key: cord-314810-ny4mnzqc
authors: Provenzi, Livio; Baroffio, Elisa; Ligabue, Susanna; Borgatti, Renato
title: The Little Professor and the Virus: Scaffolding Children’s Meaning Making During the COVID-19 Emergency
date: 2020-08-13
journal: Front Psychiatry
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00817
sha: 
doc_id: 314810
cord_uid: ny4mnzqc

nan

This uncertainty-together with the lack of a specific and effective treatment for the Covid-19-can further feed the fears and the sense of vulnerability of citizens-both adults and children. In this context, whereas the healthcare policies adopted by different countries could help to contain and mitigate the infection spread, for most families they also represent severe restrictions to social relationships and habits (8) . Previous research on the well-being of parents and children during and after healthcare emergencies suggest that both can develop post-traumatic stress symptoms (9) . Increased prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms was reported in survivals of the SARS epidemic (10) and preliminary evidence of similar psychological effects are also emerging for the Covid-19 emergency (11) . Notably, the stress perceived by parents may widely affect parenting behaviors (12) and the quality of parent-child interaction (13, 14) . Neuroscientific (15) and epigenetic (16) evidence suggests that these stress-related parenting effects may have profound intergenerational consequences for children's emotional and cognitive development (17) (18) (19) . Thus, it is not surprising that the psychological consequences of Covid-19 emergency have been identified as the "second tsunami" of this unprecedented pandemic (20) .

In sum, scaffolding children's meaning-making process during the present pandemic is crucial to help them cope with the emergency situation and to avoid the overwhelming and traumatic effects of misleading or partial cognitive appraisal and emotional over-reactions. It is possible to identify different ways in order to create a safe environment in which parents and other adult caregivers (e.g., teachers, educators) can help young children to deal with the COVID-19 emergency. In this article, we would like to highlight four ways through which adults can guide their children through the meaning-making process: selfregulation, careful listening, simple talking, and playing and practicing together ( Figure 1 ).

First, parents should be in touch with their emotions and they are warranted to recognize, express, and regulate them in an adaptive way. Despite school-aged children may have a greater understanding of the verbal content of adults' communications, infants are already sensitive to non-verbal cues such as looking, pointing, vocal tone, and other adults' emotional and social expressions (21, 22) . Even during preschool age, children could perceive the adults' emotional state and they could respond consistently (23) . Nonetheless, as especially young infants during the first two years of life may have only a partial access to the meaning of adults' communications, their "Little professor"-who is constantly in search of coherent meanings-may be especially vulnerable to misinterpretations and pragmatic errors (24) . In this context, infants may use the emotional expression of the caregivers to interpret the safety of ambiguous conditions (i.e., meaning-making) and to adopt consequent problem solving actions (e.g., coping strategies). The social referencing literature has largely provided examples of this by means of the so-called visual cliff experiment. In the visual cliff, infants move on a glass-covered table divided into a shallow side under which a checkered pattern is placed right beneath the glass and a deep side under which a similar pattern is placed some distance below the glass, creating an apparent drop (25, 26) . When mothers posed a happy expression, almost all infants crossed the cliff, whereas none of the infants who observed mothers' fearful expression crossed, suggesting that at least from 12-month age infants resolve ambiguous conditions by integrating the parents' emotional expressions in their implicit meaning-making (27) . For this reason, caregivers should validate their own feelings of anxiety, fear, and worries and they should not neglect them dismissively. After all, it is in the reciprocal and mutual exchange of affective states that happen within the parent-child relationship, that children can develop appropriate and successful emotional regulation strategies and resilience to stress (28) . Parents who are able to be in deep touch with their affective inner world, validating not only their positive emotional states but even depressive and anxious ones, can provide regulatory support and help their children deal with similar feelings, co-constructing with them instruments capable of adaptive emotional regulation (5) . In other words, parents who let themselves express their real emotions will also grant the same permission to their young children. Reassuring children about the perceived alarm and risk for health can be successful only if it Second, adults that do not neglect their own emotions can also promote a careful listening of children's affective messages and communications. By supporting their child's spontaneous emotional expression, adults can detect how the "Little Professor" in their child is trying to develop a coherent meaning of the situation. Indeed, previous research suggests that family-based narrative approaches provide a structured opportunity to elicit parents' and children's meaning-making, assemble divergent storylines into a shared family narrative, and thereby enhance members' skills to cope with stressful and traumatic events developing hope and trust in family support (29) . Careful and open listening by parents can allow children to freely express their feelings of fear and worries about the emergency within a relationship in which they may feel safe and protected (30) . It should be highlighted that this personal creative and intuitive way of meaning making which is typical of the "little professor" is often limited in options (31). It provides emotional containment and protective survival strategies that require further scaffolding and permissions from parents to allow the emergence of more functional and adaptive coping strategies to face challenging life conditions. Additionally, far from hinder this intuitive thinking, adults can engage in a careful listening of children emotional world and they can understand which are the elements contributing to the emergent meaning-making process that they are developing (32) . This is a crucial step for parents to provide further explanations to children and to promote a positive dialogue about the affective states and the cognitive representations arising from the lived experience of the Covid-19 emergency. Moreover, it should be important to note that this particular attitude to careful listening is warranted to continue across time as new information and knowledge can arrive to the children in different moments, thus requiring continuous interactive rearrangement and mutual refinement of the meaningmaking process. Third, when adults' self-regulation is in place and careful listening is available for children, caregivers can now provide active contributions to the meaning-making process by using simple language. Avoiding complex concepts and explaining the emergency-related issues with age-appropriate words is crucial to clean up the messy ensemble of information to which the children are exposed (33) . For example, receiving communications expressed in simple language can help the children to understand the Covid-19 symptoms, the risk factors and the appropriate behaviors needed to deal with the emergency. As the "Little Professor" use intuitive and analogic forms of representations, the use of metaphors, drawings and "as if" language can facilitate the integration of information by the child, stimulate curiosity and avoid the emergence of "monsters" or the persistence of scaring images in the meaning mindset of the child. Moreover, mother and fathers are encouraged to talk with their child together, as a way to communicate that the family as a system is coherent and to reinforce the strength of the messages. From this perspective, observing children's spontaneous and subjective creations may allow the adults to monitor the meaning-making process that is unwinding within their inner world.

Fourth, the active engagement of parents during recreative activities can further scaffold children's meaning-making during the Covid-19 emergency. Indeed, recreational activities represent the best secure setting in which parents and their children can share meanings about the actual emergency (34) . During these moments, caregivers can enhance children's intuitive and creative thinking, offering them coherent explanations about what is happening and directly co-constructing meanings and representations. As previously mentioned, the precocious experiences of parental holding and emotional regulation are key to make meanings about the physical, social, and psychological world the child is living in. For example, drawing and playing together allow parents and children to co-create a shared symbolic and analogic language through which a sensitive emotional education process is warranted to enhance children's capacity to perceive, label, and differentiate among their own emotional feelings and affective states (35) . By playing and practicing together, parents and children develop a shared grammar of meanings that will contribute to create a safe environment for psychological, emotional, and cognitive explorations later in life (36) . In this crucial process, caregivers act like a mirror that may reflect and disentangle their child's affective states. The current Italian context provides a clear example of this co-creation, which is the shared drawing of rainbows with the claim "Everything will be all right". This symbolic creation highlights the importance to develop a common symbolism within the family that can also be shared on-line with peers, contributing to support hope and resilience for the future (37, 38) .

In sum, in times of such an unprecedented global healthcare emergency, adults have the responsibility to take care and partner with children in producing integrated, coherent, and adequate meaning-making on the pandemic (39) . In fact, young children create internal representations of their experiences of "being-with" the adult caregivers who support them to make sense about the surrounding environment (40) . The cognitive and emotional appraisal of subjective experiences by the "Little Professor" allow the development of adaptive reactions to the situation and peculiar and subjective survival strategies. For this reason, by helping the present generation of children in dealing with the Covid-19 emergency, we hope adults can successfully contribute in nurturing a new generation of human beings that will share enhanced resiliency when faced with future unexpected and stressful events.

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