key: cord-316440-xt9tl7td
authors: Severo, Eliana Andrea; de Guimarães, Julio Cesar Ferro; Dellarmelin, Mateus Luan
title: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on environmental awareness, sustainable consumption and social responsibility: evidence from generations in Brazil and Portugal
date: 2020-11-05
journal: J Clean Prod
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124947
sha: 
doc_id: 316440
cord_uid: xt9tl7td

The COVID-19 Pandemic has become a major public health concern worldwide, which can impact environmental sustainability and social responsibility, as well as people's quality of life. In this context, environmental awareness, sustainable consumption and social actions of people have been effectively changed, as a period of quarantine, social isolation and health crisis caused by Pandemic has been experienced. This study aims to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on environmental awareness, sustainable consumption and social responsibility, in the perception of Baby Boomers, X and Y generations, residents in Brazil and Portugal. The method used was quantitative research, of a descriptive character, through a survey applied to 3236 people, which was analyzed with the use of Structural Equation Modeling. The results indicate that COVID-19 Pandemic is an important vector in people's behavioral change, which reflects on environmental sustainability and social responsibility. It It is noteworthy that the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic had a greater influence on sustainable consumption, followed by environmental awareness, and to a lesser extent, on social responsibility. There was also greater relevance in Portugal, as well as the perception of the Baby Boomers generation. This study also provides a framework such as metrics to measure a transformational event, which is the COVID-19 Pandemic in socio-environmental aspects and conscious consumption.

Since the new Coronavirus disease outbreak (COVID-19) originated in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019, it has become a threat to the health and life of the world population, as a global Pandemic has unleashed, and it is a severe acute respiratory syndrome . Although this COVID-19 Pandemic reached South America a little later than other regions, such as Europe and the United States of America (USA), all countries on the continent recorded cases of COVID-19 Jamaati et al., 2020; Kirby, 2020; Mansoor et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2020) . The outbreak of a new Coronavirus, COVID-19, is challenging international public health and medical care efforts (Popescu, 2020) .

The global expansion of COVID-19 has put increasing pressure on the World Health Organization (WHO). In this context, several strategies have been taken to tackle the Pandemic, including increased funding for WHO. However, according to Jeyabaladevan (2020) , the increase in funding in itself does not facilitate the workload of health professionals, because, in addition to the high number of patients, there is a large number of contaminated employees, which causes problems for the meeting the demand of infected patients. These are unprecedented times and are affecting many health services. Among people infected with COVID-19, the intensive care of critically ill patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) needs substantial medical resources .

In this scenario, the resources of the Health Systems have been shown to be fragile, insufficient, with several bottlenecks and inadequate, especially in the case of underdeveloped countries (Chattu and Yaya, 2020) , as in the case of Brazil, and unlike Portugal, which also has a smaller territorial scope. Pandemic has been present in Brazil on a large scale, due also to its territorial size, which has caused different preventive measures in the States, due to a large number of infected people, such as: personal protection measures (hand washing, cough etiquette, and facial coverage), closing trade and non-essential services, online education, conference calls, case detection, isolation, contact tracking, quarantine, social detachment, and the Lockdown. According to Chen et al. (2020) and Khanna et al. (2020) , a single policy of social distance can reduce the spread of epidemics. Still, generally several policiesincluding more restrictive measures, such as social isolation and quarantine -are implemented in combination to increase effectiveness.

In Brazil, Pandemic data is alarming, the country confirmed the first case of contamination on 02/25/2020. As a result of COVID-19, 06/03/2020 there were 555383 people infected, 31199 deaths (Coronavírus Brasil, 2020) , and with a lethality rate of 5.6%, however, there is a great underreporting of infected cases, as well as deaths, as many patients do not they are subjected to the COVID-19 detection tests, and others die in their own homes.

In addition to this chaos, hospitals in Brazil are overcrowded in most states, as well as a shortage of ICU beds, mechanical ventilators, and respirators.

It is up to the federal, state and municipal governments, managers, universities and researchers to integrate more, aiming at the development of actions, public policies and research to address the deficiency of the Health Systems, the adequate treatment for the infected, the maintenance of the quality of life of conservation of jobs and income, as well as the development of medicines and vaccines for COVID-19.

In Portugal, the first case registered by the General Directorate of Health (DGS), of COVID-19 infection, was on 03/2/2020. As of this date, the government started discussions to outline strategies to combat Pandemic in the parents. The main measure implemented on March 18 was the State of Emergency Decree 14-A/2020, which establishes the terms of the exceptional measures to be implemented during the term of this decree, which was renewed until May 4 (Dpr, 2020) .

Given this pandemic context in Portugal, and until 06/05/2020, the number of deaths is 1465, with a lethality rate of 4.3%. Also, in this period, 33969 confirmed cases were registered by the General Health Directorate (DGS) (Dgs, 2020) . Table 1 shows the evolution and comparison of the Epidemic and cases of COVID-19 in Brazil and Portugal, in the period in which the research was carried out (05/06/2020). In this problematic scenario of Pandemic, people can develop or worsen mental illnesses (Zhai and Du, 2020) , such as anxiety and panic attacks (Blake et al., 2020) , insomnia, increase the consumption of psychotropics and alcoholic beverages, because besides to be socially isolated, there is a concern with the contamination and loss of family members who are at risk groups.

The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on sustainability have not yet been seen, but profound and pervasive social changes are likely to occur in the coming months and years (Sarkis et al., 2020) . It is noteworthy that the production of household and hospital waste increased at significant levels. According to Zambrano-Monserrate et al. (2020) , Wuhan hospitals produced an average of 240 tons of medical waste per day during the outbreak, compared to the previous average of less than 50 tons. According to Wuang an Su (2020),

Pandemic also significantly reduced the concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f atmosphere, the decline initially occurred near Wuhan and eventually spread across the country as the decline in economic activities and restrictions traffic leads directly to changes in China's energy consumption and further avoids polluting the environment, so quarantine measures can not only protect the public of COVID-19, but also have a positive impact on the environment.

According to , energy efficiency has been neglected in economic recovery plans to respond to COVID-19 in several countries, and trade protectionism is on the rise, especially in developed countries, so it is of great importance avoiding a retaliatory recovery in post-COVID-19 carbon emissions, therefore improving energy intensity can also help to reduce carbon emissions after the COVID-19 pandemic.

The importance of environmental awareness and sustainable consumption by generations is highlighted, as these generations are responsible for current and future actions in organizations and society , which impacts on the regional economy (De Guimarães et al., 2114; Severo et al., 2017) , the preservation of the environment (Dorion et al.,2012) and in people's quality of life.

For Jribi et al. (2020) , there was a positive impact on the social block of COVID-19 on the awareness, attitudes, and behaviors of Tunisian consumers related to food waste. For Cohen (2020) , the COVID-19 Pandemic marks the beginning of a sustainable consumption transition. Although sustainable production has been absorbed in the past three decades by the prevailing social commitments, governance structures, and business models, the associated notion of sustainable consumption has been striving to obtain equal attention (Cohen, 2019 

The theoretical framework will be based on the Hypotheses that support the Theoretical Research Model (Fig. 1 ). Hallema et al. (2020) , emphasize that the environmental responses to the economic slowdown, triggered by the Pandemic, resulted in a negative effect of human beings and organizations on the environment. In this scenario, the analysis of environmental awareness about water consumption represents an essential tool for water efficiency and decisionmaking procedures, aligned with the challenges that have arisen due to the scarcity of water resources (Gómez-Llanos et al., 2020) .

Another important element is air pollution, according to Zambrano-Monserrate et al.

(2020), there is a significant association between COVID-19 Pandemic contingency measures and the improvement of air quality, clean beaches and reduction of environmental noise.

According to Tahir and Batool, (2020) , the COVID-19 Pandemic decreased 0.3% in global carbon dioxide emission, after the collapse of 2009, due to the confinement of the local transport and aviation sector, which brings improving air quality for the next generation (Rugani and Cari, 2020) . However, according to Zambrano-Monserrate et al. (2020) , there are also negative secondary aspects, such as the reduction of recycling and the increase of waste, compromising the contamination of physical spaces, where the greatest waste and reduction of recycling are negative side effects of COVID-19.

According to Fattorini and Regoli (2020) , long-term air quality data correlated significantly with cases of COVID-19 in 71 Italian provinces (updated on April 27, 2020), providing further evidence that chronic exposure to contamination atmospheric exposure may represent a favorable context for the spread of the virus. Coherently, Pirouz et al. (2020a) report that population density and climate conditions can affect COVID-19 cases. However, Sarkis et al. (2020) highlight that the Coronavirus outbreak also has positive environmental consequences, that is, significant reductions in air pollution, due to the large-scale slowdown in economic activity.

For Sofo and Sofo (2020) 

The research by Jribi et al. (2020) , demonstrated that the social block for COVID-19

improved the performance of food purchases and led to a positive behavioral change about food waste, where an economy, storage, and leftover consumption strategy occurred.

However, according to the authors, the changes of consumers in the prevention of food waste may be more motivated by the socioeconomic context of the blockade of COVID-19 (that is, availability of food, restricted movements, loss of income), than by a pro-environmental concern.

According to Muhammad et al. (2020) , the blockade due to COVID-19 has drastic effects on social and economic fronts, however, this blockade also has some positive effect on the natural environment. Still, according to the authors, data released by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and ESA (European Space Agency) indicate that pollution in some of the epicenters of COVID-19, such as Wuhan, Italy, Spain and the USA, has been reduced by up to 30%. The study by Wuang and Su (2020) highlights that the COVID-19 Pandemic reduced the concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in the atmosphere, as well as the research by Shehzad et al. (2020) , where there was also a significant decline in NO 2 in renowned states of India, namely Delhi and Mumbai.

However, the research by Collivignarelli et al. (2020) points out that in the metropolitan area of Milan, where there was a severe limitation in the movement of people, after the partial and total blocking measures, it determined a significant reduction in the concentration of pollutants, mainly due to vehicle traffic, about sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ). The J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f research by Lal et al. (2020) , there was a substantial reduction in the level of NO 2 , a low reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) and a low to moderate reduction in the optical depth of the aerosol, in the main hot spots of the COVID-19 outbreak during February-March 2020, which can also be attributed to mass blocks.

In this scenario, the study by Bashir et al. (2020) indicates that environmental pollutants such as PM 10 , PM 2.5 , SO 2 , NO 2 and CO have a significant correlation with the COVID-19 epidemic in California, just as it becomes relevant to encourage regulators to promote changes in environmental policies, because controlling the source of pollution can reduce the harmful effects of environmental pollutants.

According to Hsu et al. (2020) , many lessons learned will serve as a model for dealing with future Pandemics, but a new sustainable model is needed for the immediate future.

Quarantine policies have led consumers to increase their demand for online shopping for home delivery. Consequently, the organic waste generated by households has increased; also, food purchased online is shipped packaged so that inorganic waste also increased (Zambrano- Monserrate et al., 2020) .

In this context, sustainable consumption has been the subject of several scientific studies. For Baier et al. (2020) , the constant increase in sustainable consumer behavior leads companies to strengthen their efforts to become socially and ecologically more sustainable, as sustainability offers are developed, for example, through recycled materials, circular business models, as well as adapted product, ranges with fewer fashion cycles. According to Lo and Liu (2018) , for efficient, sustainable consumption, the disposal, and separation of domestic solid waste, as well as recycling is essential for the local community.

About inputs and natural resources, Rauf et al. (2020) point out that energy consumption in the high-tech industry and economic growth deteriorates environmental quality. Still, financial development and consumption of renewable energy have a favorable effect on the environment. The research by Liu and Song (2020) highlights that producing more food with limited water resources, as well as improving the efficiency of water use, is an urgent task, especially in arid and semi-arid areas with fragile ecosystems and severe water shortages. O´Brien and Bringezu (2017), on the other hand, report that the levels of wood consumption have increased considerably in recent years, being considered sustainable forest management practices, aiming at changes in the terrestrial system and the global distribution of common good resources, so that consumption levels are linked to sustainable supply capacities.

In this context of the global COVID-19 Pandemic, sustainable development is considered a key concept and solution in the creation of a promising and prosperous future for human societies (Pirouz et al., 2020b) , where sustainable consumption must be global policies (Cohen, 2020) , since the maintenance of natural resources must be sustainable so that the next generations have their needs met . Therefore, H2 is listed.

H2: COVID-19 Pandemic (COV) positively influences Sustainable Consumption (SC).

According to Sarkis et al. (2020) , the COVID-19 Pandemic is a time when people are oriented to unite and support each other in society, and they must be learned to do it from a distance. However, according to the authors, behavior and changes are necessary, and some of them can provide useful insight into how it is possible to facilitate transformations towards more sustainable projects and supply and production. Another aspect is the need for eminent new forms of learning (Signori et al., 2018) in schools, favoring distance learning to guarantee physical distance.

Various measures, such as mobility restrictions, physical distance, hygienic measures, socioeconomic restrictions, communication mechanisms and international support have been used in several countries to minimize the impact of COVID-19 (De Bruin et al., 2020).

According to Bengtsson et al. (2018) , consumption and production volumes are closely associated with environmental impacts, indicating the need to reduce these volumes in order to safeguard social responsibility, which is unlikely to be possible without a restructuring of the existing socio-economic arrangements.

However, low-and middle-income countries remain vulnerable to Pandemics, as well as experiencing dramatic social and economic consequences (Chattu and Yaya, 2020) . In this scenario, for the effectiveness of social responsibility actions, it will be necessary to work to ensure the emergence and success of the adoption of new types of economic development and governance models, and these social changes will require reflection, new behaviors, and thoughtful action (Sarkis et al., 2020) . Tisdell (2020) Francis and Pegg, 2020; Khan et al., 2020; Tekleab et al., 2020) . What can be evidenced in the campaigns of Institutions that help countries and people who are socially vulnerable, focused on homeless people, migrants, and refugees, drug users, the elderly, children, and people deprived of their freedom (Unhcr/Acnur 2020; Médicos sem Fronteiras, 2020; Cruz Vermelha Brasileira, 2020, Actionaid, 2020).

H3: COVID-19 Pandemic (COV) positively influences a Social Responsibility (SR).

As a moderating effect, it is admitted that intervening variables may occur in the dependency relations between the constructs. In this study, the possibility of the Generations and the country in which the respondents reside was evaluated, as they may interfere in the intensity of the relationships, which alters the influence of COVID-19 on Environmental

Awareness, Sustainable Consumption and Social Responsibility.

The generations were classified according to personal, behavioral characteristics and

year of birth, as according to studies Severo et al. (2018) , there is a difference in the perception of the Baby Boomers, X and Y generations, on behavioral aspects related to socioenvironmental dimensions and conscious consumption. The criterion used to classify the generations was the period of year of birth: before 1965 (Baby Boomers); from 1965 to 1981 (generation X); and, after 1981 (generation Y). Based on this premise, the hypotheses of the moderating effect of generations (H4a, H4b, H4c) were evaluated:

H4a: Generations has a moderating effect on the relationships between COV and EA.

H4b: Generations has a moderating effect on the relationships between COV and SC.

H4b: Generations has a moderating effect on the relationships between COV and SR. 

In this sense, the research hypotheses (H5a, H5b, H5c) that presupposes the existence of a moderating effect on the country in which the respondent resides emerges, which are described below:

H5a: The respondent's country of residence has a moderating effect on the relationships between COV and EA.

H5b: The respondent's country of residence has a moderating effect on the relationships between COV and SC.

H5b: The respondent's country of residence has a moderating effect on the relationships between COV and SR. The method used was a quantitative and descriptive research (Hair Jr. et al., 2013) , through a survey, with the perception of different generations, 2676 Brazilians, and 560

Portuguese. The sample is non-probabilistic, for convenience (Hair Jr. et al., 2013) , which meets the sample size requirements (Hair Jr. et al., 2013) , in which 154 respondents were obtained per observable variable, as well, the sample surpasses the premise of more than 200

to 400 valid cases (Kline, 2011; Hair Jr. et al., 2013) , in which a total of 3272 responses were collected, 11 cases were eliminated (univariate outliers) and 25 cases by multivariate outliers (Mahalanobis distance), resulting in 3236 valid cases.

The questionnaire (Table 3) 

The The questionnaire statements and the preliminary results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) are described in Table 3 . The Total Variance Explained, which evaluates all variables together resulted in 59.24%, as the Variance Explained for each construct (Table 2) obtained values above 50% Based on the parameters described in Fig. 2 

Results), it is evident that the observable variables and constructs meet the requirements of normality, reliability and statistical validation, therefore the data indicate feasibility for the application of the SEM methodology to evaluate the relationships between the constructs.

Based on the Theoretical Model ( Fig. 1 ) and the possible correlations between the observable variables of each construct, the Integrated Model (Fig. 3) From the parameters described in Fig. 2 , in item 2.2Evaluation of the quality of the measurement model and structural model, the adjustment indexes of the model were verified J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f (Table 5 ). The NFI, IFI, TLI and CFI indices were close to the parameters recommended by Bentler and Bonett (1980) , Tanaka and Huba (1985) , Bollen (1989) , Bentler (1990) , McDonald and Marsh (1990) and Hair Jr. et al. (2013) . The RMSEA resulted in value within the established parameters. To assess the possibility of a moderating effect on Generations, the SE and Chi-square Difference values were calculated. Table 6 indicates that the SE values present significant differences, which confirms the hypotheses H4a, H4b and H4c. It is noteworthy that in COV EA relations Generation Y received less influence from COVID-19 Pandemic on EA (SE = 0.903), however, this is a very high intensity of influence. However, in the COV SC relation, Generation Y has a higher intensity (SE=1.139), in comparison with the values of Baby Boomers and Generation X, which are of high intensity. In the COV SR relation, the Baby Boomers generation (SE=0.701) presents a big difference in comparison with the other generations. The evaluation of the interference of the generations on the averages of the responses, measured by ANOVA (Table 7) , identified that significant differences occurred (p<0.001) in all constructs (COV, EA, SC, SR). In the COV construct, Generations X and Y had higher response averages than Baby Boomers, demonstrating that they are more affected by the situation of COVID-19 Pandemic. In the EA, SC and SR constructs, Baby Boomers have higher mean response values compared to Generations X and Y. They are demonstrating that the Baby Boomers generation has socio-environmental behaviors that are more adequate to the principles of sustainability. Table 8 shows the SE values for Brazil and Portugal. The results confirm the H4a and H4c hypotheses, so the multigroup analysis reveals that there is a difference in Chi-square and SE values, showing that in Portugal the COV EA and COV SR relations are higher compared to Brazil, highlighting them It is noted that the influence of COVID-19 Pandemic on Social Responsibility is considered a high intensity among residents in Portugal. The COV SC relationship does not present significant differences in the SE and Chi-square values. Therefore, the H4b hypothesis has not been confirmed. Construct SC showed no differences between countries. ANOVA identified that the constructs COV, EA and SR present higher average responses in Brazil, which shows the concern with the situation of COVID-19 Pandemic, with the construction of a thought of greater socio-environmental responsibility.

Declared gender (Male, Female, another gender); ii) Work Position jobs (Auxiliary, Analyst/Technical, Manager, Teacher, Others, and work in the health field) iii) Education (high school, undergraduate, post-graduate / specialization, master's degree, doctorate). The ANOVA and Mean values of the Constructs of the Declared gender, Work Position Jobs, and Education groups are expressed in Table 9 . 

Regarding the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, a significant increase in the Symptom of Psychological Disorder was identified: a high rate of 52.9% of respondents who admit to feeling Symptom of Psychological Disorder (insomnia, anxiety, panic, or depression) and 23.5% of respondents say they are consuming more Alcoholic Beverage Consumption.

These indicators reinforce that the COVID-19 Pandemic, besides being a physical health problem, is a social phenomenon that promotes mobility restrictions, physical distance, hygienic measures and socioeconomic restrictions (De Bruin et al., 2020) , which contributes to presenting symptoms mental illness and anxiety and panic attacks (Blake et al., 2020; Zhai and Du, 2020) .

Another aggravating factor is that the activity in the Home Office modality, in which 84.6% of the respondents who work, received incentives from companies to perform professional activities at home, which aggravates the situation, because in the family context, in many cases, there is the problem that the children are at home (schools are not working) and therefore add to this demand for care, in addition to professional activity in Home Office. The results of the hypothesis tests (Table 4 ) prove the influence of COVID-19

Pandemic (COV) on EA, SC and SR constructs, confirming hypotheses H1, H2 and H3. In this regard, the research findings indicate that people are being influenced by the context of the Pandemic. Therefore, there has been increased concern about socio-environmental issues and the consumption of environmentally sustainable products, which can be evidenced by the high intensity of relationships COV EA (SE=0.979) and COV SC (SE=1.090). The growing increase in environmental awareness and sustainable consumption can be partly explained by the pandemic situation and also by studies by Cohen (2020) Pandemic contingency measures improved air quality.

Another relevant factor in the research is the increase in respondents' environmental awareness, however, there is also an increase in the production of household waste, as well as infectious waste in health care units, as highlighted by Zambrano-Monserrate et al. (2020) , the production of medical waste in Wuhan increased at significant levels. In the specific case of Brazil, this fact is worrying, since the treatment and final disposal of domestic and hospital waste are often not adequate since some States do not yet have a selective collection system and landfill, which is already recommended by the Brazilian legislation (Brasil-PNRS, 2010; Brasil-ANVISA, 2004) .

The results of COV SC (SE=0.481) show the influence of Pandemic on social responsibility, however this relationship is the one that resulted in a less intense value, showing that respondents are less sensitive to social problems caused by COVID-19

Pandemic. These findings highlight that the respondents are not engaged or concerned with social issues, with people in social vulnerability, as well as with the least disadvantaged, diverging from the study by Orcutt et al. (2020) , which shows that Pandemic is changing people's behavior and social awareness. Other research also points to these social changes, through the promotion of social campaigns, distribution of food, clothing, personal protective equipment and medicines (Al Reyaysa et al., 2019; Francis and Pegg, 2020; Khan et al., 2020; Tekleab et al., 2020) .

The measurement of the moderating effect of the Generations on the relationships between the constructs (Table 6) identified that there are significant differences in the SE values, which confirmed the hypotheses H4a, H4b and H4c. The research results showed the difference between the behavior of different generations, which corroborates the studies by Severo et al. (2018) , who claim that Baby Boomers' behaviors tend to be more conservative and concerned with the quality of life of the family circle, and Generation X is focused on career and job maintenance, just as Generation Y is highly connected with new information technologies and are prone to taking risks. This view of the study by Severo et al. (2018) helps explain the Baby Boomers' responses that resulted in the high COV EA (0.963) and (Table 8) . Respondents from Brazil stand out in the list due to the high intensity of COV EA (SE=1.165), however the H5b hypothesis has not been confirmed, since the Chisquare difference values are not significant when comparing the two countries. ANOVA also showed significant differences between the groups of respondents (Countries) in the constructs COV, EA and SR, but the construct SC did not show significant differences between the means of the responses of the groups. Table 10 presents the summary of the hypothesis results. Generations has a moderating effect on the relationships between COV and EA Confirmed H4b

Generations has a moderating effect on the relationships between COV and SC Confirmed H4c

Generations has a moderating effect on the relationships between COV and SR Confirmed

The respondent's country of residence has a moderating effect on the relationships between COV and EA Confirmed

The respondent's country of residence has a moderating effect on the relationships between COV and SC Not Confirmed

The respondent's country of residence has a moderating effect on the relationships between COV and SR Confirmed

In the data analysis process, it wares identified that there are intervening variables, which can influence the results of the Framework (Fig. 3) . ANOVA tests between the groups of respondents Declared gender, Work Position jobs and Education ( 

The main contribution of the research is the Framework (Fig. 3) criticism with the press and media, which causes distrust in society. However, in Portugal, this situation is better resolved, in the COV SR relationship, as expressed by the results (Table 8 ). In Brazil, the phenomenon of COVID-19 did not influence people's awareness of social responsibility, so it is the role of governments, educational institutions, and companies to foster this feeling of helping socially vulnerable people, as well as welcoming people in difficulties, and the achievement donation.

The survey results indicate that there is a high consumption (23.5%) alcoholic beverage consumption and 52.9% admit to experiencing Symptom of Psychological Disorder (insomnia, anxiety, panic, or depression) due to the situation caused by Pandemic. Therefore, this finding indicates the urgency government action, for the development of public health programs, in support of people who are living in social isolation. In particular, the survey results point out that the group of Health Professionals (58.3%) are presenting Symptom of Psychological Disorder; therefore, managers of the Health Network must urgently establish intensive psychological support programs for this group of professionals.

Another important finding of the research is in the identification that Generation Y perceives with greater intensity the influence of COV SC (Table 6) , which is an optimistic data about the concern that the new generations have a more conscious consumption posture.

Baby Boomers, on the other hand, are more sensitive to socio-environmental situations in the context of Pandemic, with greater intensity in COV EA and COV SR relations, highlighting that Baby Boomers are more sensitive to SR actions. On the other hand, Generation X, who, in most cases, are responsible for the personal and professional training of the new generations, as they occupy management positions, presented a perception very close to Generation Y, but without important highlights.

Another aspect that must be considered is the social and economic impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic, which are influenced by public policies adopted by countries to face the situation. In Portugal, the government has taken health precautions and contingency plans seriously, maintaining special care to maintain political unity in combating the pandemic. The research, using multivariate data analysis, composed of the tests of normality, variability, AFE, and reliability, contributed to the validation of the measurement model (scale with observable variables grouped in constructs). These tests are essential to reduce the impact of the study limitation, which is associated with the risk of using the Likert type, which is made up of levels and there is no other source for data triangulation (opinions of respondents only), which may cause the formation of response biases, with the occurrence of Common Method Variance (CMV) and the Halo effect (wrong generalization) (Bagozzi and Yi, 1991; Podsakoff et al., 2003; De Guimarães et al., 2018) . The statistical tests and the evaluation of multivariate outliers through the calculation of Mahalanobis distance, contributed to minimize the effect of CVM.

Another limitation of the study is directly related to the data collection that occurred using the Snowball technique, which can lead to similar characteristics among respondents, since the sample's origin is the researchers' contacts, however using social networks (Internet), the necessary randomness occurred to diversify the respondents, which can be seen in section 4.Results, in which the characteristics of the people surveyed are presented. Pandemic is more than a public health problem, it is a factor of social, environmental and economic influence, which will change the way people relate to each other and in society, how we relate to natural resources, and how organizations and governments transformed economic logic for wealth generation after the advent of the pandemic.

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The dark cloud with a silver lining: Assessing the impact of the SARS COVID-19 pandemic on the global environment

Recruiting mothers of children with developmental disabilities: adaptations of the snowball sampling technique using social media

Therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with COVID-19

Modelling crop yield, water consumption, and water use efficiency for sustainable agroecosystem management

Towards sustainable consumption: A socio-economic analysis of household waste recycling outcomes in Hong Kong

The effect of environmental innovation behavior on economic and environmental performance of 182 Chinese firms

COVID-19 pandemic and the risk of infection in multiple sclerosis patients on disease modifying therapies: what the bleep do we know?

The effect of nonnormality on some multivariate tests and robustness to nonnormality in the linear model

Análise de equações estruturais: fundamentos teóricos, softwares & aplicações

Choosing a multivariate model: noncentrality and goodness of fit

Médicos Sem Fronteiras começa ação contra COVID-19 no

COVID-19 pandemic and environmental pollution: a blessing in disguise

What is a sustainable level of timber consumption in the EU: Toward global and EU benchmarks for sustainable forest use

Global call to action for inclusion of migrants and refugees in the COVID-19 response. The Lancet

Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended Remedies

Roadblocks to infection prevention efforts in health care

COVID-19 response

Development of an assessment method for investigating the impact of climate and urban parameters in confirmed cases of COVID-19: A new challenge in sustainable development

Investigating a serious challenge in the sustainable development process: analysis of confirmed cases of COVID-19 (new type of coronavirus) through a binary classification using artificial intelligence and regression analysis

Does sustainable growth, energy consumption and environment challenges matter for Belt and Road Initiative feat? A novel empirical investigation

Impact of COVID-19 outbreak measures of lockdown on the Italian Carbon Footprint

The impact of COVID-19 as a necessary evil on air pollution in India during the lockdown. Environmental Pollution, 115080

A brave new world: lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic for transitioning to sustainable supply and production. Resources, Conservation, and Recycling

Cleaner production, social responsibility and eco-innovation: generations' perception for a sustainable future

Innovation and environmental sustainability: analysis in Brazilian metal-mechanic industry

Gamification as an innovative method in the processes of learning in higher education institutions

Converting home spaces into food gardens at the time of Covid-19 quarantine: all the benefits of plants in this difficult and unprecedented period

Lower mortality of COVID-19 by early recognition and intervention: experience from Jiangsu Province

COVID-19: Healthy environmental impact for public safety and menaces oil market

A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation

Translating corporate social responsibility into action: a social learning perspective

Economic, social and political issues raised by the COVID-19 pandemic

Doe agora e proteja refugiados do COVID-19

A preliminary assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on environment -A case study of China

Preventing carbon emission retaliatory rebound post-COVID-19 requires expanding free trade and improving energy efficiency. Science of The Total Environment

Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment. Science of The Total Environment

Addressing collegiate mental health amid COVID-19 pandemic