Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 125 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12261 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125 COPD 43 patient 23 cell 20 lung 18 study 16 result 14 increase 14 exacerbation 13 disease 12 airway 11 asthma 10 method 9 respiratory 9 pulmonary 9 HRV 8 Nil 8 FEV 7 SARS 7 Interest 7 ASM 6 infection 6 chronic 6 PCR 6 IL-6 6 FEV1 6 AECOPD 5 covid-19 5 acute 5 OSA 5 IPF 5 Hospital 4 virus 4 obstructive 4 asm 4 NIV 4 LPS 4 ICU 4 COVID-19 3 vitamin 3 treatment 3 mortality 3 macrophage 3 level 3 group 3 figure 3 day 3 IFN 3 HIV 2 smoker 2 old Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 16070 patient 13441 % 6225 study 5274 disease 5268 cell 4967 lung 4197 asthma 4000 infection 3808 exacerbation 3634 p 3625 group 3567 result 3034 airway 2868 method 2764 treatment 2659 year 2616 level 2400 effect 2288 age 2278 day 2137 response 2134 conclusion 2072 datum 2071 time 1974 risk 1965 care 1907 case 1869 rate 1869 factor 1868 n 1790 analysis 1766 function 1740 expression 1673 hospital 1662 control 1650 virus 1597 child 1592 subject 1579 symptom 1572 therapy 1525 outcome 1510 mortality 1498 difference 1462 use 1452 blood 1411 change 1360 score 1347 role 1346 inflammation 1337 mouse Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 6925 COPD 1360 ED 1207 ICU 903 al 807 et 711 NIV 641 CI 594 . 553 signifi 522 CF 479 CT 475 PCR 474 FEV 458 II 450 Hospital 445 C 411 A 392 fi 391 IL-6 388 Health 387 SARS 380 T 374 RV 372 COVID-19 371 ± 365 mg 363 FEV1 360 CO 352 HRV 344 L 341 fl 335 de 325 Methods 320 TB 320 D 306 ed 299 Group 299 ARDS 293 AECOPD 289 infl 286 B 283 University 279 Disease 278 S 275 IPF 272 Chronic 268 ASM 267 Care 266 RSV 253 IV Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 3784 we 2311 it 997 they 487 i 342 them 160 he 120 she 64 us 55 you 51 itself 46 themselves 43 one 19 him 16 me 9 her 3 s 3 mg 3 himself 2 interleukin-10 2 em 1 yourself 1 ya 1 tv/ 1 tnfrt 1 thee 1 t 1 splunc1 1 p~ 1 p110a 1 p.dligh]cine 1 ol!guria 1 mr/ 1 iw 1 il-1β 1 il-15rα 1 igg1 1 hom'~ 1 hmw2 1 hav~ 1 haecs 1 etco~. 1 enroll 1 endothelin-1 1 emergen~ 1 eleven/36 1 eafl−ss 1 covid-19)/people 1 clustalx 1 110/120 1 's Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 51702 be 9469 have 4660 use 3513 increase 2646 associate 2542 include 2340 compare 2137 show 1759 follow 1702 reduce 1694 induce 1573 do 1419 perform 1373 determine 1320 report 1281 assess 1274 identify 1261 require 1243 find 1207 measure 1156 suggest 1131 base 1066 relate 1040 develop 1010 improve 908 receive 894 provide 881 treat 878 decrease 851 present 847 cause 841 evaluate 827 lead 823 aim 794 predict 750 result 708 obtain 694 detect 687 remain 687 occur 683 collect 680 consider 663 demonstrate 662 observe 656 control 655 study 651 investigate 642 involve 641 support 627 make Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4681 not 3853 - 3726 pulmonary 3711 respiratory 2866 chronic 2740 high 2410 acute 2319 clinical 2288 more 2258 also 2040 low 1812 obstructive 1719 severe 1638 other 1495 however 1473 non 1472 significant 1458 most 1455 viral 1416 such 1308 inflammatory 1303 well 1262 human 1248 only 1164 mean 1095 positive 1075 significantly 1047 common 1028 epithelial 1015 bacterial 997 important 947 different 928 early 907 first 885 immune 862 further 858 old 834 medical 827 primary 814 normal 813 long 802 respectively 786 as 759 less 718 large 715 patient 705 new 670 healthy 666 great 650 small Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 337 most 243 least 201 good 136 Most 128 high 67 low 47 large 46 common 42 great 25 strong 18 late 13 bad 10 short 9 close 7 old 6 near 5 small 5 long 4 early 3 poor 3 new 3 big 3 /FVC% 2 weak 2 busy 1 young 1 testret 1 slight 1 simple 1 sick 1 severe 1 postsurgery 1 palienl 1 outermost 1 fast 1 farth 1 costly 1 clear 1 broad 1 andQT 1 ana 1 aff 1 \2-t 1 Least 1 CDSS 1 C3β 1 .ch 1 -β 1 -steady 1 -defensin-2 Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1121 most 185 least 44 well 4 s1p 2 worst 1 highest 1 -wheeze Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 doi.org 12 www.dovepress.com 2 www.who.int 2 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2 www.frontiersin.org 2 grants 2 github.com 2 dx.doi.org 1 www.tbfacts.org 1 www.sign.ac.uk 1 www.rilintech.comt 1 www.researchsquare 1 www.r-project.org 1 www.nhlbi.nih.gov 1 www.medscape.com 1 www.medrxiv.org 1 www.medresman.org 1 www.medresman 1 www.gov.uk 1 www.genet.sickkids.on.ca 1 www.ft.com 1 www.chictr.org.cn 1 www.cdc.gov 1 www.cdc 1 www.britthoracic.org.uk 1 www 1 orcid.org 1 immunenetwork.org 1 goldcopd.org 1 creativecommons 1 bit.ly 1 a-henderson91.shinyapps.io Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 14 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.08.20227892 11 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.27.20114298 7 http://www.dovepress.com/testimonials.php 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.29.20222174 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.05.20164731 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03 4 http://doi.org/10 2 http://www.dovepress.com/international-journal-of-copd-journalThe 2 http://www.dovepress.com/international-journal-of-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-journal 2 http://grants 2 http://github.com/johntaz/COVID-Collateral 2 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.18.20038455 1 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/ 1 http://www.who.int/ 1 http://www.tbfacts.org/tbstatistics.html 1 http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/101/index.html 1 http://www.rilintech.comt 1 http://www.researchsquare 1 http://www.r-project.org 1 http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/meetings/workshops/copd_clinical.htm 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 http://www.medscape.com/ 1 http://www.medrxiv.org/ 1 http://www.medresman.org 1 http://www.medresman 1 http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-testsand-testing-kits-for-coronavirus-covid-19-work 1 http://www.genet.sickkids.on.ca/StatisticsPage 1 http://www.ft.com/content/a2901ce8-5eb7-4633-b89c-cbdf5b386938 1 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2020 1 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020 1 http://www.dovepress.com/international-journal-of-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-journalThe 1 http://www.chictr.org.cn/usercenter.aspx 1 http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/ 1 http://www.cdc 1 http://www.britthoracic.org.uk/Portals/0/Guidelines/ 1 http://www 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7141-9701 1 http://immunenetwork.org 1 http://goldcopd.org 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100515 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-006-0202-x 1 http://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02108-2020 1 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05 1 http://creativecommons 1 http://bit.ly/37dSB8l 1 http://a-henderson91.shinyapps.io/covid_collateral_shiny/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 2 yacine001@yahoo.fr 2 oussamajaoued@gmail.com 2 benhamzasabah5@gmail.com 1 sophie.jacquier@chr-orleans.fr 1 samia.ayed@yahoo.fr 1 sadatsouhila@hotmail.fr 1 paul.jaubert@gmail.com 1 painvinbe@gmail.com 1 nicolas.garbez@umontpellier.fr 1 nabilghomari@hotmail.fr 1 mlerikou@yahoo.gr 1 mel.fromentin@wanadoo.fr 1 mariem241090@gmail.com 1 marielemerle@yahoo.fr 1 lisaleon1307@gmail.com 1 lea.savary@hotmail.com 1 khaoula87@hotmail.fr 1 kais.regaieg@gmail.com 1 julien.goutay@gmail.com 1 jean-luc.diehl@aphp.fr 1 jean-luc.baudel@aphp.fr 1 jabirachid@gmail.com 1 hgheerbrant@chu-grenoble.fr 1 guillaume.geri@aphp.fr 1 geoffroyhariri@hotmail.com 1 gautier.nitel@gmail.com 1 erwan.begot@chu-bordeaux.fr 1 dr.amira.jamoussi@gmail.com 1 claravigneron@hotmail.fr 1 cguetteche@gmail.com 1 alex.lepage-farrell@umontreal.ca 1 adnanejanati@gmail.com Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 % were male 31 patients did not 27 levels were significantly 23 levels were higher 20 % were female 18 cells were then 16 patients were male 16 studies have not 15 disease requiring hospitalisation 14 results were similar 12 data was available 12 effect was not 12 groups were similar 12 patients are more 11 data were available 11 patients had at 10 % were current 10 data are available 10 patients were female 9 infections were more 9 patients had resolution 9 patients is important 9 patients were more 9 patients were not 9 studies have also 8 % did not 8 asthma are underway 8 cells following incubation 8 cells were similar 8 copd are often 8 diseases including asthma 8 lung did not 8 patients do not 8 patients had normal 8 patients had positive 8 patients were randomly 8 patients were then 8 treatment was not 8 year follow up 7 % had hrvc 7 % had pet 7 % were hrv 7 airway including activation 7 airway is unclear 7 airways using lpc 7 asthma had signifi 7 asthma related quality 7 asthma require further 7 care do not 7 case report form Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 data were not available 7 patient had no errors 7 studies have not conclusively 4 effect was not specific 4 exacerbation is not always 4 exacerbations were not significantly 4 groups was not significant 4 patient had no further 3 groups were not significantly 2 group had no significant 2 groups was not statistically 2 groups were not statistically 2 levels were not significantly 2 patients are not directly 2 treatment had no effect 1 % had no osas 1 % reporting no asthma 1 asthma is not clear 1 asthma is not well 1 asthma were not more 1 care is not accurately 1 care were not generally 1 cells are not professional 1 cells are not readily 1 cells is not detrimental 1 cells is not entirely 1 copd are not able 1 copd are not clear 1 copd are not curative 1 copd are not entirely 1 copd are not negatively 1 copd are not only 1 copd do not only 1 copd is not curable 1 copd is not entirely 1 copd is not just 1 copd is not only 1 copd reported no trace 1 data are not publicly 1 disease were not statistically 1 diseases are not independent 1 diseases is not specific 1 effect was no longer 1 effects are not necessarily 1 exacerbation are not newly 1 exacerbation does not fully 1 exacerbation were not eligible 1 exacerbations are not entirely 1 exacerbations has not fundamentally 1 exacerbations is not precisely A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-310304-f28tjmi8 author = Alcendor, Donald J. title = Racial Disparities-Associated COVID-19 Mortality among Minority Populations in the US date = 2020-07-30 keywords = ACE2; COPD; SARS; covid-19 summary = Maintaining glycemic control in COVID-19 patients is essential, as hyperglycemia could affect pulmonary function, the immune response to infection, and the development of the pro-inflammatory cytokine storm associated with more severe clinical disease ( Figure 1 ). Patients who clinically present with normal or high blood pressure may be subject to undue complications related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Patients who clinically present with normal or high blood pressure may be subject to undue complications related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 the ACE2 protein serves as the entry receptor for the virus and is internalized in the endosome with SARS-CoV-2 during membrane fusion and uptake by Hypothetical model of uncontrolled blood pressure in patients with hypertension and increased risk for complications due to COVID-19. Longstanding health disparities such as diabetes, hypertension, CVD, and pulmonary disease among minority populations in the US may serve to predispose these communities to SARS-CoV-2 infection and increased risk for clinically severe COVID-19. doi = 10.3390/jcm9082442 id = cord-291639-hioh2s35 author = Alfredo, Potena title = Pathophysiology of viral-induced exacerbations of COPD date = 2007-12-17 keywords = COPD; RSV; respiratory summary = Many epidemiological and clinical studies have suggested a role for respiratory viral infections in the natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly during their exacerbations highlighting the need for development of effective vaccines and/or treatment for these viruses. In this review we will provide an overview of the relationship between respiratory virus infection and the molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of airway infl ammation in COPD exacerbations. It has been postulated that bacterial colonization could contribute to increased susceptibility to viral infection in COPD patients for example by increasing ICAM-1 expression in bronchial epithelial cells either directly or through induced infl ammation (Sajjan et al 2006) . Despite growing clinical evidence for a role of respiratory viral infections in the pathogenesis of COPD exacerbations, the precise mechanisms of respiratory virus-induced airway infl ammation and of host defenses against respiratory viruses are poorly understood (Johnston 2005) . doi = nan id = cord-312338-r6jqmes3 author = Althani, Asma title = Characterisation of winter respiratory viral infections in patients with asthma and COPD in Qatar date = 2012-12-14 keywords = COPD; Qatar summary = This study aimed to identify the most common viral strains responsible for respiratory tract infections in asthma/COPD patients (without exacerbations) in Qatar during the winter season (2008) (2009) . This study aimed to identify the most common viral strains responsible for respiratory tract infections in asthma/COPD patients (without exacerbations) in Qatar during the winter season (2008) (2009) . carried out a study in the UK to investigate the role of viral infections in acute exacerbations of asthma in schoolchildren, and they reported that the most commonly identified virus type in this population was rhinovirus [3] . During October 2008-March 2009, adults with COPD or asthma, seeking care at the Chest clinic of the Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar, with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection were eligible for participation. Our study is the first in Qatar to analyse the clinical aetiology of respiratory tract viral infections in adult patients from all age groups with asthma or COPD. doi = 10.1007/s00705-012-1576-4 id = cord-280348-vrnxucye author = Argano, Christiano title = Pattern of comorbidities and 1-year mortality in elderly patients with COPD hospitalized in internal medicine wards: data from the RePoSI Registry date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COPD; disease; mortality; patient summary = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents an important leading cause of morbidity and mortality with high economic and social costs: according to the WHO, COPD is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide, and it is estimated to be the third by 2020; furthermore, the global burden of COPD is expected to increase in the coming years, due to the prevalence of smoking and aging of the world population [1] . The following clinical characteristics were evaluated: respiratory and non-respiratory disease distribution at hospital admission (according to International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision); cognitive status and mood disorders (by the Short-Blessed-Test [SBT] [9] and the Geriatric-Depression-Scale [GDS] [10] ,respectively; performance in activities of daily living at hospital admission (measured by means of the Barthel Index [BI] [11] ; severity and comorbidity index(assessed by the Cumulative-Illness-Rating-Scale CIRS-s and CIRS-c, respectively) [12] , glomerular filtration rate (using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration-formula [13] ), length of hospital stay, drugs prescriptions (at admission, discharge, at 3 and 12 months follow-up), destination at discharge, in-hospital and 3-month and 1-year mortality rate. doi = 10.1007/s11739-020-02412-1 id = cord-313431-swkcdvx8 author = Becerra-Diaz, Mireya title = Androgen and Androgen Receptors as Regulators of Monocyte and Macrophage Biology in the Healthy and Diseased Lung date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COPD; DHEA; cell; lung; macrophage; monocyte; sex; testosterone summary = The opposite effects seen in different inflammatory contexts highlight the need for a deeper and broader study of the androgen/ARmediated modulation of monocytes and macrophages, as these cells participate in both the initial and late phases of immune responses in a variety of diseases. Studies of androgen receptor function in human monocytes and macrophages have focused primarily on the roles of male sex and sex hormones in promoting atherosclerotic foam cell formation (196) and inhibiting cutaneous wound healing (186, 215) . There is a paucity of literature regarding how introducing or depleting exogenous sex hormones (such as in female-to-male transgender individuals receiving testosterone supplementation or women with estrogen blockade) affects the function of blood monocytes and lung macrophages in men and women with asthma. Modulation of monocyte and macrophage function mediated by the interaction of androgen and AR has been examined mostly by correlative studies in humans following lifespan changes in sex hormones or using hormonal manipulation in mouse models of lung disease. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01698 id = cord-256224-qprj8vlc author = Boixeda, R. title = Is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease a protective factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection? The importance of bronchodilator treatment() date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COPD; SARS summary = In a systematic review of infections in patients with COPD that required hospital admission, it was observed that the rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza virus were the most prevalent agents, followed by parainfluenza and coronavirus. We have analyzed the prevalence of COPD in patients treated for COVID-19 in our center, specifically evaluating their baseline treatment with inhalers as a potential protective factor against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the use of tiotropium was significantly lower in patients with COPD who had been hospitalized for COVID-19 in relation to other cohorts of patients with stable COPD and without SARS-CoV-2 infection and controlled in primary care (12% vs. Members of the COCOHMAT (COhorte COvid del Hospital de MATaró) Group Table 1 Treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and anticholinergics in patients with COPD in series of patients hospitalized due to SARS-CoV-2, severe exacerbation of COPD, and patients in the stable phase (primary care) doi = 10.1016/j.rceng.2020.07.004 id = cord-328829-yywxmioq author = Boixeda, Ramon title = Microbiological study of patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD) and the usefulness of analytical and clinical parameters in its identification (VIRAE study) date = 2012-05-25 keywords = COPD; patient; respiratory summary = title: Microbiological study of patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD) and the usefulness of analytical and clinical parameters in its identification (VIRAE study) The etiology of the respiratory infection was studied by conventional sputum, paired serology tests for atypical bacteria, and viral diagnostic techniques (immunochromatography, immunofluorescence, cell culture, and molecular biology techniques). The aims of our study were to identify the etiology of respiratory infections in patients hospitalized for AE-COPD using different diagnostic tests and to evaluate the usefulness of the clinical and analytical parameters of the diagnostic process. Identification was made based on the respiratory infection and dyspnea admission diagnoses from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) 19,20 (491, 492, 493, 496, 518.81, 464, 465, 466, 519.11, 786 .0), excluding the patients who had a known cause of respiratory failure that was different from infectious exacerbation (heart failure, pulmonary thromboembolism, pneumonia). doi = 10.2147/copd.s30568 id = cord-292231-vxaqizkj author = Bouquet, Jerome title = Microbial burden and viral exacerbations in a longitudinal multicenter COPD cohort date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COPD; Fig; USA; exacerbation summary = doi = 10.1186/s12931-020-01340-0 id = cord-344889-1y4ieamp author = Cameron, Robert J. title = Virus infection in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring ventilation date = 2006-05-24 keywords = COPD; PCR; respiratory; virus summary = OBJECTIVES: We aimed to characterise and quantify the incidence of common infectious agents in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring ventilation, with a focus on respiratory viruses. Abstract Objectives: We aimed to characterise and quantify the incidence of common infectious agents in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring ventilation, with a focus on respiratory viruses. Of these, influenza types A and B (Inf A, B), parainfluenza types 1, 2 and 3 (Para 1, 2, 3), rhinovirus (RV), adenovirus (AV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronavirus (CoV) [11, 12] and, less commonly, human metapneumovirus (hMPV) [13] , and enterovirus (EV) [14, 15] have been shown to play significant roles in airway infections. A probable virus pathogen was found in 46 cases (43%) and a probable bacterial aetiology was found in 25 cases (23%) in this study of ventilated COPD exacerbation patients. doi = 10.1007/s00134-006-0202-x id = cord-001613-fsbemdry author = Chang, Chih-Hao title = Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein cannot differentiate bacterial or viral infection in COPD exacerbation requiring emergency department visits date = 2015-04-13 keywords = COPD; PCT summary = Bacterial colonization and viral respiratory pathogens play important roles in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 1,2 especially in patients requiring hospitalization. 13, 14 Whether serum inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) or PCT, can distinguish bacterial from viral infection or not in patients with COPD exacerbations requiring emergency department (ED) visits remains controversial. This study was conducted to clarify peripheral blood white blood cell (WBC) counts, PCT, and CRP levels, and their relationships with viral or bacterial pathogens, in COPD patients requiring ED visits for exacerbations. Medical records were reviewed and analyzed for the following data: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), medications used prior to the ED admission, clinical symptoms (worsened dyspnea, increased sputum volume and purulence, fever, cough, sore throat, and wheeze), family cluster of common cold symptoms, peripheral blood WBC count, serum CRP and PCT levels, spirometry, and hospital days of the current exacerbation. doi = 10.2147/copd.s76740 id = cord-006452-mmdk2xom author = Chen, Jing title = Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases date = 2018-10-18 keywords = COPD; RNA; acid; delivery; lung; nucleic summary = Nucleic acid-based therapeutics present huge potential in the treatment of pulmonary diseases ranging from lung cancer to asthma and chronic pulmonary diseases, which are often fatal and widely prevalent. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the nucleic acid application for pulmonary diseases, covering action mechanism of the nucleic acid drugs, the novel delivery systems, and the current formulation for the administration to lungs. To overcome these biological barriers, strategies like chemical modification, conjugation, vector encapsulation, and selection of administration route have been utilized to improve the delivery of nucleic acids to lungs. One direction for developing new drugs to treat asthma is to target central pathways to the pathogenesis of the disease, and nucleic acid-mediated therapies silencing the specific effector or the upstream regulator can be a potential approach. Nucleic acid drugs hold great promises as new classes of therapeutic agents for pulmonary diseases, and some candidates have entered into clinical trials (Table III) . doi = 10.1208/s12249-018-1183-0 id = cord-338907-5l6rsa94 author = Choi, Juwhan title = The association between blood eosinophil percent and bacterial infection in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease date = 2019-05-06 keywords = AECOPD; COPD; bacterial summary = title: The association between blood eosinophil percent and bacterial infection in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eosinophils have been studied as biomarkers of bacterial infection and prognostic factors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and AECOPD. 3 The global initiatives for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) guideline recommend the use of antibiotics when a bacterial infection is suspected in events of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). This study was the first to analyze whether bacterial infections can be differentiated based on the eosinophil percent of 2% in AECOPD patients in Korea. Although these studies were not conducted for COPD patients, it was reported that respiratory viral infections showed various cytokines and eosinophil activation depending on the type of virus. 31 In this study, patients with diseases that could affect eosinophil were initially excluded and the use of inhaled corticosteroids or oral steroid was analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis. doi = 10.2147/copd.s197361 id = cord-032831-mupxzffk author = Diehl, J.-L. title = Physiological effects of adding ECCO(2)R to invasive mechanical ventilation for COPD exacerbations date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COPD; ECCO; IMV summary = We aimed to evaluate in such patients the effects of a low-to-middle extracorporeal blood flow device on both gas exchanges and dynamic hyperinflation, as well as on work of breathing (WOB) during the IMV weaning process. In the present study, we hypothesized that the addition of ECCO 2 R at the early phase of IMV could both improve gas exchanges and could also permit to diminish respiratory rate (RR), therefore, minimizing dynamic hyperinflation in AE-COPD patients. Accordingly, there was a decrease in native lungs'' CO 2 elimination, which, in conjunction with RR adjustment, permitted to improve arterial pH and to obtain a median absolute decrease in PaCO 2 of 19 mmHg. This could be beneficial at the early stage of IMV in AE COPD patients, mainly by minimizing the deleterious effects of acute hypercapnia on ventilator demands, therefore, allowing to shorten deep sedation periods and to rapidly initiate the IMV weaning process. doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00743-y id = cord-337431-3rrvm787 author = Dimopoulos, G title = Viral Profile of COPD Exacerbations According to Patients§ date = 2015-02-23 keywords = AECOPD; COPD; patient summary = BACKGROUND : To compare the differences between elderly and non-elderly patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) due to viral infections. The following parameters were recorded on admission: age, sex, stage of COPD (according to GOLD criteria), smoking habits and alcohol addiction, use of oxygen, influenza vaccination, comorbidities (confirmed by medical records), current medication as well as signs and symptoms of respiratory tract infection. In this study we found: a) a high frequency of AECOPD due to viral infections in elderly and non-elderly patients without differences between the two groups, b) more frequent infections due to human Parainfluenza virus (hPIV) and influenza in elderly patients compared to non-elderly longer and c) lengthier hospital stays for the elderly patients. We didn''t find any difference in the mortality in elderly AECOPD patients with a viral infection compared to the non-elderly although mortality is higher in COPD patients with lung cancer, pulmonary heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, osteoporosis and asthma [24] . doi = 10.2174/1874306401509010001 id = cord-345517-ji4cet51 author = Duarte de Araújo, António Manuel Silva title = Copd: will there be room for nebulisers after the current covid-19 pandemic? date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COPD; patient summary = They are not regularly recommended for chronic disease management in COPD, because there is no evidence of superiority of nebulisers in patients who are able to use portable inhaler devices properly.6 However, when prescribed, patients are usually satisfied with nebulised therapy, and it is often preferred by those who have been recently hospitalised. In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, high doses of nebulised budesonide during hospitalisation, seemed to be non-inferior to systemic corticosteroids, in the treatment of COPD acute exacerbations.9 Nebulised corticosteroids can also be preferable versus oral prednisolone in patients with diabetes mellitus or with heart failure, because of the mineralocorticoid effects and fluid retention related to systemic corticosteroids. A subgroup of COPD patients is known to present chronic bronchial infection, and the use of antibiotics can be associated with reduction of bacterial load.10 Low doses of nebulised antibiotics can provide higher tissue concentration with fewer bacterial-resistance related issues. doi = 10.1016/j.opresp.2020.08.001 id = cord-016814-tf17dpo5 author = Enes, Sara Rolandsson title = Clinical Application of Stem/Stromal Cells in COPD date = 2019-08-07 keywords = COPD; MSC; cell; lung; mesenchymal; patient; stem summary = Despite increasing number of preclinical studies demonstrating that systemic MSC administration can prevent or treat experimental COPD and emphysema, clinical studies have not been able to reproduce the preclinical results and to date no efficacy or significantly improved lung function or quality of life has been observed in COPD patients. performed a Phase I, prospective, open-label study (NCT01306513) where they aimed to assess the safety and feasibility of intravenously infused bone marrow-derived MSCs for ten patients with severe emphysema that had serial lung volume reduction surgeries (LVRS). Current clinical trials that aimed to evaluate the effect of MSC administration in COPD patients differ in a wide range of factors such as routes of administration, number of MSC administered, number of administrations, use of fresh MSCs or culture-expanded MSCs. Furthermore, all the investigations discussed above, were phase I-II studies that were underpowered in order to detect potential efficacy and no improved pulmonary function or respiratory quality of life was observed. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-29403-8_6 id = cord-320153-a0bqliei author = Ezzeldin, Nada title = Association of TNF-α –308G/A, SP-B 1580 C/T, IL-13 –1055 C/T gene polymorphisms and latent adenoviral infection with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an Egyptian population date = 2012-05-09 keywords = COPD summary = title: Association of TNF-α –308G/A, SP-B 1580 C/T, IL-13 –1055 C/T gene polymorphisms and latent adenoviral infection with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an Egyptian population In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible association of the TNF-α –308, SPB+1580, IL-13 –1055 gene polymorphisms and latent adenovirus C infection with COPD in an Egyptian population. CONCLUSIONS: The COPD is a disease caused by the interaction of combined genes and environmental influences, in the presence of smoking and latent adenovirus C infection, TNF-α –308A, SPB +1580 T and IL-13 –1055 T polymorphisms predispose to the development of COPD. Meanwhile, the genotype distribution of the IL-13 -1055 C/T polymorphism showed no signifi-cant difference between the studied groups although there was a high frequency of the homozygous T genotype in COPD patients (20%) compared to the resistant smokers (2.8%) and nonsmokers (6.7%) (Table IV, Figure 4 ). doi = 10.5114/aoms.2012.28556 id = cord-292301-h20337ib author = Falsey, Ann R title = Respiratory syncytial virus–associated illness in adults with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or congestive heart failure date = 2018-09-24 keywords = COPD; RSV summary = Thus, we studied the incidence of RSV‐related medically attended acute respiratory illness (MARI) in adults with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and/or congestive heart failure (CHF). obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and congestive heart failure (CHF) affect millions of people worldwide and have been identified as risk factors for severe RSV infection. This observational study was designed to collect data in a high-risk population of adults with exposure to children who might exhibit both high rates of infection and severe illness when infected with RSV. This was a prospective and observational study conducted across multiple consecutive RSV seasons to determine the incidence rate of medically attended acute respiratory illness (MARI) or events leading to worsening cardiorespiratory status in adults with severe COPD and/or advanced CHF associated with RSV and other viral infections. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated illness in adults with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or congestive heart failure doi = 10.1002/jmv.25285 id = cord-028989-w50thois author = Figueira Gonçalves, Juan Marco title = Clinical challenges in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients who suffered SARS-CoV-2 infection() date = 2020-07-10 keywords = COPD; SARS summary = Reported complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as extensive pneumonia/acute lung damage or adult acute respiratory distress syndrome, the occurrence of myocarditis/cardiac arrhythmias or the development of thromboembolic 2/7 episodes are events that may worsen the baseline condition of the COPD patient surviving the process, having to take into account their existence when planning their outpatient follow-up. Despite the lack of sufficient evidence at the moment, the results reported to date and the pathogenic mechanisms plausibly involved, make it advisable to consider this aspect in those patients with COPD who, after hospital discharge, develop in the medium to long term an increase in dyspnoea not justified by spirometric parameters. In the SARS-CoV-1 epidemic, some of the survivors developed avascular necrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and dyslipidaemia after viral infection 15, 16 , which may have a relevant impact on those patients who already had some underlying respiratory or cardiovascular condition. doi = 10.1016/j.medcle.2020.04.012 id = cord-017784-4r3fpmlb author = Foccillo, Giampiero title = The Infections Causing Acute Respiratory Failure in Elderly Patients date = 2019-08-06 keywords = COPD; patient; respiratory summary = Severe community-acquired pneumonia and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are causes of acute respiratory failure (ARF) in elderly patients. This process termed immunosenescence or immune dysregulation, together changes in lung function who occur with advancing age, play a critical role in the manifestation of age-related pulmonary diseases such as infections (i.e., pneumonia), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and increased the risk for develop sepsis [1] . Triggering causes of ARF in advanced aged patients are especially acute heart decompensation, severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), and pulmonary embolism. Lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are among the most common causes of ARF in elderly people and the most important cause of hospitalization. Antibiotic therapy and treatment failure in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-26664-6_5 id = cord-306076-ygfnkgqp author = Fujita, Yu title = RNAi Therapeutic Platforms for Lung Diseases date = 2013-02-06 keywords = COPD; RNA; delivery; disease; lung; siRNA summary = doi = 10.3390/ph6020223 id = cord-304461-332eygtr author = Ganesan, Shyamala title = Barrier function of airway tract epithelium date = 2013-10-01 keywords = COPD; airway; cell; epithelium; junction summary = Mucociliary escalator, intercellular apical junctional complexes which regulate paracellular permeability and antimicrobial peptides secreted by the airway epithelial cells are the three primary components of barrier function of airway tract. The three essential components that contribute to the barrier function of airway epithelium are: mucociliary escalators which trap and removes inhaled foreign particles from the airways, 32 intercellular tight and adherens junctions 33 that regulate epithelial paracellular permeability, and secreted antimicrobial products that kill inhaled pathogens. Tight and adherens junctions located at the apicolateral border of airway epithelial cells also contribute significantly to the barrier function of conductive airway tract epithelium. 62 Therefore, strategies to modulate activities of TTF-1, FOXA2 or SPDEF may attenuate goblet cell metaplasia and mucus production, thus improving mucociliary function in patients with asthma and other chronic airway diseases. doi = 10.4161/tisb.24997 id = cord-020507-3gzh1lw6 author = Gillissen, Adrian title = Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis und Lungenemphysem date = 2005 keywords = COPD summary = Die akute Bronchitis ist pathophysiologisch durch eine tracheobronchiale Entzündung charakterisiert, die meistens mit einer Infektion der oberen und/oder unteren Atemwege einher geht. Die gebräuchlichste Definition der chronischen Bronchitis wurde von der WHO 1961 formuliert: "Die chronische Bronchitis ist eine Erkrankung, die gekennzeichnet ist durch übermäßige Schleimproduktion im Bronchialbaum und die sich manifestiert mit andauerndem oder immer wieder auftretendem Husten, mit oder ohne Auswurf an den meisten Tagen von mindestens drei aufeinander folgenden Monaten während mindestens zwei aufeinander folgender Jahre". In der von den National Institutes of Health (NIH) und der WHO ins Leben gerufenen GOLD-Initiative (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) definiert sich die COPD als Erkrankung, die durch eine nicht voll reversible Atemflusslimitierung charakterisiert ist. Um in der Praxis Responder von Nonrespondern und COPD-Patienten mit einer Asthmakomponente, bei denen ein klinischer Nutzen zu erwarten ist, besser voneinander differenzieren und den Therapieerfolg dokumentieren zu können, wurde der in Abb. 12.3-2 abgebildete Vorschlag zur Therapieevaluation formuliert. Eine Grippeschutzimpfung und die Pneumokokkenimpfung werden von der ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) bei COPD-Patienten empfohlen. doi = 10.1007/3-540-27385-9_105 id = cord-349647-cfjrwt44 author = Girkin, Jason title = Chapter 8 In vivo experimental models of infection and disease date = 2019-12-31 keywords = AHR; COPD; IFN; exacerbation; experimental; infection summary = However, the recognition that RV infection is associated with more severe clinical manifestations in people with chronic lung diseases such as asthma and COPD provided a new impetus to research and a new direction to human experimental infection studies. 166 These studies extend the use of RV infection in mice to new areas, including mechanisms of early life infection susceptibility, to mechanisms of secondary bacterial infection/compromised antimicrobial immunity and experimental exploration of clinical risk factors associated with increased likelihood to develop virus-induced exacerbations of respiratory diseases. 190 In the same elastase-induced model, fluticasone proprionate treatment reduced IFN responses, increased viral load, suppressed airway immune cell numbers (lymphocytes and neutrophils), suppressed inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNFα), and increased mucus production, following RV-A1 exacerbation. Human experimental RV challenge studies have shed light on the biology of RV infection and the mechanisms associated with RV-induced exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-816417-4.00008-1 id = cord-304556-1f47gvys author = Grabiec, Aleksander M. title = The role of airway macrophages in apoptotic cell clearance following acute and chronic lung inflammation date = 2016-03-08 keywords = COPD; TAM; apoptotic; cell; macrophage summary = doi = 10.1007/s00281-016-0555-3 id = cord-326834-eeldyj2u author = Graziani, Desirée title = Characteristics and Prognosis of COVID-19 in Patients with COPD date = 2020-10-12 keywords = COPD; COVID-19; patient summary = Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have a higher prevalence of coronary ischemia and other factors that put them at risk for COVID-19-related complications. Several observational and case-control studies have confirmed a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in COPD patients than in the general population, possibly due to the coexistence of common risk factors or an associated pathogenic mechanism [11] . Subsequently, a systematic review and meta-analysis showed that, although the prevalence of COPD in COVID-19 cases was low, SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with high rates of severity and mortality in patients with COPD [20] . Most patients admitted for COVID-19 presented pulmonary infiltrates compatible with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and, in some cases, with associated heart failure; this finding markedly differed from patients with COPD exacerbation due to other viral causes. doi = 10.3390/jcm9103259 id = cord-011800-8h7eiihp author = Guan, Wei-jie title = Giants in Chest Medicine: Professor Nan-shan Zhong, MD date = 2018-02-05 keywords = COPD; China summary = Recognizing challenges of COPD management in China, he and colleagues performed the largest epidemiologic investigation on the national disease burden, highlighting that approximately 36% of patients with COPD remained asymptomatic on presentation, that biomass fuel combustion might be the main risk factor for COPD in women (particularly in rural areas), and that simple practical approaches (eg, installation of exhaust fans and replacing biomass with biogas) may significantly ameliorate the rate of lung function decline and reduce the incidence of COPD. His comments on improving air quality to reduce the burden on chronic respiratory diseases have inspired scientists and clinicians to dedicate themselves to the prevention and management of air pollution in China. Biomass fuels are the probable risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rural South China Community based integrated intervention for prevention and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Guangdong, China: cluster randomised controlled trial doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2017.10.043 id = cord-255807-7goz1agp author = Hak, E. title = Conventional Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated with Complications in Working-Age Patients with Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease date = 2003-04-15 keywords = COPD; influenza; patient summary = By using a nested case-control design, the authors studied the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in reducing severe and fatal complications in 4,241 and 5,966 primary care, working-age patients aged 18–64 years who had asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 influenza epidemics in the Netherlands. The risk of influenza-related morbidity and mortality during influenza epidemics is high (1) (2) (3) (4) , and nonexperimental studies have shown that vaccination against influenza prevents respiratory and cardiac complications during epidemics in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (5, 6) . We determined the occurrence of respiratory and cardiac morbidity during influenza periods and the clinical effectiveness of vaccination in reducing these complications in patients aged 18-64 years who had asthma or COPD by using a prospective, nested case-control design. doi = 10.1093/aje/kwg027 id = cord-258093-6fn8ei9f author = Hanania, Nicola A. title = Asthma in the elderly: Current understanding and future research needs—a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop date = 2011-08-25 keywords = COPD; adult; age; asthma; asthmatic; disease; elderly; old; patient summary = The aging lung Large, longitudinal, and more complete studies to determine the effects of aging on the function of the respiratory system Improved knowledge about lung structure-function relationships in older age using techniques of imaging and measures of lung function not requiring effort (eg, high-resolution computed tomographic scanning and forced oscillation) Improved assessment of lung processes underlying airflow limitation attributable to aging versus COPD or asthma, especially in asthmatic patients who smoke Studies to examine the effects of aging in ethnic groups and the role of gender Epidemiology, effect, diagnosis, and management Determine the true prevalence and cost of asthma in the older population Develop a uniform definition of asthma to be applied to health care records that will distinguish asthma from COPD and mixed asthma/COPD Evaluate evidence-based treatment algorithms for older asthmatic patients, such as those developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Global Initiative For Asthma guidelines 7 Assess the effect of asthma treatment, including direct medical costs of care, indirect costs of care, and value of treatment in improving quality of life 8, 9 Assess the effect of comorbid conditions, especially COPD and congestive heart failure, on asthma 9 Characterize phenotypes of elderly asthma with regard to responses to therapy and long-term outcomes based on age of onset, duration of disease, and environmental triggers Develop algorithms for electronic medical record systems that are asthma-specific Evaluate effects of current asthma medications in older patients compared with younger patients Identify pharmacogenetic determinants of response to asthma medications in older adults Identify simpler and safer drug delivery systems and schedules for older adults Develop simple methods to differentiate COPD from asthma exacerbations in older adults doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.048 id = cord-033561-kc0mi20z author = Hausen, Thomas title = Atemwege und Lunge date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COPD; bei; der; mit summary = durch Schleimstraße; ▶ 23.5.2); untere Atemwege/Lunge: Reizung Bronchialsystem nach akuter Bronchitis (trocken, "kitzelnd"; ▶ 12.3.3) , Grippetracheitis, Asthma (▶ 12.5.1) , COPD (▶ 12.5.2) , Fremdkörperaspiration (▶ 12.1.3, ▶ 23.4 .6) • Pulmonal: Pneumonie (Fieber, gelb-grüner Auswurf; ▶ 12.3.4) , "Raucherhusten", Pleuritis (thorakale Schmerzen beim Husten u. • Sputumbeschaffenheit: -Weißlich: Virusinfekt, COPD -Gelblich: allergisches Asthma (cave: antiinflammatorische Asthmather., keine Ind. für Antibiotika!) -Gelb/grün: bakt. innerhalb von 2 J.; chron.: bis 80 % Remission mit/ohne Ther.; 20 % chron. der Herzinsuff.; können bei gleichzeitig bestehender COPD eingesetzt werden: Mortalität ↓! Cave: Pat. müssen aufgeklärt werden, dass O 2 -Insufflation (kein spürbarer Effekt) nicht zur Behandlung von Luftnot, sondern zur Drucksenkung wichtig ist u bei COPD-Pat.) immer auch an Ca denken! DD: COPD, Pneumonie (cave: Retentionspneumonie bei Ca Bei allen Pat. mit Remission nach Induktionsther. doi = 10.1016/b978-3-437-22449-2.00012-5 id = cord-261856-i1e0uj0s author = Heffner, John E title = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in geriatric critical care date = 2005-03-04 keywords = COPD; acute; exacerbation; patient summary = Elderly patients with moderate to severe COPD experience acute exacerbations of their airway disease, each of which presents a risk for acute respiratory failure. Criteria for grading the severity of an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis American College of Chest Physicians-American College of Physicians/American Society of Internal Medicine Guidelines [13] Mild exacerbation: presence of any one of the cardinal symptoms of increased dyspnea, increased sputum volume, or increased sputum purulence with the addition of an upper respiratory infection within the past 5 days, fever with no other cause, increased wheezing or cough, or a 20% rise over baseline in respiratory rate or heart rate. Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the setting of severe, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: more effective and less expensive doi = 10.1016/s0749-0704(03)00054-x id = cord-290674-1kdc6xk8 author = Hershenson, Marc B. title = Rhinovirus-Induced Exacerbations of Asthma and COPD date = 2013-02-21 keywords = COPD; airway; infection; rhinovirus summary = Over the past two decades, increasing evidence has shown that, in patients with chronic airways disease, viral infection is the most common cause of exacerbation. Exacerbations due to rhinovirus, which infects relatively few cells in the airway and does not cause the cytotoxicity of other viruses such as influenza or respiratory syncytial virus, are particularly poorly understood. PCR-based studies examining the prevalence of virus identification among various cohorts of patients with chronic airways disease consistently show a higher prevalence of viral infection during exacerbations. (Nevertheless, the amount of viral replication in the airways remains uncertain.) Also, patients with asthma who had an exacerbation following experimental infection had higher levels of viral RNA in their sputum compared to asthmatics that did not experience an exacerbation, further evidence that viruses do indeed cause exacerbations. Also following experimental rhinovirus infection, viral clearance and airway function correlate with blood and bronchoalveolar (BAL) CD4 cell interferon gamma production [63] . doi = 10.1155/2013/405876 id = cord-004314-gtwtakpr author = Holmen, Heidi title = Working with patients suffering from chronic diseases can be a balancing act for health care professionals - a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies date = 2020-02-10 keywords = CKD; COPD; care; patient; study summary = METHOD: A systematic search of papers published between 2002 and July 2019 was conducted in the Embase, AMED, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and COCHRANE databases to identify studies reporting qualitative interviews addressing HCPs'' experiences working with adults with COPD, CKD or type 2 diabetes. A research group comprising 10 senior researchers (the authors), with a professional background in either nursing or physiotherapy and qualified in realist and interpretive qualitative research methods, conducted a systematic literature review of qualitative papers concerning HCPs'' experiences working with patients with type 2 diabetes, CKD, and COPD. Based on our analysis of the results chapters of the included studies, three main themes were identified and developed, each addressing our overall aim to describe HCPs'' experiences working with patients with long-term chronic diseases: individualizing the professional approach within the clinical encounter; managing one''s emotions over time; and working to maintain professionalism (Table 4 ). doi = 10.1186/s12913-019-4826-2 id = cord-018005-53cl75gk author = Humphreys, Hilary title = Lower Respiratory Tract Infections date = 2012-08-21 keywords = COPD; ICU; cap; patient summary = Lower respiratory tract infections are common and are important in the critical care setting either because they precipitate admission to the critical care unit, e.g. severe viral pneumonia or because they complicate the course of a patient with significant underlying disease or following major surgery, e.g. after multiple trauma. Lower respiratory tract infections are common and are important in the intensive care setting either because they precipitate admission to the intensive care unit, e.g. severe viral pneumonia or because they complicate the course of a patient with signi fi cant underlying disease or following major surgery, e.g. after multiple trauma. Furthermore, respiratory failure requiring arti fi cal ventialtion is a well recognised reason for intensive care support but it can be dif fi cult to determine if this is due to an underlying non-infectious condition such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), infection or a combination of both. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4471-4318-5_6 id = cord-331895-3srslmgk author = Jacobs, M. title = Increased expression of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, in alveolar and bronchial epithelium of smokers and COPD subjects date = 2020-06-02 keywords = ACE2; COPD; June summary = Objectives: We investigated the expression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry receptor ACE2 and the protease TMPRSS2 in lung tissue from never smokers and smokers with and without COPD. Results: ACE2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in lung tissue from current smokers and subjects with moderate to very severe COPD and correlated with physiological parameters of airway obstruction and emphysema. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.27.20114298 doi: medRxiv preprint ACE2 protein levels are increased in alveolar tissue and bronchial epithelium of smokers and COPD subjects. We clearly demonstrate an increased pulmonary expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 in smokers and COPD subjects at both mRNA and protein level, by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.27.20114298 doi: medRxiv preprint By quantification of the ACE2 IHC staining, we demonstrate increased protein levels of ACE2 in both alveolar and bronchial epithelium of current smokers and patients with moderate and (very) severe COPD. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.27.20114298 id = cord-016300-vw11c2wt author = Jain, Kewal K. title = Biomarkers of Pulmonary Diseases date = 2017-09-18 keywords = COPD; biomarker; level; lung; patient summary = Association of ECM turnover with severity and outcome of COPD has been assessed in a prospective, observational, multicenter study, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease grades II to IV, and serum samples were analyzed at stable state, during exacerbation as well as 4 weeks after exacerbation (Stolz et al. A study has revealed that serum levels of the neuroendocrine activity biomarker chromagranin A (CgA) are increased in male smokers with impaired lung function, and are associated with both respiratory symptoms and the degree of airway obstruction (Sorhaug et al. Although the aim of management of patients with asthma is to control their symptoms and prevent exacerbations and morbidity of the disease, optimal management may require assessment and monitoring of biomarkers, i.e., objective measures of lung dysfunction and inflammation. Several biomarkers have been assessed following treatment with corticosteroids including measures of lung function, peripheral blood and sputum indices of inflammation, exhaled gases and breath condensates. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-7431-3_16 id = cord-017428-euzvhtax author = Janssens, Wim title = Vitamin D and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease date = 2012-02-17 keywords = COPD; disease; vitamin summary = A recent intervention trial with high-dose supplementation in COPD was only able to reduce exacerbation frequency in the subgroup of patients with lowest baseline vitamin D levels. Besides the well-known effect of vitamin D de fi ciency on bone loss in adults, accumulating evidence also links a low vitamin D nutritional status to highly prevalent chronic illnesses, including cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious and cardiovascular diseases [1] [2] [3] . This chapter aims to discuss the prevalence and determinants of vitamin D de fi ciency in COPD, the wellknown effect of vitamin D in the development and treatment of COPD-associated osteoporosis and its potential role in the uncontrolled in fl ammatory cascade and systemic consequences of the disease. The fact that the majority of COPD patients are of older age, have many common risk factors for osteoporosis and are more likely to be de fi cient in vitamin D supports standard supplementation, especially at the more severe stages of disease. doi = 10.1007/978-1-61779-888-7_11 id = cord-296898-icowa7wn author = Jouneau, Stéphane title = Prise en charge des exacerbations : de la ville à l’hôpital date = 2015-04-30 keywords = BPCO; COPD summary = Key points The Société de pneumologie de langue française defines acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE COPD) as an increase in daily respiratory symptoms, basically duration ≥ 48h or need for treatment adjustment. Bien que des bactéries puissent coloniser les voies aériennes inférieures des patients à l''état stable (≈ 30 %) [5] , elles sont également responsables d''EA BPCO, en particulier en cas d''acquisition de nouvelles souches bactériennes [9] . La fréquence de ces dernières est variable au cours des EA BPCO, mais paraît élevée (25 %) chez les malades hospitalisés pour exacerbation [12] . Au final, la corticothérapie systémique au cours d''une EA BPCO (0,5 mg/kg/j pendant 7 jours), n''est donc pas recommandée pour toutes les exacerbations, mais doit être réservée aux échecs de la prise en charge initiale [15, 22] . Hospital at home for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review of evidence doi = 10.1016/j.jeurea.2015.02.002 id = cord-018439-4btpqlxd author = Kato, Akane title = Pathogenesis of COPD (Persistence of Airway Inflammation): Why Does Airway Inflammation Persist After Cessation of Smoking? date = 2016-07-06 keywords = COPD; IL-8; airway; cell summary = Initially, cigarette smoke influences the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the intracellularly located nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) on lung epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and leukocytes in the lung. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2006 (GOLD 2006) states that "Smoking cessation is the single most effective and cost-effective intervention in most people to reduce the risk of developing COPD and stop its progression (Evidence A)." However, once a patient smokes and develops COPD, the inflammatory changes persist through the innate and adaptive immune systems, which are commonly activated during infection. The hypersecretion of mucus, formation of emphysema, and fibrosis in COPD begin with the inhalation of cigarette smoke, which acts on epithelial cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes in the airway lumen. doi = 10.1007/978-981-10-0839-9_4 id = cord-288412-1fmsipqu author = Klaile, Esther title = Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cell adhesion molecules are co-expressed in the human lung and their expression can be modulated in bronchial epithelial cells by non-typable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, TLR3, and type I and II interferons date = 2013-08-14 keywords = CEACAM1; COPD; cell; expression; figure summary = title: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cell adhesion molecules are co-expressed in the human lung and their expression can be modulated in bronchial epithelial cells by non-typable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, TLR3, and type I and II interferons METHODS: To analyze the (co-) expression of CEACAM1, CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 in different lung tissues with respect to COPD, smoking status and granulocyte infiltration, immunohistochemically stained paraffin sections of 19 donors were studied. To address short-term effects of cigarette smoke and acute inflammation, transcriptional regulation of CEACAM5, CEACAM6 and different CEACAM1 isoforms by cigarette smoke extract, interferons, Toll-like receptor agonists, and bacteria was tested in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells by quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical analysis of lung sections showed the most frequent and intense staining for CEACAM1, CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 in bronchial and alveolar epithelium, but revealed no significant differences in connection with COPD, smoking status and granulocyte infiltration. doi = 10.1186/1465-9921-14-85 id = cord-308466-f0iu6sje author = Ko, Fanny W. title = Acute exacerbation of COPD date = 2016-03-30 keywords = AECOPD; Asia; COPD; exacerbation; obstructive; patient summary = Nonpharmacological interventions including disease‐specific self‐management, pulmonary rehabilitation, early medical follow‐up, home visits by respiratory health workers, integrated programmes and telehealth‐assisted hospital at home have been studied during hospitalization and shortly after discharge in patients who have had a recent AECOPD. 34 A study from New Zealand has shown that the use of long-term humidification therapy, with humidified, fully saturated air at 37°C and a flow rate of 20-25 L/min, can lead to significantly fewer exacerbation days, increased time to first exacerbation and reduced exacerbation frequency for chronic airway diseases, including COPD. Sputum bacteriology in hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Taiwan with an emphasis on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Adherence to guideline-based antibiotic treatment for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an Australian tertiary hospital In-hospital and one-year mortality and their predictors in patients hospitalized for first-ever chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a nationwide population-based study doi = 10.1111/resp.12780 id = cord-031315-p7jb4gf2 author = Kong, Qing title = Efficacy and safety of Jia Wei Bushen Yiqi formulas as an adjunct therapy to systemic glucocorticoids on acute exacerbation of COPD: study protocol for a randomized, double-blinded, multi-center, placebo-controlled clinical trial date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COPD; China; TCM; day; exacerbation; trial summary = title: Efficacy and safety of Jia Wei Bushen Yiqi formulas as an adjunct therapy to systemic glucocorticoids on acute exacerbation of COPD: study protocol for a randomized, double-blinded, multi-center, placebo-controlled clinical trial The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Jia Wei Bushen Yiqi (JWBY) formulas in patients who suffer from COPD exacerbations and to investigate whether the short-term (5-days) systemic glucocorticoid therapy is non-inferior to the long-term (9-day) regime. On one hand, a dose of 40 mg prednisone (a common oral systemic glucocorticoid) daily for 5 days has been recommended by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Science Committee Report based on the REDUCE randomized clinical trial since 2015 [24] . We conducted a randomized and placebo-controlled trial enrolling stable COPD patients in 2014, which illustrated that TCM formulas called Bushen Yiqi (BY) formulas can improve the lung function, reduce the frequency of acute exacerbation of COPD, and modulate the HPA axis [35] . doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-04669-5 id = cord-332652-wm9krxve author = Koslik, Hayley J. title = Prevalence and correlates of obstructive lung disease among people who inject drugs, San Diego, California date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COPD; PWID; old summary = The leading risk factor for COPD is cigarette smoking (Bhatt et al., 2018) , but studies have also reported associations with older age (de Marco et al., 2011) , low socioeconomic status (Wheaton et al., 2015) , human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (Drummond et al., 2012) and history of pulmonary tuberculosis (Byrne et al., 2015) . STAHR II was a prospective cohort study in which community-recruited PWID who had injected at least once in the prior month (actively injecting) were enrolled in 2012-2014, and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f followed for two years through semi-annual follow-up visits to determine the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), HIV, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among PWID in San Diego, CA. Interviews collected information about potential correlates and known risk factors for OLD including socio-demographics (i.e., age, gender, race/ethnicity, homelessness), smoking status, lifetime and recent drug use and injection behaviors, symptoms and previous diagnosis of respiratory illness, and healthcare utilization. doi = 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108158 id = cord-305838-i0ck2oo0 author = Kouri, Andrew title = CHEST Reviews: Addressing reduced laboratory-based pulmonary function testing during a pandemic date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COPD; Pulmonary; asthma; patient summary = Home measurement of peak expiratory flow (PEF) using an inexpensive portable handheld device is already a guideline-recommended option to facilitate patient self-management in asthma and in the diagnosis of occupational asthma, but its role is less well defined in COPD. 37 Electronic portable spirometers have been studied and found to be comparable to conventional laboratory spirometry in several chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma and COPD, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and post-lung and hematopoietic stem cell transplant monitoring. Oscillometry is emerging as an alternative form of pulmonary function testing that offers some advantages over conventional PFTs. 54 It has been shown to be more sensitive than spirometry in early diagnosis of COPD, 55, 56 to correlate better with respiratory symptoms and asthma control 57,58 as well as in identifying spirometrically silent episodes of biopsy-proven acute graft rejection following lung transplant. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.065 id = cord-319163-d1oj15cw author = Lee, Jinju title = The Role of Autophagy in Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation date = 2019-02-04 keywords = COPD; CRS; autophagy summary = Genetic variant in the autophagy gene ATG5 is associated with asthma pathogenesis, and autophagy regulates apoptotic pathways in epithelial cells in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For example, formation of double-membrane autophagosomes in fibroblasts from severe asthmatic patients has been observed by electron microscopy (18, 19) , and genetic variants of the autophagy gene Atg5 are associated with promotion of airway remodeling and loss of lung function in childhood asthma (20) . Eosinophils are a major type of inflammatory cell that play an important role in airway inflammatory diseases, including asthma (21) (22) (23) . Although evidence suggests that autophagy and eosinophils play important roles in immune responses and airway inflammation, few studies have examined the association between autophagy and eosinophils in inflammatory diseases. Eosinophilic airway inflammation: role in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease doi = 10.4110/in.2019.19.e5 id = cord-314868-ei2b8oqn author = Leung, J. M. title = ACE-2 Expression in the Small Airway Epithelia of Smokers and COPD Patients: Implications for COVID-19 date = 2020-03-23 keywords = ACE-2; COPD; expression summary = Because individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of severe COVID19, we determined whether ACE2 expression in the lower airways was related to COPD and cigarette smoking. Results: In the discovery cohort (n=42 participants), we found that ACE2 expression levels were increased by 48% in the airways of COPD compared with non-COPD subjects (COPD=2.52 (0.66) log2 counts per million reads (CPM) versus non-COPD= 1.70 (0.51) CPM , p=.000762). In summary, active cigarette smoking and COPD up-regulate ACE-2 expression in lower airways, which in part may explain the increased risk of severe COVID-19 in these sub-populations. The P-value was obtained from the robust linear model Abbreviations: ACE-2, angiotensin converting enzyme II; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPM, counts per million reads . 18.20038455 doi: medRxiv preprint Abbreviations: ACE-2, angiotensin converting enzyme II; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPM, counts per million reads ACE-2 gene expression in airway epithelia is inversely related to FEV1% predicted (p=0.0348) doi = 10.1101/2020.03.18.20038455 id = cord-275858-46jzw94p author = Leung, Janice M. title = COVID-19 and COPD date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COPD; COVID-19; SARS summary = Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Clinical characteristics and co-infections of 354 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Risk factors associated with clinical outcomes in 323 COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Wuhan, China Clinical course and outcome of 107 patients infected with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, discharged from two hospitals in Wuhan Clinical characteristics of laboratory confirmed positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China: a retrospective single center analysis A preliminary study on serological assay for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 238 admitted hospital patients Epidemiological, clinical, and virological characteristics of 465 hospitalized cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Zhejiang province in China. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1183/13993003.02108-2020 id = cord-307309-s0t4kp2x author = Liang, Ying title = Symptoms, Management and Healthcare Utilization of COPD Patients During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Beijing date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COPD; covid-19; patient summary = Clinical data, including respiratory symptoms, pharmacological treatment, management and healthcare access before and during the COVID-19 epidemic from January 25 to April 25, 2020, were collected. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study of symptoms, management and healthcare utilization of COPD patients during the COVID-19 epidemic in Beijing, aiming to provide data for implementing relevant treatment strategy of COPD during the pandemic. Patients were selected randomly from the COPD database in our hospital by the following inclusion criteria: 1) 40 years of age or older; (2) a history of at least 3 months of diagnosed COPD according to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Report. Sociodemographic information and clinical data, including respiratory symptoms, pharmacological treatment, management and healthcare access before and during the COVID-19 epidemic from January 25 to April 25, 2020, were collected. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2020:15 visits (getting prescription for COPD, review and assessment of disease, or worsening of respiratory symptoms), and online consultation. doi = 10.2147/copd.s270448 id = cord-271174-886xc1n3 author = Lipworth, Brian title = Weathering the Cytokine Storm in Susceptible Patients with Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection date = 2020-04-18 keywords = COPD; SARS; covid-19 summary = High-risk patients requiring hospitalization for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are those over 60 years old, males, obese, smokers, and those with common comorbidities including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic lung disease. The cytokine cascade resulting from acute severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, with downstream IL-6 activation considered to be a hallmark feature in terms of progression of COVID-19 pneumonia to hyperinflammation and ARDS. Also shown are the putative mechanisms of action for bromhexine and hydroxychloroquine in attenuating upstream SARS-CoV-2 tissue binding, the effect of antivirals on replication, azithromycin as an antiviral and immunomudulator, nonspecific cytokine suppression by corticosteroids, together with the selective downstream effect of IL-6 blockade with tocilizumab or sarilumab and effects of anti-TNF and interferon beta-1-a. Patients with eosinophilic asthma and COPD should continue to use ICS-containing therapy to maintain optimal control and protect against viral insults including SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.014 id = cord-017412-1avevzya author = Losada, Liliana title = The Human Lung Microbiome date = 2010-10-11 keywords = COPD; HIV; asthma; lung summary = Lower airway infections by bacteria, viruses, or fungi are among the most prevalent causes of transmissible disease in humans, with two to three million community-acquired (non-hospital-acquired) cases per year in the United States (Segreti et al., 2005) . Those with physically compromised airways or immune system deficiencies are subject to chronic microbial colonization of their airways and to high-frequency episodes of viral, bacterial, or fungal lower respiratory infections. Many associations with asthma have been detected including exposure to cigarette smoke (Thomson et al., 2004) , caesarean section birth relative to natural birth (Thavagnanam et al., 2008) , early viral respiratory infections (Gold and Wright, 2005; Harju et al., 2006) , early in life antibiotic use (Marra et al., 2006) , and living in the US (Gold and Wright, 2005) . Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-7089-3_7 id = cord-004535-p4s5uqz8 author = Luyt, Charles-Edouard title = Virus diseases in ICU patients: a long time underestimated; but be aware of overestimation date = 2006-05-24 keywords = COPD summary = showed that viruses could trigger 39% of COPD exacerbations, rhinovirus being the main virus recovered from the upper respiratory tract [4] . In the same study, the authors showed that respiratory viruses (except respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)) were detected in the upper respiratory tract of 16% of patients with stable COPD, and RSV in 23.5% [4] . This study confirms that many exacerbations of COPD could be triggered by upper-respiratory tract viral infections [6] . Other strengths of this paper are the broad range of viruses sought and the use of real-time PCR, which is probably the most effective technique to date for the diagnosis of viral infection. Similarly, for viruses of the upper respiratory tract, viral detection does not mean infection. In the study by Seemungal, respiratory viruses were detected in the upper-respiratory tract of several patients with stable COPD [4] . Evaluation of a quantitative real-time PCR for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus in pulmonary diseases doi = 10.1007/s00134-006-0203-9 id = cord-264295-7ojvhwb0 author = Maddaloni, Ernesto title = Cardiometabolic multimorbidity is associated with a worse Covid-19 prognosis than individual cardiometabolic risk factors: a multicentre retrospective study (CoViDiab II) date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COPD; covid-19; diabetes; patient summary = Data collected included: demographic information (age and sex); presence of diabetes (defined as at least one random blood glucose value > 200 mg/dl, or fasting blood glucose > 126 mg/dl, or HbA 1c > 6.5%, or self-reported history of diabetes with ongoing anti-diabetes therapy), type of diabetes (type 1, type 2, other); smoking habits (never, ex, current); prior history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery-bass graft or stroke), malignancy (any neoplasia diagnosed within the last five years or active neoplasia); presenting symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection (fever, cough, cold, conjunctivitis, chest pain, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). Logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex were used to investigate associations of the primary and secondary outcomes with diabetes, and with other risk factors explored in the study, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia, COPD, heart failure, previous cardiovascular events, malignancy and smoking status (never vs. doi = 10.1186/s12933-020-01140-2 id = cord-280986-i27mge10 author = Mallia, Patrick title = How Viral Infections Cause Exacerbation of Airway Diseases date = 2017-01-25 keywords = COPD; exacerbation; virus summary = Exacerbations are associated with increased airway inflammation in patients with both asthma and COPD, but many questions remain unanswered regarding the key inflammatory cells and mediators involved. 24, 25 In the lower respiratory tract, increases in Il-6, IL-8, and the chemokine regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) have been documented in the sputum of asthmatic patients after experimental rhinovirus infection, 10, 26 and IL-8 has been detected in the sputum of children with naturally occurring exacerbations. A recent study 10 in patients with naturally occurring virusassociated asthma exacerbations found increased levels of IL-10 messenger RNA in the sputum of asthmatic patients compared to virus-infected healthy subjects, but no differences in the level of RANTES or IL-8 between the two groups. Studies 38 of airway inflammation in stable patients with COPD have shown that the disease is characterized by pulmonary infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, and CD8ϩ T lymphocytes, together with increased expression of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. doi = 10.1378/chest.130.4.1203 id = cord-269316-1nlpo42a author = Mansfield, K. E. title = COVID-19 collateral: Indirect acute effects of the pandemic on physical and mental health in the UK date = 2020-10-30 keywords = COPD; COVID-19 summary = Methods: Using electronic health records from the Clinical Research Practice Datalink (CPRD) Aurum (2017-2020), we calculated weekly primary care contacts for selected acute physical and mental health conditions (including: anxiety, depression, acute alcohol-related events, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] exacerbations, cardiovascular and diabetic emergencies). We used electronic primary care health records of nearly 10 million individuals across the UK to investigate the indirect impact of COVID-19 on primary care contacts for mental health, acute alcohol-related events, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, and cardiovascular and diabetic emergencies up to July 2020. As outcomes, we considered the number of weekly primary care contacts for the following conditions (separately): mental health (i.e. depression, anxiety, fatal and non-fatal self-harm, severe mental illness, and eating and obsessive-compulsive disorders), acute alcohol-related events, diabetic emergencies (e.g. ketoacidosis), asthma and COPD exacerbations, and acute cardiovascular (CVD) events (i.e. unstable angina, myocardial infarction, transient ischaemic attack, cerebrovascular accident, cardiac failure and venous thromboembolisms). doi = 10.1101/2020.10.29.20222174 id = cord-309885-6sjxi2et author = Maremanda, Krishna P. title = Age-Dependent Assessment of Genes Involved in Cellular Senescence, Telomere, and Mitochondrial Pathways in Human Lung Tissue of Smokers, COPD, and IPF: Associations With SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 Axis date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COPD; IPF; age; figure; smoker summary = title: Age-Dependent Assessment of Genes Involved in Cellular Senescence, Telomere, and Mitochondrial Pathways in Human Lung Tissue of Smokers, COPD, and IPF: Associations With SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 Axis RESULTS: Several genes were differentially expressed in younger and older smokers, and patients with COPD and IPF compared to non-smokers which were part of the mitochondrial biogenesis/function (HSPD1, FEN1, COX18, COX10, UCP2 & 3), cellular senescence (PCNA, PTEN, KLOTHO, CDKN1C, TNKS2, NFATC1 & 2, GADD45A), and telomere replication/maintenance (PARP1, SIRT6, NBN, TERT, RAD17, SLX4, HAT1) target genes. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings suggest that altered transcription of target genes that regulate mitochondrial function, cellular senescence, and telomere attrition in the pathobiology of lung aging in COPD and IPF is associated with alterations in SARS-CoV-2 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 axis as pharmacological targets for COVID-19. doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.584637 id = cord-354040-7ylp7edo author = Maremanda, Krishna P. title = Age-dependent assessment of genes involved in cellular senescence, telomere and mitochondrial pathways in human lung tissue of smokers, COPD and IPF: Associations with SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 axis date = 2020-06-15 keywords = COPD; IPF; smoker; young summary = Several genes were differentially expressed in younger and older smokers, and patients with COPD and IPF compared to non-smokers which were part of the mitochondrial biogenesis/function (HSPD1, FEN1, COX18, COX10, UCP2 & 3), cellular senescence (PCNA, PTEN, KLOTHO, CDKN1C, TNKS2, NFATC1 & 2, GADD45A) and telomere replication/maintenance (PARP1, SIRT6, NBN, TERT, RAD17, SLX4, HAT1) target genes. Overall, these findings suggest that altered transcription of target genes that regulate mitochondrial function, cellular senescence, and telomere attrition add to the pathobiology of lung aging in COPD and IPF and other smoking-related chronic lung disease in associated with alterations in SARS-CoV-2 ACE2-TMPRSS2-Furin-DPP4 axis for COVID-19 infection. Cigarette smoke alters several key functions in the cells, among them the crucial genes related to mitochondrial function, cellular senescence and telomeric length were selected in the current study to observe for any differential changes among young and old age groups categorized as non-smokers, smokers and COPD groups. doi = 10.21203/rs.3.rs-35347/v1 id = cord-034579-3s26tjrd author = McAuley, Hamish title = COPD in the time of COVID-19: An analysis of acute exacerbations and reported behavioural changes in patients with COPD date = 2020-10-30 keywords = AECOPD; COPD; lockdown summary = A telephone survey was used to assess changes in anxiety, inhaler adherence, physical activity, and behaviour during the pre-lockdown and lockdown periods compared to normal. Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD) are a frequent problem for people with COPD, adversely affecting morbidity and mortality and are an important cause of unscheduled healthcare contacts including admission to hospital 1 Secondly, we assessed self-reported behaviour change during the pre-lockdown and lockdown period by telephone interview in order to explore potential reasons for any observed changes in AECOPD treatment frequency In this observational study a 38% increase in community managed exacerbation events during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 was seen compared to the same six-week period in 2019, as measured by primary care prescription records. doi = 10.1183/23120541.00718-2020 id = cord-103020-ckuma42j author = McDowell, G. title = Two-way remote monitoring allows effective and realistic provision of home-NIV to COPD patients with persistent hypercapnia. date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COPD; NIV; home summary = Background Outcomes for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with persistent hypercapnic respiratory failure are improved by long-term home non-invasive ventilation (NIV). The primary outcome of this study was time to readmission or death at 12 months in patients receiving home-NIV versus a retrospectively identified control cohort of 27 patients with hypercapnic COPD who had not been referred for home-NIV. The present study retrospectively analysed all patients who were commenced on therapy over the first 12 months of this service, with aim of determining whether outcomes similar to RCTs were achieved in a real-world cohort of hypercapnic COPD patients with typical comorbidities (which would have excluded many from NIV RCTs) who are managed with remote-monitored home NIV. Changes in healthcare usage (number of hospital admissions, OBDs, and respiratory nurse home visits) and capillary blood gas PCO 2 and bicarbonate between NIV users, NIV non-users and the control cohort were analysed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.08.20227892 id = cord-286449-ekvzaae2 author = McManus, Terence E. title = Respiratory viral infection in exacerbations of COPD date = 2008-07-30 keywords = COPD; exacerbation; respiratory summary = A respiratory virus was detected in 37% of exacerbations, 12% of stable COPD patients and 12% of non-obstructed smokers, p < 0.0005. Studies using serology and viral culture identified respiratory viruses in 30% of patients during acute exacerbations of COPD. 8 The hypothesis tested in the present study was that acute respiratory viral infection is implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD exacerbations. The detection rate of respiratory viruses during exacerbations of COPD in this study (37%) is comparable to results obtained by Seemungal 9 Lower detection rates may be related to time of sampling as patients presenting to hospital had developed symptoms for a median of 5 days prior to admission. 21 However, several of the patients were seen at different time points during this study and the same virus was not detected by repeat sampling suggesting that those testing positive using the PCR screen were experiencing an acute viral infection. doi = 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.06.006 id = cord-272034-fvii5nsv author = McNaughton, Amanda title = Taking Charge: A Proposed Psychological Intervention to Improve Pulmonary Rehabilitation Outcomes for People with COPD date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COPD; pulmonary summary = title: Taking Charge: A Proposed Psychological Intervention to Improve Pulmonary Rehabilitation Outcomes for People with COPD We offer a different perspective drawn from clinical experience of PR, quantitative and qualitative studies of singing groups for people with COPD, and stroke rehabilitation research that gives psychological factors a more central role in determining outcomes after PR. [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] Two randomized controlled trials of singing group interventions in COPD report improvements in quality of life and reduction in anxiety, although not in lung function. 49 Arnold and colleagues showed that improvements in quality of life scores after PR were associated with increases in measures of self-efficacy and suggested that "focussing more explicitly on the enhancement of perceptions of personal control in COPD patients may be an important aim of pulmonary rehabilitation". Taking Charge after stroke: promoting self-directed rehabilitation to improve quality of life -a randomized controlled trial doi = 10.2147/copd.s267268 id = cord-027721-hpzs6fvf author = Mcheick, Hamid title = Context-Aware Healthcare Adaptation Model for COPD Diseases date = 2020-05-31 keywords = COPD; system summary = In this article, we are combining the healthcare telemonitoring systems with the context awareness and self-adaptation paradigm to provide a self-adaptive framework architecture for COPD patients. Based on this healthcare requirement, we realized the need of combining context awareness and self-adaptation with health telemonitoring, which will give our system the ability to be aware of the patient''s data and context, then to adapt the required changes and act accordingly. In this paper, we have presented an architecture for a context-aware self-adaptive system that is used to develop a COPD healthcare telemonitoring system. Our main contribution in this work is providing a context-aware self-adaptive system architecture that is dealing with the huge variety and complexity of contextual data and different sets of services by implementing a decentralized adaptation unit, which makes the monitoring and adaptation task easier and less complex by applying the separation of concerns principle. Towards a generic context-aware framework for self-adaptation of service-oriented architectures doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-51517-1_27 id = cord-031558-8wysernx author = Michas, Marta title = Factors influencing the implementation and uptake of a discharge care bundle for patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative focus group study date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COPD; care; patient; provider summary = title: Factors influencing the implementation and uptake of a discharge care bundle for patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative focus group study Health care providers and patients identified four factors that can challenge the implementation of COPD discharge care bundles: process of care complexities, human capacity in care settings, communication and engagement, and attitudes and perceptions towards change. Focus groups were conducted in acute and community/primary care settings from large urban (Edmonton, Calgary), moderate-sized regional (Red Deer), and rural (Slave Lake) centers in Alberta (Canada) between October 2015 and February 2016 to seek input from both patients with COPD and health care providers. The analysis identified four emerging themes influencing COPD discharge care bundle implementation as discussed by participants: (1) process of care, (2) human capacity in care setting, (3) communication and engagement, and (4) attitudes and perceptions towards change. doi = 10.1186/s43058-020-00017-5 id = cord-341832-uskyldv0 author = Miravitlles, Marc title = Tratamiento farmacológico de las agudizaciones infecciosas de la EPOC date = 2007-12-31 keywords = COPD; EPOC summary = Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are frequent and potentially serious episodes that permanently affect patients'' quality of life and lung function. Sin embargo, conviene recordar que los pacientes que participaron en dicho estudio tenían una EPOC moderada-grave, con un valor medio de volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (FEV 1 ) de tan sólo un 33%; por este motivo sus resultados no pueden CURSO DE ENFERMEDAD PULMONAR OBSTRUCTIVA CRÓNICA (EPOC) UNIDAD 3. Drug treatment of acute infective exacerbations of COPD aplicarse a los pacientes con función pulmonar normal o próxima a la normalidad, incluso aunque presenten una agudización de tipo I o II (con 3 o 2 de los síntomas antes enumerados, respectivamente). Por último, las nuevas fluoroquinolonas también han demostrado una mayor rapidez de resolución de los síntomas en pacientes con EPOC y un FEV 1 menor del 50% 44 . doi = 10.1016/s0300-2896(07)74006-1 id = cord-014804-ye6wuwgd author = Moeser, A. title = Pneumonien bei immunsupprimierten Patienten date = 2018-03-16 keywords = COPD; Patienten; der summary = Zusätzlich zu rezidivierenden und chronischen Infektionen leiden die Patienten auch unter einem erhöhten Risiko für Autoimmunerkrankungen sowie für lymphoproliferative und maligne Erkrankungen [2] . In der klinischen Praxis stellen erworbene Immundefekte häufiger ein Risiko für das Auftreten von Pneumonien bei Erwachsenen dar als eine angeborene Immundefizienz. Unter den immunsuppressiven Medikamenten für die Therapie der rheumatoiden Arthritis und Kollagenosen ist das Risiko für Hospitalisationen aufgrund von Infektionen unter Cyclophosphamid-Therapie (RR 3,3) gegenüber Azathioprin (RR ca. Bei HIV-Patienten treten ambulant erworbene Pneumonien unabhängig von der Anzahl zirkulierender CD4+T-Zellen relevant häufiger auf. Ältere Patienten haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für Pneumonien, was auf eine Reihe von Ursachen zurückzuführen ist: neben einer bisher schlecht definierten altersassoziierten Immunsuppression leiden viele ältere Menschen an Begleiterkrankungen bis hin zu einem pflegebedürftigen Allgemein-und Ernährungszustand. ECIL guidelines for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients doi = 10.1007/s10405-018-0174-x id = cord-022050-h24f0fpd author = Naughton, Matthew T. title = Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma date = 2009-05-15 keywords = COPD; FEV; asthma; increase; patient; ventilation summary = • Hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients should be treated with noninvasive ventilation and supplemental oxygen sufficient to overcome hypoxemia but avoid hyperoxia. Uncontrolled oxygen administration may precipitate acute hypercapnia in patients with acute COPD exacerbations as a result of relaxing hypoxic vasoconstriction, thereby allowing increased perfusion to regions with reduced alveolar ventilation. Most commonly, patients with severe asthma have a history of previous hospitalizations for asthma (some that may be near fatal), low socioeconomic status, female gender, obesity, nighttime symptoms, FEV 1 less than 60% with optimal treatment, continual symptoms, reduced quality of life, use of oral or systemic steroids in the past 12 months, use of more than canister of SABA per month, elevated residual volume-tototal lung capacity (RV:TLC) ratio on pulmonary function testing, and a peak expiratory flow rate variability of more than 30% (i.e., variability-(bestworst)/best reading). Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-02844-8.50029-9 id = cord-278846-nqj7ctk3 author = Ogger, Patricia P. title = Macrophage metabolic reprogramming during chronic lung disease date = 2020-11-12 keywords = COPD; IPF; Mtb; ROS; lung; macrophage; pulmonary summary = While these initial observations were made during steady state or using in vitro polarised macrophages, recent studies have indicated that during many chronic lung diseases (CLDs), AMs adapt their metabolic profile to fit their local niche. By generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) for pathogen defence, utilising aerobic glycolysis to rapidly generate cytokines, and employing mitochondrial respiration to fuel inflammatory responses, AMs utilise metabolic reprogramming for host defence, although these changes may also support chronic pathology. Indeed, many recent studies have indicated that in chronic lung diseases (CLDs), such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and during infection such as with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb), there are significant alterations in AM metabolic processes and that targeting these pathways could represent an exciting therapeutic approach 6, 7 . Iron metabolism is therefore likely a key pathway in IPF-AMs and targeting it would be a viable option to decrease ROS, oxidative stress and macrophage activation. doi = 10.1038/s41385-020-00356-5 id = cord-323468-xn7anxj6 author = Olloquequi, Jordi title = COVID‐19 Susceptibility in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COPD; COVID-19; SARS summary = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death and disability globally, characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway inflammation and/or alveolar abnormalities 10 . All rights reserved are associated to impaired lung function and risk of developing COPD 42-44 , it has also been demonstrated that people born with a diminished airway function are more likely to suffer COPD symptoms and subsequent viral infections [45] [46] [47] . In any case, there is no doubt that subjects who develop COPD are at an increased risk of suffering respiratory infections, a matter of importance in the context of COVID-19 pandemics. Increased cytokine response of rhinovirus-infected airway epithelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease DPP4, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Receptor, is Upregulated in Lungs of Smokers and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients doi = 10.1111/eci.13382 id = cord-002591-kt25ip40 author = Ponce-Gallegos, Marco Antonio title = Th17 profile in COPD exacerbations date = 2017-06-22 keywords = CD4; COPD; Th17 summary = 5 Cell death produced releases damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as heat shock proteins, S100 protein and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), 14 which are recognized by extracellular receptors present in neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs; such as Toll-like receptors [TLRs], for example) [15] [16] [17] and trigger an intracellular signaling cascade led by the transcription factors Myd88 and NF-κB that culminate in the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18 (a multiprotein complex responsible for activating caspase 1 and releasing mature forms of various cytokines), 18 which, together with other cytokines (TNF-α, CXCL8, IL-6, among others), are responsible for the recruitment of leukocytes to the inflammation zone. 39 An important factor associated with the predisposition of COPD patients to present exacerbations is the metaplasia of squamous epithelial cells that appears as a consequence of the damage generated to the airway epithelium by the chemical compounds of the cigarette. doi = 10.2147/copd.s136592 id = cord-103137-qohntipf author = Porter, P. title = Rapid, point of care detection of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease using a cough-centred algorithm in acute care settings. date = 2020-09-08 keywords = COPD summary = Rapid and accurate diagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is problematic in acute-care settings, particularly in the presence of infective comorbidities. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, smartphone-based algorithm for the detection of COPD, in the presence or absence of acute respiratory infection, and then evaluate diagnostic accuracy on an independent validation set. The algorithm can be installed on a smartphone to provide bedside diagnosis of COPD in acute care settings, inform treatment regimens and identify those at increased risk of mortality due to seasonal or other respiratory ailments. Airflow limitation, demonstrated by a FEV 1 /FVC ratio of < 0.7 on post-bronchodilator spirometry is considered diagnostic of COPD according to criteria stipulated by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) [2] . We have described a simple, rapid diagnostic test for COPD which demonstrates high agreement with clinical diagnosis in the acute setting. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.05.20164731 id = cord-317548-ft7lkpzq author = Proud, David title = Upper airway viral infections date = 2007-07-05 keywords = COPD; HRV; infection summary = Despite the major health care consequences associated with these complications, our understanding of how URI trigger upper airway symptoms and cause exacerbations of lower airway diseases remains limited. Given that HRV is the major viral pathogen associated with colds and exacerbations of asthma and COPD, we will focus on the current status of our knowledge of the response to HRV infection as representative of viral pathogenesis, indicating differences with other viral types when appropriate. Several factors are likely to play a role in determining the severity of the clinical outcome to upper airway viral responses, including the susceptibility of patients with asthma or COPD to experience lower airway exacerbations. Influenza vaccine is clearly effective in reducing upper airway symptoms, and in preventing lower disease exacerbations, induced by this virus during the winter months. Nitric oxide inhibits rhinovirus-induced cytokine production and viral replication in a human respiratory epithelial cell line doi = 10.1016/j.pupt.2007.06.004 id = cord-015674-d4h9016a author = Provost, Karin title = Infectious Mechanisms Regulating Susceptibility to Acute Exacerbations of COPD date = 2013-07-13 keywords = AECOPD; COPD; chronic; obstructive summary = Despite the recruitment of appropriate effector immune cells, in many patients with advanced stage COPD (GOLD III-IV), there is persistent presence of pathogens in the airway, rather than eradication [ 19 , 28 ] , suggesting an impaired host response to infection. Advancing diagnostic techniques of bronchoscopy with protected specimen brushes and bronchoalveolar lavage, as well as molecular bacterial typing allowed identifi cation of bacteria ( Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus infl uenzae , Moraxella catarrhalis , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and others at potentially pathogenic concentrations) in the distal airways in stable COPD [ 9 , 17 , 28 , 40 , 41 , 46 -51 ] , with more severe GOLD stage disease being associated with identifi cation of Pseudomonas. Infections and airway infl ammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-7351-0_8 id = cord-317550-4gl5xe1w author = Rady, W. title = Role of bronchoscopy during non invasive ventilation in hypercapnic respiratory failure date = 2014-10-31 keywords = COPD; FOB; NIPPV summary = Abstract Introduction Non invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is the first line treatment for hypercapnic acute respiratory failure (ARF) secondary to COPD exacerbation in selected patients. This prospective case control study was carried out on 50 patients, suffering from hypercapneic acute respiratory failure as a result of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pul-monary disease (COPD), receiving non invasive mechanical ventilation admitted consecutively to critical care units at Alexandria university main hospital. PS or inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) was initially set at 10 cm H 2 O and then titrated up to achieve an expiratory tidal volume of 8-10 ml/kg and a respiratory rate below 25 breaths/ min to a maximum of 25 cm H 2 O depending on clinical and arterial blood gases (ABGs) response and patient tolerance. This comparative case control prospective study was conducted on 50 patients admitted to the Critical Care Medicine Department &Respiratory Intensive Care Unit in Alexandria Main University Hospital by acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and fulfilling the criteria for application of non invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV). doi = 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2014.06.015 id = cord-315249-yclnl87n author = Read, R. C. title = Infection in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a clinical perspective date = 1999-12-31 keywords = AECB; COPD; patient summary = (1999) 93, [845] [846] [847] [848] [849] [850] Topical Reviews Infection in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a clinical perspective Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis or emphysema; this is defined as a ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 set: forced vital capacity (FEVI: FVC) of less than 70%. Therefore at the very least, even if infection with bacterial pathogens is not the cause of acute exacerbations, they are clearly flourishing in the lower airways in some of these patients, in association with an inflammatory infiltrate (as evidenced by a yield of neutrophils in sputum). influenzae isolated from sputum of patients with COPD has demonstrated that a single strain may persist for many months within the lower respiratory tract mucosa of these patients, and remains present even if there have been acute exacerbations of COPD which have been treated with antibiotics (9). doi = 10.1016/s0954-6111(99)90048-3 id = cord-293613-xnos7iud author = Ritchie, Andrew I. title = Definition, Causes, Pathogenesis, and Consequences of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations date = 2020-08-12 keywords = COPD; chronic; exacerbation; obstructive; pulmonary summary = The 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) document AECOPD definition slightly differs from this as "an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy." This definition requires the patient to seek or use treatment and is an example of a health care use (HCU) exacerbation in which the patient or clinician decides whether treatment is warranted. This approach has been widely accepted in research, using several validated patient-reported outcome (PRO) tools such as symptom/treatment diary cards and questionnaire tools such as the EXACT (Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Tool) and CAT (The COPD Assessment Test). Analysis of viral infection and biomarkers in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease doi = 10.1016/j.ccm.2020.06.007 id = cord-004982-q9wsiimn author = Rohmann, Kristina title = Innate immunity in the human lung: pathogen recognition and lung disease date = 2010-10-09 keywords = COPD; cell summary = PRRs are expressed by alveolar macrophages, lung epithelial cells and dendritic cells responsible for the first reactions to invading pathogens (Bals and Hiemstra 2004; Opitz et al. In the lung, several host cells including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), lung epithelial and endothelial cells express TLRs. Different combinations of TLRs can be found on different respiratory cells (see also Table 2 ) and the simultaneous activation of several TLRs might lead to a more pathogenspecific immune response (Bals and Hiemstra 2004; Krishnan et al. Activation of the TLR4 receptor complex by the recognition of LPS is followed by intracellular signal transduction including the adaptor molecule MyD88 and leading to the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (Wieland et al. The pattern recognition receptor Nod1 activates CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta signalling in lung epithelial cells Toll-like receptor 4 mediates innate immune responses to Haemophilus influenzae infection in mouse lung doi = 10.1007/s00441-010-1048-7 id = cord-349807-ar77cnsa author = Rouadi, Philip W. title = Immunopathological features of air pollution and its impact on inflammatory airway diseases (IAD) date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COPD; air; airway; effect; exposure summary = 79 InIn-vivovivo studies in both human and animal models suggest pollutant exposure induces inflammatory changes in normal, chronically diseased and allergic nasal and sinonasal tissues ( Table 1 ). 160 Moreover, in vitro studies suggest air pollution may suppress innate and adaptive immunity and increases susceptibility to bacterial and viral respiratory infections in both human and animal clinical models, following short-or long-term exposure (see Table 2 ). 161 Also, in vitro Rrhinovirus (RV) 16 infectivity following nitrogen oxide and ozone exposure in human respiratory epithelial cells Loss of low-level DEP-exposed MDMf along their differentiation into macrophages likely due to dysfunctional (loss of mitochondrial membrane electrical potential and lysosomal function) and phenotypic (TLRmediated reduction in CD14 and CD11 surface marker expression) structural changes in MDMf of healthy exposed individuals. We reviewed evidence for the involvement of oxidative stress pathways and their nature in healthy individuals and patients with inflammatory airway diseases following exposure to a spectrum of important chemical, allergic and infectious air contaminants. doi = 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100467 id = cord-007726-bqlf72fe author = Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina title = The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease date = 2018-11-09 keywords = COPD; disease; human; model; mouse summary = The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. This chapter will provide an overview of the important similarities and differences between Mus musculus and Homo sapiens and their relevance to the use of the mouse as a model organism and provide specific examples of the quality of mouse models used to investigate the mechanisms, pathology, and treatment of human lung diseases. Overall, these studies showed that although gene expression is fairly similar between mice and humans, considerable differences were observed in the regulatory networks controlling the activity of the immune system, metabolic functions, and responses to stress, all of which have important implications when using mice to model human disease. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-9086-3_1 id = cord-297840-z5l6vdsr author = Río, Francisco García title = Air Travel and Respiratory Disease date = 2007-02-28 keywords = COPD; air; disease; flight; oxygen; patient; travel summary = 57 In any case, to establish a medical opinion on risk in air travel, the type, reversibility, and degree of functional impairment caused by the disease must be assessed along with the tolerance of the patient for the predicted flight altitude and the length of exposure. Supplementary oxygen is recommended during air travel for patients who have an estimated in-flight PaO 2 of less then 50 mm Hg obtained with prediction equations or, preferably, a hypoxic challenge test ( Figure 6 ). It also seems wise to extend that treatment option to those cases and in which the in-flight cabin pressure corresponds to an altitude of greater than 2438 m (8000 feet) and the patient has very severe COPD (FEV 1 ≤30%), where limitations may be present in the mechanisms of compensation for hypoxemia, or diseases that alter oxygen transport. doi = 10.1016/s1579-2129(07)60031-7 id = cord-257163-hodykbcb author = Sanz, Ivan title = Viral Etiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations during the A/H1N1pdm09 Pandemic and Postpandemic Period date = 2015-05-07 keywords = COPD; virus summary = During the study period (2009–2012), respiratory viruses were identified in 48.7% of samples, and the proportion of viral detections in AE-COPD was higher in patients aged 30–64 years than ≥65 years. Studies conducted before emergence of the pandemic H1N1pdm09 strain showed that half of all AE-COPD cases were associated with viral infections and that picornaviruses (especially human rhinovirus and enterovirus (HREV)) were the dominant viral pathogens diagnosed in these patients [15, 16] . The aim of this study is to describe the etiological characteristics of respiratory viruses linked to COPD exacerbations after a singular pandemic period caused by a new influenza virus. We used the OR to analyze the probability of detection of viral categories (ORP, HREV, any influenza virus, and RSV) as well as viral coinfections in AE-COPD patients among different demographic and epidemiological characteristics such as gender, age groups, and the different periods analyzed. doi = 10.1155/2015/560679 id = cord-318277-j073u7ga author = Sapey, Elizabeth title = Building toolkits for COPD exacerbations: lessons from the past and present date = 2019-07-03 keywords = COPD; acute; chronic; disease; exacerbation summary = An exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as ''an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy''. Of note, a recent Cochrane review concluded that there was no evidence of benefit from self-management interventions (including rescue packs) to reduce all-cause hospital admission, all-cause hospitalisation days, emergency department visits, general practitioner visits, dyspnoea scores, the number of COPD exacerbations or all-cause mortality 54 although more research was needed. Effect of exacerbations on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 2 year follow up study Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Sputum colour reported by patients is not a reliable marker of the presence of bacteria in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Association of corticosteroid dose and route of administration with risk of treatment failure in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease doi = 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-213035 id = cord-321401-w4ne60fn author = Schrumpf, Jasmijn A. title = Impact of the Local Inflammatory Environment on Mucosal Vitamin D Metabolism and Signaling in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases date = 2020-07-10 keywords = 25(oh)d; COPD; VDR; vitamin summary = Evidence for this immunomodulatory and protective role is derived from observational studies showing an association between vitamin D deficiency, chronic airway diseases and respiratory infections, and is supported by a range of experimental studies using cell culture and animal models. Furthermore, recent intervention studies have now shown that vitamin D supplementation reduces exacerbation rates in vitamin D-deficient patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma and decreases the incidence of acute respiratory tract infections. Increasing evidence has indicated that vitamin D deficiency is also associated with various other diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer''s disease and muscle myopathy, as well as several immune-related diseases such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis and chronic inflammatory lung diseases including asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (6) (7) (8) (9) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01433 id = cord-306266-8qdrshz3 author = Scully, Crispian title = Respiratory medicine date = 2014-06-25 keywords = COPD; HIV; cause; disease; infection; lung; patient; respiratory; treatment summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5401-3.00015-1 id = cord-007444-c9vu8ako author = Sherk, Peter A. title = The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation date = 2000-12-01 keywords = AECOPD; COPD; NPPV; acute; exacerbation; patient summary = The three major bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with COPD during periods of both clinical stability and exacerbation are nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella cafar~halis.~~ When FEV, is severely reduced, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are also commonly detected.42 These organisms possess a wide array of virulence factors that allow them to evade clearance from the lower airways. Two randomized controlled trials evaluating the vaccine''s efficacy among patients with COPD were unable to show statistically significant protective benefit.36, 69 A recent meta-analysis concluded that the vaccine provides partial protection against bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia but not against other important outcomes, including bronchitis or mortality caused by pneumococcal infection. The dose of methylprednisolone was high (125 mg every 6 hours for 3 days) and resulted in significantly more hyperglycemia and, possibly, increased secondary infection rates.''06 In summary, the evidence from randomized, controlled trials supports the conclusion that among patients with acute exacerbations, oral or intravenous corticosteroids significantly increase the FEV, for up to 72 hours and likely reduce the risk for treatment failure. doi = 10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70179-9 id = cord-018452-qyf2vymf author = Sica, Valentina title = Pathophysiologic Role of Autophagy in Human Airways date = 2016-03-07 keywords = Autophagy; COPD; cell; disease; lung summary = Increasing evidences have highlighted the implication of the autophagic pathways in the pathogenesis of lung diseases and, in some cases, the deregulated molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy may be considered as potential new therapeutic targets. The inhibition of mTOR is linked to autophagy induction, but Rtp801 expression enhances oxidative stress-dependent cell death, amplifying the development of CS-induced lung injury [ 105 ] . Furthermore, the higher expression of autophagy proteins has been linked to lung epithelial cell death, airway dysfunction and emphysema in response to CS. Restoration of Beclin 1 activity, depletion of p62 by genetic manipulation or treatment with autophagy-stimulatory proteostasis regulators, such as cystamine, functionally rescue the CFTR mutated protein at the apical surface of epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo [ 54 ] . Defective CFTR induces aggresome formation and lung infl ammation in cystic fi brosis through ROS-mediated autophagy inhibition doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-30079-5_16 id = cord-273594-vmbhok1u author = Sichelstiel, Anke title = Targeting IL-1β and IL-17A Driven Inflammation during Influenza-Induced Exacerbations of Chronic Lung Inflammation date = 2014-06-11 keywords = COPD; IL-17A; LPS; figure summary = In order to investigate the role of IL-1b during COPD exacerbations we utilized a model of LPS and elastase induced chronic lung inflammation, followed by infection with influenza in wild type or IL-1b deficient mice. To study viral-induced exacerbations, mice were infected with influenza virus 2 weeks after the last LPS/elastase challenge, when the acute inflammation caused by LPS/elastase exposure had subsided ( Figure 2A ). Acute pulmonary dysfunction, neutrophilic inflammation and enhanced levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNFa have all been observed during exacerbations of COPD patients, indicating that the viral-induced inflammation in our mouse model is in line with that seen in humans. As we observed an increase of IL-1b protein in the lungs of LPS/elastase treated mice upon influenza infection ( Figure 3A ), we hypothesized that it also promotes innate immune responses and influences pulmonary function during exacerbations. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0098440 id = cord-340420-ws3qesns author = Sin, Don D. title = COVID-19 in COPD: A growing concern date = 2020-09-19 keywords = COPD summary = As of August 24, 2020, over 23 million people around the world have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic [1] . There is considerable debate on whether (or not) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a common airway disease that affects 10% of individuals over 45 years of age [3] , is a risk factor for COVID-19. Together, these data suggest that COPD is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 that leads to hospitalization and ICU admission. Another possibility is that patients with COPD often demonstrate perturbations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with up-regulation of ACE and angiotensin II [9] that may be exacerbated during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to acute pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. SARS-CoV-2 infection in the COPD population is associated with increased healthcare utilization: an analysis of Cleveland Clinic''s COVID-19 Registry doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100546 id = cord-285148-bch7814v author = Singanayagam, Aran title = Viruses exacerbating chronic pulmonary disease: the role of immune modulation date = 2012-03-15 keywords = COPD; IFN; infection; virus summary = However in vitro RV infection of epithelial cells from COPD patients resulted in higher virus load and increased inflammatory mediators, but no differences in interferon production compared to cells from control subjects [87] . List of abbreviations ATF: activating transcription factor; BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; CF: cystic fibrosis; CFTR: cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ENA-78: epithelial-derived neutrophilactivating peptide 78; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule; IFN-α: interferon-alpha; IFN-β: interferon-beta; IFN-λ: interferon-lambda; IFN-γ: interferon-gamma; IL: interleukin; IP-10: IFN-γ-induced protein-10; IRF: interferon regulatory factor; ISG: interferon stimulated genes; MDA-5: melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; NO: nitric oxide; NOS2: nitric oxide synthase 2; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PEF: peak expiratory flow; PIV: parainfluenza virus; RANTES: regulated on activation: normal T-cell expressed and secreted; RIG-I: retinoic acid inducible gene I; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; RV: rhinovirus; SLPI: secretory leukoprotease inhibitor; SOCS: suppressor of cytokine signaling family; Th1/2: T helper 1/2; TLR: toll-like receptors; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha -1. doi = 10.1186/1741-7015-10-27 id = cord-048201-8qnrcgnk author = Slebos, Dirk-Jan title = Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide in pulmonary medicine date = 2003-08-07 keywords = COPD; HO-1; Heme summary = Many studies have suggested that HO-1 acts as an inducible defense against oxidative stress, in models of inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion, hypoxia, and hyperoxia-mediated injury (reviewed in [3] ). Cell-culture studies have suggested that the protective effects of HO-1 overexpression fall within a critical range, such that the excess production of HO-1 or HO-2 may be counterprotective due to a transient excess of reactive iron generated during active heme metabolism [35, 36] . Transfer of heme oxygenase 1 cDNA by a replication-deficient adenovirus enhances interleukin-10 production from alveolar macrophages that attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice Heme oxygenase-1: function, regulation, and implication of a novel stress-inducible protein in oxidant-induced lung injury Raised levels of exhaled carbon monoxide are associated with an increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 in airway macrophages in asthma: a new marker of oxidative stress Exogenous administration of heme oxygenase-1 by gene transfer provides protection against hyperoxia-induced lung injury doi = 10.1186/1465-9921-4-7 id = cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author = Starkel, Julie L. title = Respiratory date = 2019-10-07 keywords = A1AT; COPD; IPF; asthma; disease; increase; lung; pulmonary; respiratory; vitamin summary = Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_51 id = cord-011269-j2rogzm7 author = Stefan, Mihaela S. title = Protocol for two-arm pragmatic cluster randomized hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial comparing two education strategies for improving the uptake of noninvasive ventilation in patients with severe COPD exacerbation date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COPD; IPE; NIV; hospital summary = title: Protocol for two-arm pragmatic cluster randomized hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial comparing two education strategies for improving the uptake of noninvasive ventilation in patients with severe COPD exacerbation Through a series of mixed-methods studies, we have found that successful implementation of NIV requires physicians, respiratory therapists (RTs), and nurses to communicate and collaborate effectively, suggesting that efforts to increase the use of NIV in COPD need to account for the complex and interdisciplinary nature of NIV delivery and the need for team coordination. The overall objective of this study is to conduct a pragmatic, parallel, 2-arm randomized cluster trial to compare the effectiveness of two implementation strategies: on-line education (OLE) and interprofessional education (IPE) on the uptake of NIV. Hospitals that demonstrate interest in participating in the study will be asked to commit to form a COPD-NIV team composed of one physician, one RT, and one nurse that will be in close contact with the investigators and are responsible for delivering the educational intervention in their institution. doi = 10.1186/s43058-020-00028-2 id = cord-296585-yfh5d4io author = Su, Yu-Ching title = The Interplay Between Immune Response and Bacterial Infection in COPD: Focus Upon Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae date = 2018-11-05 keywords = COPD; Haemophilus; NTHi; TLR4; airway; cell; chronic; disease summary = The mechanisms reported are responsible for increased expression of NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory gene products [i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CCL-5 cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and MIP-2/CXCL2] in both pulmonary structural cells (bronchial, small airway, and alveolar epithelial cells) and immune cells (alveolar macrophages), increased VEGF and iNOS in nasal fibroblasts and lymphocytes (Jurkat T cells), respectively, and decreased activity of antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 and α1-antitrypsin in bronchial epithelial cells (54, 56, 57, 59, 62-64, [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] . Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae detection in the lower airways of patients with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Antibacterial defense of human airway epithelial cells from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients induced by acute exposure to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: modulation by cigarette smoke Lung T-cell responses to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02530 id = cord-293760-9mk2h2qf author = Takamoto, Hiroki title = Development and Clinical Application of a Novel Non-contact Early Airflow Limitation Screening System Using an Infrared Time-of-Flight Depth Image Sensor date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COPD; EAFL summary = Here, we developed a novel home-use non-contact early airflow limitation screening system (EAFL-SS) using an infrared timeof-flight (ToF) depth image sensor (integrated into several smartphones) that does not require calibration to the individual by a spirometer. Instead, a multiple linear regression analysis was used to achieve early airflow limitation screening without calibration to the individual by deriving a volume curve from the 3D motion of the anterior thorax measured by the ToF depth image sensor and the examinee''s somatotypes [including height and body mass index (BMI)]. In addition, the distance from the EAFL-SS to the examinee was confirmed automatically to allow the accurate determination of a volume curve without calibration to FIGURE 1 | Exterior design of the early airflow limitation screening system (EAFL-SS), which includes an 850 nm infrared time-of-flight (ToF) depth image sensor for three-dimensional anterior-thorax motion measurement and an LCD display to provide instructions to the user. doi = 10.3389/fphys.2020.552942 id = cord-030131-klhg7x8z author = Tan, Dingyu title = High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus non-invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after extubation: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COPD; HFNC; NIV summary = title: High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus non-invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after extubation: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial This study was conducted to test if HFNC is non-inferior to non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in preventing post-extubation treatment failure in COPD patients previously intubated for hypercapnic respiratory failure. METHODS: COPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure who were already receiving invasive ventilation were randomized to HFNC or NIV at extubation at two large tertiary academic teaching hospitals. CONCLUSION: Among COPD patients with severe hypercapnic respiratory failure who received invasive ventilation, the use of HFNC after extubation did not result in increased rates of treatment failure compared with NIV. Among COPD patients with severe hypercapnic respiratory failure who received invasive ventilation, the use of HFNC as compared with NIV after extubation did not result in increased rates of treatment failure, while HFNC had better tolerance and comfort. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03214-9 id = cord-269913-ubtd3vdq author = Tesfaigzi, Yohannes title = Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic mucus hypersecretion date = 2006-06-28 keywords = CMH; COPD; cell; chronic; exacerbation summary = The reasons for the natural cause of exacerbations in subjects with COPD are not clear; however, there is evidence that environmental pollution, such as the levels of SO 2 and NO 2 in the environmental air, as well as allergens and infections can increase the incidence of symptoms in some patients with chronic bronchitis or emphysema [26] . It is, therefore, possible that as a result of this innate immune response to environmental pollutants, allergens, and infections, sudden secretion of mucus can be triggered from the increased numbers of mucus-producing cells to cause airway obstruction and the associated exacerbations. This study shows that after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, a patient with ischemic heart disease who visited the general practitioner three times in the last year for respiratory problems has a relapse probability of 32.4%, which is statistically significantly higher than the mean 21% probability of the general cohort. doi = 10.1016/j.cair.2006.02.001 id = cord-253564-3y1wdepc author = Traves, Suzanne L title = Viral-associated exacerbations of asthma and COPD date = 2007-03-21 keywords = COPD; HRV; exacerbation summary = HRV infection of cultured human airway epithelial cells results in production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, interferon (IFN)-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed (RANTES), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and eotaxin [24] [25] [26] . Despite the potential for epithelial chemokines to recruit multiple cell types to the airways, experimental HRV infections and viral exacerbations of asthma and COPD are dominantly associated with selective recruitment of neutrophils and lymphocytes [4] . Nitric oxide (NO) also appears to be an important component of the host antiviral response because it exerts direct antiviral activity against several viruses associated with exacerbations of asthma and COPD, and also inhibits the viral-induced generation of several cytokines/chemokines from epithelial cells [42] . If the assumption that an over-exuberant host inflammatory response to viral infection plays a key role in disease exacerbation is valid, several potential therapeutic approaches can be suggested. doi = 10.1016/j.coph.2006.11.010 id = cord-344835-iivry1ou author = Tsoumakidou, Maria title = Novel insights into the aetiology and pathophysiology of increased airway inflammation during COPD exacerbations date = 2006-05-22 keywords = COPD; exacerbation; inflammation; obstructive summary = A significant number of studies in stable COPD patients suggest that airway bacterial infections are associated with increased airway inflammation (18) (19) (20) (21) . Soler et al used protected specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage sampling to determine inflammatory cell counts, levels of cytokines concentrations and microbial patterns in stable COPD patients and found that increased neutrophils and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) levels may be related to bronchial colonization [18] . The group of J Wedzicha showed that viral infections might be implicated in the mechanisms of increased airway and possibly systemic inflammation during COPD exacerbations. Haemophilus influenzae from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation induce more inflammation than colonizers Airway inflammation and bronchial microbial patterns in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute respiratory illness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases Airway inflammation during stable and acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease doi = 10.1186/1465-9921-7-80 id = cord-283061-qr8xynn2 author = Uzzaman, Md. Nazim title = Continuing professional education for general practitioners on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: feasibility of a blended learning approach in Bangladesh date = 2020-09-28 keywords = Bangladesh; COPD; face; trainee summary = Using chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as an exemplar, we aimed to assess the feasibility of blended learning (combination of face-to-face and online) for GPs, and explore trainees'' and trainers'' perspectives towards the blended learning approach. We trained 49 GPs in two groups via blended (n = 25) and traditional face-to-face approach (n = 24) and assessed their post-course knowledge and skills. Provision of postgraduate training in Family Medicine is increasing in Asia Pacific, but rarely uses innovative online learning [1] that could enhance access to continuing medical education (CME) essential for building and maintaining a high-quality primary care workforce [2] . Quantitative data measured pre-post self-assessment of adherence to COPD guidelines and qualitative focus groups and interviews explored trainee and trainers'' perspectives of the blended learning. The total training hours was 40 h in both blended and traditional learning approaches and the courses contained the same content: components aimed at enhancing COPD knowledge (16 h) and skills (24 h). doi = 10.1186/s12875-020-01270-2 id = cord-034294-ti1cc24m author = Wang, Cuixue title = Progress in the mechanism and targeted drug therapy for COPD date = 2020-10-27 keywords = Akt; COPD; MIF; ROS; TGF; Trx; cell; inflammatory; pulmonary summary = Trx effectively prevents the progression of COPD by regulating redox status and protease/anti-protease balance, blocking the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, suppressing the activation and migration of inflammatory cells and the production of cytokines, inhibiting the synthesis and the activation of adhesion factors and growth factors, and controlling the cAMP-PKA and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. EPAC and PKA inhibit the human airway smooth muscle induced by a cigarette smoke extract (CSE) by blocking the activation of the NF-κB and ERK, respectively, and by releasing neutrophil chemokine IL-8, which together exert anti-inflammatory effects. 101 In COPD, increases in cAMP levels, activation of PKA and enhanced protein phosphorylation have the potential to reduce inflammation and immunomodulation, relax airway smooth muscle, inhibit chemotaxis and abnormal release of inflammatory and cytotoxic mediators, and reduce proliferation and migration of inflammatory cells. 135 The PI3K/Akt signalling pathway plays an important role in COPD by regulating inflammatory cell activation, inflammatory mediator release and airway remodelling. doi = 10.1038/s41392-020-00345-x id = cord-332737-iclruwmx author = Webley, Wilmore C. title = Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides date = 2017-05-19 keywords = COPD; Chlamydia; asthma; infection summary = Another recent study concluded that the nasopharyngeal microbiome within the first year of life was a determinant for infection spread to the lower airways and predicted the severity of accompanying inflammatory symptoms, as well as risk for future asthma development. Factors that predict risk in non-asthmatics for developing the "infectious asthma" syndrome include a previous history of self-limited lower respiratory tract illnesses such as acute bronchitis (often with wheezing) and/or pneumonia [35, 38, 39] . A 2013 metaanalysis of 12 randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of macrolides for the long term management of asthma in both adults and children found positive effects on peak expiratory flow rate (PEFRa measure of pulmonary function), asthma symptoms, asthma quality of life (AQL), and airway hyper responsiveness (AHR), but not on forced expiratory flow rate in 1 s (FEV1) [77] . doi = 10.1186/s12931-017-0584-z id = cord-343607-yu5n9eur author = Wesseling, Geertjan title = Occasional review: Influenza in COPD: pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment date = 2007-03-17 keywords = COPD; infl; uenza summary = Influenza viruses cause respiratory tract infections that in patients with underlying lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with exacerbations and excess morbidity and mortality. Viral infections including infl uenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and many other viruses are important causes of exacerbations, excess morbidity and mortality in COPD (Wedzicha 2004; Wilkinson et al 2006) . Considering the infl uence of different respiratory viruses in stable COPD and the important role of viral infections in exacerbations, vaccination is a potentially effective way to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by exacerbations. In a randomized clinical trial, Wongsurakiat and colleagues (2004) demonstrated that infl uenza vaccination is highly effective in the prevention of acute respiratory illness related to infl uenza virus infection, regardless of severity of COPD, comorbid diseases, age, gender, or smoking status. doi = nan id = cord-295206-vetdsk48 author = Woodfork, Karen title = Bronchitis date = 2008-01-10 keywords = COPD; Sarinas; acute; bronchitis; chronic summary = This inflammation can be acute in nature, usually resulting from a viral infection, or it may be a long-standing manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic bronchitis is the most common form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a group of conditions involving airway obstruction, decreased maximal expiratory airflow, and breathing-related symptoms. Chronic bronchitis is a manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involving cough and sputum production, with or without wheezing, that lasts for at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years Chitkara and Sarinas (2002) . The medications available for the treatment of chronic bronchitis/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) do not decrease the progressive decline in respiratory function that is characteristic of this condition. It has been shown to decrease the work of breathing in severe, stable, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and may potentially be useful in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Chitkara and Sarinas (2002) , Rodrigo et al (2002) . doi = 10.1016/b978-008055232-3.63026-0 id = cord-260114-tkh93k1u author = Zhao, Qianwen title = The impact of COPD and smoking history on the severity of COVID‐19: A systemic review and meta‐analysis date = 2020-05-17 keywords = COPD summary = This meta‐analysis aimed to explore the risk of severe COVID‐19 in patients with pre‐existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ongoing smoking history. The heterogeneity of included studies was moderate for both COPD and ongoing smoking history on the severity of COVID‐19. Microsoft Excel database was created to record the available information including baseline details and the rate of development of severe COVID-19 in patients with different respiratory conditions. As the reported endpoints varied between including literatures, a subgroup analysis was performed to find out the impact of different endpoints on the effect of COPD or smoking on COVID-19. Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SAR-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan Retrospective study on the epidemiological characteristics of 139 patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia on the effects of severity doi = 10.1002/jmv.25889 id = cord-005814-ak5pq312 author = nan title = 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts date = 1995 keywords = AMI; APACHE; ARDS; ARF; COPD; CPB; CPR; CVP; Care; ECG; ECMO; Group; H20; Hospital; ICP; ICU; III; IL-6; Intensive; January; LPS; MOF; PSV; SAPS; TNF; Unit; University; acute; blood; cardiac; change; conclusion; control; day; effect; failure; follow; high; hour; increase; level; mean; measure; method; mortality; objective; patient; peep; pressure; pulmonary; respiratory; result; study; treatment; value summary = Results: In 5 patients with treated SS, 16 tests were performed (VL n=8; Dobu n=4; NA n=4 Method: Septic shock was defined as severe sepsis with either persistent hypotension (mean arterial pressure; MAP<70 mmHg) or the requirement for a noradrenaline (NA) infusion ~> 0.1 ~g/kg/min with a MAP _< 90mmHg. Cardiovascular support was limited to NA + dobutamine (DB), 546C88 was administered for up to 8 h at a fixed dose-rate of either i, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/h iv. Methods: Fourteen cases were s~udied,their gestational age ranged from(27-32)ws.Continnous positive air way pressure was applied to six cases at Peep level from (3-6)cm H2o through nasal pronge,(group I),the other 8 cases were managed as routine,(group II).Blood gases, TcPO2,TcCo2,resp.rate,depth and pattern were monitored for assessment of tissue Oxygenation and ventilation, Results: Our rasults showed that early application of CPAP improve ventilation among (83.3%)of cases,while (16.7%)of cases need IMV.The cases of group II need IMV among (75%)of the studied cases during the second or the third day of life. doi = 10.1007/bf02426401 id = cord-006862-5va1yyit author = nan title = ITS ASM 2012 date = 2012-11-04 keywords = AAT; AATD; COPD; Hospital; IPF; Ireland; OSAS; disease; lung; patient; study; year summary = doi = 10.1007/s11845-012-0856-z id = cord-006888-qfnukav4 author = nan title = Irish Thoracic Society Annual Scientific Meeting, Ramada Hotel, Belfast: 7th–8th November 2008 date = 2008-10-21 keywords = A1AT; AAT; COPD; FEV1; Hospital; Ireland; LPS; OSA; Society; TBNA; lung; patient; study summary = 2 This study explored anxiety, depression and QoL of a small group of patients (n = 5), predominantly male (66.7%), mean age 74 years, using the Marie Curie ''''breathing space'''' outpatient clinic over a four week period. Methods: CF patients attending CUH completed a questionnaire relating to personal smoking and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure, correlated with pulmonary function and exacerbation-rate data. This ongoing study indicates that a clinical pharmacy led management programme can reduce the need for hospital care in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD and improve aspects of their health related quality of life. There is a need for wider availability of joint hospital/ community based initiatives such as COPD Outreach and PRPs. Pulmonary rehabilitation has established efficacy, but patients often require follow-up care or maintenance. Patient data (MDS/ISWT/endurance shuttle walking test(ESWT)) from our pulmonary rehabilitation programme were initially analysed (n = 214; median FEV 1 = 1.04 L; mean age = 69 yrs). doi = 10.1007/s11845-008-0235-y id = cord-010075-72jodunj author = nan title = Paediatric SIG: Poster Session date = 2011-03-21 keywords = ASM; COPD; FEV; HRV; Interest; Nil; airway; cell; increase; method; patient; result; study summary = Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_12.x id = cord-010078-8lkkez3n author = nan title = Invited Speakers date = 2010-11-24 keywords = AMS; COPD; CVD; EGFR; HAPE; ILD; Pacifi; asthma; disease; lung; patient; pulmonary; treatment summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01863.x id = cord-022633-fr55uod6 author = nan title = SAEM Abstracts, Plenary Session date = 2012-04-26 keywords = ACS; AED; Background; COPD; CPR; EMS; ETCO; Emergency; HIV; Hospital; ICU; IQR; LOS; MDD; OHCA; TBI; University; conclusion; datum; group; level; method; objective; patient; rate; result; study; time summary = Staff satisfaction was evaluated through pre/ post-shift and study surveys; administrative data (physician initial assessment (PIA), length of stay (LOS), patients leaving without being seen (LWBS) and against medical advice [LAMA] ) were collected from an electronic, real-time ED information system. Communication Background: The link between extended shift lengths, sleepiness, and occupational injury or illness has been shown, in other health care populations, to be an important and preventable public health concern but heretofore has not been fully described in emergency medical services (EMS Objectives: To assess the effect of an ED-based computer screening and referral intervention for IPV victims and to determine what characteristics resulted in a positive change in their safety. Objectives: Using data from longitudinal surveys by the American Board of Emergency Medicine, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate if resident self-assessments of performance in required competencies improve over the course of graduate medical training and in the years following. doi = 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01332.x id = cord-023288-sqr33y72 author = nan title = Paediatric SIG: Poster Session date = 2008-03-12 keywords = COPD; FEV1; IL-6; OSA; PCR; asm; asthma; cell; increase; lung; patient; result; study summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_11.x id = cord-023298-ysur3sjq author = nan title = Respiratory Nurses SIG: Poster Session date = 2011-03-21 keywords = ASM; COPD; FEV; HRV; Interest; Nil; airway; cell; increase; method; patient; result; study summary = Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_16.x id = cord-023302-p9pxz44a author = nan title = Cystic Fibrosis SIG: Poster Session date = 2011-03-21 keywords = ASM; COPD; FEV; HRV; Interest; Nil; airway; cell; increase; method; patient; result; study summary = Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_7.x id = cord-023303-fxus38mp author = nan title = Lung Cancer/Bronchology SIGs: Combined Poster Session date = 2008-03-12 keywords = COPD; FEV1; IL-6; OSA; PCR; asm; asthma; cell; increase; lung; patient; result; study summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_8.x id = cord-023305-5lb9kho6 author = nan title = Oliv SIG: Poster Session date = 2011-03-21 keywords = ASM; COPD; FEV; HRV; Interest; Nil; airway; cell; increase; method; patient; result; study summary = Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_11.x id = cord-023306-3gdfo6vd author = nan title = TSANZ Oral Abstracts date = 2010-03-01 keywords = Australia; COPD; GSH; IFN; IL-6; Nil; cell; lung; patient summary = Conflict of Interest No. Purpose We examined age trends in the distribution of stage at diagnosis in patients presenting with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at tertiary hospitals. Methods Eleven healthy male subjects, aged 28(8) (SD) years completed separate visits with (a) no restriction and (b) chest wall strapping to reduce FVC by 30 (7) Introduction Glossopharyngeal breathing (GPB) is used by competitive breath-hold divers to increase lung gas content above TLC to improve performance. Our DC culture results showed that both MHC-I and MHC-II expression on DCs from COPD were significantly down regulated compare to healthy controls, which could affect MHC restricted Ag presentation, and lead to a failure to activate responder T cells. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01735.x id = cord-023308-af5nihyi author = nan title = COPD SIG: Poster Session 2 date = 2008-03-12 keywords = COPD; FEV1; IL-6; OSA; PCR; asm; asthma; cell; increase; lung; patient; result; study summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_6.x id = cord-023311-7wqdlha4 author = nan title = Oral Session date = 2010-11-24 keywords = COPD; CPFE; group; lung; patient; pulmonary; result; signifi; study summary = Methods We determined the usefulness of preoperative lung function by spirometry in predicting regression of pulmonary hypertension after surgical correction of mitral stenosis among 20 patients who underwent mitral valve surgery at Philippine Heart Center from July to December 2009. Elderly patients exhibited a signifi cantly higher mortality rate that was independently associated with the following: age; residence status; confusion, urea, respiratory frequency and blood pressure (CURB) score; comorbid conditions; and failure of initial therapy. Methods A total of 40 patients (Male: 50%; Female: 50%) admitted and diagnosed with HAP at our Center were followed up to investigate the rate of adherence of physicians on the diagnosis and treatment of HAP based on Level I and II ATS/IDSA 2008 recommendations and to determine its association with outcome (mortality, mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, hospital stay). doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01864.x id = cord-023314-rwjxk8v4 author = nan title = Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 1 date = 2011-03-21 keywords = ASM; COPD; FEV; HRV; Interest; Nil; airway; cell; increase; method; patient; result; study summary = Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_1.x id = cord-023331-jrvmgnu3 author = nan title = Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management date = 2008-03-12 keywords = COPD; FEV1; IL-6; OSA; PCR; asm; asthma; cell; increase; lung; patient; result; study summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_3.x id = cord-023333-b7w9zrl6 author = nan title = Oeld/Population Health SIG: Poster Session date = 2011-03-21 keywords = ASM; COPD; FEV; HRV; Interest; Nil; airway; cell; increase; method; patient; result; study summary = Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_10.x id = cord-023343-y17z9w2x author = nan title = COPD SIG: Poster Session 1 date = 2011-03-21 keywords = ASM; COPD; FEV; HRV; Interest; Nil; airway; cell; increase; method; patient; result; study summary = Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis. doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_5.x id = cord-318248-y2vkpuv3 author = nan title = Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An Asia–Pacific perspective date = 2005-02-03 keywords = COPD; Group; Roundtable; gold summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2005.00692.x id = cord-335597-anrzcsrt author = nan title = 44. Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie date = 2020-10-26 keywords = COPD; FEV1; SARS; covid-19; lung; patient; pulmonary; result; vat summary = Conclusions: In this study assessing the prognostic relevance of pulmonary exercise hemodynamics in patients with systemic sclerosis, PVR and TPR at peak exercise as well as mPAP/CO-slope and TPG/CO-slope turned out as age-independent predictors of all-cause mortality. Later-line treatment with lorlatinib in ALKand ROS1-rearrangement-positive NSCLC: a retrospective, multicenter analysis Background: Anti-fibrotic medication is effective in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILD), but a subgroup of fibrotic ILD patients also benefits from immunomodulatory therapies. Methods: HRCT of 127 subsequent single-center ILDboard patients (mean age 65 (standard deviation 14) years, 65 % male), were evaluated for radiological findings considered noninflammatory (reticulation including honeycombing (RET), traction bronchiectasis (TBR), emphysema (EMP)) or active inflammatory (consolidations (CON), ground glass opacities (GGO), noduli (NDL), mosaic attenuation (MOS)) in 6 distinct lung regions. doi = 10.1007/s00508-020-01745-3 id = cord-355038-o2hr5mox author = nan title = Proceedings of Réanimation 2020, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date = 2020-02-11 keywords = AKI; ARDS; CHU; COPD; Care; Correspondence; December; ECMO; Fig; France; Hospital; ICU; IQR; January; NIV; PICU; VAP; day; french; group; high; invitation; method; mortality; patient; rationale; result; sofa; study summary = Conclusion: In patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS, a higher tidal volume under PSV within the 72 h following neuromuscular blockers cessation is independently associated with the 28-day mortality.Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of survival according to the mean tidal volume (Vt)-lower of higher than 8 ml/ kg-under pressure support ventilation (PSV) during the "transition period" transfusion is associated with adverse events, and equipoise remains on the optimal transfusion strategy in oncologic patients in surgical setting. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Patients and methods: In a retrospective monocentric study (01/2013-01/2017) conducted in cardio-vascular surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in Henri Mondor teaching hospital, all consecutive adult patients who underwent peripheral VA-ECMO were included, with exclusion of those dying in the first 24 h. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Rationale: Acute respiratory failure is the leading reason for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in immunocompromised patients and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation has become a major clinical end-point in randomized controlled trials (RCT). doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-0623-7 id = cord-342476-0rupk21u author = van Rijn, Anneloes L. title = The respiratory virome and exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease date = 2019-10-24 keywords = COPD; PCR; exacerbation; respiratory summary = The sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of mNGS were calculated based on 24 PCR positive and 1120 PCR negative target results of 88 samples and the normalized read counts (Table 5 ). The following markers were tested for potential associations with clinical severity of exacerbation (exacerbation severity, self-reported exacerbation severity), length of exacerbation and a decrease/increase in FEV 1 (control visit compared to baseline): mNGS pathogen positive versus negative exacerbation (qPCR targets), the number of normalized reads (log, cutoff of �5normalized reads) for the different target viruses (species level). The Shannon diversity scores for bacteriophages (normalized reads, cut-off of �5normalized reads) were comparable for COPD exacerbations of viral aetiology in PCR positive versus negative patients (Fig 5) . In this study, the respiratory virome in patients with COPD exacerbations was analysed with both mNGS and qPCR, and combined with clinical data. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0223952 id = cord-298646-wurzy88k author = van der Merwe, René title = Challenge models to assess new therapies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease date = 2012-09-13 keywords = COPD; LPS; model summary = This review focuses on human challenge models with lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, ozone, and rhinovirus, in the early clinical development phases of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment and reduction of exacerbations in COPD. One of the main challenges in developing new therapeutic agents for the treatment or prevention of acute exacerbations of COPD is that their potential success cannot be entirely known until the investigational therapies enter relatively large Phase II studies, assessing clinical outcome over a 3-to 6-month period or longer. 20 In the first reported study of the inflammatory effects of low-level O 3 exposure (80 ppb O 3 for 6.6 hours) in healthy volunteers, 21 there were statistically significant increases in polymorphononuclear neutrophils, prostaglandin E 2 , lactate dehydrogenase, IL-6, α1-antitrypsin, and decreased phagocytosis via the complement receptor. The O 3 -challenge model potentially provides critical decision-making data in understanding whether new compounds have the desired biological effect in healthy volunteers and patients with COPD; hence it can de-risk decisions to move forwards into large Phase II safety and efficacy trials. doi = 10.2147/copd.s30664