cord-017351-73hlwwdh	2017	The literature on crisis and disaster research suggests that we are at another important historical juncture with the emergence of a new distinctive class of disasters and crises not often seen before (Ansell, Boin, & Keller, 2010; Helsloot, Boin, Jacobs, & Comfort, 2012; Tierney, 2014) . In short, societies have continually evolved groups and procedures to try to prevent old and new risks and threats from escalating into disasters and crises. To answer this question, we considered what social science studies and reports had found about behavior in disasters and crises up to the present time. To suggest the importance of cross-societal and cross-cultural differences is simply to suggest that good social science research needs to take differences into account while at the same time searching for universal principles about disasters and crises. There are always new or emergent groups at times of major disasters and crises, but in transboundary events they appear at a much higher rate.
cord-017554-yvx1gyp9	2017	Migration resulting from these natural and man-made events may correspond to current international, regional and national frameworks that are designed to protect and assist refugees-that is, persons who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of persecution-but often, these movements fall outside of the more traditional legal norms and policies. These crises lead to many different forms of displacement, including internal and cross border movements of nationals, evacuation of migrant workers, sea-borne departures that often involve unseaworthy vessels, and trafficking of persons. The State-led Nansen Initiative on cross-border disaster displacement issued an Agenda for Protection that spells out actions that governments can take today to provide humanitarian relief to persons requiring either admission or non-return in these contexts.
cord-021492-z2bjkl9g	2016	In some countries, lack of planning or resources to support business travelers has the potential to be grounds for claims of negligence in a company''s duty of care responsibilities, and can lead to a criminal offense, such as with the United Kingdom''s (UK) Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act of 2007. The chief operating officer at iJET, John Rose, comments that, "A percentage of calls into our crisis response center are for minor, individual medical issues." However, callers may not always know that the situation is minor until they reach someone for support, which is why having an easy-to-identify, easy-to-access, single contact number or hotline for medical and security support is so important to all companies. All of these considerations provide a strong business case for why employers should have unique and specific programs in place for medical services and evacuations for employees and contractors traveling abroad in addition to their standard domestic health care plans and workers'' compensation plans.
cord-022266-nezgzovk	2009	Such situations and approaches to their resolution represent the subject of this chapter in which health risks when traveling and on arrival at destinations are considered, with a section devoted to infectious diseases affecting humans and animals and birds. Health is a major public and private concern in general and a key element in destination choice and visitor satisfaction, with individuals and the tourism industry likely to shun environments where there might be a risk to tourist well-being. Some studies have concluded that the health of as many as 50% of participants is impaired by the experience of international tourism (Dawood, 1989) and the rise in foreign travel has been accompanied by an increased incidence of disease, especially that of a tropical nature (Connor, 2005) . Some initiatives to minimize unnecessary dangers and avoid serious injuries in the fi eld of adventure tourism are operator accreditation schemes, strict health and safety rules, codes of conduct, staff training and the education and prior assessment of participants (Bentley and Page, 2001) .
cord-022367-xpzx22qg	2009	Resort management risk not only involves both demand and supply considerations, it can range in scale from minor yet important internal issues like a lack of staff in crucial situations and places to overwhelming natural disasters or human external interventions like terrorism or financial crises. Adventure tourism operations must be identified in terms of their real risk, and even when they are outsourced to separate organizations with their own liability insurance, their professionalism and record will still impact on a resort''s reputation and business. (de Sausmarez, 2004: 4) It is only when tourism in general and the resort component in particular are shown to be significant local and regional socioeconomic activities that governments and planners will consider them seriously and integrate their needs into macro-crisis management planning. If resorts and tourism are to integrate crisis management with their sustainable development philosophy they will need to identify the anticipated areas of greatest risk.
cord-022394-bbdls7jv	2009	An absence of funds and uncertain investment climate could lead to a crisis for the tourism industry, compounded by the political and social tensions that frequently accompany economic turbulence. An exceptionally strong currency may deter inbound visitors but encourage outbound travel, as demonstrated by Switzerland, where the hotel industry confronted a crisis due to uncompetitive prices in the 1990s. Business had already slumped because of terrorism, the Iraq war and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus which resulted in a number of airline bankruptcies worldwide and government intervention and fi nancial aid to prevent further collapses (BBC News, 2004) Volatile oil prices seem set to continue, but the civil aviation industry appears to have learned lessons from recent experiences about the necessity of planning ahead and taking action to reduce exposure to escalating charges. 3. Which economic impacts of tourism could result in a crisis for the industry?
cord-023104-dpftawj3	2018	When threats emanate from this transboundary space, national governments are often surprised and discover that existing crisis management arrangements do not suffice. The bottom line is that we need to rethink traditional crisis management arrangements in order to prepare for these increasingly common type of threats. This roadmap hinges on a strategic choice between two options that emerge from our discussion of theory: move backward by decoupling from modern systems or move forward by strengthening transboundary crisis management capacities. Transboundary crises may come in different guises, but they share common characteristics that make them difficult to manage: The Transboundary Crisis brings a critical challenge to any administrative system that is based on boundaries and demarcation. By formulating transboundary crisis management as a collective action problem, we can apply theoretical insights from this body of research. Build transboundary crisis management institutions. New processes and forms of organization that can effectively address the Transboundary Crisis.
cord-023128-l0jzpxi0	2013	Outstanding constant features have marked our reflections on the notion of crisis since the end of the 1970s: the vigorous calling for the absolute necessity of a solid theorization so that crisis study could be recognized as a genuine science; frustration due to the extreme difficulty encountered in satisfying conventional demands to secure a grading of academic excellence; hesitation between the addition of case studies, giving way to ever more data, but poor additive knowledge and an extraordinarily difficult theorization, impossible indeed within the usual and normative codes.The whole leading to a contrasted situation made up of undeniable advances in the building of a reference body and in case-study publication, but with repeated calls for a better theorization capable of observing the canons of a noble discipline, well recognized by the scientific world.
cord-023140-ytal7wog	2004	title: Responding to crisis: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and hotels in Singapore The sudden outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore in 2003 was a grave crisis for the tourism industry as a whole and highlights the importance of effectively managing and planning for such occurrences. It focuses on how the epidemic impacted on Singapore''s hotel sector and management reactions to it, affording insights into the problems caused by outbreaks of infectious disease at destinations and possible responses. The epidemic of SARS in 2003 was an exceptional crisis for Singapore''s hotels and an exacting test for its managers, in which advances to near normality were dictated by outside developments and agencies as much as their own efforts. Managing a health-related crisis: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore Chaos, crises and disasters: a strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry
cord-023773-sqojhvwx	2020	The present study analyses the interest of both experts and the general population in the economic-financial crisis that has affected Spain up until 2019. The present work analyses the interest demonstrated by both the general population and economic scholars (and those from related areas) in the economic-financial crisis that affected Spain up until the observed period (2019). Naturally, the goal of the present study was not verifying any previously proposed hypothesis about the interest of academics in the Spanish financial crisis, but simply exploring the trends and patterns in such interest through the analysis of published researches. Related search terms that present a punctual increase include "Spain financial crisis" and "Spanish Economic crisis". The content analysis carried out on the works from the most proliferous authors within the topic indicates that construction is amongst the most addressed industries or sectors in researches related to the crisis.
cord-024316-nc38gr2f	2020	title: CDJ Editorial—What is this Covid-19 crisis? Many who are making the necessary sacrifices for the collective good have never known what it feels like to have their own welfare protected by the state or community. Some governments seem humbled, tentatively steering populations through the crisis, affirming any and all demonstrations of civic responsibility, dripfeeding and parsing restrictions, sequencing the asks according to urgency and legitimacy. Why waste a good crisis, when it''s possible to use it to purge and ''purify'', to spread racism and communal hatred? Community development workers and activists weary of begging Editorial 3 governments for funding for essential services and welfare nets have learned that in the right/wrong circumstances money can be found. We might think of all those who do these things, not because governments or political leaders exhort them to, but because they know and have always known that humanity must be re-socialised, especially at times of crisis.
cord-024569-d9opzb6m	2019	Using two waves of online panel data collected at two different time points during the MERS crisis, I investigate how individuals'' traditional and social media use during the crisis produced various consequences, including increased MERS knowledge, negative emotions such as fear and anxiety, and direct and indirect facilitation of MERS preventive behaviors. I expected that both traditional and social media use in times of crisis could directly and indirectly facilitate preventive behaviors (via MERS knowledge) and negative emotional responses to the MERS situation. I also expect that traditional and social media use about the Korean MERS crisis stimulated negative emotional responses, which in turn influenced both precautionary and panic behaviors in media users. Using two sets of data collected at two different time points during the 2015 MERS crisis in Korea, I investigated how traditional and social media use influenced MERS knowledge, fear and anxiety about the MERS situation, and adoption of preventive behaviors.
cord-025669-hc9ygnde	2020	If governments react to boost growth by stimulating the opportunities perceived by managers, then the negative impact of the crisis can be counterbalanced by strong institutional factor conditions, such as cultural and social norms that encourage entrepreneurship, internal market openness, entrepreneurial education, government programs, among others, even when countries are more negatively affected by unanticipated changes in economic conditions. Considering the previous studies, we may conclude that little attention has been directed at understanding how several institutional factor conditions, viewed by national entrepreneurship experts, impact on the opportunity to create a business, particularly in a global economic crisis context. Irrespective of the type of stream research, several authors maintain that different national institutional factors may contribute to different levels of entrepreneurial activity across countries (Urbano and Alvarez 2014) and, more specifically to increase the opportunities of creating a new business (or start-ups).
cord-026376-8doxts85	2020	title: Organizational synthesis in transboundary crises: Three principles for managing centralization and coordination in the corona virus crisis response Not only does Thompson describe the challenges of centralization and coordination in (transboundary) crisis response organizations, he also hints at a process of organizational synthesis that emerges as the organization swings into action. The more recent notions of sensemaking and organizing concepts (Kuipers & Boin, 2015; Weick, 1979 Weick, , 1995 help to understand how organizational synthesis among many different crisis response actors is achieved when it comes to transboundary crises specifically. The process of organizational synthesis is at the heart of our understanding how crisis response actors in a transboundary crisis successfully deal with the challenges of centralization and coordination in their crisis management. Organizational synthesis in transboundary crises: Three principles for managing centralization and coordination in the corona virus crisis response
cord-027960-qzg2jsz6	2020	Indeed, EMU membership (and the Stability Pact) provided the country with unprecedented stability because it forced successive governments to implement responsible economic policies, which led to greater credibility and the improvement of the ratings of Spain''s public debt (and consequently to lower financing costs). The global liquidity freeze and the surge in commodities, food, and energy prices brought to the fore the unbalances in the Spanish economy: the record current account deficit, persisting inflation, low productivity growth, dwindling competitiveness, increasing unitary labor costs, excess consumption, and low savings, had all set the ground for the current devastating economic crisis (see Royo 2013) . During the years of euphoria following the launching of Europe''s economic and monetary union and prior to the onset of the financial crisis, private capital flowed freely into Spain and, as a result as we have seen, the country ran current account deficits of close to 10% of GDP.
cord-028618-kn87q7nb	2020	The first is that the Coronavirus crisis emerged at a time of fundamental concern about the global state of democracy; the second is that the limited data that is currently available suggests the existence of a common crisis-linked ''rallying around the flag'' effect; and (third) that this uplift in public confidence and trust may well prove to be short-lived. It is in the context of this core prediction that this sub-section makes three arguments: (i) the analysis of previous pandemics exposes the existence of a powerful socio-political ''negativity bias''; (ii) politicians will try and manage this situation through a mixture of blame-games and self-preservation strategies; and (iii) it is already possible to identify a dominant strategy in the UK context that for the sake of brevity can be labelled ''hugging the experts''.
cord-028972-1athnjkh	2020	The rapidly emerging evidence suggests that the capable, far-sighted, and innovative enterprises perceived the slow-downs, or stoppages in some cases, as an opportunity for starting, or increasing, their alternative ways of sustaining activities, including on-line and remote activities and involvements, in order to compensate for the shrinkage in their pre-COVID demands, while the short-sighted or severely resource-constrained SMEs faced the difficult decision of closure in favor of "survival or self-preservation" strategy, thus losing expansion opportunities. In short, a small firm''s potential exposure to cross-sectional and longitudinal risks and uncertainties is also likely to depend on information on a combination of influential factors, some of which are discussed above; prominent 9 Similar arguments apply to national preparedness and national security over time to shield individual and corporate citizens from bearing short-term or long-term high costs-the national costs per capita may pale relative to the immeasurable costs of human mortalities paid by the deceased people and their families, the massive unemployment, or high costs related to shortages in major crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-029228-hgnch1ug	2020	In my research on crisis leadership in higher education, I define crises to be "events or situations of significant magnitude that threaten reputations, impact the lives of those involved in the institution, disrupt the ways in which the organization functions, have a cascading influence on leadership responsibilities and obligations across units/divisions, and require an immediate response from leaders" (Gigliotti 2019, 49) . Effective leadership during times of crisis requires a dual focus on triaging immediate needs while also making strategic decisions that serve the long-term interests of one''s unit, department, or institution. Looking ahead, we will undoubtedly see many changes across our institutions, and the crisis could provide a valuable opportunity to reimagine, reinvent, and renew our work in higher education, all the while remaining sensitive to the needs of students, faculty, and staff.
cord-031232-6cv8n2bf	2020	In this paper, authors from several of the key countries involved in COVID‐19 propose a holistic systems model that views the problem from a perspective of human society including the natural environment, human population, health system, and economic system. 34 In order to take into account and to avoid such paradoxical consequences, one must choose a systems approach to analyze the COVID-19 crisis, integrating all existing domains of knowledge into a common understanding of the crisis, in order to obtain a global vision, both in space and time and at different possible observation scales, and thus giving a chance to find the global optimum for human society as a whole. • The lifecycle of the social system can be analyzed to first order in terms of wealth and health, where these features can be, respectively, In a systems approach, we will thus have to construct the different possible global lifecycle scenarios that can be achieved in this way (see Figure 4 for an illustration of this classical process), to evaluate their probabilities and to define means to mitigate the worst consequences.
cord-031885-by4cujyy	2020	The empirical results show that digitalization has enabled SMEs to respond effectively to the public crisis by making use of their dynamic capabilities. Based on data from an online questionnaire survey conducted with 518 Chinese SMEs, the present study explores the relationships among digitalization, crisis response strategies to the COVID-19 outbreak, and the crisis response performance of SMEs. The survey results clearly show that digitalization can help SMEs employ emergency responses as well as respond strategically to public crises in the long run, thus contributing to the improvement in SMEs'' performance. For long-term crisis responses, SMEs prefer to implement digital transformation strategies (0.71) instead of strategic changes in products, markets, and external relations (0.54). As shown in Table 4 , the survey results generally indicate that the digitalization of SMEs is positively associated with the implementation of crisis response strategies, including both short-term emergency responses (p < 0.05) and long-term strategic responses (p < 0.001).
cord-034509-t1hkwoo2	2020	Beyond short-term initiatives such as surveys or data collection aiming to provide artists and intermediaries with financial and logistical supports, both academics and practitioners must engage in joined-up thinking on the future of art consumption, especially from a consumer''s perspective. The social experience of art consumption has been severely affected by the sanitary crisis, and the consumers'' willingness to attend large-scale cultural manifestations and to pay for online cultural goods and services will be decisive for the future of the sector. If education and incomes are known to influence art consumption (Kurabayashi and Ito 1992) , the current crisis has urged cultural institutions and industries to get a better sense of what their publics and consumers need, value, and expect when traditional consumption patterns are seriously challenged.
cord-034834-zap82dta	2020	Meanwhile, cross-disciplinary research methods from other disciplines have been introduced, such as the introduction of complex network models when studying the structural stability of the system, linking the contagious effects of financial systemic risks to the transmission pathways of infectious diseases or bio-food chains [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] , establishing new measures to measure systemic risk [7] [8] [9] [10] . Therefore, although the academic community still has differences in the definition of systemic risks, by comparing the concepts of systemic risk and financial crisis, and summarizing the definition of systemic risk in the academic world, the concept of systemic risk can be defined from an economic perspective: triggered by macro or micro-events, the institutions in the system are subjected to negative impacts, and more organizations are involved in risk diffusion and the existence of internal correlations strengthens the feedback mechanism, causing the system as a whole to face the risk of collapse.
cord-241351-li476eqy	2020	However, none of the works perform crisis embedding and classification using state of the art attention-based deep neural networks models, such as Transformers and document-level contextual embeddings. This work proposes CrisisBERT, an end-to-end transformer-based model for two crisis classification tasks, namely crisis detection and crisis recognition, which shows promising results across accuracy and f1 scores. While prior works report remarkable performance on various crisis classification tasks using NN models and word embeddings, no studies are found to leverage the most recent Natural Language Understanding (NLU) techniques, such as attention-based deep classification models [21] and document-level contextual embeddings [22] , which reportedly improve state-of-the-art performance for many challenging natural language problems from upstream tasks such as Named Entity Recognition and Part of Speech Tagging, to downstream tasks such as Machine Translation and Neural Conversation. In this work, we investigate the transformer approach for crisis classification tasks and propose CrisisBERT, a transformer-based classification model that surpasses conventional linear and deep learning models in performance and robustness.
cord-262552-smkglves	2020	The results of the qualitative analysis of the verses of the Qur''an and the hadiths of the Prophet''s noble Sunnah have resulted in four concepts that constitute a broad conceptual theory of crisis management according to the Islamic approach. The study applying the content analysis of the texts of the Noble Qur''an, the hadiths of the Prophet''s Sunnah, and extrapolating how crises were managed according to the Islamic approach, and the steps that were followed in managing these crises, in order to develop a theory clarifying crisis management in Islam.
cord-263672-iuo7ukaz	2020	By pursuing policies that can both alleviate the economic recession caused by the coronavirus and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the current crisis presents an opportunity to put the world on a new trajectory with a lower risk of future climate calamities. Many coronavirus policies have temporary effects on carbon emissions (e.g., reduced traffic due to a lockdown), but we see such temporary effects as unimportant, given the long timescales involved in anthropogenic climate change (Le Quéré et al. We present a set of policies that can help reduce the economic fallout of the coronavirus crisis, and simultaneously aid societies in meeting climate change mitigation targets in the longer run. Our goal is to evaluate policies in terms of their potential to mitigate the economic fallout of the coronavirus pandemic, and their long-term effect on climate change.
cord-264974-hspek930	2020	If, despite the explicit warning of the World Health Organization in 2011 that ''The world is ill-prepared to respond to a severe influenza pandemic or to any similarly global, sustained and threatening public-health emergency'' (https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_10en.pdf), it was not apparent to those in charge, and to the general public-i.e., those suffering from COVID-19 infections and the funders of health services (tax/insurance payers)-that existing health systems had inherent vulnerabilities which could prove to be devastating when seriously stressed, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (e.g., see Brüssow, 2020 ) has brutally exposed it now. International benchmarking is mandatory, because it has become clear that there is a wide range of effectiveness in the ability of different countries with developed economies to respond to this crisis (and probably others), and the tax-paying public has no compelling reason to tolerate perpetuation of factors underlying poor responses to crises.
cord-269200-9h2mmp0j	2020	title: Antifragility Amid the COVID-19 Crisis: Making healthcare systems thrive through generic organisational skills The current global outbreak of COVID-19 presents exceptional challenges that can serve as an opportunity for healthcare systems to thrive and boost their antifragility as the pandemic continues to spread and evolve over time. Hence, the focus of this article is on crisis management through the lens of five critical generic organisational skills that give healthcare systems an opportunity to grow and thrive amid the COVID-19 pandemic. 6 The following discussion briefly presents an example of five generic organisational skills that give healthcare systems a chance to boost their antifragility in a VUCA environment like the current COVID-19 crisis. By focusing on both specific and generic organisational skills, systems will not only survive through the crisis but will also grow and thrive towards antifragility.
cord-270885-wkczsrgu	2020	We combine nowcasting methods using up-todate data from Live Registers, official reports on the labour market and policy impacts of COVID-19 with the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and a household income generation model to predict the distributional impact and the fiscal costs of the COVID-19. We overcome this challenge by proposing a more nuanced approach based on a ''nowcasting'' methodology (O''Donoghue and Loughrey, 2014) which combines the latest available European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data with recent data on employment and prices to calibrate a microsimulation model of household incomes, taxes and benefits to produce a real time picture of the population and to identify who is affected differentially (Atkinson et al, 2002) . However, given the nature of the shock, and the multi-faceted impact on household living standards, it is necessary to utilise an augmented version of disposable income, which takes into account also work-related expenditures (childcare, commuting), housing costs and capital losses.
cord-275542-dpay83k8	2020	This paper, therefore, proposes a cause-effects model of perceived airline crisis management capabilities and their influence on brand credibility, brand attitude and purchase intention in the aftermath of large-scale Taiwanese airline strikes. In particular, further insight is needed on how passengers might perceive the relationship of crisis management capabilities on their attitudes to the airline brand, its credibility and their subsequent intention to use. Having developed the model of airline crisis management capabilities and their influence on brand attitude, credibility and intention to use, the study now provides detail of the methodology. Since the construct of perception of airline crisis management capability didn''t have a significant influence on air passengers'' intention, we proceeded to examine the mediating effects (Sobel, 1982) of brand attitude (BA) and brand credibility (BC). The purpose of this research was to propose a cause-effects model of perceived airline crisis management capabilities and their influence on brand credibility, brand attitude and purchase intention in the aftermath of large-scale Taiwanese airline strikes.
cord-276204-ibmnuj5u	2020	Due to the large global impact COVID-19 has had on society, new entrepreneurial education management practices are required to deal with the change. A recent review article on entrepreneurship research by Ferreira, Fernandes and Kraus (2020 found that entrepreneurial principles can be analysed in many different ways depending on the environmental context including health, technology and social-related concerns. In this commentary, we explore the way to encourage entrepreneurial intention in students by focusing on the effects of COVID-19 on entrepreneurship education. Given that the global management education environment has significantly changed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic the content of entrepreneurship education programs varies with some valuing a practical and immersive experience more than others. Measuring the impact of business management student''s attitudes towards entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention: A case study.
cord-280929-4aa20cut	2020	I reflect on how this crisis is letting the most vulnerable in situations of survival because the infrastructures (Butler, 2016) that support our bodies are not functioning. keywords: vulnerability; gender; Covid-19; dominated occupations Before embracing an academic career, I worked for several years in a company where I was a management accountant. Many parents are experiencing right now the same difficult days I am going through: organizing my work, working sometimes at 5 am because I really cannot think of any other timeslot for work, my zoom conferences while my sons are playing in the room next door, homeschooling a 12-year-old boy, a 9-year-old boy and a 4year-old boy at the same time, thinking about meals, laundry, calling family to make sure everyone is fine etc. our lives have collapsed, part of the reason is because some of the infrastructures (associations, schools, day care, stores, offices…) that support our bodies (Butler, 2016) are not functioning during this crisis.
cord-285721-2fimkpd8	2020	To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such paper investigating the problem of urgency detection in social media, both algorithmically and empirically, for arbitrary disasters in low-supervision and transfer learning settings. More generally, projects like CrisisLex, Crisis Computing 4 and EPIC (Empowering the Public with Information in Crisis) have emerged as major efforts in the crisis informatics space due to two reasons: First, the abundance and fine granularity of social media data implies that mining such data during crises can lead to robust, real-time responses; second, the recognition that any technology that is thus developed must also address the inherent challenges (including problems of noise, scale and irrelevance) in working with such datasets. Other relevant work in crisis informatics, both in terms of defining ''actionable information'' problems like urgency and need mining, and providing multimodal Twitter datasets from natural disasters, may be found in (He et al.
cord-289981-ut61qxyc	2012	Crisis management and tourism is attracting increasing attention as an industry practice and subject of academic enquiry, not least in South East Asia which has been affected by a number of severe crises in recent years. The destination is also seen to recover fairly quickly from experiences of crises, but a well designed and formulated tourism crisis management plan under the stewardship of the public sector is necessary to mitigate further damage in the future. Although there is an expanding volume of research on tourism crisis management, the field is relatively new and few studies have investigated the effects of tourism crises in Malaysia as a whole and Penang in particular. Well designed and executed tourism crisis management plans under the stewardship of official agencies are vital to minimise risks and mitigate the damaging impacts of the crises that will inevitably occur in the future.
cord-296500-hrxj6tcv	2020	There have been many social and economic benefits to this digital disruption, but it has also largely contributed to the digital destruction of mental model alignment and shared situational awareness through the propagation of mis-information i.e. reinforcement of dissonant mental models by recommender algorithms, bots and trusted individual platform users (influencers). Some examples 9 of misinformation propagated during the current pandemic include: Dissonant mental models are reinforced by recommender algorithms (Lanzing, 2019 ), bots (McKenna, 2020 and trusted individual platform users or influencers (Enke & Borchers, 2019) resulting in alarming levels of digital destruction which is turn undermines social cohesion and creates a barrier to shared situational awareness and effective crisis response. When digital destruction produces mental model dissonance shared situational awareness between crisis management agencies and the general public becomes impossible to maintain and communicate (both to and from) due to inconsistencies in what constitutes reality and truth, making crisis response unmanageable.
cord-300223-ehabkd78	2020	Yet, I argue that this crisis will create lasting changes in the trade landscape and serious threats to the rules-based trading system, warranting a reconsideration of trade policy priorities in important respects. They profoundly alter the practices in most economies and change the background against which disciplines have been considered and discussed for years, particularly in relation While the woeful absence of US leadership in the pandemic response can only add to the strategic rivalry between the two countries, increased tension is also visible in the trade arena, as witnessed by the US administration''s tightening of the rules restricting exports of sensitive products to China. The bottom line is grim for the rules-based trading system: exacerbated tensions will make it all the more diffi cult to propose a coordinated response to the need to adapt public policies to the exceptional circumstances created by the COVID-19 crisis and to lasting pressures to protect domestic producers.
cord-310121-npt8i9bc	2020	Mental health professionals are at the front line of managing the pandemic and emergency changes should lead to a much needed refocus on what is really vital. We learned that the liaison psychiatry service, led by the unflappable Marcus Hughes, had split into red and green teams; the former working exclusively in the new COVID-19 unit. We heard how our in-patient colleagues on the mental health wards are also dividing themselves into teams and containing units to mitigate the virus''s spread. 5 We are currently working towards a special edition of the BJPsych Bulletin on the climate crisis and psychiatry, which will highlight the problems and point to some solutions. Later this year, with Peter Byrne''s support, BJPsych Bulletin will publish a themed edition on inequality as a major source of mental disorder. The climate crisis and forensic mental health care: what are we doing?
cord-310775-6d5vi2c5	2020	In our observation of the public discourse in Germany, at the beginning of 2020 the government as many others in the Western hemisphere looked at the early epicentre of the pandemic, the Wuhan region in China, ''with a combination of fascination and fear'' but without any sense of urgency or immediate threat until new information about corona infections in Europe emerged (Boin et al. The agenda we suggest here is thus a bit different from previous geographical studies that use the term crisis prominently to signify they are dealing with severe problems within specific empirical fields, like, for instance, the bursting of financial bubbles in mortgage and real estate markets (e.g. Aalbers 2009) or emergency practices in humanitarian aid (e.g. Fredriksen 2014 ).
cord-321492-u2jm6y25	2020	The time of the COVID-19 virus brings a strange shifting of priorities to my professional life as a child and adolescent psychoanalytic psychotherapist working in a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS). Do we, like primary care staff, rush to ''man the barricades'' (Davies, 2020, Waiting in Pandemic Times) -anxiety about the possibility of redeployment is spreading among mental health staff even where they are entirely untrained for physical health care -or do we hunker down at home to conduct therapy online for the foreseeable future? 1 This paper was written in the first two weeks after lockdown, when emergency presentations nationally were hugely reduced (BMJ, 2020); by the time of publication, it could be anecdotally observed that emergency presentations of adolescents in a state of mental health crisis had increased. The child and adolescent psychoanalytic psychotherapist, Jocelyn Catty reflects on how psychological therapies are positioned during a crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-322033-f7s5t0wg	2020	First, previous research suggests the feelings of fear and anxiety can trigger a desire for affiliation, increasing consumers'' emotional attachment to a brand when consumers and the brand share the same emotional experiences (Dunn & Hoegg, 2014) . Thus, we further argue shared emotions crisis communication can increase tourists'' intentions to visit when COVID-19 ends. Brand humanization and emotional attachment sequentially mediate the impact of crisis communication on intentions to visit. Annals of Tourism Research xxx (xxxx) xxxx contrast effects further suggested shared emotions condition (M = 9.08, SD = 1.68) led to higher intentions to visit than cognitive condition (M = 8.46, SD = 1.99, p < .01) and control (M = 6.22, SD = 3.13; p < .001), supporting H3. Our experimental results suggest during COVID-19, crisis communication emphasising on shared emotions can establish emotional attachment with tourists. Our results further suggest crisis communication on shared emotions can increase tourists'' intentions to visit when the outbreak ends.
cord-325409-soeakh46	2020	The results of tests for group differences and regression analyses demonstrate that administrations that were structurally prepared, learned during preceding crises, and that displayed a high quality in their network cooperation with other administrations and with the civil society, on average, performed significantly better in the respective crises. The results from regression analyses and tests for group differences demonstrate that an administration''s quality of networking, the level of structural preparedness, and ability to draw on lessons learned during preceding crises matter most for successful administrative performance in crisis situations as those Accepted Article This article is protected by copyright.  Intracrisis learning: Administrations that within a crisis enlarge and in particular deepen networks of different types (in terms of intense and good cooperation) with actors from the civil society, other administrative units, or private enterprises, and document measures undertaken, exhibit high levels of administrative performance.
cord-329986-sbyu7yuc	2020	The study extends the situational crisis communication theory (SCCT) and Attribution theory frameworks built on big data and machine learning capabilities for early detection of crises in the market. This pioneering study is among the first studies that endeavour to use email data and sentiment analysis for extracting meaningful information that helps early detection of a crisis in an organization. This study aims to develop a big data analytics framework by deploying artificial intelligence rational agents generated by R/Python programming language capable of collecting data from different sources, such as emails, Tweets, Facebook, weblogs, online communities, databases, and documents, among others (structured, semistructured, and unstructured data). Previous studies have considered the use of network data for situational awareness; however, to the authors'' knowledge, none have specifically investigated or analyzed the use of email communication by major organizations for situational assessment of a developing crisis.
cord-330171-l7p0sxqu	2020	Before embarking on a discussion of ethics of care and how it might inform the theory and practice of crisis management, it is important to recognize that conceptualizations of crisis appear frequently in feminist works and to distinguish crisis as understood in feminist writing from crisis management as a specific activity undertaken within institutions and organizations in society. Carol Gilligan''s (1993) [first published in 1982, 1993 edition referred to throughout] conceptualization of "ethic of care" provides a basis to illuminate the normative dimensions of crisis management and to feminize its focal concerns and praxis. Lawrence and Maitlis (2012) propose that ethic of care scholarship tends to focus more on theory than action, and in this paper I highlight the practical advantages that could flow from thinking and acting differently about crisis, especially socially disruptive extreme crises like COVID-19 that have multiple effects on societies globally.
cord-338934-61wnbf1t	2020	In our roles as public management and policy scholars, and using our experience as practicing public labor relations leaders, we describe the challenges of collective bargaining during the COVID-19 pandemic and present five general recommendations for public sector unions impact bargaining during times of crisis: 1) Initiate negotiations with leadership early and often; 2) Mobilize union members and the workforce represented by the collective bargaining agreement immediately; 3) Prioritize issues for the workforce groups most affected by the crisis; 4) Integrate governmental crisis response to negotiations 5) Formalize impact bargaining agreements. Prior to the pandemic, this same union has packed the room at Board of Trustees (BoT) meetings (Florida State University Board of Trustees, 2020), utilizing the public comment section at the front end of these public, live streamed meetings to have several speakers attest to the harmful deficiencies and unsavory working conditions of GAs. During times when physical presence is impossible, such as during mandatory social distancing orders adopted in response to COVID-19, there are alternative modes of group mobilization that are effective and raise the profile of one"s bargaining efforts.
cord-339855-oqe8rcbu	2020	The article also describes the benefits of writing a newspaper column including educating the public about issues relating to Crisis Management such as managing Covid-19, creating a platform for enhancing collaboration between academics and Public Relations firms, and enhancing the reputation of both the academic and university. In pitching the idea, I emphasized the success of the "Crisis of the Week" column in the Wall Street Journal, as well as the interest of major media outlets in New Zealand for commentary on topics related to Crisis Management. Academic experts in Crisis Management from most of the major universities in New Zealand have agreed to provide commentary for the column. In writing my column on Crisis Management, in addition to the benefits to academics and universities, I believe that the field of Public Relations can benefit as well through the potential for future increased collaboration between academics and practitioners.
cord-340427-kirtoaf2	2020	We evaluated the perceptions of students and graduates in public health studies at the Medical University of Lublin, Poland, concerning their preparation and management skills for crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of students and graduates in public health studies at the Medical University of Lublin, Poland, concerning their preparation and management skills for crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The standard of the Polish medical training in 2019 may raise some concerns about the preparation of future medical staff in management of mass casualties resulting from major incidents and disasters, as well as an overwhelming amount of sick patients that can stress a healthcare system due to a pandemic. However, it was a pilot study that revealed gaps in training and education related to crisis and disaster management in the public health studies curriculum, one that is preparing students to manage and lead healthcare organizations.
cord-345627-0mikqjpj	2020	Before moving forward with any specific relationship management strategy to cope with a major public crisis, we recommend that firms "audit" their relationships to better understand the virtues and limitations of each existing partnership in light of the evolving pandemic (Weber, 2001; Mcquiston 2001; Lindgreen, Palmer, Vanhamme, & Wouters, 2006) . Drawing on a study on how multinational companies responded to the 2002 Argentine financial crisis (Gao & Eshaghoff, 2004b) , we consider two factors as being particularly important to emphasize in designing the company''s pandemic response strategies: (1) volatility -the size of the possible change to a factor caused by the pandemic or economic crisis, and (2) criticality -the factor''s relevancy to strategic decision-making during a pandemic/ crisis. For example, managers will need to determine how much new healthrelated challenges (volatility) have appeared around a given B2B relationship, how quickly those changes are occurring and must be addressed (velocity), and how important those health-related concerns are to the relationship (criticality).
cord-349827-0trvostt	2005	This article reviews a typology of crises, examines the crisis response of restaurants in Hong Kong, illustrates how local restaurants deal with this unprecedented situation and develop strategies for management and recovery. Restaurants in Hong Kong have already been put under great pressure to survive in the harsh market environment resulting from the Asian financial crisis of 1997, but the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in March 2003 was a death sentence to the industry. The SARS instance in Hong Kong had indirectly generated crises of the social environment because many restaurants experienced liquidity problems after the outbreak, and had to lay off thousands of staff or force them to take no-pay leave. In the SARS outbreak, for example, restaurant managers'' attempt to lay off staff without proper compensation to improve their cash flow position may lead to confrontation with the labour, which may subsequently cause a crisis of the social environment type.
cord-355782-q78ojig8	2020	The Federal Reserve and its leaders receive blame for (1) keeping interest rates too low for too long in the pre-crisis period, encouraging risky lending; (2) not recognizing the dangers of the build-up of correlated risks in real estate lending; (3) not devoting sufficient resources to their financial stability mission to identify future stability and systemic risk threats; (4) pushing for Basel II capital standards, which lowered requirements for large, systemically important banking organizations and encouraged risky investments by European banks by putting low capital weights on AAArated tranches of MBS backed by subprime mortgages and sovereign debt of risky national governments; (5) not regulating the new complex and opaque instruments of finance, which were built on faulty models that underweighted the probability of housing price declines; and (6) not applying safety and soundness and consumer protection regulations consistently across intermediaries which gave rise to regulatory arbitrage; and (7) not pursuing accusations of consumer predatory lending.
cord-356200-jp5ge300	2006	Abstract Since the pilots'' strike of 1989, the Australian tourism industry has experienced a series of ''shocks'' or crises which have included the 1991 Gulf War, the Asian economic crisis in 1997, the dotcom crash of 2000, the collapse of the HIH Insurance Company, the World Trade Centre attacks and the demise of Ansett Airlines in 2001, the Bali bombings in 2002 and the Iraq War and the outbreak of the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) epidemic in 2003. In 2002, a research project was carried out in a range of sectors of the Australian tourism industry to investigate the impact of the collapse of the HIH Insurance Company, the World Trade Centre attacks and the demise of Ansett Airlines on these organisations and the range of responses adopted to these events.