Aborted                 $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT"
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-253564-3y1wdepc
     author: Traves, Suzanne L
      title: Viral-associated exacerbations of asthma and COPD
       date: 2007-03-21
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-253564-3y1wdepc.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-253564-3y1wdepc.txt

Content-Encoding	ISO-8859-1
Content-Type	text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
X-Parsed-By	['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser']
X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
X-TIKA:embedded_depth	0
X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	4
resourceName	b'cord-253564-3y1wdepc.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-030131-klhg7x8z
     author: Tan, Dingyu
      title: High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus non-invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after extubation: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial
       date: 2020-08-06
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-030131-klhg7x8z.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-030131-klhg7x8z.txt

Content-Encoding	UTF-8
Content-Type	text/plain; charset=UTF-8
X-Parsed-By	['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser']
X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
X-TIKA:embedded_depth	0
X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	4
resourceName	b'cord-030131-klhg7x8z.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-016300-vw11c2wt
     author: Jain, Kewal K.
      title: Biomarkers of Pulmonary Diseases
       date: 2017-09-18
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-016300-vw11c2wt.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-016300-vw11c2wt.txt

Content-Encoding	UTF-8
Content-Type	text/plain; charset=UTF-8
X-Parsed-By	['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser']
X-TIKA:content_handler	ToTextContentHandler
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X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	4
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-271174-886xc1n3
     author: Lipworth, Brian
      title: Weathering the Cytokine Storm in Susceptible Patients with Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection
       date: 2020-04-18
      pages: 
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-001613-fsbemdry
     author: Chang, Chih-Hao
      title: Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein cannot differentiate bacterial or viral infection in COPD exacerbation requiring emergency department visits
       date: 2015-04-13
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-001613-fsbemdry.txt
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-011269-j2rogzm7
     author: Stefan, Mihaela S.
      title: Protocol for two-arm pragmatic cluster randomized hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial comparing two education strategies for improving the uptake of noninvasive ventilation in patients with severe COPD exacerbation
       date: 2020-05-06
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-286449-ekvzaae2
     author: McManus, Terence E.
      title: Respiratory viral infection in exacerbations of COPD
       date: 2008-07-30
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  extension: .txt
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-006452-mmdk2xom
     author: Chen, Jing
      title: Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases
       date: 2018-10-18
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        txt: ./txt/cord-006452-mmdk2xom.txt
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-027721-hpzs6fvf
     author: Mcheick, Hamid
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       date: 2020-05-31
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-280986-i27mge10
     author: Mallia, Patrick
      title: How Viral Infections Cause Exacerbation of Airway Diseases
       date: 2017-01-25
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-337431-3rrvm787
     author: Dimopoulos, G
      title: Viral Profile of COPD Exacerbations According to Patients§
       date: 2015-02-23
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-337431-3rrvm787.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-337431-3rrvm787.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-018439-4btpqlxd
     author: Kato, Akane
      title: Pathogenesis of COPD (Persistence of Airway Inflammation): Why Does Airway Inflammation Persist After Cessation of Smoking?
       date: 2016-07-06
      pages: 
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        txt: ./txt/cord-018439-4btpqlxd.txt
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-307309-s0t4kp2x
     author: Liang, Ying
      title: Symptoms, Management and Healthcare Utilization of COPD Patients During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Beijing
       date: 2020-10-14
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        txt: ./txt/cord-307309-s0t4kp2x.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-307309-s0t4kp2x.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-007726-bqlf72fe
     author: Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina
      title: The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease
       date: 2018-11-09
      pages: 
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        txt: ./txt/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-257163-hodykbcb
     author: Sanz, Ivan
      title: Viral Etiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations during the A/H1N1pdm09 Pandemic and Postpandemic Period
       date: 2015-05-07
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resourceName	b'cord-257163-hodykbcb.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-292301-h20337ib
     author: Falsey, Ann R
      title: Respiratory syncytial virus–associated illness in adults with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or congestive heart failure
       date: 2018-09-24
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-292301-h20337ib.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-292301-h20337ib.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-291639-hioh2s35
     author: Alfredo, Potena
      title: Pathophysiology of viral-induced exacerbations of COPD
       date: 2007-12-17
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-291639-hioh2s35.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-291639-hioh2s35.txt

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resourceName	b'cord-291639-hioh2s35.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-261856-i1e0uj0s
     author: Heffner, John E
      title: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in geriatric critical care
       date: 2005-03-04
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-261856-i1e0uj0s.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-261856-i1e0uj0s.txt

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resourceName	b'cord-261856-i1e0uj0s.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-015674-d4h9016a
     author: Provost, Karin
      title: Infectious Mechanisms Regulating Susceptibility to Acute Exacerbations of COPD
       date: 2013-07-13
      pages: 
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        txt: ./txt/cord-015674-d4h9016a.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-015674-d4h9016a.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-018452-qyf2vymf
     author: Sica, Valentina
      title: Pathophysiologic Role of Autophagy in Human Airways
       date: 2016-03-07
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-312338-r6jqmes3
     author: Althani, Asma
      title: Characterisation of winter respiratory viral infections in patients with asthma and COPD in Qatar
       date: 2012-12-14
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-312338-r6jqmes3.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-312338-r6jqmes3.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-033561-kc0mi20z
     author: Hausen, Thomas
      title: Atemwege und Lunge
       date: 2020-10-09
      pages: 
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        txt: ./txt/cord-033561-kc0mi20z.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-033561-kc0mi20z.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-272034-fvii5nsv
     author: McNaughton, Amanda
      title: Taking Charge: A Proposed Psychological Intervention to Improve Pulmonary Rehabilitation Outcomes for People with COPD
       date: 2020-09-11
      pages: 
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resourceName	b'cord-272034-fvii5nsv.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-275858-46jzw94p
     author: Leung, Janice M.
      title: COVID-19 and COPD
       date: 2020-08-13
      pages: 
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        txt: ./txt/cord-275858-46jzw94p.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-275858-46jzw94p.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-314868-ei2b8oqn
     author: Leung, J. M.
      title: ACE-2 Expression in the Small Airway Epithelia of Smokers and COPD Patients: Implications for COVID-19
       date: 2020-03-23
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-314868-ei2b8oqn.txt
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-022050-h24f0fpd
     author: Naughton, Matthew T.
      title: Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma
       date: 2009-05-15
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-022050-h24f0fpd.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-022050-h24f0fpd.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-032831-mupxzffk
     author: Diehl, J.-L.
      title: Physiological effects of adding ECCO(2)R to invasive mechanical ventilation for COPD exacerbations
       date: 2020-09-29
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-032831-mupxzffk.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-032831-mupxzffk.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-317548-ft7lkpzq
     author: Proud, David
      title: Upper airway viral infections
       date: 2007-07-05
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  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-317548-ft7lkpzq.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-317548-ft7lkpzq.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-255807-7goz1agp
     author: Hak, E.
      title: Conventional Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated with Complications in Working-Age Patients with Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
       date: 2003-04-15
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  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-255807-7goz1agp.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-255807-7goz1agp.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-103020-ckuma42j
     author: McDowell, G.
      title: Two-way remote monitoring allows effective and realistic provision of home-NIV to COPD patients with persistent hypercapnia.
       date: 2020-11-12
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-103020-ckuma42j.txt
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-004314-gtwtakpr
     author: Holmen, Heidi
      title: Working with patients suffering from chronic diseases can be a balancing act for health care professionals - a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies
       date: 2020-02-10
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-034579-3s26tjrd
     author: McAuley, Hamish
      title: COPD in the time of COVID-19: An analysis of acute exacerbations and reported behavioural changes in patients with COPD
       date: 2020-10-30
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        txt: ./txt/cord-034579-3s26tjrd.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-034579-3s26tjrd.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-273594-vmbhok1u
     author: Sichelstiel, Anke
      title: Targeting IL-1β and IL-17A Driven Inflammation during Influenza-Induced Exacerbations of Chronic Lung Inflammation
       date: 2014-06-11
      pages: 
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        txt: ./txt/cord-273594-vmbhok1u.txt
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-296898-icowa7wn
     author: Jouneau, Stéphane
      title: Prise en charge des exacerbations : de la ville à l’hôpital
       date: 2015-04-30
      pages: 
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        txt: ./txt/cord-296898-icowa7wn.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-296898-icowa7wn.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-031558-8wysernx
     author: Michas, Marta
      title: Factors influencing the implementation and uptake of a discharge care bundle for patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative focus group study
       date: 2020-08-21
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        txt: ./txt/cord-031558-8wysernx.txt
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-017428-euzvhtax
     author: Janssens, Wim
      title: Vitamin D and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
       date: 2012-02-17
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-264295-7ojvhwb0
     author: Maddaloni, Ernesto
      title: Cardiometabolic multimorbidity is associated with a worse Covid-19 prognosis than individual cardiometabolic risk factors: a multicentre retrospective study (CoViDiab II)
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-328829-yywxmioq
     author: Boixeda, Ramon
      title: Microbiological study of patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD) and the usefulness of analytical and clinical parameters in its identification (VIRAE study)
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-320153-a0bqliei
     author: Ezzeldin, Nada
      title: Association of TNF-α –308G/A, SP-B 1580 C/T, IL-13 –1055 C/T gene polymorphisms and latent adenoviral infection with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an Egyptian population
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-295206-vetdsk48
     author: Woodfork, Karen
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-317550-4gl5xe1w
     author: Rady, W.
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-305838-i0ck2oo0
     author: Kouri, Andrew
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-354040-7ylp7edo
     author: Maremanda, Krishna P.
      title: Age-dependent assessment of genes involved in cellular senescence, telomere and mitochondrial pathways in human lung tissue of smokers, COPD and IPF: Associations with SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 axis
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-283061-qr8xynn2
     author: Uzzaman, Md. Nazim
      title: Continuing professional education for general practitioners on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: feasibility of a blended learning approach in Bangladesh
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-310304-f28tjmi8
     author: Alcendor, Donald J.
      title: Racial Disparities-Associated COVID-19 Mortality among Minority Populations in the US
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-007444-c9vu8ako
     author: Sherk, Peter A.
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-048201-8qnrcgnk
     author: Slebos, Dirk-Jan
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        txt: ./txt/cord-048201-8qnrcgnk.txt
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-293760-9mk2h2qf
     author: Takamoto, Hiroki
      title: Development and Clinical Application of a Novel Non-contact Early Airflow Limitation Screening System Using an Infrared Time-of-Flight Depth Image Sensor
       date: 2020-09-11
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-017412-1avevzya
     author: Losada, Liliana
      title: The Human Lung Microbiome
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-280348-vrnxucye
     author: Argano, Christiano
      title: Pattern of comorbidities and 1-year mortality in elderly patients with COPD hospitalized in internal medicine wards: data from the RePoSI Registry
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-304461-332eygtr
     author: Ganesan, Shyamala
      title: Barrier function of airway tract epithelium
       date: 2013-10-01
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-269913-ubtd3vdq
     author: Tesfaigzi, Yohannes
      title: Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic mucus hypersecretion
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        txt: ./txt/cord-269913-ubtd3vdq.txt
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-290674-1kdc6xk8
     author: Hershenson, Marc B.
      title: Rhinovirus-Induced Exacerbations of Asthma and COPD
       date: 2013-02-21
      pages: 
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        txt: ./txt/cord-290674-1kdc6xk8.txt
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-016814-tf17dpo5
     author: Enes, Sara Rolandsson
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-298646-wurzy88k
     author: van der Merwe, René
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       date: 2012-09-13
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-340420-ws3qesns
     author: Sin, Don D.
      title: COVID-19 in COPD: A growing concern
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-288412-1fmsipqu
     author: Klaile, Esther
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       date: 2013-08-14
      pages: 
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-031315-p7jb4gf2
     author: Kong, Qing
      title: Efficacy and safety of Jia Wei Bushen Yiqi formulas as an adjunct therapy to systemic glucocorticoids on acute exacerbation of COPD: study protocol for a randomized, double-blinded, multi-center, placebo-controlled clinical trial
       date: 2020-09-03
      pages: 
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-269316-1nlpo42a
     author: Mansfield, K. E.
      title: COVID-19 collateral: Indirect acute effects of the pandemic on physical and mental health in the UK
       date: 2020-10-30
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-318277-j073u7ga
     author: Sapey, Elizabeth
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       date: 2019-07-03
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-315249-yclnl87n
     author: Read, R. C.
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      pages: 
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-345517-ji4cet51
     author: Duarte de Araújo, António Manuel Silva
      title: Copd: will there be room for nebulisers after the current covid-19 pandemic?
       date: 2020-09-16
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-338907-5l6rsa94
     author: Choi, Juwhan
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       date: 2019-05-06
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-278846-nqj7ctk3
     author: Ogger, Patricia P.
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       date: 2020-11-12
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-319163-d1oj15cw
     author: Lee, Jinju
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-326834-eeldyj2u
     author: Graziani, Desirée
      title: Characteristics and Prognosis of COVID-19 in Patients with COPD
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-321401-w4ne60fn
     author: Schrumpf, Jasmijn A.
      title: Impact of the Local Inflammatory Environment on Mucosal Vitamin D Metabolism and Signaling in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-341832-uskyldv0
     author: Miravitlles, Marc
      title: Tratamiento farmacológico de las agudizaciones infecciosas de la EPOC
       date: 2007-12-31
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-023311-7wqdlha4
     author: nan
      title: Oral Session
       date: 2010-11-24
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-343607-yu5n9eur
     author: Wesseling, Geertjan
      title: Occasional review: Influenza in COPD: pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment
       date: 2007-03-17
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resourceName	b'cord-343607-yu5n9eur.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-332652-wm9krxve
     author: Koslik, Hayley J.
      title: Prevalence and correlates of obstructive lung disease among people who inject drugs, San Diego, California
       date: 2020-07-02
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-344889-1y4ieamp
     author: Cameron, Robert J.
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resourceName	b'cord-344889-1y4ieamp.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-308466-f0iu6sje
     author: Ko, Fanny W.
      title: Acute exacerbation of COPD
       date: 2016-03-30
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-323468-xn7anxj6
     author: Olloquequi, Jordi
      title: COVID‐19 Susceptibility in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-342476-0rupk21u
     author: van Rijn, Anneloes L.
      title: The respiratory virome and exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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resourceName	b'cord-342476-0rupk21u.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-293613-xnos7iud
     author: Ritchie, Andrew I.
      title: Definition, Causes, Pathogenesis, and Consequences of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-332737-iclruwmx
     author: Webley, Wilmore C.
      title: Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides
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resourceName	b'cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-331895-3srslmgk
     author: Jacobs, M.
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       date: 2020-06-02
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resourceName	b'cord-331895-3srslmgk.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-309885-6sjxi2et
     author: Maremanda, Krishna P.
      title: Age-Dependent Assessment of Genes Involved in Cellular Senescence, Telomere, and Mitochondrial Pathways in Human Lung Tissue of Smokers, COPD, and IPF: Associations With SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 Axis
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-285148-bch7814v
     author: Singanayagam, Aran
      title: Viruses exacerbating chronic pulmonary disease: the role of immune modulation
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resourceName	b'cord-285148-bch7814v.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-344835-iivry1ou
     author: Tsoumakidou, Maria
      title: Novel insights into the aetiology and pathophysiology of increased airway inflammation during COPD exacerbations
       date: 2006-05-22
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-344835-iivry1ou.txt
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X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	3
resourceName	b'cord-344835-iivry1ou.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-258093-6fn8ei9f
     author: Hanania, Nicola A.
      title: Asthma in the elderly: Current understanding and future research needs—a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop
       date: 2011-08-25
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  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-349807-ar77cnsa
     author: Rouadi, Philip W.
      title: Immunopathological features of air pollution and its impact on inflammatory airway diseases (IAD)
       date: 2020-10-05
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resourceName	b'cord-349807-ar77cnsa.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu
     author: Starkel, Julie L.
      title: Respiratory
       date: 2019-10-07
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        txt: ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-313431-swkcdvx8
     author: Becerra-Diaz, Mireya
      title: Androgen and Androgen Receptors as Regulators of Monocyte and Macrophage Biology in the Healthy and Diseased Lung
       date: 2020-08-07
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resourceName	b'cord-313431-swkcdvx8.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-023306-3gdfo6vd
     author: nan
      title: TSANZ Oral Abstracts
       date: 2010-03-01
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  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-023306-3gdfo6vd.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-023306-3gdfo6vd.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-034294-ti1cc24m
     author: Wang, Cuixue
      title: Progress in the mechanism and targeted drug therapy for COPD
       date: 2020-10-27
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-034294-ti1cc24m.txt
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-349647-cfjrwt44
     author: Girkin, Jason
      title: Chapter 8 In vivo experimental models of infection and disease
       date: 2019-12-31
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        txt: ./txt/cord-349647-cfjrwt44.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-349647-cfjrwt44.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-296585-yfh5d4io
     author: Su, Yu-Ching
      title: The Interplay Between Immune Response and Bacterial Infection in COPD: Focus Upon Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae
       date: 2018-11-05
      pages: 
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resourceName	b'cord-296585-yfh5d4io.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-335597-anrzcsrt
     author: nan
      title: 44. Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie
       date: 2020-10-26
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  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-335597-anrzcsrt.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-335597-anrzcsrt.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-297840-z5l6vdsr
     author: Río, Francisco García
      title: Air Travel and Respiratory Disease
       date: 2007-02-28
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  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-297840-z5l6vdsr.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-297840-z5l6vdsr.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-023288-sqr33y72
     author: nan
      title: Paediatric SIG: Poster Session
       date: 2008-03-12
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        txt: ./txt/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt
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X-TIKA:parse_time_millis	3
resourceName	b'cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-023308-af5nihyi
     author: nan
      title: COPD SIG: Poster Session 2
       date: 2008-03-12
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        txt: ./txt/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-023331-jrvmgnu3
     author: nan
      title: Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management
       date: 2008-03-12
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  extension: .txt
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resourceName	b'cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-023314-rwjxk8v4
     author: nan
      title: Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 1
       date: 2011-03-21
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resourceName	b'cord-023314-rwjxk8v4.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-010075-72jodunj
     author: nan
      title: Paediatric SIG: Poster Session
       date: 2011-03-21
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resourceName	b'cord-010075-72jodunj.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-006888-qfnukav4
     author: nan
      title: Irish Thoracic Society Annual Scientific Meeting, Ramada Hotel, Belfast: 7th–8th November 2008
       date: 2008-10-21
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resourceName	b'cord-006888-qfnukav4.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-023305-5lb9kho6
     author: nan
      title: Oliv SIG: Poster Session
       date: 2011-03-21
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        txt: ./txt/cord-023305-5lb9kho6.txt
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resourceName	b'cord-023305-5lb9kho6.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-023333-b7w9zrl6
     author: nan
      title: Oeld/Population Health SIG: Poster Session
       date: 2011-03-21
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resourceName	b'cord-023333-b7w9zrl6.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-023298-ysur3sjq
     author: nan
      title: Respiratory Nurses SIG: Poster Session
       date: 2011-03-21
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resourceName	b'cord-023298-ysur3sjq.txt'
=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-023303-fxus38mp
     author: nan
      title: Lung Cancer/Bronchology SIGs: Combined Poster Session
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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-023302-p9pxz44a
     author: nan
      title: Cystic Fibrosis SIG: Poster Session
       date: 2011-03-21
      pages: 
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        txt: ./txt/cord-023302-p9pxz44a.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-023302-p9pxz44a.txt

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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-023343-y17z9w2x
     author: nan
      title: COPD SIG: Poster Session 1
       date: 2011-03-21
      pages: 
  extension: .txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-023343-y17z9w2x.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-023343-y17z9w2x.txt

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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-355038-o2hr5mox
     author: nan
      title: Proceedings of Réanimation 2020, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress
       date: 2020-02-11
      pages: 
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        txt: ./txt/cord-355038-o2hr5mox.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-355038-o2hr5mox.txt

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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-022633-fr55uod6
     author: nan
      title: SAEM Abstracts, Plenary Session
       date: 2012-04-26
      pages: 
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        txt: ./txt/cord-022633-fr55uod6.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-022633-fr55uod6.txt

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=== file2bib.sh ===
         id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
     author: nan
      title: 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts
       date: 1995
      pages: 
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        txt: ./txt/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt
      cache: ./cache/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt

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Que is empty; done
keyword-copd-cord
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-002591-kt25ip40
     author = Ponce-Gallegos, Marco Antonio
      title = Th17 profile in COPD exacerbations
       date = 2017-06-22
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4753
  sentences = 257
     flesch = 45
    summary = 5 Cell death produced releases damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as heat shock proteins, S100 protein and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), 14 which are recognized by extracellular receptors present in neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs; such as Toll-like receptors [TLRs], for example) [15] [16] [17] and trigger an intracellular signaling cascade led by the transcription factors Myd88 and NF-κB that culminate in the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18 (a multiprotein complex responsible for activating caspase 1 and releasing mature forms of various cytokines), 18 which, together with other cytokines (TNF-α, CXCL8, IL-6, among others), are responsible for the recruitment of leukocytes to the inflammation zone. 39 An important factor associated with the predisposition of COPD patients to present exacerbations is the metaplasia of squamous epithelial cells that appears as a consequence of the damage generated to the airway epithelium by the chemical compounds of the cigarette.
      cache = ./cache/cord-002591-kt25ip40.txt
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-004314-gtwtakpr
     author = Holmen, Heidi
      title = Working with patients suffering from chronic diseases can be a balancing act for health care professionals - a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies
       date = 2020-02-10
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 8169
  sentences = 387
     flesch = 45
    summary = METHOD: A systematic search of papers published between 2002 and July 2019 was conducted in the Embase, AMED, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and COCHRANE databases to identify studies reporting qualitative interviews addressing HCPs' experiences working with adults with COPD, CKD or type 2 diabetes. A research group comprising 10 senior researchers (the authors), with a professional background in either nursing or physiotherapy and qualified in realist and interpretive qualitative research methods, conducted a systematic literature review of qualitative papers concerning HCPs' experiences working with patients with type 2 diabetes, CKD, and COPD. Based on our analysis of the results chapters of the included studies, three main themes were identified and developed, each addressing our overall aim to describe HCPs' experiences working with patients with long-term chronic diseases: individualizing the professional approach within the clinical encounter; managing one's emotions over time; and working to maintain professionalism (Table 4 ).
      cache = ./cache/cord-004314-gtwtakpr.txt
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-001613-fsbemdry
     author = Chang, Chih-Hao
      title = Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein cannot differentiate bacterial or viral infection in COPD exacerbation requiring emergency department visits
       date = 2015-04-13
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3717
  sentences = 225
     flesch = 42
    summary = Bacterial colonization and viral respiratory pathogens play important roles in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 1,2 especially in patients requiring hospitalization. 13, 14 Whether serum inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) or PCT, can distinguish bacterial from viral infection or not in patients with COPD exacerbations requiring emergency department (ED) visits remains controversial. This study was conducted to clarify peripheral blood white blood cell (WBC) counts, PCT, and CRP levels, and their relationships with viral or bacterial pathogens, in COPD patients requiring ED visits for exacerbations. Medical records were reviewed and analyzed for the following data: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), medications used prior to the ED admission, clinical symptoms (worsened dyspnea, increased sputum volume and purulence, fever, cough, sore throat, and wheeze), family cluster of common cold symptoms, peripheral blood WBC count, serum CRP and PCT levels, spirometry, and hospital days of the current exacerbation.
      cache = ./cache/cord-001613-fsbemdry.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-001613-fsbemdry.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-004982-q9wsiimn
     author = Rohmann, Kristina
      title = Innate immunity in the human lung: pathogen recognition and lung disease
       date = 2010-10-09
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4190
  sentences = 222
     flesch = 39
    summary = PRRs are expressed by alveolar macrophages, lung epithelial cells and dendritic cells responsible for the first reactions to invading pathogens (Bals and Hiemstra 2004; Opitz et al. In the lung, several host cells including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), lung epithelial and endothelial cells express TLRs. Different combinations of TLRs can be found on different respiratory cells (see also Table 2 ) and the simultaneous activation of several TLRs might lead to a more pathogenspecific immune response (Bals and Hiemstra 2004; Krishnan et al. Activation of the TLR4 receptor complex by the recognition of LPS is followed by intracellular signal transduction including the adaptor molecule MyD88 and leading to the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (Wieland et al. The pattern recognition receptor Nod1 activates CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta signalling in lung epithelial cells Toll-like receptor 4 mediates innate immune responses to Haemophilus influenzae infection in mouse lung
      cache = ./cache/cord-004982-q9wsiimn.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-004982-q9wsiimn.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-006452-mmdk2xom
     author = Chen, Jing
      title = Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases
       date = 2018-10-18
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 6605
  sentences = 361
     flesch = 38
    summary = Nucleic acid-based therapeutics present huge potential in the treatment of pulmonary diseases ranging from lung cancer to asthma and chronic pulmonary diseases, which are often fatal and widely prevalent. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the nucleic acid application for pulmonary diseases, covering action mechanism of the nucleic acid drugs, the novel delivery systems, and the current formulation for the administration to lungs. To overcome these biological barriers, strategies like chemical modification, conjugation, vector encapsulation, and selection of administration route have been utilized to improve the delivery of nucleic acids to lungs. One direction for developing new drugs to treat asthma is to target central pathways to the pathogenesis of the disease, and nucleic acid-mediated therapies silencing the specific effector or the upstream regulator can be a potential approach. Nucleic acid drugs hold great promises as new classes of therapeutic agents for pulmonary diseases, and some candidates have entered into clinical trials (Table III) .
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-007444-c9vu8ako
     author = Sherk, Peter A.
      title = The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation
       date = 2000-12-01
      pages = 
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       mime = text/plain
      words = 9154
  sentences = 479
     flesch = 40
    summary = The three major bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with COPD during periods of both clinical stability and exacerbation are nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella cafar~halis.~~ When FEV, is severely reduced, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are also commonly detected.42 These organisms possess a wide array of virulence factors that allow them to evade clearance from the lower airways. Two randomized controlled trials evaluating the vaccine's efficacy among patients with COPD were unable to show statistically significant protective benefit.36, 69 A recent meta-analysis concluded that the vaccine provides partial protection against bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia but not against other important outcomes, including bronchitis or mortality caused by pneumococcal infection. The dose of methylprednisolone was high (125 mg every 6 hours for 3 days) and resulted in significantly more hyperglycemia and, possibly, increased secondary infection rates.'06 In summary, the evidence from randomized, controlled trials supports the conclusion that among patients with acute exacerbations, oral or intravenous corticosteroids significantly increase the FEV, for up to 72 hours and likely reduce the risk for treatment failure.
      cache = ./cache/cord-007444-c9vu8ako.txt
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-011269-j2rogzm7
     author = Stefan, Mihaela S.
      title = Protocol for two-arm pragmatic cluster randomized hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial comparing two education strategies for improving the uptake of noninvasive ventilation in patients with severe COPD exacerbation
       date = 2020-05-06
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 7383
  sentences = 335
     flesch = 39
    summary = title: Protocol for two-arm pragmatic cluster randomized hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial comparing two education strategies for improving the uptake of noninvasive ventilation in patients with severe COPD exacerbation Through a series of mixed-methods studies, we have found that successful implementation of NIV requires physicians, respiratory therapists (RTs), and nurses to communicate and collaborate effectively, suggesting that efforts to increase the use of NIV in COPD need to account for the complex and interdisciplinary nature of NIV delivery and the need for team coordination. The overall objective of this study is to conduct a pragmatic, parallel, 2-arm randomized cluster trial to compare the effectiveness of two implementation strategies: on-line education (OLE) and interprofessional education (IPE) on the uptake of NIV. Hospitals that demonstrate interest in participating in the study will be asked to commit to form a COPD-NIV team composed of one physician, one RT, and one nurse that will be in close contact with the investigators and are responsible for delivering the educational intervention in their institution.
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-004535-p4s5uqz8
     author = Luyt, Charles-Edouard
      title = Virus diseases in ICU patients: a long time underestimated; but be aware of overestimation
       date = 2006-05-24
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 1274
  sentences = 77
     flesch = 42
    summary = showed that viruses could trigger 39% of COPD exacerbations, rhinovirus being the main virus recovered from the upper respiratory tract [4] . In the same study, the authors showed that respiratory viruses (except respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)) were detected in the upper respiratory tract of 16% of patients with stable COPD, and RSV in 23.5% [4] . This study confirms that many exacerbations of COPD could be triggered by upper-respiratory tract viral infections [6] . Other strengths of this paper are the broad range of viruses sought and the use of real-time PCR, which is probably the most effective technique to date for the diagnosis of viral infection. Similarly, for viruses of the upper respiratory tract, viral detection does not mean infection. In the study by Seemungal, respiratory viruses were detected in the upper-respiratory tract of several patients with stable COPD [4] . Evaluation of a quantitative real-time PCR for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus in pulmonary diseases
      cache = ./cache/cord-004535-p4s5uqz8.txt
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-007726-bqlf72fe
     author = Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina
      title = The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease
       date = 2018-11-09
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 7985
  sentences = 308
     flesch = 35
    summary = The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. This chapter will provide an overview of the important similarities and differences between Mus musculus and Homo sapiens and their relevance to the use of the mouse as a model organism and provide specific examples of the quality of mouse models used to investigate the mechanisms, pathology, and treatment of human lung diseases. Overall, these studies showed that although gene expression is fairly similar between mice and humans, considerable differences were observed in the regulatory networks controlling the activity of the immune system, metabolic functions, and responses to stress, all of which have important implications when using mice to model human disease.
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-010075-72jodunj
     author = nan
      title = Paediatric SIG: Poster Session
       date = 2011-03-21
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 32008
  sentences = 1913
     flesch = 56
    summary = Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-014804-ye6wuwgd
     author = Moeser, A.
      title = Pneumonien bei immunsupprimierten Patienten
       date = 2018-03-16
      pages = 
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       mime = text/plain
      words = 1474
  sentences = 186
     flesch = 37
    summary = Zusätzlich zu rezidivierenden und chronischen Infektionen leiden die Patienten auch unter einem erhöhten Risiko für Autoimmunerkrankungen sowie für lymphoproliferative und maligne Erkrankungen [2] . In der klinischen Praxis stellen erworbene Immundefekte häufiger ein Risiko für das Auftreten von Pneumonien bei Erwachsenen dar als eine angeborene Immundefizienz. Unter den immunsuppressiven Medikamenten für die Therapie der rheumatoiden Arthritis und Kollagenosen ist das Risiko für Hospitalisationen aufgrund von Infektionen unter Cyclophosphamid-Therapie (RR 3,3) gegenüber Azathioprin (RR ca. Bei HIV-Patienten treten ambulant erworbene Pneumonien unabhängig von der Anzahl zirkulierender CD4+T-Zellen relevant häufiger auf. Ältere Patienten haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für Pneumonien, was auf eine Reihe von Ursachen zurückzuführen ist: neben einer bisher schlecht definierten altersassoziierten Immunsuppression leiden viele ältere Menschen an Begleiterkrankungen bis hin zu einem pflegebedürftigen Allgemein-und Ernährungszustand. ECIL guidelines for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients
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         id = cord-015674-d4h9016a
     author = Provost, Karin
      title = Infectious Mechanisms Regulating Susceptibility to Acute Exacerbations of COPD
       date = 2013-07-13
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 5851
  sentences = 262
     flesch = 34
    summary = Despite the recruitment of appropriate effector immune cells, in many patients with advanced stage COPD (GOLD III-IV), there is persistent presence of pathogens in the airway, rather than eradication [ 19 , 28 ] , suggesting an impaired host response to infection. Advancing diagnostic techniques of bronchoscopy with protected specimen brushes and bronchoalveolar lavage, as well as molecular bacterial typing allowed identifi cation of bacteria ( Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus infl uenzae , Moraxella catarrhalis , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and others at potentially pathogenic concentrations) in the distal airways in stable COPD [ 9 , 17 , 28 , 40 , 41 , 46 -51 ] , with more severe GOLD stage disease being associated with identifi cation of Pseudomonas. Infections and airway infl ammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations
      cache = ./cache/cord-015674-d4h9016a.txt
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         id = cord-006888-qfnukav4
     author = nan
      title = Irish Thoracic Society Annual Scientific Meeting, Ramada Hotel, Belfast: 7th–8th November 2008
       date = 2008-10-21
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 30369
  sentences = 1866
     flesch = 53
    summary = 2 This study explored anxiety, depression and QoL of a small group of patients (n = 5), predominantly male (66.7%), mean age 74 years, using the Marie Curie ''breathing space'' outpatient clinic over a four week period. Methods: CF patients attending CUH completed a questionnaire relating to personal smoking and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure, correlated with pulmonary function and exacerbation-rate data. This ongoing study indicates that a clinical pharmacy led management programme can reduce the need for hospital care in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD and improve aspects of their health related quality of life. There is a need for wider availability of joint hospital/ community based initiatives such as COPD Outreach and PRPs. Pulmonary rehabilitation has established efficacy, but patients often require follow-up care or maintenance. Patient data (MDS/ISWT/endurance shuttle walking test(ESWT)) from our pulmonary rehabilitation programme were initially analysed (n = 214; median FEV 1 = 1.04 L; mean age = 69 yrs).
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-011800-8h7eiihp
     author = Guan, Wei-jie
      title = Giants in Chest Medicine: Professor Nan-shan Zhong, MD
       date = 2018-02-05
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
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      words = 1112
  sentences = 61
     flesch = 43
    summary = Recognizing challenges of COPD management in China, he and colleagues performed the largest epidemiologic investigation on the national disease burden, highlighting that approximately 36% of patients with COPD remained asymptomatic on presentation, that biomass fuel combustion might be the main risk factor for COPD in women (particularly in rural areas), and that simple practical approaches (eg, installation of exhaust fans and replacing biomass with biogas) may significantly ameliorate the rate of lung function decline and reduce the incidence of COPD. His comments on improving air quality to reduce the burden on chronic respiratory diseases have inspired scientists and clinicians to dedicate themselves to the prevention and management of air pollution in China. Biomass fuels are the probable risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rural South China Community based integrated intervention for prevention and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Guangdong, China: cluster randomised controlled trial
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         id = cord-017428-euzvhtax
     author = Janssens, Wim
      title = Vitamin D and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
       date = 2012-02-17
      pages = 
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      words = 8830
  sentences = 371
     flesch = 41
    summary = A recent intervention trial with high-dose supplementation in COPD was only able to reduce exacerbation frequency in the subgroup of patients with lowest baseline vitamin D levels. Besides the well-known effect of vitamin D de fi ciency on bone loss in adults, accumulating evidence also links a low vitamin D nutritional status to highly prevalent chronic illnesses, including cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious and cardiovascular diseases [1] [2] [3] . This chapter aims to discuss the prevalence and determinants of vitamin D de fi ciency in COPD, the wellknown effect of vitamin D in the development and treatment of COPD-associated osteoporosis and its potential role in the uncontrolled in fl ammatory cascade and systemic consequences of the disease. The fact that the majority of COPD patients are of older age, have many common risk factors for osteoporosis and are more likely to be de fi cient in vitamin D supports standard supplementation, especially at the more severe stages of disease.
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-016300-vw11c2wt
     author = Jain, Kewal K.
      title = Biomarkers of Pulmonary Diseases
       date = 2017-09-18
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 5578
  sentences = 271
     flesch = 42
    summary = Association of ECM turnover with severity and outcome of COPD has been assessed in a prospective, observational, multicenter study, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease grades II to IV, and serum samples were analyzed at stable state, during exacerbation as well as 4 weeks after exacerbation (Stolz et al. A study has revealed that serum levels of the neuroendocrine activity biomarker chromagranin A (CgA) are increased in male smokers with impaired lung function, and are associated with both respiratory symptoms and the degree of airway obstruction (Sorhaug et al. Although the aim of management of patients with asthma is to control their symptoms and prevent exacerbations and morbidity of the disease, optimal management may require assessment and monitoring of biomarkers, i.e., objective measures of lung dysfunction and inflammation. Several biomarkers have been assessed following treatment with corticosteroids including measures of lung function, peripheral blood and sputum indices of inflammation, exhaled gases and breath condensates.
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         id = cord-016814-tf17dpo5
     author = Enes, Sara Rolandsson
      title = Clinical Application of Stem/Stromal Cells in COPD
       date = 2019-08-07
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 10751
  sentences = 521
     flesch = 40
    summary = Despite increasing number of preclinical studies demonstrating that systemic MSC administration can prevent or treat experimental COPD and emphysema, clinical studies have not been able to reproduce the preclinical results and to date no efficacy or significantly improved lung function or quality of life has been observed in COPD patients. performed a Phase I, prospective, open-label study (NCT01306513) where they aimed to assess the safety and feasibility of intravenously infused bone marrow-derived MSCs for ten patients with severe emphysema that had serial lung volume reduction surgeries (LVRS). Current clinical trials that aimed to evaluate the effect of MSC administration in COPD patients differ in a wide range of factors such as routes of administration, number of MSC administered, number of administrations, use of fresh MSCs or culture-expanded MSCs. Furthermore, all the investigations discussed above, were phase I-II studies that were underpowered in order to detect potential efficacy and no improved pulmonary function or respiratory quality of life was observed.
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-018005-53cl75gk
     author = Humphreys, Hilary
      title = Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
       date = 2012-08-21
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3864
  sentences = 178
     flesch = 41
    summary = Lower respiratory tract infections are common and are important in the critical care setting either because they precipitate admission to the critical care unit, e.g. severe viral pneumonia or because they complicate the course of a patient with significant underlying disease or following major surgery, e.g. after multiple trauma. Lower respiratory tract infections are common and are important in the intensive care setting either because they precipitate admission to the intensive care unit, e.g. severe viral pneumonia or because they complicate the course of a patient with signi fi cant underlying disease or following major surgery, e.g. after multiple trauma. Furthermore, respiratory failure requiring arti fi cal ventialtion is a well recognised reason for intensive care support but it can be dif fi cult to determine if this is due to an underlying non-infectious condition such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), infection or a combination of both.
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         id = cord-016009-qa7bcsbu
     author = Starkel, Julie L.
      title = Respiratory
       date = 2019-10-07
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 22266
  sentences = 1187
     flesch = 45
    summary = Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath.
      cache = ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-017784-4r3fpmlb
     author = Foccillo, Giampiero
      title = The Infections Causing Acute Respiratory Failure in Elderly Patients
       date = 2019-08-06
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3573
  sentences = 170
     flesch = 31
    summary = Severe community-acquired pneumonia and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are causes of acute respiratory failure (ARF) in elderly patients. This process termed immunosenescence or immune dysregulation, together changes in lung function who occur with advancing age, play a critical role in the manifestation of age-related pulmonary diseases such as infections (i.e., pneumonia), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and increased the risk for develop sepsis [1] . Triggering causes of ARF in advanced aged patients are especially acute heart decompensation, severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), and pulmonary embolism. Lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are among the most common causes of ARF in elderly people and the most important cause of hospitalization. Antibiotic therapy and treatment failure in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      cache = ./cache/cord-017784-4r3fpmlb.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-017784-4r3fpmlb.txt
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         id = cord-020507-3gzh1lw6
     author = Gillissen, Adrian
      title = Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis und Lungenemphysem
       date = 2005
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3346
  sentences = 612
     flesch = 65
    summary = Die akute Bronchitis ist pathophysiologisch durch eine tracheobronchiale Entzündung charakterisiert, die meistens mit einer Infektion der oberen und/oder unteren Atemwege einher geht. Die gebräuchlichste Definition der chronischen Bronchitis wurde von der WHO 1961 formuliert: "Die chronische Bronchitis ist eine Erkrankung, die gekennzeichnet ist durch übermäßige Schleimproduktion im Bronchialbaum und die sich manifestiert mit andauerndem oder immer wieder auftretendem Husten, mit oder ohne Auswurf an den meisten Tagen von mindestens drei aufeinander folgenden Monaten während mindestens zwei aufeinander folgender Jahre". In der von den National Institutes of Health (NIH) und der WHO ins Leben gerufenen GOLD-Initiative (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) definiert sich die COPD als Erkrankung, die durch eine nicht voll reversible Atemflusslimitierung charakterisiert ist. Um in der Praxis Responder von Nonrespondern und COPD-Patienten mit einer Asthmakomponente, bei denen ein klinischer Nutzen zu erwarten ist, besser voneinander differenzieren und den Therapieerfolg dokumentieren zu können, wurde der in Abb. 12.3-2 abgebildete Vorschlag zur Therapieevaluation formuliert. Eine Grippeschutzimpfung und die Pneumokokkenimpfung werden von der ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) bei COPD-Patienten empfohlen.
      cache = ./cache/cord-020507-3gzh1lw6.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-020507-3gzh1lw6.txt
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         id = cord-017412-1avevzya
     author = Losada, Liliana
      title = The Human Lung Microbiome
       date = 2010-10-11
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 10013
  sentences = 499
     flesch = 39
    summary = Lower airway infections by bacteria, viruses, or fungi are among the most prevalent causes of transmissible disease in humans, with two to three million community-acquired (non-hospital-acquired) cases per year in the United States (Segreti et al., 2005) . Those with physically compromised airways or immune system deficiencies are subject to chronic microbial colonization of their airways and to high-frequency episodes of viral, bacterial, or fungal lower respiratory infections. Many associations with asthma have been detected including exposure to cigarette smoke (Thomson et al., 2004) , caesarean section birth relative to natural birth (Thavagnanam et al., 2008) , early viral respiratory infections (Gold and Wright, 2005; Harju et al., 2006) , early in life antibiotic use (Marra et al., 2006) , and living in the US (Gold and Wright, 2005) . Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations
      cache = ./cache/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt
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         id = cord-022050-h24f0fpd
     author = Naughton, Matthew T.
      title = Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma
       date = 2009-05-15
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 6991
  sentences = 345
     flesch = 41
    summary = • Hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients should be treated with noninvasive ventilation and supplemental oxygen sufficient to overcome hypoxemia but avoid hyperoxia. Uncontrolled oxygen administration may precipitate acute hypercapnia in patients with acute COPD exacerbations as a result of relaxing hypoxic vasoconstriction, thereby allowing increased perfusion to regions with reduced alveolar ventilation. Most commonly, patients with severe asthma have a history of previous hospitalizations for asthma (some that may be near fatal), low socioeconomic status, female gender, obesity, nighttime symptoms, FEV 1 less than 60% with optimal treatment, continual symptoms, reduced quality of life, use of oral or systemic steroids in the past 12 months, use of more than canister of SABA per month, elevated residual volume-tototal lung capacity (RV:TLC) ratio on pulmonary function testing, and a peak expiratory flow rate variability of more than 30% (i.e., variability-(bestworst)/best reading). Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
      cache = ./cache/cord-022050-h24f0fpd.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-022050-h24f0fpd.txt
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         id = cord-018452-qyf2vymf
     author = Sica, Valentina
      title = Pathophysiologic Role of Autophagy in Human Airways
       date = 2016-03-07
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 6989
  sentences = 324
     flesch = 35
    summary = Increasing evidences have highlighted the implication of the autophagic pathways in the pathogenesis of lung diseases and, in some cases, the deregulated molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy may be considered as potential new therapeutic targets. The inhibition of mTOR is linked to autophagy induction, but Rtp801 expression enhances oxidative stress-dependent cell death, amplifying the development of CS-induced lung injury [ 105 ] . Furthermore, the higher expression of autophagy proteins has been linked to lung epithelial cell death, airway dysfunction and emphysema in response to CS. Restoration of Beclin 1 activity, depletion of p62 by genetic manipulation or treatment with autophagy-stimulatory proteostasis regulators, such as cystamine, functionally rescue the CFTR mutated protein at the apical surface of epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo [ 54 ] . Defective CFTR induces aggresome formation and lung infl ammation in cystic fi brosis through ROS-mediated autophagy inhibition
      cache = ./cache/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt
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         id = cord-018439-4btpqlxd
     author = Kato, Akane
      title = Pathogenesis of COPD (Persistence of Airway Inflammation): Why Does Airway Inflammation Persist After Cessation of Smoking?
       date = 2016-07-06
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 5007
  sentences = 279
     flesch = 43
    summary = Initially, cigarette smoke influences the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the intracellularly located nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) on lung epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and leukocytes in the lung. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2006 (GOLD 2006) states that "Smoking cessation is the single most effective and cost-effective intervention in most people to reduce the risk of developing COPD and stop its progression (Evidence A)." However, once a patient smokes and develops COPD, the inflammatory changes persist through the innate and adaptive immune systems, which are commonly activated during infection. The hypersecretion of mucus, formation of emphysema, and fibrosis in COPD begin with the inhalation of cigarette smoke, which acts on epithelial cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes in the airway lumen.
      cache = ./cache/cord-018439-4btpqlxd.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-018439-4btpqlxd.txt
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         id = cord-023288-sqr33y72
     author = nan
      title = Paediatric SIG: Poster Session
       date = 2008-03-12
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 30158
  sentences = 1762
     flesch = 53
    summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire.
      cache = ./cache/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt
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         id = cord-023306-3gdfo6vd
     author = nan
      title = TSANZ Oral Abstracts
       date = 2010-03-01
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 23387
  sentences = 1370
     flesch = 54
    summary = Conflict of Interest No. Purpose We examined age trends in the distribution of stage at diagnosis in patients presenting with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at tertiary hospitals. Methods Eleven healthy male subjects, aged 28(8) (SD) years completed separate visits with (a) no restriction and (b) chest wall strapping to reduce FVC by 30 (7) Introduction Glossopharyngeal breathing (GPB) is used by competitive breath-hold divers to increase lung gas content above TLC to improve performance. Our DC culture results showed that both MHC-I and MHC-II expression on DCs from COPD were significantly down regulated compare to healthy controls, which could affect MHC restricted Ag presentation, and lead to a failure to activate responder T cells.
      cache = ./cache/cord-023306-3gdfo6vd.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-023306-3gdfo6vd.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-023298-ysur3sjq
     author = nan
      title = Respiratory Nurses SIG: Poster Session
       date = 2011-03-21
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 32008
  sentences = 1914
     flesch = 56
    summary = Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.
      cache = ./cache/cord-023298-ysur3sjq.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-023298-ysur3sjq.txt
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         id = cord-030131-klhg7x8z
     author = Tan, Dingyu
      title = High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus non-invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after extubation: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial
       date = 2020-08-06
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4583
  sentences = 200
     flesch = 45
    summary = title: High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus non-invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after extubation: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial This study was conducted to test if HFNC is non-inferior to non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in preventing post-extubation treatment failure in COPD patients previously intubated for hypercapnic respiratory failure. METHODS: COPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure who were already receiving invasive ventilation were randomized to HFNC or NIV at extubation at two large tertiary academic teaching hospitals. CONCLUSION: Among COPD patients with severe hypercapnic respiratory failure who received invasive ventilation, the use of HFNC after extubation did not result in increased rates of treatment failure compared with NIV. Among COPD patients with severe hypercapnic respiratory failure who received invasive ventilation, the use of HFNC as compared with NIV after extubation did not result in increased rates of treatment failure, while HFNC had better tolerance and comfort.
      cache = ./cache/cord-030131-klhg7x8z.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-030131-klhg7x8z.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-023303-fxus38mp
     author = nan
      title = Lung Cancer/Bronchology SIGs: Combined Poster Session
       date = 2008-03-12
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 30161
  sentences = 1760
     flesch = 53
    summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire.
      cache = ./cache/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-028989-w50thois
     author = Figueira Gonçalves, Juan Marco
      title = Clinical challenges in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients who suffered SARS-CoV-2 infection()
       date = 2020-07-10
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 2005
  sentences = 100
     flesch = 44
    summary = Reported complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as extensive pneumonia/acute lung damage or adult acute respiratory distress syndrome, the occurrence of myocarditis/cardiac arrhythmias or the development of thromboembolic 2/7 episodes are events that may worsen the baseline condition of the COPD patient surviving the process, having to take into account their existence when planning their outpatient follow-up. Despite the lack of sufficient evidence at the moment, the results reported to date and the pathogenic mechanisms plausibly involved, make it advisable to consider this aspect in those patients with COPD who, after hospital discharge, develop in the medium to long term an increase in dyspnoea not justified by spirometric parameters. In the SARS-CoV-1 epidemic, some of the survivors developed avascular necrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and dyslipidaemia after viral infection 15, 16 , which may have a relevant impact on those patients who already had some underlying respiratory or cardiovascular condition.
      cache = ./cache/cord-028989-w50thois.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-028989-w50thois.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-023305-5lb9kho6
     author = nan
      title = Oliv SIG: Poster Session
       date = 2011-03-21
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 32008
  sentences = 1916
     flesch = 56
    summary = Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.
      cache = ./cache/cord-023305-5lb9kho6.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-023305-5lb9kho6.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-023331-jrvmgnu3
     author = nan
      title = Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management
       date = 2008-03-12
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 30165
  sentences = 1762
     flesch = 53
    summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire.
      cache = ./cache/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-023311-7wqdlha4
     author = nan
      title = Oral Session
       date = 2010-11-24
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 17248
  sentences = 956
     flesch = 51
    summary = Methods We determined the usefulness of preoperative lung function by spirometry in predicting regression of pulmonary hypertension after surgical correction of mitral stenosis among 20 patients who underwent mitral valve surgery at Philippine Heart Center from July to December 2009. Elderly patients exhibited a signifi cantly higher mortality rate that was independently associated with the following: age; residence status; confusion, urea, respiratory frequency and blood pressure (CURB) score; comorbid conditions; and failure of initial therapy. Methods A total of 40 patients (Male: 50%; Female: 50%) admitted and diagnosed with HAP at our Center were followed up to investigate the rate of adherence of physicians on the diagnosis and treatment of HAP based on Level I and II ATS/IDSA 2008 recommendations and to determine its association with outcome (mortality, mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, hospital stay).
      cache = ./cache/cord-023311-7wqdlha4.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-023311-7wqdlha4.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-023308-af5nihyi
     author = nan
      title = COPD SIG: Poster Session 2
       date = 2008-03-12
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 30159
  sentences = 1761
     flesch = 53
    summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire.
      cache = ./cache/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt
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         id = cord-253564-3y1wdepc
     author = Traves, Suzanne L
      title = Viral-associated exacerbations of asthma and COPD
       date = 2007-03-21
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3866
  sentences = 212
     flesch = 38
    summary = HRV infection of cultured human airway epithelial cells results in production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, interferon (IFN)-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed (RANTES), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and eotaxin [24] [25] [26] . Despite the potential for epithelial chemokines to recruit multiple cell types to the airways, experimental HRV infections and viral exacerbations of asthma and COPD are dominantly associated with selective recruitment of neutrophils and lymphocytes [4] . Nitric oxide (NO) also appears to be an important component of the host antiviral response because it exerts direct antiviral activity against several viruses associated with exacerbations of asthma and COPD, and also inhibits the viral-induced generation of several cytokines/chemokines from epithelial cells [42] . If the assumption that an over-exuberant host inflammatory response to viral infection plays a key role in disease exacerbation is valid, several potential therapeutic approaches can be suggested.
      cache = ./cache/cord-253564-3y1wdepc.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-253564-3y1wdepc.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-023343-y17z9w2x
     author = nan
      title = COPD SIG: Poster Session 1
       date = 2011-03-21
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 32008
  sentences = 1910
     flesch = 55
    summary = Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.
      cache = ./cache/cord-023343-y17z9w2x.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-023343-y17z9w2x.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-023302-p9pxz44a
     author = nan
      title = Cystic Fibrosis SIG: Poster Session
       date = 2011-03-21
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 32008
  sentences = 1915
     flesch = 56
    summary = Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.
      cache = ./cache/cord-023302-p9pxz44a.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-023302-p9pxz44a.txt
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         id = cord-048201-8qnrcgnk
     author = Slebos, Dirk-Jan
      title = Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide in pulmonary medicine
       date = 2003-08-07
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 7600
  sentences = 399
     flesch = 37
    summary = Many studies have suggested that HO-1 acts as an inducible defense against oxidative stress, in models of inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion, hypoxia, and hyperoxia-mediated injury (reviewed in [3] ). Cell-culture studies have suggested that the protective effects of HO-1 overexpression fall within a critical range, such that the excess production of HO-1 or HO-2 may be counterprotective due to a transient excess of reactive iron generated during active heme metabolism [35, 36] . Transfer of heme oxygenase 1 cDNA by a replication-deficient adenovirus enhances interleukin-10 production from alveolar macrophages that attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice Heme oxygenase-1: function, regulation, and implication of a novel stress-inducible protein in oxidant-induced lung injury Raised levels of exhaled carbon monoxide are associated with an increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 in airway macrophages in asthma: a new marker of oxidative stress Exogenous administration of heme oxygenase-1 by gene transfer provides protection against hyperoxia-induced lung injury
      cache = ./cache/cord-048201-8qnrcgnk.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-048201-8qnrcgnk.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-103137-qohntipf
     author = Porter, P.
      title = Rapid, point of care detection of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease using a cough-centred algorithm in acute care settings.
       date = 2020-09-08
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3703
  sentences = 190
     flesch = 49
    summary = Rapid and accurate diagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is problematic in acute-care settings, particularly in the presence of infective comorbidities. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, smartphone-based algorithm for the detection of COPD, in the presence or absence of acute respiratory infection, and then evaluate diagnostic accuracy on an independent validation set. The algorithm can be installed on a smartphone to provide bedside diagnosis of COPD in acute care settings, inform treatment regimens and identify those at increased risk of mortality due to seasonal or other respiratory ailments. Airflow limitation, demonstrated by a FEV 1 /FVC ratio of < 0.7 on post-bronchodilator spirometry is considered diagnostic of COPD according to criteria stipulated by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) [2] . We have described a simple, rapid diagnostic test for COPD which demonstrates high agreement with clinical diagnosis in the acute setting.
      cache = ./cache/cord-103137-qohntipf.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-103137-qohntipf.txt
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         id = cord-031315-p7jb4gf2
     author = Kong, Qing
      title = Efficacy and safety of Jia Wei Bushen Yiqi formulas as an adjunct therapy to systemic glucocorticoids on acute exacerbation of COPD: study protocol for a randomized, double-blinded, multi-center, placebo-controlled clinical trial
       date = 2020-09-03
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 8352
  sentences = 471
     flesch = 52
    summary = title: Efficacy and safety of Jia Wei Bushen Yiqi formulas as an adjunct therapy to systemic glucocorticoids on acute exacerbation of COPD: study protocol for a randomized, double-blinded, multi-center, placebo-controlled clinical trial The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Jia Wei Bushen Yiqi (JWBY) formulas in patients who suffer from COPD exacerbations and to investigate whether the short-term (5-days) systemic glucocorticoid therapy is non-inferior to the long-term (9-day) regime. On one hand, a dose of 40 mg prednisone (a common oral systemic glucocorticoid) daily for 5 days has been recommended by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Science Committee Report based on the REDUCE randomized clinical trial since 2015 [24] . We conducted a randomized and placebo-controlled trial enrolling stable COPD patients in 2014, which illustrated that TCM formulas called Bushen Yiqi (BY) formulas can improve the lung function, reduce the frequency of acute exacerbation of COPD, and modulate the HPA axis [35] .
      cache = ./cache/cord-031315-p7jb4gf2.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-031315-p7jb4gf2.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-023333-b7w9zrl6
     author = nan
      title = Oeld/Population Health SIG: Poster Session
       date = 2011-03-21
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 32009
  sentences = 1914
     flesch = 56
    summary = Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.
      cache = ./cache/cord-023333-b7w9zrl6.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-023333-b7w9zrl6.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-261856-i1e0uj0s
     author = Heffner, John E
      title = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in geriatric critical care
       date = 2005-03-04
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4810
  sentences = 247
     flesch = 35
    summary = Elderly patients with moderate to severe COPD experience acute exacerbations of their airway disease, each of which presents a risk for acute respiratory failure. Criteria for grading the severity of an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis American College of Chest Physicians-American College of Physicians/American Society of Internal Medicine Guidelines [13] Mild exacerbation: presence of any one of the cardinal symptoms of increased dyspnea, increased sputum volume, or increased sputum purulence with the addition of an upper respiratory infection within the past 5 days, fever with no other cause, increased wheezing or cough, or a 20% rise over baseline in respiratory rate or heart rate. Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the setting of severe, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: more effective and less expensive
      cache = ./cache/cord-261856-i1e0uj0s.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-261856-i1e0uj0s.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-023314-rwjxk8v4
     author = nan
      title = Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 1
       date = 2011-03-21
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 32009
  sentences = 1912
     flesch = 56
    summary = Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.
      cache = ./cache/cord-023314-rwjxk8v4.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-023314-rwjxk8v4.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-258093-6fn8ei9f
     author = Hanania, Nicola A.
      title = Asthma in the elderly: Current understanding and future research needs—a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop
       date = 2011-08-25
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 17044
  sentences = 940
     flesch = 47
    summary = The aging lung Large, longitudinal, and more complete studies to determine the effects of aging on the function of the respiratory system Improved knowledge about lung structure-function relationships in older age using techniques of imaging and measures of lung function not requiring effort (eg, high-resolution computed tomographic scanning and forced oscillation) Improved assessment of lung processes underlying airflow limitation attributable to aging versus COPD or asthma, especially in asthmatic patients who smoke Studies to examine the effects of aging in ethnic groups and the role of gender Epidemiology, effect, diagnosis, and management Determine the true prevalence and cost of asthma in the older population Develop a uniform definition of asthma to be applied to health care records that will distinguish asthma from COPD and mixed asthma/COPD Evaluate evidence-based treatment algorithms for older asthmatic patients, such as those developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Global Initiative For Asthma guidelines 7 Assess the effect of asthma treatment, including direct medical costs of care, indirect costs of care, and value of treatment in improving quality of life 8, 9 Assess the effect of comorbid conditions, especially COPD and congestive heart failure, on asthma 9 Characterize phenotypes of elderly asthma with regard to responses to therapy and long-term outcomes based on age of onset, duration of disease, and environmental triggers Develop algorithms for electronic medical record systems that are asthma-specific Evaluate effects of current asthma medications in older patients compared with younger patients Identify pharmacogenetic determinants of response to asthma medications in older adults Identify simpler and safer drug delivery systems and schedules for older adults Develop simple methods to differentiate COPD from asthma exacerbations in older adults
      cache = ./cache/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-031558-8wysernx
     author = Michas, Marta
      title = Factors influencing the implementation and uptake of a discharge care bundle for patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative focus group study
       date = 2020-08-21
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 6197
  sentences = 273
     flesch = 43
    summary = title: Factors influencing the implementation and uptake of a discharge care bundle for patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative focus group study Health care providers and patients identified four factors that can challenge the implementation of COPD discharge care bundles: process of care complexities, human capacity in care settings, communication and engagement, and attitudes and perceptions towards change. Focus groups were conducted in acute and community/primary care settings from large urban (Edmonton, Calgary), moderate-sized regional (Red Deer), and rural (Slave Lake) centers in Alberta (Canada) between October 2015 and February 2016 to seek input from both patients with COPD and health care providers. The analysis identified four emerging themes influencing COPD discharge care bundle implementation as discussed by participants: (1) process of care, (2) human capacity in care setting, (3) communication and engagement, and (4) attitudes and perceptions towards change.
      cache = ./cache/cord-031558-8wysernx.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-031558-8wysernx.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-027721-hpzs6fvf
     author = Mcheick, Hamid
      title = Context-Aware Healthcare Adaptation Model for COPD Diseases
       date = 2020-05-31
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 2827
  sentences = 142
     flesch = 46
    summary = In this article, we are combining the healthcare telemonitoring systems with the context awareness and self-adaptation paradigm to provide a self-adaptive framework architecture for COPD patients. Based on this healthcare requirement, we realized the need of combining context awareness and self-adaptation with health telemonitoring, which will give our system the ability to be aware of the patient's data and context, then to adapt the required changes and act accordingly. In this paper, we have presented an architecture for a context-aware self-adaptive system that is used to develop a COPD healthcare telemonitoring system. Our main contribution in this work is providing a context-aware self-adaptive system architecture that is dealing with the huge variety and complexity of contextual data and different sets of services by implementing a decentralized adaptation unit, which makes the monitoring and adaptation task easier and less complex by applying the separation of concerns principle. Towards a generic context-aware framework for self-adaptation of service-oriented architectures
      cache = ./cache/cord-027721-hpzs6fvf.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-027721-hpzs6fvf.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-264295-7ojvhwb0
     author = Maddaloni, Ernesto
      title = Cardiometabolic multimorbidity is associated with a worse Covid-19 prognosis than individual cardiometabolic risk factors: a multicentre retrospective study (CoViDiab II)
       date = 2020-10-01
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4689
  sentences = 203
     flesch = 39
    summary = Data collected included: demographic information (age and sex); presence of diabetes (defined as at least one random blood glucose value > 200 mg/dl, or fasting blood glucose > 126 mg/dl, or HbA 1c > 6.5%, or self-reported history of diabetes with ongoing anti-diabetes therapy), type of diabetes (type 1, type 2, other); smoking habits (never, ex, current); prior history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery-bass graft or stroke), malignancy (any neoplasia diagnosed within the last five years or active neoplasia); presenting symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection (fever, cough, cold, conjunctivitis, chest pain, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). Logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex were used to investigate associations of the primary and secondary outcomes with diabetes, and with other risk factors explored in the study, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia, COPD, heart failure, previous cardiovascular events, malignancy and smoking status (never vs.
      cache = ./cache/cord-264295-7ojvhwb0.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-264295-7ojvhwb0.txt
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         id = cord-103020-ckuma42j
     author = McDowell, G.
      title = Two-way remote monitoring allows effective and realistic provision of home-NIV to COPD patients with persistent hypercapnia.
       date = 2020-11-12
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 5817
  sentences = 316
     flesch = 48
    summary = Background Outcomes for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with persistent hypercapnic respiratory failure are improved by long-term home non-invasive ventilation (NIV). The primary outcome of this study was time to readmission or death at 12 months in patients receiving home-NIV versus a retrospectively identified control cohort of 27 patients with hypercapnic COPD who had not been referred for home-NIV. The present study retrospectively analysed all patients who were commenced on therapy over the first 12 months of this service, with aim of determining whether outcomes similar to RCTs were achieved in a real-world cohort of hypercapnic COPD patients with typical comorbidities (which would have excluded many from NIV RCTs) who are managed with remote-monitored home NIV. Changes in healthcare usage (number of hospital admissions, OBDs, and respiratory nurse home visits) and capillary blood gas PCO 2 and bicarbonate between NIV users, NIV non-users and the control cohort were analysed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
      cache = ./cache/cord-103020-ckuma42j.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-103020-ckuma42j.txt
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         id = cord-032831-mupxzffk
     author = Diehl, J.-L.
      title = Physiological effects of adding ECCO(2)R to invasive mechanical ventilation for COPD exacerbations
       date = 2020-09-29
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 5065
  sentences = 278
     flesch = 51
    summary = We aimed to evaluate in such patients the effects of a low-to-middle extracorporeal blood flow device on both gas exchanges and dynamic hyperinflation, as well as on work of breathing (WOB) during the IMV weaning process. In the present study, we hypothesized that the addition of ECCO 2 R at the early phase of IMV could both improve gas exchanges and could also permit to diminish respiratory rate (RR), therefore, minimizing dynamic hyperinflation in AE-COPD patients. Accordingly, there was a decrease in native lungs' CO 2 elimination, which, in conjunction with RR adjustment, permitted to improve arterial pH and to obtain a median absolute decrease in PaCO 2 of 19 mmHg. This could be beneficial at the early stage of IMV in AE COPD patients, mainly by minimizing the deleterious effects of acute hypercapnia on ventilator demands, therefore, allowing to shorten deep sedation periods and to rapidly initiate the IMV weaning process.
      cache = ./cache/cord-032831-mupxzffk.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-032831-mupxzffk.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-291639-hioh2s35
     author = Alfredo, Potena
      title = Pathophysiology of viral-induced exacerbations of COPD
       date = 2007-12-17
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4434
  sentences = 205
     flesch = 34
    summary = Many epidemiological and clinical studies have suggested a role for respiratory viral infections in the natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly during their exacerbations highlighting the need for development of effective vaccines and/or treatment for these viruses. In this review we will provide an overview of the relationship between respiratory virus infection and the molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of airway infl ammation in COPD exacerbations. It has been postulated that bacterial colonization could contribute to increased susceptibility to viral infection in COPD patients for example by increasing ICAM-1 expression in bronchial epithelial cells either directly or through induced infl ammation (Sajjan et al 2006) . Despite growing clinical evidence for a role of respiratory viral infections in the pathogenesis of COPD exacerbations, the precise mechanisms of respiratory virus-induced airway infl ammation and of host defenses against respiratory viruses are poorly understood (Johnston 2005) .
      cache = ./cache/cord-291639-hioh2s35.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-291639-hioh2s35.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-260114-tkh93k1u
     author = Zhao, Qianwen
      title = The impact of COPD and smoking history on the severity of COVID‐19: A systemic review and meta‐analysis
       date = 2020-05-17
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 969
  sentences = 67
     flesch = 54
    summary = This meta‐analysis aimed to explore the risk of severe COVID‐19 in patients with pre‐existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ongoing smoking history. The heterogeneity of included studies was moderate for both COPD and ongoing smoking history on the severity of COVID‐19. Microsoft Excel database was created to record the available information including baseline details and the rate of development of severe COVID-19 in patients with different respiratory conditions. As the reported endpoints varied between including literatures, a subgroup analysis was performed to find out the impact of different endpoints on the effect of COPD or smoking on COVID-19. Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SAR-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan Retrospective study on the epidemiological characteristics of 139 patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia on the effects of severity
      cache = ./cache/cord-260114-tkh93k1u.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-260114-tkh93k1u.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-033561-kc0mi20z
     author = Hausen, Thomas
      title = Atemwege und Lunge
       date = 2020-10-09
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 2598
  sentences = 612
     flesch = 45
    summary = durch Schleimstraße; ▶ 23.5.2); untere Atemwege/Lunge: Reizung Bronchialsystem nach akuter Bronchitis (trocken, "kitzelnd"; ▶ 12.3.3) , Grippetracheitis, Asthma (▶ 12.5.1) , COPD (▶ 12.5.2) , Fremdkörperaspiration (▶ 12.1.3, ▶ 23.4 .6) • Pulmonal: Pneumonie (Fieber, gelb-grüner Auswurf; ▶ 12.3.4) , "Raucherhusten", Pleuritis (thorakale Schmerzen beim Husten u. • Sputumbeschaffenheit: -Weißlich: Virusinfekt, COPD -Gelblich: allergisches Asthma (cave: antiinflammatorische Asthmather., keine Ind. für Antibiotika!) -Gelb/grün: bakt. innerhalb von 2 J.; chron.: bis 80 % Remission mit/ohne Ther.; 20 % chron. der Herzinsuff.; können bei gleichzeitig bestehender COPD eingesetzt werden: Mortalität ↓! Cave: Pat. müssen aufgeklärt werden, dass O 2 -Insufflation (kein spürbarer Effekt) nicht zur Behandlung von Luftnot, sondern zur Drucksenkung wichtig ist u bei COPD-Pat.) immer auch an Ca denken! DD: COPD, Pneumonie (cave: Retentionspneumonie bei Ca Bei allen Pat. mit Remission nach Induktionsther.
      cache = ./cache/cord-033561-kc0mi20z.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-033561-kc0mi20z.txt
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         id = cord-256224-qprj8vlc
     author = Boixeda, R.
      title = Is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease a protective factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection? The importance of bronchodilator treatment()
       date = 2020-09-26
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 1402
  sentences = 89
     flesch = 50
    summary = In a systematic review of infections in patients with COPD that required hospital admission, it was observed that the rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza virus were the most prevalent agents, followed by parainfluenza and coronavirus. We have analyzed the prevalence of COPD in patients treated for COVID-19 in our center, specifically evaluating their baseline treatment with inhalers as a potential protective factor against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the use of tiotropium was significantly lower in patients with COPD who had been hospitalized for COVID-19 in relation to other cohorts of patients with stable COPD and without SARS-CoV-2 infection and controlled in primary care (12% vs. Members of the COCOHMAT (COhorte COvid del Hospital de MATaró) Group Table 1 Treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and anticholinergics in patients with COPD in series of patients hospitalized due to SARS-CoV-2, severe exacerbation of COPD, and patients in the stable phase (primary care)
      cache = ./cache/cord-256224-qprj8vlc.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-256224-qprj8vlc.txt
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         id = cord-269316-1nlpo42a
     author = Mansfield, K. E.
      title = COVID-19 collateral: Indirect acute effects of the pandemic on physical and mental health in the UK
       date = 2020-10-30
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 8018
  sentences = 460
     flesch = 51
    summary = Methods: Using electronic health records from the Clinical Research Practice Datalink (CPRD) Aurum (2017-2020), we calculated weekly primary care contacts for selected acute physical and mental health conditions (including: anxiety, depression, acute alcohol-related events, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] exacerbations, cardiovascular and diabetic emergencies). We used electronic primary care health records of nearly 10 million individuals across the UK to investigate the indirect impact of COVID-19 on primary care contacts for mental health, acute alcohol-related events, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, and cardiovascular and diabetic emergencies up to July 2020. As outcomes, we considered the number of weekly primary care contacts for the following conditions (separately): mental health (i.e. depression, anxiety, fatal and non-fatal self-harm, severe mental illness, and eating and obsessive-compulsive disorders), acute alcohol-related events, diabetic emergencies (e.g. ketoacidosis), asthma and COPD exacerbations, and acute cardiovascular (CVD) events (i.e. unstable angina, myocardial infarction, transient ischaemic attack, cerebrovascular accident, cardiac failure and venous thromboembolisms).
      cache = ./cache/cord-269316-1nlpo42a.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-269316-1nlpo42a.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-288412-1fmsipqu
     author = Klaile, Esther
      title = Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cell adhesion molecules are co-expressed in the human lung and their expression can be modulated in bronchial epithelial cells by non-typable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, TLR3, and type I and II interferons
       date = 2013-08-14
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 8393
  sentences = 450
     flesch = 49
    summary = title: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cell adhesion molecules are co-expressed in the human lung and their expression can be modulated in bronchial epithelial cells by non-typable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, TLR3, and type I and II interferons METHODS: To analyze the (co-) expression of CEACAM1, CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 in different lung tissues with respect to COPD, smoking status and granulocyte infiltration, immunohistochemically stained paraffin sections of 19 donors were studied. To address short-term effects of cigarette smoke and acute inflammation, transcriptional regulation of CEACAM5, CEACAM6 and different CEACAM1 isoforms by cigarette smoke extract, interferons, Toll-like receptor agonists, and bacteria was tested in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells by quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical analysis of lung sections showed the most frequent and intense staining for CEACAM1, CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 in bronchial and alveolar epithelium, but revealed no significant differences in connection with COPD, smoking status and granulocyte infiltration.
      cache = ./cache/cord-288412-1fmsipqu.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-288412-1fmsipqu.txt
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         id = cord-273594-vmbhok1u
     author = Sichelstiel, Anke
      title = Targeting IL-1β and IL-17A Driven Inflammation during Influenza-Induced Exacerbations of Chronic Lung Inflammation
       date = 2014-06-11
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 5621
  sentences = 285
     flesch = 43
    summary = In order to investigate the role of IL-1b during COPD exacerbations we utilized a model of LPS and elastase induced chronic lung inflammation, followed by infection with influenza in wild type or IL-1b deficient mice. To study viral-induced exacerbations, mice were infected with influenza virus 2 weeks after the last LPS/elastase challenge, when the acute inflammation caused by LPS/elastase exposure had subsided ( Figure 2A ). Acute pulmonary dysfunction, neutrophilic inflammation and enhanced levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNFa have all been observed during exacerbations of COPD patients, indicating that the viral-induced inflammation in our mouse model is in line with that seen in humans. As we observed an increase of IL-1b protein in the lungs of LPS/elastase treated mice upon influenza infection ( Figure 3A ), we hypothesized that it also promotes innate immune responses and influences pulmonary function during exacerbations.
      cache = ./cache/cord-273594-vmbhok1u.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-273594-vmbhok1u.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-257163-hodykbcb
     author = Sanz, Ivan
      title = Viral Etiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations during the A/H1N1pdm09 Pandemic and Postpandemic Period
       date = 2015-05-07
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3825
  sentences = 176
     flesch = 44
    summary = During the study period (2009–2012), respiratory viruses were identified in 48.7% of samples, and the proportion of viral detections in AE-COPD was higher in patients aged 30–64 years than ≥65 years. Studies conducted before emergence of the pandemic H1N1pdm09 strain showed that half of all AE-COPD cases were associated with viral infections and that picornaviruses (especially human rhinovirus and enterovirus (HREV)) were the dominant viral pathogens diagnosed in these patients [15, 16] . The aim of this study is to describe the etiological characteristics of respiratory viruses linked to COPD exacerbations after a singular pandemic period caused by a new influenza virus. We used the OR to analyze the probability of detection of viral categories (ORP, HREV, any influenza virus, and RSV) as well as viral coinfections in AE-COPD patients among different demographic and epidemiological characteristics such as gender, age groups, and the different periods analyzed.
      cache = ./cache/cord-257163-hodykbcb.txt
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         id = cord-255807-7goz1agp
     author = Hak, E.
      title = Conventional Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated with Complications in Working-Age Patients with Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
       date = 2003-04-15
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4312
  sentences = 194
     flesch = 41
    summary = By using a nested case-control design, the authors studied the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in reducing severe and fatal complications in 4,241 and 5,966 primary care, working-age patients aged 18–64 years who had asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 influenza epidemics in the Netherlands. The risk of influenza-related morbidity and mortality during influenza epidemics is high (1) (2) (3) (4) , and nonexperimental studies have shown that vaccination against influenza prevents respiratory and cardiac complications during epidemics in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (5, 6) . We determined the occurrence of respiratory and cardiac morbidity during influenza periods and the clinical effectiveness of vaccination in reducing these complications in patients aged 18-64 years who had asthma or COPD by using a prospective, nested case-control design.
      cache = ./cache/cord-255807-7goz1agp.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-255807-7goz1agp.txt
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         id = cord-280986-i27mge10
     author = Mallia, Patrick
      title = How Viral Infections Cause Exacerbation of Airway Diseases
       date = 2017-01-25
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4238
  sentences = 199
     flesch = 34
    summary = Exacerbations are associated with increased airway inflammation in patients with both asthma and COPD, but many questions remain unanswered regarding the key inflammatory cells and mediators involved. 24, 25 In the lower respiratory tract, increases in Il-6, IL-8, and the chemokine regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) have been documented in the sputum of asthmatic patients after experimental rhinovirus infection, 10, 26 and IL-8 has been detected in the sputum of children with naturally occurring exacerbations. A recent study 10 in patients with naturally occurring virusassociated asthma exacerbations found increased levels of IL-10 messenger RNA in the sputum of asthmatic patients compared to virus-infected healthy subjects, but no differences in the level of RANTES or IL-8 between the two groups. Studies 38 of airway inflammation in stable patients with COPD have shown that the disease is characterized by pulmonary infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, and CD8ϩ T lymphocytes, together with increased expression of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules.
      cache = ./cache/cord-280986-i27mge10.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-280986-i27mge10.txt
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         id = cord-310304-f28tjmi8
     author = Alcendor, Donald J.
      title = Racial Disparities-Associated COVID-19 Mortality among Minority Populations in the US
       date = 2020-07-30
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 7719
  sentences = 366
     flesch = 41
    summary = Maintaining glycemic control in COVID-19 patients is essential, as hyperglycemia could affect pulmonary function, the immune response to infection, and the development of the pro-inflammatory cytokine storm associated with more severe clinical disease ( Figure 1 ). Patients who clinically present with normal or high blood pressure may be subject to undue complications related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Patients who clinically present with normal or high blood pressure may be subject to undue complications related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 the ACE2 protein serves as the entry receptor for the virus and is internalized in the endosome with SARS-CoV-2 during membrane fusion and uptake by Hypothetical model of uncontrolled blood pressure in patients with hypertension and increased risk for complications due to COVID-19. Longstanding health disparities such as diabetes, hypertension, CVD, and pulmonary disease among minority populations in the US may serve to predispose these communities to SARS-CoV-2 infection and increased risk for clinically severe COVID-19.
      cache = ./cache/cord-310304-f28tjmi8.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-310304-f28tjmi8.txt
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         id = cord-337431-3rrvm787
     author = Dimopoulos, G
      title = Viral Profile of COPD Exacerbations According to Patients§
       date = 2015-02-23
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3224
  sentences = 173
     flesch = 46
    summary = BACKGROUND : To compare the differences between elderly and non-elderly patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) due to viral infections. The following parameters were recorded on admission: age, sex, stage of COPD (according to GOLD criteria), smoking habits and alcohol addiction, use of oxygen, influenza vaccination, comorbidities (confirmed by medical records), current medication as well as signs and symptoms of respiratory tract infection. In this study we found: a) a high frequency of AECOPD due to viral infections in elderly and non-elderly patients without differences between the two groups, b) more frequent infections due to human Parainfluenza virus (hPIV) and influenza in elderly patients compared to non-elderly longer and c) lengthier hospital stays for the elderly patients. We didn't find any difference in the mortality in elderly AECOPD patients with a viral infection compared to the non-elderly although mortality is higher in COPD patients with lung cancer, pulmonary heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, osteoporosis and asthma [24] .
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         id = cord-271174-886xc1n3
     author = Lipworth, Brian
      title = Weathering the Cytokine Storm in Susceptible Patients with Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection
       date = 2020-04-18
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 2344
  sentences = 136
     flesch = 38
    summary = High-risk patients requiring hospitalization for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are those over 60 years old, males, obese, smokers, and those with common comorbidities including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic lung disease. The cytokine cascade resulting from acute severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, with downstream IL-6 activation considered to be a hallmark feature in terms of progression of COVID-19 pneumonia to hyperinflammation and ARDS. Also shown are the putative mechanisms of action for bromhexine and hydroxychloroquine in attenuating upstream SARS-CoV-2 tissue binding, the effect of antivirals on replication, azithromycin as an antiviral and immunomudulator, nonspecific cytokine suppression by corticosteroids, together with the selective downstream effect of IL-6 blockade with tocilizumab or sarilumab and effects of anti-TNF and interferon beta-1-a. Patients with eosinophilic asthma and COPD should continue to use ICS-containing therapy to maintain optimal control and protect against viral insults including SARS-CoV-2 infection.
      cache = ./cache/cord-271174-886xc1n3.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-271174-886xc1n3.txt
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         id = cord-269913-ubtd3vdq
     author = Tesfaigzi, Yohannes
      title = Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic mucus hypersecretion
       date = 2006-06-28
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 6985
  sentences = 326
     flesch = 37
    summary = The reasons for the natural cause of exacerbations in subjects with COPD are not clear; however, there is evidence that environmental pollution, such as the levels of SO 2 and NO 2 in the environmental air, as well as allergens and infections can increase the incidence of symptoms in some patients with chronic bronchitis or emphysema [26] . It is, therefore, possible that as a result of this innate immune response to environmental pollutants, allergens, and infections, sudden secretion of mucus can be triggered from the increased numbers of mucus-producing cells to cause airway obstruction and the associated exacerbations. This study shows that after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, a patient with ischemic heart disease who visited the general practitioner three times in the last year for respiratory problems has a relapse probability of 32.4%, which is statistically significantly higher than the mean 21% probability of the general cohort.
      cache = ./cache/cord-269913-ubtd3vdq.txt
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         id = cord-034579-3s26tjrd
     author = McAuley, Hamish
      title = COPD in the time of COVID-19: An analysis of acute exacerbations and reported behavioural changes in patients with COPD
       date = 2020-10-30
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4000
  sentences = 225
     flesch = 51
    summary = A telephone survey was used to assess changes in anxiety, inhaler adherence, physical activity, and behaviour during the pre-lockdown and lockdown periods compared to normal. Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD) are a frequent problem for people with COPD, adversely affecting morbidity and mortality and are an important cause of unscheduled healthcare contacts including admission to hospital 1 Secondly, we assessed self-reported behaviour change during the pre-lockdown and lockdown period by telephone interview in order to explore potential reasons for any observed changes in AECOPD treatment frequency In this observational study a 38% increase in community managed exacerbation events during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 was seen compared to the same six-week period in 2019, as measured by primary care prescription records.
      cache = ./cache/cord-034579-3s26tjrd.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-034579-3s26tjrd.txt
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         id = cord-278846-nqj7ctk3
     author = Ogger, Patricia P.
      title = Macrophage metabolic reprogramming during chronic lung disease
       date = 2020-11-12
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 10123
  sentences = 516
     flesch = 31
    summary = While these initial observations were made during steady state or using in vitro polarised macrophages, recent studies have indicated that during many chronic lung diseases (CLDs), AMs adapt their metabolic profile to fit their local niche. By generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) for pathogen defence, utilising aerobic glycolysis to rapidly generate cytokines, and employing mitochondrial respiration to fuel inflammatory responses, AMs utilise metabolic reprogramming for host defence, although these changes may also support chronic pathology. Indeed, many recent studies have indicated that in chronic lung diseases (CLDs), such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and during infection such as with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb), there are significant alterations in AM metabolic processes and that targeting these pathways could represent an exciting therapeutic approach 6, 7 . Iron metabolism is therefore likely a key pathway in IPF-AMs and targeting it would be a viable option to decrease ROS, oxidative stress and macrophage activation.
      cache = ./cache/cord-278846-nqj7ctk3.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-278846-nqj7ctk3.txt
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         id = cord-354040-7ylp7edo
     author = Maremanda, Krishna P.
      title = Age-dependent assessment of genes involved in cellular senescence, telomere and mitochondrial pathways in human lung tissue of smokers, COPD and IPF: Associations with SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 axis
       date = 2020-06-15
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 6189
  sentences = 317
     flesch = 57
    summary = Several genes were differentially expressed in younger and older smokers, and patients with COPD and IPF compared to non-smokers which were part of the mitochondrial biogenesis/function (HSPD1, FEN1, COX18, COX10, UCP2 & 3), cellular senescence (PCNA, PTEN, KLOTHO, CDKN1C, TNKS2, NFATC1 & 2, GADD45A) and telomere replication/maintenance (PARP1, SIRT6, NBN, TERT, RAD17, SLX4, HAT1) target genes. Overall, these findings suggest that altered transcription of target genes that regulate mitochondrial function, cellular senescence, and telomere attrition add to the pathobiology of lung aging in COPD and IPF and other smoking-related chronic lung disease in associated with alterations in SARS-CoV-2 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 axis for COVID-19 infection. Cigarette smoke alters several key functions in the cells, among them the crucial genes related to mitochondrial function, cellular senescence and telomeric length were selected in the current study to observe for any differential changes among young and old age groups categorized as non-smokers, smokers and COPD groups.
      cache = ./cache/cord-354040-7ylp7edo.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-354040-7ylp7edo.txt
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         id = cord-317548-ft7lkpzq
     author = Proud, David
      title = Upper airway viral infections
       date = 2007-07-05
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4004
  sentences = 196
     flesch = 36
    summary = Despite the major health care consequences associated with these complications, our understanding of how URI trigger upper airway symptoms and cause exacerbations of lower airway diseases remains limited. Given that HRV is the major viral pathogen associated with colds and exacerbations of asthma and COPD, we will focus on the current status of our knowledge of the response to HRV infection as representative of viral pathogenesis, indicating differences with other viral types when appropriate. Several factors are likely to play a role in determining the severity of the clinical outcome to upper airway viral responses, including the susceptibility of patients with asthma or COPD to experience lower airway exacerbations. Influenza vaccine is clearly effective in reducing upper airway symptoms, and in preventing lower disease exacerbations, induced by this virus during the winter months. Nitric oxide inhibits rhinovirus-induced cytokine production and viral replication in a human respiratory epithelial cell line
      cache = ./cache/cord-317548-ft7lkpzq.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-317548-ft7lkpzq.txt
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         id = cord-295206-vetdsk48
     author = Woodfork, Karen
      title = Bronchitis
       date = 2008-01-10
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 6114
  sentences = 324
     flesch = 37
    summary = This inflammation can be acute in nature, usually resulting from a viral infection, or it may be a long-standing manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic bronchitis is the most common form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a group of conditions involving airway obstruction, decreased maximal expiratory airflow, and breathing-related symptoms. Chronic bronchitis is a manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involving cough and sputum production, with or without wheezing, that lasts for at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years Chitkara and Sarinas (2002) . The medications available for the treatment of chronic bronchitis/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) do not decrease the progressive decline in respiratory function that is characteristic of this condition. It has been shown to decrease the work of breathing in severe, stable, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and may potentially be useful in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Chitkara and Sarinas (2002) , Rodrigo et al (2002) .
      cache = ./cache/cord-295206-vetdsk48.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-295206-vetdsk48.txt
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         id = cord-296898-icowa7wn
     author = Jouneau, Stéphane
      title = Prise en charge des exacerbations : de la ville à l’hôpital
       date = 2015-04-30
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4416
  sentences = 389
     flesch = 53
    summary = Key points The Société de pneumologie de langue française defines acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE COPD) as an increase in daily respiratory symptoms, basically duration ≥ 48h or need for treatment adjustment. Bien que des bactéries puissent coloniser les voies aériennes inférieures des patients à l'état stable (≈ 30 %) [5] , elles sont également responsables d'EA BPCO, en particulier en cas d'acquisition de nouvelles souches bactériennes [9] . La fréquence de ces dernières est variable au cours des EA BPCO, mais paraît élevée (25 %) chez les malades hospitalisés pour exacerbation [12] . Au final, la corticothérapie systémique au cours d'une EA BPCO (0,5 mg/kg/j pendant 7 jours), n'est donc pas recommandée pour toutes les exacerbations, mais doit être réservée aux échecs de la prise en charge initiale [15, 22] . Hospital at home for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review of evidence
      cache = ./cache/cord-296898-icowa7wn.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-296898-icowa7wn.txt
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         id = cord-320153-a0bqliei
     author = Ezzeldin, Nada
      title = Association of TNF-α –308G/A, SP-B 1580 C/T, IL-13 –1055 C/T gene polymorphisms and latent adenoviral infection with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an Egyptian population
       date = 2012-05-09
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3941
  sentences = 211
     flesch = 50
    summary = title: Association of TNF-α –308G/A, SP-B 1580 C/T, IL-13 –1055 C/T gene polymorphisms and latent adenoviral infection with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an Egyptian population In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible association of the TNF-α –308, SPB+1580, IL-13 –1055 gene polymorphisms and latent adenovirus C infection with COPD in an Egyptian population. CONCLUSIONS: The COPD is a disease caused by the interaction of combined genes and environmental influences, in the presence of smoking and latent adenovirus C infection, TNF-α –308A, SPB +1580 T and IL-13 –1055 T polymorphisms predispose to the development of COPD. Meanwhile, the genotype distribution of the IL-13 -1055 C/T polymorphism showed no signifi-cant difference between the studied groups although there was a high frequency of the homozygous T genotype in COPD patients (20%) compared to the resistant smokers (2.8%) and nonsmokers (6.7%) (Table IV, Figure 4 ).
      cache = ./cache/cord-320153-a0bqliei.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-320153-a0bqliei.txt
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         id = cord-275858-46jzw94p
     author = Leung, Janice M.
      title = COVID-19 and COPD
       date = 2020-08-13
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3024
  sentences = 166
     flesch = 42
    summary = Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Clinical characteristics and co-infections of 354 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Risk factors associated with clinical outcomes in 323 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Wuhan, China Clinical course and outcome of 107 patients infected with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, discharged from two hospitals in Wuhan Clinical characteristics of laboratory confirmed positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China: a retrospective single center analysis A preliminary study on serological assay for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 238 admitted hospital patients Epidemiological, clinical, and virological characteristics of 465 hospitalized cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Zhejiang province in China. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China
      cache = ./cache/cord-275858-46jzw94p.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-275858-46jzw94p.txt
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         id = cord-307309-s0t4kp2x
     author = Liang, Ying
      title = Symptoms, Management and Healthcare Utilization of COPD Patients During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Beijing
       date = 2020-10-14
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3012
  sentences = 174
     flesch = 47
    summary = Clinical data, including respiratory symptoms, pharmacological treatment, management and healthcare access before and during the COVID-19 epidemic from January 25 to April 25, 2020, were collected. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study of symptoms, management and healthcare utilization of COPD patients during the COVID-19 epidemic in Beijing, aiming to provide data for implementing relevant treatment strategy of COPD during the pandemic. Patients were selected randomly from the COPD database in our hospital by the following inclusion criteria: 1) 40 years of age or older; (2) a history of at least 3 months of diagnosed COPD according to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Report. Sociodemographic information and clinical data, including respiratory symptoms, pharmacological treatment, management and healthcare access before and during the COVID-19 epidemic from January 25 to April 25, 2020, were collected. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2020:15 visits (getting prescription for COPD, review and assessment of disease, or worsening of respiratory symptoms), and online consultation.
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       txt  = ./txt/cord-307309-s0t4kp2x.txt
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         id = cord-034294-ti1cc24m
     author = Wang, Cuixue
      title = Progress in the mechanism and targeted drug therapy for COPD
       date = 2020-10-27
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 16476
  sentences = 989
     flesch = 37
    summary = Trx effectively prevents the progression of COPD by regulating redox status and protease/anti-protease balance, blocking the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, suppressing the activation and migration of inflammatory cells and the production of cytokines, inhibiting the synthesis and the activation of adhesion factors and growth factors, and controlling the cAMP-PKA and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. EPAC and PKA inhibit the human airway smooth muscle induced by a cigarette smoke extract (CSE) by blocking the activation of the NF-κB and ERK, respectively, and by releasing neutrophil chemokine IL-8, which together exert anti-inflammatory effects. 101 In COPD, increases in cAMP levels, activation of PKA and enhanced protein phosphorylation have the potential to reduce inflammation and immunomodulation, relax airway smooth muscle, inhibit chemotaxis and abnormal release of inflammatory and cytotoxic mediators, and reduce proliferation and migration of inflammatory cells. 135 The PI3K/Akt signalling pathway plays an important role in COPD by regulating inflammatory cell activation, inflammatory mediator release and airway remodelling.
      cache = ./cache/cord-034294-ti1cc24m.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-034294-ti1cc24m.txt
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         id = cord-280348-vrnxucye
     author = Argano, Christiano
      title = Pattern of comorbidities and 1-year mortality in elderly patients with COPD hospitalized in internal medicine wards: data from the RePoSI Registry
       date = 2020-07-27
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4641
  sentences = 257
     flesch = 39
    summary = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents an important leading cause of morbidity and mortality with high economic and social costs: according to the WHO, COPD is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide, and it is estimated to be the third by 2020; furthermore, the global burden of COPD is expected to increase in the coming years, due to the prevalence of smoking and aging of the world population [1] . The following clinical characteristics were evaluated: respiratory and non-respiratory disease distribution at hospital admission (according to International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision); cognitive status and mood disorders (by the Short-Blessed-Test [SBT] [9] and the Geriatric-Depression-Scale [GDS] [10] ,respectively; performance in activities of daily living at hospital admission (measured by means of the Barthel Index [BI] [11] ; severity and comorbidity index(assessed by the Cumulative-Illness-Rating-Scale CIRS-s and CIRS-c, respectively) [12] , glomerular filtration rate (using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration-formula [13] ), length of hospital stay, drugs prescriptions (at admission, discharge, at 3 and 12 months follow-up), destination at discharge, in-hospital and 3-month and 1-year mortality rate.
      cache = ./cache/cord-280348-vrnxucye.txt
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         id = cord-272034-fvii5nsv
     author = McNaughton, Amanda
      title = Taking Charge: A Proposed Psychological Intervention to Improve Pulmonary Rehabilitation Outcomes for People with COPD
       date = 2020-09-11
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3312
  sentences = 198
     flesch = 44
    summary = title: Taking Charge: A Proposed Psychological Intervention to Improve Pulmonary Rehabilitation Outcomes for People with COPD We offer a different perspective drawn from clinical experience of PR, quantitative and qualitative studies of singing groups for people with COPD, and stroke rehabilitation research that gives psychological factors a more central role in determining outcomes after PR. [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] Two randomized controlled trials of singing group interventions in COPD report improvements in quality of life and reduction in anxiety, although not in lung function. 49 Arnold and colleagues showed that improvements in quality of life scores after PR were associated with increases in measures of self-efficacy and suggested that "focussing more explicitly on the enhancement of perceptions of personal control in COPD patients may be an important aim of pulmonary rehabilitation". Taking Charge after stroke: promoting self-directed rehabilitation to improve quality of life -a randomized controlled trial
      cache = ./cache/cord-272034-fvii5nsv.txt
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         id = cord-283061-qr8xynn2
     author = Uzzaman, Md. Nazim
      title = Continuing professional education for general practitioners on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: feasibility of a blended learning approach in Bangladesh
       date = 2020-09-28
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 5406
  sentences = 305
     flesch = 52
    summary = Using chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as an exemplar, we aimed to assess the feasibility of blended learning (combination of face-to-face and online) for GPs, and explore trainees' and trainers' perspectives towards the blended learning approach. We trained 49 GPs in two groups via blended (n = 25) and traditional face-to-face approach (n = 24) and assessed their post-course knowledge and skills. Provision of postgraduate training in Family Medicine is increasing in Asia Pacific, but rarely uses innovative online learning [1] that could enhance access to continuing medical education (CME) essential for building and maintaining a high-quality primary care workforce [2] . Quantitative data measured pre-post self-assessment of adherence to COPD guidelines and qualitative focus groups and interviews explored trainee and trainers' perspectives of the blended learning. The total training hours was 40 h in both blended and traditional learning approaches and the courses contained the same content: components aimed at enhancing COPD knowledge (16 h) and skills (24 h).
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         id = cord-290674-1kdc6xk8
     author = Hershenson, Marc B.
      title = Rhinovirus-Induced Exacerbations of Asthma and COPD
       date = 2013-02-21
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 6746
  sentences = 395
     flesch = 39
    summary = Over the past two decades, increasing evidence has shown that, in patients with chronic airways disease, viral infection is the most common cause of exacerbation. Exacerbations due to rhinovirus, which infects relatively few cells in the airway and does not cause the cytotoxicity of other viruses such as influenza or respiratory syncytial virus, are particularly poorly understood. PCR-based studies examining the prevalence of virus identification among various cohorts of patients with chronic airways disease consistently show a higher prevalence of viral infection during exacerbations. (Nevertheless, the amount of viral replication in the airways remains uncertain.) Also, patients with asthma who had an exacerbation following experimental infection had higher levels of viral RNA in their sputum compared to asthmatics that did not experience an exacerbation, further evidence that viruses do indeed cause exacerbations. Also following experimental rhinovirus infection, viral clearance and airway function correlate with blood and bronchoalveolar (BAL) CD4 cell interferon gamma production [63] .
      cache = ./cache/cord-290674-1kdc6xk8.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-290674-1kdc6xk8.txt
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         id = cord-304461-332eygtr
     author = Ganesan, Shyamala
      title = Barrier function of airway tract epithelium
       date = 2013-10-01
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 6088
  sentences = 359
     flesch = 34
    summary = Mucociliary escalator, intercellular apical junctional complexes which regulate paracellular permeability and antimicrobial peptides secreted by the airway epithelial cells are the three primary components of barrier function of airway tract. The three essential components that contribute to the barrier function of airway epithelium are: mucociliary escalators which trap and removes inhaled foreign particles from the airways, 32 intercellular tight and adherens junctions 33 that regulate epithelial paracellular permeability, and secreted antimicrobial products that kill inhaled pathogens. Tight and adherens junctions located at the apicolateral border of airway epithelial cells also contribute significantly to the barrier function of conductive airway tract epithelium. 62 Therefore, strategies to modulate activities of TTF-1, FOXA2 or SPDEF may attenuate goblet cell metaplasia and mucus production, thus improving mucociliary function in patients with asthma and other chronic airway diseases.
      cache = ./cache/cord-304461-332eygtr.txt
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         id = cord-314868-ei2b8oqn
     author = Leung, J. M.
      title = ACE-2 Expression in the Small Airway Epithelia of Smokers and COPD Patients: Implications for COVID-19
       date = 2020-03-23
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 2712
  sentences = 190
     flesch = 58
    summary = Because individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of severe COVID19, we determined whether ACE2 expression in the lower airways was related to COPD and cigarette smoking. Results: In the discovery cohort (n=42 participants), we found that ACE2 expression levels were increased by 48% in the airways of COPD compared with non-COPD subjects (COPD=2.52 (0.66) log2 counts per million reads (CPM) versus non-COPD= 1.70 (0.51) CPM , p=.000762). In summary, active cigarette smoking and COPD up-regulate ACE-2 expression in lower airways, which in part may explain the increased risk of severe COVID-19 in these sub-populations. The P-value was obtained from the robust linear model Abbreviations: ACE-2, angiotensin converting enzyme II; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPM, counts per million reads . 18.20038455 doi: medRxiv preprint Abbreviations: ACE-2, angiotensin converting enzyme II; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPM, counts per million reads ACE-2 gene expression in airway epithelia is inversely related to FEV1% predicted (p=0.0348)
      cache = ./cache/cord-314868-ei2b8oqn.txt
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         id = cord-305838-i0ck2oo0
     author = Kouri, Andrew
      title = CHEST Reviews: Addressing reduced laboratory-based pulmonary function testing during a pandemic
       date = 2020-07-08
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4889
  sentences = 253
     flesch = 38
    summary = Home measurement of peak expiratory flow (PEF) using an inexpensive portable handheld device is already a guideline-recommended option to facilitate patient self-management in asthma and in the diagnosis of occupational asthma, but its role is less well defined in COPD. 37 Electronic portable spirometers have been studied and found to be comparable to conventional laboratory spirometry in several chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma and COPD, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and post-lung and hematopoietic stem cell transplant monitoring. Oscillometry is emerging as an alternative form of pulmonary function testing that offers some advantages over conventional PFTs. 54 It has been shown to be more sensitive than spirometry in early diagnosis of COPD, 55, 56 to correlate better with respiratory symptoms and asthma control 57,58 as well as in identifying spirometrically silent episodes of biopsy-proven acute graft rejection following lung transplant.
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         id = cord-286449-ekvzaae2
     author = McManus, Terence E.
      title = Respiratory viral infection in exacerbations of COPD
       date = 2008-07-30
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3105
  sentences = 205
     flesch = 49
    summary = A respiratory virus was detected in 37% of exacerbations, 12% of stable COPD patients and 12% of non-obstructed smokers, p < 0.0005. Studies using serology and viral culture identified respiratory viruses in 30% of patients during acute exacerbations of COPD. 8 The hypothesis tested in the present study was that acute respiratory viral infection is implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD exacerbations. The detection rate of respiratory viruses during exacerbations of COPD in this study (37%) is comparable to results obtained by Seemungal 9 Lower detection rates may be related to time of sampling as patients presenting to hospital had developed symptoms for a median of 5 days prior to admission. 21 However, several of the patients were seen at different time points during this study and the same virus was not detected by repeat sampling suggesting that those testing positive using the PCR screen were experiencing an acute viral infection.
      cache = ./cache/cord-286449-ekvzaae2.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-286449-ekvzaae2.txt
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-328829-yywxmioq
     author = Boixeda, Ramon
      title = Microbiological study of patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD) and the usefulness of analytical and clinical parameters in its identification (VIRAE study)
       date = 2012-05-25
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3823
  sentences = 207
     flesch = 41
    summary = title: Microbiological study of patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD) and the usefulness of analytical and clinical parameters in its identification (VIRAE study) The etiology of the respiratory infection was studied by conventional sputum, paired serology tests for atypical bacteria, and viral diagnostic techniques (immunochromatography, immunofluorescence, cell culture, and molecular biology techniques). The aims of our study were to identify the etiology of respiratory infections in patients hospitalized for AE-COPD using different diagnostic tests and to evaluate the usefulness of the clinical and analytical parameters of the diagnostic process. Identification was made based on the respiratory infection and dyspnea admission diagnoses from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) 19,20 (491, 492, 493, 496, 518.81, 464, 465, 466, 519.11, 786 .0), excluding the patients who had a known cause of respiratory failure that was different from infectious exacerbation (heart failure, pulmonary thromboembolism, pneumonia).
      cache = ./cache/cord-328829-yywxmioq.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-328829-yywxmioq.txt
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         id = cord-293760-9mk2h2qf
     author = Takamoto, Hiroki
      title = Development and Clinical Application of a Novel Non-contact Early Airflow Limitation Screening System Using an Infrared Time-of-Flight Depth Image Sensor
       date = 2020-09-11
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3960
  sentences = 198
     flesch = 48
    summary = Here, we developed a novel home-use non-contact early airflow limitation screening system (EAFL-SS) using an infrared timeof-flight (ToF) depth image sensor (integrated into several smartphones) that does not require calibration to the individual by a spirometer. Instead, a multiple linear regression analysis was used to achieve early airflow limitation screening without calibration to the individual by deriving a volume curve from the 3D motion of the anterior thorax measured by the ToF depth image sensor and the examinee's somatotypes [including height and body mass index (BMI)]. In addition, the distance from the EAFL-SS to the examinee was confirmed automatically to allow the accurate determination of a volume curve without calibration to FIGURE 1 | Exterior design of the early airflow limitation screening system (EAFL-SS), which includes an 850 nm infrared time-of-flight (ToF) depth image sensor for three-dimensional anterior-thorax motion measurement and an LCD display to provide instructions to the user.
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         id = cord-317550-4gl5xe1w
     author = Rady, W.
      title = Role of bronchoscopy during non invasive ventilation in hypercapnic respiratory failure
       date = 2014-10-31
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 6156
  sentences = 284
     flesch = 50
    summary = Abstract Introduction Non invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is the first line treatment for hypercapnic acute respiratory failure (ARF) secondary to COPD exacerbation in selected patients. This prospective case control study was carried out on 50 patients, suffering from hypercapneic acute respiratory failure as a result of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pul-monary disease (COPD), receiving non invasive mechanical ventilation admitted consecutively to critical care units at Alexandria university main hospital. PS or inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) was initially set at 10 cm H 2 O and then titrated up to achieve an expiratory tidal volume of 8-10 ml/kg and a respiratory rate below 25 breaths/ min to a maximum of 25 cm H 2 O depending on clinical and arterial blood gases (ABGs) response and patient tolerance. This comparative case control prospective study was conducted on 50 patients admitted to the Critical Care Medicine Department &Respiratory Intensive Care Unit in Alexandria Main University Hospital by acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and fulfilling the criteria for application of non invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV).
      cache = ./cache/cord-317550-4gl5xe1w.txt
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         id = cord-292301-h20337ib
     author = Falsey, Ann R
      title = Respiratory syncytial virus–associated illness in adults with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or congestive heart failure
       date = 2018-09-24
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 2213
  sentences = 128
     flesch = 44
    summary = Thus, we studied the incidence of RSV‐related medically attended acute respiratory illness (MARI) in adults with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and/or congestive heart failure (CHF). obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and congestive heart failure (CHF) affect millions of people worldwide and have been identified as risk factors for severe RSV infection. This observational study was designed to collect data in a high-risk population of adults with exposure to children who might exhibit both high rates of infection and severe illness when infected with RSV. This was a prospective and observational study conducted across multiple consecutive RSV seasons to determine the incidence rate of medically attended acute respiratory illness (MARI) or events leading to worsening cardiorespiratory status in adults with severe COPD and/or advanced CHF associated with RSV and other viral infections. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated illness in adults with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or congestive heart failure
      cache = ./cache/cord-292301-h20337ib.txt
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         id = cord-312338-r6jqmes3
     author = Althani, Asma
      title = Characterisation of winter respiratory viral infections in patients with asthma and COPD in Qatar
       date = 2012-12-14
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 2420
  sentences = 140
     flesch = 53
    summary = This study aimed to identify the most common viral strains responsible for respiratory tract infections in asthma/COPD patients (without exacerbations) in Qatar during the winter season (2008) (2009) . This study aimed to identify the most common viral strains responsible for respiratory tract infections in asthma/COPD patients (without exacerbations) in Qatar during the winter season (2008) (2009) . carried out a study in the UK to investigate the role of viral infections in acute exacerbations of asthma in schoolchildren, and they reported that the most commonly identified virus type in this population was rhinovirus [3] . During October 2008-March 2009, adults with COPD or asthma, seeking care at the Chest clinic of the Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar, with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection were eligible for participation. Our study is the first in Qatar to analyse the clinical aetiology of respiratory tract viral infections in adult patients from all age groups with asthma or COPD.
      cache = ./cache/cord-312338-r6jqmes3.txt
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-321401-w4ne60fn
     author = Schrumpf, Jasmijn A.
      title = Impact of the Local Inflammatory Environment on Mucosal Vitamin D Metabolism and Signaling in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases
       date = 2020-07-10
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 10338
  sentences = 522
     flesch = 39
    summary = Evidence for this immunomodulatory and protective role is derived from observational studies showing an association between vitamin D deficiency, chronic airway diseases and respiratory infections, and is supported by a range of experimental studies using cell culture and animal models. Furthermore, recent intervention studies have now shown that vitamin D supplementation reduces exacerbation rates in vitamin D-deficient patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma and decreases the incidence of acute respiratory tract infections. Increasing evidence has indicated that vitamin D deficiency is also associated with various other diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease and muscle myopathy, as well as several immune-related diseases such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis and chronic inflammatory lung diseases including asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (6) (7) (8) (9) .
      cache = ./cache/cord-321401-w4ne60fn.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-321401-w4ne60fn.txt
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         id = cord-318277-j073u7ga
     author = Sapey, Elizabeth
      title = Building toolkits for COPD exacerbations: lessons from the past and present
       date = 2019-07-03
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 7244
  sentences = 392
     flesch = 37
    summary = An exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as 'an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy'. Of note, a recent Cochrane review concluded that there was no evidence of benefit from self-management interventions (including rescue packs) to reduce all-cause hospital admission, all-cause hospitalisation days, emergency department visits, general practitioner visits, dyspnoea scores, the number of COPD exacerbations or all-cause mortality 54 although more research was needed. Effect of exacerbations on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 2 year follow up study Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Sputum colour reported by patients is not a reliable marker of the presence of bacteria in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Association of corticosteroid dose and route of administration with risk of treatment failure in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      cache = ./cache/cord-318277-j073u7ga.txt
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         id = cord-313431-swkcdvx8
     author = Becerra-Diaz, Mireya
      title = Androgen and Androgen Receptors as Regulators of Monocyte and Macrophage Biology in the Healthy and Diseased Lung
       date = 2020-08-07
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 14972
  sentences = 789
     flesch = 40
    summary = The opposite effects seen in different inflammatory contexts highlight the need for a deeper and broader study of the androgen/ARmediated modulation of monocytes and macrophages, as these cells participate in both the initial and late phases of immune responses in a variety of diseases. Studies of androgen receptor function in human monocytes and macrophages have focused primarily on the roles of male sex and sex hormones in promoting atherosclerotic foam cell formation (196) and inhibiting cutaneous wound healing (186, 215) . There is a paucity of literature regarding how introducing or depleting exogenous sex hormones (such as in female-to-male transgender individuals receiving testosterone supplementation or women with estrogen blockade) affects the function of blood monocytes and lung macrophages in men and women with asthma. Modulation of monocyte and macrophage function mediated by the interaction of androgen and AR has been examined mostly by correlative studies in humans following lifespan changes in sex hormones or using hormonal manipulation in mouse models of lung disease.
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         id = cord-298646-wurzy88k
     author = van der Merwe, René
      title = Challenge models to assess new therapies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
       date = 2012-09-13
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4775
  sentences = 240
     flesch = 40
    summary = This review focuses on human challenge models with lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, ozone, and rhinovirus, in the early clinical development phases of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment and reduction of exacerbations in COPD. One of the main challenges in developing new therapeutic agents for the treatment or prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD is that their potential success cannot be entirely known until the investigational therapies enter relatively large Phase II studies, assessing clinical outcome over a 3-to 6-month period or longer. 20 In the first reported study of the inflammatory effects of low-level O 3 exposure (80 ppb O 3 for 6.6 hours) in healthy volunteers, 21 there were statistically significant increases in polymorphononuclear neutrophils, prostaglandin E 2 , lactate dehydrogenase, IL-6, α1-antitrypsin, and decreased phagocytosis via the complement receptor. The O 3 -challenge model potentially provides critical decision-making data in understanding whether new compounds have the desired biological effect in healthy volunteers and patients with COPD; hence it can de-risk decisions to move forwards into large Phase II safety and efficacy trials.
      cache = ./cache/cord-298646-wurzy88k.txt
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         id = cord-296585-yfh5d4io
     author = Su, Yu-Ching
      title = The Interplay Between Immune Response and Bacterial Infection in COPD: Focus Upon Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae
       date = 2018-11-05
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 16544
  sentences = 810
     flesch = 32
    summary = The mechanisms reported are responsible for increased expression of NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory gene products [i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CCL-5 cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and MIP-2/CXCL2] in both pulmonary structural cells (bronchial, small airway, and alveolar epithelial cells) and immune cells (alveolar macrophages), increased VEGF and iNOS in nasal fibroblasts and lymphocytes (Jurkat T cells), respectively, and decreased activity of antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 and α1-antitrypsin in bronchial epithelial cells (54, 56, 57, 59, 62-64, [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] . Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae detection in the lower airways of patients with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Antibacterial defense of human airway epithelial cells from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients induced by acute exposure to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: modulation by cigarette smoke Lung T-cell responses to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      cache = ./cache/cord-296585-yfh5d4io.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-296585-yfh5d4io.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-293613-xnos7iud
     author = Ritchie, Andrew I.
      title = Definition, Causes, Pathogenesis, and Consequences of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations
       date = 2020-08-12
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 7485
  sentences = 393
     flesch = 33
    summary = The 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) document AECOPD definition slightly differs from this as "an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy." This definition requires the patient to seek or use treatment and is an example of a health care use (HCU) exacerbation in which the patient or clinician decides whether treatment is warranted. This approach has been widely accepted in research, using several validated patient-reported outcome (PRO) tools such as symptom/treatment diary cards and questionnaire tools such as the EXACT (Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Tool) and CAT (The COPD Assessment Test). Analysis of viral infection and biomarkers in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      cache = ./cache/cord-293613-xnos7iud.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-293613-xnos7iud.txt
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         id = cord-340420-ws3qesns
     author = Sin, Don D.
      title = COVID-19 in COPD: A growing concern
       date = 2020-09-19
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 866
  sentences = 50
     flesch = 44
    summary = As of August 24, 2020, over 23 million people around the world have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic [1] . There is considerable debate on whether (or not) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a common airway disease that affects 10% of individuals over 45 years of age [3] , is a risk factor for COVID-19. Together, these data suggest that COPD is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 that leads to hospitalization and ICU admission. Another possibility is that patients with COPD often demonstrate perturbations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with up-regulation of ACE and angiotensin II [9] that may be exacerbated during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to acute pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. SARS-CoV-2 infection in the COPD population is associated with increased healthcare utilization: an analysis of Cleveland Clinic's COVID-19 Registry
      cache = ./cache/cord-340420-ws3qesns.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-340420-ws3qesns.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-315249-yclnl87n
     author = Read, R. C.
      title = Infection in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a clinical perspective
       date = 1999-12-31
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 2660
  sentences = 131
     flesch = 41
    summary = (1999) 93, [845] [846] [847] [848] [849] [850] Topical Reviews Infection in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a clinical perspective Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis or emphysema; this is defined as a ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 set: forced vital capacity (FEVI: FVC) of less than 70%. Therefore at the very least, even if infection with bacterial pathogens is not the cause of acute exacerbations, they are clearly flourishing in the lower airways in some of these patients, in association with an inflammatory infiltrate (as evidenced by a yield of neutrophils in sputum). influenzae isolated from sputum of patients with COPD has demonstrated that a single strain may persist for many months within the lower respiratory tract mucosa of these patients, and remains present even if there have been acute exacerbations of COPD which have been treated with antibiotics (9).
      cache = ./cache/cord-315249-yclnl87n.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-315249-yclnl87n.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-285148-bch7814v
     author = Singanayagam, Aran
      title = Viruses exacerbating chronic pulmonary disease: the role of immune modulation
       date = 2012-03-15
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 7923
  sentences = 393
     flesch = 35
    summary = However in vitro RV infection of epithelial cells from COPD patients resulted in higher virus load and increased inflammatory mediators, but no differences in interferon production compared to cells from control subjects [87] . List of abbreviations ATF: activating transcription factor; BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; CF: cystic fibrosis; CFTR: cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ENA-78: epithelial-derived neutrophilactivating peptide 78; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule; IFN-α: interferon-alpha; IFN-β: interferon-beta; IFN-λ: interferon-lambda; IFN-γ: interferon-gamma; IL: interleukin; IP-10: IFN-γ-induced protein-10; IRF: interferon regulatory factor; ISG: interferon stimulated genes; MDA-5: melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; NO: nitric oxide; NOS2: nitric oxide synthase 2; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PEF: peak expiratory flow; PIV: parainfluenza virus; RANTES: regulated on activation: normal T-cell expressed and secreted; RIG-I: retinoic acid inducible gene I; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; RV: rhinovirus; SLPI: secretory leukoprotease inhibitor; SOCS: suppressor of cytokine signaling family; Th1/2: T helper 1/2; TLR: toll-like receptors; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha -1.
      cache = ./cache/cord-285148-bch7814v.txt
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-332737-iclruwmx
     author = Webley, Wilmore C.
      title = Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides
       date = 2017-05-19
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 7485
  sentences = 403
     flesch = 40
    summary = Another recent study concluded that the nasopharyngeal microbiome within the first year of life was a determinant for infection spread to the lower airways and predicted the severity of accompanying inflammatory symptoms, as well as risk for future asthma development. Factors that predict risk in non-asthmatics for developing the "infectious asthma" syndrome include a previous history of self-limited lower respiratory tract illnesses such as acute bronchitis (often with wheezing) and/or pneumonia [35, 38, 39] . A 2013 metaanalysis of 12 randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of macrolides for the long term management of asthma in both adults and children found positive effects on peak expiratory flow rate (PEFRa measure of pulmonary function), asthma symptoms, asthma quality of life (AQL), and airway hyper responsiveness (AHR), but not on forced expiratory flow rate in 1 s (FEV1) [77] .
      cache = ./cache/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt
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         id = cord-308466-f0iu6sje
     author = Ko, Fanny W.
      title = Acute exacerbation of COPD
       date = 2016-03-30
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 8612
  sentences = 447
     flesch = 34
    summary = Nonpharmacological interventions including disease‐specific self‐management, pulmonary rehabilitation, early medical follow‐up, home visits by respiratory health workers, integrated programmes and telehealth‐assisted hospital at home have been studied during hospitalization and shortly after discharge in patients who have had a recent AECOPD. 34 A study from New Zealand has shown that the use of long-term humidification therapy, with humidified, fully saturated air at 37°C and a flow rate of 20-25 L/min, can lead to significantly fewer exacerbation days, increased time to first exacerbation and reduced exacerbation frequency for chronic airway diseases, including COPD. Sputum bacteriology in hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Taiwan with an emphasis on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Adherence to guideline-based antibiotic treatment for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an Australian tertiary hospital In-hospital and one-year mortality and their predictors in patients hospitalized for first-ever chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a nationwide population-based study
      cache = ./cache/cord-308466-f0iu6sje.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-308466-f0iu6sje.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-309885-6sjxi2et
     author = Maremanda, Krishna P.
      title = Age-Dependent Assessment of Genes Involved in Cellular Senescence, Telomere, and Mitochondrial Pathways in Human Lung Tissue of Smokers, COPD, and IPF: Associations With SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 Axis
       date = 2020-09-09
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 6435
  sentences = 339
     flesch = 56
    summary = title: Age-Dependent Assessment of Genes Involved in Cellular Senescence, Telomere, and Mitochondrial Pathways in Human Lung Tissue of Smokers, COPD, and IPF: Associations With SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 Axis RESULTS: Several genes were differentially expressed in younger and older smokers, and patients with COPD and IPF compared to non-smokers which were part of the mitochondrial biogenesis/function (HSPD1, FEN1, COX18, COX10, UCP2 & 3), cellular senescence (PCNA, PTEN, KLOTHO, CDKN1C, TNKS2, NFATC1 & 2, GADD45A), and telomere replication/maintenance (PARP1, SIRT6, NBN, TERT, RAD17, SLX4, HAT1) target genes. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings suggest that altered transcription of target genes that regulate mitochondrial function, cellular senescence, and telomere attrition in the pathobiology of lung aging in COPD and IPF is associated with alterations in SARS-CoV-2 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 axis as pharmacological targets for COVID-19.
      cache = ./cache/cord-309885-6sjxi2et.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-309885-6sjxi2et.txt
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         id = cord-297840-z5l6vdsr
     author = Río, Francisco García
      title = Air Travel and Respiratory Disease
       date = 2007-02-28
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 16164
  sentences = 949
     flesch = 54
    summary = 57 In any case, to establish a medical opinion on risk in air travel, the type, reversibility, and degree of functional impairment caused by the disease must be assessed along with the tolerance of the patient for the predicted flight altitude and the length of exposure. Supplementary oxygen is recommended during air travel for patients who have an estimated in-flight PaO 2 of less then 50 mm Hg obtained with prediction equations or, preferably, a hypoxic challenge test ( Figure 6 ). It also seems wise to extend that treatment option to those cases and in which the in-flight cabin pressure corresponds to an altitude of greater than 2438 m (8000 feet) and the patient has very severe COPD (FEV 1 ≤30%), where limitations may be present in the mechanisms of compensation for hypoxemia, or diseases that alter oxygen transport.
      cache = ./cache/cord-297840-z5l6vdsr.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-297840-z5l6vdsr.txt
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         id = cord-332652-wm9krxve
     author = Koslik, Hayley J.
      title = Prevalence and correlates of obstructive lung disease among people who inject drugs, San Diego, California
       date = 2020-07-02
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4521
  sentences = 248
     flesch = 55
    summary = The leading risk factor for COPD is cigarette smoking (Bhatt et al., 2018) , but studies have also reported associations with older age (de Marco et al., 2011) , low socioeconomic status (Wheaton et al., 2015) , human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (Drummond et al., 2012) and history of pulmonary tuberculosis (Byrne et al., 2015) . STAHR II was a prospective cohort study in which community-recruited PWID who had injected at least once in the prior month (actively injecting) were enrolled in 2012-2014, and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f followed for two years through semi-annual follow-up visits to determine the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), HIV, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among PWID in San Diego, CA. Interviews collected information about potential correlates and known risk factors for OLD including socio-demographics (i.e., age, gender, race/ethnicity, homelessness), smoking status, lifetime and recent drug use and injection behaviors, symptoms and previous diagnosis of respiratory illness, and healthcare utilization.
      cache = ./cache/cord-332652-wm9krxve.txt
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         id = cord-341832-uskyldv0
     author = Miravitlles, Marc
      title = Tratamiento farmacológico de las agudizaciones infecciosas de la EPOC
       date = 2007-12-31
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 5083
  sentences = 439
     flesch = 48
    summary = Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are frequent and potentially serious episodes that permanently affect patients' quality of life and lung function. Sin embargo, conviene recordar que los pacientes que participaron en dicho estudio tenían una EPOC moderada-grave, con un valor medio de volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (FEV 1 ) de tan sólo un 33%; por este motivo sus resultados no pueden CURSO DE ENFERMEDAD PULMONAR OBSTRUCTIVA CRÓNICA (EPOC) UNIDAD 3. Drug treatment of acute infective exacerbations of COPD aplicarse a los pacientes con función pulmonar normal o próxima a la normalidad, incluso aunque presenten una agudización de tipo I o II (con 3 o 2 de los síntomas antes enumerados, respectivamente). Por último, las nuevas fluoroquinolonas también han demostrado una mayor rapidez de resolución de los síntomas en pacientes con EPOC y un FEV 1 menor del 50% 44 .
      cache = ./cache/cord-341832-uskyldv0.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-341832-uskyldv0.txt
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         id = cord-319163-d1oj15cw
     author = Lee, Jinju
      title = The Role of Autophagy in Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation
       date = 2019-02-04
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4082
  sentences = 239
     flesch = 35
    summary = Genetic variant in the autophagy gene ATG5 is associated with asthma pathogenesis, and autophagy regulates apoptotic pathways in epithelial cells in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For example, formation of double-membrane autophagosomes in fibroblasts from severe asthmatic patients has been observed by electron microscopy (18, 19) , and genetic variants of the autophagy gene Atg5 are associated with promotion of airway remodeling and loss of lung function in childhood asthma (20) . Eosinophils are a major type of inflammatory cell that play an important role in airway inflammatory diseases, including asthma (21) (22) (23) . Although evidence suggests that autophagy and eosinophils play important roles in immune responses and airway inflammation, few studies have examined the association between autophagy and eosinophils in inflammatory diseases. Eosinophilic airway inflammation: role in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      cache = ./cache/cord-319163-d1oj15cw.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-319163-d1oj15cw.txt
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         id = cord-338907-5l6rsa94
     author = Choi, Juwhan
      title = The association between blood eosinophil percent and bacterial infection in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
       date = 2019-05-06
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 2999
  sentences = 182
     flesch = 43
    summary = title: The association between blood eosinophil percent and bacterial infection in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eosinophils have been studied as biomarkers of bacterial infection and prognostic factors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and AECOPD. 3 The global initiatives for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) guideline recommend the use of antibiotics when a bacterial infection is suspected in events of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). This study was the first to analyze whether bacterial infections can be differentiated based on the eosinophil percent of 2% in AECOPD patients in Korea. Although these studies were not conducted for COPD patients, it was reported that respiratory viral infections showed various cytokines and eosinophil activation depending on the type of virus. 31 In this study, patients with diseases that could affect eosinophil were initially excluded and the use of inhaled corticosteroids or oral steroid was analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis.
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         id = cord-326834-eeldyj2u
     author = Graziani, Desirée
      title = Characteristics and Prognosis of COVID-19 in Patients with COPD
       date = 2020-10-12
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4367
  sentences = 210
     flesch = 46
    summary = Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have a higher prevalence of coronary ischemia and other factors that put them at risk for COVID-19-related complications. Several observational and case-control studies have confirmed a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in COPD patients than in the general population, possibly due to the coexistence of common risk factors or an associated pathogenic mechanism [11] . Subsequently, a systematic review and meta-analysis showed that, although the prevalence of COPD in COVID-19 cases was low, SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with high rates of severity and mortality in patients with COPD [20] . Most patients admitted for COVID-19 presented pulmonary infiltrates compatible with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and, in some cases, with associated heart failure; this finding markedly differed from patients with COPD exacerbation due to other viral causes.
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-323468-xn7anxj6
     author = Olloquequi, Jordi
      title = COVID‐19 Susceptibility in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
       date = 2020-08-11
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4155
  sentences = 220
     flesch = 45
    summary = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death and disability globally, characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway inflammation and/or alveolar abnormalities 10 . All rights reserved are associated to impaired lung function and risk of developing COPD 42-44 , it has also been demonstrated that people born with a diminished airway function are more likely to suffer COPD symptoms and subsequent viral infections [45] [46] [47] . In any case, there is no doubt that subjects who develop COPD are at an increased risk of suffering respiratory infections, a matter of importance in the context of COVID-19 pandemics. Increased cytokine response of rhinovirus-infected airway epithelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease DPP4, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Receptor, is Upregulated in Lungs of Smokers and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients
      cache = ./cache/cord-323468-xn7anxj6.txt
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         id = cord-335597-anrzcsrt
     author = nan
      title = 44. Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie
       date = 2020-10-26
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 14629
  sentences = 921
     flesch = 49
    summary = Conclusions: In this study assessing the prognostic relevance of pulmonary exercise hemodynamics in patients with systemic sclerosis, PVR and TPR at peak exercise as well as mPAP/CO-slope and TPG/CO-slope turned out as age-independent predictors of all-cause mortality. Later-line treatment with lorlatinib in ALKand ROS1-rearrangement-positive NSCLC: a retrospective, multicenter analysis Background: Anti-fibrotic medication is effective in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILD), but a subgroup of fibrotic ILD patients also benefits from immunomodulatory therapies. Methods: HRCT of 127 subsequent single-center ILDboard patients (mean age 65 (standard deviation 14) years, 65 % male), were evaluated for radiological findings considered noninflammatory (reticulation including honeycombing (RET), traction bronchiectasis (TBR), emphysema (EMP)) or active inflammatory (consolidations (CON), ground glass opacities (GGO), noduli (NDL), mosaic attenuation (MOS)) in 6 distinct lung regions.
      cache = ./cache/cord-335597-anrzcsrt.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-335597-anrzcsrt.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-342476-0rupk21u
     author = van Rijn, Anneloes L.
      title = The respiratory virome and exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
       date = 2019-10-24
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4036
  sentences = 220
     flesch = 44
    summary = The sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of mNGS were calculated based on 24 PCR positive and 1120 PCR negative target results of 88 samples and the normalized read counts (Table 5 ). The following markers were tested for potential associations with clinical severity of exacerbation (exacerbation severity, self-reported exacerbation severity), length of exacerbation and a decrease/increase in FEV 1 (control visit compared to baseline): mNGS pathogen positive versus negative exacerbation (qPCR targets), the number of normalized reads (log, cutoff of �5normalized reads) for the different target viruses (species level). The Shannon diversity scores for bacteriophages (normalized reads, cut-off of �5normalized reads) were comparable for COPD exacerbations of viral aetiology in PCR positive versus negative patients (Fig 5) . In this study, the respiratory virome in patients with COPD exacerbations was analysed with both mNGS and qPCR, and combined with clinical data.
      cache = ./cache/cord-342476-0rupk21u.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-342476-0rupk21u.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-344835-iivry1ou
     author = Tsoumakidou, Maria
      title = Novel insights into the aetiology and pathophysiology of increased airway inflammation during COPD exacerbations
       date = 2006-05-22
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 5058
  sentences = 261
     flesch = 31
    summary = A significant number of studies in stable COPD patients suggest that airway bacterial infections are associated with increased airway inflammation (18) (19) (20) (21) . Soler et al used protected specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage sampling to determine inflammatory cell counts, levels of cytokines concentrations and microbial patterns in stable COPD patients and found that increased neutrophils and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) levels may be related to bronchial colonization [18] . The group of J Wedzicha showed that viral infections might be implicated in the mechanisms of increased airway and possibly systemic inflammation during COPD exacerbations. Haemophilus influenzae from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation induce more inflammation than colonizers Airway inflammation and bronchial microbial patterns in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute respiratory illness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases Airway inflammation during stable and acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      cache = ./cache/cord-344835-iivry1ou.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-344835-iivry1ou.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-345517-ji4cet51
     author = Duarte de Araújo, António Manuel Silva
      title = Copd: will there be room for nebulisers after the current covid-19 pandemic?
       date = 2020-09-16
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 1338
  sentences = 73
     flesch = 45
    summary = They are not regularly recommended for chronic disease management in COPD, because there is no evidence of superiority of nebulisers in patients who are able to use portable inhaler devices properly.6 However, when prescribed, patients are usually satisfied with nebulised therapy, and it is often preferred by those who have been recently hospitalised. In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, high doses of nebulised budesonide during hospitalisation, seemed to be non-inferior to systemic corticosteroids, in the treatment of COPD acute exacerbations.9 Nebulised corticosteroids can also be preferable versus oral prednisolone in patients with diabetes mellitus or with heart failure, because of the mineralocorticoid effects and fluid retention related to systemic corticosteroids. A subgroup of COPD patients is known to present chronic bronchial infection, and the use of antibiotics can be associated with reduction of bacterial load.10 Low doses of nebulised antibiotics can provide higher tissue concentration with fewer bacterial-resistance related issues.
      cache = ./cache/cord-345517-ji4cet51.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-345517-ji4cet51.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-349647-cfjrwt44
     author = Girkin, Jason
      title = Chapter 8 In vivo experimental models of infection and disease
       date = 2019-12-31
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 12472
  sentences = 659
     flesch = 35
    summary = However, the recognition that RV infection is associated with more severe clinical manifestations in people with chronic lung diseases such as asthma and COPD provided a new impetus to research and a new direction to human experimental infection studies. 166 These studies extend the use of RV infection in mice to new areas, including mechanisms of early life infection susceptibility, to mechanisms of secondary bacterial infection/compromised antimicrobial immunity and experimental exploration of clinical risk factors associated with increased likelihood to develop virus-induced exacerbations of respiratory diseases. 190 In the same elastase-induced model, fluticasone proprionate treatment reduced IFN responses, increased viral load, suppressed airway immune cell numbers (lymphocytes and neutrophils), suppressed inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNFα), and increased mucus production, following RV-A1 exacerbation. Human experimental RV challenge studies have shed light on the biology of RV infection and the mechanisms associated with RV-induced exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases.
      cache = ./cache/cord-349647-cfjrwt44.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-349647-cfjrwt44.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-344889-1y4ieamp
     author = Cameron, Robert J.
      title = Virus infection in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring ventilation
       date = 2006-05-24
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4309
  sentences = 242
     flesch = 46
    summary = OBJECTIVES: We aimed to characterise and quantify the incidence of common infectious agents in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring ventilation, with a focus on respiratory viruses. Abstract Objectives: We aimed to characterise and quantify the incidence of common infectious agents in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring ventilation, with a focus on respiratory viruses. Of these, influenza types A and B (Inf A, B), parainfluenza types 1, 2 and 3 (Para 1, 2, 3), rhinovirus (RV), adenovirus (AV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronavirus (CoV) [11, 12] and, less commonly, human metapneumovirus (hMPV) [13] , and enterovirus (EV) [14, 15] have been shown to play significant roles in airway infections. A probable virus pathogen was found in 46 cases (43%) and a probable bacterial aetiology was found in 25 cases (23%) in this study of ventilated COPD exacerbation patients.
      cache = ./cache/cord-344889-1y4ieamp.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-344889-1y4ieamp.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-349807-ar77cnsa
     author = Rouadi, Philip W.
      title = Immunopathological features of air pollution and its impact on inflammatory airway diseases (IAD)
       date = 2020-10-05
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 8635
  sentences = 467
     flesch = 32
    summary = 79 InIn-vivovivo studies in both human and animal models suggest pollutant exposure induces inflammatory changes in normal, chronically diseased and allergic nasal and sinonasal tissues ( Table 1 ). 160 Moreover, in vitro studies suggest air pollution may suppress innate and adaptive immunity and increases susceptibility to bacterial and viral respiratory infections in both human and animal clinical models, following short-or long-term exposure (see Table 2 ). 161 Also, in vitro Rrhinovirus (RV) 16 infectivity following nitrogen oxide and ozone exposure in human respiratory epithelial cells Loss of low-level DEP-exposed MDMf along their differentiation into macrophages likely due to dysfunctional (loss of mitochondrial membrane electrical potential and lysosomal function) and phenotypic (TLRmediated reduction in CD14 and CD11 surface marker expression) structural changes in MDMf of healthy exposed individuals. We reviewed evidence for the involvement of oxidative stress pathways and their nature in healthy individuals and patients with inflammatory airway diseases following exposure to a spectrum of important chemical, allergic and infectious air contaminants.
      cache = ./cache/cord-349807-ar77cnsa.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-349807-ar77cnsa.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-343607-yu5n9eur
     author = Wesseling, Geertjan
      title = Occasional review: Influenza in COPD: pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment
       date = 2007-03-17
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 3633
  sentences = 206
     flesch = 45
    summary = Influenza viruses cause respiratory tract infections that in patients with underlying lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with exacerbations and excess morbidity and mortality. Viral infections including infl uenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and many other viruses are important causes of exacerbations, excess morbidity and mortality in COPD (Wedzicha 2004; Wilkinson et al 2006) . Considering the infl uence of different respiratory viruses in stable COPD and the important role of viral infections in exacerbations, vaccination is a potentially effective way to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by exacerbations. In a randomized clinical trial, Wongsurakiat and colleagues (2004) demonstrated that infl uenza vaccination is highly effective in the prevention of acute respiratory illness related to infl uenza virus infection, regardless of severity of COPD, comorbid diseases, age, gender, or smoking status.
      cache = ./cache/cord-343607-yu5n9eur.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-343607-yu5n9eur.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-331895-3srslmgk
     author = Jacobs, M.
      title = Increased expression of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, in alveolar and bronchial epithelium of smokers and COPD subjects
       date = 2020-06-02
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 4897
  sentences = 281
     flesch = 53
    summary = Objectives: We investigated the expression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry receptor ACE2 and the protease TMPRSS2 in lung tissue from never smokers and smokers with and without COPD. Results: ACE2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in lung tissue from current smokers and subjects with moderate to very severe COPD and correlated with physiological parameters of airway obstruction and emphysema. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.27.20114298 doi: medRxiv preprint ACE2 protein levels are increased in alveolar tissue and bronchial epithelium of smokers and COPD subjects. We clearly demonstrate an increased pulmonary expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 in smokers and COPD subjects at both mRNA and protein level, by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.27.20114298 doi: medRxiv preprint By quantification of the ACE2 IHC staining, we demonstrate increased protein levels of ACE2 in both alveolar and bronchial epithelium of current smokers and patients with moderate and (very) severe COPD.
      cache = ./cache/cord-331895-3srslmgk.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-331895-3srslmgk.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-022633-fr55uod6
     author = nan
      title = SAEM Abstracts, Plenary Session
       date = 2012-04-26
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 147405
  sentences = 8927
     flesch = 54
    summary = Staff satisfaction was evaluated through pre/ post-shift and study surveys; administrative data (physician initial assessment (PIA), length of stay (LOS), patients leaving without being seen (LWBS) and against medical advice [LAMA] ) were collected from an electronic, real-time ED information system. Communication Background: The link between extended shift lengths, sleepiness, and occupational injury or illness has been shown, in other health care populations, to be an important and preventable public health concern but heretofore has not been fully described in emergency medical services (EMS Objectives: To assess the effect of an ED-based computer screening and referral intervention for IPV victims and to determine what characteristics resulted in a positive change in their safety. Objectives: Using data from longitudinal surveys by the American Board of Emergency Medicine, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate if resident self-assessments of performance in required competencies improve over the course of graduate medical training and in the years following.
      cache = ./cache/cord-022633-fr55uod6.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-022633-fr55uod6.txt
=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-355038-o2hr5mox
     author = nan
      title = Proceedings of Réanimation 2020, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress
       date = 2020-02-11
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 102485
  sentences = 7028
     flesch = 52
    summary = Conclusion: In patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS, a higher tidal volume under PSV within the 72 h following neuromuscular blockers cessation is independently associated with the 28-day mortality.Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of survival according to the mean tidal volume (Vt)-lower of higher than 8 ml/ kg-under pressure support ventilation (PSV) during the "transition period" transfusion is associated with adverse events, and equipoise remains on the optimal transfusion strategy in oncologic patients in surgical setting. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Patients and methods: In a retrospective monocentric study (01/2013-01/2017) conducted in cardio-vascular surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in Henri Mondor teaching hospital, all consecutive adult patients who underwent peripheral VA-ECMO were included, with exclusion of those dying in the first 24 h. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Rationale: Acute respiratory failure is the leading reason for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in immunocompromised patients and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation has become a major clinical end-point in randomized controlled trials (RCT).
      cache = ./cache/cord-355038-o2hr5mox.txt
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=== reduce.pl bib ===
         id = cord-005814-ak5pq312
     author = nan
      title = 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts
       date = 1995
      pages = 
  extension = .txt
       mime = text/plain
      words = 179164
  sentences = 12028
     flesch = 56
    summary = Results: In 5 patients with treated SS, 16 tests were performed (VL n=8; Dobu n=4; NA n=4 Method: Septic shock was defined as severe sepsis with either persistent hypotension (mean arterial pressure; MAP<70 mmHg) or the requirement for a noradrenaline (NA) infusion ~> 0.1 ~g/kg/min with a MAP _< 90mmHg. Cardiovascular support was limited to NA + dobutamine (DB), 546C88 was administered for up to 8 h at a fixed dose-rate of either i, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/h iv. Methods: Fourteen cases were s~udied,their gestational age ranged from(27-32)ws.Continnous positive air way pressure was applied to six cases at Peep level from (3-6)cm H2o through nasal pronge,(group I),the other 8 cases were managed as routine,(group II).Blood gases, TcPO2,TcCo2,resp.rate,depth and pattern were monitored for assessment of tissue Oxygenation and ventilation, Results: Our rasults showed that early application of CPAP improve ventilation among (83.3%)of cases,while (16.7%)of cases need IMV.The cases of group II need IMV among (75%)of the studied cases during the second or the third day of life.
      cache = ./cache/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt
       txt  = ./txt/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt
===== Reducing email addresses
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===== Reducing parts of speech
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                number of items: 125
                   sum of words: 1,446,761
          average size in words: 12,260
      average readability score: 44

                          nouns: patients; lung; disease; study; asthma; results; cells; infection; exacerbations; treatment; airway; group; methods; data; age; years; cell; care; studies; risk; levels; time; expression; function; analysis; patient; mortality; subjects; children; days; use; blood; response; hospital; therapy; inflammation; symptoms; infections; groups; cases; effects; conclusion; role; exacerbation; rate; factors; control; effect; diagnosis; ventilation
                          verbs: used; increasing; associated; include; compared; showed; following; reduces; induced; performed; determining; report; assessed; identified; requiring; found; measuring; suggesting; based; related; develop; improved; received; provides; treat; decreased; presenting; caused; evaluated; leads; aimed; predicted; resulting; obtained; detect; remains; occur; collected; considered; demonstrated; observed; control; studied; investigated; involved; supported; made; examined; admitted; undergoing
                     adjectives: pulmonary; respiratory; chronic; acute; clinical; obstructive; severe; significant; non; viral; high; inflammatory; human; higher; mean; positive; epithelial; lower; bacterial; common; important; low; different; immune; medical; primary; normal; first; early; patient; new; healthy; current; specific; stable; similar; major; total; small; bronchial; cardiac; initial; several; recent; post; therapeutic; median; many; greater; negative
                        adverbs: also; however; significantly; well; respectively; often; therefore; prior; nt; even; cantly; less; previously; clinically; statistically; especially; commonly; recently; particularly; furthermore; frequently; currently; highly; potentially; critically; usually; alone; still; now; directly; relatively; mainly; least; approximately; overall; rather; prospectively; later; moreover; independently; finally; generally; together; successfully; poorly; almost; yet; subsequently; long; never
                       pronouns: we; it; their; our; they; its; i; them; he; she; his; us; her; you; itself; your; themselves; one; him; me; my; il-1β; s; mg; himself; interleukin-10; em; yourself; ya; tv/; tnfrt; thee; t; splunc1; p~; predicted(range; p110a; p.dligh]cine; ours; ol!guria; mr/; iw; il-15rα; igg1; hom'~; hmw2; hav~; haecs; fhe; etco~.
                   proper nouns: COPD; ED; ICU; NIV; CI; signifi; CF; CT; PCR; FEV; II; Hospital; C; A; fi; IL-6; Health; SARS; T; RV; COVID-19; ±; mg; FEV1; CO; HRV; L; fl; Methods; TB; D; ed; Group; ARDS; AECOPD; infl; B; University; Disease; S; IPF; Chronic; ASM; Care; RSV; IV; Confl; CoV-2; M; Australia
                       keywords: copd; patient; cell; lung; study; result; increase; exacerbation; disease; airway; asthma; asm; pulmonary; method; respiratory; hrv; covid-19; nil; fev; sars; interest; pcr; infection; il-6; hospital; fev1; chronic; aecopd; osa; ipf; group; acute; virus; obstructive; niv; lps; icu; care; vitamin; treatment; mortality; macrophage; level; ifn; hiv; day; university; smoker; rsv; ros

       one topic; one dimension: patients
                        file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5491572/
                      titles(s): Th17 profile in COPD exacerbations

    three topics; one dimension: copd; patients; patients
                        file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169099/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095534/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169102/
                      titles(s): Cystic Fibrosis SIG: Poster Session | 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts | Lung Cancer/Bronchology SIGs: Combined Poster Session

  five topics; three dimensions: patients results methods; copd lung asthma; patients group icu; patients copd disease; copd patients disease
                        file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169216/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7588592/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095534/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7011477/, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300289607740061
                      titles(s): Oeld/Population Health SIG: Poster Session | Progress in the mechanism and targeted drug therapy for COPD | 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts | Working with patients suffering from chronic diseases can be a balancing act for health care professionals - a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies | Tratamiento farmacológico de las agudizaciones infecciosas de la EPOC

      Type: cord
     title: keyword-copd-cord
      date: 2021-05-24
      time: 22:44
  username: emorgan
    patron: Eric Morgan
     email: emorgan@nd.edu
     input: keywords:copd
==== make-pages.sh htm files
==== make-pages.sh complex files
==== make-pages.sh named enities
==== making bibliographics
         id: cord-310304-f28tjmi8
     author: Alcendor, Donald J.
      title: Racial Disparities-Associated COVID-19 Mortality among Minority Populations in the US
       date: 2020-07-30
      words: 7719.0
  sentences: 366.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 41.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-310304-f28tjmi8.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-310304-f28tjmi8.txt
    summary: Maintaining glycemic control in COVID-19 patients is essential, as hyperglycemia could affect pulmonary function, the immune response to infection, and the development of the pro-inflammatory cytokine storm associated with more severe clinical disease ( Figure 1 ). Patients who clinically present with normal or high blood pressure may be subject to undue complications related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Patients who clinically present with normal or high blood pressure may be subject to undue complications related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 the ACE2 protein serves as the entry receptor for the virus and is internalized in the endosome with SARS-CoV-2 during membrane fusion and uptake by Hypothetical model of uncontrolled blood pressure in patients with hypertension and increased risk for complications due to COVID-19. Longstanding health disparities such as diabetes, hypertension, CVD, and pulmonary disease among minority populations in the US may serve to predispose these communities to SARS-CoV-2 infection and increased risk for clinically severe COVID-19.
   abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a betacoronavirus that causes the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is highly transmissible and pathogenic for humans and may cause life-threatening disease and mortality, especially in individuals with underlying comorbidities. First identified in an outbreak in Wuhan, China, COVID-19 is affecting more than 185 countries and territories around the world, with more than 15,754,651 confirmed cases and more than 640,029 deaths. Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 transmission has become a global threat, which includes confirmed cases in all 50 states within the United States (US). As of 25 July 2020, the Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering Center for Systems Science and Engineering reports more than 4,112,651 cases and 145,546 deaths. To date, health disparities are associated with COVID-19 mortality among underserved populations. Here, the author explores potential underlying reasons for reported disproportionate, increased risks of mortality among African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos with COVID-19 compared with non-Hispanic Whites. The author examines the underlying clinical implications that may predispose minority populations and the adverse clinical outcomes that may contribute to increased risk of mortality. Government and community-based strategies to safeguard minority populations at risk for increased morbidity and mortality are essential. Underserved populations living in poverty with limited access to social services across the US are more likely to have underlying medical conditions and are among the most vulnerable. Societal and cultural barriers for ethnic minorities to achieve health equity are systemic issues that may be addressed only through shifts in governmental policies, producing long-overdue, substantive changes to end health care inequities.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32751633/
        doi: 10.3390/jcm9082442

         id: cord-291639-hioh2s35
     author: Alfredo, Potena
      title: Pathophysiology of viral-induced exacerbations of COPD
       date: 2007-12-17
      words: 4434.0
  sentences: 205.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 34.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-291639-hioh2s35.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-291639-hioh2s35.txt
    summary: Many epidemiological and clinical studies have suggested a role for respiratory viral infections in the natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly during their exacerbations highlighting the need for development of effective vaccines and/or treatment for these viruses. In this review we will provide an overview of the relationship between respiratory virus infection and the molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of airway infl ammation in COPD exacerbations. It has been postulated that bacterial colonization could contribute to increased susceptibility to viral infection in COPD patients for example by increasing ICAM-1 expression in bronchial epithelial cells either directly or through induced infl ammation (Sajjan et al 2006) . Despite growing clinical evidence for a role of respiratory viral infections in the pathogenesis of COPD exacerbations, the precise mechanisms of respiratory virus-induced airway infl ammation and of host defenses against respiratory viruses are poorly understood (Johnston 2005) .
   abstract: Inflammation of the lower airways is a central feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Inflammatory responses are associated with an increased expression of a cascade of proteins including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, enzymes, adhesion molecules and receptors. In most cases the increased expression of these proteins is the result of enhanced gene transcription: many of these genes are not expressed in normal cells under resting conditions but they are induced in the inflammatory process in a cell-specific manner. Transcription factors regulate the expression of many pro-inflammatory genes and play a key role in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation. Many studies have suggested a role for viral infections as a causative agent of COPD exacerbations. In this review we will focus our attention on the relationship between common respiratory viral infections and the molecular and inflammatory mechanisms that lead to COPD exacerbation.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18268922/
        doi: nan

         id: cord-312338-r6jqmes3
     author: Althani, Asma
      title: Characterisation of winter respiratory viral infections in patients with asthma and COPD in Qatar
       date: 2012-12-14
      words: 2420.0
  sentences: 140.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 53.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-312338-r6jqmes3.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-312338-r6jqmes3.txt
    summary: This study aimed to identify the most common viral strains responsible for respiratory tract infections in asthma/COPD patients (without exacerbations) in Qatar during the winter season (2008) (2009) . This study aimed to identify the most common viral strains responsible for respiratory tract infections in asthma/COPD patients (without exacerbations) in Qatar during the winter season (2008) (2009) . carried out a study in the UK to investigate the role of viral infections in acute exacerbations of asthma in schoolchildren, and they reported that the most commonly identified virus type in this population was rhinovirus [3] . During October 2008-March 2009, adults with COPD or asthma, seeking care at the Chest clinic of the Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar, with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection were eligible for participation. Our study is the first in Qatar to analyse the clinical aetiology of respiratory tract viral infections in adult patients from all age groups with asthma or COPD.
   abstract: Respiratory viruses in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma have not been characterised in Qatar. This study aimed to identify the most common viral strains responsible for respiratory tract infections in asthma/COPD patients (without exacerbations) in Qatar during the winter season (2008-2009). Nasal swabs from patients with asthma/COPD and respiratory symptoms were evaluated for 15 common viruses. 200 adult patients (190 with asthma and 10 with COPD) were enrolled. Viral infections were present in 36 out of 200 patients (18 %). Cough and wheezing were the most common symptoms. Rhinovirus was the most common causative agent, followed by coronaviruses. Our findings confirm previous reports of rhinovirus prevalence in respiratory tract infections in asthma/COPD. A countrywide survey to confirm our findings is warranted.
        url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1576-4
        doi: 10.1007/s00705-012-1576-4

         id: cord-280348-vrnxucye
     author: Argano, Christiano
      title: Pattern of comorbidities and 1-year mortality in elderly patients with COPD hospitalized in internal medicine wards: data from the RePoSI Registry
       date: 2020-07-27
      words: 4641.0
  sentences: 257.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 39.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-280348-vrnxucye.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-280348-vrnxucye.txt
    summary: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents an important leading cause of morbidity and mortality with high economic and social costs: according to the WHO, COPD is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide, and it is estimated to be the third by 2020; furthermore, the global burden of COPD is expected to increase in the coming years, due to the prevalence of smoking and aging of the world population [1] . The following clinical characteristics were evaluated: respiratory and non-respiratory disease distribution at hospital admission (according to International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision); cognitive status and mood disorders (by the Short-Blessed-Test [SBT] [9] and the Geriatric-Depression-Scale [GDS] [10] ,respectively; performance in activities of daily living at hospital admission (measured by means of the Barthel Index [BI] [11] ; severity and comorbidity index(assessed by the Cumulative-Illness-Rating-Scale CIRS-s and CIRS-c, respectively) [12] , glomerular filtration rate (using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration-formula [13] ), length of hospital stay, drugs prescriptions (at admission, discharge, at 3 and 12 months follow-up), destination at discharge, in-hospital and 3-month and 1-year mortality rate.
   abstract: Currently, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents the fourth cause of death worldwide with significant economic burden. Comorbidities increase in number and severity with age and are identified as important determinants that influence the prognosis. In this observational study, we retrospectively analyzed data collected from the RePoSI register. We aimed to investigate comorbidities and outcomes in a cohort of hospitalized elderly patients with the clinical diagnosis of COPD. Socio-demographic, clinical characteristics and laboratory findings were considered. The association between variables and in-hospital, 3-month and 1-year follow-up were analyzed. Among 4696 in-patients, 932 (19.8%) had a diagnosis of COPD. Patients with COPD had more hospitalization, a significant overt cognitive impairment, a clinically significant disability and more depression in comparison with non-COPD subjects. COPD patients took more drugs, both at admission, in-hospital stay, discharge and 3-month and 1-year follow-up. 14 comorbidities were more frequent in COPD patients. Cerebrovascular disease was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. At 3-month follow-up, male sex and hepatic cirrhosis were independently associated with mortality. ICS-LABA therapy was predictor of mortality at in-hospital, 3-month and 1-year follow-up. This analysis showed the severity of impact of COPD and its comorbidities in the real life of internal medicine and geriatric wards. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11739-020-02412-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32720248/
        doi: 10.1007/s11739-020-02412-1

         id: cord-313431-swkcdvx8
     author: Becerra-Diaz, Mireya
      title: Androgen and Androgen Receptors as Regulators of Monocyte and Macrophage Biology in the Healthy and Diseased Lung
       date: 2020-08-07
      words: 14972.0
  sentences: 789.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 40.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-313431-swkcdvx8.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-313431-swkcdvx8.txt
    summary: The opposite effects seen in different inflammatory contexts highlight the need for a deeper and broader study of the androgen/ARmediated modulation of monocytes and macrophages, as these cells participate in both the initial and late phases of immune responses in a variety of diseases. Studies of androgen receptor function in human monocytes and macrophages have focused primarily on the roles of male sex and sex hormones in promoting atherosclerotic foam cell formation (196) and inhibiting cutaneous wound healing (186, 215) . There is a paucity of literature regarding how introducing or depleting exogenous sex hormones (such as in female-to-male transgender individuals receiving testosterone supplementation or women with estrogen blockade) affects the function of blood monocytes and lung macrophages in men and women with asthma. Modulation of monocyte and macrophage function mediated by the interaction of androgen and AR has been examined mostly by correlative studies in humans following lifespan changes in sex hormones or using hormonal manipulation in mouse models of lung disease.
   abstract: Androgens, the predominant male sex hormones, drive the development and maintenance of male characteristics by binding to androgen receptor (AR). As androgens are systemically distributed throughout the whole organism, they affect many tissues and cell types in addition to those in male sexual organs. It is now clear that the immune system is a target of androgen action. In the lungs, many immune cells express ARs and are responsive to androgens. In this review, we describe the effects of androgens and ARs on lung myeloid immune cells—monocytes and macrophages—as they relate to health and disease. In particular, we highlight the effect of androgens on lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung fibrosis. We also discuss the therapeutic use of androgens and how circulating androgens correlate with lung disease. In addition to human studies, we also discuss how mouse models have helped to uncover the effect of androgens on monocytes and macrophages in lung disease. Although the role of estrogen and other female hormones has been broadly analyzed in the literature, we focus on the new perspectives of androgens as modulators of the immune system that target myeloid cells during lung inflammation.
        url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01698
        doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01698

         id: cord-256224-qprj8vlc
     author: Boixeda, R.
      title: Is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease a protective factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection? The importance of bronchodilator treatment()
       date: 2020-09-26
      words: 1402.0
  sentences: 89.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 50.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-256224-qprj8vlc.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-256224-qprj8vlc.txt
    summary: In a systematic review of infections in patients with COPD that required hospital admission, it was observed that the rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza virus were the most prevalent agents, followed by parainfluenza and coronavirus. We have analyzed the prevalence of COPD in patients treated for COVID-19 in our center, specifically evaluating their baseline treatment with inhalers as a potential protective factor against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the use of tiotropium was significantly lower in patients with COPD who had been hospitalized for COVID-19 in relation to other cohorts of patients with stable COPD and without SARS-CoV-2 infection and controlled in primary care (12% vs. Members of the COCOHMAT (COhorte COvid del Hospital de MATaró) Group Table 1 Treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and anticholinergics in patients with COPD in series of patients hospitalized due to SARS-CoV-2, severe exacerbation of COPD, and patients in the stable phase (primary care)
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2254887420300965?v=s5
        doi: 10.1016/j.rceng.2020.07.004

         id: cord-328829-yywxmioq
     author: Boixeda, Ramon
      title: Microbiological study of patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD) and the usefulness of analytical and clinical parameters in its identification (VIRAE study)
       date: 2012-05-25
      words: 3823.0
  sentences: 207.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 41.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-328829-yywxmioq.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-328829-yywxmioq.txt
    summary: title: Microbiological study of patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD) and the usefulness of analytical and clinical parameters in its identification (VIRAE study) The etiology of the respiratory infection was studied by conventional sputum, paired serology tests for atypical bacteria, and viral diagnostic techniques (immunochromatography, immunofluorescence, cell culture, and molecular biology techniques). The aims of our study were to identify the etiology of respiratory infections in patients hospitalized for AE-COPD using different diagnostic tests and to evaluate the usefulness of the clinical and analytical parameters of the diagnostic process. Identification was made based on the respiratory infection and dyspnea admission diagnoses from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) 19,20 (491, 492, 493, 496, 518.81, 464, 465, 466, 519.11, 786 .0), excluding the patients who had a known cause of respiratory failure that was different from infectious exacerbation (heart failure, pulmonary thromboembolism, pneumonia).
   abstract: PURPOSE: Respiratory infection is the most common cause for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD). The aim of this work was to study the etiology of the respiratory infection in order to assess the usefulness of the clinical and analytical parameters used for COPD identification. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 132 patients over a period of 2 years. The etiology of the respiratory infection was studied by conventional sputum, paired serology tests for atypical bacteria, and viral diagnostic techniques (immunochromatography, immunofluorescence, cell culture, and molecular biology techniques). We grouped the patients into four groups based on the pathogens isolated (bacterial versus. viral, known etiology versus unknown etiology) and compared the groups. RESULTS: A pathogen was identified in 48 patients. The pathogen was identified through sputum culture in 34 patients, seroconversion in three patients, and a positive result from viral techniques in 14 patients. No significant differences in identifying etiology were observed in the clinical and analytical parameters within the different groups. The most cost-effective tests were the sputum test and the polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSION: Based on our experience, clinical and analytical parameters are not useful for the etiological identification of COPD exacerbations. Diagnosing COPD exacerbation is difficult, with the conventional sputum test for bacterial etiology and molecular biology techniques for viral etiology providing the most profitability. Further studies are necessary to identify respiratory syndromes or analytical parameters that can be used to identify the etiology of new AE-COPD cases without the laborious diagnostic techniques.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745532/
        doi: 10.2147/copd.s30568

         id: cord-292231-vxaqizkj
     author: Bouquet, Jerome
      title: Microbial burden and viral exacerbations in a longitudinal multicenter COPD cohort
       date: 2020-03-30
      words: nan
  sentences: nan
      pages: 
     flesch: nan
      cache: 
        txt: 
    summary: 
   abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by frequent exacerbation phenotypes independent of disease stage. Increasing evidence shows that the microbiota plays a role in disease progression and severity, but long-term and international multicenter assessment of the variations in viral and bacterial communities as drivers of exacerbations are lacking. METHODS: Two-hundred severe COPD patients from Europe and North America were followed longitudinally for 3 years. We performed nucleic acid detection for 20 respiratory viruses and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to evaluate the bacterial microbiota in 1179 sputum samples collected at stable, acute exacerbation and follow-up visits. RESULTS: Similar viral and bacterial taxa were found in patients from the USA compared to Bulgaria and Czech Republic but their microbiome diversity was significantly different (P < 0.001) and did not impact exacerbation rates. Virus infection was strongly associated with exacerbation events (P < 5E-20). Human rhinovirus (13.1%), coronavirus (5.1%) and influenza virus (3.6%) constitute the top viral pathogens in triggering exacerbation. Moraxella and Haemophilus were 5-fold and 1.6-fold more likely to be the dominating microbiota during an exacerbation event. Presence of Proteobacteria such as Pseudomonas or Staphylococcus amongst others, were associated with exacerbation events (OR > 0.17; P < 0.02) but more strongly associated with exacerbation frequency (OR > 0.39; P < 4E-10), as confirmed by longitudinal variations and biotyping of the bacterial microbiota, and suggesting a role of the microbiota in sensitizing the lung. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights bacterial taxa in lung sensitization and viral triggers in COPD exacerbations. It provides a global overview of the diverse targets for drug development and explores new microbiome analysis methods to guide future patient management applications.
        url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01340-0
        doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-01340-0

         id: cord-344889-1y4ieamp
     author: Cameron, Robert J.
      title: Virus infection in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring ventilation
       date: 2006-05-24
      words: 4309.0
  sentences: 242.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 46.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-344889-1y4ieamp.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-344889-1y4ieamp.txt
    summary: OBJECTIVES: We aimed to characterise and quantify the incidence of common infectious agents in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring ventilation, with a focus on respiratory viruses. Abstract Objectives: We aimed to characterise and quantify the incidence of common infectious agents in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring ventilation, with a focus on respiratory viruses. Of these, influenza types A and B (Inf A, B), parainfluenza types 1, 2 and 3 (Para 1, 2, 3), rhinovirus (RV), adenovirus (AV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronavirus (CoV) [11, 12] and, less commonly, human metapneumovirus (hMPV) [13] , and enterovirus (EV) [14, 15] have been shown to play significant roles in airway infections. A probable virus pathogen was found in 46 cases (43%) and a probable bacterial aetiology was found in 25 cases (23%) in this study of ventilated COPD exacerbation patients.
   abstract: OBJECTIVES: We aimed to characterise and quantify the incidence of common infectious agents in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring ventilation, with a focus on respiratory viruses. DESIGN: An epidemiological study conducted over 3 years. SETTING: A 12-bed intensive care unit (ICU). PARTICIPANTS: ICU patients over 45 years of age with a primary diagnosis of COPD exacerbation requiring non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or ventilation via endotracheal tube (ETT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) and posterior pharyngeal swabs (PS) were tested for viruses with immunofluorescence assay (IFA), virus culture (VC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Paired virus and atypical pneumonia serology assays were taken. Blood, sputum and endotracheal aspirates were cultured for bacteria. RESULTS: 107 episodes in 105 patients were recorded. Twenty-three (21%) died within 28 days. A probable infectious aetiology was found in 69 patient episodes (64%). A virus was identified in 46 cases (43%), being the sole organism in 35 cases (33%) and part of a mixed infection in 11 cases (10%). A probable bacterial aetiology was found in 25 cases (23%). There was no statistically significant difference in clinical characteristics or outcomes between the group with virus infections and that without. CONCLUSION: Forty-six (43%) of the patients with COPD exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation had a probable viral pathogen. Prodromal, clinical and outcome parameters did not distinguish virus from non-virus illness. PCR was the most sensitive whilst virus culture was the least of virus assays. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The electronic reference of this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-006-0202-x. The online full-text version of this article includes electronic supplementary material. This material is available to authorised users and can be accessed by means of the ESM button beneath the abstract or in the structured full-text article. To cite or link to this article you can use the above reference.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16791664/
        doi: 10.1007/s00134-006-0202-x

         id: cord-001613-fsbemdry
     author: Chang, Chih-Hao
      title: Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein cannot differentiate bacterial or viral infection in COPD exacerbation requiring emergency department visits
       date: 2015-04-13
      words: 3717.0
  sentences: 225.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 42.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-001613-fsbemdry.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-001613-fsbemdry.txt
    summary: Bacterial colonization and viral respiratory pathogens play important roles in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 1,2 especially in patients requiring hospitalization. 13, 14 Whether serum inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) or PCT, can distinguish bacterial from viral infection or not in patients with COPD exacerbations requiring emergency department (ED) visits remains controversial. This study was conducted to clarify peripheral blood white blood cell (WBC) counts, PCT, and CRP levels, and their relationships with viral or bacterial pathogens, in COPD patients requiring ED visits for exacerbations. Medical records were reviewed and analyzed for the following data: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), medications used prior to the ED admission, clinical symptoms (worsened dyspnea, increased sputum volume and purulence, fever, cough, sore throat, and wheeze), family cluster of common cold symptoms, peripheral blood WBC count, serum CRP and PCT levels, spirometry, and hospital days of the current exacerbation.
   abstract: BACKGROUND: Viral and bacterial infections are the most common causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Whether serum inflammatory markers can differentiate bacterial from virus infection in patients with COPD exacerbation requiring emergency department (ED) visits remains controversial. METHODS: Viral culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to identify the viruses in the oropharynx of patients with COPD exacerbations. The bacteria were identified by the semiquantitative culture of the expectorated sputum. The peripheral blood white blood cell (WBC) counts, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and clinical symptoms were compared among patients with different types of infections. RESULTS: Viruses were isolated from 16 (22.2%) of the 72 patients enrolled. The most commonly identified viruses were parainfluenza type 3, influenza A, and rhinovirus. A total of 30 (41.7%) patients had positive bacterial cultures, with the most commonly found bacteria being Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Five patients (6.9%) had both positive sputum cultures and virus identification. The WBC, CRP, and PCT levels of the bacteria-positive and bacteria-negative groups were not statistically different. Multivariate analysis showed that patients with increased sputum volumes during the COPD exacerbations had higher risks of recurrent exacerbations in the 1-year period following the first exacerbation. CONCLUSION: WBC, CRP, or PCT could not differentiate between bacterial and viral infections in patients with COPD exacerbation requiring ED visits. Those with increased sputum during a COPD exacerbation had higher risks for recurrent exacerbations.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4403815/
        doi: 10.2147/copd.s76740

         id: cord-006452-mmdk2xom
     author: Chen, Jing
      title: Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases
       date: 2018-10-18
      words: 6605.0
  sentences: 361.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 38.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-006452-mmdk2xom.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-006452-mmdk2xom.txt
    summary: Nucleic acid-based therapeutics present huge potential in the treatment of pulmonary diseases ranging from lung cancer to asthma and chronic pulmonary diseases, which are often fatal and widely prevalent. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the nucleic acid application for pulmonary diseases, covering action mechanism of the nucleic acid drugs, the novel delivery systems, and the current formulation for the administration to lungs. To overcome these biological barriers, strategies like chemical modification, conjugation, vector encapsulation, and selection of administration route have been utilized to improve the delivery of nucleic acids to lungs. One direction for developing new drugs to treat asthma is to target central pathways to the pathogenesis of the disease, and nucleic acid-mediated therapies silencing the specific effector or the upstream regulator can be a potential approach. Nucleic acid drugs hold great promises as new classes of therapeutic agents for pulmonary diseases, and some candidates have entered into clinical trials (Table III) .
   abstract: Nucleic acid-based therapeutics present huge potential in the treatment of pulmonary diseases ranging from lung cancer to asthma and chronic pulmonary diseases, which are often fatal and widely prevalent. The susceptibility of nucleic acids to degradation and the complex structure of lungs retard the effective pulmonary delivery of nucleic acid drug. To overcome these barriers, different strategies have been exploited to increase the delivery efficiency using chemically synthesized nucleic acids, vector encapsulation, proper formulation, and administration route. However, several limitations regarding off-target effects and immune stimulation of nucleic acid drugs hamper their translation into the clinical practice. Therefore, their successful clinical application will ultimately rely on well-developed carriers and methods to ensure safety and efficacy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the nucleic acid application for pulmonary diseases, covering action mechanism of the nucleic acid drugs, the novel delivery systems, and the current formulation for the administration to lungs. The latest advances of nucleic acid drugs under clinical evaluation to treat pulmonary disorders will also be detailed.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101845/
        doi: 10.1208/s12249-018-1183-0

         id: cord-338907-5l6rsa94
     author: Choi, Juwhan
      title: The association between blood eosinophil percent and bacterial infection in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
       date: 2019-05-06
      words: 2999.0
  sentences: 182.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 43.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-338907-5l6rsa94.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-338907-5l6rsa94.txt
    summary: title: The association between blood eosinophil percent and bacterial infection in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eosinophils have been studied as biomarkers of bacterial infection and prognostic factors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and AECOPD. 3 The global initiatives for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) guideline recommend the use of antibiotics when a bacterial infection is suspected in events of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). This study was the first to analyze whether bacterial infections can be differentiated based on the eosinophil percent of 2% in AECOPD patients in Korea. Although these studies were not conducted for COPD patients, it was reported that respiratory viral infections showed various cytokines and eosinophil activation depending on the type of virus. 31 In this study, patients with diseases that could affect eosinophil were initially excluded and the use of inhaled corticosteroids or oral steroid was analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis.
   abstract: Introduction: The use of antibiotics is based on the clinician’s experience and judgment, and antibiotics may often be overused in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Eosinophils have been studied as biomarkers of bacterial infection and prognostic factors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and AECOPD. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether eosinophils could be used to determine bacterial infection in AECOPD events. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients admitted to Korea University Guro Hospital for AECOPD between January 2011 and May 2017. Data pertaining to baseline characteristics, results of previous pulmonary function tests, treatment information during the admission period, and history of pulmonary treatment were collected before admission. Results: A total of 736 AECOPD events were eligible for inclusion and were divided into two groups based on the eosinophil count: those involving eosinophil counts of less than 2% (546 events) and those involving counts of 2% or more (190 events). In univariate analysis, the only bacterial pathogen identification events and bacterial-viral pathogen co-identification events were significantly more frequent in the group with eosinophil counts of less than 2% (P=0.010 and P=0.001, respectively). In logistic regression analysis, the rates of only bacterial pathogen identification [odds ratios =1.744; 95% confidence interval, 1.107–2.749; P=0.017] and bacterial-viral pathogen co-identification [odds ratios=2.075; 95% confidence interval, 1.081–3.984; P=0.028] were higher in the group with eosinophil count less than 2%. Conclusion: In conclusion, eosinophil counts of less than 2% are potential indicators of a bacterial infection in AECOPD events. Eosinophils could thus serve as a reference for the use of antibiotics in AECOPD treatment.
        url: https://doi.org/10.2147/copd.s197361
        doi: 10.2147/copd.s197361

         id: cord-032831-mupxzffk
     author: Diehl, J.-L.
      title: Physiological effects of adding ECCO(2)R to invasive mechanical ventilation for COPD exacerbations
       date: 2020-09-29
      words: 5065.0
  sentences: 278.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 51.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-032831-mupxzffk.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-032831-mupxzffk.txt
    summary: We aimed to evaluate in such patients the effects of a low-to-middle extracorporeal blood flow device on both gas exchanges and dynamic hyperinflation, as well as on work of breathing (WOB) during the IMV weaning process. In the present study, we hypothesized that the addition of ECCO 2 R at the early phase of IMV could both improve gas exchanges and could also permit to diminish respiratory rate (RR), therefore, minimizing dynamic hyperinflation in AE-COPD patients. Accordingly, there was a decrease in native lungs'' CO 2 elimination, which, in conjunction with RR adjustment, permitted to improve arterial pH and to obtain a median absolute decrease in PaCO 2 of 19 mmHg. This could be beneficial at the early stage of IMV in AE COPD patients, mainly by minimizing the deleterious effects of acute hypercapnia on ventilator demands, therefore, allowing to shorten deep sedation periods and to rapidly initiate the IMV weaning process.
   abstract: BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal CO(2) removal (ECCO(2)R) could be a valuable additional modality for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in COPD patients suffering from severe acute exacerbation (AE). We aimed to evaluate in such patients the effects of a low-to-middle extracorporeal blood flow device on both gas exchanges and dynamic hyperinflation, as well as on work of breathing (WOB) during the IMV weaning process. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Open prospective interventional study in 12 deeply sedated IMV AE-COPD patients studied before and after ECCO(2)R initiation. Gas exchange and dynamic hyperinflation were compared after stabilization without and with ECCO(2)R (Hemolung, Alung, Pittsburgh, USA) combined with a specific adjustment algorithm of the respiratory rate (RR) designed to improve arterial pH. When possible, WOB with and without ECCO(2)R was measured at the end of the weaning process. Due to study size, results are expressed as median (IQR) and a non-parametric approach was adopted. RESULTS: An improvement in PaCO(2), from 68 (63; 76) to 49 (46; 55) mmHg, p = 0.0005, and in pH, from 7.25 (7.23; 7.29) to 7.35 (7.32; 7.40), p = 0.0005, was observed after ECCO(2)R initiation and adjustment of respiratory rate, while intrinsic PEEP and Functional Residual Capacity remained unchanged, from 9.0 (7.0; 10.0) to 8.0 (5.0; 9.0) cmH(2)O and from 3604 (2631; 4850) to 3338 (2633; 4848) mL, p = 0.1191 and p = 0.3013, respectively. WOB measurements were possible in 5 patients, indicating near-significant higher values after stopping ECCO(2)R: 11.7 (7.5; 15.0) versus 22.6 (13.9; 34.7) Joules/min., p = 0.0625 and 1.1 (0.8; 1.4) versus 1.5 (0.9; 2.8) Joules/L, p = 0.0625. Three patients died in-ICU. Other patients were successfully hospital-discharged. CONCLUSIONS: Using a formalized protocol of RR adjustment, ECCO(2)R permitted to effectively improve pH and diminish PaCO(2) at the early phase of IMV in 12 AE-COPD patients, but not to diminish dynamic hyperinflation in the whole group. A trend toward a decrease in WOB was also observed during the weaning process. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: Identifier: NCT02586948.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7523267/
        doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00743-y

         id: cord-337431-3rrvm787
     author: Dimopoulos, G
      title: Viral Profile of COPD Exacerbations According to Patients§
       date: 2015-02-23
      words: 3224.0
  sentences: 173.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 46.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-337431-3rrvm787.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-337431-3rrvm787.txt
    summary: BACKGROUND : To compare the differences between elderly and non-elderly patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) due to viral infections. The following parameters were recorded on admission: age, sex, stage of COPD (according to GOLD criteria), smoking habits and alcohol addiction, use of oxygen, influenza vaccination, comorbidities (confirmed by medical records), current medication as well as signs and symptoms of respiratory tract infection. In this study we found: a) a high frequency of AECOPD due to viral infections in elderly and non-elderly patients without differences between the two groups, b) more frequent infections due to human Parainfluenza virus (hPIV) and influenza in elderly patients compared to non-elderly longer and c) lengthier hospital stays for the elderly patients. We didn''t find any difference in the mortality in elderly AECOPD patients with a viral infection compared to the non-elderly although mortality is higher in COPD patients with lung cancer, pulmonary heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, osteoporosis and asthma [24] .
   abstract: BACKGROUND : To compare the differences between elderly and non-elderly patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) due to viral infections. METHODS : Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation were recruited and classified as elderly (>65 years) and non-elderly (≤ 65 years). Sputum and oropharyngeal samples were assessed, PCR for respiratory viruses and cultures for common pathogens were performed. RESULTS : 247 patients (median age: 69.3±9.5 years) were recruited and categorized into group A: non-elderly patients [n=81 (32.8%), median age 58±5.99] and group B: elderly patients [n=166 (67.2%), median age 74.8±4.8] years. In 133 (53.8%) patients a viral infection was identified and in 34 (13.8%) a bacterial pathogen was isolated from cultures. In 18 (7.3%) patients a double infection (bacterial+viral) was identified. In group B, the presence of cardiac failure (46.6% vs 28.3%, p<0.001), renal failure (10.5% vs 4%, p=0.03), bacterial co-infection (13.8% vs 7.4%, p=0.04), influenza vaccination rates (45.5% vs 215, p<0.001), and longer hospital stay (8.4±4.4 vs 7.5±3.2 days, p=0.02) were higher than group A. The overall rate of viral infections did not differ according to age. A trend to higher rates of infection with parainfluenza 3 [19 (20%) patients in group B vs3 (7.5%) patients in group A, p=0.04] was observed in older patients. CONCLUSION : No differences on the rate and type of viral infections were noted for elderly vs non elderly patients. However, they tended to have more bacterial co-infections that led to AECOPD and longer hospitalization stays compared to non-elderly patients.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25741393/
        doi: 10.2174/1874306401509010001

         id: cord-345517-ji4cet51
     author: Duarte de Araújo, António Manuel Silva
      title: Copd: will there be room for nebulisers after the current covid-19 pandemic?
       date: 2020-09-16
      words: 1338.0
  sentences: 73.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 45.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-345517-ji4cet51.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-345517-ji4cet51.txt
    summary: They are not regularly recommended for chronic disease management in COPD, because there is no evidence of superiority of nebulisers in patients who are able to use portable inhaler devices properly.6 However, when prescribed, patients are usually satisfied with nebulised therapy, and it is often preferred by those who have been recently hospitalised. In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, high doses of nebulised budesonide during hospitalisation, seemed to be non-inferior to systemic corticosteroids, in the treatment of COPD acute exacerbations.9 Nebulised corticosteroids can also be preferable versus oral prednisolone in patients with diabetes mellitus or with heart failure, because of the mineralocorticoid effects and fluid retention related to systemic corticosteroids. A subgroup of COPD patients is known to present chronic bronchial infection, and the use of antibiotics can be associated with reduction of bacterial load.10 Low doses of nebulised antibiotics can provide higher tissue concentration with fewer bacterial-resistance related issues.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2659663620300655?v=s5
        doi: 10.1016/j.opresp.2020.08.001

         id: cord-016814-tf17dpo5
     author: Enes, Sara Rolandsson
      title: Clinical Application of Stem/Stromal Cells in COPD
       date: 2019-08-07
      words: 10751.0
  sentences: 521.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 40.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-016814-tf17dpo5.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-016814-tf17dpo5.txt
    summary: Despite increasing number of preclinical studies demonstrating that systemic MSC administration can prevent or treat experimental COPD and emphysema, clinical studies have not been able to reproduce the preclinical results and to date no efficacy or significantly improved lung function or quality of life has been observed in COPD patients. performed a Phase I, prospective, open-label study (NCT01306513) where they aimed to assess the safety and feasibility of intravenously infused bone marrow-derived MSCs for ten patients with severe emphysema that had serial lung volume reduction surgeries (LVRS). Current clinical trials that aimed to evaluate the effect of MSC administration in COPD patients differ in a wide range of factors such as routes of administration, number of MSC administered, number of administrations, use of fresh MSCs or culture-expanded MSCs. Furthermore, all the investigations discussed above, were phase I-II studies that were underpowered in order to detect potential efficacy and no improved pulmonary function or respiratory quality of life was observed.
   abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive life-threatening disease that is significantly increasing in prevalence and is predicted to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2030. At present, there are no true curative treatments that can stop the progression of the disease, and new therapeutic strategies are desperately needed. Advances in cell-based therapies provide a platform for the development of new therapeutic approaches in severe lung diseases such as COPD. At present, a lot of focus is on mesenchymal stem (stromal) cell (MSC)-based therapies, mainly due to their immunomodulatory properties. Despite increasing number of preclinical studies demonstrating that systemic MSC administration can prevent or treat experimental COPD and emphysema, clinical studies have not been able to reproduce the preclinical results and to date no efficacy or significantly improved lung function or quality of life has been observed in COPD patients. Importantly, the completed appropriately conducted clinical trials uniformly demonstrate that MSC treatment in COPD patients is well tolerated and no toxicities have been observed. All clinical trials performed so far, have been phase I/II studies, underpowered for the detection of potential efficacy. There are several challenges ahead for this field such as standardized isolation and culture procedures to obtain a cell product with high quality and reproducibility, administration strategies, improvement of methods to measure outcomes, and development of potency assays. Moreover, COPD is a complex pathology with a diverse spectrum of clinical phenotypes, and therefore it is essential to develop methods to select the subpopulation of patients that is most likely to potentially respond to MSC administration. In this chapter, we will discuss the current state of the art of MSC-based cell therapy for COPD and the hurdles that need to be overcome.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121219/
        doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-29403-8_6

         id: cord-320153-a0bqliei
     author: Ezzeldin, Nada
      title: Association of TNF-α –308G/A, SP-B 1580 C/T, IL-13 –1055 C/T gene polymorphisms and latent adenoviral infection with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an Egyptian population
       date: 2012-05-09
      words: 3941.0
  sentences: 211.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 50.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-320153-a0bqliei.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-320153-a0bqliei.txt
    summary: title: Association of TNF-α –308G/A, SP-B 1580 C/T, IL-13 –1055 C/T gene polymorphisms and latent adenoviral infection with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an Egyptian population In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible association of the TNF-α –308, SPB+1580, IL-13 –1055 gene polymorphisms and latent adenovirus C infection with COPD in an Egyptian population. CONCLUSIONS: The COPD is a disease caused by the interaction of combined genes and environmental influences, in the presence of smoking and latent adenovirus C infection, TNF-α –308A, SPB +1580 T and IL-13 –1055 T polymorphisms predispose to the development of COPD. Meanwhile, the genotype distribution of the IL-13 -1055 C/T polymorphism showed no signifi-cant difference between the studied groups although there was a high frequency of the homozygous T genotype in COPD patients (20%) compared to the resistant smokers (2.8%) and nonsmokers (6.7%) (Table IV, Figure 4 ).
   abstract: INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of disability and death. The most common cause of COPD is smoking. There is evidence suggesting that genetic factors influence COPD susceptibility and variants in several candidate genes have been significantly associated with COPD. In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible association of the TNF-α –308, SPB+1580, IL-13 –1055 gene polymorphisms and latent adenovirus C infection with COPD in an Egyptian population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our study included 115 subjects (75 smokers with COPD, 25 resistant smokers and 15 non-smokers) who were subjected to spirometric measurements, identification of adenovirus C and genotyping of TNF-α –308G/A, SP-B+1580 C/T and IL-13 –1055 C/T polymorphisms by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The adenovirus C gene was identified in all subjects. The distribution of TNF-α genotypes showed no significant differences between different groups. However, homozygous A genotype was associated with a significant decrease in FEV(1), FEV(1)/FVC and FEF25/75% of predicted in COPD (p < 0.05). As regards SP-B genotypes, resistant smokers had a significantly higher homozygous T genotype frequency compared to COPD and non smokers (p = 0.005). Interleukin 13 genotypes showed no significant difference between different groups. There was a significant decrease in FEF25/75% of predicted in T allele carriers in COPD patients (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The COPD is a disease caused by the interaction of combined genes and environmental influences, in the presence of smoking and latent adenovirus C infection, TNF-α –308A, SPB +1580 T and IL-13 –1055 T polymorphisms predispose to the development of COPD.
        url: https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2012.28556
        doi: 10.5114/aoms.2012.28556

         id: cord-292301-h20337ib
     author: Falsey, Ann R
      title: Respiratory syncytial virus–associated illness in adults with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or congestive heart failure
       date: 2018-09-24
      words: 2213.0
  sentences: 128.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 44.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-292301-h20337ib.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-292301-h20337ib.txt
    summary: Thus, we studied the incidence of RSV‐related medically attended acute respiratory illness (MARI) in adults with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and/or congestive heart failure (CHF). obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and congestive heart failure (CHF) affect millions of people worldwide and have been identified as risk factors for severe RSV infection. This observational study was designed to collect data in a high-risk population of adults with exposure to children who might exhibit both high rates of infection and severe illness when infected with RSV. This was a prospective and observational study conducted across multiple consecutive RSV seasons to determine the incidence rate of medically attended acute respiratory illness (MARI) or events leading to worsening cardiorespiratory status in adults with severe COPD and/or advanced CHF associated with RSV and other viral infections. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated illness in adults with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or congestive heart failure
   abstract: BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is recognized as a serious pathogen in people with chronic cardiopulmonary conditions. Immunoprophylaxis might be considered for adults at high‐risk for frequent and severe RSV infection. Thus, we studied the incidence of RSV‐related medically attended acute respiratory illness (MARI) in adults with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and/or congestive heart failure (CHF). METHODS: Subjects ≥50 years of age with Gold Class III/IV COPD and/or American Heart Association class III/IV CHF and exposure to children ≥once per month were recruited. Subjects were evaluated over 1.5 to 2.5 years for RSV‐associated MARI, defined as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or seroresponse. RESULTS: Four hundred forty‐five subjects were enrolled between October 2011 and May 2012. Overall, 99 RSV infections were documented by PCR or serology for a cumulative incidence of 22.2%. Of these, 42 (9.4%) subjects had protocol‐specified RSV‐MARI for an incidence of 4.68/100 patient‐seasons. All‐cause MARI was common (63.85/100 patient‐seasons) with rhinovirus most commonly identified. CONCLUSION: RSV infection was common in adults with severe COPD and/or advanced CHF. Given the severity of underlying cardiopulmonary diseases in the study population, most illnesses were surprisingly mild. Thus, active immunization rather than passive immunoprophylaxis with monoclonal antibodies may be a more cost‐effective strategy.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30132922/
        doi: 10.1002/jmv.25285

         id: cord-028989-w50thois
     author: Figueira Gonçalves, Juan Marco
      title: Clinical challenges in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients who suffered SARS-CoV-2 infection()
       date: 2020-07-10
      words: 2005.0
  sentences: 100.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 44.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-028989-w50thois.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-028989-w50thois.txt
    summary: Reported complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as extensive pneumonia/acute lung damage or adult acute respiratory distress syndrome, the occurrence of myocarditis/cardiac arrhythmias or the development of thromboembolic 2/7 episodes are events that may worsen the baseline condition of the COPD patient surviving the process, having to take into account their existence when planning their outpatient follow-up. Despite the lack of sufficient evidence at the moment, the results reported to date and the pathogenic mechanisms plausibly involved, make it advisable to consider this aspect in those patients with COPD who, after hospital discharge, develop in the medium to long term an increase in dyspnoea not justified by spirometric parameters. In the SARS-CoV-1 epidemic, some of the survivors developed avascular necrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and dyslipidaemia after viral infection 15, 16 , which may have a relevant impact on those patients who already had some underlying respiratory or cardiovascular condition.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7351405/
        doi: 10.1016/j.medcle.2020.04.012

         id: cord-017784-4r3fpmlb
     author: Foccillo, Giampiero
      title: The Infections Causing Acute Respiratory Failure in Elderly Patients
       date: 2019-08-06
      words: 3573.0
  sentences: 170.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 31.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-017784-4r3fpmlb.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-017784-4r3fpmlb.txt
    summary: Severe community-acquired pneumonia and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are causes of acute respiratory failure (ARF) in elderly patients. This process termed immunosenescence or immune dysregulation, together changes in lung function who occur with advancing age, play a critical role in the manifestation of age-related pulmonary diseases such as infections (i.e., pneumonia), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and increased the risk for develop sepsis [1] . Triggering causes of ARF in advanced aged patients are especially acute heart decompensation, severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), and pulmonary embolism. Lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are among the most common causes of ARF in elderly people and the most important cause of hospitalization. Antibiotic therapy and treatment failure in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
   abstract: The immune system of older individuals declines with advancing age (“immunosenescence”) increasing susceptibility to infection, as well as to an increased risk of a worse outcome. Severe community-acquired pneumonia and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are causes of acute respiratory failure (ARF) in elderly patients. Non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) is effective in the treatment of patients with ARF, above all in case of AECOPD.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122443/
        doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-26664-6_5

         id: cord-306076-ygfnkgqp
     author: Fujita, Yu
      title: RNAi Therapeutic Platforms for Lung Diseases
       date: 2013-02-06
      words: nan
  sentences: nan
      pages: 
     flesch: nan
      cache: 
        txt: 
    summary: 
   abstract: RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Two types of small RNA molecules, i.e. small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), are central to RNAi. Drug discovery studies and novel treatments of siRNAs are currently targeting a wide range of diseases, including various viral infections and cancers. Lung diseases in general are attractive targets for siRNA therapeutics because of their lethality and prevalence. In addition, the lung is anatomically accessible to therapeutic agents via the intrapulmonary route. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that miRNAs play an important role in lung abnormalities, such as inflammation and oncogenesis. Therefore, miRNAs are being targeted for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we present strategies for RNAi delivery and discuss the current state-of-the-art RNAi-based therapeutics for various lung diseases.
        url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ph6020223
        doi: 10.3390/ph6020223

         id: cord-304461-332eygtr
     author: Ganesan, Shyamala
      title: Barrier function of airway tract epithelium
       date: 2013-10-01
      words: 6088.0
  sentences: 359.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 34.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-304461-332eygtr.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-304461-332eygtr.txt
    summary: Mucociliary escalator, intercellular apical junctional complexes which regulate paracellular permeability and antimicrobial peptides secreted by the airway epithelial cells are the three primary components of barrier function of airway tract. The three essential components that contribute to the barrier function of airway epithelium are: mucociliary escalators which trap and removes inhaled foreign particles from the airways, 32 intercellular tight and adherens junctions 33 that regulate epithelial paracellular permeability, and secreted antimicrobial products that kill inhaled pathogens. Tight and adherens junctions located at the apicolateral border of airway epithelial cells also contribute significantly to the barrier function of conductive airway tract epithelium. 62 Therefore, strategies to modulate activities of TTF-1, FOXA2 or SPDEF may attenuate goblet cell metaplasia and mucus production, thus improving mucociliary function in patients with asthma and other chronic airway diseases.
   abstract: Airway epithelium contributes significantly to the barrier function of airway tract. Mucociliary escalator, intercellular apical junctional complexes which regulate paracellular permeability and antimicrobial peptides secreted by the airway epithelial cells are the three primary components of barrier function of airway tract. These three components act cooperatively to clear inhaled pathogens, allergens and particulate matter without inducing inflammation and maintain tissue homeostasis. Therefore impairment of one or more of these essential components of barrier function may increase susceptibility to infection and promote exaggerated and prolonged innate immune responses to environmental factors including allergens and pathogens resulting in chronic inflammation. Here we review the regulation of components of barrier function with respect to chronic airways diseases.
        url: https://doi.org/10.4161/tisb.24997
        doi: 10.4161/tisb.24997

         id: cord-020507-3gzh1lw6
     author: Gillissen, Adrian
      title: Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis und Lungenemphysem
       date: 2005
      words: 3346.0
  sentences: 612.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 65.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-020507-3gzh1lw6.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-020507-3gzh1lw6.txt
    summary: Die akute Bronchitis ist pathophysiologisch durch eine tracheobronchiale Entzündung charakterisiert, die meistens mit einer Infektion der oberen und/oder unteren Atemwege einher geht. Die gebräuchlichste Definition der chronischen Bronchitis wurde von der WHO 1961 formuliert: "Die chronische Bronchitis ist eine Erkrankung, die gekennzeichnet ist durch übermäßige Schleimproduktion im Bronchialbaum und die sich manifestiert mit andauerndem oder immer wieder auftretendem Husten, mit oder ohne Auswurf an den meisten Tagen von mindestens drei aufeinander folgenden Monaten während mindestens zwei aufeinander folgender Jahre". In der von den National Institutes of Health (NIH) und der WHO ins Leben gerufenen GOLD-Initiative (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) definiert sich die COPD als Erkrankung, die durch eine nicht voll reversible Atemflusslimitierung charakterisiert ist. Um in der Praxis Responder von Nonrespondern und COPD-Patienten mit einer Asthmakomponente, bei denen ein klinischer Nutzen zu erwarten ist, besser voneinander differenzieren und den Therapieerfolg dokumentieren zu können, wurde der in Abb. 12.3-2 abgebildete Vorschlag zur Therapieevaluation formuliert. Eine Grippeschutzimpfung und die Pneumokokkenimpfung werden von der ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) bei COPD-Patienten empfohlen.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7136973/
        doi: 10.1007/3-540-27385-9_105

         id: cord-349647-cfjrwt44
     author: Girkin, Jason
      title: Chapter 8 In vivo experimental models of infection and disease
       date: 2019-12-31
      words: 12472.0
  sentences: 659.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 35.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-349647-cfjrwt44.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-349647-cfjrwt44.txt
    summary: However, the recognition that RV infection is associated with more severe clinical manifestations in people with chronic lung diseases such as asthma and COPD provided a new impetus to research and a new direction to human experimental infection studies. 166 These studies extend the use of RV infection in mice to new areas, including mechanisms of early life infection susceptibility, to mechanisms of secondary bacterial infection/compromised antimicrobial immunity and experimental exploration of clinical risk factors associated with increased likelihood to develop virus-induced exacerbations of respiratory diseases. 190 In the same elastase-induced model, fluticasone proprionate treatment reduced IFN responses, increased viral load, suppressed airway immune cell numbers (lymphocytes and neutrophils), suppressed inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNFα), and increased mucus production, following RV-A1 exacerbation. Human experimental RV challenge studies have shed light on the biology of RV infection and the mechanisms associated with RV-induced exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases.
   abstract: Abstract Human and animal models continue to play a crucial role in research to understand host immunity to rhinovirus (RV) and identify disease mechanisms. Human models have provided direct evidence that RV infection is capable of exacerbating chronic respiratory diseases and identified immunological processes that correlate with clinical disease outcomes. Mice are the most commonly used nonhuman experimental RV infection model. Although semipermissive, under defined experimental conditions sufficient replication occurs to induce host immune responses that recapitulate immunity and disease during human infection. The capacity to use genetically modified mouse strains and drug interventions has shown the mouse model to be an invaluable research tool defining causal relationships between host immunity and disease and supporting development of new treatments. Used in combination the insights achieved from human and animal experimental infection models provide complementary insights into RV biology and yield novel therapeutic options to reduce the burden of RV-induced disease.
        url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128164174000081
        doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816417-4.00008-1

         id: cord-304556-1f47gvys
     author: Grabiec, Aleksander M.
      title: The role of airway macrophages in apoptotic cell clearance following acute and chronic lung inflammation
       date: 2016-03-08
      words: nan
  sentences: nan
      pages: 
     flesch: nan
      cache: 
        txt: 
    summary: 
   abstract: Acute and chronic inflammatory responses in the lung are associated with the accumulation of large quantities of immune and structural cells undergoing apoptosis, which need to be engulfed by phagocytes in a process called ‘efferocytosis’. Apoptotic cell recognition and removal from the lung is mediated predominantly by airway macrophages, though immature dendritic cells and non-professional phagocytes, such as epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells, can also display this function. Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells from the airways is essential for successful resolution of inflammation and the return to lung homeostasis. Disruption of this process leads to secondary necrosis of accumulating apoptotic cells, release of necrotic cell debris and subsequent uncontrolled inflammatory activation of the innate immune system by the released ‘damage associated molecular patterns’ (DAMPS). To control the duration of the immune response and prevent autoimmune reactions, anti-inflammatory signalling cascades are initiated in the phagocyte upon apoptotic cell uptake, mediated by a range of receptors that recognise specific phospholipids or proteins externalised on, or secreted by, the apoptotic cell. However, prolonged activation of apoptotic cell recognition receptors, such as the family of receptor tyrosine kinases Tyro3, Axl and MerTK (TAM), may delay or prevent inflammatory responses to subsequent infections. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism controlling apoptotic cell recognition and removal from the lung in homeostasis and during inflammation, the contribution of defective efferocytosis to chronic inflammatory lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and cystic fibrosis, and implications of the signals triggered by apoptotic cells in the susceptibility to pulmonary microbial infections.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26957481/
        doi: 10.1007/s00281-016-0555-3

         id: cord-326834-eeldyj2u
     author: Graziani, Desirée
      title: Characteristics and Prognosis of COVID-19 in Patients with COPD
       date: 2020-10-12
      words: 4367.0
  sentences: 210.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 46.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-326834-eeldyj2u.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-326834-eeldyj2u.txt
    summary: Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have a higher prevalence of coronary ischemia and other factors that put them at risk for COVID-19-related complications. Several observational and case-control studies have confirmed a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in COPD patients than in the general population, possibly due to the coexistence of common risk factors or an associated pathogenic mechanism [11] . Subsequently, a systematic review and meta-analysis showed that, although the prevalence of COPD in COVID-19 cases was low, SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with high rates of severity and mortality in patients with COPD [20] . Most patients admitted for COVID-19 presented pulmonary infiltrates compatible with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and, in some cases, with associated heart failure; this finding markedly differed from patients with COPD exacerbation due to other viral causes.
   abstract: Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have a higher prevalence of coronary ischemia and other factors that put them at risk for COVID-19-related complications. We aimed to explore the impact of COVID-19 in a large population-based sample of patients with COPD in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. We analyzed clinical data in electronic health records from 1 January to 10 May 2020 by using Natural Language Processing through the SAVANA Manager(®) clinical platform. Out of 31,633 COPD patients, 793 had a diagnosis of COVID-19. The proportion of patients with COVID-19 in the COPD population (2.51%; 95% CI 2.33–2.68) was significantly higher than in the general population aged >40 years (1.16%; 95% CI 1.14–1.18); p < 0.001. Compared with COPD-free individuals, COPD patients with COVID-19 showed significantly poorer disease prognosis, as evaluated by hospitalizations (31.1% vs. 39.8%: OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.14–1.18) and mortality (3.4% vs. 9.3%: OR 2.93; 95% CI 2.27–3.79). Patients with COPD and COVID-19 were significantly older (75 vs. 66 years), predominantly male (83% vs. 17%), smoked more frequently, and had more comorbidities than their non-COPD counterparts. Pneumonia was the most common diagnosis among COPD patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 (59%); 19% of patients showed pulmonary infiltrates suggestive of pneumonia and heart failure. Mortality in COPD patients with COVID-19 was associated with older age and prevalence of heart failure (p < 0.05). COPD patients with COVID-19 showed higher rates of hospitalization and mortality, mainly associated with pneumonia. This clinical profile is different from exacerbations caused by other respiratory viruses in the winter season.
        url: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103259
        doi: 10.3390/jcm9103259

         id: cord-011800-8h7eiihp
     author: Guan, Wei-jie
      title: Giants in Chest Medicine: Professor Nan-shan Zhong, MD
       date: 2018-02-05
      words: 1112.0
  sentences: 61.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 43.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-011800-8h7eiihp.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-011800-8h7eiihp.txt
    summary: Recognizing challenges of COPD management in China, he and colleagues performed the largest epidemiologic investigation on the national disease burden, highlighting that approximately 36% of patients with COPD remained asymptomatic on presentation, that biomass fuel combustion might be the main risk factor for COPD in women (particularly in rural areas), and that simple practical approaches (eg, installation of exhaust fans and replacing biomass with biogas) may significantly ameliorate the rate of lung function decline and reduce the incidence of COPD. His comments on improving air quality to reduce the burden on chronic respiratory diseases have inspired scientists and clinicians to dedicate themselves to the prevention and management of air pollution in China. Biomass fuels are the probable risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rural South China Community based integrated intervention for prevention and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Guangdong, China: cluster randomised controlled trial
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7332312/
        doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.10.043

         id: cord-255807-7goz1agp
     author: Hak, E.
      title: Conventional Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated with Complications in Working-Age Patients with Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
       date: 2003-04-15
      words: 4312.0
  sentences: 194.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 41.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-255807-7goz1agp.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-255807-7goz1agp.txt
    summary: By using a nested case-control design, the authors studied the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in reducing severe and fatal complications in 4,241 and 5,966 primary care, working-age patients aged 18–64 years who had asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 influenza epidemics in the Netherlands. The risk of influenza-related morbidity and mortality during influenza epidemics is high (1) (2) (3) (4) , and nonexperimental studies have shown that vaccination against influenza prevents respiratory and cardiac complications during epidemics in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (5, 6) . We determined the occurrence of respiratory and cardiac morbidity during influenza periods and the clinical effectiveness of vaccination in reducing these complications in patients aged 18-64 years who had asthma or COPD by using a prospective, nested case-control design.
   abstract: By using a nested case-control design, the authors studied the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in reducing severe and fatal complications in 4,241 and 5,966 primary care, working-age patients aged 18–64 years who had asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 influenza epidemics in the Netherlands. Patients developing fatal or nonfatal exacerbations of lung disease, pneumonia, congestive heart failure, or myocardial infarction during either epidemic were considered cases. For each case, four age- and sex-matched controls were randomly sampled, and patient records were reviewed. Conditional logistic regression and propensity scores were used to assess vaccine effectiveness after adjustment for confounding factors. In seasons one and two, respectively, 87% (47/54) and 85% (171/202) of the cases and 74% (155/210) and 75% (575/766) of the controls had been vaccinated. After adjustments, vaccination was not associated with reductions in complications (season one: odds ratio = 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26, 3.48; season two: odds ratio = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.96; pooled odds ratio = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.63, 1.80). Because influenza vaccination appeared not to be associated with a clinically relevant reduction in severe morbidity, other measures need to be explored.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12697573/
        doi: 10.1093/aje/kwg027

         id: cord-258093-6fn8ei9f
     author: Hanania, Nicola A.
      title: Asthma in the elderly: Current understanding and future research needs—a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop
       date: 2011-08-25
      words: 17044.0
  sentences: 940.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 47.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt
    summary: The aging lung Large, longitudinal, and more complete studies to determine the effects of aging on the function of the respiratory system Improved knowledge about lung structure-function relationships in older age using techniques of imaging and measures of lung function not requiring effort (eg, high-resolution computed tomographic scanning and forced oscillation) Improved assessment of lung processes underlying airflow limitation attributable to aging versus COPD or asthma, especially in asthmatic patients who smoke Studies to examine the effects of aging in ethnic groups and the role of gender Epidemiology, effect, diagnosis, and management Determine the true prevalence and cost of asthma in the older population Develop a uniform definition of asthma to be applied to health care records that will distinguish asthma from COPD and mixed asthma/COPD Evaluate evidence-based treatment algorithms for older asthmatic patients, such as those developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Global Initiative For Asthma guidelines 7 Assess the effect of asthma treatment, including direct medical costs of care, indirect costs of care, and value of treatment in improving quality of life 8, 9 Assess the effect of comorbid conditions, especially COPD and congestive heart failure, on asthma 9 Characterize phenotypes of elderly asthma with regard to responses to therapy and long-term outcomes based on age of onset, duration of disease, and environmental triggers Develop algorithms for electronic medical record systems that are asthma-specific Evaluate effects of current asthma medications in older patients compared with younger patients Identify pharmacogenetic determinants of response to asthma medications in older adults Identify simpler and safer drug delivery systems and schedules for older adults Develop simple methods to differentiate COPD from asthma exacerbations in older adults
   abstract: Asthma in the elderly is underdiagnosed and undertreated, and there is a paucity of knowledge on the subject. The National Institute on Aging convened this workshop to identify what is known and what gaps in knowledge remain and suggest research directions needed to improve the understanding and care of asthma in the elderly. Asthma presenting at an advanced age often has similar clinical and physiologic consequences as seen with younger patients, but comorbid illnesses and the psychosocial effects of aging might affect the diagnosis, clinical presentation, and care of asthma in this population. At least 2 phenotypes exist among elderly patients with asthma; those with longstanding asthma have more severe airflow limitation and less complete reversibility than those with late-onset asthma. Many challenges exist in the recognition and treatment of asthma in the elderly. Furthermore, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of asthma in the elderly are likely to be different from those seen in young asthmatic patients, and these differences might influence the clinical course and outcomes of asthma in this population.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21872730/
        doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.048

         id: cord-033561-kc0mi20z
     author: Hausen, Thomas
      title: Atemwege und Lunge
       date: 2020-10-09
      words: 2598.0
  sentences: 612.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 45.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-033561-kc0mi20z.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-033561-kc0mi20z.txt
    summary: durch Schleimstraße; ▶ 23.5.2); untere Atemwege/Lunge: Reizung Bronchialsystem nach akuter Bronchitis (trocken, "kitzelnd"; ▶ 12.3.3) , Grippetracheitis, Asthma (▶ 12.5.1) , COPD (▶ 12.5.2) , Fremdkörperaspiration (▶ 12.1.3, ▶ 23.4 .6) • Pulmonal: Pneumonie (Fieber, gelb-grüner Auswurf; ▶ 12.3.4) , "Raucherhusten", Pleuritis (thorakale Schmerzen beim Husten u. • Sputumbeschaffenheit: -Weißlich: Virusinfekt, COPD -Gelblich: allergisches Asthma (cave: antiinflammatorische Asthmather., keine Ind. für Antibiotika!) -Gelb/grün: bakt. innerhalb von 2 J.; chron.: bis 80 % Remission mit/ohne Ther.; 20 % chron. der Herzinsuff.; können bei gleichzeitig bestehender COPD eingesetzt werden: Mortalität ↓! Cave: Pat. müssen aufgeklärt werden, dass O 2 -Insufflation (kein spürbarer Effekt) nicht zur Behandlung von Luftnot, sondern zur Drucksenkung wichtig ist u bei COPD-Pat.) immer auch an Ca denken! DD: COPD, Pneumonie (cave: Retentionspneumonie bei Ca Bei allen Pat. mit Remission nach Induktionsther.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7545253/
        doi: 10.1016/b978-3-437-22449-2.00012-5

         id: cord-261856-i1e0uj0s
     author: Heffner, John E
      title: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in geriatric critical care
       date: 2005-03-04
      words: 4810.0
  sentences: 247.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 35.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-261856-i1e0uj0s.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-261856-i1e0uj0s.txt
    summary: Elderly patients with moderate to severe COPD experience acute exacerbations of their airway disease, each of which presents a risk for acute respiratory failure. Criteria for grading the severity of an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis American College of Chest Physicians-American College of Physicians/American Society of Internal Medicine Guidelines [13] Mild exacerbation: presence of any one of the cardinal symptoms of increased dyspnea, increased sputum volume, or increased sputum purulence with the addition of an upper respiratory infection within the past 5 days, fever with no other cause, increased wheezing or cough, or a 20% rise over baseline in respiratory rate or heart rate. Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the setting of severe, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: more effective and less expensive
   abstract: COPD is a progressive disorder that is punctuated in its later stages with acute exacerbations that present a risk for respiratory failure. COPD has a disproportionate impact on older patients. In the ICU, therapy is directed toward unloading fatigued respiratory muscles, treating airway infection, and prescribing bronchodilatory drugs. Most patients survive hospitalization in the ICU for an episode of respiratory failure. The severity of the underlying lung disease, however, underlies the poor outcomes of patients in terms of postdischarge survival and quality of life.
        url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S074907040300054X
        doi: 10.1016/s0749-0704(03)00054-x

         id: cord-290674-1kdc6xk8
     author: Hershenson, Marc B.
      title: Rhinovirus-Induced Exacerbations of Asthma and COPD
       date: 2013-02-21
      words: 6746.0
  sentences: 395.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 39.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-290674-1kdc6xk8.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-290674-1kdc6xk8.txt
    summary: Over the past two decades, increasing evidence has shown that, in patients with chronic airways disease, viral infection is the most common cause of exacerbation. Exacerbations due to rhinovirus, which infects relatively few cells in the airway and does not cause the cytotoxicity of other viruses such as influenza or respiratory syncytial virus, are particularly poorly understood. PCR-based studies examining the prevalence of virus identification among various cohorts of patients with chronic airways disease consistently show a higher prevalence of viral infection during exacerbations. (Nevertheless, the amount of viral replication in the airways remains uncertain.) Also, patients with asthma who had an exacerbation following experimental infection had higher levels of viral RNA in their sputum compared to asthmatics that did not experience an exacerbation, further evidence that viruses do indeed cause exacerbations. Also following experimental rhinovirus infection, viral clearance and airway function correlate with blood and bronchoalveolar (BAL) CD4 cell interferon gamma production [63] .
   abstract: Over the past two decades, increasing evidence has shown that, in patients with chronic airways disease, viral infection is the most common cause of exacerbation. This review will examine the evidence for viral-induced exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease and the potential mechanisms by which viruses cause exacerbations. Attention will be focused on rhinovirus, the most common cause of respiratory exacerbations. Exacerbations due to rhinovirus, which infects relatively few cells in the airway and does not cause the cytotoxicity of other viruses such as influenza or respiratory syncytial virus, are particularly poorly understood. While the innate immune response likely plays a role in rhinovirus-induced exacerbations, its precise role, either adaptive or maladaptive, is debated. Because current treatment strategies are only partially effective, further research examining the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying viral-induced exacerbations of chronic airways diseases is warranted.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24278777/
        doi: 10.1155/2013/405876

         id: cord-004314-gtwtakpr
     author: Holmen, Heidi
      title: Working with patients suffering from chronic diseases can be a balancing act for health care professionals - a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies
       date: 2020-02-10
      words: 8169.0
  sentences: 387.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 45.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-004314-gtwtakpr.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-004314-gtwtakpr.txt
    summary: METHOD: A systematic search of papers published between 2002 and July 2019 was conducted in the Embase, AMED, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and COCHRANE databases to identify studies reporting qualitative interviews addressing HCPs'' experiences working with adults with COPD, CKD or type 2 diabetes. A research group comprising 10 senior researchers (the authors), with a professional background in either nursing or physiotherapy and qualified in realist and interpretive qualitative research methods, conducted a systematic literature review of qualitative papers concerning HCPs'' experiences working with patients with type 2 diabetes, CKD, and COPD. Based on our analysis of the results chapters of the included studies, three main themes were identified and developed, each addressing our overall aim to describe HCPs'' experiences working with patients with long-term chronic diseases: individualizing the professional approach within the clinical encounter; managing one''s emotions over time; and working to maintain professionalism (Table 4 ).
   abstract: BACKGROUND: The number of patients with long-term chronic diseases is increasing. These patients place a strain on health care systems and health care professionals (HCPs). Presently, we aimed to systematically review the literature on HCPs’ experiences working with patients with long-term chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHOD: A systematic search of papers published between 2002 and July 2019 was conducted in the Embase, AMED, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and COCHRANE databases to identify studies reporting qualitative interviews addressing HCPs’ experiences working with adults with COPD, CKD or type 2 diabetes. An interdisciplinary research group were involved in all phases of the study. With the help of NVivo, extracts of each paper were coded, and codes were compared across papers and refined using translational analysis. Further codes were clustered in categories that in turn formed overarching themes. RESULTS: Our comprehensive search identified 4170 citations. Of these, 20 papers met our inclusion criteria. Regarding HCPs’ experiences working with patients with COPD, CKD, or type 2 diabetes, we developed 10 sub-categories that formed three overarching main themes of work experiences: 1) individualizing one’s professional approach within the clinical encounter; 2) managing one’s emotions over time; 3) working to maintain professionalism. Overall these three themes suggest that HCPs’ work is a complex balancing act depending on the interaction between patient and professional, reality and professional ideals, and contextual support and managing one’s own emotions. CONCLUSION: Few qualitative studies highlighted HCPs’ general working experiences, as they mainly focused on the patients’ experiences or HCPs’ experiences of using particular clinical procedures. This study brings new insights about the complexity embedded in HCPs’ work in terms of weighing different, often contrasting aspects, in order to deliver appropriate practice. Acknowledging, discussing and supporting this complexity can empower HCPs to avoid burning out. Leaders, health organizations, and educational institutions have a particular responsibility to provide HCPs with thorough professional knowledge and systematic support. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO number: CRD42019119052.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7011477/
        doi: 10.1186/s12913-019-4826-2

         id: cord-018005-53cl75gk
     author: Humphreys, Hilary
      title: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
       date: 2012-08-21
      words: 3864.0
  sentences: 178.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 41.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-018005-53cl75gk.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-018005-53cl75gk.txt
    summary: Lower respiratory tract infections are common and are important in the critical care setting either because they precipitate admission to the critical care unit, e.g. severe viral pneumonia or because they complicate the course of a patient with significant underlying disease or following major surgery, e.g. after multiple trauma. Lower respiratory tract infections are common and are important in the intensive care setting either because they precipitate admission to the intensive care unit, e.g. severe viral pneumonia or because they complicate the course of a patient with signi fi cant underlying disease or following major surgery, e.g. after multiple trauma. Furthermore, respiratory failure requiring arti fi cal ventialtion is a well recognised reason for intensive care support but it can be dif fi cult to determine if this is due to an underlying non-infectious condition such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), infection or a combination of both.
   abstract: Lower respiratory tract infections are common and are important in the critical care setting either because they precipitate admission to the critical care unit, e.g. severe viral pneumonia or because they complicate the course of a patient with significant underlying disease or following major surgery, e.g. after multiple trauma. Furthermore, respiratory failure requiring artifical ventialtion is a well recognised reason for critical care support but it can be difficult to determine if this is due to an underlying non-infectious condition such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), infection or a combination of both. The early diagnosis and management of respiratory infection combined with appropriate ventilatory support aids prognosis and the efficient use of critical care facilities given the number of patients affected.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122728/
        doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4318-5_6

         id: cord-331895-3srslmgk
     author: Jacobs, M.
      title: Increased expression of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, in alveolar and bronchial epithelium of smokers and COPD subjects
       date: 2020-06-02
      words: 4897.0
  sentences: 281.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 53.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-331895-3srslmgk.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-331895-3srslmgk.txt
    summary: Objectives: We investigated the expression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry receptor ACE2 and the protease TMPRSS2 in lung tissue from never smokers and smokers with and without COPD. Results: ACE2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in lung tissue from current smokers and subjects with moderate to very severe COPD and correlated with physiological parameters of airway obstruction and emphysema. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.27.20114298 doi: medRxiv preprint ACE2 protein levels are increased in alveolar tissue and bronchial epithelium of smokers and COPD subjects. We clearly demonstrate an increased pulmonary expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 in smokers and COPD subjects at both mRNA and protein level, by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.27.20114298 doi: medRxiv preprint By quantification of the ACE2 IHC staining, we demonstrate increased protein levels of ACE2 in both alveolar and bronchial epithelium of current smokers and patients with moderate and (very) severe COPD.
   abstract: Rationale: Smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk for severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objectives: We investigated the expression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry receptor ACE2 and the protease TMPRSS2 in lung tissue from never smokers and smokers with and without COPD. Methods: In a cross-sectional, observational study we measured mRNA expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 by RT-PCR in lung tissue samples from 120 well phenotyped subjects. Next, protein levels of ACE2 were visualized by immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections from 87 subjects and quantified in alveolar and bronchial epithelium. Finally, primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) were cultured at air liquid interface and exposed to air or cigarette smoke. Results: ACE2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in lung tissue from current smokers and subjects with moderate to very severe COPD and correlated with physiological parameters of airway obstruction and emphysema. Pulmonary expression levels of TMPRSS2 were significantly higher in patients with (very) severe COPD and correlated significantly with ACE2 expression. Importantly, protein levels of ACE2 were elevated in both alveolar and bronchial epithelium of current smokers and subjects with moderate to very severe COPD. Finally, TMPRSS2 mRNA expression increased in in vitro cultured HBECs upon acute exposure to cigarette smoke. Conclusions: We demonstrate increased expression of ACE2 in lungs of smokers and COPD subjects, which might facilitate host cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. These findings help identifying populations at risk for severe COVID-19.
        url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.27.20114298
        doi: 10.1101/2020.05.27.20114298

         id: cord-016300-vw11c2wt
     author: Jain, Kewal K.
      title: Biomarkers of Pulmonary Diseases
       date: 2017-09-18
      words: 5578.0
  sentences: 271.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 42.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-016300-vw11c2wt.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-016300-vw11c2wt.txt
    summary: Association of ECM turnover with severity and outcome of COPD has been assessed in a prospective, observational, multicenter study, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease grades II to IV, and serum samples were analyzed at stable state, during exacerbation as well as 4 weeks after exacerbation (Stolz et al. A study has revealed that serum levels of the neuroendocrine activity biomarker chromagranin A (CgA) are increased in male smokers with impaired lung function, and are associated with both respiratory symptoms and the degree of airway obstruction (Sorhaug et al. Although the aim of management of patients with asthma is to control their symptoms and prevent exacerbations and morbidity of the disease, optimal management may require assessment and monitoring of biomarkers, i.e., objective measures of lung dysfunction and inflammation. Several biomarkers have been assessed following treatment with corticosteroids including measures of lung function, peripheral blood and sputum indices of inflammation, exhaled gases and breath condensates.
   abstract: Lungs and airways are affected by several pathologies, the most important of which are inflammation, infection and cancer. Some of the biomarkers of these pathologies are similar to those found in involvement of other organs. This chapter will briefly discuss general issues of biomarkers of pulmonary disorders listed in Table 16.1. Biomarkers of lung cancer are described in Chapter 13.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120545/
        doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7431-3_16

         id: cord-017428-euzvhtax
     author: Janssens, Wim
      title: Vitamin D and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
       date: 2012-02-17
      words: 8830.0
  sentences: 371.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 41.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-017428-euzvhtax.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-017428-euzvhtax.txt
    summary: A recent intervention trial with high-dose supplementation in COPD was only able to reduce exacerbation frequency in the subgroup of patients with lowest baseline vitamin D levels. Besides the well-known effect of vitamin D de fi ciency on bone loss in adults, accumulating evidence also links a low vitamin D nutritional status to highly prevalent chronic illnesses, including cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious and cardiovascular diseases [1] [2] [3] . This chapter aims to discuss the prevalence and determinants of vitamin D de fi ciency in COPD, the wellknown effect of vitamin D in the development and treatment of COPD-associated osteoporosis and its potential role in the uncontrolled in fl ammatory cascade and systemic consequences of the disease. The fact that the majority of COPD patients are of older age, have many common risk factors for osteoporosis and are more likely to be de fi cient in vitamin D supports standard supplementation, especially at the more severe stages of disease.
   abstract: Vitamin D is an important regulator of calcium and bone homeostasis. It is also involved in the regulation of different genes and cellular functions, particularly in the context of inflammation, regeneration and immune control. Conversely, vitamin D deficiency which is often found in chronic, infectious and inflammatory diseases is thought to drive or enhance uncontrolled inflammation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways most often because of cigarette smoking. It has been recognized that repetitive airway infections and systemic consequences or co-morbidities also contribute to the progressive nature of COPD. Vitamin D deficiency is known to sneak in from the early stages of COPD, to become highly prevalent at the more severe stages, and may thereby catalyse airway infection, inflammation and systemic consequences. Undoubtedly, vitamin D deficiency enhances bone resorption and osteoporosis in COPD for which appropriate vitamin D supplementation is recommended. However, conflicting evidence has emerged on the extra-calcemic effects of vitamin D in COPD. A recent intervention trial with high-dose supplementation in COPD was only able to reduce exacerbation frequency in the subgroup of patients with lowest baseline vitamin D levels. It confirms that severe vitamin D deficiency is a health hazard but that more clinical and experimental studies are needed to explore how vitamin D deficiency may affect airway biology and systemic effects in the context of smoke-induced lung diseases.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121988/
        doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-888-7_11

         id: cord-296898-icowa7wn
     author: Jouneau, Stéphane
      title: Prise en charge des exacerbations : de la ville à l’hôpital
       date: 2015-04-30
      words: 4416.0
  sentences: 389.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 53.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-296898-icowa7wn.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-296898-icowa7wn.txt
    summary: Key points The Société de pneumologie de langue française defines acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE COPD) as an increase in daily respiratory symptoms, basically duration ≥ 48h or need for treatment adjustment. Bien que des bactéries puissent coloniser les voies aériennes inférieures des patients à l''état stable (≈ 30 %) [5] , elles sont également responsables d''EA BPCO, en particulier en cas d''acquisition de nouvelles souches bactériennes [9] . La fréquence de ces dernières est variable au cours des EA BPCO, mais paraît élevée (25 %) chez les malades hospitalisés pour exacerbation [12] . Au final, la corticothérapie systémique au cours d''une EA BPCO (0,5 mg/kg/j pendant 7 jours), n''est donc pas recommandée pour toutes les exacerbations, mais doit être réservée aux échecs de la prise en charge initiale [15, 22] . Hospital at home for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review of evidence
   abstract: Points essentiels La Société de pneumologie de langue française définie l’exacerbation aiguë de bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive comme une majoration des symptômes respiratoires au-delà des variations quotidiennes (en pratique, d’une durée ≥ 48 h ou justifiant une modification thérapeutique). La cause de ces exacerbations est principalement infectieuse : virale (rhinovirus, virus influenzae et parainfluenzae, coronavirus, adénovirus et virus respiratoire syncytial) ou bactérienne (principalement, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae et Moraxella catarrhalis). Elles peuvent également résulter de l’exposition à certains polluants : NO2, SO2, ozone et pollution particulaire (PM10 et PM2,5). Elle reste indéterminée dans près de 30 % des cas. Les diagnostics différentiels incluent les pneumopathies infectieuses, les pneumothorax, les poussées d’insuffisance cardiaque et les embolies pulmonaires. La présence de signes de gravité conditionne l’hospitalisation : signes d’insuffisance respiratoire aiguë, de choc ou de défaillance neurologique, mais aussi en cas de patient fragile, d’absence de soutien familial à domicile ou de réponse au traitement initial. Le traitement consiste en une majoration des bronchodilatateurs, une kinésithérapie respiratoire, une antibiothérapie en cas d’expectoration franchement purulente. La prescription de corticoïdes systémiques ne doit pas être systématique. La dose recommandée est de 0,5 mg/kg sur une courte période (5–7 jours). Lors d’une hospitalisation, une oxygénothérapie et une thromboprophylaxie peuvent être instaurées. La ventilation non invasive est principalement indiquée en cas de persistance d’une hypercapnie malgré un traitement médical optimal. Que le patient soit pris en charge en ambulatoire ou en hospitalisation, une réévaluation clinique à 48–72 h est indispensable. Key points The Société de pneumologie de langue française defines acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE COPD) as an increase in daily respiratory symptoms, basically duration ≥ 48h or need for treatment adjustment. Etiology of EA COPD are mainly infectious, viral (rhinovirus, influenzae or parainfluenzae virus, coronavirus, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus) or bacterial (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Moraxella catarrhalis). Pollutant exposure can also lead to AE COPD, such as NO2, SO2, ozone or particulates (PM10 and PM2.5). In 30% the etiology remains unknown. Differential diagnoses of AE COPD include infectious pneumonia, pneumothorax, acute heart failure and pulmonary embolism. Presences of signs of severity impose hospitalization: signs of respiratory distress, shock, acute confusion but also fragile patients, insufficient home support or absence of response to initial treatment. AE COPD treatments consist on increase in bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, and antibiotics if sputum is frankly purulent. Systemic corticosteroids should not be systematic. Recommended dose is 0.5 mg/kg on short course (5–7 days). During hospitalization, oxygen supplementation and thromboprophylaxis could be prescribed. The main interest in non-invasive ventilation is persistent hypercapnia despite optimal medical management. During ambulatory management or hospitalization, clinical assessment at 48–72 h is mandatory.
        url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211423815000036
        doi: 10.1016/j.jeurea.2015.02.002

         id: cord-018439-4btpqlxd
     author: Kato, Akane
      title: Pathogenesis of COPD (Persistence of Airway Inflammation): Why Does Airway Inflammation Persist After Cessation of Smoking?
       date: 2016-07-06
      words: 5007.0
  sentences: 279.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 43.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-018439-4btpqlxd.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-018439-4btpqlxd.txt
    summary: Initially, cigarette smoke influences the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the intracellularly located nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) on lung epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and leukocytes in the lung. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2006 (GOLD 2006) states that "Smoking cessation is the single most effective and cost-effective intervention in most people to reduce the risk of developing COPD and stop its progression (Evidence A)." However, once a patient smokes and develops COPD, the inflammatory changes persist through the innate and adaptive immune systems, which are commonly activated during infection. The hypersecretion of mucus, formation of emphysema, and fibrosis in COPD begin with the inhalation of cigarette smoke, which acts on epithelial cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes in the airway lumen.
   abstract: The structural features of airways in patients with COPD are airway wall inflammation, fibrosis, muscle hypertrophy, and goblet cell metaplasia. These structural cellular changes contribute to mucus hypersecretion and destruction of the alveolar walls and a decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)). At the cellular level, macrophages, T lymphocytes, and neutrophils, driven by cytokines including interleukin-8 (IL-8), gather on the airways. The main cause of COPD inflammation is cigarette smoke. Smoke causes an increase in the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and neutrophilic elastase from epithelial cells and neutrophils, which are responsible for mucin production and destruction of the lung. Initially, cigarette smoke influences the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the intracellularly located nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) on lung epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and leukocytes in the lung. These actions bring about the production of cytokines and activation of inflammatory cells, leading to production of MMPs and neutrophilic elastase. The inflammatory changes persist for several months and years after smoking cessation and are sometimes irreversible. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from dying cells after cigarette smoking increase the number of apoptotic cells, suppress efferocytosis, induce hypoxia and oxidative stress, and prolong the inflammatory changes, even after smoking cessation. Viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract then fortify these inflammatory responses. Exacerbations of COPD then worsen the deterioration of COPD.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123312/
        doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-0839-9_4

         id: cord-288412-1fmsipqu
     author: Klaile, Esther
      title: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cell adhesion molecules are co-expressed in the human lung and their expression can be modulated in bronchial epithelial cells by non-typable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, TLR3, and type I and II interferons
       date: 2013-08-14
      words: 8393.0
  sentences: 450.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 49.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-288412-1fmsipqu.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-288412-1fmsipqu.txt
    summary: title: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cell adhesion molecules are co-expressed in the human lung and their expression can be modulated in bronchial epithelial cells by non-typable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, TLR3, and type I and II interferons METHODS: To analyze the (co-) expression of CEACAM1, CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 in different lung tissues with respect to COPD, smoking status and granulocyte infiltration, immunohistochemically stained paraffin sections of 19 donors were studied. To address short-term effects of cigarette smoke and acute inflammation, transcriptional regulation of CEACAM5, CEACAM6 and different CEACAM1 isoforms by cigarette smoke extract, interferons, Toll-like receptor agonists, and bacteria was tested in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells by quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical analysis of lung sections showed the most frequent and intense staining for CEACAM1, CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 in bronchial and alveolar epithelium, but revealed no significant differences in connection with COPD, smoking status and granulocyte infiltration.
   abstract: BACKGROUND: The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cell adhesion molecules CEACAM1 (BGP, CD66a), CEACAM5 (CEA, CD66e) and CEACAM6 (NCA, CD66c) are expressed in human lung. They play a role in innate and adaptive immunity and are targets for various bacterial and viral adhesins. Two pathogens that colonize the normally sterile lower respiratory tract in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are non-typable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) and Moraxella catarrhalis. Both pathogens bind to CEACAMs and elicit a variety of cellular reactions, including bacterial internalization, cell adhesion and apoptosis. METHODS: To analyze the (co-) expression of CEACAM1, CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 in different lung tissues with respect to COPD, smoking status and granulocyte infiltration, immunohistochemically stained paraffin sections of 19 donors were studied. To address short-term effects of cigarette smoke and acute inflammation, transcriptional regulation of CEACAM5, CEACAM6 and different CEACAM1 isoforms by cigarette smoke extract, interferons, Toll-like receptor agonists, and bacteria was tested in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells by quantitative PCR. Corresponding CEACAM protein levels were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical analysis of lung sections showed the most frequent and intense staining for CEACAM1, CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 in bronchial and alveolar epithelium, but revealed no significant differences in connection with COPD, smoking status and granulocyte infiltration. In NHBE cells, mRNA expression of CEACAM1 isoforms CEACAM1-4L, CEACAM1-4S, CEACAM1-3L and CEACAM1-3S were up-regulated by interferons alpha, beta and gamma, as well as the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Interferon-gamma also increased CEACAM5 expression. These results were confirmed on protein level by FACS analysis. Importantly, also NTHI and M. catarrhalis increased CEACAM1 mRNA levels. This effect was independent of the ability to bind to CEACAM1. The expression of CEACAM6 was not affected by any treatment or bacterial infection. CONCLUSIONS: While we did not find a direct correlation between CEACAM1 expression and COPD, the COPD-associated bacteria NTHi and M. catarrhalis were able to increase the expression of their own receptor on host cells. Further, the data suggest a role for CEACAM1 and CEACAM5 in the phenomenon of increased host susceptibility to bacterial infection upon viral challenge in the human respiratory tract.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23941132/
        doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-85

         id: cord-308466-f0iu6sje
     author: Ko, Fanny W.
      title: Acute exacerbation of COPD
       date: 2016-03-30
      words: 8612.0
  sentences: 447.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 34.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-308466-f0iu6sje.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-308466-f0iu6sje.txt
    summary: Nonpharmacological interventions including disease‐specific self‐management, pulmonary rehabilitation, early medical follow‐up, home visits by respiratory health workers, integrated programmes and telehealth‐assisted hospital at home have been studied during hospitalization and shortly after discharge in patients who have had a recent AECOPD. 34 A study from New Zealand has shown that the use of long-term humidification therapy, with humidified, fully saturated air at 37°C and a flow rate of 20-25 L/min, can lead to significantly fewer exacerbation days, increased time to first exacerbation and reduced exacerbation frequency for chronic airway diseases, including COPD. Sputum bacteriology in hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Taiwan with an emphasis on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Adherence to guideline-based antibiotic treatment for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an Australian tertiary hospital In-hospital and one-year mortality and their predictors in patients hospitalized for first-ever chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a nationwide population-based study
   abstract: The literature of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is fast expanding. This review focuses on several aspects of acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) including epidemiology, diagnosis and management. COPD poses a major health and economic burden in the Asia‐Pacific region, as it does worldwide. Triggering factors of AECOPD include infectious (bacteria and viruses) and environmental (air pollution and meteorological effect) factors. Disruption in the dynamic balance between the ‘pathogens’ (viral and bacterial) and the normal bacterial communities that constitute the lung microbiome likely contributes to the risk of exacerbations. The diagnostic approach to AECOPD varies based on the clinical setting and severity of the exacerbation. After history and examination, a number of investigations may be useful, including oximetry, sputum culture, chest X‐ray and blood tests for inflammatory markers. Arterial blood gases should be considered in severe exacerbations, to characterize respiratory failure. Depending on the severity, the acute management of AECOPD involves use of bronchodilators, steroids, antibiotics, oxygen and noninvasive ventilation. Hospitalization may be required, for severe exacerbations. Nonpharmacological interventions including disease‐specific self‐management, pulmonary rehabilitation, early medical follow‐up, home visits by respiratory health workers, integrated programmes and telehealth‐assisted hospital at home have been studied during hospitalization and shortly after discharge in patients who have had a recent AECOPD. Pharmacological approaches to reducing risk of future exacerbations include long‐acting bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, mucolytics, vaccinations and long‐term macrolides. Further studies are needed to assess the cost‐effectiveness of these interventions in preventing COPD exacerbations.
        url: https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12780
        doi: 10.1111/resp.12780

         id: cord-031315-p7jb4gf2
     author: Kong, Qing
      title: Efficacy and safety of Jia Wei Bushen Yiqi formulas as an adjunct therapy to systemic glucocorticoids on acute exacerbation of COPD: study protocol for a randomized, double-blinded, multi-center, placebo-controlled clinical trial
       date: 2020-09-03
      words: 8352.0
  sentences: 471.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 52.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-031315-p7jb4gf2.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-031315-p7jb4gf2.txt
    summary: title: Efficacy and safety of Jia Wei Bushen Yiqi formulas as an adjunct therapy to systemic glucocorticoids on acute exacerbation of COPD: study protocol for a randomized, double-blinded, multi-center, placebo-controlled clinical trial The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Jia Wei Bushen Yiqi (JWBY) formulas in patients who suffer from COPD exacerbations and to investigate whether the short-term (5-days) systemic glucocorticoid therapy is non-inferior to the long-term (9-day) regime. On one hand, a dose of 40 mg prednisone (a common oral systemic glucocorticoid) daily for 5 days has been recommended by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Science Committee Report based on the REDUCE randomized clinical trial since 2015 [24] . We conducted a randomized and placebo-controlled trial enrolling stable COPD patients in 2014, which illustrated that TCM formulas called Bushen Yiqi (BY) formulas can improve the lung function, reduce the frequency of acute exacerbation of COPD, and modulate the HPA axis [35] .
   abstract: BACKGROUND: Systemic glucocorticoids are effective for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation but have serious adverse effects. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can bring additional benefits to these patients but has few adverse effects. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Jia Wei Bushen Yiqi (JWBY) formulas in patients who suffer from COPD exacerbations and to investigate whether the short-term (5-days) systemic glucocorticoid therapy is non-inferior to the long-term (9-day) regime. METHODS: In this multi-center, randomized, double-blinded trial, eligible inpatients with COPD exacerbation are randomly assigned to four groups (A, B, C, and D). Group A will receive placebo plus 5-day prednisone, group B will receive placebo plus 9-day prednisone, group C will receive JWBY formulas plus 5-day prednisone, and group D will receive JWBY formulas plus 9-day prednisone. The primary outcomes are the time interval to the patient’s next exacerbation during a 180-day following up and the COPD assessment test (CAT) during treatment. Secondary outcomes include lung function, TCM syndrome assessment, laboratory tests, and safety. The changes of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenaline axis (HPA axis) and inflammatory cytokine will be measured as well. DISCUSSION: By demonstrating the advantages of utilizing TCM and an appropriate duration of systemic glucocorticoids, this effectiveness comparison trial will provide new references to physicians on how to improve the management of COPD exacerbation. The results of HPA axis and inflammation cytokine measurements will shed light on the molecular mechanisms and entail further mechanism studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.chictr.org.cn ChiCTR1900023364. Registered on 24 May 2019.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7468179/
        doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04669-5

         id: cord-332652-wm9krxve
     author: Koslik, Hayley J.
      title: Prevalence and correlates of obstructive lung disease among people who inject drugs, San Diego, California
       date: 2020-07-02
      words: 4521.0
  sentences: 248.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 55.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-332652-wm9krxve.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-332652-wm9krxve.txt
    summary: The leading risk factor for COPD is cigarette smoking (Bhatt et al., 2018) , but studies have also reported associations with older age (de Marco et al., 2011) , low socioeconomic status (Wheaton et al., 2015) , human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (Drummond et al., 2012) and history of pulmonary tuberculosis (Byrne et al., 2015) . STAHR II was a prospective cohort study in which community-recruited PWID who had injected at least once in the prior month (actively injecting) were enrolled in 2012-2014, and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f followed for two years through semi-annual follow-up visits to determine the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), HIV, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among PWID in San Diego, CA. Interviews collected information about potential correlates and known risk factors for OLD including socio-demographics (i.e., age, gender, race/ethnicity, homelessness), smoking status, lifetime and recent drug use and injection behaviors, symptoms and previous diagnosis of respiratory illness, and healthcare utilization.
   abstract: BACKGROUND: Pulmonary tissue damage leading to obstructive lung disease (OLD) could result from intravenous administration of insoluble particles found in illicit drugs. This study described the prevalence and identified correlates of OLD among people who inject drugs (PWID). METHODS: In 2012-2016, a community-based cohort of PWID who had injected within the past month were enrolled in a study to assess HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) andMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections and their related risk factors. Data were obtained through face-to-face interviews, serological testing and spirometry. Baseline data were used for a cross-sectional analysis of the prevalence and correlates of OLD, defined as FEV1/FVC < 0.7. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with OLD. RESULTS: Among 516 participants who had complete spirometry and interview results, the mean age was 43.3 years, 73.6% were male, 9.5% were Black, 91.1% smoked cigarettes and 18.2% had OLD. Few (9.6%) PWID with OLD reported a previous diagnosis of COPD although many (44.7%) reported related symptoms. Black race (AOR = 2.66, 95%CI: 1.37, 5.17), pack-years smoked (AOR = 1.06/5 years, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.12), and duration of injection drug use (AOR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.27) were independently associated with OLD after controlling for age. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of OLD was high in this cohort and associated with Black race and cigarette smoking—known risk factors. In addition, OLD prevalence increased with greater duration of injection drug use, suggesting a link between cumulative exposure to injected insoluble particles and OLD. Further examination of these adulterants and lung pathology are needed.
        url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108158
        doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108158

         id: cord-305838-i0ck2oo0
     author: Kouri, Andrew
      title: CHEST Reviews: Addressing reduced laboratory-based pulmonary function testing during a pandemic
       date: 2020-07-08
      words: 4889.0
  sentences: 253.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 38.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-305838-i0ck2oo0.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-305838-i0ck2oo0.txt
    summary: Home measurement of peak expiratory flow (PEF) using an inexpensive portable handheld device is already a guideline-recommended option to facilitate patient self-management in asthma and in the diagnosis of occupational asthma, but its role is less well defined in COPD. 37 Electronic portable spirometers have been studied and found to be comparable to conventional laboratory spirometry in several chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma and COPD, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and post-lung and hematopoietic stem cell transplant monitoring. Oscillometry is emerging as an alternative form of pulmonary function testing that offers some advantages over conventional PFTs. 54 It has been shown to be more sensitive than spirometry in early diagnosis of COPD, 55, 56 to correlate better with respiratory symptoms and asthma control 57,58 as well as in identifying spirometrically silent episodes of biopsy-proven acute graft rejection following lung transplant.
   abstract: Abstract To reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, many pulmonary function testing (PFT) laboratories have been closed or have significantly reduced their testing capacity. As these mitigation strategies may be necessary for the next 6-18 months to prevent recurrent peaks in disease prevalence, fewer objective measurements of lung function will alter the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic respiratory diseases. PFTs, which include spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity measurement, are essential to the diagnosis and management of patients with asthma, COPD, and other chronic lung conditions. Both traditional and innovative alternatives to conventional testing must now be explored. These may include peak expiratory flow devices, electronic portable spirometers, portable exhaled nitric oxide measurement, airwave oscillometry devices, as well as novel digital health tools such as smartphone microphone spirometers, and mobile health technologies along integration of machine learning approaches. The adoption of some novel approaches may not merely replace but could improve existing management strategies and alter common diagnostic paradigms. With these options come important technical, privacy, ethical, financial, and medicolegal barriers that must be addressed. However, the COVID-19 pandemic also presents a unique opportunity to augment conventional testing by including innovative and emerging approaches to measuring lung function remotely in patients with respiratory disease. The benefits of such an approach have the potential to enhance respiratory care and empower patient self-management well beyond the current global pandemic.
        url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0012369220318675
        doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.065

         id: cord-319163-d1oj15cw
     author: Lee, Jinju
      title: The Role of Autophagy in Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation
       date: 2019-02-04
      words: 4082.0
  sentences: 239.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 35.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-319163-d1oj15cw.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-319163-d1oj15cw.txt
    summary: Genetic variant in the autophagy gene ATG5 is associated with asthma pathogenesis, and autophagy regulates apoptotic pathways in epithelial cells in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For example, formation of double-membrane autophagosomes in fibroblasts from severe asthmatic patients has been observed by electron microscopy (18, 19) , and genetic variants of the autophagy gene Atg5 are associated with promotion of airway remodeling and loss of lung function in childhood asthma (20) . Eosinophils are a major type of inflammatory cell that play an important role in airway inflammatory diseases, including asthma (21) (22) (23) . Although evidence suggests that autophagy and eosinophils play important roles in immune responses and airway inflammation, few studies have examined the association between autophagy and eosinophils in inflammatory diseases. Eosinophilic airway inflammation: role in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
   abstract: Autophagy is a homeostatic mechanism that discards not only invading pathogens but also damaged organelles and denatured proteins via lysosomal degradation. Increasing evidence suggests a role for autophagy in inflammatory diseases, including infectious diseases, Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension. These studies suggest that modulating autophagy could be a novel therapeutic option for inflammatory diseases. Eosinophils are a major type of inflammatory cell that aggravates airway inflammatory diseases, particularly corticosteroid-resistant inflammation. The eosinophil count is a useful tool for assessing which patients may benefit from inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Recent studies demonstrate that autophagy plays a role in eosinophilic airway inflammatory diseases by promoting airway remodeling and loss of function. Genetic variant in the autophagy gene ATG5 is associated with asthma pathogenesis, and autophagy regulates apoptotic pathways in epithelial cells in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Moreover, autophagy dysfunction leads to severe inflammation, especially eosinophilic inflammation, in chronic rhinosinusitis. However, the mechanism underlying autophagy-mediated regulation of eosinophilic airway inflammation remains unclear. The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of the role of autophagy in eosinophilic airway inflammation. We also suggest that autophagy may be a new therapeutic target for airway inflammation, including that mediated by eosinophils.
        url: https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2019.19.e5
        doi: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e5

         id: cord-314868-ei2b8oqn
     author: Leung, J. M.
      title: ACE-2 Expression in the Small Airway Epithelia of Smokers and COPD Patients: Implications for COVID-19
       date: 2020-03-23
      words: 2712.0
  sentences: 190.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 58.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-314868-ei2b8oqn.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-314868-ei2b8oqn.txt
    summary: Because individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of severe COVID19, we determined whether ACE2 expression in the lower airways was related to COPD and cigarette smoking. Results: In the discovery cohort (n=42 participants), we found that ACE2 expression levels were increased by 48% in the airways of COPD compared with non-COPD subjects (COPD=2.52 (0.66) log2 counts per million reads (CPM) versus non-COPD= 1.70 (0.51) CPM , p=.000762). In summary, active cigarette smoking and COPD up-regulate ACE-2 expression in lower airways, which in part may explain the increased risk of severe COVID-19 in these sub-populations. The P-value was obtained from the robust linear model Abbreviations: ACE-2, angiotensin converting enzyme II; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPM, counts per million reads . 18.20038455 doi: medRxiv preprint Abbreviations: ACE-2, angiotensin converting enzyme II; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPM, counts per million reads ACE-2 gene expression in airway epithelia is inversely related to FEV1% predicted (p=0.0348)
   abstract: Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARSCoV-2). This virus uses the angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) as the cellular entry receptor to infect the lower respiratory tract. Because individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of severe COVID19, we determined whether ACE2 expression in the lower airways was related to COPD and cigarette smoking. Methods: Using RNAseq, we determined gene expression levels in bronchial epithelia obtained from cytologic brushings of 6th to 8th generation airways in individuals with and without COPD. We externally validated these results from two additional independent cohorts, which used microarray technologies to measure gene expression levels from 6th to 12th generation airways. Results: In the discovery cohort (n=42 participants), we found that ACE2 expression levels were increased by 48% in the airways of COPD compared with non-COPD subjects (COPD=2.52 (0.66) log2 counts per million reads (CPM) versus non-COPD= 1.70 (0.51) CPM , p=.000762). There was a significant inverse relationship between ACE2 gene expression and FEV1% of predicted (r=negative 0.24; p=0.035). Current smoking also significantly increased ACE2 expression levels compared with never smokers (never current smokers=2.77 (90.91) CPM versus smokers=1.78 (0.39) CPM, p=0.024). These findings were replicated in the two external cohorts. Conclusions: ACE2 expression in lower airways is increased in patients with COPD and with current smoking. These data suggest that these two subgroups are at increased risk of serious COVID19 infection and highlight the importance of smoking cessation in reducing the risk.
        url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.03.18.20038455v1?rss=1
        doi: 10.1101/2020.03.18.20038455

         id: cord-275858-46jzw94p
     author: Leung, Janice M.
      title: COVID-19 and COPD
       date: 2020-08-13
      words: 3024.0
  sentences: 166.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 42.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-275858-46jzw94p.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-275858-46jzw94p.txt
    summary: Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Clinical characteristics and co-infections of 354 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Risk factors associated with clinical outcomes in 323 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Wuhan, China Clinical course and outcome of 107 patients infected with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, discharged from two hospitals in Wuhan Clinical characteristics of laboratory confirmed positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China: a retrospective single center analysis A preliminary study on serological assay for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 238 admitted hospital patients Epidemiological, clinical, and virological characteristics of 465 hospitalized cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Zhejiang province in China. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China
   abstract: COPD patients have increased risk of severe pneumonia and poor outcomes when they develop COVID-19. This may be related to poor underlying lung reserves or increased expression of ACE-2 receptor in small airways. https://bit.ly/37dSB8l
        url: https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02108-2020
        doi: 10.1183/13993003.02108-2020

         id: cord-307309-s0t4kp2x
     author: Liang, Ying
      title: Symptoms, Management and Healthcare Utilization of COPD Patients During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Beijing
       date: 2020-10-14
      words: 3012.0
  sentences: 174.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 47.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-307309-s0t4kp2x.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-307309-s0t4kp2x.txt
    summary: Clinical data, including respiratory symptoms, pharmacological treatment, management and healthcare access before and during the COVID-19 epidemic from January 25 to April 25, 2020, were collected. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study of symptoms, management and healthcare utilization of COPD patients during the COVID-19 epidemic in Beijing, aiming to provide data for implementing relevant treatment strategy of COPD during the pandemic. Patients were selected randomly from the COPD database in our hospital by the following inclusion criteria: 1) 40 years of age or older; (2) a history of at least 3 months of diagnosed COPD according to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Report. Sociodemographic information and clinical data, including respiratory symptoms, pharmacological treatment, management and healthcare access before and during the COVID-19 epidemic from January 25 to April 25, 2020, were collected. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2020:15 visits (getting prescription for COPD, review and assessment of disease, or worsening of respiratory symptoms), and online consultation.
   abstract: BACKGROUND: Social distancing and restriction measures during the COVID-19 epidemic may have impacts on medication availability and healthcare utilization for COPD patients, and thereby affect standard disease management. We aimed to investigate the change of respiratory symptoms, pharmacological treatment and healthcare utilization of COPD patients during the epidemic in Beijing, China. METHODS: We conducted a single-center, cross-sectional survey performed at Peking University Third Hospital and recruited patients with COPD who were interviewed by phone call. Clinical data, including respiratory symptoms, pharmacological treatment, management and healthcare access before and during the COVID-19 epidemic from January 25 to April 25, 2020, were collected. RESULTS: A total of 153 patients were enrolled for analysis. Before the epidemic, 81.7% (125/153) had long-term maintenance medication and ICS/LABA (60.8%) and LAMA (57.5%) were most commonly used. During the epidemic, 75.2% (115/153) maintained their pharmacological treatment and 6.5% (10/153) had to reduce or stop taking medications, with a slight decrease of patients taking ICS/LABA (53.6%) and LAMA (56.9%). Most of the patients [76.5% (117/153)] had a low symptom burden, with a CAT score <10 during the epidemic. Of 153 patients, 45 (29.4%) patients reported worsening of respiratory symptoms but only 15.6% (7/45) sought medical care in hospitals, while the remaining expressed concerns about cross-infection in the hospital (55.5%, 25/45) or had mild symptoms which were managed by themselves (28.8%, 13/45). CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 epidemic in Beijing, most of our COPD patients maintained their long-term pharmacological treatment and had mild-to-moderate symptoms. Approximately, 30.0% of the patients experienced worsening of respiratory symptoms, but most of them did not seek medical care in the hospital due to concerns about cross-infection.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33116465/
        doi: 10.2147/copd.s270448

         id: cord-271174-886xc1n3
     author: Lipworth, Brian
      title: Weathering the Cytokine Storm in Susceptible Patients with Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection
       date: 2020-04-18
      words: 2344.0
  sentences: 136.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 38.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-271174-886xc1n3.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-271174-886xc1n3.txt
    summary: High-risk patients requiring hospitalization for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are those over 60 years old, males, obese, smokers, and those with common comorbidities including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic lung disease. The cytokine cascade resulting from acute severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, with downstream IL-6 activation considered to be a hallmark feature in terms of progression of COVID-19 pneumonia to hyperinflammation and ARDS. Also shown are the putative mechanisms of action for bromhexine and hydroxychloroquine in attenuating upstream SARS-CoV-2 tissue binding, the effect of antivirals on replication, azithromycin as an antiviral and immunomudulator, nonspecific cytokine suppression by corticosteroids, together with the selective downstream effect of IL-6 blockade with tocilizumab or sarilumab and effects of anti-TNF and interferon beta-1-a. Patients with eosinophilic asthma and COPD should continue to use ICS-containing therapy to maintain optimal control and protect against viral insults including SARS-CoV-2 infection.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213219820303652
        doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.014

         id: cord-017412-1avevzya
     author: Losada, Liliana
      title: The Human Lung Microbiome
       date: 2010-10-11
      words: 10013.0
  sentences: 499.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 39.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt
    summary: Lower airway infections by bacteria, viruses, or fungi are among the most prevalent causes of transmissible disease in humans, with two to three million community-acquired (non-hospital-acquired) cases per year in the United States (Segreti et al., 2005) . Those with physically compromised airways or immune system deficiencies are subject to chronic microbial colonization of their airways and to high-frequency episodes of viral, bacterial, or fungal lower respiratory infections. Many associations with asthma have been detected including exposure to cigarette smoke (Thomson et al., 2004) , caesarean section birth relative to natural birth (Thavagnanam et al., 2008) , early viral respiratory infections (Gold and Wright, 2005; Harju et al., 2006) , early in life antibiotic use (Marra et al., 2006) , and living in the US (Gold and Wright, 2005) . Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations
   abstract: The human lower respiratory tract is considered sterile in normal healthy individuals (Flanagan et al., 2007; Speert, 2006) despite the fact that every day we breathe in multiple microorganisms present in the air and aspirate thousands of organisms from the mouth and nasopharynx. This apparent sterility is maintained by numerous interrelated components of the lung physical structures such as the mucociliary elevator and components of the innate and adaptive immune systems (discussed below) (reviewed in (Diamond et al., 2000; Gerritsen, 2000)). However, it is possible that the observed sterility might be a result of the laboratory practices applied to study the flora of the lungs. Historically, researchers faced with a set of diseases characterized by a changing and largely cryptic lung microbiome have lacked tools to study lung ecology as a whole and have concentrated on familiar, cultivatable candidate pathogens.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121966/
        doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7089-3_7

         id: cord-004535-p4s5uqz8
     author: Luyt, Charles-Edouard
      title: Virus diseases in ICU patients: a long time underestimated; but be aware of overestimation
       date: 2006-05-24
      words: 1274.0
  sentences: 77.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 42.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-004535-p4s5uqz8.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-004535-p4s5uqz8.txt
    summary: showed that viruses could trigger 39% of COPD exacerbations, rhinovirus being the main virus recovered from the upper respiratory tract [4] . In the same study, the authors showed that respiratory viruses (except respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)) were detected in the upper respiratory tract of 16% of patients with stable COPD, and RSV in 23.5% [4] . This study confirms that many exacerbations of COPD could be triggered by upper-respiratory tract viral infections [6] . Other strengths of this paper are the broad range of viruses sought and the use of real-time PCR, which is probably the most effective technique to date for the diagnosis of viral infection. Similarly, for viruses of the upper respiratory tract, viral detection does not mean infection. In the study by Seemungal, respiratory viruses were detected in the upper-respiratory tract of several patients with stable COPD [4] . Evaluation of a quantitative real-time PCR for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus in pulmonary diseases
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079854/
        doi: 10.1007/s00134-006-0203-9

         id: cord-264295-7ojvhwb0
     author: Maddaloni, Ernesto
      title: Cardiometabolic multimorbidity is associated with a worse Covid-19 prognosis than individual cardiometabolic risk factors: a multicentre retrospective study (CoViDiab II)
       date: 2020-10-01
      words: 4689.0
  sentences: 203.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 39.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-264295-7ojvhwb0.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-264295-7ojvhwb0.txt
    summary: Data collected included: demographic information (age and sex); presence of diabetes (defined as at least one random blood glucose value > 200 mg/dl, or fasting blood glucose > 126 mg/dl, or HbA 1c > 6.5%, or self-reported history of diabetes with ongoing anti-diabetes therapy), type of diabetes (type 1, type 2, other); smoking habits (never, ex, current); prior history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery-bass graft or stroke), malignancy (any neoplasia diagnosed within the last five years or active neoplasia); presenting symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection (fever, cough, cold, conjunctivitis, chest pain, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). Logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex were used to investigate associations of the primary and secondary outcomes with diabetes, and with other risk factors explored in the study, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia, COPD, heart failure, previous cardiovascular events, malignancy and smoking status (never vs.
   abstract: BACKGROUND: Cardiometabolic disorders may worsen Covid-19 outcomes. We investigated features and Covid-19 outcomes for patients with or without diabetes, and with or without cardiometabolic multimorbidity. METHODS: We collected and compared data retrospectively from patients hospitalized for Covid-19 with and without diabetes, and with and without cardiometabolic multimorbidity (defined as ≥ two of three risk factors of diabetes, hypertension or dyslipidaemia). Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the risk of the primary composite outcome (any of mechanical ventilation, admission to an intensive care unit [ICU] or death) in patients with diabetes and in those with cardiometabolic multimorbidity, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: Of 354 patients enrolled, those with diabetes (n = 81), compared with those without diabetes (n = 273), had characteristics associated with the primary composite outcome that included older age, higher prevalence of hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), higher levels of inflammatory markers and a lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio. The risk of the primary composite outcome in the 277 patients who completed the study as of May 15(th), 2020, was higher in those with diabetes (Adjusted Odds Ratio ((adj)OR) 2.04, 95%CI 1.12–3.73, p = 0.020), hypertension ((adj)OR 2.31, 95%CI: 1.37–3.92, p = 0.002) and COPD ((adj)OR 2.67, 95%CI 1.23–5.80, p = 0.013). Patients with cardiometabolic multimorbidity were at higher risk compared to patients with no cardiometabolic conditions ((adj)OR 3.19 95%CI 1.61–6.34, p = 0.001). The risk for patients with a single cardiometabolic risk factor did not differ with that for patients with no cardiometabolic risk factors ((adj)OR 1.66, 0.90–3.06, (adj)p = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with diabetes hospitalized for Covid-19 present with high-risk features. They are at increased risk of adverse outcomes, likely because diabetes clusters with other cardiometabolic conditions.
        url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-020-01140-2
        doi: 10.1186/s12933-020-01140-2

         id: cord-280986-i27mge10
     author: Mallia, Patrick
      title: How Viral Infections Cause Exacerbation of Airway Diseases
       date: 2017-01-25
      words: 4238.0
  sentences: 199.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 34.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-280986-i27mge10.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-280986-i27mge10.txt
    summary: Exacerbations are associated with increased airway inflammation in patients with both asthma and COPD, but many questions remain unanswered regarding the key inflammatory cells and mediators involved. 24, 25 In the lower respiratory tract, increases in Il-6, IL-8, and the chemokine regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) have been documented in the sputum of asthmatic patients after experimental rhinovirus infection, 10, 26 and IL-8 has been detected in the sputum of children with naturally occurring exacerbations. A recent study 10 in patients with naturally occurring virusassociated asthma exacerbations found increased levels of IL-10 messenger RNA in the sputum of asthmatic patients compared to virus-infected healthy subjects, but no differences in the level of RANTES or IL-8 between the two groups. Studies 38 of airway inflammation in stable patients with COPD have shown that the disease is characterized by pulmonary infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, and CD8ϩ T lymphocytes, together with increased expression of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules.
   abstract: Exacerbations of asthma and COPD are major causes of morbidity, mortality, and health-care costs. Over the last decade, studies using new molecular diagnostic techniques have established that respiratory viruses are a major cause of exacerbations of both asthma and COPD. The most prevalent viruses detected during exacerbations are the rhinoviruses. Despite the burden of disease associated with exacerbations, little is known about the mechanisms of virus-induced exacerbations of airway diseases. Exacerbations are associated with increased airway inflammation in patients with both asthma and COPD, but many questions remain unanswered regarding the key inflammatory cells and mediators involved. Identifying the key inflammatory mediators involved in exacerbations holds the promise of developing diagnostic and prognostic markers of exacerbation. In addition, such studies can identify new therapeutic targets for the development of novel drugs for the prevention and treatment of exacerbations.
        url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012369215511598
        doi: 10.1378/chest.130.4.1203

         id: cord-269316-1nlpo42a
     author: Mansfield, K. E.
      title: COVID-19 collateral: Indirect acute effects of the pandemic on physical and mental health in the UK
       date: 2020-10-30
      words: 8018.0
  sentences: 460.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 51.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-269316-1nlpo42a.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-269316-1nlpo42a.txt
    summary: Methods: Using electronic health records from the Clinical Research Practice Datalink (CPRD) Aurum (2017-2020), we calculated weekly primary care contacts for selected acute physical and mental health conditions (including: anxiety, depression, acute alcohol-related events, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] exacerbations, cardiovascular and diabetic emergencies). We used electronic primary care health records of nearly 10 million individuals across the UK to investigate the indirect impact of COVID-19 on primary care contacts for mental health, acute alcohol-related events, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, and cardiovascular and diabetic emergencies up to July 2020. As outcomes, we considered the number of weekly primary care contacts for the following conditions (separately): mental health (i.e. depression, anxiety, fatal and non-fatal self-harm, severe mental illness, and eating and obsessive-compulsive disorders), acute alcohol-related events, diabetic emergencies (e.g. ketoacidosis), asthma and COPD exacerbations, and acute cardiovascular (CVD) events (i.e. unstable angina, myocardial infarction, transient ischaemic attack, cerebrovascular accident, cardiac failure and venous thromboembolisms).
   abstract: Background: Concerns have been raised that the response to the UK COVID-19 pandemic may have worsened physical and mental health, and reduced use of health services. However, the scale of the problem is unquantified, impeding development of effective mitigations. We asked what has happened to general practice contacts for acute physical and mental health outcomes during the pandemic? Methods: Using electronic health records from the Clinical Research Practice Datalink (CPRD) Aurum (2017-2020), we calculated weekly primary care contacts for selected acute physical and mental health conditions (including: anxiety, depression, acute alcohol-related events, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] exacerbations, cardiovascular and diabetic emergencies). We used interrupted time series (ITS) analysis to formally quantify changes in conditions after the introduction of population-wide restrictions ('lockdown') compared to the period prior to their introduction in March 2020. Findings: The overall population included 9,863,903 individuals on 1st January 2017. Primary care contacts for all conditions dropped dramatically after introduction of population-wide restrictions. By July 2020, except for unstable angina and acute alcohol-related events, contacts for all conditions had not recovered to pre-lockdown levels. The largest reductions were for contacts for: diabetic emergencies (OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.25-0.50), depression (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.52-0.53), and self-harm (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.54-0.58). Interpretation: There were substantial reductions in primary care contacts for acute physical and mental conditions with restrictions, with limited recovery by July 2020. It is likely that much of the deficit in care represents unmet need, with implications for subsequent morbidity and premature mortality. The conditions we studied are sufficiently severe that any unmet need will have substantial ramifications for the people experiencing the conditions and healthcare provision. Maintaining access must be a key priority in future public health planning (including further restrictions). Funding: Wellcome Trust Senior Fellowship (SML), Health Data Research UK.
        url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.29.20222174v1?rss=1
        doi: 10.1101/2020.10.29.20222174

         id: cord-309885-6sjxi2et
     author: Maremanda, Krishna P.
      title: Age-Dependent Assessment of Genes Involved in Cellular Senescence, Telomere, and Mitochondrial Pathways in Human Lung Tissue of Smokers, COPD, and IPF: Associations With SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 Axis
       date: 2020-09-09
      words: 6435.0
  sentences: 339.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 56.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-309885-6sjxi2et.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-309885-6sjxi2et.txt
    summary: title: Age-Dependent Assessment of Genes Involved in Cellular Senescence, Telomere, and Mitochondrial Pathways in Human Lung Tissue of Smokers, COPD, and IPF: Associations With SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 Axis RESULTS: Several genes were differentially expressed in younger and older smokers, and patients with COPD and IPF compared to non-smokers which were part of the mitochondrial biogenesis/function (HSPD1, FEN1, COX18, COX10, UCP2 & 3), cellular senescence (PCNA, PTEN, KLOTHO, CDKN1C, TNKS2, NFATC1 & 2, GADD45A), and telomere replication/maintenance (PARP1, SIRT6, NBN, TERT, RAD17, SLX4, HAT1) target genes. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings suggest that altered transcription of target genes that regulate mitochondrial function, cellular senescence, and telomere attrition in the pathobiology of lung aging in COPD and IPF is associated with alterations in SARS-CoV-2 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 axis as pharmacological targets for COVID-19.
   abstract: BACKGROUND: Aging is one of the key contributing factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and other chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Here, we determined how aging contributes to the altered gene expression related to mitochondrial function, cellular senescence, and telomeric length processes that play an important role in the progression of COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS: Total RNA from the human lung tissues of non-smokers, smokers, and patients with COPD and IPF were processed and analyzed using a Nanostring platform based on their ages (younger: <55 years and older: >55 years). RESULTS: Several genes were differentially expressed in younger and older smokers, and patients with COPD and IPF compared to non-smokers which were part of the mitochondrial biogenesis/function (HSPD1, FEN1, COX18, COX10, UCP2 & 3), cellular senescence (PCNA, PTEN, KLOTHO, CDKN1C, TNKS2, NFATC1 & 2, GADD45A), and telomere replication/maintenance (PARP1, SIRT6, NBN, TERT, RAD17, SLX4, HAT1) target genes. Interestingly, NOX4 and TNKS2 were increased in the young IPF as compared to the young COPD patients. Genes in the mitochondrial dynamics and quality control mechanisms like FIS1 and RHOT2 were decreased in young IPF compared to their age matched COPD subjects. ERCC1 and GADD45B were higher in young COPD as compared to IPF. Aging plays an important role in various infectious diseases including the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lung immunoblot analysis of smokers, COPD and IPF subjects revealed increased abundance of proteases and receptor/spike protein like TMPRSS2, furin, and DPP4 in association with a slight increase in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 levels. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings suggest that altered transcription of target genes that regulate mitochondrial function, cellular senescence, and telomere attrition in the pathobiology of lung aging in COPD and IPF is associated with alterations in SARS-CoV-2 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 axis as pharmacological targets for COVID-19.
        url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.584637
        doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.584637

         id: cord-354040-7ylp7edo
     author: Maremanda, Krishna P.
      title: Age-dependent assessment of genes involved in cellular senescence, telomere and mitochondrial pathways in human lung tissue of smokers, COPD and IPF: Associations with SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 axis
       date: 2020-06-15
      words: 6189.0
  sentences: 317.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 57.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-354040-7ylp7edo.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-354040-7ylp7edo.txt
    summary: Several genes were differentially expressed in younger and older smokers, and patients with COPD and IPF compared to non-smokers which were part of the mitochondrial biogenesis/function (HSPD1, FEN1, COX18, COX10, UCP2 & 3), cellular senescence (PCNA, PTEN, KLOTHO, CDKN1C, TNKS2, NFATC1 & 2, GADD45A) and telomere replication/maintenance (PARP1, SIRT6, NBN, TERT, RAD17, SLX4, HAT1) target genes. Overall, these findings suggest that altered transcription of target genes that regulate mitochondrial function, cellular senescence, and telomere attrition add to the pathobiology of lung aging in COPD and IPF and other smoking-related chronic lung disease in associated with alterations in SARS-CoV-2 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 axis for COVID-19 infection. Cigarette smoke alters several key functions in the cells, among them the crucial genes related to mitochondrial function, cellular senescence and telomeric length were selected in the current study to observe for any differential changes among young and old age groups categorized as non-smokers, smokers and COPD groups.
   abstract: Aging is one of the key contributing factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and other chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Cigarette smoke is a major etiological risk factor that has been shown to alter cellular processes involving mitochondrial function, cellular senescence and telomeric length. Here we determined how aging contribute to the alteration in the gene expression of above mentioned cellular processes that play an important role in the progression of COPD and IPF. We hypothesized that aging may differentially alter the expression of mitochondrial, cellular senescence and telomere genes in smokers and patients with COPD and IPF compared to non-smokers. Total RNA from human lung tissues from non-smokers, smokers, and patients with COPD and IPF were processed and analyzed based on their ages (younger: <55 yrs and older: >55 yrs). NanoString nCounter panel was used to analyze the gene expression profiles using a custom designed codeset containing 112 genes including 6 housekeeping controls (mitochondrial biogenesis and function, cellular senescence, telomere replication and maintenance). mRNA counts were normalized, log2 transformed for differential expression analysis using linear models in the limma package (R/Bioconductor). Data from non-smokers, smokers and patients with COPD and IPF were analyzed based on the age groups (pairwise comparisons between younger vs. older groups). Several genes were differentially expressed in younger and older smokers, and patients with COPD and IPF compared to non-smokers which were part of the mitochondrial biogenesis/function (HSPD1, FEN1, COX18, COX10, UCP2 & 3), cellular senescence (PCNA, PTEN, KLOTHO, CDKN1C, TNKS2, NFATC1 & 2, GADD45A) and telomere replication/maintenance (PARP1, SIRT6, NBN, TERT, RAD17, SLX4, HAT1) target genes. Interestingly, NOX4 and TNKS2 were increased in the young IPF as compared to the young COPD patients. Genes in the mitochondrial dynamics and other quality control mechanisms like FIS1 and RHOT2 were decreased in young IPF compared to their age matched COPD subjects. ERCC1 (Excision Repair Cross-Complementation Group 1) and GADD45B were higher in young COPD as compared to IPF. Aging plays an important role in various infectious diseases. Elderly patients with chronic lung disease and smokers were found to have high incidence and mortality rates in the current pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunoblot analysis in the lung homogenates of smokers, COPD and IPF subjects revealed increased protein abundance of important proteases and spike proteins like TMPRSS2, furin and DPP4 in association with a slight increase in SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 levels. This may further strengthen the observation that smokers, COPD and IPF subjects are more prone to COVID-19 infection. Overall, these findings suggest that altered transcription of target genes that regulate mitochondrial function, cellular senescence, and telomere attrition add to the pathobiology of lung aging in COPD and IPF and other smoking-related chronic lung disease in associated with alterations in SARS-CoV-2 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 axis for COVID-19 infection.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32702724/
        doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-35347/v1

         id: cord-034579-3s26tjrd
     author: McAuley, Hamish
      title: COPD in the time of COVID-19: An analysis of acute exacerbations and reported behavioural changes in patients with COPD
       date: 2020-10-30
      words: 4000.0
  sentences: 225.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 51.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-034579-3s26tjrd.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-034579-3s26tjrd.txt
    summary: A telephone survey was used to assess changes in anxiety, inhaler adherence, physical activity, and behaviour during the pre-lockdown and lockdown periods compared to normal. Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD) are a frequent problem for people with COPD, adversely affecting morbidity and mortality and are an important cause of unscheduled healthcare contacts including admission to hospital 1 Secondly, we assessed self-reported behaviour change during the pre-lockdown and lockdown period by telephone interview in order to explore potential reasons for any observed changes in AECOPD treatment frequency In this observational study a 38% increase in community managed exacerbation events during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 was seen compared to the same six-week period in 2019, as measured by primary care prescription records.
   abstract: INTRODUCTION: The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and lockdown measures, on acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the change in AECOPD treatment frequency during the first 6 weeks of lockdown in the UK compared with 2019 and assess changes in self-reported behaviour and well-being. METHODS: In this observational study in Leicestershire, UK, patients with COPD under a secondary care clinic were recruited. Exacerbation frequency in the first 6 weeks of COVID lockdown was compared with the same period in 2019 using electronic health records. A telephone survey was used to assess changes in anxiety, inhaler adherence, physical activity, and behaviour during the pre-lockdown and lockdown periods compared to normal. RESULTS: 160 participants were recruited (mean [sd] age 67.3 [8.1] years, 88 [55%] male, FEV1 34.3 [13] % predicted). 140 [88%] reported at least one AECOPD in the previous year. Significantly more community treated exacerbations were observed in 2020 compared with 2019 (126 versus 99, p=0.026). The increase was a result of multiple courses of treatment, with a similar proportion of patients receiving at least one course (34.4% versus 33.8%). During “lockdown” participants reported significantly increased anxiety, adherence to their preventative inhalers, and good adherence to shielding advice (all p<0.001). A significant reduction in self-reported physical activity and visitors was reported (both p<0.001). DISCUSSION: Treatment for AECOPD events increased during the first 6 weeks of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the UK compared to 2019. This was associated with increased symptoms of anxiety and significant behavioural change.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7607968/
        doi: 10.1183/23120541.00718-2020

         id: cord-103020-ckuma42j
     author: McDowell, G.
      title: Two-way remote monitoring allows effective and realistic provision of home-NIV to COPD patients with persistent hypercapnia.
       date: 2020-11-12
      words: 5817.0
  sentences: 316.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 48.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-103020-ckuma42j.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-103020-ckuma42j.txt
    summary: Background Outcomes for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with persistent hypercapnic respiratory failure are improved by long-term home non-invasive ventilation (NIV). The primary outcome of this study was time to readmission or death at 12 months in patients receiving home-NIV versus a retrospectively identified control cohort of 27 patients with hypercapnic COPD who had not been referred for home-NIV. The present study retrospectively analysed all patients who were commenced on therapy over the first 12 months of this service, with aim of determining whether outcomes similar to RCTs were achieved in a real-world cohort of hypercapnic COPD patients with typical comorbidities (which would have excluded many from NIV RCTs) who are managed with remote-monitored home NIV. Changes in healthcare usage (number of hospital admissions, OBDs, and respiratory nurse home visits) and capillary blood gas PCO 2 and bicarbonate between NIV users, NIV non-users and the control cohort were analysed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
   abstract: Background Outcomes for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with persistent hypercapnic respiratory failure are improved by long-term home non-invasive ventilation (NIV). Provision of home-NIV presents clinical and service challenges. The aim of this study was to assess outcomes of home-NIV in hypercapnic COPD patients managed remotely. Methods Retrospective analysis of a dataset of 46 COPD patients with persistent hypercapnic respiratory failure who commenced home-NIV managed by two-way remote monitoring (Lumis, AirView, ResMed) between February 2017 and January 2018. The primary outcome of this study was time to readmission or death at 12 months in patients receiving home-NIV versus a retrospectively identified control cohort of 27 patients with hypercapnic COPD who had not been referred for home-NIV. Results The median time to readmission or death was significantly prolonged in patients who commenced home-NIV (median 160 days, 95% CI 69.38-250.63) versus the control cohort (66 days, 95% CI 21.9-110.1; p<0.01). Average time to hospital readmission was 221 days (95% CI, 47.77-394.23) and 70 days (95% CI, 55.31-84.69; p<0.05), respectively. Median decrease in bicarbonate level of 4.9mmol/L (p<0.0151) and daytime PCO2 2.2kPa (p<0.032) demonstrate efficacy of home-NIV. A median reduction of 14 occupied bed days per annum versus previous year prior to NIV was observed per patient who continued home-NIV throughout the study period (N=32). Conclusion These findings confirm the benefits of home-NIV in clinical practice and support the use of two-way remote monitoring as a feasible solution to managing the delivery of home-NIV for COPD patients with persistent hypercapnia.
        url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.08.20227892v1?rss=1
        doi: 10.1101/2020.11.08.20227892

         id: cord-286449-ekvzaae2
     author: McManus, Terence E.
      title: Respiratory viral infection in exacerbations of COPD
       date: 2008-07-30
      words: 3105.0
  sentences: 205.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 49.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-286449-ekvzaae2.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-286449-ekvzaae2.txt
    summary: A respiratory virus was detected in 37% of exacerbations, 12% of stable COPD patients and 12% of non-obstructed smokers, p < 0.0005. Studies using serology and viral culture identified respiratory viruses in 30% of patients during acute exacerbations of COPD. 8 The hypothesis tested in the present study was that acute respiratory viral infection is implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD exacerbations. The detection rate of respiratory viruses during exacerbations of COPD in this study (37%) is comparable to results obtained by Seemungal 9 Lower detection rates may be related to time of sampling as patients presenting to hospital had developed symptoms for a median of 5 days prior to admission. 21 However, several of the patients were seen at different time points during this study and the same virus was not detected by repeat sampling suggesting that those testing positive using the PCR screen were experiencing an acute viral infection.
   abstract: BACKGROUND: Patients with COPD have frequent exacerbations. The role of respiratory viral infection is just emerging. We wished to determine prospectively the incidence of viral infection in exacerbated and stable COPD patients as well as smokers who do not have airways obstruction. METHODS: Stable and exacerbated COPD patients were recruited along with a group of patients who had smoked but who did not have any airways obstruction. Spirometry was performed and sputum specimens were tested for a range of 12 different respiratory viruses using PCR. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-six patients with exacerbations of COPD, 68 stable COPD patients and 16 non-obstructed smokers were recruited. A respiratory virus was detected in 37% of exacerbations, 12% of stable COPD patients and 12% of non-obstructed smokers, p < 0.0005. Rhinovirus was most frequently detected. The symptom of fever was associated with virus detection, p < 0.05. Infection with more than one virus was only found in the exacerbated COPD patients. CONCLUSION: Respiratory viral infection is associated with exacerbations of COPD. Rhinovirus was the most common infecting agent identified and in two cases human metapneumovirus was also detected. Dual infections were only seen amongst those patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of COPD. Viruses were more commonly detected in those with more severe airways disease.
        url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2008.06.006
        doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.06.006

         id: cord-272034-fvii5nsv
     author: McNaughton, Amanda
      title: Taking Charge: A Proposed Psychological Intervention to Improve Pulmonary Rehabilitation Outcomes for People with COPD
       date: 2020-09-11
      words: 3312.0
  sentences: 198.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 44.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-272034-fvii5nsv.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-272034-fvii5nsv.txt
    summary: title: Taking Charge: A Proposed Psychological Intervention to Improve Pulmonary Rehabilitation Outcomes for People with COPD We offer a different perspective drawn from clinical experience of PR, quantitative and qualitative studies of singing groups for people with COPD, and stroke rehabilitation research that gives psychological factors a more central role in determining outcomes after PR. [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] Two randomized controlled trials of singing group interventions in COPD report improvements in quality of life and reduction in anxiety, although not in lung function. 49 Arnold and colleagues showed that improvements in quality of life scores after PR were associated with increases in measures of self-efficacy and suggested that "focussing more explicitly on the enhancement of perceptions of personal control in COPD patients may be an important aim of pulmonary rehabilitation". Taking Charge after stroke: promoting self-directed rehabilitation to improve quality of life -a randomized controlled trial
   abstract: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an important, evidence-based treatment that improves outcomes for people with COPD. Individualized exercise programmes aim to improve exercise capacity; self-management education and psychological support are also provided. Translating increased exercise capacity into sustained behavioural change of increased physical activity is difficult. Other unresolved problems with PR programmes include improving uptake, completion, response and sustaining long-term benefit. We offer a different perspective drawn from clinical experience of PR, quantitative and qualitative studies of singing groups for people with COPD, and stroke rehabilitation research that gives psychological factors a more central role in determining outcomes after PR. We discuss Take Charge; a simple but effective psychological intervention promoting self-management––that could be used as part of a PR programme or in situations where PR was declined or unavailable. This may be particularly relevant now when traditional face-to-face group programmes have been disrupted by COVID-19 precautions.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32982205/
        doi: 10.2147/copd.s267268

         id: cord-027721-hpzs6fvf
     author: Mcheick, Hamid
      title: Context-Aware Healthcare Adaptation Model for COPD Diseases
       date: 2020-05-31
      words: 2827.0
  sentences: 142.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 46.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-027721-hpzs6fvf.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-027721-hpzs6fvf.txt
    summary: In this article, we are combining the healthcare telemonitoring systems with the context awareness and self-adaptation paradigm to provide a self-adaptive framework architecture for COPD patients. Based on this healthcare requirement, we realized the need of combining context awareness and self-adaptation with health telemonitoring, which will give our system the ability to be aware of the patient''s data and context, then to adapt the required changes and act accordingly. In this paper, we have presented an architecture for a context-aware self-adaptive system that is used to develop a COPD healthcare telemonitoring system. Our main contribution in this work is providing a context-aware self-adaptive system architecture that is dealing with the huge variety and complexity of contextual data and different sets of services by implementing a decentralized adaptation unit, which makes the monitoring and adaptation task easier and less complex by applying the separation of concerns principle. Towards a generic context-aware framework for self-adaptation of service-oriented architectures
   abstract: Nowadays, ubiquitous computing and mobile applications are controlling all our life’s aspects, from social media and entertainment to the very basic needs like commerce, learning, government, and health. These systems have the ability to self-adapt to meet changes in their execution environment and the user’s context. In the healthcare domain, information systems have proven their efficiency, not only by organizing and managing patients’ data and information but also by helping doctors and medical experts in diagnosing disease and taking precluding procedure to avoid serious conditions. In chronic diseases, telemonitoring systems provide a way to monitor the patient’s state and biomarkers within their usual life’s routine. In this article, we are combining the healthcare telemonitoring systems with the context awareness and self-adaptation paradigm to provide a self-adaptive framework architecture for COPD patients.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7313292/
        doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-51517-1_27

         id: cord-031558-8wysernx
     author: Michas, Marta
      title: Factors influencing the implementation and uptake of a discharge care bundle for patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative focus group study
       date: 2020-08-21
      words: 6197.0
  sentences: 273.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 43.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-031558-8wysernx.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-031558-8wysernx.txt
    summary: title: Factors influencing the implementation and uptake of a discharge care bundle for patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative focus group study Health care providers and patients identified four factors that can challenge the implementation of COPD discharge care bundles: process of care complexities, human capacity in care settings, communication and engagement, and attitudes and perceptions towards change. Focus groups were conducted in acute and community/primary care settings from large urban (Edmonton, Calgary), moderate-sized regional (Red Deer), and rural (Slave Lake) centers in Alberta (Canada) between October 2015 and February 2016 to seek input from both patients with COPD and health care providers. The analysis identified four emerging themes influencing COPD discharge care bundle implementation as discussed by participants: (1) process of care, (2) human capacity in care setting, (3) communication and engagement, and (4) attitudes and perceptions towards change.
   abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity in high-income countries. In addition to the high costs of initial hospitalization, COPD patients frequently return to the emergency department (ED) and are readmitted to hospital within 30 days of discharge. A COPD acute care discharge care bundle focused on optimizing care for patients with an acute exacerbation of COPD has been shown to reduce ED revisits and hospital readmissions. The aim of this study was to explore and understand factors influencing implementation and uptake of COPD discharge care bundle items in acute care facilities from the perspective of health care providers and patients. METHODS: Qualitative methodology was adopted. Nine focus groups were conducted using a semi-structured guide: seven with acute and primary/community health care providers and two with patients/family members. Focus groups were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and coded and analyzed using a thematic approach. RESULTS: Forty-six health care providers and 14 patients/family members participated in the focus groups. Health care providers and patients identified four factors that can challenge the implementation of COPD discharge care bundles: process of care complexities, human capacity in care settings, communication and engagement, and attitudes and perceptions towards change. Both health care providers and patients recognized process of care complexity as the most important determinant of the COPD discharge bundle uptake. Processes of care complexity include patient activities in seeking and receiving care, as well as practitioner activities in making a diagnosis and recommending or implementing treatment. Important issues linked to human capacity in care settings included time constraints, high patient volume, and limited staffing. Communication during transitions in care across settings and patient engagement were also broadly discussed. Other important issues were linked to patients’, providers’, and system attitudes towards change and level of involvement in COPD discharge bundle implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Complexities in the process of care were perceived as the most important determinant of COPD discharge bundle implementation. Early engagement of health providers and patients in the uptake of COPD discharge bundle items as well as clear communication between acute and post-acute settings can contribute positively to bundle uptake and implementation success.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7477849/
        doi: 10.1186/s43058-020-00017-5

         id: cord-341832-uskyldv0
     author: Miravitlles, Marc
      title: Tratamiento farmacológico de las agudizaciones infecciosas de la EPOC
       date: 2007-12-31
      words: 5083.0
  sentences: 439.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 48.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-341832-uskyldv0.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-341832-uskyldv0.txt
    summary: Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are frequent and potentially serious episodes that permanently affect patients'' quality of life and lung function. Sin embargo, conviene recordar que los pacientes que participaron en dicho estudio tenían una EPOC moderada-grave, con un valor medio de volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (FEV 1 ) de tan sólo un 33%; por este motivo sus resultados no pueden CURSO DE ENFERMEDAD PULMONAR OBSTRUCTIVA CRÓNICA (EPOC) UNIDAD 3. Drug treatment of acute infective exacerbations of COPD aplicarse a los pacientes con función pulmonar normal o próxima a la normalidad, incluso aunque presenten una agudización de tipo I o II (con 3 o 2 de los síntomas antes enumerados, respectivamente). Por último, las nuevas fluoroquinolonas también han demostrado una mayor rapidez de resolución de los síntomas en pacientes con EPOC y un FEV 1 menor del 50% 44 .
   abstract: Las agudizaciones de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) son episodios frecuentes y potencialmente graves, que dejan un impacto permanente en la calidad de vida y en la función pulmonar de los pacientes. Hasta un 75% de las agudizaciones tiene una etiología bacteriana, en ocasiones asociada a infección vírica. La tasa de fracaso del tratamiento ambulatorio de las agudizaciones alcanza el 20-25% y la gravedad de la enfermedad de base es el principal factor de riesgo de fracaso. La colonización bacteriana persistente es un factor de riesgo de agudizaciones frecuentes y graves, y de más rápida progresión de la EPOC. Por este motivo el tratamiento antibiótico de las agudizaciones debe perseguir no sólo la curación clínica, sino también la mejor erradicación posible para acelerar la recuperación y prevenir las recaídas. Nuevos ensayos clínicos han demostrado que el antibiótico que consigue una mejor erradicación puede prolongar el tiempo sin síntomas de agudización. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are frequent and potentially serious episodes that permanently affect patients’ quality of life and lung function. Up to 75% of exacerbations are caused by bacteria, sometimes associated with viral infection. Outpatient treatment of exacerbations is unsuccessful in 20-25% of patients and the main risk factor for this lack of success is the severity of the underlying disease. Persistent bacterial colonization is a risk factor for frequent and severe exacerbations and for rapid progression of COPD. Therefore, antibiotic treatment should aim to achieve not only the resolution of symptons but also the best eradication possible to hasten recovery and prevent recurrences. New clinical trials have demonstrated that the antibiotic that best achieves bacterial eradication can prolong exacerbation-free periods.
        url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300289607740061
        doi: 10.1016/s0300-2896(07)74006-1

         id: cord-014804-ye6wuwgd
     author: Moeser, A.
      title: Pneumonien bei immunsupprimierten Patienten
       date: 2018-03-16
      words: 1474.0
  sentences: 186.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 37.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-014804-ye6wuwgd.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-014804-ye6wuwgd.txt
    summary: Zusätzlich zu rezidivierenden und chronischen Infektionen leiden die Patienten auch unter einem erhöhten Risiko für Autoimmunerkrankungen sowie für lymphoproliferative und maligne Erkrankungen [2] . In der klinischen Praxis stellen erworbene Immundefekte häufiger ein Risiko für das Auftreten von Pneumonien bei Erwachsenen dar als eine angeborene Immundefizienz. Unter den immunsuppressiven Medikamenten für die Therapie der rheumatoiden Arthritis und Kollagenosen ist das Risiko für Hospitalisationen aufgrund von Infektionen unter Cyclophosphamid-Therapie (RR 3,3) gegenüber Azathioprin (RR ca. Bei HIV-Patienten treten ambulant erworbene Pneumonien unabhängig von der Anzahl zirkulierender CD4+T-Zellen relevant häufiger auf. Ältere Patienten haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für Pneumonien, was auf eine Reihe von Ursachen zurückzuführen ist: neben einer bisher schlecht definierten altersassoziierten Immunsuppression leiden viele ältere Menschen an Begleiterkrankungen bis hin zu einem pflegebedürftigen Allgemein-und Ernährungszustand. ECIL guidelines for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients
   abstract: Pneumonia occurs frequently in immunocompromised patients and often shows a complicated course of disease when compared to immunocompetent persons. The type of pathogen involved is directly associated with the type of immunosuppression and includes a wide variety of pathogens. Congenital and primary immunodeficiencies often appear during childhood. Acquired immunodeficiencies are most commonly caused by immunosuppressive medication. The concept of immunosuppression can be extended to patients with COPD or elderly patients because the variety of pathogens and specific features regarding frequency and course of the disease are similar to immunosuppressed patients. Computed tomography can provide an indication of the pathogen and is superior to the chest x‑ray in this respect. Blood cultures, antigen and PCR tests are non-invasive diagnostic tools for pathogen diagnostics. Invasive tests include fiberoptic bronchoscopy and complete the diagnostic methods of identifying the causative pathogen.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088144/
        doi: 10.1007/s10405-018-0174-x

         id: cord-022050-h24f0fpd
     author: Naughton, Matthew T.
      title: Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma
       date: 2009-05-15
      words: 6991.0
  sentences: 345.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 41.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-022050-h24f0fpd.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-022050-h24f0fpd.txt
    summary: • Hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients should be treated with noninvasive ventilation and supplemental oxygen sufficient to overcome hypoxemia but avoid hyperoxia. Uncontrolled oxygen administration may precipitate acute hypercapnia in patients with acute COPD exacerbations as a result of relaxing hypoxic vasoconstriction, thereby allowing increased perfusion to regions with reduced alveolar ventilation. Most commonly, patients with severe asthma have a history of previous hospitalizations for asthma (some that may be near fatal), low socioeconomic status, female gender, obesity, nighttime symptoms, FEV 1 less than 60% with optimal treatment, continual symptoms, reduced quality of life, use of oral or systemic steroids in the past 12 months, use of more than canister of SABA per month, elevated residual volume-tototal lung capacity (RV:TLC) ratio on pulmonary function testing, and a peak expiratory flow rate variability of more than 30% (i.e., variability-(bestworst)/best reading). Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152396/
        doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02844-8.50029-9

         id: cord-278846-nqj7ctk3
     author: Ogger, Patricia P.
      title: Macrophage metabolic reprogramming during chronic lung disease
       date: 2020-11-12
      words: 10123.0
  sentences: 516.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 31.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-278846-nqj7ctk3.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-278846-nqj7ctk3.txt
    summary: While these initial observations were made during steady state or using in vitro polarised macrophages, recent studies have indicated that during many chronic lung diseases (CLDs), AMs adapt their metabolic profile to fit their local niche. By generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) for pathogen defence, utilising aerobic glycolysis to rapidly generate cytokines, and employing mitochondrial respiration to fuel inflammatory responses, AMs utilise metabolic reprogramming for host defence, although these changes may also support chronic pathology. Indeed, many recent studies have indicated that in chronic lung diseases (CLDs), such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and during infection such as with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb), there are significant alterations in AM metabolic processes and that targeting these pathways could represent an exciting therapeutic approach 6, 7 . Iron metabolism is therefore likely a key pathway in IPF-AMs and targeting it would be a viable option to decrease ROS, oxidative stress and macrophage activation.
   abstract: Airway macrophages (AMs) play key roles in the maintenance of lung immune tolerance. Tissue tailored, highly specialised and strategically positioned, AMs are critical sentinels of lung homoeostasis. In the last decade, there has been a revolution in our understanding of how metabolism underlies key macrophage functions. While these initial observations were made during steady state or using in vitro polarised macrophages, recent studies have indicated that during many chronic lung diseases (CLDs), AMs adapt their metabolic profile to fit their local niche. By generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) for pathogen defence, utilising aerobic glycolysis to rapidly generate cytokines, and employing mitochondrial respiration to fuel inflammatory responses, AMs utilise metabolic reprogramming for host defence, although these changes may also support chronic pathology. This review focuses on how metabolic alterations underlie AM phenotype and function during CLDs. Particular emphasis is given to how our new understanding of AM metabolic plasticity may be exploited to develop AM-focused therapies.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33184475/
        doi: 10.1038/s41385-020-00356-5

         id: cord-323468-xn7anxj6
     author: Olloquequi, Jordi
      title: COVID‐19 Susceptibility in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
       date: 2020-08-11
      words: 4155.0
  sentences: 220.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 45.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-323468-xn7anxj6.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-323468-xn7anxj6.txt
    summary: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death and disability globally, characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway inflammation and/or alveolar abnormalities 10 . All rights reserved are associated to impaired lung function and risk of developing COPD 42-44 , it has also been demonstrated that people born with a diminished airway function are more likely to suffer COPD symptoms and subsequent viral infections [45] [46] [47] . In any case, there is no doubt that subjects who develop COPD are at an increased risk of suffering respiratory infections, a matter of importance in the context of COVID-19 pandemics. Increased cytokine response of rhinovirus-infected airway epithelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease DPP4, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Receptor, is Upregulated in Lungs of Smokers and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients
   abstract: In the middle of December 2019, Chinese health authorities detected a series of pneumonia cases caused by an unknown agent in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province. The causative agent was soon identified as a new strain of human‐infecting coronavirus(1), firstly named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) and later renamed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). The infection disease caused by SARS‐CoV‐2, known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), varied from asymptomatic or common cold‐like symptoms such as dry cough, fever and tiredness to severe dyspnea and respiratory failure(2).
        url: https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13382
        doi: 10.1111/eci.13382

         id: cord-002591-kt25ip40
     author: Ponce-Gallegos, Marco Antonio
      title: Th17 profile in COPD exacerbations
       date: 2017-06-22
      words: 4753.0
  sentences: 257.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 45.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-002591-kt25ip40.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-002591-kt25ip40.txt
    summary: 5 Cell death produced releases damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as heat shock proteins, S100 protein and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), 14 which are recognized by extracellular receptors present in neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs; such as Toll-like receptors [TLRs], for example) [15] [16] [17] and trigger an intracellular signaling cascade led by the transcription factors Myd88 and NF-κB that culminate in the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18 (a multiprotein complex responsible for activating caspase 1 and releasing mature forms of various cytokines), 18 which, together with other cytokines (TNF-α, CXCL8, IL-6, among others), are responsible for the recruitment of leukocytes to the inflammation zone. 39 An important factor associated with the predisposition of COPD patients to present exacerbations is the metaplasia of squamous epithelial cells that appears as a consequence of the damage generated to the airway epithelium by the chemical compounds of the cigarette.
   abstract: COPD is characterized by an ongoing inflammatory process of the airways that leads to obstruction or limitation of airflow. It is mainly associated with exposure to cigarette smoke. In addition, it is considered, at present, a serious public health problem, ranking fourth in mortality worldwide. Many cells participate in the pathophysiology of COPD, the most important are neutrophils, macrophages and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Neutrophil migration to the inflammation area could be mediated largely by cytokines related to CD4+ Th17 lymphocytes, because it has been shown that IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22 act as inducers for CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCL5, G-CSF, and GM-CSF secretion by epithelial cells of the airways. The aims of these molecules are differentiation, proliferation and recruitment of neutrophils. Furthermore, it is believed that CD4+ lymphocytes Th17 may be involved in protection against pathogens for which Th1 and Th2 are not prepared to fight. In COPD exacerbations, there is an increased cellularity in the lung region and respiratory tract. Therefore, the increase in the number of neutrophils and macrophages in the airways and the increase in proinflammatory cytokines are directly related to the severity of exacerbations and that is the importance of the functions of Th17 profile in this entity.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5491572/
        doi: 10.2147/copd.s136592

         id: cord-103137-qohntipf
     author: Porter, P.
      title: Rapid, point of care detection of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease using a cough-centred algorithm in acute care settings.
       date: 2020-09-08
      words: 3703.0
  sentences: 190.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 49.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-103137-qohntipf.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-103137-qohntipf.txt
    summary: Rapid and accurate diagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is problematic in acute-care settings, particularly in the presence of infective comorbidities. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, smartphone-based algorithm for the detection of COPD, in the presence or absence of acute respiratory infection, and then evaluate diagnostic accuracy on an independent validation set. The algorithm can be installed on a smartphone to provide bedside diagnosis of COPD in acute care settings, inform treatment regimens and identify those at increased risk of mortality due to seasonal or other respiratory ailments. Airflow limitation, demonstrated by a FEV 1 /FVC ratio of < 0.7 on post-bronchodilator spirometry is considered diagnostic of COPD according to criteria stipulated by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) [2] . We have described a simple, rapid diagnostic test for COPD which demonstrates high agreement with clinical diagnosis in the acute setting.
   abstract: Rapid and accurate diagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is problematic in acute-care settings, particularly in the presence of infective comorbidities. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, smartphone-based algorithm for the detection of COPD, in the presence or absence of acute respiratory infection, and then evaluate diagnostic accuracy on an independent validation set. Subjects aged 40-75 years with or without symptoms of respiratory disease who had no chronic respiratory condition apart from COPD, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, were recruited into the study. The algorithm analysed five cough sounds and four patient-reported clinical symptoms providing a diagnosis in less than one minute. Clinical diagnoses were determined by a specialist physician using all available case notes, including spirometry where available. The algorithm demonstrated high percent agreement (PA) with reference clinical diagnosis for COPD in the total cohort (n=252, Positive PA=93.8%, Negative PA=77.0%, AUC=0.95); in subjects with pneumonia or infective exacerbations of COPD (n=117, PPA=86.7%, NPA=80.5%, AUC=0.93) and in subjects without an infective comorbidity (n=135, PPA=100.0%, NPA=74.0%, AUC=0.97.) In those who had their COPD confirmed by spirometry (n=229), PPA = 100.0% and NPA = 77.0%, AUC=0.97. The algorithm demonstrates high agreement with clinical diagnosis and rapidly detects COPD in subjects presenting with or without other infective lung illnesses. The algorithm can be installed on a smartphone to provide bedside diagnosis of COPD in acute care settings, inform treatment regimens and identify those at increased risk of mortality due to seasonal or other respiratory ailments.
        url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.05.20164731v1?rss=1
        doi: 10.1101/2020.09.05.20164731

         id: cord-317548-ft7lkpzq
     author: Proud, David
      title: Upper airway viral infections
       date: 2007-07-05
      words: 4004.0
  sentences: 196.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 36.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-317548-ft7lkpzq.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-317548-ft7lkpzq.txt
    summary: Despite the major health care consequences associated with these complications, our understanding of how URI trigger upper airway symptoms and cause exacerbations of lower airway diseases remains limited. Given that HRV is the major viral pathogen associated with colds and exacerbations of asthma and COPD, we will focus on the current status of our knowledge of the response to HRV infection as representative of viral pathogenesis, indicating differences with other viral types when appropriate. Several factors are likely to play a role in determining the severity of the clinical outcome to upper airway viral responses, including the susceptibility of patients with asthma or COPD to experience lower airway exacerbations. Influenza vaccine is clearly effective in reducing upper airway symptoms, and in preventing lower disease exacerbations, induced by this virus during the winter months. Nitric oxide inhibits rhinovirus-induced cytokine production and viral replication in a human respiratory epithelial cell line
   abstract: Upper airway viral infections (URI) are a major cause of absence from school and work. Although morbidity is low in most of the subjects, the complications of URI, including otitis media, sinusitis and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an enormous health impact. Despite the major health care consequences associated with these complications, our understanding of how URI trigger upper airway symptoms and cause exacerbations of lower airway diseases remains limited. This article reviews our current understanding of the pathogenesis of URI, and of viral exacerbations of asthma and COPD, and considers host defense parameters that may regulate susceptibility to disease exacerbations. We will also consider current and potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of URI and their lower airway complications.
        url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094553907000521
        doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2007.06.004

         id: cord-015674-d4h9016a
     author: Provost, Karin
      title: Infectious Mechanisms Regulating Susceptibility to Acute Exacerbations of COPD
       date: 2013-07-13
      words: 5851.0
  sentences: 262.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 34.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-015674-d4h9016a.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-015674-d4h9016a.txt
    summary: Despite the recruitment of appropriate effector immune cells, in many patients with advanced stage COPD (GOLD III-IV), there is persistent presence of pathogens in the airway, rather than eradication [ 19 , 28 ] , suggesting an impaired host response to infection. Advancing diagnostic techniques of bronchoscopy with protected specimen brushes and bronchoalveolar lavage, as well as molecular bacterial typing allowed identifi cation of bacteria ( Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus infl uenzae , Moraxella catarrhalis , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and others at potentially pathogenic concentrations) in the distal airways in stable COPD [ 9 , 17 , 28 , 40 , 41 , 46 -51 ] , with more severe GOLD stage disease being associated with identifi cation of Pseudomonas. Infections and airway infl ammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations
   abstract: Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are defined by clinical criteria, outlined in the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines [1]. These include an acute increase in one or more of the following cardinal symptoms, beyond day to day variability: dyspnea, increased frequency or severity of cough and increased volume or change in character of sputum, which represent an acute increase in airway inflammation. The role of infection in the pathogenesis of COPD, acute exacerbation and disease progression has been a clinical and research question for many years, and the pendulum has swung from infection as a major cause of acute exacerbation and COPD (British Hypothesis) [2], to infection as an unrelated epiphomenon in acute exacerbation [3–5], and back again to infection as integral in the development of AECOPD and likely an important contributor to COPD progression [6–19]. Upwards of 80 % of AECOPD are driven by infectious stimuli, with 40–50 % associated with bacterial infection and 30–50 % associated with acute viral infection, with some exacerbations having dual bacterial and viral causation [20]. Much of the advancement in our understanding of the role of infection is AECOPD is due to the advancement of clinical and research tools that have allowed researchers to accurately characterize the microbial pathogens, and better understand the host-pathogen interactions (Table 1).
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115011/
        doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7351-0_8

         id: cord-317550-4gl5xe1w
     author: Rady, W.
      title: Role of bronchoscopy during non invasive ventilation in hypercapnic respiratory failure
       date: 2014-10-31
      words: 6156.0
  sentences: 284.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 50.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-317550-4gl5xe1w.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-317550-4gl5xe1w.txt
    summary: Abstract Introduction Non invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is the first line treatment for hypercapnic acute respiratory failure (ARF) secondary to COPD exacerbation in selected patients. This prospective case control study was carried out on 50 patients, suffering from hypercapneic acute respiratory failure as a result of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pul-monary disease (COPD), receiving non invasive mechanical ventilation admitted consecutively to critical care units at Alexandria university main hospital. PS or inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) was initially set at 10 cm H 2 O and then titrated up to achieve an expiratory tidal volume of 8-10 ml/kg and a respiratory rate below 25 breaths/ min to a maximum of 25 cm H 2 O depending on clinical and arterial blood gases (ABGs) response and patient tolerance. This comparative case control prospective study was conducted on 50 patients admitted to the Critical Care Medicine Department &Respiratory Intensive Care Unit in Alexandria Main University Hospital by acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and fulfilling the criteria for application of non invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV).
   abstract: Abstract Introduction Non invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is the first line treatment for hypercapnic acute respiratory failure (ARF) secondary to COPD exacerbation in selected patients. Limited data exist supporting the use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) during this clinical setting. The aim of this study is to assess the role of FOB during NIPPV in patients with decompensated COPD acute exacerbation. Methods This study is a randomized prospective case control pilot study carried out on 50 patients - admitted to critical care units at Alexandria University Hospital, Egypt - suffering from hypercapnic ARF secondary to COPD exacerbation with Kelly Matthay Score from 2 to 4. All patients received NIPPV. Patients were divided randomly into 2 equal groups: group I (cases) (25 patients) was subjected to additional intervention of early FOB during the first 6–12h from admission while group II (control) (25 patients) received the conventional treatment and NIPPV only. Outcome parameters measured were changes in ABG data, duration of NIPPV, rate of its success, ICU stay and mortality as well as the safety of FOB and possible complications. Results No significant difference was detected between the 2 groups regarding the baseline characteristics. No serious complications happened from FOB, and Oxygen desaturation happened in 4/25 patients (16%), Tachycardia in 2/25 patients (8%). In group I, 23 patients (92%) were successfully weaned from NIPPV versus 16 patients (64%) in group II (p =0.037). Total duration of NIPPV was 28.52h in group I versus 56.25h in group II (p =0.001). Length of ICU stay was 4.84days in group I versus 8.68days in group II (p =0.001). Only 1 patient died in group I versus 3 patients in group II (p =0.609). Conclusion The early application of FOB during NIPPV in patients with ARF due to COPD exacerbation was shown to be safe. Significant improvement in the outcome of patients who underwent FOB was noticed in terms of improved ABG data, shorter duration of NIPPV, higher percentage of success and shorter ICU stay while no significant difference was detected in mortality.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32288127/
        doi: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2014.06.015

         id: cord-315249-yclnl87n
     author: Read, R. C.
      title: Infection in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a clinical perspective
       date: 1999-12-31
      words: 2660.0
  sentences: 131.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 41.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-315249-yclnl87n.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-315249-yclnl87n.txt
    summary: (1999) 93, [845] [846] [847] [848] [849] [850] Topical Reviews Infection in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a clinical perspective Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis or emphysema; this is defined as a ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 set: forced vital capacity (FEVI: FVC) of less than 70%. Therefore at the very least, even if infection with bacterial pathogens is not the cause of acute exacerbations, they are clearly flourishing in the lower airways in some of these patients, in association with an inflammatory infiltrate (as evidenced by a yield of neutrophils in sputum). influenzae isolated from sputum of patients with COPD has demonstrated that a single strain may persist for many months within the lower respiratory tract mucosa of these patients, and remains present even if there have been acute exacerbations of COPD which have been treated with antibiotics (9).
   abstract: Abstract Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB) is an important cause of death and morbidity in developed countries and also has significant economic impact. The disease is characterized by increased dyspnoea, sputum volume and sputum purulence; the most commonly associated pathogens are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae express virulence determinants that directly and indirectly impair mucociliary clearance and incite other consequences that are permissive to microbial persistence. Regarding the use of antibiotics, there is currently a lack of large-scale clinical trials that are sufficiently powerful to provide good evidence-based information. Nonetheless, antimicrobial chemotherapy has repeatedly been shown to confer benefit in patients with moderately severe features of AECB. Simple clinical criteria can be used to identify patients in whom there is a higher likelihood of treatment failure or mortality during AECB. These include significant cardiopulmonary co-morbidity, frequent exacerbations, advanced decline in lung function, malnutrition or other generalized debility, advanced age (> 70 years) and concurrent treatment with corticosteroids. In such patients, an aggressive antimicrobial approach to AECB may be warranted in order to prevent clinical failure or representation. From a clinical perspective, appropriate drugs include those that are stable to β-lactamases, are bactericidal against causative pathogens, penetrate diseased lung tissue in high concentrations and have a good safety profile.
        url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0954611199900483
        doi: 10.1016/s0954-6111(99)90048-3

         id: cord-293613-xnos7iud
     author: Ritchie, Andrew I.
      title: Definition, Causes, Pathogenesis, and Consequences of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations
       date: 2020-08-12
      words: 7485.0
  sentences: 393.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 33.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-293613-xnos7iud.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-293613-xnos7iud.txt
    summary: The 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) document AECOPD definition slightly differs from this as "an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy." This definition requires the patient to seek or use treatment and is an example of a health care use (HCU) exacerbation in which the patient or clinician decides whether treatment is warranted. This approach has been widely accepted in research, using several validated patient-reported outcome (PRO) tools such as symptom/treatment diary cards and questionnaire tools such as the EXACT (Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Tool) and CAT (The COPD Assessment Test). Analysis of viral infection and biomarkers in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
   abstract: Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are episodes of symptom worsening which have significant adverse consequences for patients. Exacerbations are highly heterogeneous events associated with increased airway and systemic inflammation and physiological changes. The frequency of exacerbations is associated with accelerated lung function decline, quality of life impairment and increased mortality. They are triggered predominantly by respiratory viruses and bacteria, which infect the lower airway and increase airway inflammation. A proportion of patients appear to be more susceptible to exacerbations, with poorer quality of life and more aggressive disease progression than those who have infrequent exacerbations. Exacerbations also contribute significantly to healthcare expenditure. Prevention and mitigation of exacerbations are therefore key goals of COPD management.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32800196/
        doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2020.06.007

         id: cord-004982-q9wsiimn
     author: Rohmann, Kristina
      title: Innate immunity in the human lung: pathogen recognition and lung disease
       date: 2010-10-09
      words: 4190.0
  sentences: 222.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 39.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-004982-q9wsiimn.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-004982-q9wsiimn.txt
    summary: PRRs are expressed by alveolar macrophages, lung epithelial cells and dendritic cells responsible for the first reactions to invading pathogens (Bals and Hiemstra 2004; Opitz et al. In the lung, several host cells including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), lung epithelial and endothelial cells express TLRs. Different combinations of TLRs can be found on different respiratory cells (see also Table 2 ) and the simultaneous activation of several TLRs might lead to a more pathogenspecific immune response (Bals and Hiemstra 2004; Krishnan et al. Activation of the TLR4 receptor complex by the recognition of LPS is followed by intracellular signal transduction including the adaptor molecule MyD88 and leading to the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (Wieland et al. The pattern recognition receptor Nod1 activates CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta signalling in lung epithelial cells Toll-like receptor 4 mediates innate immune responses to Haemophilus influenzae infection in mouse lung
   abstract: As the human lung is exposed to a variety of microbial pathogens in the environment, a first line of defense is built up by pulmonary cells like bronchial/alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. These cells express several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognizing highly conserved microbial motifs and initiating the production of chemokines and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines acting as transmembrane or intracellular receptors. This might not only lead to acute but also to chronic inflammation which is discussed as an underlying mechanism in the pathogenesis of different lung diseases.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087881/
        doi: 10.1007/s00441-010-1048-7

         id: cord-349807-ar77cnsa
     author: Rouadi, Philip W.
      title: Immunopathological features of air pollution and its impact on inflammatory airway diseases (IAD)
       date: 2020-10-05
      words: 8635.0
  sentences: 467.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 32.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-349807-ar77cnsa.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-349807-ar77cnsa.txt
    summary: 79 InIn-vivovivo studies in both human and animal models suggest pollutant exposure induces inflammatory changes in normal, chronically diseased and allergic nasal and sinonasal tissues ( Table 1 ). 160 Moreover, in vitro studies suggest air pollution may suppress innate and adaptive immunity and increases susceptibility to bacterial and viral respiratory infections in both human and animal clinical models, following short-or long-term exposure (see Table 2 ). 161 Also, in vitro Rrhinovirus (RV) 16 infectivity following nitrogen oxide and ozone exposure in human respiratory epithelial cells Loss of low-level DEP-exposed MDMf along their differentiation into macrophages likely due to dysfunctional (loss of mitochondrial membrane electrical potential and lysosomal function) and phenotypic (TLRmediated reduction in CD14 and CD11 surface marker expression) structural changes in MDMf of healthy exposed individuals. We reviewed evidence for the involvement of oxidative stress pathways and their nature in healthy individuals and patients with inflammatory airway diseases following exposure to a spectrum of important chemical, allergic and infectious air contaminants.
   abstract: Air pollution causes significant morbidity and mortality in patients with inflammatory airway diseases (IAD) such as allergic rhinitis (AR), chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Oxidative stress in patients with IAD can induce eosinophilic inflammation in the airways, augment atopic allergic sensitization, and increase susceptibility to infection. We reviewed emerging data depicting the involvement of oxidative stress in IAD patients. We evaluated biomarkers, outcome measures and immunopathological alterations across the airway mucosal barrier following exposure, particularly when accentuated by an infectious insult.
        url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1939455120303707
        doi: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100467

         id: cord-007726-bqlf72fe
     author: Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina
      title: The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease
       date: 2018-11-09
      words: 7985.0
  sentences: 308.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 35.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt
    summary: The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. This chapter will provide an overview of the important similarities and differences between Mus musculus and Homo sapiens and their relevance to the use of the mouse as a model organism and provide specific examples of the quality of mouse models used to investigate the mechanisms, pathology, and treatment of human lung diseases. Overall, these studies showed that although gene expression is fairly similar between mice and humans, considerable differences were observed in the regulatory networks controlling the activity of the immune system, metabolic functions, and responses to stress, all of which have important implications when using mice to model human disease.
   abstract: The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. In this chapter, an in-depth analysis of these similarities and differences is provided to allow researchers to use mouse models of human disease and primary cells derived from these animal models under the most appropriate and meaningful conditions. Although there are considerable differences between mice and humans, particularly regarding genetics, physiology, and immunology, a more thorough understanding of these differences and their effects on the function of the whole organism will provide deeper insights into relevant disease mechanisms and potential drug targets for further clinical investigation. Using specific examples of mouse models of human lung disease, i.e., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis, this chapter explores the most salient features of mouse models of human disease and provides a full assessment of the advantages and limitations of these models, focusing on the relevance of disease induction and their ability to replicate critical features of human disease pathophysiology and response to treatment. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the future of using mice in medical research with regard to ethical and technological considerations.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121329/
        doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9086-3_1

         id: cord-297840-z5l6vdsr
     author: Río, Francisco García
      title: Air Travel and Respiratory Disease
       date: 2007-02-28
      words: 16164.0
  sentences: 949.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 54.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-297840-z5l6vdsr.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-297840-z5l6vdsr.txt
    summary: 57 In any case, to establish a medical opinion on risk in air travel, the type, reversibility, and degree of functional impairment caused by the disease must be assessed along with the tolerance of the patient for the predicted flight altitude and the length of exposure. Supplementary oxygen is recommended during air travel for patients who have an estimated in-flight PaO 2 of less then 50 mm Hg obtained with prediction equations or, preferably, a hypoxic challenge test ( Figure 6 ). It also seems wise to extend that treatment option to those cases and in which the in-flight cabin pressure corresponds to an altitude of greater than 2438 m (8000 feet) and the patient has very severe COPD (FEV 1 ≤30%), where limitations may be present in the mechanisms of compensation for hypoxemia, or diseases that alter oxygen transport.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1579212907600317
        doi: 10.1016/s1579-2129(07)60031-7

         id: cord-257163-hodykbcb
     author: Sanz, Ivan
      title: Viral Etiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations during the A/H1N1pdm09 Pandemic and Postpandemic Period
       date: 2015-05-07
      words: 3825.0
  sentences: 176.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 44.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-257163-hodykbcb.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-257163-hodykbcb.txt
    summary: During the study period (2009–2012), respiratory viruses were identified in 48.7% of samples, and the proportion of viral detections in AE-COPD was higher in patients aged 30–64 years than ≥65 years. Studies conducted before emergence of the pandemic H1N1pdm09 strain showed that half of all AE-COPD cases were associated with viral infections and that picornaviruses (especially human rhinovirus and enterovirus (HREV)) were the dominant viral pathogens diagnosed in these patients [15, 16] . The aim of this study is to describe the etiological characteristics of respiratory viruses linked to COPD exacerbations after a singular pandemic period caused by a new influenza virus. We used the OR to analyze the probability of detection of viral categories (ORP, HREV, any influenza virus, and RSV) as well as viral coinfections in AE-COPD patients among different demographic and epidemiological characteristics such as gender, age groups, and the different periods analyzed.
   abstract: Viral infections are one of the main causes of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD). Emergence of A/H1N1pdm influenza virus in the 2009 pandemic changed the viral etiology of exacerbations that were reported before the pandemic. The aim of this study was to describe the etiology of respiratory viruses in 195 Spanish patients affected by AE-COPD from the pandemic until the 2011-12 influenza epidemic. During the study period (2009–2012), respiratory viruses were identified in 48.7% of samples, and the proportion of viral detections in AE-COPD was higher in patients aged 30–64 years than ≥65 years. Influenza A viruses were the pathogens most often detected during the pandemic and the following two influenza epidemics in contradistinction to human rhino/enteroviruses that were the main viruses causing AE-COPD before the pandemic. The probability of influenza virus detection was 2.78-fold higher in patients who are 30–64 years old than those ≥65. Most respiratory samples were obtained during the pandemic, but the influenza detection rate was higher during the 2011-12 epidemic. There is a need for more accurate AE-COPD diagnosis, emphasizing the role of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, diagnosis requires increased attention to patient age and the characteristics of each influenza epidemic.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26064118/
        doi: 10.1155/2015/560679

         id: cord-318277-j073u7ga
     author: Sapey, Elizabeth
      title: Building toolkits for COPD exacerbations: lessons from the past and present
       date: 2019-07-03
      words: 7244.0
  sentences: 392.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 37.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-318277-j073u7ga.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-318277-j073u7ga.txt
    summary: An exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as ''an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy''. Of note, a recent Cochrane review concluded that there was no evidence of benefit from self-management interventions (including rescue packs) to reduce all-cause hospital admission, all-cause hospitalisation days, emergency department visits, general practitioner visits, dyspnoea scores, the number of COPD exacerbations or all-cause mortality 54 although more research was needed. Effect of exacerbations on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 2 year follow up study Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Sputum colour reported by patients is not a reliable marker of the presence of bacteria in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Association of corticosteroid dose and route of administration with risk of treatment failure in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
   abstract: In the nineteenth century, it was recognised that acute attacks of chronic bronchitis were harmful. 140 years later, it is clearer than ever that exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ECOPD) are important events. They are associated with significant mortality, morbidity, a reduced quality of life and an increasing reliance on social care. ECOPD are common and are increasing in prevalence. Exacerbations beget exacerbations, with up to a quarter of in-patient episodes ending with readmission to hospital within 30 days. The healthcare costs are immense. Yet despite this, the tools available to diagnose and treat ECOPD are essentially unchanged, with the last new intervention (non-invasive ventilation) introduced over 25 years ago. An ECOPD is ‘an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy’. This symptom and healthcare utility-based definition does not describe pathology and is unable to differentiate from other causes of an acute deterioration in breathlessness with or without a cough and sputum. There is limited understanding of the host immune response during an acute event and no reliable and readily available means to identify aetiology or direct treatment at the point of care (POC). Corticosteroids, short acting bronchodilators with or without antibiotics have been the mainstay of treatment for over 30 years. This is in stark contrast to many other acute presentations of chronic illness, where specific biomarkers and mechanistic understanding has revolutionised care pathways. So why has progress been so slow in ECOPD? This review examines the history of diagnosing and treating ECOPD. It suggests that to move forward, there needs to be an acceptance that not all exacerbations are alike (just as not all COPD is alike) and that clinical presentation alone cannot identify aetiology or stratify treatment.
        url: https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-213035
        doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-213035

         id: cord-321401-w4ne60fn
     author: Schrumpf, Jasmijn A.
      title: Impact of the Local Inflammatory Environment on Mucosal Vitamin D Metabolism and Signaling in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases
       date: 2020-07-10
      words: 10338.0
  sentences: 522.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 39.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-321401-w4ne60fn.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-321401-w4ne60fn.txt
    summary: Evidence for this immunomodulatory and protective role is derived from observational studies showing an association between vitamin D deficiency, chronic airway diseases and respiratory infections, and is supported by a range of experimental studies using cell culture and animal models. Furthermore, recent intervention studies have now shown that vitamin D supplementation reduces exacerbation rates in vitamin D-deficient patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma and decreases the incidence of acute respiratory tract infections. Increasing evidence has indicated that vitamin D deficiency is also associated with various other diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer''s disease and muscle myopathy, as well as several immune-related diseases such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis and chronic inflammatory lung diseases including asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (6) (7) (8) (9) .
   abstract: Vitamin D plays an active role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses as well as in the protection against respiratory pathogens. Evidence for this immunomodulatory and protective role is derived from observational studies showing an association between vitamin D deficiency, chronic airway diseases and respiratory infections, and is supported by a range of experimental studies using cell culture and animal models. Furthermore, recent intervention studies have now shown that vitamin D supplementation reduces exacerbation rates in vitamin D-deficient patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma and decreases the incidence of acute respiratory tract infections. The active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D), is known to contribute to the integrity of the mucosal barrier, promote killing of pathogens (via the induction of antimicrobial peptides), and to modulate inflammation and immune responses. These mechanisms may partly explain its protective role against infections and exacerbations in COPD and asthma patients. The respiratory mucosa is an important site of local 1,25(OH)(2)D synthesis, degradation and signaling, a process that can be affected by exposure to inflammatory mediators. As a consequence, mucosal inflammation and other disease-associated factors, as observed in e.g., COPD and asthma, may modulate the protective actions of 1,25(OH)(2)D. Here, we discuss the potential consequences of various disease-associated processes such as inflammation and exposure to pathogens and inhaled toxicants on vitamin D metabolism and local responses to 1,25(OH)(2)D in both immune- and epithelial cells. We furthermore discuss potential consequences of disturbed local levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)(2)D for chronic lung diseases. Additional insight into the relationship between disease-associated mechanisms and local effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D is expected to contribute to the design of future strategies aimed at improving local levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D and signaling in chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32754156/
        doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01433

         id: cord-306266-8qdrshz3
     author: Scully, Crispian
      title: Respiratory medicine
       date: 2014-06-25
      words: nan
  sentences: nan
      pages: 
     flesch: nan
      cache: 
        txt: 
    summary: 
   abstract: ●. Upper respiratory infections are commonplace, especially in young people, and are often contagious; ●. Lower respiratory infections are often contagious and some are potentially fatal; ●. Asthma is common and may be life-threatening; ●. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is common and disabling; ●. Tuberculosis worldwide is an important infection, affecting people with HIV/AIDS or malnutrition particularly; ●. Lung cancer is common and usually has a poor prognosis.
        url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780702054013000151
        doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5401-3.00015-1

         id: cord-007444-c9vu8ako
     author: Sherk, Peter A.
      title: The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation
       date: 2000-12-01
      words: 9154.0
  sentences: 479.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 40.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-007444-c9vu8ako.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-007444-c9vu8ako.txt
    summary: The three major bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with COPD during periods of both clinical stability and exacerbation are nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella cafar~halis.~~ When FEV, is severely reduced, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are also commonly detected.42 These organisms possess a wide array of virulence factors that allow them to evade clearance from the lower airways. Two randomized controlled trials evaluating the vaccine''s efficacy among patients with COPD were unable to show statistically significant protective benefit.36, 69 A recent meta-analysis concluded that the vaccine provides partial protection against bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia but not against other important outcomes, including bronchitis or mortality caused by pneumococcal infection. The dose of methylprednisolone was high (125 mg every 6 hours for 3 days) and resulted in significantly more hyperglycemia and, possibly, increased secondary infection rates.''06 In summary, the evidence from randomized, controlled trials supports the conclusion that among patients with acute exacerbations, oral or intravenous corticosteroids significantly increase the FEV, for up to 72 hours and likely reduce the risk for treatment failure.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115724/
        doi: 10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70179-9

         id: cord-018452-qyf2vymf
     author: Sica, Valentina
      title: Pathophysiologic Role of Autophagy in Human Airways
       date: 2016-03-07
      words: 6989.0
  sentences: 324.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 35.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt
    summary: Increasing evidences have highlighted the implication of the autophagic pathways in the pathogenesis of lung diseases and, in some cases, the deregulated molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy may be considered as potential new therapeutic targets. The inhibition of mTOR is linked to autophagy induction, but Rtp801 expression enhances oxidative stress-dependent cell death, amplifying the development of CS-induced lung injury [ 105 ] . Furthermore, the higher expression of autophagy proteins has been linked to lung epithelial cell death, airway dysfunction and emphysema in response to CS. Restoration of Beclin 1 activity, depletion of p62 by genetic manipulation or treatment with autophagy-stimulatory proteostasis regulators, such as cystamine, functionally rescue the CFTR mutated protein at the apical surface of epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo [ 54 ] . Defective CFTR induces aggresome formation and lung infl ammation in cystic fi brosis through ROS-mediated autophagy inhibition
   abstract: Lung diseases are among the most common and widespread disorders worldwide. They refer to many different pathological conditions affecting the pulmonary system in acute or chronic forms, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, infections, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer and many other breath complications. Environmental, epigenetic and genetic co-factors are responsible for these pathologies that can lead to respiratory failure, and, even, ultimately death. Increasing evidences have highlighted the implication of the autophagic pathways in the pathogenesis of lung diseases and, in some cases, the deregulated molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy may be considered as potential new therapeutic targets. This chapter summarizes recent advances in understanding the pathophysiological functions of autophagy and its possible roles in the causation and/or prevention of human lung diseases.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123327/
        doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-30079-5_16

         id: cord-273594-vmbhok1u
     author: Sichelstiel, Anke
      title: Targeting IL-1β and IL-17A Driven Inflammation during Influenza-Induced Exacerbations of Chronic Lung Inflammation
       date: 2014-06-11
      words: 5621.0
  sentences: 285.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 43.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-273594-vmbhok1u.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-273594-vmbhok1u.txt
    summary: In order to investigate the role of IL-1b during COPD exacerbations we utilized a model of LPS and elastase induced chronic lung inflammation, followed by infection with influenza in wild type or IL-1b deficient mice. To study viral-induced exacerbations, mice were infected with influenza virus 2 weeks after the last LPS/elastase challenge, when the acute inflammation caused by LPS/elastase exposure had subsided ( Figure 2A ). Acute pulmonary dysfunction, neutrophilic inflammation and enhanced levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNFa have all been observed during exacerbations of COPD patients, indicating that the viral-induced inflammation in our mouse model is in line with that seen in humans. As we observed an increase of IL-1b protein in the lungs of LPS/elastase treated mice upon influenza infection ( Figure 3A ), we hypothesized that it also promotes innate immune responses and influences pulmonary function during exacerbations.
   abstract: For patients with chronic lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exacerbations are life-threatening events causing acute respiratory distress that can even lead to hospitalization and death. Although a great deal of effort has been put into research of exacerbations and potential treatment options, the exact underlying mechanisms are yet to be deciphered and no therapy that effectively targets the excessive inflammation is available. In this study, we report that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) are key mediators of neutrophilic inflammation in influenza-induced exacerbations of chronic lung inflammation. Using a mouse model of disease, our data shows a role for IL-1β in mediating lung dysfunction, and in driving neutrophilic inflammation during the whole phase of viral infection. We further report a role for IL-17A as a mediator of IL-1β induced neutrophilia at early time points during influenza-induced exacerbations. Blocking of IL-17A or IL-1 resulted in a significant abrogation of neutrophil recruitment to the airways in the initial phase of infection or at the peak of viral replication, respectively. Therefore, IL-17A and IL-1β are potential targets for therapeutic treatment of viral exacerbations of chronic lung inflammation
        url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098440
        doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098440

         id: cord-340420-ws3qesns
     author: Sin, Don D.
      title: COVID-19 in COPD: A growing concern
       date: 2020-09-19
      words: 866.0
  sentences: 50.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 44.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-340420-ws3qesns.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-340420-ws3qesns.txt
    summary: As of August 24, 2020, over 23 million people around the world have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic [1] . There is considerable debate on whether (or not) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a common airway disease that affects 10% of individuals over 45 years of age [3] , is a risk factor for COVID-19. Together, these data suggest that COPD is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 that leads to hospitalization and ICU admission. Another possibility is that patients with COPD often demonstrate perturbations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with up-regulation of ACE and angiotensin II [9] that may be exacerbated during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to acute pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. SARS-CoV-2 infection in the COPD population is associated with increased healthcare utilization: an analysis of Cleveland Clinic''s COVID-19 Registry
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32984790/
        doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100546

         id: cord-285148-bch7814v
     author: Singanayagam, Aran
      title: Viruses exacerbating chronic pulmonary disease: the role of immune modulation
       date: 2012-03-15
      words: 7923.0
  sentences: 393.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 35.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-285148-bch7814v.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-285148-bch7814v.txt
    summary: However in vitro RV infection of epithelial cells from COPD patients resulted in higher virus load and increased inflammatory mediators, but no differences in interferon production compared to cells from control subjects [87] . List of abbreviations ATF: activating transcription factor; BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; CF: cystic fibrosis; CFTR: cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ENA-78: epithelial-derived neutrophilactivating peptide 78; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule; IFN-α: interferon-alpha; IFN-β: interferon-beta; IFN-λ: interferon-lambda; IFN-γ: interferon-gamma; IL: interleukin; IP-10: IFN-γ-induced protein-10; IRF: interferon regulatory factor; ISG: interferon stimulated genes; MDA-5: melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; NO: nitric oxide; NOS2: nitric oxide synthase 2; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PEF: peak expiratory flow; PIV: parainfluenza virus; RANTES: regulated on activation: normal T-cell expressed and secreted; RIG-I: retinoic acid inducible gene I; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; RV: rhinovirus; SLPI: secretory leukoprotease inhibitor; SOCS: suppressor of cytokine signaling family; Th1/2: T helper 1/2; TLR: toll-like receptors; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha -1.
   abstract: Chronic pulmonary diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality and their impact is expected to increase in the future. Respiratory viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory infections and it is increasingly recognized that respiratory viruses are a major cause of acute exacerbations of chronic pulmonary diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. There is now increasing evidence that the host response to virus infection is dysregulated in these diseases and a better understanding of the mechanisms of abnormal immune responses has the potential to lead to the development of new therapies for virus-induced exacerbations. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge regarding the role of viruses and immune modulation in chronic pulmonary diseases and discuss avenues for future research and therapeutic implications.
        url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-27
        doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-27

         id: cord-048201-8qnrcgnk
     author: Slebos, Dirk-Jan
      title: Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide in pulmonary medicine
       date: 2003-08-07
      words: 7600.0
  sentences: 399.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 37.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-048201-8qnrcgnk.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-048201-8qnrcgnk.txt
    summary: Many studies have suggested that HO-1 acts as an inducible defense against oxidative stress, in models of inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion, hypoxia, and hyperoxia-mediated injury (reviewed in [3] ). Cell-culture studies have suggested that the protective effects of HO-1 overexpression fall within a critical range, such that the excess production of HO-1 or HO-2 may be counterprotective due to a transient excess of reactive iron generated during active heme metabolism [35, 36] . Transfer of heme oxygenase 1 cDNA by a replication-deficient adenovirus enhances interleukin-10 production from alveolar macrophages that attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice Heme oxygenase-1: function, regulation, and implication of a novel stress-inducible protein in oxidant-induced lung injury Raised levels of exhaled carbon monoxide are associated with an increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 in airway macrophages in asthma: a new marker of oxidative stress Exogenous administration of heme oxygenase-1 by gene transfer provides protection against hyperoxia-induced lung injury
   abstract: Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an inducible stress protein, confers cytoprotection against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. In addition to its physiological role in heme degradation, HO-1 may influence a number of cellular processes, including growth, inflammation, and apoptosis. By virtue of anti-inflammatory effects, HO-1 limits tissue damage in response to proinflammatory stimuli and prevents allograft rejection after transplantation. The transcriptional upregulation of HO-1 responds to many agents, such as hypoxia, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. HO-1 and its constitutively expressed isozyme, heme oxygenase-2, catalyze the rate-limiting step in the conversion of heme to its metabolites, bilirubin IXα, ferrous iron, and carbon monoxide (CO). The mechanisms by which HO-1 provides protection most likely involve its enzymatic reaction products. Remarkably, administration of CO at low concentrations can substitute for HO-1 with respect to anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, suggesting a role for CO as a key mediator of HO-1 function. Chronic, low-level, exogenous exposure to CO from cigarette smoking contributes to the importance of CO in pulmonary medicine. The implications of the HO-1/CO system in pulmonary diseases will be discussed in this review, with an emphasis on inflammatory states.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC193681/
        doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-4-7

         id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu
     author: Starkel, Julie L.
      title: Respiratory
       date: 2019-10-07
      words: 22266.0
  sentences: 1187.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 45.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt
    summary: Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath.
   abstract: Lung disease rivals the position for the top cause of death worldwide. Causes and pathology of the myriad lung diseases are varied, yet nutrition can either affect the outcome or support treatment in the majority of cases. This chapter explores the modifiable risk factors, from lifestyle changes to dietary intake to specific nutrients, anti-nutrients, and toxins helpful for the nutritionist or dietitian working with lung disease patients. General lung health is discussed, and three major disease states are explored in detail, including alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, asthma, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Although all lung diseases have diverse causes, many integrative and functional medical nutrition therapies are available and are not being utilized in practice today. This chapter begins the path toward better nutrition education for the integrative and functional medicine professional.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120155/
        doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_51

         id: cord-011269-j2rogzm7
     author: Stefan, Mihaela S.
      title: Protocol for two-arm pragmatic cluster randomized hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial comparing two education strategies for improving the uptake of noninvasive ventilation in patients with severe COPD exacerbation
       date: 2020-05-06
      words: 7383.0
  sentences: 335.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 39.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-011269-j2rogzm7.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-011269-j2rogzm7.txt
    summary: title: Protocol for two-arm pragmatic cluster randomized hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial comparing two education strategies for improving the uptake of noninvasive ventilation in patients with severe COPD exacerbation Through a series of mixed-methods studies, we have found that successful implementation of NIV requires physicians, respiratory therapists (RTs), and nurses to communicate and collaborate effectively, suggesting that efforts to increase the use of NIV in COPD need to account for the complex and interdisciplinary nature of NIV delivery and the need for team coordination. The overall objective of this study is to conduct a pragmatic, parallel, 2-arm randomized cluster trial to compare the effectiveness of two implementation strategies: on-line education (OLE) and interprofessional education (IPE) on the uptake of NIV. Hospitals that demonstrate interest in participating in the study will be asked to commit to form a COPD-NIV team composed of one physician, one RT, and one nurse that will be in close contact with the investigators and are responsible for delivering the educational intervention in their institution.
   abstract: BACKGROUND: COPD is the fourth leading cause of death in the US, and COPD exacerbations result in approximately 700,000 hospitalizations annually. Patients with acute respiratory failure due to severe COPD exacerbation are treated with invasive (IMV) or noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV). Although IMV reverses hypercapnia/hypoxia, it causes significant morbidity and mortality. There is strong evidence that patients treated with NIV have better outcomes, and NIV is recommended as first line therapy in these patients. Yet, several studies have demonstrated substantial variation in the use of NIV across hospitals, leading to preventable morbidity and mortality. Through a series of mixed-methods studies, we have found that successful implementation of NIV requires physicians, respiratory therapists (RTs), and nurses to communicate and collaborate effectively, suggesting that efforts to increase the use of NIV in COPD need to account for the complex and interdisciplinary nature of NIV delivery and the need for team coordination. Therefore, we propose to compare two educational strategies: online education (OLE) and interprofessional education (IPE) which targets complex team-based care in NIV delivery. METHODS AND DESIGN: Twenty hospitals with low baseline rates of NIV use will be randomized to either the OLE or IPE study arm. The primary outcome of the trial is change in the hospital rate of NIV use among patients with COPD requiring ventilatory support. In aim 1, we will compare the uptake change over time of NIV use among patients with COPD in hospitals enrolled in the two arms. In aim 2, we will explore mediators’ role (respiratory therapist autonomy and team functionality) on the relationship between the implementation strategies and implementation effectiveness. Finally, in aim 3, through interviews with providers, we will assess acceptability and feasibility of the educational training. DISCUSSIONS: This study will be among the first to carefully test the impact of IPE in the inpatient setting. This work promises to change practice by offering approaches to facilitate greater uptake of NIV and may generalize to other interventions directed to seriously-ill patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Name of registry: ClinicalTrials.gov Trial registration number: NCT04206735 Date of Registration: December 20, 2019
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223919/
        doi: 10.1186/s43058-020-00028-2

         id: cord-296585-yfh5d4io
     author: Su, Yu-Ching
      title: The Interplay Between Immune Response and Bacterial Infection in COPD: Focus Upon Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae
       date: 2018-11-05
      words: 16544.0
  sentences: 810.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 32.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-296585-yfh5d4io.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-296585-yfh5d4io.txt
    summary: The mechanisms reported are responsible for increased expression of NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory gene products [i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CCL-5 cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and MIP-2/CXCL2] in both pulmonary structural cells (bronchial, small airway, and alveolar epithelial cells) and immune cells (alveolar macrophages), increased VEGF and iNOS in nasal fibroblasts and lymphocytes (Jurkat T cells), respectively, and decreased activity of antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 and α1-antitrypsin in bronchial epithelial cells (54, 56, 57, 59, 62-64, [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] . Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae detection in the lower airways of patients with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Antibacterial defense of human airway epithelial cells from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients induced by acute exposure to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: modulation by cigarette smoke Lung T-cell responses to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
   abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating respiratory disease and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to abnormalities in the lower airway following consistent exposure to noxious particles or gases. Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are characterized by increased cough, purulent sputum production, and dyspnea. The AECOPD is mostly associated with infection caused by common cold viruses or bacteria, or co-infections. Chronic and persistent infection by non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), a Gram-negative coccobacillus, contributes to almost half of the infective exacerbations caused by bacteria. This is supported by reports that NTHi is commonly isolated in the sputum from COPD patients during exacerbations. Persistent colonization of NTHi in the lower airway requires a plethora of phenotypic adaptation and virulent mechanisms that are developed over time to cope with changing environmental pressures in the airway such as host immuno-inflammatory response. Chronic inhalation of noxious irritants in COPD causes a changed balance in the lung microbiome, abnormal inflammatory response, and an impaired airway immune system. These conditions significantly provide an opportunistic platform for NTHi colonization and infection resulting in a “vicious circle.” Episodes of large inflammation as the consequences of multiple interactions between airway immune cells and NTHi, accumulatively contribute to COPD exacerbations and may result in worsening of the clinical status. In this review, we discuss in detail the interplay and crosstalk between airway immune residents and NTHi, and their effect in AECOPD for better understanding of NTHi pathogenesis in COPD patients.
        url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02530
        doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02530

         id: cord-293760-9mk2h2qf
     author: Takamoto, Hiroki
      title: Development and Clinical Application of a Novel Non-contact Early Airflow Limitation Screening System Using an Infrared Time-of-Flight Depth Image Sensor
       date: 2020-09-11
      words: 3960.0
  sentences: 198.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 48.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-293760-9mk2h2qf.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-293760-9mk2h2qf.txt
    summary: Here, we developed a novel home-use non-contact early airflow limitation screening system (EAFL-SS) using an infrared timeof-flight (ToF) depth image sensor (integrated into several smartphones) that does not require calibration to the individual by a spirometer. Instead, a multiple linear regression analysis was used to achieve early airflow limitation screening without calibration to the individual by deriving a volume curve from the 3D motion of the anterior thorax measured by the ToF depth image sensor and the examinee''s somatotypes [including height and body mass index (BMI)]. In addition, the distance from the EAFL-SS to the examinee was confirmed automatically to allow the accurate determination of a volume curve without calibration to FIGURE 1 | Exterior design of the early airflow limitation screening system (EAFL-SS), which includes an 850 nm infrared time-of-flight (ToF) depth image sensor for three-dimensional anterior-thorax motion measurement and an LCD display to provide instructions to the user.
   abstract: Obstructive pulmonary diseases, such as diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) trigger a severe reaction at some situations. Detecting early airflow limitation caused by diseases above is critical to stop the progression. Thus, there is a need for tools to enable self-screening of early airflow limitation at home. Here, we developed a novel non-contact early airflow limitation screening system (EAFL-SS) that does not require calibration to the individual by a spirometer. The system is based on an infrared time-of-flight (ToF) depth image sensor, which is integrated into several smartphones for photography focusing or augmented reality. The EAFL-SS comprised an 850 nm infrared ToF depth image sensor (224 × 171 pixels) and custom-built data processing algorithms to visualize anterior-thorax three-dimensional motions in real-time. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the amount of air compulsorily exhaled after maximal inspiration (referred to as the forced vital capacity, FVC(EAFL)(–SS)) from the ToF-derived anterior-thorax forced vital capacity (FVC), height, and body mass index as explanatory variables and spirometer-derived FVC as the objective variable. The non-contact measurement is automatically started when an examinee is sitting 35 cm away from the EAFL-SS. A clinical test was conducted with 32 COPD patients (27/5 M/F, 67–93 years) as typical airflow limitation cases recruited at St. Marianna University Hospital and 21 healthy volunteers (10/11 M/F, 23–79 years). The EAFL-SS was used to monitor the respiration of examinees during forced exhalation while sitting still, and a spirometer was used simultaneously as a reference. The forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1%(EAFL)(–SS)) was evaluated as a percentage of the FVC(EAFL)(–SS), where values less than 70% indicated suspected airflow limitation. Leave-one-out cross-validation analysis revealed that this system provided 81% sensitivity and 90% specificity. Further, the FEV1(EAFL)(–SS) values were closely correlated with that measured using a spirometer (r = 0.85, p < 0.0001). Hence, EAFL-SS appears promising for early airflow limitation screening at home.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33013479/
        doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.552942

         id: cord-030131-klhg7x8z
     author: Tan, Dingyu
      title: High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus non-invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after extubation: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial
       date: 2020-08-06
      words: 4583.0
  sentences: 200.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 45.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-030131-klhg7x8z.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-030131-klhg7x8z.txt
    summary: title: High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus non-invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after extubation: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial This study was conducted to test if HFNC is non-inferior to non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in preventing post-extubation treatment failure in COPD patients previously intubated for hypercapnic respiratory failure. METHODS: COPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure who were already receiving invasive ventilation were randomized to HFNC or NIV at extubation at two large tertiary academic teaching hospitals. CONCLUSION: Among COPD patients with severe hypercapnic respiratory failure who received invasive ventilation, the use of HFNC after extubation did not result in increased rates of treatment failure compared with NIV. Among COPD patients with severe hypercapnic respiratory failure who received invasive ventilation, the use of HFNC as compared with NIV after extubation did not result in increased rates of treatment failure, while HFNC had better tolerance and comfort.
   abstract: BACKGROUND: High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy is being increasingly used to prevent post-extubation hypoxemic respiratory failure and reintubation. However, evidence to support the use of HFNC in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure after extubation is limited. This study was conducted to test if HFNC is non-inferior to non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in preventing post-extubation treatment failure in COPD patients previously intubated for hypercapnic respiratory failure. METHODS: COPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure who were already receiving invasive ventilation were randomized to HFNC or NIV at extubation at two large tertiary academic teaching hospitals. The primary endpoint was treatment failure, defined as either resumption of invasive ventilation or switching to the other study treatment modality (NIV for patients in the NFNC group or vice versa). RESULTS: Ninety-six patients were randomly assigned to the HFNC group or NIV group. After secondary exclusion, 44 patients in the HFNC group and 42 patients in the NIV group were included in the analysis. The treatment failure rate in the HFNC group was 22.7% and 28.6% in the NIV group—risk difference of − 5.8% (95% CI, − 23.8–12.4%, p = 0.535), which was significantly lower than the non-inferior margin of 9%. Analysis of the causes of treatment failure showed that treatment intolerance in the HFNC group was significantly lower than that in the NIV group, with a risk difference of − 50.0% (95% CI, − 74.6 to − 12.9%, p = 0.015). One hour after extubation, the mean respiratory rates of both groups were faster than their baseline levels before extubation (p < 0.050). Twenty-four hours after extubation, the respiratory rate of the HFNC group had returned to baseline, but the NIV group was still higher than the baseline. Forty-eight hours after extubation, the respiratory rates of both groups were not significantly different from the baseline. The average number of daily airway care interventions in the NIV group was 7 (5–9.3), which was significantly higher than 6 (4–7) times in the HFNC group (p = 0.006). The comfort score and incidence of nasal and facial skin breakdown of the HFNC group was also significantly better than that of the NIV group [7 (6–8) vs 5 (4–7), P < 0.001] and [0 vs 9.6%, p = 0.027], respectively. CONCLUSION: Among COPD patients with severe hypercapnic respiratory failure who received invasive ventilation, the use of HFNC after extubation did not result in increased rates of treatment failure compared with NIV. HFNC also had better tolerance and comfort than NIV. TRIAL REGISTRATION: chictr.org (ChiCTR1800018530). Registered on 22 September 2018, http://www.chictr.org.cn/usercenter.aspx
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7407427/
        doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03214-9

         id: cord-269913-ubtd3vdq
     author: Tesfaigzi, Yohannes
      title: Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic mucus hypersecretion
       date: 2006-06-28
      words: 6985.0
  sentences: 326.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 37.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-269913-ubtd3vdq.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-269913-ubtd3vdq.txt
    summary: The reasons for the natural cause of exacerbations in subjects with COPD are not clear; however, there is evidence that environmental pollution, such as the levels of SO 2 and NO 2 in the environmental air, as well as allergens and infections can increase the incidence of symptoms in some patients with chronic bronchitis or emphysema [26] . It is, therefore, possible that as a result of this innate immune response to environmental pollutants, allergens, and infections, sudden secretion of mucus can be triggered from the increased numbers of mucus-producing cells to cause airway obstruction and the associated exacerbations. This study shows that after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, a patient with ischemic heart disease who visited the general practitioner three times in the last year for respiratory problems has a relapse probability of 32.4%, which is statistically significantly higher than the mean 21% probability of the general cohort.
   abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are an important cause of the considerable morbidity and mortality found in COPD. COPD exacerbations increase with increasing severity of COPD, and some patients are prone to frequent exacerbations leading to hospital admission and readmission. These frequent exacerbations may have considerable impact on quality of life and activities of daily living. Factors that increase the risk for COPD exacerbations are associated with increased airway inflammation caused by common pollutants and bacterial and/or viral infections. These inflammatory responses cause mucus hypersecretion and, thereby, airway obstruction and associated exacerbations. While chronic mucus hypersecretion is a significant risk factor for frequent and severe exacerbations, patients with chronic mucus hypersecretion have a lower rate of relapse after initial treatment for acute exacerbation. The benefit of antibiotics for treatment of COPD exacerbations is small but significant. While the mechanisms of actions are not clear, mucolytic agents reduce the number of days of disability in subjects with exacerbations. Reducing mucous cell numbers in small airways could be a useful way to reduce chronic mucus hypersecretion. Our studies suggest that programmed cell death is crucial in the resolution of metaplastic mucous cells, and understanding these mechanisms may provide novel therapies to reduce the risk of COPD exacerbations.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32288656/
        doi: 10.1016/j.cair.2006.02.001

         id: cord-253564-3y1wdepc
     author: Traves, Suzanne L
      title: Viral-associated exacerbations of asthma and COPD
       date: 2007-03-21
      words: 3866.0
  sentences: 212.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 38.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-253564-3y1wdepc.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-253564-3y1wdepc.txt
    summary: HRV infection of cultured human airway epithelial cells results in production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, interferon (IFN)-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed (RANTES), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and eotaxin [24] [25] [26] . Despite the potential for epithelial chemokines to recruit multiple cell types to the airways, experimental HRV infections and viral exacerbations of asthma and COPD are dominantly associated with selective recruitment of neutrophils and lymphocytes [4] . Nitric oxide (NO) also appears to be an important component of the host antiviral response because it exerts direct antiviral activity against several viruses associated with exacerbations of asthma and COPD, and also inhibits the viral-induced generation of several cytokines/chemokines from epithelial cells [42] . If the assumption that an over-exuberant host inflammatory response to viral infection plays a key role in disease exacerbation is valid, several potential therapeutic approaches can be suggested.
   abstract: Exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are major burdens on the healthcare system, and contribute significantly to the mortality and morbidity associated with these diseases. Upper respiratory viral infections are associated with the majority of such disease exacerbations. The past few years have seen advances in the mechanisms by which viral infections induce pro-inflammatory chemokine production, and in our understanding of host antiviral and anti-inflammatory defence pathways that might regulate responses to infection. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of these processes could elucidate new therapeutic approaches to reduce the devastating impact that these exacerbations have on quality of life and healthcare costs.
        url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1471489207000495
        doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2006.11.010

         id: cord-344835-iivry1ou
     author: Tsoumakidou, Maria
      title: Novel insights into the aetiology and pathophysiology of increased airway inflammation during COPD exacerbations
       date: 2006-05-22
      words: 5058.0
  sentences: 261.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 31.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-344835-iivry1ou.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-344835-iivry1ou.txt
    summary: A significant number of studies in stable COPD patients suggest that airway bacterial infections are associated with increased airway inflammation (18) (19) (20) (21) . Soler et al used protected specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage sampling to determine inflammatory cell counts, levels of cytokines concentrations and microbial patterns in stable COPD patients and found that increased neutrophils and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) levels may be related to bronchial colonization [18] . The group of J Wedzicha showed that viral infections might be implicated in the mechanisms of increased airway and possibly systemic inflammation during COPD exacerbations. Haemophilus influenzae from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation induce more inflammation than colonizers Airway inflammation and bronchial microbial patterns in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute respiratory illness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases Airway inflammation during stable and acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
   abstract: Airway inflammation increases during acute exacerbations of COPD. Extrinsic factors, such as airway infections, increased air pollution, and intrinsic factors, such as increased oxidative stress and altered immunity may contribute to this increase. The evidence for this and the potential mechanisms by which various aetiological agents increase inflammation during COPD exacerbations is reviewed. The pathophysiologic consequences of increased airway inflammation during COPD exacerbations are also discussed. This review aims to establish a cause and effect relationship between etiological factors of increased airway inflammation and COPD exacerbations based on recently published data. Although it can be speculated that reducing inflammation may prevent and/or treat COPD exacerbations, the existing anti-inflammatory treatments are modestly effective.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16716229/
        doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-80

         id: cord-283061-qr8xynn2
     author: Uzzaman, Md. Nazim
      title: Continuing professional education for general practitioners on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: feasibility of a blended learning approach in Bangladesh
       date: 2020-09-28
      words: 5406.0
  sentences: 305.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 52.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-283061-qr8xynn2.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-283061-qr8xynn2.txt
    summary: Using chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as an exemplar, we aimed to assess the feasibility of blended learning (combination of face-to-face and online) for GPs, and explore trainees'' and trainers'' perspectives towards the blended learning approach. We trained 49 GPs in two groups via blended (n = 25) and traditional face-to-face approach (n = 24) and assessed their post-course knowledge and skills. Provision of postgraduate training in Family Medicine is increasing in Asia Pacific, but rarely uses innovative online learning [1] that could enhance access to continuing medical education (CME) essential for building and maintaining a high-quality primary care workforce [2] . Quantitative data measured pre-post self-assessment of adherence to COPD guidelines and qualitative focus groups and interviews explored trainee and trainers'' perspectives of the blended learning. The total training hours was 40 h in both blended and traditional learning approaches and the courses contained the same content: components aimed at enhancing COPD knowledge (16 h) and skills (24 h).
   abstract: BACKGROUND: Continuing medical education (CME) is essential to developing and maintaining high quality primary care. Traditionally, CME is delivered face-to-face, but due to geographical distances, and pressure of work in Bangladesh, general practitioners (GPs) are unable to relocate for several days to attend training. Using chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as an exemplar, we aimed to assess the feasibility of blended learning (combination of face-to-face and online) for GPs, and explore trainees’ and trainers’ perspectives towards the blended learning approach. METHODS: We used a mixed-methods design. We trained 49 GPs in two groups via blended (n = 25) and traditional face-to-face approach (n = 24) and assessed their post-course knowledge and skills. The COPD Physician Practice Assessment Questionnaire (COPD-PPAQ) was administered before and one-month post-course. Verbatim transcriptions of focus group discussions with 18 course attendees and interviews with three course trainers were translated into English and analysed thematically. RESULTS: Forty GPs completed the course (Blended: 19; Traditional: 21). The knowledge and skills post course, and the improvement in self-reported adherence to COPD guidelines was similar in both groups. Most participants preferred blended learning as it was more convenient than taking time out of their busy work life, and for many the online learning optimised the benefits of the subsequent face-to-face sessions. Suggested improvements included online interactivity with tutors, improved user friendliness of the e-learning platform, and timing face-to-face classes over weekends to avoid time-out of practice. CONCLUSIONS: Quality improvement requires a multifaceted approach, but adequate knowledge and skills are core components. Blended learning is feasible and, with a few caveats, is an acceptable option to GPs in Bangladesh. This is timely, given that online learning with limited face-to-face contact is likely to become the norm in the on-going COVID-19 pandemic.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32988371/
        doi: 10.1186/s12875-020-01270-2

         id: cord-034294-ti1cc24m
     author: Wang, Cuixue
      title: Progress in the mechanism and targeted drug therapy for COPD
       date: 2020-10-27
      words: 16476.0
  sentences: 989.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 37.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-034294-ti1cc24m.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-034294-ti1cc24m.txt
    summary: Trx effectively prevents the progression of COPD by regulating redox status and protease/anti-protease balance, blocking the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, suppressing the activation and migration of inflammatory cells and the production of cytokines, inhibiting the synthesis and the activation of adhesion factors and growth factors, and controlling the cAMP-PKA and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. EPAC and PKA inhibit the human airway smooth muscle induced by a cigarette smoke extract (CSE) by blocking the activation of the NF-κB and ERK, respectively, and by releasing neutrophil chemokine IL-8, which together exert anti-inflammatory effects. 101 In COPD, increases in cAMP levels, activation of PKA and enhanced protein phosphorylation have the potential to reduce inflammation and immunomodulation, relax airway smooth muscle, inhibit chemotaxis and abnormal release of inflammatory and cytotoxic mediators, and reduce proliferation and migration of inflammatory cells. 135 The PI3K/Akt signalling pathway plays an important role in COPD by regulating inflammatory cell activation, inflammatory mediator release and airway remodelling.
   abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis characterised by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. The prevalence of COPD has increased over the last decade and the drugs most commonly used to treat it, such as glucocorticoids and bronchodilators, have significant therapeutic effects; however, they also cause side effects, including infection and immunosuppression. Here we reviewed the pathogenesis and progression of COPD and elaborated on the effects and mechanisms of newly developed molecular targeted COPD therapeutic drugs. Among these new drugs, we focussed on thioredoxin (Trx). Trx effectively prevents the progression of COPD by regulating redox status and protease/anti-protease balance, blocking the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, suppressing the activation and migration of inflammatory cells and the production of cytokines, inhibiting the synthesis and the activation of adhesion factors and growth factors, and controlling the cAMP-PKA and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. The mechanism by which Trx affects COPD is different from glucocorticoid-based mechanisms which regulate the inflammatory reaction in association with suppressing immune responses. In addition, Trx also improves the insensitivity of COPD to steroids by inhibiting the production and internalisation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Taken together, these findings suggest that Trx may be the ideal drug for treating COPD.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7588592/
        doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00345-x

         id: cord-332737-iclruwmx
     author: Webley, Wilmore C.
      title: Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides
       date: 2017-05-19
      words: 7485.0
  sentences: 403.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 40.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt
    summary: Another recent study concluded that the nasopharyngeal microbiome within the first year of life was a determinant for infection spread to the lower airways and predicted the severity of accompanying inflammatory symptoms, as well as risk for future asthma development. Factors that predict risk in non-asthmatics for developing the "infectious asthma" syndrome include a previous history of self-limited lower respiratory tract illnesses such as acute bronchitis (often with wheezing) and/or pneumonia [35, 38, 39] . A 2013 metaanalysis of 12 randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of macrolides for the long term management of asthma in both adults and children found positive effects on peak expiratory flow rate (PEFRa measure of pulmonary function), asthma symptoms, asthma quality of life (AQL), and airway hyper responsiveness (AHR), but not on forced expiratory flow rate in 1 s (FEV1) [77] .
   abstract: Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness to non-specific bronchoconstriction agonists as the primary underlying pathophysiology. The worldwide incidence of asthma has increased dramatically in the last 40 years. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, over 300 million children and adults worldwide currently suffer from this incurable disease and 255,000 die from the disease each year. It is now well accepted that asthma is a heterogeneous syndrome and many clinical subtypes have been described. Viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (hRV) have been implicated in asthma exacerbation in children because of their ability to cause severe airway inflammation and wheezing. Infections with atypical bacteria also appear to play a role in the induction and exacerbation of asthma in both children and adults. Recent studies confirm the existence of an infectious asthma etiology mediated by Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) and possibly by other viral, bacterial and fungal microbes. It is also likely that early-life infections with microbes such as CP could lead to alterations in the lung microbiome that significantly affect asthma risk and treatment outcomes. These infectious microbes may exacerbate the symptoms of established chronic asthma and may even contribute to the initial development of the clinical onset of the disease. It is now becoming more widely accepted that patterns of airway inflammation differ based on the trigger responsible for asthma initiation and exacerbation. Therefore, a better understanding of asthma subtypes is now being explored more aggressively, not only to decipher pathophysiologic mechanisms but also to select treatment and guide prognoses. This review will explore infection-mediated asthma with special emphasis on the protean manifestations of CP lung infection, clinical characteristics of infection-mediated asthma, mechanisms involved and antibiotic treatment outcomes.
        url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-017-0584-z
        doi: 10.1186/s12931-017-0584-z

         id: cord-343607-yu5n9eur
     author: Wesseling, Geertjan
      title: Occasional review: Influenza in COPD: pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment
       date: 2007-03-17
      words: 3633.0
  sentences: 206.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 45.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-343607-yu5n9eur.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-343607-yu5n9eur.txt
    summary: Influenza viruses cause respiratory tract infections that in patients with underlying lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with exacerbations and excess morbidity and mortality. Viral infections including infl uenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and many other viruses are important causes of exacerbations, excess morbidity and mortality in COPD (Wedzicha 2004; Wilkinson et al 2006) . Considering the infl uence of different respiratory viruses in stable COPD and the important role of viral infections in exacerbations, vaccination is a potentially effective way to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by exacerbations. In a randomized clinical trial, Wongsurakiat and colleagues (2004) demonstrated that infl uenza vaccination is highly effective in the prevention of acute respiratory illness related to infl uenza virus infection, regardless of severity of COPD, comorbid diseases, age, gender, or smoking status.
   abstract: Influenza viruses cause respiratory tract infections that in patients with underlying lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with exacerbations and excess morbidity and mortality. Typically, influenza B is associated with relatively mild, local outbreaks, whereas influenza A is the cause of world-wide pandemics. Upon infection, two antigens present on the viral surface, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase result in human immunity, but since many subtypes of these antigens exist that vary over time, immunity in the population is blunted. Vaccination is advocated in high-risk groups including patients with underlying (lung) diseases and in the elderly, and needs to be repeated annually with vaccines expected to cover the expected change in viral antigenicity. When started early, antiviral drugs, especially neuraminidase-inhibitors can be prescribed in adjunct to nonspecific interventions in an attempt to shorten disease duration and to prevent complications in case of an influenza infection. Currently, the effectiveness of antiviral drugs specifically in patients with COPD has not been proven.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18044060/
        doi: nan

         id: cord-295206-vetdsk48
     author: Woodfork, Karen
      title: Bronchitis
       date: 2008-01-10
      words: 6114.0
  sentences: 324.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 37.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-295206-vetdsk48.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-295206-vetdsk48.txt
    summary: This inflammation can be acute in nature, usually resulting from a viral infection, or it may be a long-standing manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic bronchitis is the most common form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a group of conditions involving airway obstruction, decreased maximal expiratory airflow, and breathing-related symptoms. Chronic bronchitis is a manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involving cough and sputum production, with or without wheezing, that lasts for at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years Chitkara and Sarinas (2002) . The medications available for the treatment of chronic bronchitis/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) do not decrease the progressive decline in respiratory function that is characteristic of this condition. It has been shown to decrease the work of breathing in severe, stable, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and may potentially be useful in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Chitkara and Sarinas (2002) , Rodrigo et al (2002) .
   abstract: Bronchitis is characterized by bronchial inflammation that results in …
        url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780080552323630260
        doi: 10.1016/b978-008055232-3.63026-0

         id: cord-260114-tkh93k1u
     author: Zhao, Qianwen
      title: The impact of COPD and smoking history on the severity of COVID‐19: A systemic review and meta‐analysis
       date: 2020-05-17
      words: 969.0
  sentences: 67.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 54.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-260114-tkh93k1u.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-260114-tkh93k1u.txt
    summary: This meta‐analysis aimed to explore the risk of severe COVID‐19 in patients with pre‐existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ongoing smoking history. The heterogeneity of included studies was moderate for both COPD and ongoing smoking history on the severity of COVID‐19. Microsoft Excel database was created to record the available information including baseline details and the rate of development of severe COVID-19 in patients with different respiratory conditions. As the reported endpoints varied between including literatures, a subgroup analysis was performed to find out the impact of different endpoints on the effect of COPD or smoking on COVID-19. Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SAR-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan Retrospective study on the epidemiological characteristics of 139 patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia on the effects of severity
   abstract: Comorbidities are associated with the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). This meta‐analysis aimed to explore the risk of severe COVID‐19 in patients with pre‐existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ongoing smoking history. A comprehensive systematic literature search was carried out to find studies published from December 2019 to 22 March 2020 from five databases. The languages of literature included English and Chinese. The point prevalence of severe COVID‐19 in patients with pre‐existing COPD and those with ongoing smoking was evaluated with this meta‐analysis. Overall 11 case series, published either in Chinese or English language with a total of 2002 cases, were included in this study. The pooled OR of COPD and the development of severe COVID‐19 was 4.38 (fixed‐effects model; 95% CI: 2.34‐8.20), while the OR of ongoing smoking was 1.98 (fixed‐effects model; 95% CI: 1.29‐3.05). There was no publication bias as examined by the funnel plot and Egger's test (P = not significant). The heterogeneity of included studies was moderate for both COPD and ongoing smoking history on the severity of COVID‐19. COPD and ongoing smoking history attribute to the worse progression and outcome of COVID‐19.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32293753/
        doi: 10.1002/jmv.25889

         id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
     author: nan
      title: 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts
       date: 1995
      words: 179164.0
  sentences: 12028.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 56.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt
    summary: Results: In 5 patients with treated SS, 16 tests were performed (VL n=8; Dobu n=4; NA n=4 Method: Septic shock was defined as severe sepsis with either persistent hypotension (mean arterial pressure; MAP<70 mmHg) or the requirement for a noradrenaline (NA) infusion ~> 0.1 ~g/kg/min with a MAP _< 90mmHg. Cardiovascular support was limited to NA + dobutamine (DB), 546C88 was administered for up to 8 h at a fixed dose-rate of either i, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/h iv. Methods: Fourteen cases were s~udied,their gestational age ranged from(27-32)ws.Continnous positive air way pressure was applied to six cases at Peep level from (3-6)cm H2o through nasal pronge,(group I),the other 8 cases were managed as routine,(group II).Blood gases, TcPO2,TcCo2,resp.rate,depth and pattern were monitored for assessment of tissue Oxygenation and ventilation, Results: Our rasults showed that early application of CPAP improve ventilation among (83.3%)of cases,while (16.7%)of cases need IMV.The cases of group II need IMV among (75%)of the studied cases during the second or the third day of life.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095534/
        doi: 10.1007/bf02426401

         id: cord-006862-5va1yyit
     author: nan
      title: ITS ASM 2012
       date: 2012-11-04
      words: nan
  sentences: nan
      pages: 
     flesch: nan
      cache: 
        txt: 
    summary: 
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103221/
        doi: 10.1007/s11845-012-0856-z

         id: cord-006888-qfnukav4
     author: nan
      title: Irish Thoracic Society Annual Scientific Meeting, Ramada Hotel, Belfast: 7th–8th November 2008
       date: 2008-10-21
      words: 30369.0
  sentences: 1866.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 53.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-006888-qfnukav4.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-006888-qfnukav4.txt
    summary: 2 This study explored anxiety, depression and QoL of a small group of patients (n = 5), predominantly male (66.7%), mean age 74 years, using the Marie Curie ''''breathing space'''' outpatient clinic over a four week period. Methods: CF patients attending CUH completed a questionnaire relating to personal smoking and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure, correlated with pulmonary function and exacerbation-rate data. This ongoing study indicates that a clinical pharmacy led management programme can reduce the need for hospital care in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD and improve aspects of their health related quality of life. There is a need for wider availability of joint hospital/ community based initiatives such as COPD Outreach and PRPs. Pulmonary rehabilitation has established efficacy, but patients often require follow-up care or maintenance. Patient data (MDS/ISWT/endurance shuttle walking test(ESWT)) from our pulmonary rehabilitation programme were initially analysed (n = 214; median FEV 1 = 1.04 L; mean age = 69 yrs).
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103299/
        doi: 10.1007/s11845-008-0235-y

         id: cord-010075-72jodunj
     author: nan
      title: Paediatric SIG: Poster Session
       date: 2011-03-21
      words: 32008.0
  sentences: 1913.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 56.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-010075-72jodunj.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-010075-72jodunj.txt
    summary: Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169206/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_12.x

         id: cord-010078-8lkkez3n
     author: nan
      title: Invited Speakers
       date: 2010-11-24
      words: nan
  sentences: nan
      pages: 
     flesch: nan
      cache: 
        txt: 
    summary: 
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169233/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01863.x

         id: cord-022633-fr55uod6
     author: nan
      title: SAEM Abstracts, Plenary Session
       date: 2012-04-26
      words: 147405.0
  sentences: 8927.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 54.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-022633-fr55uod6.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-022633-fr55uod6.txt
    summary: Staff satisfaction was evaluated through pre/ post-shift and study surveys; administrative data (physician initial assessment (PIA), length of stay (LOS), patients leaving without being seen (LWBS) and against medical advice [LAMA] ) were collected from an electronic, real-time ED information system. Communication Background: The link between extended shift lengths, sleepiness, and occupational injury or illness has been shown, in other health care populations, to be an important and preventable public health concern but heretofore has not been fully described in emergency medical services (EMS Objectives: To assess the effect of an ED-based computer screening and referral intervention for IPV victims and to determine what characteristics resulted in a positive change in their safety. Objectives: Using data from longitudinal surveys by the American Board of Emergency Medicine, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate if resident self-assessments of performance in required competencies improve over the course of graduate medical training and in the years following.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159364/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01332.x

         id: cord-023288-sqr33y72
     author: nan
      title: Paediatric SIG: Poster Session
       date: 2008-03-12
      words: 30158.0
  sentences: 1762.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 53.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt
    summary: Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169050/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_11.x

         id: cord-023298-ysur3sjq
     author: nan
      title: Respiratory Nurses SIG: Poster Session
       date: 2011-03-21
      words: 32008.0
  sentences: 1914.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 56.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-023298-ysur3sjq.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-023298-ysur3sjq.txt
    summary: Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169078/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_16.x

         id: cord-023302-p9pxz44a
     author: nan
      title: Cystic Fibrosis SIG: Poster Session
       date: 2011-03-21
      words: 32008.0
  sentences: 1915.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 56.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-023302-p9pxz44a.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-023302-p9pxz44a.txt
    summary: Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169099/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_7.x

         id: cord-023303-fxus38mp
     author: nan
      title: Lung Cancer/Bronchology SIGs: Combined Poster Session
       date: 2008-03-12
      words: 30161.0
  sentences: 1760.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 53.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt
    summary: Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169102/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_8.x

         id: cord-023305-5lb9kho6
     author: nan
      title: Oliv SIG: Poster Session
       date: 2011-03-21
      words: 32008.0
  sentences: 1916.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 56.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-023305-5lb9kho6.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-023305-5lb9kho6.txt
    summary: Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169107/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_11.x

         id: cord-023306-3gdfo6vd
     author: nan
      title: TSANZ Oral Abstracts
       date: 2010-03-01
      words: 23387.0
  sentences: 1370.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 54.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-023306-3gdfo6vd.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-023306-3gdfo6vd.txt
    summary: Conflict of Interest No. Purpose We examined age trends in the distribution of stage at diagnosis in patients presenting with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at tertiary hospitals. Methods Eleven healthy male subjects, aged 28(8) (SD) years completed separate visits with (a) no restriction and (b) chest wall strapping to reduce FVC by 30 (7) Introduction Glossopharyngeal breathing (GPB) is used by competitive breath-hold divers to increase lung gas content above TLC to improve performance. Our DC culture results showed that both MHC-I and MHC-II expression on DCs from COPD were significantly down regulated compare to healthy controls, which could affect MHC restricted Ag presentation, and lead to a failure to activate responder T cells.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169109/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01735.x

         id: cord-023308-af5nihyi
     author: nan
      title: COPD SIG: Poster Session 2
       date: 2008-03-12
      words: 30159.0
  sentences: 1761.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 53.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt
    summary: Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169120/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_6.x

         id: cord-023311-7wqdlha4
     author: nan
      title: Oral Session
       date: 2010-11-24
      words: 17248.0
  sentences: 956.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 51.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-023311-7wqdlha4.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-023311-7wqdlha4.txt
    summary: Methods We determined the usefulness of preoperative lung function by spirometry in predicting regression of pulmonary hypertension after surgical correction of mitral stenosis among 20 patients who underwent mitral valve surgery at Philippine Heart Center from July to December 2009. Elderly patients exhibited a signifi cantly higher mortality rate that was independently associated with the following: age; residence status; confusion, urea, respiratory frequency and blood pressure (CURB) score; comorbid conditions; and failure of initial therapy. Methods A total of 40 patients (Male: 50%; Female: 50%) admitted and diagnosed with HAP at our Center were followed up to investigate the rate of adherence of physicians on the diagnosis and treatment of HAP based on Level I and II ATS/IDSA 2008 recommendations and to determine its association with outcome (mortality, mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, hospital stay).
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169143/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01864.x

         id: cord-023314-rwjxk8v4
     author: nan
      title: Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 1
       date: 2011-03-21
      words: 32009.0
  sentences: 1912.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 56.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-023314-rwjxk8v4.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-023314-rwjxk8v4.txt
    summary: Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169157/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_1.x

         id: cord-023331-jrvmgnu3
     author: nan
      title: Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management
       date: 2008-03-12
      words: 30165.0
  sentences: 1762.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 53.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt
    summary: Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169210/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_3.x

         id: cord-023333-b7w9zrl6
     author: nan
      title: Oeld/Population Health SIG: Poster Session
       date: 2011-03-21
      words: 32009.0
  sentences: 1914.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 56.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-023333-b7w9zrl6.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-023333-b7w9zrl6.txt
    summary: Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169216/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_10.x

         id: cord-023343-y17z9w2x
     author: nan
      title: COPD SIG: Poster Session 1
       date: 2011-03-21
      words: 32008.0
  sentences: 1910.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 55.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-023343-y17z9w2x.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-023343-y17z9w2x.txt
    summary: Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169240/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_5.x

         id: cord-318248-y2vkpuv3
     author: nan
      title: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An Asia–Pacific perspective
       date: 2005-02-03
      words: nan
  sentences: nan
      pages: 
     flesch: nan
      cache: 
        txt: 
    summary: 
   abstract: Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem and its prevalence and mortality are increasing throughout the world, including the Asia–Pacific region. To arrest these worldwide trends, the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Expert Panel's global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of COPD was published in 2001. Based on recently published clinical trials, the GOLD statement was updated in 2003. The Asia–Pacific COPD Roundtable Group, a taskforce of expert respirologists from the Asia–Pacific region, has recently formulated a consensus statement on implementation of the GOLD strategy for COPD in the Asia–Pacific region. The key issues identified by the COPD Roundtable Group for comment are: (i) where there is no access to spirometry, diagnosis of COPD could be suspected on the basis of history, symptoms and physical signs; (ii) inhaled bronchodilators are the preferred regular treatment for COPD in the region, but oral bronchodilators may be considered if the cost of inhaled bronchodilators is a barrier to treatment; (iii) the use of an Metered Dose Inhaler with spacer in place of a nebulizer is recommended in the treatment of acute airflow obstruction in patients with COPD; (iv) influenza vaccination is recommended for all patients with COPD in communities where there is a high likelihood of Severe Acute Respitory Syndrome; and (v) simplified pulmonary rehabilitation programmes should be established in areas where comprehensive programmes are unavailable. Physical exercise training and education on smoking cessation should be core elements of any rehabilitation program. In summary, the COPD Roundtable Group supports implementation of the GOLD strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD in the Asia–Pacific region, subject to the additions and modifications to the guidelines suggested above.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15691232/
        doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2005.00692.x

         id: cord-335597-anrzcsrt
     author: nan
      title: 44. Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie
       date: 2020-10-26
      words: 14629.0
  sentences: 921.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 49.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-335597-anrzcsrt.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-335597-anrzcsrt.txt
    summary: Conclusions: In this study assessing the prognostic relevance of pulmonary exercise hemodynamics in patients with systemic sclerosis, PVR and TPR at peak exercise as well as mPAP/CO-slope and TPG/CO-slope turned out as age-independent predictors of all-cause mortality. Later-line treatment with lorlatinib in ALKand ROS1-rearrangement-positive NSCLC: a retrospective, multicenter analysis Background: Anti-fibrotic medication is effective in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILD), but a subgroup of fibrotic ILD patients also benefits from immunomodulatory therapies. Methods: HRCT of 127 subsequent single-center ILDboard patients (mean age 65 (standard deviation 14) years, 65 % male), were evaluated for radiological findings considered noninflammatory (reticulation including honeycombing (RET), traction bronchiectasis (TBR), emphysema (EMP)) or active inflammatory (consolidations (CON), ground glass opacities (GGO), noduli (NDL), mosaic attenuation (MOS)) in 6 distinct lung regions.
   abstract: nan
        url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01745-3
        doi: 10.1007/s00508-020-01745-3

         id: cord-355038-o2hr5mox
     author: nan
      title: Proceedings of Réanimation 2020, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress
       date: 2020-02-11
      words: 102485.0
  sentences: 7028.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 52.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-355038-o2hr5mox.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-355038-o2hr5mox.txt
    summary: Conclusion: In patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS, a higher tidal volume under PSV within the 72 h following neuromuscular blockers cessation is independently associated with the 28-day mortality.Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of survival according to the mean tidal volume (Vt)-lower of higher than 8 ml/ kg-under pressure support ventilation (PSV) during the "transition period" transfusion is associated with adverse events, and equipoise remains on the optimal transfusion strategy in oncologic patients in surgical setting. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Patients and methods: In a retrospective monocentric study (01/2013-01/2017) conducted in cardio-vascular surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in Henri Mondor teaching hospital, all consecutive adult patients who underwent peripheral VA-ECMO were included, with exclusion of those dying in the first 24 h. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Rationale: Acute respiratory failure is the leading reason for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in immunocompromised patients and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation has become a major clinical end-point in randomized controlled trials (RCT).
   abstract: nan
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32048060/
        doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-0623-7

         id: cord-342476-0rupk21u
     author: van Rijn, Anneloes L.
      title: The respiratory virome and exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
       date: 2019-10-24
      words: 4036.0
  sentences: 220.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 44.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-342476-0rupk21u.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-342476-0rupk21u.txt
    summary: The sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of mNGS were calculated based on 24 PCR positive and 1120 PCR negative target results of 88 samples and the normalized read counts (Table 5 ). The following markers were tested for potential associations with clinical severity of exacerbation (exacerbation severity, self-reported exacerbation severity), length of exacerbation and a decrease/increase in FEV 1 (control visit compared to baseline): mNGS pathogen positive versus negative exacerbation (qPCR targets), the number of normalized reads (log, cutoff of �5normalized reads) for the different target viruses (species level). The Shannon diversity scores for bacteriophages (normalized reads, cut-off of �5normalized reads) were comparable for COPD exacerbations of viral aetiology in PCR positive versus negative patients (Fig 5) . In this study, the respiratory virome in patients with COPD exacerbations was analysed with both mNGS and qPCR, and combined with clinical data.
   abstract: INTRODUCTION: Exacerbations are major contributors to morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and respiratory bacterial and viral infections are an important trigger. However, using conventional diagnostic techniques, a causative agent is not always found. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) allows analysis of the complete virome, but has not yet been applied in COPD exacerbations. OBJECTIVES: To study the respiratory virome in nasopharyngeal samples during COPD exacerbations using mNGS. STUDY DESIGN: 88 nasopharyngeal swabs from 63 patients from the Bergen COPD Exacerbation Study (2006–2010) were analysed by mNGS and in-house qPCR for respiratory viruses. Both DNA and RNA were sequenced simultaneously using an Illumina library preparation protocol with in-house adaptations. RESULTS: By mNGS, 24/88 samples tested positive. Sensitivity and specificity, as compared with PCR, were 96% and 98% for diagnostic targets (23/24 and 1093/1120, respectively). Additional viral pathogens detected by mNGS were herpes simplex virus type 1 and coronavirus OC43. A positive correlation was found between Cq value and mNGS viral normalized species reads (log value) (p = 0.002). Patients with viral pathogens had lower percentages of bacteriophages (p<0.001). No correlation was found between viral reads and clinical markers. CONCLUSIONS: The mNGS protocol used was highly sensitive and specific for semi-quantitative detection of respiratory viruses. Excellent negative predictive value implicates the power of mNGS to exclude any pathogenic respiratory viral infectious cause in one test, with consequences for clinical decision making. Reduced abundance of bacteriophages in COPD patients with viral pathogens implicates skewing of the virome during infection, with potential consequences for the bacterial populations, during infection.
        url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31647831/
        doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223952

         id: cord-298646-wurzy88k
     author: van der Merwe, René
      title: Challenge models to assess new therapies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
       date: 2012-09-13
      words: 4775.0
  sentences: 240.0
      pages: 
     flesch: 40.0
      cache: ./cache/cord-298646-wurzy88k.txt
        txt: ./txt/cord-298646-wurzy88k.txt
    summary: This review focuses on human challenge models with lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, ozone, and rhinovirus, in the early clinical development phases of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment and reduction of exacerbations in COPD. One of the main challenges in developing new therapeutic agents for the treatment or prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD is that their potential success cannot be entirely known until the investigational therapies enter relatively large Phase II studies, assessing clinical outcome over a 3-to 6-month period or longer. 20 In the first reported study of the inflammatory effects of low-level O 3 exposure (80 ppb O 3 for 6.6 hours) in healthy volunteers, 21 there were statistically significant increases in polymorphononuclear neutrophils, prostaglandin E 2 , lactate dehydrogenase, IL-6, α1-antitrypsin, and decreased phagocytosis via the complement receptor. The O 3 -challenge model potentially provides critical decision-making data in understanding whether new compounds have the desired biological effect in healthy volunteers and patients with COPD; hence it can de-risk decisions to move forwards into large Phase II safety and efficacy trials.
   abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Current therapies confer partial benefits either by incompletely improving airflow limitation or by reducing acute exacerbations, hence new therapies are desirable. In the absence of robust early predictors of clinical efficacy, the potential success of novel therapeutic agents in COPD will not entirely be known until the drugs enter relatively large and costly clinical trials. New predictive models in humans, and new study designs are being sought to allow for confirmation of pharmacodynamic and potentially clinically meaningful effects in early development. This review focuses on human challenge models with lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, ozone, and rhinovirus, in the early clinical development phases of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment and reduction of exacerbations in COPD.
        url: https://doi.org/10.2147/copd.s30664
        doi: 10.2147/copd.s30664

==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE]
==== make-pages.sh search
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Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in <module>
    with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read()
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm'
==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus
Zipping study carrel