cord-000964-ysyz3grd	2013	We calculated the nationwide incidence, as well as the crude mortality and injury incidence rates, of disasters and MCIs. The data were collected from the administrative database of the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) and from provincial fire departments from January 2000 to December 2009. Disaster and MCI-related research in Korea has mostly focused on the establishment of a national disaster management system (12) , the role of disaster management agencies (13) , database (DB) building for disaster prevention (14) , and descriptive studies on post-disaster stress management (15) , post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (16) , hospital disaster (17) , incidents at mass gatherings and sporting events and building collapses (18, 19) . We aimed to calculate the incidence, mortality and overall rates of disasters and MCIs and to examine their relationship with population characteristics, using health-related indicators based on disaster/MCI database of NEMA to facilitate future compari-son of disasters and MCIs between domestic and foreign cases.
cord-001400-ie22xisg	2014	However, there remain challenges that hinder effective health disaster responses, including low standards of disaster-resistant infrastructure safety, the lack of specific disaster plans, poor emergency coordination between hospitals, lack of portable diagnostic equipment and underdeveloped triage skills, surge capacity, and psychological interventions. Additional challenges include the fragmentation of the emergency health service system, a lack of specific legislation for emergencies, disparities in the distribution of funding, and inadequate cost-effective considerations for disaster rescue. The research inclusion criteria were: 1) journal articles, governmental and institutional reports written in English or Chinese in the past two decades; 2) studies comprising relevant evaluations of the status or description of the progress and challenges of disaster management (i.e. disaster prevention, preparedness, responsiveness, and recovery) of the healthcare system in China; and 3) other jurisdictions that had direct relevance to disaster health management in China (e.g. disaster healthcare management, disaster medical responses, emergency medical care, and emergency healthcare systems).
cord-016405-86kghmzf	2014	We use a case study to highlight the disaster impacts and insights drawn from Singapore''s risk management experience with specific references to the SARS epidemic. The implications from the SARS focus on four areas: staying vigilant at the community level, remaining flexible in a national command structure, the demand for surge capacity, and collaborative governance at regional level. To understand the principles and practices of Singapore''s approach to disaster risk management, we carry out an historical analysis of official documents obtained from the relevant Singapore government agencies as well as international organizations, literature reviews, quantitative analysis of economic impacts, qualitative interviews with key informants (e.g. public health professionals and decision-makers), and email communications with frontline managers from the public sector (e.g. the Singapore Civil Defense Force, the Communicable Disease Centre) and non-governmental organizations. Responding to the uncertainty of disease transmission, the Singapore government instituted many draconian public policies, such as social distancing, quarantine and isolation, as risk mitigating measures.
cord-016542-gia859eu	2009	Particular insight into the needs of children and the availability of specific pediatric resources will be required by any team coordinating both planning for and response to any disaster in which significant numbers of children are involved [1, 14, 59, 60] . Mace and Bern [72] reviewed the capacity of disaster medical assistance teams in the USA to respond to pediatric emergencies and found major deficiencies in the training curriculum with pediatric topics such as trauma, disaster triage, burns, pain management, and mental health missing in 33, 36, 42, 42 , and 45% of the time, respectively. Appropriate disaster planning should include: measures to reduce the injury during possible disasters, organization of emergency and pre-hospital services to deal with emergencies, plans for utilization of health services and utilities such as hospitals and intensive care units, and contingency plans to provide accommodation and resources to support both the rescue efforts and the ongoing needs of displaced people
cord-017351-73hlwwdh	2017	The literature on crisis and disaster research suggests that we are at another important historical juncture with the emergence of a new distinctive class of disasters and crises not often seen before (Ansell, Boin, & Keller, 2010; Helsloot, Boin, Jacobs, & Comfort, 2012; Tierney, 2014) . In short, societies have continually evolved groups and procedures to try to prevent old and new risks and threats from escalating into disasters and crises. To answer this question, we considered what social science studies and reports had found about behavior in disasters and crises up to the present time. To suggest the importance of cross-societal and cross-cultural differences is simply to suggest that good social science research needs to take differences into account while at the same time searching for universal principles about disasters and crises. There are always new or emergent groups at times of major disasters and crises, but in transboundary events they appear at a much higher rate.
cord-018237-5qfdqlpw	2006	Regardless of disaster events, on a daily basis, the great majority of healthcare facilities and emergency medical services (EMS) systems, even in prosperous Western nations, are overwhelmed in terms of emergency care capacity, be they government-based or private entities. Some key reasons for increases in the frequency, magnitude and impact of disasters (natural, unintentional and intentional) since the mid-20 th century z Exponential growth of human populations, concentrated in high-risk venues (e.g., shorelines, earthquake zones and prior uninhabited regions), particularly those externally dependent upon on others for sustenance (food supply chains), power resources and public health hygiene, making human populations increasingly vulnerable when infrastructures disrupted. In essence, there is a spiraling risk for catastrophic events involving multiple casualties and population-based medical morbidity, including proximal injury and illness and subsequent psychological and public health concerns (Table 1) . Even within hospitals, dealing with disaster management is generally administrative in nature (training, equipment, procedures, personnel) and consumes and diverts medical care professionals'' time and efforts from their day-to-day patient care activities.
cord-018328-t3ydu75l	2019	In contrast, the classification based on disaster-formative environment lays stress on the environmental basis of hazards, especially the distinctions among different spheres of the earth, and relatively ignores the causes. Natural disasters resulting from the abnormal or anomalous quantity, intensity, temporal and spatial distribution, and combination of meteorological and hydrological elements, causing adverse impacts on people''s lives and properties, industrial and agricultural production, and ecological environment 010100 Seismic and geological disasters Natural disasters resulting from the sudden energy release or violent mass transport in the lithosphere of the earth or long-term accumulative geological changes, causing damages to human lives and properties and ecological environment 020100 Generally, the classification indicators include the number of casualties, the amount of property loss, disaster-affected area, and hazard intensity. (2) Indicator system of statistical system of damages and losses of large-scale natural disasters in China From the angle of geoscientists, very large-scale disasters are usually defined according to the hazard intensity, casualties, property losses, and affected scope.
cord-018700-cvdne6ks	2017	In the meeting, the Ministry of Public Affairs reported that it would introduce a special disaster area announcement system to disaster management laws, establish a safety measures committee between the central and local government agencies, and authorize the local director to be the fire defense authority. President Kim Dae-joong directed flood damage measures at a ministerial level meeting for emergent flood damage control on the morning of September 1, 2002, before Typhoon Rusa disappeared near 130 km away from the Sokcho-si seacoast at 3:00 p.m. And, he announced plans to expand and initiate government support by designating special disaster areas on severely damaged regions through a speech on "disaster revised supplementary budget" on the eleventh.
cord-018839-yfaji9cv	2017	
cord-018937-5yo4rfml	2015	Disaster is defi ned as any event that causes "a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources" [ 1 ] . The Incident Command System (ICS) provides a structure to enable agencies with different legal, jurisdictional, and functional responsibilities to coordinate, plan, and interact effectively on scene [ 11 ] . During a disaster, it is extremely important to establish a unifi ed command, because it enables all responsible agencies to manage and coordinate an incident together by establishing a common approach and a single IAP. It is defi ned as second incident caused by the terrorists, following the fi rst event, with the goal of striking the fi rst responders that are on scene.
cord-021102-lqwyomxz	2007	According to current research, experiences and the lessons learned from applications, the five key performances of a search and rescue robot are survivability, mobility, sensing, communicability and operability. A new field and challenge in robotic research is how to effectively fuse the multidisciplinary knowledge such as robotic technology, rescue technology and disaster science, hence develop intelligent robots for the search and rescue operations. In recent years, especially after the 9.11 attack, many countries in the world began to develop various anti-explosive/ anti-terrorism robots as well as search and rescue robots for disaster protections and relief in the sight of their national security strategies. According to the exiting research of search and rescue robots in the world and the experiences and lessons learned in their application in the 9.11 attack, the most key performances required for a search and rescue robot are survivability, mobility, sensor, communication and operation [11, 22, [24] [25] [26] .
cord-021701-yan5q2r7	2009	In the aftermath of recent terror events and subsequent disaster planning, hospital architects have begun to design EDs to better meet the needs anticipated from a terror attack. The technology needed to respond to a terrorist event, such as personal protective equipment (PPE), is becoming more widely available and is stored where easily available in EDs. Although mass decontamination can occur close to the disaster scene, EDs are gearing up to decontaminate, isolate, and treat individuals or groups contaminated with biologic or chemical materials. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] Sensor technology is an area of active research that continues to yield new solutions that are being incorporated into EDs. In concept, all entrances could be designed to identify persons using scanning to detect unwanted chemicals,biologic agents,or explosives and to detain and decontaminate as needed. Overflow patients in hallways and adjacent spaces can be managed with mobile computing, which is available in many EDs. Wireless handheld devices can facilitate preparation for disasters and allow immediate access to information by providers in hallways and decontamination spaces.
cord-021721-80pp1ra4	2015	The Boston Marathon Bombing event illustrated the need to provide emergency and surgical care to mass casualties, requiring coordination of response between hospitals and enhanced field rescue efforts to meet high volume demands over a short time period. However, loss of facilities or needs for quarantine of exposed and ill patients during bioterror events and epidemics may create shelter needs proximate to EDs. ED design and response capability after 9/11 became a larger concern for public disaster planners, the federal government, and hospital architects. Overflow patients in hallways and adjacent spaces can be managed with mobile computing, which is available in many EDs. Wireless handheld devices can facilitate preparation for disasters and allow immediate access to information by providers in hallways and decontamination spaces.
cord-021980-ddau5fu3	2015	To respond properly and efficiently to disasters, all health care personnel should have a fundamental understanding of the principles of disaster medicine (which incorporates emergency management in its practice) and what their particular role would be in the response to the many different types of disasters. One need only to remember the destruction in terms of both human life and community resources caused by the Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami of 2004, the Haiti Earthquake in 2010, or the earthquake, tsunami, and radiation disaster in Japan in 2011 to understand the need for preparedness and response to such natural events. The realization that disaster can strike without warning and inflict casualties on the order of the 2004, 2010, and 2011 earthquakes and tsunamis, despite our many technological advances, serves as a warning that mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery to natural disaster must continue to be studied and practiced vigorously.
cord-022076-zpn2h9mt	2009	An effective hospital emergency management program guides the development and execution of activities that mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from incidents that disrupt the normal provision of care. • Imagine the unimaginable: When flood waters rise in a community, when a tornado touches down and demolishes an elementary school, when a disgruntled hospital employee opens fire with an automatic weapon in the emergency department, when a passing train derails and spills toxic chemicals, or when a wildfire closes in, it is too late to update an old plan, train staff to respond effectively, check phone numbers, and stock disaster supplies. A comprehensive hospital emergency management program must address a number of critical elements to adequately protect patients and staff and permit the facility to continue to operate. 18 Hospitals must plan for providing mental health services to disaster victims but must also consider the needs-acute and long-term-of the hospital staff who attempt to respond to an overwhelming event.
cord-022736-38q8jbcl	2015	• Incorporating long-term risk reduction and preparedness measures in normal development planning and programs, including support for specific mitigation measures where required; • Assisting in the planning and implementation of post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction, including defining new development strategies that incorporate risk-reduction measures relevant to the affected area; • Reviewing the impact of large settlements of refugees or displaced persons on development, and seeking ways to incorporate the refugees and displaced persons in development strategies; • Providing technical assistance to the authorities managing major emergency assistance operations of extended duration (especially in relation to displaced persons and the possibilities for achieving durable solutions in such cases).
cord-024981-yfuuirnw	2020	The World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization define a disaster as "an event that occurs in most cases suddenly and unexpectedly, causing severe disturbances to people or objects affected by it, resulting in the loss of life and harm to the health of the population, the destruction or loss of community property, and/or severe damage to the environment. After the events of 9/11, much attention has been given to the possibility of another mass casualty act of terrorism, especially with weapons of mass destruction, that include chemical, biological, nuclear, radiological, and explosive devices (CBNRE), or other forms of violence such as active shooter incidents and mass shootings (Jacobson and Severin 2012) . Antidote therapy should be given as usual for nerve agents, including atropine, diazepam, and pralidoxime chloride (United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, National Library of Medicine 2019; United States Department of Health and Human Services, Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM) 2019).
cord-029841-pyehjw8q	2020	title: Special issue on Accounting, disasters and the government of biosecurity In terms of ''''natural" disasters, accounting researchers have considered earthquakes (Sargiacomo et al, 2014; Sargiacomo, 2015) , hurricanes (Baker, 2014; Perkiss & Moerman, 2020) , drought (Walker, 2014) , floods (Lai, Leoni, & Stacchezzini, 2014) and bushfires (Taylor, Tharapos, Khan, & Sidaway, 2014) . Given this, in making this call for papers, it is our intention to create space for research that considers the role accounting plays, or might play, in both the local and international efforts of governments, corporations, and non-governmental organizations as they respond to a wide range of disasters and risks (Power, 2016) . Amongst other things, we are interested in the construction, representation and calculation of security risks through maps, tables, accounting and calculations (Collier, 2008; Lentzos & Rose, 2009; Miller, 1998) , the shape of these practices once a ''''national state of emergency" has been declared (Agamben, 2005) , and the ''''technologies of government" (Miller The intersection of disaster governance, hybrid organizations and accounting.
cord-031696-gcduh13u	2020	Civil Protection and disaster risk specific agencies legally responsible to enhance individual and community resilience, still utilize in their risk and crisis communication efforts, the "deficit model" even though its basic assumption and approach have been criticized. Despite the importance of preparation, the current covid-19 crisis indicates that high levels of adaptive resilience can be displayed even in the absence of any risk communication effort beforehand by utilizing a pre-existing collective understanding of the system situation. The risk and crisis communication mandate rests predominantly on Civil Protection Authorities and disaster risk specific agencies (e.g. responsible for earthquakes, floods, public health, etc.) at central, regional, and local level. In conjunction with individual disaster preparedness surveys that could help identify barriers and possible triggers for its enhancement, they can provide paths to research that could offer some interesting and useful insights for effective risk and crisis communication.
cord-031879-6lx637rd	2020	Seismic hazard assessments provide an information on strong ground motions due to potential earthquakes combining the knowledge on seismological, tectonic, geomorphological, and geological features and modelling results. Although a seismic hazard assessment identifies a spatial distribution of strong ground motions and predicts the exceedance of a certain level of ground motions for a certain period of time with a prescribed probability, it does not answer an important questions required for disaster risk management: when does a big earthquake occur? Meanwhile, even current level of earthquake prediction capacity can be useful for seismic risk assessment and disaster preparedness (Davis, 2012) . Disaster risk is associated with a potential loss of life, injury, damaged assets, which could occur to a community/ society in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of four indicators: hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and capacity (UNGA, 2016).
cord-035289-m3uvh8zn	2020	In the Hangzhou Declaration, Placing Culture at the Heart of Sustainable Development Policies, "the appropriate conservation of the historic environment, including cultural landscapes, and the safeguarding of relevant traditional knowledge, values and practices, in synergy with other scientific knowledge, enhances the resilience of communities to disasters and climate change" (UNESCO 2013, action 6). On these bases, this paper aims to identify the critical actors and variables, strategies and governance mechanisms that influence Heritage Community Resilience, in a self-sustaining circuit in which Heritage Community care actions can reduce the vulnerability of cultural heritage and community, and at the same time increase its capacity to prevent, cope with and recover from disturbances and/or disasters.
cord-257917-4496gzdu	2020	The purposes of the study were to determine the predictive relationships between Taiwanese nurses'' disaster competence, anticipatory disaster stress, and motivation for disaster engagement. Therefore, the purposes of the study were to determine the level of and relationships between Taiwanese nurses'' disaster competence, anticipatory disaster stress, and motivation for disaster engagement. In this study, individual differences are defined as a nurse''s personal characteristics that may influence their preparedness and motivation to engage in disaster events, such as gender, age, seniority in the hospital, educational level, hospital type, work unit, and job title. This study aimed to explore the relationships between disaster competence, anticipatory disaster stress, and motivation for disaster engagement among hospital nurses in Taiwan. The study found that even though hospitals held disaster courses and trainings every year, nurses had a worryingly low level of disaster competence, which correlated with their low motivation to participate in disaster rescue.
cord-259672-qdrcb2ce	2017	A cross-disciplinary lens may provide an opportunity to identify connections between the hotel sector''s needs (ensuring safety and security of guests and staff as well as remaining operational and profitable) and disaster resilience building. The most prevalent definitions adopted by authors of tourism sector research has been Faulkner''s [24] concept that crises often have a component that could have been controlled by the group being affected (e.g. management failing to react to events in a way that minimizes effects), while disasters occur suddenly and the actual trigger event is out of the control of those affected (e.g. an earthquake hitting a populated area). reviews definitions of community resilience and finds "…they refer to "community" as a large social group…" While an imminent and potentially disastrous event can pose incredible challenges for a hotel operation, disaster preparedness and resilience building can mitigate the consequences [39] .
cord-260586-ry0roidc	2020	authors: Felsenstein, Daniel; Shmueli, Deborah F.; Thomas, Deborah S.K. title: Introduction to the Special Issue: Cascading Effects in Disaster Risk Management Cascades Mapping the Multi-Disciplinary Landscape in a Post-Pandemic World The cascading nature of disasters poses significant challenges to risk management emerging from the interconnectivity of natural, economic, and social systems that amplifies effects. For example, if an earthquake causes flooding, it is generally accepted that the cascading effect of these two disasters is a non-linear and exponential outcome far removed from the magnitude of the original shock (Pescaroli and Alexander 2015) . They assess multiple incidents occurring across different scales, jurisdictions, and critical infrastructures, and address the lack of systematic collection of evidence essential for understanding how various risk factors, including hazards, exposure and vulnerabilities differentially contribute to diverse disaster events. Ironically, the COVID-19 crisis has not seen critical infrastructure collapse in those networks generally at risk in the case of natural hazard cascades such as airports, highways, dams and water defenses.
cord-262876-civfvk45	2013	title: Knowledge Levels and Training Needs of Disaster Medicine among Health Professionals, Medical Students, and Local Residents in Shanghai, China Continuing medical education and public education plans on disaster medicine via media should be practice-oriented, and selectively applied to different populations and take the knowledge levels and training needs into consideration. Three groups of participants in Shanghai, China, were enrolled in this cross-sectional epidemiological study: health professionals, medical students, and community residents. Moreover, the knowledge level was also significantly different among clinicians, public health physicians, nurses, and medical technicians, especially in correctly answering 5 questions (Table S2) . Figure 3 presents the key contents concerning disaster medicine training prioritized by health professionals, medical students, and community residents. Figure 4 presents the most interested contents of disaster medicine training prioritized by health professionals, medical students, and community residents. In this study, we evaluated the current knowledge levels and training needs of disaster medicine among health professionals, medical students, and community residents in Shanghai, China.
cord-269703-d3yv9mcl	2020	The complex and harsh experience provoked a hypomanic response such as elated feelings with increased energy, decreased need for sleep and an increase in goal-directed activity, which allowed him to continue working, even though he was adversely affected by the disaster. Thereafter, we considered the characteristics of mental health problems that emerge in disaster-relief workers, a long time after the disaster, and the conditions and treatments necessary for recovery. Thereafter, we considered the characteristics of mental health problems that emerge in disaster-relief workers, a long time after the disaster, and the conditions and treatments necessary for recovery. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression significantly impair the social functioning of those affected and are often recognised as the most visible mental health effects on survivors, as was the case with the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) of 2011. The GEJE, which was followed by the nuclear accidents, left the affected areas severely damaged and required the victims to contribute as disaster-relief workers for a long period.
cord-270673-apr9oyqa	2020	Natural disasters and unexpected events are prime examples of such determining factors, as they have profound effects on individuals and society, and as a result have the potential to affect tourism flows considerably. To address this gap, this paper incorporates a dataset on natural and man-made disaster events into a model of international tourism flows to evaluate the effect of different types of disasters on international arrivals at the national level. A gravity model for international tourism flows is defined to quantify the effects of different disaster events on international tourist arrivals to the affected country. This research develops a gravity model for international tourism flows to quantify the effects of different types of natural and man-made disasters on tourist arrivals to the affected countries. The empirical research presented in this paper draws on two sets of data to explore in depth the relationship between international tourist arrivals and global disasters, measured through three different impact metrics (costs, deaths and affected people).
cord-270750-1eehtxin	2007	Methods Focus groups were conducted at the APIC 2006 Conference to evaluate ICPs'' perceived needs related to disaster planning topics, products they feel are needed for education and reference materials, and lessons learned from past disasters. Other important topics on which ICPs need to be trained include surge capacity, employee health and safety, incident command system, educating responders and the public on disaster preparedness, addressing changing standards/recommendations, and partnering with public health. and there were outbreaks of diarrhea [in the shelters].'''' ''''When they set up these shelters, they really don''t have any idea about what they''re going to do for hundreds and hundreds of people [to accommodate] handwashing and [provide] restroom facilities.'''' Focus group participants listed some specific infection control issues that must be addressed in shelters, such as overcrowding, foodborne illness, lack of restroom facilities, inadequate environmental cleaning procedures and products, difficulty assessing disease outbreaks in shelters, inability to isolate potentially contagious patients, and too few hand hygiene supplies.
cord-271679-94h6rcih	2020	Results: After analyzing 12 interviews, extraction resulted in 76 common codes, 28 subcategories, and 8 categories, which are as follow: detection; treatment and infection control; coordination, Resources; training and exercises; communication and information system; construction; and planning and assessment. The common codes derived from these subcategories are as follow: the ability to control infections during deliberate or natural biological outbreaks; the availability of preventive drugs at a predetermined time during an epidemic of communicable diseases; appropriate vaccination of people at risk; and the safety of hospitalized or outpatients patients in the outbreak of infectious diseases; and waste management. In this qualitative study, which was done using content analysis, the effective factors for hospital performance in biological emergencies in IR of Iran were identified as follow: diagnosis; treatment and control of infection; resources; coordination; training and practice; communication and information systems; construction; and planning and assessment.
cord-274239-xuwoqy18	2020	This model was developed using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP)-fuzzy decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (FDEMATEL)-technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solutions (TOPSIS) techniques and aimed to determine a ranking for hospital disaster preparedness. FAHP is used to determine weights of six main criteria (including hospital buildings, equipment, communication, transportation, personnel, flexibility) and a total of thirty-six sub-criteria regarding disaster preparedness. In this study, a hybrid fuzzy decision making model was proposed to evaluate the disaster preparedness of Turkish hospitals. To tackle this disadvantage, an Excel-based decision support system has been properly designed and adopted to accelerate the disaster preparedness evaluation in relation to: i) weighting and prioritizing disaster readiness criteria and sub-criteria, ii) identifying the dispatchers and receivers within the disaster management scenario, iii) ranking the hospitals according to their preparedness level, and iv) defining focused operational strategies for increasing the response of hospitals against outbreaks.
cord-280488-lcmsg62r	2020	Resources were directed toward privileged individuals, leaving local immigrant rights and environmental justice groups to provide essential services such as language access to emergency information in Spanish and Indigenous tongues; labor protections for farmworkers endangered in the fields; and a private disaster relief fund for undocumented immigrants ineligible for federal aid. Resources were directed toward wealthy individuals, leaving local immigrant rights and environmental justice groups to provide essential services such as language access to emergency information in Spanish and Indigenous tongues; labor protections for farmworkers threatened by heavy smoke; and a private disaster relief fund for undocumented immigrants ineligible for federal aid. This article examines the importance of understanding the contextual vulnerability of undocumented immigrants in responses to disasters, contending that actions taken and challenges faced by community-based groups in California''s Central Coast region during and after the Thomas Fire provide an important model for more inclusive disaster planning.
cord-280981-p0l5bpqi	2020	Through this perspective, the article hopes to explore those often overlooked aspects of the physical and social parameters of the built environment that may be understood as providing opportunities to inform future disaster, public health, and climate change preparations and responses. Through this perspective, the article hopes to explore those often overlooked aspects of the physical and social parameters of the built environment that may be understood as providing opportunities to inform future disaster, public health, and climate change preparations and responses. In the past decade, multi-hazard disaster and engineering resilience planning has had significant impacts in shaping the design and management of the built environment in everything from supporting the business continuity of private enterprise (Keenan 2015) to the sustainable provision of critical public services (Humphries 2019) .
cord-284177-otr38534	2019	The emergency department (ED) and operating room would typically experience a huge impact in a sudden onset trauma surge (such as a mass casualty shooting), whereas a bioterrorism or pandemic event with a prolonged incubation period may have a greater effect on the intensive care unit (ICU) because of the prolonged need for mechanical ventilation and ICU support for disaster-related patients. Critical care nursing leadership involvement will ensure adequate planning for the required interfaces between the ICU and other areas of the hospital from a patient safety and administrative perspective, including strategies for bed management and patient flow into and out of the ICU. Encouraging the involvement of relevant interprofessional team members in critical care disaster planning can help determine potential limitations in services during a disaster, suggest mitigation strategies to minimize the impact of a surge in demand for their expertise, and propose educational strategies to use other health care staff and even family members to assist as extenders with less frequent available input from these health care professionals.
cord-284972-61ayjej8	2020	As COVID-19 spreads, communities around the world have created "mutual aid spreadsheets" to help vulnerable neighbors [6] and billions of people have engaged in physical distancing to protect public health-perhaps the most populous act of cooperation in history. Consistent with its prosocial nature, one recent study found that people expressed greater intent to follow distancing when it was framed as a way to help others, rather than protect themselves [7] . Following disasters, mutual aid also tracks increases in positive collective outcomes, such as social connection, solidarity, and shared resilience [8] . Consistent with this connection, a recent study found that individuals'' empathy for those affected by the COVID-19 pandemic tracked their willingness to engage in physical distancing and related protective behaviors, and that inducing empathy for vulnerable people increased intention to socially distance [9] . Such adversity often generates increases in prosocial behavior, which Staub and Vollhardt [13] have termed "altruism born of suffering." Positive effects of adversity appear to extend in time.
cord-286889-l765mxmy	2010	Eight themes, including (1) defining disaster, (2) nursing during and after disaster, (3) nursing education in disaster preparedness, (4) military nurse preparedness, (5) postdisaster stress, (6) ethical issues and intent to respond, (7) policy, and (8) hospital emergency policy, were derived from the review and are explored in this article. Although some nurses identified their experiences of working during and in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and other health emergencies as rewarding, they also identified planning and education as critical needs for providing care in future disasters. 20 Specifically, the guidelines state that baccalaureate nursing programs should prepare graduates to use clinical judgment appropriately and provide timely interventions when making decisions and performing nursing care during disasters, mass casualties, and other emergency situations. Because the literature reveals that working during disasters and traumatic situations causes increased stress for nurses, it is necessary to include information related to disorders that have been associated with experiencing traumatic situations.
cord-287032-ftkoxzz4	2020	♦ Incident command centers must be deployable and not fixed ♦ Organizations must keep up-to-date phone lists (employees, local business, vendors, fuel companies, utility companies, medical equipment companies, etc.) ♦ Portable wi-fi units can be used if IT down or power outages occur ♦ Satellite telephones, wireless radios, amateur radios, and other forms of communication may be used if cellular telephones and/or landlines fail ♦ Organizational leadership must be visible around the building, calm, optimistic, and ready to respond to issues (Bluth, 2007) ◊ Communication must be honest, transparent, and frequent in order to counter the spread of inaccurate rumors and contain mounting fear among staff, patients, visitors (Jones, 2017) ♦ When calling for emergency assistance ("911") or reporting suspicious activity, essential facts should include: Gray, 2007; DOH, 2011) patient transport to/from radiology (Berger, 2016) ♦ If the disaster is an approaching storm, all studies should be dictated, rooms stocked with supplies, phone numbers updated, disaster management plan reviewed with team ◊ Extra staff should be called in ◊ Consider moving some portable equipment to essential upper floors (in case elevators fail during the storm event).
cord-289205-or60zzjs	2018	Terms analysis indicated that emergency medicine, public health, disaster preparedness, natural disasters, medicine, and management were the research hotspots, whereas Hurricane Katrina, mechanical ventilation, occupational medicine, intensive care, and European journals represented the frontiers of disaster medicine research. Overall, our analysis revealed that disaster medicine studies are closely related to other medical fields and provides researchers and policy-makers in this area with new insight into the hotspots and dynamic directions. Therefore, in this study, a scientometric analysis was conducted on disaster medicine to estimate the productivity of specific journals, countries, institutions, authors, and research areas, and to identify research hotspots and trends in this field. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness also had the greatest number of total citations (n = 151), again followed by Academic Emergency Medicine (n = 134) and American Journal of Preventive Medicine (n = 127) ( Table 1 in the online data supplement).
cord-292563-ksmxrp1i	2020	Thus, this paper aims to provide a reference for the prevention and control of future city epidemics and disasters in responding to strategies of urban planning and design by considering the reform of urban construction related regulations, further to facilitate creation of healthy and safe urban environments. The purpose of this paper are to (1) call for the inclusion of epidemics and other diseases into urban disaster management strategies; (2) provide reference for the prevention and control of epidemic cities and even the response strategies to major urban disasters by considering the reform of urban construction; (3) help and facilitate the process for the creation of healthy and safe urban living environments. enhancing disaster prevention capacity and standards J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Throughout history, urban planning and architectural design have always been concerned with the destruction caused by natural disasters in cities (Okubo 2016 ).
cord-300170-s2qthxx4	2020	Considerable work has been conducted in recent years to develop frameworks to support the assessment, communication, management and governance of this type of risk, building on concepts like systemic risks, complexity theory, deep uncertainties, resilience engineering, adaptive management and black swans. These perspectives and approaches, which to a large extent can be viewed as scientific schools, include what we will refer to as ''safety science'' (highlighting sociotechnical aspects, complexity theory, and resilience analysis), ''risk governance and systemic risk frameworks'', ''post-normal science'', quality management and ''risk science'' (highlighting ''broad'' perspectives on risk with an emphasis on uncertainties, knowledge and potential surprises (black swans)). The main aim of the paper is to provide new reflections and knowledge on the proper assessment and handling of risk of the types addressed above, by critically reviewing current perspectives and approaches, and pointing to areas with the potential for enhancements, so that we can be better able to confront global, highly uncertain and large consequence threats like the Coronavirus in the future.
cord-302940-6vf3km5i	2008	As has been clearly emphasized by the situation with Dr Anna Pou, an otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon who voluntarily placed herself in a position to render a level of care to patients clearly beyond her training and expertise, most physicians in the United States are ill prepared to face the unique ethical decision making that is required in such situations. Important issues for resolution include inpatient and casualty triage and prioritization, medical liability, altered standards of care, justice and equity, informed consent and patient autonomy, expanding scope of practice in disaster medicine, and the moral and ethical responsibilities of physicians to care for disaster victims. Important issues for resolution include inpatient and casualty triage and prioritization, medical liability, altered standards of care, justice and equity, informed consent and patient autonomy, expanding scope of practice in disaster medicine, and the moral and ethical responsibilities of physicians to care for disaster victims.
cord-304036-4l17twbc	2020	Despite the attention and focus on planning, many studies have found that hospitals are ill prepared to appropriately manage extended disasters.12 The author completed her doctoral program capstone project on NICU Disaster Preparedness. 18 Interventions identified included risk assessment that addressed geographical natural disaster potential, consideration and action plans for internal and external disasters, and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f instructions for individual and family preparedness in the event of a disaster. 12 The NICU Disaster Preparedness Plan should include what changes to standards of care may be necessary during a disaster or evacuation, and a framework for decision making that can be used in an actual disaster. Nurses and healthcare workers must take responsibility for their preparedness which includes family care and communication strategies to ensure they can focus on implementing their hospital disaster plan without the added burden of worrying about their family''s safety. The author was able to use this component of preparedness when planning her hospital''s NICU COVID-19 response.
cord-316879-nbkvd0le	2020	OBJECTIVE: To identify pandemic and disaster medicine-themed training programmes aimed at medical students and to assess whether these interventions had an effect on objective measures of disaster preparedness and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: 23 studies met inclusion criteria assessing knowledge (n=18, 78.3%), attitude (n=14, 60.9%) or skill (n=10, 43.5%) following medical student disaster training. Studies were selected only if they contained a detailed report of the training implementation and used objective precourse and/or postcourse assessments related to medical student knowledge, attitude, skills or clinical care outcomes. The main outcomes of the courses reviewed were subjective; however, there was evidence to suggest that disaster medicine training does improve objective knowledge and can teach skills which can be used by medical students, relevant to a pandemic. This review suggests that the most beneficial medical student disaster medicine courses should consist of mixed modalities of didactic sessions, case-studies, practical hands on training and simulation experiences.
cord-318336-hslnkv6p	2020	New Taipei City (NTPC), Taiwan, was aware of the need for non-public force response and therefore developed the process of enhancing local disaster management networks through promoting the resilient community since 2009. Overall, about 90% of the participants'' awareness was raised and the capacity to deal with community-based disaster events The survey has shown that, after 7-steps of promotion as described in Section 2.2, 93% of the participants realize the risks they are facing and 91% agree with the necessity to develop a resilient community; 91% believe that the action plan we helped them build is feasible; 89% understand the tasks of the response team and 87% are willing to serve the community as a team member; 98% and 94% think that they had well learned and were ready to perform basic medical skills and fire-fighting, respectively; 95% also thinks retraining is important for the community.
cord-323769-2a8cbuh2	2020	As discussed later, changes in consumer behaviour during the disaster period -including increased search costs and/or higher valuation of particular product characteristics -may reduce demand-side substitutes and increase the unilateral pricing power of firms -at least in certain types of market (Frank, 2020) . The focus on shorter horizons to assess market power has therefore facilitated an expanded scope of South African competition policy during the COVID-19 disaster, especially in relation to excessive pricing. Where the disaster period does not raise such additional concerns (perhaps in cases featuring local geographic markets, which allow price comparisons with, for example, nearby markets), intertemporal comparisons continue to offer more appropriate benchmarks for COVID-19-related investigations, for the reason discussed above. This advantage of the intertemporal benchmark is even more important in the context of COVID-19 cases, where changes in the willingness-to-pay is at the heart of excessive-pricing investigations: as argued earlier, changes in the willingness-to-pay underlies increased market power and its potential abuse during the disaster period.
cord-333209-f6xja3v2	2020	In addition to offering a sincere and heartfelt tribute to emergency nurses and other health care personnel who have lost their lives to COVID-19, the purpose of this editorial is to briefly relay a surge planning model 2 and the collection of all-hazard disaster manuscripts published in this issue of JEN. Imagine how preparedness would increase if every member of the emergency care team, at every level and in every role, reviewed the domains of focus ( Figure 2 , right column) and contributed to or felt ownership of disaster preparedness problemsolving ideas and actions within their scope of practice: case definitions, testing capability and logistics, personal protective equipment and isolation precautions, triage and cohorting, clinical protocols, staff health concerns and optout, clinician well-being, communication/coordination, surge planning, and scarce resource allocation. Patient and clinician mental health and well-being are also major considerations in preparedness for infectious disease surges, and we welcome emergency clinician psychosocial intervention testing manuscripts in JEN.
cord-334178-3u7tyszd	2020	Articles 6 and 48 of this act regulate, respectively, the "establishment of an effective social mobilization mechanism by the nation" and "the people''s government … immediately organize relevant departments to mobilize emergency rescue teams and social forces." related to preventing, reducing, and relieving disasters; capacity building; community involvement; and international cooperation related to the resulting analysis (Ministry of Civil Affairs, 2016, accessed on 2017/12/10). The function is unclear, and there is a lack of institutional mechanisms for emergency management as well as a lack of efforts by the public, the media, volunteers, and NGOs. When it comes to the exchange and cooperation of external resources, there is a widespread phenomenon of mobilization and light coordination, and social organizations are slow to develop their ability to participate in disaster relief (Xue and Tao, 2013; Zhang et al., 2011; Zhang and Zhang, 2016) . From the discussion and analysis presented in this paper, we first find that the role and relationship among government, community, and civil society organizations in disaster management in China have indeed changed in the decade since the Wenchuan earthquake.
cord-334522-gi7zj70m	2020	Lessons from past disasters suggest that communities and their leaders, as well as mental healthcare providers, need to pay attention to fear regarding the ongoing threat, as well as sadness and grief, and to provide hope to mitigate social disruption. For people experiencing the loss of loved ones or economic Needs of the population amid the pandemic Actions required by authorities and experts to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 Sense of safety Immediate actions of public health measures to limit the spread of the infection Delivery of reliable information for the general population and various groups about the disease Effective resourcing of required medical equipment Calming Active communication and constant explanation of the actions needed to contain the spread of the infection to the population Compassion of authorities towards victims and various groups affected by the pandemic Sense of self-and collective efficacy
cord-336496-ib26nqjz	2020	We estimate the effect regional economic diversification has on the resiliency of the U.S. housing market treating the spatial and temporal variation in natural disasters as exogenous shocks to regional economies. This method allows us to identify the average price effect due to a shock by estimating changes in home prices before and after a disaster hits impacted MSAs relative to home price dynamics across non-impacted MSAs. To test the hypothesis that regional economic diversification is a catalyst for resiliency, we estimate the effect that regional economic diversity has on attenuating the impacts of natural disasters on local home prices. More specifically, model estimates of equation (2) reported in Table 1 demonstrate that in the period of time leading up to a shock, there does not exist economically or statistically meaningful differences in pre-treatment price trends between impacted and non-impacted regions.
cord-336984-mwr212l5	2016	Building on the opportunity to contribute to existing research and enhance engagement processes, the study investigates tourism destination stakeholders'' perceptions of current disaster management preparedness initiatives at their destination. In addition, the study builds understanding of the expectations that drive the relationship and engagement between DMOs and tourism destination stakeholders in disaster management. As a key function of public relations, stakeholder engagement is conceptualized in this study as the relationship-building principles that can improve tourism destination stakeholders'' business capabilities in disaster management (Taylor & Kent, 2014) . Through this application, the research will explore current DMO engagement strategies with regard to disaster management within the tourism industry, and consequently the levels of satisfaction held by stakeholders in Australia. Third, the study identified a consistent gap between tourism businesses'' evaluation of the importance of and destination performance against disaster management attributes.
cord-340153-q0zmnq26	2016	This study uses qualitative content analysis of government policies, college curricula, nongovernmental organizations'' (NGOs'') emergency-manager certification, and mass media coverage to compare emergency managers'' unidisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches. As for the study''s international implications, developing nations may consider the enhancement of related educational curricula, collaborative learning, continuous evaluation, disaster awareness, and disaster prevention for the emergency managers'' multidisciplinary approach. This means that Korea has much room for improvement in this field and can learn from examples and practices by developed nations such as the whole community approach in the United States, the establishment of integrated emergency management system in United Kingdom, the role of small-scale voluntary organizations in Japan, among others. We maintain that Korea has to change its emergency managers'' unidisciplinary status to multidisciplinary status, and given Korea''s own experience, the international community must address the need to change related educational curricula, collaborative learning, and sustainable evaluation.
cord-344832-0ah4w59o	2020	For future disaster preparedness, we argue that the municipal government, as a responsible agent, should (1) make available instructional information in foreign languages on social media, (2) transfer such information through collaboration with transmitters, and (3) examine the use of local hashtags in social media to strengthen non-Japanese speaker''s capacity to adapt. We regard disaster resilience in the information ecology framework to encompass the efforts of collaboration and communication dependencies that exist amongst stakeholders engaged in the situation within a local context. In this review, social media emerges as a new trend in technology and rather becomes the medium for sharing information with the aim to reduce anxiety about a disaster situation that could negatively affect the people involved [36] . These cases suggest that social media promote effective resilience in communication, and that the delivery of information to foreigners in Japan from different language backgrounds and cultures further creates traits where personal connection contributes to information accessibility choices.
cord-347135-g2hx32xa	2020	• In large scale disasters or emergency situations, whether natural (e.g., pandemic, hurricanes), environmental (e.g., Deepwater Horizon oil spill) or traumatic (e.g., mass shootings, World Trade Center attack), there are increases in depression, loneliness, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorders, substance abuse, along with behavioral disorders such as child abuse and domestic violence (Neria, Nandi, & Galea, 2008; Galea, Merchany, & Lurie, 2020) . In conditions such as a pandemic or other disaster/emergency situations, consistently monitoring these individuals and finding ways to provide care are critical. What have we learned that will help clients experiencing pain survive pandemics or other disaster or emergency situations? Moreover, planning is critical for persons with chronic and disabling conditions including pain, mobility, sensory, or cognitive issues (Barth, 2019; Owens, Stidham, & Owens, 2013; FEMA, 2004 · Disaster and emergency supplies must be ready and in one place prior to an actual disaster or emergency. Adults with disabilities should know the community warning system and how residents are to be notified of a potential disaster or emergency situation.
cord-350430-hadtwybp	2020	Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans over 15 years ago, but neither have we advanced very far in terms of a scientific understanding of the mechanisms behind disasters that affect health, nor have we taken the steps needed to mitigate their effects. DMAT has also provided me the opportunity to receive the highest level of training available in disaster response; a year ago I spent a week at the University of Nebraska''s National Training, Simulation and Quarantine Center, preparing to respond to highly infectious disease situations, preparation that was then essential for the COVID-19 pandemic, and gaining on-the-ground experience in providing care in disaster settings, experience that is crucial for a nurse scientist, not to mention the lifelong friends and colleagues I have made. 15 These studies are relevant to emergency nursing as they drive decision-making on supporting older adults to remain healthy and resilient to disasters in their community, thereby avoiding ED visits.
cord-353733-74ejdlxh	2020	The purpose of this discussion is to highlight the essential role that solid waste management must play in a humanitarian response towards disasters, in particular the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. We highlight a number of potential avenues for scholarly investigation into the waste impacts of our response to Covid-19, but in particular, briefly unpacks the relationship between disasters, consumption and disposability as one potential research topic. The Covid-19 pandemic is a disaster on a global scale, and in addition to its human impact, it will produce an immense amount of waste that will need to be managed sustainably. The purpose of this discussion is to draw attention to this knowledge gap and to highlight the absolutely essential role that solid waste management must play in a humanitarian response, now, towards Covid-19, and to other, future disasters.
cord-355993-vyyboega	2007	To illustrate and discuss this potential of disaster research we give context Environmental Impact Assessment Review 27 (2007) 343 -358 www.elsevier.com/locate/eiar and substance to our analysis by focusing on two case studies, the first involving water contamination/pollution problems in rural Ontario and the other focusing on the changing ecological and social landscapes of areas which surround the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Although drinking water contamination problems tend to be associated with developing nationsthe World Health Organization notes that the leading cause of illness and deaths in most developing countries is attributable to gastrointestinal infections from the ingestion of water containing pathogens (Nadakavukaren, 2000) the Walkerton outbreak dramatically illustrates that the waterborne route of the disease may pose an equal, if not greater, threat to public health in the North American, and particularly, Canadian context.