cord-000255-73nlxqgk	2010	CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We conclude that strategies to prevent pandemic influenza virus emergence and spread in the future should include: 1) enhanced surveillance for strains resulting from reassortment in traded livestock; 2) rapid deployment of control measures in the initial spreading phase to countries where travel data predict the pathogen will reach and to countries where lower healthcare resources will likely cause delays in reporting. Of all the models evaluated, a multivariate model with three predictors, (1) total country-level healthcare spending per capita, (2) estimated passenger volume arriving from Mexico via direct flights (direct flight capacity), and (3) passenger volume from Mexico via indirect, or two-leg, flights (indirect flight capacity), provided the best fit to the data using AIC, as detailed under Methods (Table 1 , DAIC = 0, overall x 2 = 54.33 on 5 degrees of freedom, p-value,0.0001). We validated the model by determining how well a model fit to data up until May 8th predicted reporting dates for fourteen countries where the disease was detected between May 9 th and May 19 th (Supplemental Online Figure S2 ).
cord-016508-39glgeft	2019	Innovative preventive vaccines against emerging and neglected infectious diseases, such as Zika, dengue, chikungunya, influenza, and HIV/AIDS, are examined here from bioeconomics and global sustainability perspectives, aiming to integrate public health and biotechnology market approaches. This scenario of increasing global demand for vaccines in the next decade is supported by epidemiological indicators: annual burden of new HPV-related cancers worldwide to the tune of 670,000; rise of Zika into a public health emergency with over 86 countries reporting 230,000 cumulative confirmed cases of infection between 2015 and 2018; very high prevalence of HSV which infects approximately 67% of the world population under 50 years of age; continued prevalence of tuberculosis which infects 10 million and takes 1.5 million lives each year despite the progress made toward eliminating the disease; and rise in HIV infections worldwide over 36.9 million (WHO 2018; Global Industry Analysts 2018).
cord-016593-t0dn27bc	2009	Their understanding of food sovereignty includes: a.) local production and trade of agricultural products with access to land, water, native seeds, credits, technical support and financial facilities for all participants; b.) women are the main food producers worldwide 1) and they are often in charge of transformation and local trade; c.) therefore, access to land, credit and basic production means for women and girls at home and in the community is a guarantee of food security, but it is also able to overcome the violent and unjust patriarchal structures within families, communities, social organizations, countries, and global economic systems; d.) inclusion of the indigenous, women, and peasants in regional and national rural policy and decision-making processes related to agriculture and food sovereignty; e.) the basic right to consume safe, sufficient, and culturally accepted non-toxic food, locally produced, transformed and sold, since food is more than intake of proteins and calories: it is a cultural act of life; f.) the rights of regions and nations to establish compensations and subsidies to get protection from dumping and artificial low prices as a result of subsidies in industrialized countries; g.) the obligation of national and local governments to improve the food disposal of its citizens through stimulus of production and transformation of food, subsidies, and economic programmes to achieve food sovereignty in basic crops; discounts in urban poor regions, able to guarantee the basic food basket; popular kitchens; breakfast in schools, and special food for undernourished babies and pregnant mothers;
cord-017334-u1brl2bi	2017	By turn, ''forced migrants'' comprises refuges, defined under the United Nations (UN) Refugee Convention of 1951 as those forced to flee to save their life or preserve their freedom; asylum seekers, or people seeking international protection, awaiting a decision on whether they have refugee status; and internally displaced persons (IDPs) forced to leave their homes to avoid armed conflict, natural or human-made disasters, or violations of human rights, but who have not crossed an international border. Although we need to be wary of overgeneralising, where ''voluntary'' movement is concerned, research points to health selection since migrants often are healthier compared to people in their country of origin, yet it is important to recognise that migration itself can carry risks such as those of transit and adjusting to life in a new country. The health consequences of forced migration are a powerful illustration of the ''social suffering [that] results from what political, economic, and institutional power does to people, and reciprocally, from how these forms of power themselves influence responses to social problems'' (Kleinman et al.
cord-017554-yvx1gyp9	2017	Migration resulting from these natural and man-made events may correspond to current international, regional and national frameworks that are designed to protect and assist refugees-that is, persons who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of persecution-but often, these movements fall outside of the more traditional legal norms and policies. These crises lead to many different forms of displacement, including internal and cross border movements of nationals, evacuation of migrant workers, sea-borne departures that often involve unseaworthy vessels, and trafficking of persons. The State-led Nansen Initiative on cross-border disaster displacement issued an Agenda for Protection that spells out actions that governments can take today to provide humanitarian relief to persons requiring either admission or non-return in these contexts.
cord-017615-zjr6csla	2016	Food security in the Middle East is directly affected by a challenging combination of ongoing destructive conflicts, a global economic downturn, widespread poverty, high population growth, corruption, intolerance, and the potentially damaging consequences of climate change. In a previous article , we considered definitions of food security in the modern era of rising global populations, discussing how food security might be attained in terms of security of water and fossil-fuel-derived energy supplies, climate change, rapid urbanisation, changing dietary trends, and modification of the natural environment leading to depleted natural resources, increasing environmental pollution, and the need to introduce modern technologies. Here, we consider potential adaptations to an insecure global future generally, and to the concerns in the Arab Middle East specifically, in the light of the economic realities of wide disparities in wealth, competition for resources, and widespread poverty in many parts of the globe, coupled to a relatively high population growth, on-going conflicts, attempted cultural genocides, potential conflicts, endemic corruption and nepotism, and epidemics of infectious diseases.
cord-017731-xzfo5jjq	2016	Food safety is a concern worldwide and according to the World Health Organization, developing countries are probably more at risk of foodborne illness because many of these, including those in the Middle East, have limited disease surveillance and prevention and control strategies. Like many other parts of the developing world, foodborne disease surveillance is limited and outbreaks are most often reported through the Press but with insufficient detail to determine the etiological agents and the factors contributing to the outbreaks, leading to speculation to the cause by those interested or responsible for food prevention and control. Thus, the main foodborne disease issues are with homemade, restaurant and street food, where isolated claims of illness are followed up by inspections and possible punitive action by public health agencies responsible for food safety.
cord-021492-z2bjkl9g	2016	In some countries, lack of planning or resources to support business travelers has the potential to be grounds for claims of negligence in a company''s duty of care responsibilities, and can lead to a criminal offense, such as with the United Kingdom''s (UK) Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act of 2007. The chief operating officer at iJET, John Rose, comments that, "A percentage of calls into our crisis response center are for minor, individual medical issues." However, callers may not always know that the situation is minor until they reach someone for support, which is why having an easy-to-identify, easy-to-access, single contact number or hotline for medical and security support is so important to all companies. All of these considerations provide a strong business case for why employers should have unique and specific programs in place for medical services and evacuations for employees and contractors traveling abroad in addition to their standard domestic health care plans and workers'' compensation plans.
cord-021937-p9vqpazu	2017	However, an increasing global integration is taking place, as multinational companies acquire Asian manufacturers (e.g., Sanofi-Aventis, France, acquired Shantha Biotechnics, India); Asian companies acquire or obtain technologies and distribution rights from European countries (e.g., inactivated polio vaccine by Serum Institute of India Ltd. acquiring Bilthoven Biologicals, Netherlands; Astellas, Japan, acquiring recombinant influenza hemagglutinin from Protein Sciences, U.S.; Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organization acquiring chimeric JE vaccine from Sanofi-Pasteur, France; and Biological Evans, India, acquiring JE vaccine from Intercell AG, Austria); and vaccine codevelopment is agreed between entities in developed and Asian countries (e.g., genetically modified, inactivated HIV vaccine codeveloped by Sumagen, Korea, and the University of Western Ontario, Canada; mycobacterial proteinAg85A candidate tuberculosis vaccine codeveloped by Tianjin CanSino Biotechnology, China, and McMaster University, Canada; universal influenza vaccine codeveloped by Xiamen Wantai and Sanofi-Pasteur, France; and novel pneumococcal conjugate vaccine codeveloped by SK Chemicals, Korea and Sanofi-Pasteur, France). The widely used first-generation inactivated suckling mouse brain (SMB)-derived vaccine is being replaced rapidly in economically disadvantaged countries by the Chinese developed and manufactured live attenuated or inactivated vaccine (SA14-14-2 strain) grown in primary baby hamster kidney (PHK) cells and in higher-income countries with Vero cell-derived inactivated vaccines (licensed in the United States, Australia, Canada, and Europe, as well as several Asian countries) or a replicating chimeric yellow fever-JE virus recombinant vaccine (manufactured in Thailand).
cord-022176-hprwqi4n	2009	Since the detection of the etiologic infectious agent and the subsequent development of laboratory diagnostic tests in the 1980s, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease has increased from 0 to 16,000 per year, indicating that it is an "emerging diagnosis." The reported numbers vary depending on the reproduction of the hosting rodents for ticks as well as the contacts between humans and nature (Spach et al. In recent years, norovirus infections are increasingly recognized as the cause of large outbreaks of diarrheal diseases in the general population, school classes, nursing homes, hospitals, and cruise ships in western countries with peaks in colder seasons (winter epidemics) (Centers of disease control 2006; Verhoef et al. Definition: only infections that are newly discovered in humans are listed in this chapter: HIV, new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), hemorrhagic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, viral hemorrhagic fevers like Hanta, Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg fever, Nipah virus encephalitis, monkeypox, human ehrlichiosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (coronavirus infection, SARS), and avian influenza (H5N1) (see Fig. 3 .1 and Table 3 .2).
cord-023853-y5g4ceq9	2009	Various innovative options for financing wider access to new and underused vaccines in poor countries are explored, including the role of the International Finance Facility for Immunization (IFFIm), the Advanced Market Commitment (AMCs), the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCI) and Multilateral Debt Relief (MDRI) initiatives, and the Debt Buy-Down program of the World Bank. Through this approach, which will be evaluated in 2010, GAVI Alliance partners are working to help countries to be on a trajectory of eventual independence from GAVI support, acknowledging, however, that, for most of the GAVI-eligible countries this is likely to require a very long time Over the next decade, the ability of developing countries to achieve sustainable introduction of new technologies will be largely dependent on how donor funds are provided, particularly whether there is a shift toward long-term, predictable aid and if innovative financing instruments are appropriately aligned and taken to scale.
cord-023993-rncleqqy	2020	In a previous publication on the refugee crisis in Europe and its security challenges, I concluded that a global problem like this one could not be solved without an adequate orderly, and controlled immigration policy, creating systematic and controlled arrival and integration programs, because the mental structure of European societies is not prepared to face a disorderly increase in migration flows (Ramirez 2017 (Ramirez , 2019 . A key move to avoid the "calling effect" is to guarantee security and economic agreements -migration control has to be paid with money-, with those countries migrants transit through in their way to Europe, preventing them from leaving its coasts and returning to their country of origin those people whose asylum in the EU has been denied.
cord-027905-edb9yozz	2020	I suggest the crisis provides the circumstances for greater active engagement with informal actors, by placing informal enterprises on a par with formal firms within industrial policy. The most visible effect of the COVID-19 crisis in the developed world has been to the unemployed, the self-employed, casual and gig-workers, and small-scale entrepreneurs and businesses, which can be imperfectly described as those people and enterprises being in the informal sector. Second, in the medium term, we will see a greater exclusion of the informal economy from productive activity by GVCs. Both will be to the detriment of countries seeking to leverage their low labour costs by engaging with manufacturing supply chains. The crisis has exposed significant market failures (e.g. allocative and productive inefficiencies, ''strategic'' restrictions on exports) that represent new opportunities for entrepreneurs, and provide the circumstances for a modest infant industry industrialisation, by placing informal enterprises on a par with formal domestic firms.
cord-027960-qzg2jsz6	2020	Indeed, EMU membership (and the Stability Pact) provided the country with unprecedented stability because it forced successive governments to implement responsible economic policies, which led to greater credibility and the improvement of the ratings of Spain''s public debt (and consequently to lower financing costs). The global liquidity freeze and the surge in commodities, food, and energy prices brought to the fore the unbalances in the Spanish economy: the record current account deficit, persisting inflation, low productivity growth, dwindling competitiveness, increasing unitary labor costs, excess consumption, and low savings, had all set the ground for the current devastating economic crisis (see Royo 2013) . During the years of euphoria following the launching of Europe''s economic and monetary union and prior to the onset of the financial crisis, private capital flowed freely into Spain and, as a result as we have seen, the country ran current account deficits of close to 10% of GDP.
cord-028627-22d90q83	2020	It has emphasized the dangers rather than the benefits of efficient linkages between markets, laying bare the dangers of complex global supply chains where any node can become a "choke point", and the risks of overspecialization or the concentration of technological knowledge and/or production capacity in a single country or region. Although it may be an over-generalization, it is fair to say that, until the very late twentieth century, globalization was seen as a net positive, that international trade, investment, and economic integration (e.g., the European Union) allowed both the more efficient use of the world''s resources and the development of large-scale technology. Both the rise of economic nationalism (e.g., America First) and the COVID pandemic revealed the serious risks of reliance on very complex networks of global supply chains in many industries.
cord-029981-1jk9mp8r	2020	By using a unique human mobility dataset containing 547 166 flights with a total capacity of 101 455 913 passengers from January 22 to April 24, 2020, we analyze the epidemic correlations across 22 countries in six continents and particularly the changes in such correlations before and after implementing the international travel restriction policies targeting different countries. This study responds to this urgent call by developing a spatial-temporal model with network dynamics [15, 16] to understand the correlation between the COVID-19 epidemics in different countries accounting for the inter-country human mobility and international travel restrictions targeting different countries. Given the spatial nature of this research, we develop a dynamic network model based on the spatial-temporal features [15, 16] to examine the extent to which the number of newly confirmed infections in each country is correlated with the cumulative number of infections in each of the remaining 21 countries, by taking into account (1) the mobility volume between countries, (2) the introduction of inter-country travel restriction policies targeting different countries at different time point, and (3) internal movement restriction within each country.
cord-030926-vtids9ns	2016	Emerging threats to global health, including drug-resistant pathogens, emerging pandemics, and outbreaks, represent global trans-boundary commons problems where the actions of individual countries have consequences for other countries. Other examples of country-level actions with global consequences include inadequate vaccination coverage; slow progress on disease elimination; failure to report and contain pandemic flu, antibiotic resistance, and counterfeit drugs; and climate-related health threats. More recently, campaigns to eliminate smallpox and eradicate malaria have been built on the idea that infectious disease control depends not just on national priorities but also on the priorities of one''s neighbours and trading partners. Current International Health Regulations, which were first enacted in 1951 and most recently revised in 2005, require countries to report disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is often essential to have cooperative financing mechanisms for global health interventions, whether to eradicate disease, encourage appropriate levels of disease surveillance and reporting, or to reduce the likelihood of drug resistance.
cord-032256-7yrh16ab	2020	The two are closely related: it is becoming clear that the use of compulsory lockdowns-by the end of March 2020, over 100 countries had one in place-had an important signalling effect at the start of the pandemic, making clear how critical it was for individuals to change their behaviour. In turn, there appear to be important age inequalities, too: the International Labour Office (ILO), for instance, argues that young people have been ''disproportionately affected'' by the pandemic, which has disrupted their education and training, and forced them out of work; one in six young people surveyed by the ILO, for example, had stopped working since the start of the COVID-19 crisis (ILO, 2020). (2020, this issue) argue, as we move out of lockdown and into a tentative period of recovery, it will be necessary to consider a new set of policy options: extension of short-time work and possible temporary subsidy for re-employment; corporation tax incentives; VAT reductions; and a holiday from taxes on business property.
cord-032269-zhk5fyfc	2020	These strategies could include expanding their social insurance system, building on existing social assistance programmes, and involving local governments and non-state institutions to identify and assist vulnerable groups who are otherwise harder to reach. Moreover, setting up a new job retention scheme might be logistically easier than setting up an unemployment insurance programme, as governments could use firms as intermediaries to channel the income support to their workers. Social insurance programmes will fail to reach a large share of households in developing countries, in particular those mostly active in the informal sector of the economy. A comprehensive social protection response could involve local governments and a range of non-state actors to collect better information on these unmet needs and to deliver targeted assistance. Government responses based on social insurance programmes may reach many formal employees and registered self-employed (although coarsely), but will miss the informal sector, which is an important part of developing countries'' workforce.
cord-033356-ppn71yd0	2020	The authors finally address the problem created by the decision of various high-income countries to ''opt out'' as eligible importing countries under the World Trade Organization TRIPS Agreement Article 31bis amendment that addresses the predominant export of pharmaceutical products under compulsory licenses. 18 At the time of writing, a number of pharmaceutical companies that are receiving substantial government subsidies to develop vaccines and treatments to address COVID-19 have declared that they intend to provide them on a ''not-for-profit'' basis, although nothing in their grant arrangements appears to require specific pricing commitments, 19 and there is limited public transparency on this account. 70 For present purposes, we emphasize that a pooled procurement strategy along these lines would also greatly strengthen the inherent power of governments in developing countries to threaten and, when needed, to issue compulsory licenses for patented pharmaceuticals under Articles 31 and 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement.
cord-033671-b7lg8099	2020	We begin by providing a brief background on TRIPS, putting it in the historical context of international agreements on intellectual property (IP) and then looking at the logic of national patent policies, examining how policies may vary across countries, in theory, and reviewing literature that discusses the factors driving historical variation, in practice. The Uruguay Round of trade negotiations, which began in 1986 and concluded in 1994 with the signing of the Marrakesh Agreement by all 123 negotiating countries, was notable for numerous reasons, including the formal integration of intellectual property rights into international trade rules. When the World Trade Organization (WTO) was launched in 1995, a product of the Uruguay Round, one of its main pillars would be the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Intellectual property rights, the WTO and developing countries: The TRIPS agreement and policy options
cord-034575-kio60itg	2020	Drawing on data from two original surveys with national experts, we operationalize the concepts of descriptive infrastructure for non-residents (i.e. the presence of diaspora-related institutions) and substantive infrastructure (i.e. policies that provide and facilitate access to welfare for nationals abroad) in order to propose a new typology of states'' engagement with their diaspora in the area of social protection. With the concept of diaspora infrastructure, we aim to highlight the fact that sending states'' engagement with nationals abroad in the area of welfare consists of both institutions (consulates, ministries or sub-ministries in charge of emigration issues) and policies (rights and support services) aiming to protect the diaspora against vulnerability or social risks. As previously mentioned, we operationalise sending states'' descriptive infrastructure as the institutional framework that comprises home countries'' public institutions at the national level which meet both conditions of having a mandate to engage primarily with the diaspora and being active in the adoption or implementation of social protection policies that benefit this population.
cord-035137-uxtaw02u	2020	But most national authorities outside of East Asia did not take adequate early precautionary measures speedily enough to contain the spread of the outbreak, typically by promoting safe ''physical distancing'', obligatory use of masks in public areas, and other measures to reduce the spread and likelihood of infection. Government capacity to respond depends crucially on system capacity and capabilities-e.g., authorities'' ability to speedily trace, isolate and treat the infected-and available fiscal resources-e.g., to quickly enhance testing capacity and secure personal protective equipment (PPE). Finally, it draws some implications of different policy responses in East Asia, Southeast Asia-especially Vietnam, and India''s Kerala state-Argentina, Brazil and Peru, that are relevant for other countries. And where communities or clusters had significant infection rates, urgent, targeted measures could have helped ''turn the tide'' on COVID-19 with decisive early actions, as in China, Korea and Vietnam, without imposing nationwide ''stay in shelter'' or ''shelter in place'' lockdowns, 16 or restrictions on movements of people within its borders.
cord-128436-xndrlnav	2020	The comparative analysis of the registered cases curves highlights remarkable similarities, especially among Western countries, together with some minor but crucial differences. We analyse here the data of three of the countries that registered at the date of March 15 the highest cumulative number of registered cases, i.e. China, Italy, and South Korea. The comparison of the plots shows that, in spite of the extremely fast growth rate ( =2.4d, corresponding to a doubling time of one day) the rapid response of the Korean society allowed to switch the growth to a slower rate before reaching 500 registered infected people. When plotted with the appropriate relative time scale (IT reference, DE, FR -9d, ES -10d, US -11d), the data show how early or late the different countries deviated from the red exponential "phase #1" curve with  ~2.0d, D ~2.0d.
cord-144860-a4i9vnjz	2020	Here we show that transformed new daily COVID-19 cases for many countries generally contain three cycles operating at wavelengths of around 2.7, 4.1 and 6.7 days (weekly). However, we show that there are considerable and useful similarities in the underlying cyclic (spectral) behaviours of the numbers of new daily COVID-19 cases for a range of different countries (see Extended Data figures). Using data [2] from all of the countries we considered, our results show that transformed new daily COVID-19 cases have three underlying cycles: one operating at a wavelength of 2.7 days, a second at 4.1 days and a third at 6.7 days, which we take to be a weekly effect. Given the similarity of the cycles across countries, this indicates that cases could be monitored and pooled across regions, over a short number of days to be fused into longer effective samples using the methods described here.
cord-171089-z4oya6kz	2020	Our analysis of 58,728 coronavirus papers suggests that scientific novelty measured by the BioBERT model that is pre-trained on 29 million PubMed articles, and parachuting collaboration dramatically increased after the outbreak of COVID-19, while international collaboration witnessed a sudden decrease. Building on the "knowledge recombination" theory (4) and the combinatorial perspective of novelty (3, 9) , we assess papers'' scientific novelty by quantifying how extraordinary a combination of bio-entities is in a coronavirus-related paper using BioBERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers for Biomedical Text Mining) (10), a language model that is pre-trained on 29 million PubMed articles. We examine the association between monthly change in scientific novelty, parachuting collaboration ratio and international collaboration of coronavirus papers by 50 sampled countries and their status as a confirmed COVID-19 infection site from January 2018 to April 2020 by month.
cord-234737-trshrh6f	2020	The recent coronavirus pandemic follows in its early stages an almost exponential growth, with the number of cases quite well fit in time by $N(t)propto e^{alpha t}$, in many countries. We start our analysis from the empirical observation that the data for the coronavirus disease in many different countries follow a common pattern: once the number of confirmed cases reaches order 10 there is a very rapid subsequent growth, which is well fit by an exponential behavior. Finally we have tested the existence of a possible bias on the data: the fact that poor countries V: In the left panel: best-estimate, standard deviation (σ) and 95% C.L. intervals for the parameters of the linear interpolation, for the extended set of 125 countries. Table VI: In the top panel: best-estimate, standard error (σ), t−statistic and p−value for the parameters of the linear interpolation in two-variables, temperature (T) and GDP per capita (GDP ), for the extended set of 125 countries.
cord-252244-y5w9hjy8	2020	Different models, mostly assuming a series of diseases states such as the ''Susceptible-Infected-Removed'' (SIR) types (see below) have been used to describe ''epi-curves'' of selected countries and regions under consideration of i) spatial heterogeneous outbreak and transmission scenarios, and ii) the effect of NPIs [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . The obtained trajectories then enable to visually estimate the dynamic state of epidemic in terms of simple shape characteristics such as slope, parallel shifts or turning points with direct relations to transmission and removal rates of the disease. They enable monitoring the state in terms of differences and similarities between the countries and geographic regions revealing specifics and commons of epidemic spread: (i) A unique linear slope of most of the trajectories in the intermediate abscissa range is indicative for exponential growth in early phases of the outbreak of the pandemic (low level of immunity in the population).
cord-254234-8w1z3un6	2020	
cord-254620-xcblqg4z	2020	More detailed empirical case studies would be necessary to uncover the policy reasons for the presence or absence of mandates within NIPs. Nonetheless, it may be reasonable to infer that lower-income countries have fewer human and financial resources to undertake, administer, and enforce mandayWe were unable to verify the legal basis for mandatory immunization in Jordan. Survey participants in countries with mandatory immunization were asked about specific populations subject to mandates (i.e., age [children under 1 and 5 years of age and school-aged children -that yExcludes Canada and the USA due to subnational variation in those countries. However, it should be noted that these subnational jurisdictions appear also to have relatively broad mandates -Ontario and New Brunswick require immunization against 9 and 11 infectious diseases, respectively, for school entry, with similarthough varying -numbers for US states.
cord-254737-pv68fb7d	2020	The data that will be considered for the study are aggregated COVID-19 patient statistics like daily cases, deaths, recoveries, testing data, etc. The data used in the analysis conducted were obtained from publically available, and the government reported statistics on COVID-19 patients in their countries. Countries were separated into groups based on the percentage of their elderly population, and the COVID-19 mortality rate (total deaths/total cases). The mortality rate is the total number of deaths attributed to the virus divided by the total number of COVID-19 positive cases. The variance in the chart may/can be attributed to other factors, such as handling of COVID-19positive patients, methods of data collection and reporting, other population demographics like genetic makeup, trends in disease, disabilities, and malnutrition, competency, scale, and accessibility of the country''s medical apparatus, economic status of the country (GDP, PPP, poverty levels, etc.).
cord-254874-ug0ler5e	2019	BACKGROUND: This article describes a bibliometric review of the scientific production, geographical distribution, collaboration, impact, and subject area focus of pneumonia research indexed on the Web of Science over a 15-year period. The only document types we studied were original articles and reviews, analyzing descriptive indicators by five-year periods and the scientific production by country, adjusting for population, economic, and research-related parameters. In this study, by analyzing scientific papers on pneumonia published in the main international scientific journals, we aimed to identify the scientific contribution of different countries to the worldwide research effort, the most cited landmark articles, the degree and nature of scientific collaboration, and the topics addressed. Specifically, we will analyze: (1) the evolution of scientific production; (2) its distribution by countries and regions; (3) the impact of the research papers; and (4) the degree of international collaboration.
cord-258885-ev2pvr3s	2020	With this methodology, energy load, generation and international transmission were studied for 16 European countries, for which data were available, to understand how Europe''s electric grid was affected by the epidemic. To understand and measure the impact of governmental restrictions on the electrical power system, at a country level, it is necessary to assess the data recorded during COVID-19 emergency against a counterfactual scenario where the epidemic did not occur. This procedure enabled a systematic determination of the interval of time to study how European countries modulated electrical energy generation, and transmission in order to balance for the reduced consumption. The non-renewable energy sources, such as nuclear and fossil (which includes gas, oil and coal) that typically cover the baseline load, were observed decreasing in generation for most countries, although yearly productions were quite variable (Fig. 5B,C) .
cord-260826-1n96pz86	2020	Using publicly available data we built a simple log-linear regression model to assess the association of BCG use and COVID-19-attributable mortality per 1 million population after adjusting for confounders including country economic status (GDP per capita), and proportion of elderly among the population. Notwithstanding limitations due to testing constraints in LMICs, case ascertainment bias and a plausible rise of cases as countries progress along the epidemiological trajectory, these analyses provide intriguing observations that urgently warrant mobilization of resources for prospective randomized interventional studies and institution of systematic disease surveillance, particularly in LMICs. Novel SARS-CoV2 continues to wreak global havoc. To evaluate the effect of BCG vaccine on mortality attributable to COVID-19, we built a simple log-linear regression model using crude COVID-19-attributable mortality data per 1 million population for each country as outcome, BCG vaccine inclusion in the national immunization schedule as exposure, and adjusted for the effects of the following variables on mortality: country-specific GDP per capita, the percentage of population 65 years and above, and the relative position of each country on the epidemic timeline (days since 100 th case reported as of 29 March 2020).
cord-263261-xhem8l39	2018	Each nation will develop its own unique approach to national health systems, but there are models used by a number of countries based on principles of national responsibility for health, social solidarity for providing funding, and for effective ways of providing care with comprehensiveness, efficiency, quality, and cost containment. Health reform is necessarily a continuing process as all countries must adapt to face challenges of cost constraints, inequalities in access to care, aging populations, emergence of new disease conditions and advancing technology including the growing capacity of medicine, public health and health promotion. Despite rapid increases in health care expenditures during the 1970s and 1980s, despite improved health promotion activities and rapidly developing medical technology, the health status of the American population G Preventive programs strong tradition; screening for cancer; smoking reduction; food fortification, school lunch programs; nutrition support for poor pregnant women and children (WIC); G Hospitals obliged to provide emergency care to all regardless of insurance status, citizenship, legal status or ability to pay has improved less rapidly than that in other western countries and universal coverage has not been achieved.
cord-265292-yyh1kikb	2015	Our results show increasing close collaboration among scientists from the United States, several European countries including United Kingdom, Italy, France, Netherland, Switzerland, China and Australia with scientists from other parts of the world. The search for publications has been carried out with 240 search queries using combinations of keywords including ''''coordination, collaboration, cooperation, communication, preparedness, surveillance, emergency response, crisis management, containment, recovery, zoonotic, zoonosis, animal human, disease outbreak, illness outbreak, epidemic, pandemic and social network'''' occurring in the articles'' titles, abstracts and keywords. In the first period (1991) (1992) (1993) (1994) (1995) (1996) (1997) (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) , the density of the network is very low (3.9 %) indicating that a limited number of all possible collaboration links among countries are realized (see Fig. 5a ).
cord-268822-o86zpu92	2020	In a given scenario, the study focused on the following key variables: communicable diseases, healthcare expenditures, population density, poverty, economic growth, and COVID-19 dummy variable in a panel of 76 selected countries from 2010 through 2019. In a given scenario, the study focused on the following key variables: communicable diseases, healthcare expenditures, population density, poverty, economic growth, and COVID-19 dummy variable in a panel of 76 selected countries from 2010 through 2019. This study intended to explore the answers to the following critical questions: do communicable diseases, including COVID-19, exert a greater magnitude of stress in terms of negatively affecting countries economic growth which then converts into global depression? In a given context, the study prepared a set of research objectives to analyze global depression through some policy instruments, including healthcare expenditures, population density, and poverty incidence in a panel of 76 countries.
cord-270969-zb6ih5dl	2011	Southeast Asia is a region of enormous social, economic, and political diversity, both across and within countries, shaped by its history, geography, and position as a major crossroad of trade and the movement of goods and services. Rapid but inequitable socioeconomic development, coupled with differing rates of demographic and epidemiological transitions, have accentuated health disparities and posed great public health challenges for national health systems, particularly the control of emerging infectious diseases and the rise of non-communicable diseases within ageing populations. • The diversity of geography and history, including social, cultural, and economic diff erences, have contributed to highly divergent health status and health systems across and within countries of southeast Asia. Regional collaboration in standards of data collection and health systems analysis is hampered by WHO''s division of the ASEAN region into two areas under separate regional offi ces: the South-East Asia Regional Offi ce, encompassing Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand, and the Western Pacifi c Regional Offi ce, consisting of the remaining countries.
cord-271153-c0aw6jkz	2020	Considering common barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation of adult vaccines within a primary archetype could help provide a framework for strategies to support countries with similar needs and approaches. Considering common barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation of adult vaccines within a primary archetype could help provide a framework for strategies to support countries with similar needs and approaches. By characterizing groups of countries by features other than disease burden, geography or demographics, the analysis seeks to support global efforts to address country needs in strengthening processes for vaccine decision-making and implementation; facilitating sharing of best practices amongst countries with similar characteristics; and providing evidence, system or advocacy support to help countries succeed within their specific context. Domains (Table 1) were identified as part of a framework of potential barriers and facilitators for adult vaccine decisionmaking: country characteristics, adult vaccine/aging policies and decision-making, health immunization systems, uptake, and stakeholders and champions.
cord-272998-jx4xpbjl	2006	This paper investigates the effect of population health on gross inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI). The Effect of Population Health on Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to Low-and Middle-Income Countries To investigate if health status of a population affects FDI inflows, we conduct a panel data analysis of 74 industrialized and developing countries over the period 1980-2000. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents stylized facts regarding FDI and its relationship to developing countries and human capital; Section 3 reviews empirical evidence and theoretical arguments for considering health as a form of human capital; Section 4 describes the theory of FDI inflows and the empirical model used in the analysis; Section 5 details the data used and our sources; Section 6 presents our empirical results; and Section 7 concludes. This paper provides empirical evidence that health is indeed a positive and statistically significant determinant of gross FDI inflows to low-and middle-income countries.
cord-274548-yeucn13x	2020	Full-text articles excluded, with reasons n = 48 type 1 diabetes registries n=14 paper without Studies included in qualitative synthesis (n = 18) (n = 9 EU-28 countries n = 9 outside EU-28 countries) The data covered the type of health system, presence or absence of a national diabetes plan (NDP), presence of a population-based register, care setting, methods for reimbursement of drugs, devices and coverage of any comorbidities associated with diabetes, and the prevalence of and mortality from diabetes, gathered from the institutional sites of individual European countries to investigate the presence of national data and policies for diabetes control. A multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was carried out in order to to evaluate the possible association between the variables taken into consideration, including EUROSTAT data for the countries of the European Union, data relating to mortality per 100,000 inhabitants and the mortality trend [32] , the prevalence of diabetes [32] , the organization of the health system [35, 36, 38] , the presence of a national diabetes plan, the year of approval [35, 36] , the general practitioners and diabetic centers involved, and the cost percentage of diabetes of the total health expenditure [38] .
cord-275071-2uiaruhg	2020	Linking decisions over the timing of lockdown and consequent deaths to economic data, we reveal the costs that national governments were implicitly prepared to pay to protect their citizens as reflected in the economic activity foregone to save lives. Accepting that they are a conservative estimate of the total impact of the pandemic, officially attributed Covid-19 deaths are used to investigate the price of life implied by lockdown policies. However, as far as we are aware, ours is the first study to use the SEIR modelling framework to examine the effects of lockdown timing across multiple countries in the same study, and the first to combine these results with financial forecasts to obtain cross-country implied price of life estimates. Table 5 shows that for those countries which under-report Covid-19 deaths, implied price of life is substantially reduced, highlighting once again that earlier lockdowns would have increased social welfare tremendously.
cord-275395-w2u7fq1g	2020	In this report, we developed a deterministic-stochastic hybrid model and fitted the model to case incidence and death incidence time series data from 55 countries. We model the spread of COVID-19 as a partially observed Markov process with real-valued states S (susceptible), E (exposed), I (infected), and R (removed) to describe the latent population dynamics, and integer-valued states C 0 (to be counted), Y 1 (counted cases), D 0:3 (dying), and Y 2 (counted deaths) to model sampling into the data. Generally, countries that were found to have both variable transmission rates and variable detection probabilities (model 3 in Table 1) show a pattern of level or increasing deaths coupled with a level or slightly declining incidence in number of reported cases. The deaths due to COVID-19 in Europe are lower than the average number of reported deaths in a period of the same length for all countries in the data set that also had all-cause death counts from previous years.
cord-280747-k0x6rjdi	2020	Data on COVID-19 CMR in 93 countries was analyzed for associations with preexisting prevalence rates of eight diseases [asthma, lung cancer, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Alzheimer''s Disease (AD), hypertension, ischemic heart disease, depression and diabetes], and six socio-demographic factors [Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, unemployment, age over 65 years, urbanization, population density, and socio-demographic index]. Bivariate analysis revealed that COVID-19 CMR were higher in countries that had high prevalence of population risk factors such as AD, lung cancer, asthma and COPD. From amongst the clinical risk factors, positive correlations with CMR included Alzheimer''s disease (r = 0.36), lung cancer (r = 0.39), and weakly with asthma (r = 0.28) and COPD (r = 0.27). With COVID-19 CMR per 100,000 population as the primary outcome (dependent) variable, multivariate modeling showed that certain risk factors were independent predictors (R 2 = 0.35, log likelihood ratio tests, p < 0.05).
cord-281330-x8e9cz8a	2020	This study''s prime target is to develop relationships between the variation in the doubling time of the number of cases of COVID-19 virus and various socio-economic factors responsible for them. Thus, in the long term, these countries may observe a slight increase in the doubling rates and show an exploding number of cases [7] [8] [9] [10] .The measures taken by the governing bodies are also an essential factor in coronavirus''s behaviour in countries. The improvement in doubling time of several cases also displays the significance of governing bodies and transparent data in controlling the virus''s extent. As seen in figure 5 , the starting 15 days of the coronavirus spread show no improvement in the doubling time mostly due to the government light response and the country held nationwide parliamentary elections on 21st February.
cord-284201-2ofqm7a0	2017	MENA countries can be divided into three main groups that differ in terms of their economic and health outcomes achievements: (1) low-income countries (Yemen and Djibouti), which have the highest infant mortality rates and maternal mortality ratios in the region and are facing the greatest health-related challenges; (2) middle-income countries (Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, and West Bank and Gaza), which have made significant progress in improving health outcomes although some of these countries continue to face rural/urban disparities in both health outcomes and gaps in health coverage; and (3) high-income countries of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG) (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates), which have achieved good health outcomes as a benefit of oil revenues used to achieve universal access to health services.
cord-284810-fs5rx07q	2020	To test this hypothesis, we use empirical data 14 to compute the country-level distribution, P, of confirmed COVID-19 cases, n, at the end of March 2020 worldwide and find that it is closely approximated by a truncated power-law, 4, 38 Here, we provide a conceptual dual-scale model that explains the emergence of the power-law distribution by the "superposition" of two concurrent processes: large-scale spread of the virus between countries and small-scale snowballing of case numbers within each country. By combining real world data, modeling, and numerical simulations, we make the case that the distribution of epidemic prevalence, and possibly that of spreading processes in general, might follow universal rules. A straightforward calculation shows that the combination of the two exponential processes generically yields a truncated power-law distribution in the number of cases in countries: Consider an epidemic outbreak that started (the first case reported in a country) at time t = 0.
cord-288818-6uvb4qsk	2020	From the restrictions on public freedom and burgeoning socio-economic impacts to the rationing of scarce medical resources, the spread of COVID-19 is an extraordinary ethical dilemma for resource constrained nations with less developed health and research systems. International regimes are on high alert to stop its spread, however, as far as the global scenario is concerned, countries and governments are clueless in stopping the expanding pandemic as not much is known about SARS-CoV-2, while left only with implementing nationwide lock downs and curfews which opened new economic fronts and social challenges. COVID-19 has presented itself as a test case for the humanity in terms of global fraternity, decision making, technology and expertise sharing, rapid pandemic response mechanisms, stability, crises management and policy making.
cord-290930-438td98a	2005	The principle strategies include: 1) implementation of mechanisms for international epidemiologic surveillance; 2) use of international law to support the control of communicable diseases; 3) international cooperation on health matters; 4) strategies to strengthen primary care services and health systems in general; 5) promotion of the transfer of resources for research and development from the North to the South. The WHO proposal for modernization of the International Health Regulation includes the following: 1) a mission with a stronger focus on control of infectious diseases, 2) emphasis on broader health care coverage and better access to treatment schemes, 3) global surveillance including data from official and non-official sources, 4) strengthening of national public health systems through the establishment of comparable productivity indicators and outcome measurements, 5) giving priority to the protection of human rights, 6) guidelines for good health governance defined as adoption of the principles of impartiality, objectivity and transparency (13).
cord-291234-rozpps6v	2020	The method was applied to 60 countries (30 in Africa and 30 in other continents) and 6 variables which are: the Covid-19 situation on Monday 13 April 2020 (confirmed cases and reported deaths), the mean annual temperature and the structure of the proportion (0 to 14 years, 15 to 64 years and over 65 years). The opposing relationship between the Covid-19 pandemic (confirmed cases and reported deaths) and the proportion of elderly (and/or young) is apparent, suggesting that generally the younger a country''s population is (and therefore the fewer vulnerable people), the less likely it is to be affected by the Coronavirus pandemic, and vice versa. Axis 2, with 23.24% variance, is positively related, strongly with the number of confirmed Covid-19 cases, the number of reported deaths and the proportion of elderly in the total population, weakly with the average annual temperature of the country and the proportion of young people in the total population of the country.
cord-293145-b1rxh4bd	2020	Challenges of diabetes care management in developing countries with a high incidence of COVID-19: a brief report Highlights • COVID-19 pandemic may be a potentially diabetogenic situation and may worsen hyperglycemia and possibly diabetes-related complications • Challenges faced by developing countries in managing diabetes during COVID-19 outbreak is different from those in developed countries. Results: Current challenges faced by clinicians in the management of diabetic patients in developing countries are as follows: lack of preventive measures, inadequate number of visits, loss of the traditional method of communication with the patient, shortage of medications, impaired routine diabetic care, and absence of telehealth services. Results: Current challenges faced by clinicians in the management of diabetic patients in developing countries are as follows: lack of preventive measures, inadequate number of visits, loss of the traditional method of communication with the patient, shortage of medications, impaired routine diabetic care, and absence of telehealth services.
cord-293599-ng002ydl	2020	
cord-294468-0v4grqa7	2020	This research uses exponential growth modelling studies to understand the spreading patterns of the COVID‐19 virus and identifies countries that have shown early signs of containment until 26(th) March 2020. Machine learning models based on logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, and support vector machines are developed and show accuracies between 76.2% to 92.9% to predict early signs of infection containment. The objective of the research is to develop a mathematical model using exponential growth analysis coupled with machine learning, to predict worldwide COVID-19 early containment signs. Secondly, the research aims at building supervised machine learning models with high accuracies for predicting signs of early containment with infrastructure availability, environmental factors, infection severity factors, and government policies of countries as independent variables. The research presents machine learning models based on variables such as infrastructure, environment, policies, and the infection itself, to predict early signs of containment in the country.
cord-296863-xu0h92ac	2004	The International Bioethics Committee (IBC) of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) recommended that "PGD be limited to medical indications. The convention includes articles on the rights of the patient, on equitable access to health care, on respect for private life, on non-discrimination on genetic grounds, on transplants, and on prohibition of financial gains "from the human body and his parts as such" (article 21). The main difficulty in practising moral principles concerning human dignity and equity in health is that in the past 15 years a singular ethics (and a singular policy) prevailed in the world, which resulted in overturning the health paradigms that had successfully guided public health and health services for one century. As far as ethics is concerned, the difference is that WHO does have a moral obligation towards people''s health, whereas the WTO, the IMF, and the World Bank do not.
cord-297940-xp8uoj9z	2020	We present results on the existence of various common patterns in the growth of the total number of patients affected by COVID-19, a disease acquired through infection by a novel coronavirus, in different countries. Outcome of our study, for COVID-19, via application of this model, suggests that in most of the countries, after the ''onset'' of spread, the growths are described by rapid exponential function, for significantly long periods. In addition to accurately identifying this superuniversal feature, we point out that the model is helpful in grouping countries into universality classes, based on the late time behavior, characterized by physical distancing practices, in a natural way. Outcome of our study, using real data [5], suggests that, for a large number of countries, the early time growth can be described by a prolonged "universal" exponential form, varying from country to country only via a metric factor.
cord-298003-6yvcl92q	2020	
cord-298052-mbg6e2j1	2015	
cord-298870-22lf1cp5	2008	The resurgence of LGV in Europe contained many features similar to an infectious disease emergency: it occurred unexpectedly; there was delay in the recognition of cases, which allowed the disease to spread within the risk group; and there was no preconceived outbreak control plan. The third section included 9 questions about the content of outbreak control measures (i.e., case identifi cation, case defi nitions, laboratory confi rmation, treatment, reporting, and interventions for health professionals and the groups at risk). Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 14, No. 4, April 2008 However, in the management of LGV patients, differences were seen between countries with respect to case defi nitions, laboratory testing, and antimicrobial drug treatment. Because only 1 of these new European Union member countries completed the questionnaire, it was also impossible to assess how outbreak control measures were developed and implemented.
cord-299309-p703e396	2020	title: Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study This study aimed to identify what the additional health-care costs of a strategic preparedness and response plan (SPRP) would be if current transmission levels are maintained in a status quo scenario, or under scenarios where transmission is increased or decreased by 50%. Evidence before this study Since Jan 30, 2020, when WHO labelled the COVID-19 pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, countries have tried to limit its spread, instituting measures on physical distancing and restrictions on movement. As of June 26, 2020, the costs of the full, nine-pillar response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middleincome countries after 4 weeks, on July 24, 2020, were projected to be approximately $52 billion, assuming that the Rt was unchanged and the status quo continued.
cord-301082-sikgk58i	2020	We argue that high altitude human populations require special attention to access the international supply of ventilators. Yet, with altitude there is a progressive reduction in barometric pressure and subsequently in oxygen pressure leading to major physiological adaptations in the lungs 9 , which are not usually considered in ventilator quality tests. In these tests, the majority of commercial ventilators failed at high altitude, delivering tidal volumes with up to 40% error from the set volume 10 . Similarly, failure to contain the virus in Ethiopia, the second most populated country in Africa, would negatively affect the treatment efforts of the region. The further spread of COVID-19 can be halted under international collaboration and the understanding that success is dependent on the containment of COVID-19 in all countries, including economically challenged countries 15 .
cord-301479-dc1oyftd	2011	
cord-301570-yuuumno9	2020	
cord-303165-ikepr2p2	2014	It also demands special attention through health promotion activities of all kinds at national and local societal levels to provide access for groups with special risks and needs to medical and community health care with the currently available and newly developing knowledge and technologies. 5. Environmental, biological, occupational, social, and economic factors that endanger health and human life, addressing: (a) physical and mental illness, diseases and infirmity, trauma and injuries (b) local and global sanitation and environmental ecology (c) healthful nutrition and food security including availability, quality, safety, access, and affordability of food products (d) disasters, natural and human-made, including war, terrorism, and genocide (e) population groups at special risk and with specific health needs. It acts to improve health and social welfare, and to reduce specific determinants of diseases and risk factors that adversely affect the health, well-being, and productive capacities of an individual or society, setting targets based on the size of the problem but also the feasibility of successful intervention, in a cost-effective way.
cord-303414-fwamdr08	2020	Abstract Objectives This study aimed to examine the link between human mobility and the number of COVID-19 infected people in countries. In order to analyze the link between human mobility and COVID-19 infected people, our study focused on the volume of air travel, the number of airports and the Schengen system. Results Our findings suggest a positive relationship between higher volume of airline passenger traffic carried in a country and higher numbers of COVID-19 patients. 2 The global spread of COVID-19 that has led to the infection, and deaths, of thousands of people at a rapid scale, is indicative of how infectious diseases can become a global health problem that have the ability to reach more people, and at a faster rate, in an increasingly globalized world.
cord-308431-l4sv28hj	2020	
cord-311694-2b2swi0l	2020	
cord-311807-o7d2yure	2020	
cord-312197-d5d8amk7	2010	
cord-313384-v4g6dq6p	2020	The aim of this research is to enhance desirability optimization models to create a global healthcare competitiveness index (GHCI) covering 53 countries with gross domestic product per capita (GDP PC) of over $10,000. The optimum and feasible values of the factors considered influential on objective functions have been determined as the basis of healthcare expenditure (HE) and GHCI in those relevant countries. The problem statement which is an optimization model with the help of statistical analysis was developed to create GHCI to measure the structural and economic status of healthcare of considered countries in this research. Finally, after calculating GHCI optimization values not included in the flowchart, an index was created to list the healthcare systems of the countries considered in this study. The desirability equations obtained as a result of statistical analysis and the GHCI values belonging to the countries were calculated to construct the optimization models.
cord-316050-mqrx003q	2020	The main results show that terrorist attacks have a strong impact on tourist arrivals and confirm the existence of terrorism spillover, namely the substitution and generalization effects phenomena. The decline in tourists'' arrivals and receipts caused by terrorism is well documented in several countries and regions since the 90s and has affected countries like Spain (Enders & Sandler, 1991) , European countries ( (Enders, Sandler, & Parise, 1992; Radić, Dragičević, & Sotošek, 2018) , the Mediterranean region (Drakos & Kutan, 2003) , non-democratic countries and Africa (Blomberg, Hess, & Orphanides, 2004) , the USA (Bonham, Edmonds, & Mak, 2006; Goodrich, 2002) , Israel (Eckstein & Tsiddon, 2004; Fleisher & Buccola, 2002; Morag, 2006; Pizam & Fleischer, 2002) , Italy (Greenbaum & Hultquist, 2006) , Nepal (Baral, Baral, & Nigel, 2004) , Ireland (O''Connor, Stafford, & Gallagher, 2008) , Fiji and Kenya (Fletcher & Morakabati, 2008) , Nigeria (Adora, 2010) ; Turkey (Feridun, 2011; Ozsoy & Sahin, 2006) , Pakistan (Raza & Jawaid, 2013) , the Middle East (Bassil, 2014) , the Caribbean (Lutz & Lutz, 2018) , Tunisia (Lanouar & Goaied, 2019) , and worlwide (Liu & Pratt, 2017; Llorca-Vivero, 2008; Neumayer & Plümper, 2016) . Terrorism in Greece, Germany, and France positively affects tourist arrivals from America, while terrorist events occurred in Israel, Russia and Spain will have a negative effect on the number of American tourists who choose Portugal as their destination.
cord-316373-v48mz21d	2020	Analytical risk assessment is a valuable approach to guide decision-making on travel restrictions and border measures during the early phase of an outbreak, when transmission is primarily contained within a source country. However, with travel restrictions from mainland China to Australia imposed from February 1, our framework was designed to consider the importation risk from China into Australia via potential intermediary countries in the Asia Pacific region. While the detailed analysis presented here is specific to Australia and the South East Asia and Western Pacific regions during the early phase of COVID-19 emergence, the framework itself is adaptable to other contexts for future outbreak response. A framework was developed to assess the risk of COVID-19 infections being imported by passengers travelling on flights from the South East Asia and Western Pacific regions to Australia as of February 19, 2020.
cord-317184-vz829rsy	2020	
cord-317583-jhulvfev	2020	Blanchflower and Oswald (2008a) find a U-shape for 39 developing countries in World Values Survey sweeps 1-4 4 that averages out at a minimum around age 43 when including control variables. I then turn to examining data for the UK and 36 European countries and find there is evidence of a U-shape whether controls are included or not, with very little difference in the age minima. Blanchflower and Graham examined the same data Ingelhardt used and estimated a series of happiness equations and found there were U-shapes in age with controls in all the countries and variables Ingelhardt examined. Fourteen of those countries have significant and well-defined U-shapes in age and they are not available in any of the other data files, so in Table 14 we report results for these developing countries using the Q1 question above for Cantril''s life satisfaction ladder measure.
cord-318261-ndfzn1hh	2020	New diseases like COVID-19 most often originate from biodiversity hotspots such as tropical rainforests, and forest loss represents one of the most significant forms of environmental degradation facilitating new human and animal interactions. A number of empirical studies of ecologically unequal exchange indeed find that the global organization of production facilitates greater resource degradation in poorer countries relative to rich countries, especially for outcomes such as deforestation and biodiversity loss, which have keen relevance to facilitating cross-species disease transmission (e.g. Burns, Kick, & Davis, 2003; Jorgenson et al., 2009; Shandra et al., 2009 ). Many of the studies utilizing ecologically unequal exchange perspectives find that some key agricultural products consumed in the Global North disproportionately drive peripheral deforestation and biodiversity loss, including beef, palm oil, coffee, and cocoa (e.g. Austin, 2010 Austin, , 2012 Bennett, Ravikumar, & Paltán, 2018; Noble, 2017; Shandra et al., 2009; Vijay, Pimm, Jenkins, & Smith, 2016) .
cord-319365-v75pvlka	2020	The research seeks: (i) to analyze the different models of working conditions-what likely leads to differences in perceived job satisfaction-that exist in Europe; and (ii) to explore whether these models differ among the clusters of countries based on institutional characteristics identified in the previous literature. From these objectives, the following research question is derived: Does the clustering of European countries according to institutional characteristics correctly reflect the differences in labor conditions and subsequently job satisfaction across Europe? The main objective of the empirical analysis is to determine whether the classification of countries based on the institutional context adequately reflects the different models of working conditions-and subsequently differing levels of job satisfaction-existing in Europe in the tourism sector, and if not, to propose a more appropriate classification of countries.
cord-319844-94587n2h	2020	After analyzing with a dummy for the treated countries, it was confirmed that the outcome covariates: rescon (renewable energy sources consumption), population, FDI, CO(2), inflation, technical corporation grants, domestic credit to the private sector, and research and development are very significant in promoting green financing and climate change mitigation in the study countries. The probit regression results give a different outcome, as rescon, FID, CO(2), Human Development Index (HDI), and investment in the energy sector by the private sector that will likely have an impact on the green financing and climate change mitigation of the study countries. The findings show that FDI, R&D, technical corporation grants, CO 2 , POP, Human Development Index, renewable energy consumption, as the covariates, have significant outcome effects on green financing and climate change mitigation strategies for these countries.
cord-321194-xi4zy5ow	2020	The build-up to this global pandemic announcement saw a national wide lockdown declared in Italy on 9th following an uncontrollable and astronomic increase in the number of new cases and deaths in the country (BBC, 2020c) . As the situation escalated, with over 1000 confirmed cases in the country, and over 31 deaths from the virus, the National Basketball Association (NBA), one of the most popular and fancied sporting activity in North America abruptly suspended its season, as of March 11, when a player of the Utah Jazz tested positive for coronavirus, just before their game with Oklahoma City began (Cacciola and Deb, 2020) . While a majority of countries, especially in Europe writhed in desperation from the impacts of COVID-19, China reported a third consecutive day with no local new case of coronavirus (The straits Times, 2020c).
cord-322078-cli7mpev	2020	All together that will be put on a very big bill, once all will be over, and it will take a long time to reinstall confidence in our political leadership, in our idea of a Europe without limits in humanity, as a model for the world, and as THE place to be. There is a significant lack of doctors and of nursing staff, and in terms of access to ICU-beds with ventilators in some countries, whereas in others, the situation seems to be less precarious. Other countries on the other hand, were deprived of their medical staff due to more precarious general economic situations, with doctors and nurses following the westward stream toward politically more transparent and wealthier countries. We have to provide an example to show how to stand together, across all national borders, and with the optimism of pragmatic and generous people, who we should always strive to be.
cord-322838-s82tyeis	2020	
cord-324923-29kudfjp	2020	Our data driven modeling and analysis of the trajectories from multiple countries thus pave a way to understand the infection dynamics during and post lockdown phases in various countries and it can help strategize the testing and quarantine processes and influence the spread of the disease in future. By quantitatively calibrating the time series data(Data from WHO [1]) for confirmed, recovered and dead population for 23 different countries with various stages of infection, we made an estimate of different important parameters like incubation time, transmission rate, rate of quarantine, recovery and death rate, that controls the infection dynamics in a given country. Immediate early lock-down and rigorous testing coupled to systematic quarantining could be the most effective way to rapidly contain the second wave of infection and hence reduce the time of lockdown as well as size of infected population in a country.
cord-325034-oefmb10g	2020	
cord-325177-7fzbbn99	2020	
cord-326509-1cpybatu	2020	
cord-326618-0ci9irxl	2020	
cord-326861-qooax2xc	2020	The scope of this study consisted in assessment of COVID-19 daily case increment dynamics in various countries in order to identify rhythmic components. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.23.20161240 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 1 shows the global dynamics of COVID-19 daily case increment and the results of the time series analysis using three approaches: periodogram ( fig. Since the beginning of the review interval falls on 1 March (Sunday) and the source data reflect incidence increment reported for the previous 24 hours, the first two points on the X-line correspond to weekend days in figure 3 distribution As follows from figure 2, phasal dips and peaks occur on different days of the weekly period depending on the country. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.23.20161240 doi: medRxiv preprint As follows from figure 3, the pandemic spread phases almost coincide in these two countries. 4. In the incidence dynamics of some countries consistent and statistically significant periods other than weekly have been recorded, i.e. 6, 8 or 10 days.
cord-327865-xxov2x33	2011	As part of the text and to face the requirements for poor rural and urban areas and water-scarce regions, basic sanitation, wastewater treatment, and water reuse alternatives are described with emphasis on their constraints and limitations for developing countries. In addition, in the developed countries, the term sanitation applies not only to the installation of sewers but also to the full implementation of systems for the safe disposal and reuse of treated wastewater, sludge, and septage. In addition, they offer the following benefits (Lenghton et al., 2005; Correlje and Schuetze, 2008) : (1) they allow investments to be made stepwise, in line with available funds, local development, and population growth; (2) they are used in smaller areas of service that are easier to manage; (3) they allow the use of different technologies to provide services to different socioeconomic groups; and (4) they facilitate the reuse of water on-site.
cord-331601-3w4c40qr	2020	The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in December 2019 [1] , and on 31 December 2019, China informed the World Health Organisation (WHO) of numerous cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, a city of 11 million inhabitants [2] . That said, the goal of this review is to provide a deeper understanding of the factors that have contributed to weakening Cameroon''s health sector over the years and to shed light on socio-economic and political factors that are currently restricting an effective response to the pandemic in the country. An independent local news agency in the country reported that some public health institutions in Douala required COVID-19 patients to cover their health care costs. Using Cameroon as a case study, I have examined the economic, political, and social forces that negatively affect the fight against COVID-19, and argue that the country''s weak health care system makes it challenging to tackle the disease there as well as in other countries.
cord-332412-lrn0wpvj	2020	
cord-333919-nrd9ajj2	2020	
cord-337275-phgfpzbt	2020	
cord-337730-mqcgqwrb	2020	
cord-338143-2v4lrlcl	2020	
cord-339360-vm4yy47i	2020	
cord-339387-s2mydwff	2020	
cord-340713-v5sdowb7	2020	
cord-341132-arhpqgl6	2020	
cord-343553-07c9ec2b	2020	
cord-343677-0buclszd	2020	
cord-344866-vhuw4gwn	2020	Explaining this, Smelser writes: ''with respect to the dimension of time alone, the traumatic process was truncated… The moment of the attacks to the recognition that they constituted a national trauma was a matter of short days, if not hours…The scope of the trauma and the identity of the victims were established immediately… there was an instant consensus that it was a trauma for everybody, for the nation… there was no significant divergence in the reactions of government and community leaders, the media, and the public in assigning meaning to the events as a national tragedy and outrage…there was little evidence of social division around the trauma'' (Smelser 2004, p. However, despite initial high levels of anxiety the pandemic did not evolve into cultural trauma in either, even with an exceptionally high death rate in Sweden and the great difference in trust in authority that distinguishes the two countries.
cord-346498-m1v9q7gk	2014	(3) Grants and funding allocations were characterized as proposals for funding research, policy development, and so forth in the collaborative subject matter of humans, animals, and the environment accessed from reviewing all professional publications available from the systematic search conducted. For data analysis, chi-square was conducted to determine if, in the resulting reviewed years, one health resources themselves, scopes, and country locale differed significantly from the averages expected. Since all the values were < 0.05, the null hypothesis was rejected and it was concluded that the years selected for the study showed a dependent relationship on the one health approach conducted, the scope topic areas and the represented country in the scholarly work. The distribution of the years of the one health approach, the scholarly resources, the scopes, and the countries'' locale were not equally represented.
cord-347182-oj3v1x99	2020	While total deaths immediately indicate that countries like Italy and Spain have the worst situation as of mid April 2020, on its own, reported cases do not provide a correct picture of the situation. Then we discuss our key assumption: the real 41 case fatality rate (CFR) in European countries experiencing a significative incidence will 42 be roughly the same, given the similar structure of the population. Using this rate is straightforward to give a present-day estimate of the 63 incidence given the number of reported infected people in each country as long as we 64 can observe that the rate of diagnosis remains fairly constant. This value can 86 be compared with the number of cases detected 18 days ago, obtaining a diagnostic depending on the availability of tests, saturation of the health system and other 91 external factors, countries have a great variability in the time of diagnosis delay.
cord-351666-q7dqsl7n	2020	2 In my global framework, for each country, COVID-19 cases can affect risk perceptions about the virus, which can trigger a social distancing response. The paper exploits a variety of newly available datasets to study the interrelationship between health shocks originating from the COVID-19 pandemic, people''s real-time perceptions about coronavirus risk, the extent of their social distancing response, and unemployment. 7 In the analysis, the number k * i is also equal to 4, as the vector x * i,t contains the country-specific global counterparts for the same variables in x i,t , i.e., the growth rate of COVID-19 cases, coronavirus risk perceptions, social mobility, and unemployment. Figures 4 and 5 show the impulse response functions for all countries in the sample for the risk perception and social distancing variables to a one-standard-deviation COVID shock originating in Italy.
cord-352247-baqbxez9	2020	The second experiment exposes respondents to a message linking COVID-19 to increased hardships for people in poorer countries or to a message suggesting aid that helps African countries deal with COVID-19 will also have public health benefits at home in several months. The second channel stresses the effects of COVID-19 on people in recipient countries and how news, arguments, and messages about them influence donor-side public attitudes. First, we estimate the ITT effect by comparing the expressed aid support under the treatment about household financial worries against the control condition. Prompting respondents to worry about the country''s financial situation causes them to be less supportive of foreign aid, while asking them to consider their own household finances does little to their aid opinions. The results from two experiments demonstrate that voters'' worry about the financial impact of COVID-19 on their own country reduces their support for aid and that their awareness of the benefits of assisting developing countries in curbing the second wave of outbreak at home substantially increase support.
cord-354339-tchu91av	2020	Photo: Nurse wearing locally produced low cost COVID-19 kit and filling the score card from a suspected patient for initial screening and triage at the emergency control room (from the collection of Dr Naeem Shahzad, used with permission). Therefore, this study has made an effort to design a rapid assessment score card using bottom up approach starting from community level which will help the low-income and developing countries to ascertain the suspected COVID-19 cases at community level. To develop an effective tool for patient screening without overburdening the health care infrastructure while still not compromising the control over the spread of the disease and preventive measures, an effective score card has been developed covering numerous effective parameters for rapid assessment of the probable COIVD-19 cases, as shown in Figure 1 .
cord-354656-9ao33rq8	2014	2 The success of rat extermination in controlling plague in Sydney 3 provided a triumphant validation of new microbiological theories; Joseph Lister''s carbolic spray was adopted by local surgeons; 4 Emil von Behring''s antitoxin treatment reduced mortality from diphtheria; 5 and Paul Ehrlich''s vision of a magic bullet to cure all infections was given credibility by the effi cacy of Salvarsan (arsphenamine, an arsenic-containing compound) against syphilis. 9,10 9,10 During World War II (WWII), intensive screening of Australian troops by miniature x-ray was followed up with bacteriological testing to identify patients with active infection, for whom treatment was compulsory. Tests were developed to screen donated blood and it soon became apparent that injecting drug use had silently amplifi ed prevalence of hepatitis C infection in young people in Western countries.
cord-355074-u5s3uzp6	2020	We also collected data on variables that could explain the apparent differences in COVID-19 case numbers, mortality, and tests in Africa, compared to other parts of the world. Case numbers, mortality, number of tests performed, and demographic data were summarized and compared by continents, regions, and countries within the continent of Africa. The number of cases per million population (pmp) globally is 2,278, with South America (9549 pmp), North America (9,331) and Europe (3,842) the most affected regions, while Africa has a lower rate of 695 pmp ( Figure 2 ). Within the continent as well, countries with slightly older populations like Egypt and South Africa are also the ones with the highest numbers and the greater case fatality rates ( Figure 5 ). The prevalence of these conditions is greatest in the countries of the Maghreb and South Africa all of which have the highest case numbers and the worst CFR on the continent (Figures 6 and 7) .
cord-355726-44x0idzn	2017	This book also provides knowledge and understanding about social and administrative aspects of pharmacy in healthcare in lowand middle-income countries. On the other hand, there are growing problems with medicines, the health system, and human resources, especially in the LMICs. There are countries with high prices of medicines, a wide prevalence of nonquality medicines (i.e., substandard and counterfeit), lack of access to medicines, and absence of a national medicines policy (NMP) even with strong encouragement from World Health Organization (WHO). Further according to Frieden and Henning (2009) , a progress of public health in developing countries is possible but will require sufficient funding and human resources; improved physical infrastructure and information systems; effective program implementation and regulatory capacity; and, most importantly, political will at the highest levels of government. Social pharmacy scientists utilize both sciences to improve clinical practice, enhance the effectiveness of pharmaceutical regulations and policy, advocate political awareness, and promote improvements in pharmaceutical health services and healthcare delivery.