Distant Reader - keyword-cxr-cord

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-05-24 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader cord process, and the input was the result of a query applied to a local mirror of CORD, a data set of scholarly articles on the topic of COVID-19. The actual query was: keywords:cxr. The results of this query were saved in a cache and transformed into a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 33 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 229,466 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 6,953 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 48. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

covid, patients, cxr, ct, imaging, disease, chest, pneumonia, study, clinical, diagnosis, findings, lung, cases, images, data, using, used, based, tb, pulmonary, mri, may, children, learning, patient, also, infection, performed, image, model, diagnostic, coronavirus, high, one, two, results, ai, detection, normal, will, non, positive, cov, case, use, deep, time, ray, respiratory

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are ESPR 2017, A Survey on Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Fighting Against COVID-19, and Multimodality imaging of COVID-19 pneumonia: from diagnosis to follow-up. A comprehensive review.

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

chest ct, coronavirus disease, deep learning, cxr images, novel coronavirus, computed tomography, convolutional neural, pleural effusion, chest radiography, neural network, acute respiratory, ct images, ct findings, chest radiographs, neural networks, transfer learning, imaging findings, infl uenza, lung ultrasound, artificial intelligence, pediatr radiol, ray images, predictive value, cxr findings, intensive care, deep convolutional, mr imaging, differential diagnosis, disease severity, ct scans, rale score, magnetic resonance, world health, mean age, chest radiograph, risk factors, bone marrow, respiratory distress, health organization, lung disease, respiratory syndrome, ct scan, emergency department, bacterial pneumonia, diagnostic accuracy, respiratory symptoms, machine learning, tb treatment, cord uid, doc id

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the radiology department: What radiographers need to know Multimodality imaging of COVID-19 pneumonia: from diagnosis to follow-up. A comprehensive review, and Heart and Lung Multimodality Imaging in COVID-19.

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

cxr, covid-19, lus, patient, sars, rale, image, hrct, disease, zikv, uenza, suppl, study, siamese, radiol, private, ppe, pneumonia, pediatric, pediatr, pct, pcr, objective, ntp, mri, mre, model, ldct, kenya, jia, imaging, ifd, himc, high, h1n1, ggo, finding, dwi, ds-1, dls, diagnosis, deep, datum, cxr-14, cns, cnn, child, cchf, case, adc

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be covid, and It''s not TB but what could it be? Abnormalities on chest X-rays taken during the Kenya National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

patients, imaging, mri - ESPR 2017
patients, covid, cxr - Heart and Lung Multimodality Imaging in COVID-19
covid, cxr, images - A Survey on Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Fighting Against COVID-19
ct, patients, infl - Influenza A virus: radiological and clinical findings of patients hospitalised for pandemic H1N1 influenza
flip, fourth, laid - Re: a British Society of Thoracic Imaging statement: considerations in designing local imaging diagnostic algorithms for the COVID-19 pandemic

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

patients, disease, imaging, study, pneumonia, diagnosis, chest, cases, images, findings, lung, data, children, image, infection, model, results, patient, learning, detection, case, time, age, score, sensitivity, analysis, years, radiologists, coronavirus, symptoms, treatment, ray, studies, evaluation, risk, ultrasound, abnormalities, system, test, classification, features, use, group, lesions, care, contrast, number, role, accuracy, dataset

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

used, performed, showed, including, based, comparing, reported, identifying, presented, evaluate, detect, associated, increased, considered, require, following, found, provide, demonstrated, diagnosed, assessed, seen, obtained, confirms, predicting, suspected, propose, made, imaging, developed, learning, describe, determine, reveals, needs, underwent, training, suggested, result, improve, computed, related, classify, define, observed, reviewed, take, causes, collecting, lead

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

COVID-19, CXR, CT, MRI, TB, AI, US, SARS, LUS, PCR, RT, Fig, CoV-2, MR, Chest, China, Coronavirus, Imaging, Table, Health, HRCT, CNN, Radiology, DLS, H1N1, GGO, Disease, Society, LDCT, covid-19, Radiol, uenza, JIA, ChUS, RALE, CI, A, Pediatr, S., Suppl, DWI, Covid-19, ADC, MRE, Pneumonia, Wuhan, Group, CCHF, UK, ED

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

we, our, it, their, they, its, them, i, she, us, he, his, her, your, one, you, themselves, itself, em, y=1then, resnet-50, ourselves, my, me, 's

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

clinical, covid-19, pulmonary, high, diagnostic, normal, non, positive, different, respiratory, deep, available, pediatric, first, severe, acute, negative, early, abnormal, medical, low, significant, lower, higher, common, specific, important, pleural, new, radiological, neural, bilateral, possible, small, many, viral, initial, patient, large, potential, right, private, multiple, standard, several, novel, single, radiographic, pre, renal

also, however, well, therefore, respectively, often, especially, significantly, even, less, particularly, still, clinically, usually, highly, furthermore, mainly, finally, commonly, first, relatively, moreover, statistically, frequently, recently, potentially, currently, retrospectively, later, widely, generally, rapidly, previously, hence, least, already, almost, approximately, randomly, easily, critically, alone, specifically, similarly, mostly, early, always, typically, prior, now

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

Thank you for using the Distant Reader.