Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 141 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5082 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 139 East 119 MERS 64 Middle 19 SARS 11 CoV 9 respiratory 6 Saudi 6 RNA 6 Asia 4 virus 4 coronavirus 4 Korea 4 Fig 3 DPP4 3 China 3 COVID-19 3 Arabia 2 protein 2 outbreak 2 food 2 figure 2 east 2 country 2 case 2 WNV 2 United 2 Syndrome 2 South 2 Sea 2 Respiratory 2 RBD 2 ICU 2 Europe 2 Coronavirus 2 Congo 1 variant 1 transmission 1 tick 1 tg2 1 syndrome 1 patient 1 pandemic 1 mouse 1 market 1 jamaican 1 isolation 1 isolate 1 internet 1 insurance 1 human Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 4277 infection 4226 coronavirus 3935 virus 3567 case 3351 syndrome 2977 patient 2626 % 2236 study 1862 camel 1858 outbreak 1837 disease 1824 cov 1447 transmission 1323 day 1285 antibody 1264 protein 1240 cell 1191 animal 1126 mouse 1094 risk 1023 country 938 contact 912 human 880 vaccine 871 datum 870 bat 858 analysis 837 hospital 836 dromedary 784 group 774 model 772 time 769 sample 734 health 715 region 690 treatment 684 response 683 control 660 symptom 657 factor 640 strain 639 healthcare 631 number 618 result 611 lung 607 pneumonia 597 influenza 596 rate 587 care 585 year Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 8669 MERS 5264 CoV 3844 East 3527 Middle 1627 SARS 1109 Saudi 1087 Arabia 927 al 795 . 741 et 702 Korea 595 RNA 507 South 507 Respiratory 494 Syndrome 485 Coronavirus 444 Health 423 China 380 PCR 369 S 358 Asia 348 DPP4 322 United 304 Fig 265 CoV-2 252 CoV. 248 RBD 246 ICU 238 World 236 Africa 235 Europe 222 Republic 222 IFN 214 CoVs 213 COVID-19 211 Table 202 Organization 198 May 187 A 185 June 183 sera 180 KSA 179 Egypt 167 Al 166 States 166 S1 166 Influenza 162 Disease 161 WHO 160 Hospital Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1310 it 1223 we 560 they 222 i 211 them 205 he 67 us 42 themselves 35 you 35 itself 31 she 17 one 10 him 6 ourselves 3 mrnas 3 me 3 her 2 ours 2 oneself 2 himself 2 's 1 ys110 1 t 1 sdpp4 1 sat 1 nsp15 1 mine 1 isofloh. 1 hku4-covs 1 asc09f Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 20992 be 4660 have 1463 use 1337 include 1147 report 931 show 838 associate 744 infect 713 isolate 699 identify 682 do 652 cause 648 confirm 625 develop 603 find 595 base 577 detect 476 occur 468 emerge 458 relate 440 increase 426 suggest 425 provide 422 follow 394 compare 382 collect 380 describe 376 neutralize 373 test 363 require 355 make 347 know 331 bind 322 observe 320 indicate 318 perform 314 consider 300 reveal 296 take 294 result 294 remain 290 need 285 reduce 282 induce 273 give 268 contain 264 obtain 254 express 249 involve 243 suspect Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4705 respiratory 2097 human 1920 not 1368 viral 1299 high 1263 other 1244 clinical 1200 also 1157 severe 964 more 927 - 925 acute 737 however 709 first 696 such 656 only 654 low 615 novel 595 well 582 most 540 infectious 511 specific 493 large 480 new 471 different 462 positive 453 as 437 common 411 early 403 potential 397 several 386 many 370 infected 368 available 352 immune 350 further 334 epidemiological 323 small 316 single 316 similar 312 possible 310 significant 308 negative 306 global 303 important 302 likely 287 medical 287 asymptomatic 284 public 283 non Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 199 most 118 high 118 Most 93 large 89 least 50 good 37 great 29 late 22 early 13 close 11 low 6 big 6 bad 4 small 3 near 2 strong 2 long 2 deep 1 ≈200 1 ~3 1 young 1 wealthy 1 warm 1 southernmost 1 preharv 1 poor 1 old 1 new 1 likeli 1 heavy 1 furth 1 fast 1 cord-322760-tsxniu3j 1 cord-278238-w1l8h8g8 1 broad 1 bright 1 -wheat Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 383 most 88 least 7 well 2 worst 2 oldest 2 hard 1 lowest 1 long 1 gelpest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 doi.org 13 orcid.org 12 www.who.int 5 creativecommons.org 3 wwwnc.cdc.gov 3 talk.ictvonline.org 2 www.ete-online.com 2 www.ebi.ac.uk 2 www.cdc.gov 2 www.cbs.dtu.dk 2 github.com 2 cov.lanl.gov 2 clinicaltrials.gov 1 www.viprbrc.org 1 www.promedmail.org 1 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 www.moh.gov.sa 1 www.moh.gov.bh 1 www.moh 1 www.mefosa.com 1 www.kfsh.med.sa 1 www.jeealliance.org 1 www.fda.gov 1 www.emro.who.int 1 www.ecfr.gov 1 www.dovepress.com 1 www.addgene 1 who-blueprint-mapping-tool.surge.sh 1 web.cbio.uct.ac.za 1 tree.bio.ed.ac.uk 1 translate.google.com 1 taiwanedoctor.doh.gov.tw 1 seaborn.pydata.org 1 scikitlearn.org 1 pcingola.github.io 1 pandas.pydata.org 1 matplotlib.org 1 jid.oxfordjournals.org 1 dx.doi.org 1 dis.mohw.go.kr 1 creativecommons 1 cran.r-project.org 1 cloud.ihme.washington.edu 1 cid.oxfordjournals.org 1 cepi.net 1 bigd.big.ac.cn 1 apps.who.int 1 agsci.oregonstate.edu 1 cran.r-project.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 12 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.08.20032821 3 http://www.who.int/ 3 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2 http://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/ 2 http://www.ete-online.com/content/11/1/16 2 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108693 2 http://cov.lanl.gov/apps/covid-19/map/ 1 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/25/5/18-1728-App1.pdf 1 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/22/6/16-0007-Techapp1.pdf 1 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/ 1 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ 1 http://www.who.int/emer 1 http://www.who.int/csr/don/23-september-2015-mers-kuwait/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_06_13_ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/don/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/ 1 http://www.viprbrc.org/ 1 http://www.promedmail.org 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 http://www.moh.gov.sa/ 1 http://www.moh.gov.bh/ 1 http://www.moh 1 http://www.mefosa.com/ 1 http://www.kfsh.med.sa/KFSH_WebSite/users 1 http://www.jeealliance.org/ 1 http://www.fda.gov/ 1 http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/mers-cov/mers-outbreaks.html 1 http://www.ecfr.gov/cgibin/text-idx?tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title21/21cfr312_main_02 1 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clustalo/ 1 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/ 1 http://www.dovepress.com/testimonials.php 1 http://www.cdc.gov/epiinfo 1 http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/infection-preventioncontrol.html 1 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services 1 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/ 1 http://www.addgene 1 http://who-blueprint-mapping-tool.surge.sh/ 1 http://web.cbio.uct.ac.za/~darren/rdp.html 1 http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree 1 http://translate.google.com/ 1 http://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ 1 http://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ 1 http://talk.ictvonline.org/ 1 http://taiwanedoctor.doh.gov.tw/ 1 http://seaborn.pydata.org/index.html 1 http://scikitlearn.org/stable/about.html 1 http://pcingola.github.io/SnpEff/SnpEff.html 1 http://pandas.pydata.org/ 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4805-7930 Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 reprints@pulsus.com 1 kwatkin4@gmail.com Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 cov infected patients 23 coronavirus neutralizing antibodies 14 cov neutralizing antibodies 12 cov causes lethal 10 cov is endemic 9 cov has not 9 virus was first 8 cov does not 7 coronavirus causes widespread 7 cov is not 7 study did not 6 cases have also 6 cov has also 6 cov infected mice 6 cov was first 6 cov was not 6 disease is rare 6 studies have also 6 study has several 6 transmission has not 5 antibodies were not 5 camels are likely 5 coronavirus causes lethal 5 coronavirus causes multiple 5 cov is highly 5 infection is not 5 mice are not 5 patient did not 5 virus has not 5 virus was not 4 animals were then 4 case causing mers 4 cases were not 4 cov is essential 4 cov neutralizing antibody 4 disease was first 4 infection is unknown 4 infection was not 4 patient was immediately 4 transmission is still 4 virus is not 4 virus was also 3 % had at 3 % were asymptomatic 3 % were primary 3 animals do not 3 antibodies were also 3 arabia reported higher 3 cases are likely 3 cases are still Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 mice are not susceptible 4 cov has not yet 2 cases reported no symptoms 2 cov is not fully 2 infection is not clear 1 % were not health 1 animals are not readily 1 animals did not productively 1 camels show no evidence 1 camels was not apparent 1 camels were not actively 1 case are not well 1 case is not only 1 cases are not unexpected 1 cases caused no transmission 1 cases have not yet 1 cases were not always 1 cases were not seriously 1 cells is not enough 1 cells was not signifi 1 contacts does not readily 1 coronavirus is not only 1 countries had not only 1 country was not available 1 cov are not fully 1 cov are not well 1 cov causes no neuroinvasion 1 cov did not generally 1 cov does not currently 1 cov does not yet 1 cov is not currently 1 cov was not formally 1 cov was not statistically 1 covs have not yet 1 days were not indicators 1 days were not statistically 1 disease is not present 1 disease was not likely 1 disease was not significantly 1 infection are not clear 1 infection is not particularly 1 infection is not solely 1 infection is not well 1 infection was not able 1 infection were not present 1 infection were not specific 1 infections are not common 1 infections are not only 1 infections is not dissimilar 1 mers are not widely A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-323428-jd91k19z author = Ababneh, Mustafa title = Recombinant adenoviral vaccine encoding the spike 1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice date = 2019-10-11 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that this recombinant adenovirus vaccine encoding the S1 subunit of MERS-CoV elicits potentially protective antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Distribution and expression of the S1 subunit of the MERS-CoV spike protein in mice tissues were detected at weeks 3 and 5 post first immunization in the kidneys and lungs of the vaccinated group but not in control groups using conventional PCR (Figure-1 ). In contrast, IL-4 production in cell culture showed a significant increase in control animals after antigen stimulation, while the production of this cytokine was significantly decreased in the At week 4, the fold change in IFN-γ gene expression was significantly higher in the Ad-Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-S1 group than that of both control groups (Ad-cytomegalovirus [CMV] and phosphate-buffered saline). doi = 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1554-1562 id = cord-030010-wy3kj68l author = Abidin, Crystal title = Feeling Asian Together: Coping With #COVIDRacism on Subtle Asian Traits date = 2020-07-30 keywords = SAT; asian; east summary = In response, this article investigates how an online Asian community has utilized social media to engage in cathartic expressions, mutual care, and discursive activism amid the rise of anti-Asian racism and xenophobia during COVID-19. In this article, we reflect on our experiences as East Asian diaspora members on SAT and share our observations of meaning-making, identity-making, and community-making as East Asians collectively coping with COVID-19 aggression between January and May 2020. From propagating "quarantine trends" (e.g., homemade dalgona coffees which require the effort of whipped coffee and milk but are Instaworthy to simulate the café experience; and recommendations of Korean dramas in every genre to soothe the soul) to joking about Asian mothers'' pseudo-scientific anti-COVID remedies, SAT''s 1000+ daily posts from its 948223S MSXXX10.1177/2056305120948223Social Media + SocietyAbidin and Zeng research-article20202020 1 Curtin University, Australia 2 University of Zurich, Switzerland members have swiftly pivoted to reflecting on what it means to be "Asian" during the pandemic. doi = 10.1177/2056305120948223 id = cord-002070-8y24j34j author = Adney, Danielle R. title = Infection, Replication, and Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Alpacas date = 2016-06-17 keywords = East; MERS summary = Numerous investigators have reported the presence of MERS-CoV RNA or infectious virus in nasal swab specimens of dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia (3, 4, (8) (9) (10) , Qatar (5, (11) (12) (13) , Oman (14) , the United Arab Emirates (15), Nigeria (16) , and Egypt (17) . We have previously demonstrated that dromedary camels can be experimentally infected with MERS-CoV and found that mild upper respiratory tract disease associated with shedding copious amounts of virus by nasal secretions develops during the first week after infection (21) . We report characterization of an alpaca model of MERS-CoV infection in which we evaluated virus shedding and pathology, transmission by contact, and protective immunity 10 weeks after initial infection. Infectious virus was detected in nasal swab specimens from 2 of 3 alpacas co-housed with experimentally infected animals, and each of the 3 co-housed animals had neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV, which indicated virus transmission. doi = 10.3201/eid2206.160192 id = cord-309239-6lso1w0o author = Adney, Danielle R. title = Inoculation of Goats, Sheep, and Horses with MERS-CoV Does Not Result in Productive Viral Shedding date = 2016-08-19 keywords = East; MERS summary = The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging pathogen first described from Saudi Arabia in 2012 [1] that can cause severe respiratory disease and death in roughly 36% of infected humans [2] . There is considerable field and experimental evidence that dromedary camels serve as an important reservoir host involved in transmission to humans [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] , but whether other livestock such as goats, sheep, and horses play a role in transmission has only been assessed indirectly. The objective of this study was to determine if goats, sheep, and horses can be infected with MERS-CoV and assess their potential importance in viral transmission. Sheep, goat kids and horses were each inoculated intranasally with 1.4 × 10 6 to 1.9 × 10 6 plaque-forming units (PFU) of a low passage human isolate of MERS-CoV (strain HCoV-EMC/2012) propagated in Vero E6 cells as described previously [11] . doi = 10.3390/v8080230 id = cord-354302-l2kywzro author = Adney, Danielle R. title = Replication and Shedding of MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract of Inoculated Dromedary Camels date = 2014-12-17 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = Epidemiologic investigations identified dromedary camels as the likely source of zoonotic transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Epidemiologic investigations identified dromedary camels as the likely source of zoonotic transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We inoculated 3 adult camels with a human isolate of MERS-CoV and a transient, primarily upper respiratory tract infection developed in each of the 3 animals. We inoculated 3 adult camels with a human isolate of MERS-CoV and a transient, primarily upper respiratory tract infection developed in each of the 3 animals. T he Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first recognized in 2012 related to a fatal human case of pneumonia in Saudi Arabia (1) . MERS-CoV shedding started during 1-2 dpi, as detected by the presence of infectious virus and viral RNA by qPCR in nasal swab samples. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels doi = 10.3201/eid2012.141280 id = cord-340836-eb5a9ln3 author = Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad title = Epidemiological factors and worldwide pattern of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from 2013 to 2016 date = 2018-04-06 keywords = East; MERS summary = METHODS: Full details of MERS-CoV cases available on the disease outbreak news section of the World Health Organization official website from January 2013 to November 2016 were retrieved; demographic and clinical information, global distribution status, potential contacts, and probable risk factors for the mortality of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases were extracted and analyzed by following standard statistical methods. From September 23, 2012, to November 11, 2016, the occurrence of 1,879 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection, including 659 deaths, was reported to WHO by the National IHR Focal Points of 27 countries in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, the United States of America, and Asia. The comparison of characteristics of the cases and the effect of various potential risk factors on the final outcome (dead/survived) of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases in the world (Table 2) reveal that two factors, namely, morbid case being native and travel history, are considered significant in a unifactorial analysis (P-values are <0.05) and with the potential of bearing on the dynamics of the disease. doi = 10.2147/ijgm.s160741 id = cord-343302-g9vcchrh author = Agrawal, Anurodh Shankar title = Passive Transfer of A Germline-like Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Transgenic Mice Against Lethal Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection date = 2016-08-19 keywords = CoV; East; MERS; Middle summary = title: Passive Transfer of A Germline-like Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Transgenic Mice Against Lethal Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Here, we further characterized this novel human mAb in our Tg mouse model of MERS-CoV infection and showed prophylactic and therapeutic protection of mice treated with m336 before and after a lethal challenge with the virus, respectively. In our studies, we noted that passively transferred with 1 mg and 0.1 mg of m336 monoclonal antibodies to individual mice 12 h prior to challenge with 1,000 LD 50 of MERS-CoV resulted in 100% and 75% protection against lethality, respectively (Fig. 1) , suggesting that using 0.1 mg m336/mouse as a prophylaxis is suboptimal to completely neutralize viral infection, thereby allowing residual viruses to replicate within lungs during the course of infection. doi = 10.1038/srep31629 id = cord-264901-w285on4x author = Ahmadzadeh, Jamal title = The risk factors associated with MERS-CoV patient fatality: A global survey date = 2019-07-31 keywords = East; MERS summary = Risk factors associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection outcome were established by analyses of WHO data from September 23, 2012 to 18 June 2018. For this study, we used the publicly available World Health Organization (WHO) MERS global epidemiologic data (World Health Organization 2019) to assess characteristics, clinical information, global distribution status, and probable risk factors associated with MERS-CoV patient mortality. In this worldwide comprehensive survey, were analyzed publicly available data from the WHO website:(http://www.who.int/csr/don/ archive/disease/coronavirus_infections/en/) related to laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases from September 23, 2012 until June 18, 2018. The current study focuses on the epidemiological trend of MERS-CoV infection and mortality rate analysis of its worldwide cases in the aforementioned dates. Therefore, it might be more appropriate to conduct further large-scale epidemiological studies with complete data related to all morbid cases of MERS to obtain a better understanding of MERS-CoV emergence in humans and also associated risk factors related of this infection. doi = 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114876 id = cord-264956-wbi0ird5 author = Ahmed, Anwar E. title = Development of a risk‐prediction model for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dialysis patients date = 2018-04-14 keywords = East; MERS summary = An important lesson was learned from the world''s largest Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreaks that occurred in Saudi Arabia and South Korea: that health care-associated infection is a major cause of rapid pathogen spread in health care settings with a high risk of cluster infections. 12, 13 A valid risk-predictive model for MERS-CoV infection in dialysis patients may increase the likelihood of early virus detection. The authors attempt to develop an algorithm that combines demographic, clinical, radiological, and laboratory data to assess the early risk of MERS-CoV infection in dialysis patients who are suspected of having MERS-CoV infection and were diagnosed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) between September 2012 and June 2016. This is the first study to develop a risk-prediction model in dialysis patients who screened for MERS-CoV infection by rRT-PCR. The model accurately predicts high-risk of MERS-CoV infection in dialysis patients. doi = 10.1111/hdi.12661 id = cord-306923-eujbxdqi author = Ahmed, Anwar E. title = Factors associated with recovery delay in a sample of patients diagnosed by MERS‐CoV rRT‐PCR: A Saudi Arabian multicenter retrospective study date = 2018-04-25 keywords = East; MERS summary = Data on the time intervals between a patient''s presentation or admission to a healthcare facility and the first specimen sample have been limited in patients suspected and screened for MERS-CoV by a real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test, as it might correlate with recovery delay intervals. This chart review study was based on information from multicenters and a large sample size, and it provides valuable information on factors associated with prolonged or shorter recovery delay of patients suspected and screened for MERS-CoV by the rRT-PCR test. The study evidence supports that longer recovery delay was seen in patients with older age, MERS-CoV infection, ICU admission, and abnormal radiology findings in a sample of patients diagnosed by rRT-PCR. Factors associated with recovery delay in a sample of patients diagnosed by MERS-CoV rRT-PCR: A Saudi Arabian multicenter retrospective study doi = 10.1111/irv.12560 id = cord-318181-xxc7vdnt author = Ahmed, Anwar E. title = Early identification of pneumonia patients at increased risk of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in Saudi Arabia date = 2018-03-14 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = A total of 360 patients with confirmed pneumonia who were evaluated for MERS-CoV infection by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) between September 1, 2012 and June 1, 2016 at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh and King Fahad General Hospital in Jeddah, were included. Nineteen predictive variables were included: age, sex, fever (temperature !38 C), one composite respiratory symptom (the presence of cough, bloody cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain), one composite gastrointestinal symptoms (the presence of diarrhea, vomiting, or nausea), seven MERS-CoV potential risk factors (contact with sick patients or camels, severe illness (defined according to the patient''s clinical status, ''yes/no'', which is based on clinical judgment), diabetes, lung disease, liver disease, renal disease, and heart disease), and seven laboratory measurements (white blood cell (WBC) count (Â10 9 /l), platelets (Â10 9 /l), creatinine (mmol/l), bilirubin (mmol/l), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; U/l), aspartate aminotransferase (AST; U/l), and albumin (g/ l)). doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.03.005 id = cord-345046-str19r9a author = Al Ghamdi, Mohammed title = Treatment outcomes for patients with Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV) infection at a coronavirus referral center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia date = 2016-04-21 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = title: Treatment outcomes for patients with Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV) infection at a coronavirus referral center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia In this recent cohort, when comparing survivors to nonsurvivors, survival was associated with male gender, vomiting on admission, elevated respiratory rate, abnormal lung exam on physical exam, working as a healthcare worker, history of hypertension, elevated ALT, clearance of MERS CoV on repeat PCR testing, and receiving mycophenolate mofetil or beta interferon (Table 1 ). In analyzing the relationship between severity of illness and treatments administered, beta interferon and mycophenolate mofetil were given to less severely ill patients (Table 3) Discussion MERS-CoV is an emerging disease for which the initial epidemiology has been described, but in-depth clinical studies and the role of therapy in incompletely understood. We present data from a retrospective cohort of ill patients with Mers-CoV and the results of the evaluation of the clinical efficacy of beta interferon beta, alpha interferon, ribavirin and mycophenolate mofetil in addition to routine supportive care. doi = 10.1186/s12879-016-1492-4 id = cord-323125-qtlevnbt author = Al Hosani, Farida Ismail title = Serologic Follow-up of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Cases and Contacts—Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates date = 2019-02-01 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = BACKGROUND: Although there is evidence of person-to-person transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in household and healthcare settings, more data are needed to describe and better understand the risk factors and transmission routes in both settings, as well as the extent to which disease severity affects transmission. METHODS: A seroepidemiological investigation was conducted among MERS-CoV case patients (cases) and their household contacts to investigate transmission risk in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. In this investigation, we use serological detection of MERS-CoV antibodies to evaluate if asymptomatic or mildly ill case patients had detectable MERS-CoV antibodies, estimate transmission rates from known cases to their household contacts, and identify potential risk factors. For each MERS-CoV case identified in the investigation, clinical information, including symptoms, was collected using the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium form, which was filled out in real time by healthcare providers and subsequently verified by retrospective chart review. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciy503 id = cord-298941-xf2ukinp author = Al-Abdallat, Mohammad Mousa title = Hospital-Associated Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: A Serologic, Epidemiologic, and Clinical Description date = 2014-05-14 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; outbreak summary = BACKGROUND: In April 2012, the Jordan Ministry of Health investigated an outbreak of lower respiratory illnesses at a hospital in Jordan; 2 fatal cases were retrospectively confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to be the first detected cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). Following the discovery of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in September 2012 [2] , specimens from the 2 fatal cases in Jordan were retrospectively tested and both yielded positive results for MERS-CoV by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), and were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). Using newly developed serologic assays to determine MERS-CoV antibody responses among case contacts in this outbreak, epidemiologists from the JMoH, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and regional partners conducted a retrospective seroepidemiologic investigation to (1) confirm whether surviving outbreak members had presence of antibodies to MERS-CoV, (2) ascertain whether viral transmission occurred among household contacts or to other healthcare personnel, and (3) describe the clinical features of all detected MERS-CoV infections in Jordan. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciu359 id = cord-345591-zwh1xj5u author = Al-Dorzi, Hasan M. title = The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study date = 2016-10-24 keywords = East; ICU; MERS; Middle summary = title: The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has caused several hospital outbreaks, including a major outbreak at King Abdulaziz Medical City, a 940-bed tertiary-care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (August–September 2015). Eight HCWs had MERS requiring ICU admission (median stay = 28 days): Seven developed acute respiratory distress syndrome, four were treated with prone positioning, four needed continuous renal replacement therapy and one had extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus is a recently identified virus that is closely related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [1] , causes severe hypoxemic respiratory failure with multiorgan failure and frequently requires admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) [2, 3] . doi = 10.1186/s13613-016-0203-z id = cord-345081-15s2i6f0 author = Al-Sehaibany, Fares S. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome in children: Dental considerations date = 2017-04-17 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = As of January 2016, 1,633 laboratory-confirmed cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection and 587 MERS-related deaths have been reported by the World Health Organization globally. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus may also spread through aerosols generated during various dental treatments, resulting in transmission between patients and dentists. 1, 17 Viral infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome Saudi Med J 2017; Vol. 38 (4) www.smj.org.sa (SARS-CoV), may be transmitted to healthcare workers from infected patients through aerosols. 19 This review is an attempt to discuss MERS-CoV infection among children and those providing dental treatment to them, including precautions and considerations pertaining to the practice of pediatric dentistry. In pediatric dental practice, effective infection control measures for the prevention or minimization of viral infection transmission can be implemented by a) controlling the gag or cough reflex; b) reducing aerosol/ splatter generation; c) managing contaminated air and; d) improving personal protection. doi = 10.15537/smj.2017.4.15777 id = cord-287886-41isp0wj author = Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease is rare in children: An update from Saudi Arabia date = 2016-11-08 keywords = East; MERS summary = AIM: To summarize the reported Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cases, the associated clinical presentations and the outcomes. We also searched MEDLINE and PubMed for the keywords: Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, MERS-CoV in combination with pediatric, children, childhood, infancy and pregnancy from the initial discovery of the virus in 2012 to 2016. We searched MEDLINE and PubMed for the keywords Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, MERS-CoV, in combination with pediatric, children, childhood, infancy and pregnancy from the initial discovery of the virus in June 2012 until April 19, 2016. Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated in 2012 from a patient in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated in 2012 from a patient in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study doi = 10.5409/wjcp.v5.i4.391 id = cord-271004-gtmo5ixs author = Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title = Influenza is more common than Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among hospitalized adult Saudi patients date = 2017-10-12 keywords = East; MERS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.10.004 id = cord-307995-8q7efrqk author = Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: current situation and travel-associated concerns date = 2016-05-04 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): summary and risk assessment of current situation in the Republic of Korea and China -as of 19 Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study A family cluster of Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections related to a likely unrecognized asymptomatic or mild case Community case clusters of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Hafr Al-Batin, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a descriptive genomic study Transmission and evolution of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive genomic study KSA MERS-CoV Investigation Team.Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: an observational study doi = 10.1007/s11684-016-0446-y id = cord-349010-n4s8dzgp author = Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title = Update on therapeutic options for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date = 2016-12-24 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged as an important virus in 2012 and since then has caused multiple outbreaks in hospitals especially in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and outside the Arabian Peninsula [1] [2] [3] . Based on analysis of SARS data, interferon-ribavirin combination was suggested as a possible therapeutic option for the treatment of MERS-CoV infections [5] . Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: an observational study Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study Inhibition of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection by anti-CD26 monoclonal antibody Feasibility, safety, clinical, and laboratory effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a study protocol Towards the prophylactic and therapeutic use of human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) doi = 10.1080/14787210.2017.1271712 id = cord-299519-hfgmmuy6 author = Alenazi, Thamer H. title = Severe Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Pneumonia date = 2019-10-26 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; Saudi summary = A febrile acute respiratory illness with clinical, radiological, or histopathological evidence of pulmonary parenchymal disease (e.g. pneumonia or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) that cannot be explained fully by any other etiology AND The person resides or traveled in the Middle East, or in countries where MERS-CoV is known to be circulating in dromedary camels or where human infections have recently occurred AND Testing for MERS-CoV is inconclusive. Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: An observational study Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: A descriptive study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during pregnancy: A report of 5 cases from Saudi Arabia An observational, laboratory-based study of outbreaks of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Jeddah and Riyadh, kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: A retrospective cohort study doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11488-6 id = cord-262542-vevsgkp6 author = Alharbi, Naif Khalaf title = ChAdOx1 and MVA based vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV elicit neutralising antibodies and cellular immune responses in mice date = 2017-06-27 keywords = East; F11; MERS; MVA summary = title: ChAdOx1 and MVA based vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV elicit neutralising antibodies and cellular immune responses in mice A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS with tPA elicited cellular immune responses as well as neutralising antibodies that were boosted to a significantly higher level by MVA MERS. Here, we report development of MERS-CoV vaccine candidates that are based on two different viral vectors: Chimpanzee Adenovirus, Oxford University #1 (ChAdOx1) [26] and Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) [27, 28] . Previously, we reported the ability of the strong early F11 promoter to enhance cellular immunogenicity of vaccine antigen candidates for malaria and influenza, as compared to utilising p7.5 or mH5 early/late promoters which resulted in a lower level of gene expression immediately after virus infection of target cells, but higher levels at a later stage [31] . doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.032 id = cord-297062-dmiplvt2 author = Almekhlafi, Ghaleb A. title = Presentation and outcome of Middle East respiratory syndrome in Saudi intensive care unit patients date = 2016-05-07 keywords = East; ICU; MERS; Middle summary = authors: Almekhlafi, Ghaleb A.; Albarrak, Mohammed M.; Mandourah, Yasser; Hassan, Sahar; Alwan, Abid; Abudayah, Abdullah; Altayyar, Sultan; Mustafa, Mohamed; Aldaghestani, Tareef; Alghamedi, Adnan; Talag, Ali; Malik, Muhammad K.; Omrani, Ali S.; Sakr, Yasser BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection is associated with high mortality rates but limited clinical data have been reported. We describe the clinical features and outcomes of patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from all adult (>18 years old) patients admitted to our 20-bed mixed ICU with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection between October 1, 2012 and May 31, 2014. We performed a retrospective study to describe the clinical features and outcomes of patients admitted to our ICU with laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection. This report describes the clinical features and outcomes of 31critically ill patients with confirmed Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. doi = 10.1186/s13054-016-1303-8 id = cord-259703-9ef3u2mz author = Alsolamy, Sami title = Infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. date = 2015 keywords = East; MERS summary = T he Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first recognized as a new febrile respiratory illness in Saudi Arabia in June 2012. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) -Saudi Arabia: Disease outbreak news Family cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections Presence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibodies in Saudi Arabia: A nationwide, cross-sectional, serological study Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: A report of nosocomial transmission Association of higher MERS-CoV virus load with severe disease and death, Saudi Arabia Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection is suspected -Interim guidance Repurposing of clinically developed drugs for treatment of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). doi = nan id = cord-351685-n70tkf38 author = Altamimi, Asmaa title = Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory date = 2020-02-19 keywords = East; MERS; Saudi summary = title: Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory METHODS: It was a surveillance system-based study, for which data from a total of 23,646 suspected patients in Riyadh and Al Qassim regions were analyzed from January 2017 until December 2017 to estimate the prevalence of MERS-CoV among suspected cases and to determine potential demographic risk factors related to the confirmation of the diagnosis. During the study period, i.e., the year 2017, only 119 confirmed cases were reported, which means that the number of MERS-CoV infection cases has decreased in Riyadh and Al-Qassim regions in comparison to that of the last three years. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study doi = 10.1155/2020/9629747 id = cord-287761-73qgx58i author = Aly, Mahmoud title = Occurrence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) across the Gulf Corporation Council countries: Four years update date = 2017-10-13 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = Within a time span of 4 years from June 2012 to July 2016, we collect samples form MERS-CoV infected individuals from National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, and Ministry of health Saudi Arabia and other GCC countries. GCC countries including Saudi Arabia now have the infrastructure in place that allows physicians and scientific community to identify and immediately respond to the potential risks posed by new outbreaks of MERS-CoV infections in the region. The emergence of MERS-CoV dates back to July 2012 when an elderly patient of age 60 years died from an acute pneumonia in Saudi Arabia, and a new coronavirus strain was isolated from his lung tissue [1] . With regard to viral origin and transmission, the first case of MERS-CoV infection did not relate it to any particular contact with animals before the disease onset; however, other studies did link it to Dromedary camels [5] [6] [7] [8] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0183850 id = cord-271681-jmoyy8rb author = Assiri, Abdullah M. title = Epidemiology of a Novel Recombinant Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans in Saudi Arabia date = 2016-06-14 keywords = Arabia; East; MERS; Saudi summary = doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiw236 id = cord-300536-8okuomi6 author = Baloch, Zulqarnain title = Unique Challenges to Control the Spread of COVID-19 in the Middle East date = 2020-07-13 keywords = East; Middle summary = These challenges include compromised healthcare systems, prolonged regional conflicts and humanitarian crises, suboptimal levels of transparency and cooperation, and frequent religious gatherings. These challenges include compromised healthcare systems, prolonged regional conflicts and humanitarian crises, suboptimal levels of transparency and cooperation, and frequent religious gatherings. Besides weakening healthcare systems, wars and conflicts in the Middle East have also led to large-scale humanitarian crises. In Iran, the early COVID-19 cases were recorded in Qom (Fig. 3B) , a city that attracts millions of pilgrims from countries including Lebanon, As pilgrims concentrating on religious rituals, there are close contacts among worshipers and insufficient self-protective measures, and therefore amplify the risk of transmission and potential super spreading of SARS-CoV-2 [24] . These include compromised healthcare systems, prolonged regional conflicts and humanitarian crises, suboptimal levels of transparency and cooperation, and frequent religious gatherings. doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.034 id = cord-293505-1t3hg4wi author = Bernard-Stoecklin, Sibylle title = Comparative Analysis of Eleven Healthcare-Associated Outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (Mers-Cov) from 2015 to 2017 date = 2019-05-14 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = Such large healthcare-associated (HCA) outbreaks have mainly been limited to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arabian Emirates (UAE) until the spring 2015, when a single imported case of MERS returning from the Middle East initiated a cluster of 186 cases in the Republic of Korea (ROK) across at least 17 hospitals and much of the country 18 . We analyzed epidemiological datasets of laboratory-confirmed MERS patients and focused our study on eleven healthcare-associated outbreaks that were reported in KSA and ROK since 2015, when policies and procedures for case identification and comprehensive contact identification and follow up became systematic and were implemented by affected countries. We defined a HCA-outbreak as the occurrence of 5 or more laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infections with reported epidemiologic links between cases and during which the human-to-human transmission events were documented within a single healthcare facility, with no more than 14 days apart between cases symptom onset. doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-43586-9 id = cord-272513-umuiovrd author = Bindayna, Khalid Mubarak title = Variant analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes in the Middle East date = 2020-10-09 keywords = East; Middle; variant summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.10.09.332692 id = cord-252883-1ub01j2x author = Bleibtreu, A. title = Focus on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date = 2019-11-11 keywords = Arabia; East; MERS; Middle; Saudi summary = Since the first case of human infection by the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia in June 2012, more than 2260 cases of confirmed MERS-CoV infection and 803 related deaths have been reported since the 16th of October 2018. The first case of infection attributed to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was detected in Saudi Arabia in June 2012 [1] . Despite these viruses being identified in several reports as causing lower respiratory tract infections, it was generally accepted that coronaviruses were of low pathogenicity until the emergence of SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) in 2002, a virus with a fatality rate estimated at 10%. Very shortly afterwards, in September 2012, a second patient was admitted to hospital in the United Kingdom for severe respiratory infection related to a novel coronavirus following travel to the Middle East. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission doi = 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.10.004 id = cord-280350-ay4cnzn5 author = Chan, Jasper F.W. title = Broad-spectrum antivirals for the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date = 2013-10-03 keywords = East; MERS; SARS summary = We then assessed the anti-MERS-CoV activities of the identified compounds and of interferons, nelfinavir, and lopinavir because of their reported anti-coronavirus activities in terms of cytopathic effect inhibition, viral yield reduction, and plaque reduction assays in Biosafety Level-3 laboratory. Given the limited time available to develop novel anti-MERS-CoV agents in this evolving epidemic, we attempted to provide an alternative solution by identifying potential broad-spectrum antiviral agents against MERS-CoV and influenza A viruses by a small compound-based forward chemical genetics approach using chemical libraries consisting of 1280 drug compounds already marketed or having reached clinical trials in the United States, Europe, or Asia (Microsource Discovery Systems, USA). 25 We then assessed the anti-MERS-CoV activities of the identified drug compounds in cell culture by cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition, viral yield reduction, and plaque reduction assay (PRA) assays, as well as drug cytotoxicity. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.029 id = cord-263508-row2mn17 author = Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo title = The emerging novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: The “knowns” and “unknowns” date = 2013-07-21 keywords = East; MERS; SARS; case summary = Ten years after the devastating epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which resulted in a total of 774 deaths among more than 8000 confirmed cases in over 30 countries, the world is facing a new challenge posted by a "SARS-like" infection caused by another novel coronavirus emerging from the Middle East, which was originally named human coronavirus EMC/2012 (HCoV-EMC) and recently renamed by the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). 6,7,10e14 Although the number of laboratory-confirmed cases remains limited, the severe clinical manifestations with an unusually high mortality rate of over 50%, the spread of the infection beyond the geographical confinement in the Middle East, and the epidemiological evidence of human-to-human transmission arising from the recent clusters of cases in a family in the United Kingdom (Cases 10 to 12), and in hospitals in KSA (Cases 18 to 30, 32 and 33) and France (Cases 31 and 34), have raised significant concerns on the possible emergence of another SARS-like epidemic in the near future. doi = 10.1016/j.jfma.2013.05.010 id = cord-337825-ujq9mxk7 author = Chen, Bin title = Overview of lethal human coronaviruses date = 2020-06-10 keywords = ACE2; CoV; CoV-2; East; MERS; Middle; SARS; coronavirus; protein summary = Coronaviruses are the largest +ssRNA viruses and contain at least 14 ORFs, 16 protein combines with viral RNA to form a nucleocapsid, which is involved in the replication of SARS-CoV and is the most abundant protein in virus-infected cells. MERS-CoV can infect T-cells from human lymphoid organs and causes the peripheral blood inducing apoptosis by intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, thus avoiding host immune response detection method, Nanopore Targeted Sequencing, also has the potential for efficiently detecting viruses in a reasonable time. The structural and accessory proteins M, ORF 4a, ORF 4b, and ORF 5 of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are potent interferon antagonists Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) entry inhibitors targeting spike protein Identification of a receptor-binding domain in the S protein of the novel human coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an essential target for vaccine development Receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein induces highly potent neutralizing antibodies: implication for developing subunit vaccine doi = 10.1038/s41392-020-0190-2 id = cord-016451-k8m2xz0e author = Chertow, Daniel S. title = Influenza, Measles, SARS, MERS, and Smallpox date = 2020-01-03 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; SARS; respiratory; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-33803-9_5 id = cord-295971-jtv1jj2z author = Cho, Sun Young title = MERS-CoV outbreak following a single patient exposure in an emergency room in South Korea: an epidemiological outbreak study date = 2016-07-09 keywords = East; MERS; Patient summary = BACKGROUND: In 2015, a large outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection occurred following a single patient exposure in an emergency room at the Samsung Medical Center, a tertiary-care hospital in Seoul, South Korea. INTERPRETATION: Our results showed increased transmission potential of MERS-CoV from a single patient in an overcrowded emergency room and provide compelling evidence that health-care facilities worldwide need to be prepared for emerging infectious diseases. Excluding three patients with confi rmed MERS-CoV infection who were not identifi ed in the initial patient contact investigation (appendix p 5), the overall attack rate for patients in the emergency room was 4% (30 of 675). No MERS-CoV infection was reported in patients and visitors who had been in the emergency room on May 29 during the time period when they were exposed only to zones II (n=81) or III (n=15), while Patient 14 was confi ned to zone IV. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30623-7 id = cord-337066-pztrwvib author = Choi, Won Suk title = Clinical Presentation and Outcomes of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in the Republic of Korea date = 2016-06-30 keywords = East; Korea; MERS summary = CONCLUSION: The clinical features of MERS-CoV infection in the Republic of Korea were similar to those of previous outbreaks in the Middle East. This retrospective observational study focused on the clinical characteristics of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection in the Republic of Korea. All patients with laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection were identified during the outbreak in the Republic of Korea, during which confirmatory tests were performed only for suspected cases. We described the clinical characteristics of all 186 patients with confirmed MERS-CoV infection during the outbreak in the Republic of Korea (Table 1) . The proportions of patients with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes (18.8%), chronic lung disease (10.2%), or chronic kidney disease (4.8%) were smaller in this study, which might explain why cases with complicating respiratory or renal failure were relatively uncommon in the outbreak in the Republic of Korea, compared to those reported in Saudi Arabia. doi = 10.3947/ic.2016.48.2.118 id = cord-343184-kptkmgdm author = Crameri, Gary title = Experimental Infection and Response to Rechallenge of Alpacas with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date = 2016-06-17 keywords = East; MERS summary = title: Experimental Infection and Response to Rechallenge of Alpacas with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus We conducted a challenge/rechallenge trial in which 3 alpacas were infected with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. However, the alpaca, a close relative within the Camelidae family, may provide a temperamentally suitable and valuable animal model for MERS-CoV infection, particularly for developing and testing vaccine candidates for camels. We found no previous MERS-CoV challenge trial reported in alpacas, so we chose a preliminary dose and rechallenge time on the basis of our experience with other virus infection trials for other emerging infectious diseases (8) . Our challenge/rechallenge trial was planned as a first stage in the assessment of the alpaca as a potential surrogate for camels for MERS-CoV vaccine testing. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study Infection, replication, and transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in alpacas doi = 10.3201/eid2206.160007 id = cord-354272-99vw735a author = DARLING, N. D. title = Retrospective, epidemiological cluster analysis of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) epidemic using open source data date = 2017-10-24 keywords = East; MERS summary = title: Retrospective, epidemiological cluster analysis of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) epidemic using open source data In an effort to better understand the patterns of transmission, a retrospective analysis of epidemiological clusters identified throughout the ongoing MERS-CoV epidemic was conducted using open-source data. Several key search terms were utilized to capture all cluster-related literature, including ''MERS-CoV'', ''nosocomial'', ''cluster'', ''transmission'', ''superspreader'', ''contact tracing'', and ''healthcare worker''. An exported cluster was defined as any cluster that resulted from verified travel of an index case (from an area of known MERS-CoV transmission) within one incubation period (14 days) of symptom onset. If a case was reported from the city during the estimated time in which there was ongoing nosocomial transmission, had no travel or camel exposure in the 14 days prior to illness onset, and had no known household contact with a confirmed MERS-CoV case, the case was included in the case count for that particular nosocomial cluster. doi = 10.1017/s0950268817002345 id = cord-327867-1wkbjtji author = Da''ar, Omar B. title = Underlying trend, seasonality, prediction, forecasting and the contribution of risk factors: an analysis of globally reported cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date = 2018-06-11 keywords = East; MERS summary = title: Underlying trend, seasonality, prediction, forecasting and the contribution of risk factors: an analysis of globally reported cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus This study set out to identify and analyse trends and seasonal variations of monthly global reported cases of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). This study set out to identify trends and seasonal variations; made a prediction based on the globally reported cases of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), extrapolated into the future by forecasting the trend and assessed contributions of various risk factors for the MERS-CoV cases. Using linear time series models and their application to the modelling and prediction of the globally reported MERS-CoV data, the present study identified trends, analysed seasonality, predicted and forecast evolution of MERS-CoV cases and assessed the contribution of various risk factors. doi = 10.1017/s0950268818001541 id = cord-324324-8ybfiz8f author = Decaro, Nicola title = Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses date = 2020-04-14 keywords = China; East; IBV; MERS; RNA; SARS; bat; coronavirus summary = In addition, the close contact between human beings and different animal species sold at the wet markets of East Asia represents the optimal situation for the host species jump and adaptation to humans of potentially zoonotic agents like CoVs. It is not a coincidence that two of the most severe zoonoses of the last two decades (highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza and SARS) have emerged in the same Chinese province of Guangdong where the contact between humans and animals is closer (Lorusso et al., 2020) . All these viruses as well as analogous IBV-like CoVs detected in other birds including penguins, pigeons, peafowl, parrots, waterfowl, teal, quail, duck and whooper swan (Cavanagh et al., 2002; Circella et al., 2007; Domanska-Blicharz et al., 2014; Torres et al., 2013; Hughes et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2005; Wille et al., 2016; Jordan et al., 2015; Bande et al., 2016; Suryaman et al., 2019) have been assigned to the same viral species known as Avian coronavirus (ACoV) within the subgenus Igacovirus of genus Gammacoronavirus. doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108693 id = cord-277781-v9hw1cdi author = Ejima, Keisuke title = Probabilistic differential diagnosis of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) using the time from immigration to illness onset among imported cases date = 2014-04-07 keywords = East; MERS; Nishiura summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.12.024 id = cord-259051-6kuh4njb author = Elkholy, Amgad A. title = MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and risk factors for death: Retrospective analysis of all laboratory-confirmed cases reported to WHO from 2012 to 2 June 2018 date = 2019-05-02 keywords = East; MERS summary = title: MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and risk factors for death: Retrospective analysis of all laboratory-confirmed cases reported to WHO from 2012 to 2 June 2018 BACKGROUND: Approximately half of the reported laboratory-confirmed infections of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have occurred in healthcare settings, and healthcare workers constitute over one third of all secondary infections. This study aimed to describe secondary cases of MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and to identify risk factors for death. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on epidemiological data of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases reported to the World Health Organization from September 2012 to 2 June 2018. In this study, we use the epidemiological data of all MERS cases reported to date to WHO to describe secondary cases of MERS-CoV infection among healthcare workers and to identify the risk factors for death among healthcare workers with secondary infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.04.011 id = cord-288389-z0sz1msj author = Fanoy, Ewout B title = Travel-related MERS-CoV cases: an assessment of exposures and risk factors in a group of Dutch travellers returning from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, May 2014 date = 2014-10-17 keywords = East; MERS; case summary = title: Travel-related MERS-CoV cases: an assessment of exposures and risk factors in a group of Dutch travellers returning from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, May 2014 BACKGROUND: In May 2014, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, with closely related viral genomes, was diagnosed in two Dutch residents, returning from a pilgrimage to Medina and Mecca, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). METHODS: All travellers, including the two cases, completed a questionnaire focussing on potential human, animal and food exposures to MERS-CoV. Exposure to MERS-CoV during a hospital visit is considered a likely source of infection for Case 1 but not for Case 2. Investigation of an imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in two returning travellers in the Netherlands World Health Organization: Case-Control Study to Assess Potential Risk Factors Related to Human Illness Caused by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) doi = 10.1186/1742-7622-11-16 id = cord-138656-8iyynbup author = Furuyama, Taima N. title = Temporal data series of COVID-19 epidemics in the USA, Asia and Europe suggests a selective sweep of SARS-CoV-2 Spike D614G variant date = 2020-06-20 keywords = East; SARS; d614 summary = title: Temporal data series of COVID-19 epidemics in the USA, Asia and Europe suggests a selective sweep of SARS-CoV-2 Spike D614G variant From November 2002 to May 2004, SARS-CoV-1 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome caused by Coronavirus type 1) affected 26 countries worldwide, accounted 8,096 confirmed cases and 774 deaths (9.6% fatality ratio) (Drosten et al., 2003; Ksiazek et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2003; Peiris et al., 2003; Zhong et al., 2003 ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -Department of Health and Human Services, 2004; World Health Organization, 2004; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017) . MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome caused by Coronavirus) spread to 27 countries around the globe, totalizing 2,519 confirmed cases and 866 deaths (34.4% fatality ratio) continuously since April 2012 (Zaki et al., 2012; Hijawi et al., 2013; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019; World Health Organization, 2019 , 2020b . If there is a correlation between the D614G variant prevalence and higher SARS-CoV-2 transmission, then the epidemiological data might reveal a significant correlation between D614G prevalence and the growth rate coefficients of epidemic curves globally. doi = nan id = cord-328298-tm7gds8h author = Gardner, Lauren M. title = Risk of global spread of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) via the air transport network date = 2016-09-05 keywords = East; MERS summary = In order to prevent global outbreaks such as the one seen in South Korea, it is critical for high-risk countries to be prepared and have appropriate screening and triage protocols in place to identify travel-related cases of MERS-CoV. The results provide a country level ranking and corresponding expected relative risk, which can be used by public health authorities in each country to ensure the appropriate screening and triage protocols are in place to identify travel-related cases of MERS-coronavirus. The proposed model quantifies the relative risk of disease spread by MERS-CoV-infected travellers departing from the Middle East and arriving at any given world airport. The analysis quantifies the relative expected risk of MERS-CoV-infected (air travel) passengers arriving at airports based on a set of active transmission regions, the outbreak size at each and travel patterns; the model does not include the potential importation of infected intermediary hosts or intermediary host by-products since the influence of that possibility is yet to be established. doi = 10.1093/jtm/taw063 id = cord-273626-zy8qjaai author = Gong, Shu‐ran title = The battle against SARS and MERS coronaviruses: Reservoirs and Animal Models date = 2018-07-28 keywords = East; MERS; SARS summary = doi = 10.1002/ame2.12017 id = cord-252332-1aqi47jg author = Gray, J. W. title = HIS Middle East Infection Prevention Summit 2015 date = 2015-11-30 keywords = East summary = key: cord-252332-1aqi47jg title: HIS Middle East Infection Prevention Summit 2015 cord_uid: 1aqi47jg In June 2015 the Healthcare Infection Society held a twoday Middle East Infection Prevention Summit with the aim of uniting colleagues across the globe in driving down infection rates and improving infection prevention and control practice. In many ways the Middle East is a microcosm for the challenges in infection prevention and control across the world. Two of the themes of the conference that have particular international relevance are the huge challenges presented by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in Middle Eastern hospitals, and local experience with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); what lessons can we learn? The inaugural Healthcare Infection Society Middle East Summit: a local perspective The inaugural Healthcare Infection Society Middle East Summit: ''No action today. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.08.001 id = cord-281529-2rec51xg author = Haagmans, Bart L title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation date = 2013-12-17 keywords = CoV; East; MERS; PCR summary = We tested for the presence of MERS-CoV in dromedary camels from a farm in Qatar linked to two human cases of the infection in October, 2013. 13 Both MERS-CoV spike protein binding antibodies and virus neutralising antibodies were reported in dromedary camels from diff erent regions, including Oman and Egypt, but no virus shedding could be detected and, therefore, the signifi cance of these observations remained an issue of debate. The camel MERS-CoV clustered with viral sequences obtained from the two human cases related to the farm and with a sequence from Hafr-Al-Batin as the next closest relative (fi gure 1). However, virological testing was unable to detect MERS-CoV viral sequences in camels, probably because only faecal and serum samples were analysed. Our report describes the fi rst detection of MERS-CoV in dromedary camels on a farm in Qatar that had been linked to human cases of the disease. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70690-x id = cord-307405-qk1ruj5q author = Hall, Aron J. title = Health Care Worker Contact with MERS Patient, Saudi Arabia date = 2014-12-17 keywords = East; MERS summary = To investigate potential transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to health care workers in a hospital, we serologically tested hospital contacts of the index case-patient in Saudi Arabia, 4 months after his death. To investigate potential transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to health care workers in a hospital, we serologically tested hospital contacts of the index case-patient in Saudi Arabia, 4 months after his death. Hospital infection control staff administered a brief, standardized questionnaire to both groups of HCWs. Information was collected on HCW demographics, job duties, and symptoms of respiratory disease during June 15-July 4, 2012, which corresponds to the period when the case-patient was hospitalized and an incubation period of 2-10 days, based on MERS-CoV natural history information available at the time of investigation. In October 2013 (4 months after the case-patient''s death), a blood specimen (<20 mL) was collected from each HCW and transported first to the Ministry of Health Western Regional Laboratory in Saudi Arabia and then to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for MERS-CoV testing. doi = 10.3201/eid2012.141211 id = cord-295633-vkjcheaz author = Hao, Xin‐yan title = The characteristics of hDPP4 transgenic mice subjected to aerosol MERS coronavirus infection via an animal nose‐only exposure device date = 2019-10-30 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; day summary = After infection, we analyzed the mouse characteristics of weight loss, survival, viral replication, tissue pathology, viral antigen distribution, and cytokine and chemokine profiles, which provide additional data to investigate the pathogenesis of MERS-CoV-induced disease and evaluate relevant therapeutics and vaccines. Instillation control DMEM suspension To analyze clinical signs, weight loss, and survival On days 3, 5, 7, and 9 postinfection, three animals randomly selected from each group underwent necropsy to obtain tissue specimens for assessing viral distribution, associated histopathology, and cytokine levels using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001, and ****P < .0001 Mice in the instillation group died acutely or were euthanized when they researched 25% weight loss; these mice had a 0% survival rate by day 5, so no tissue lesion results were available on days 7 and 9 mice infected with MERS-CoV via the aerosol inhalation or intranasal instillation route, but no obvious lesions were found in other tissues. doi = 10.1002/ame2.12088 id = cord-304057-d2r92nji author = Harrath, Rafik title = Sero‐prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia date = 2018-04-26 keywords = East; MERS summary = title: Sero‐prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia A primary sero‐prevalence study of MERS‐CoV preexisting neutralizing antibodies in Dromedary camel serum was conducted in Tabuk, western north region of KSA, in order to assess the seopositivity of these animals and to explain their possible role in the transmission of the infection to Human. 11, 16, 17 Results have shown that a high number (85%) of dromedary camels from the different farms of Tabuk Riyadh and screened by ELISA test showed that 74% of the animals were found to have antibodies to MERS-CoV. 7 In the same study, 264 archived serum samples collected from dromedary camels from 1992 to 2010 in Riyadh and Kharj were also analyzed by ELISA and showed a high seroprevalence (92%) of MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralizing serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study Seroprevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in doi = 10.1002/jmv.25186 id = cord-344954-gpb25fga author = Hashem, Anwar M title = A Highly Immunogenic, Protective, and Safe Adenovirus-Based Vaccine Expressing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S1-CD40L Fusion Protein in a Transgenic Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Mouse Model date = 2019-11-15 keywords = East; MERS; cd40l summary = title: A Highly Immunogenic, Protective, and Safe Adenovirus-Based Vaccine Expressing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S1-CD40L Fusion Protein in a Transgenic Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Mouse Model Given its critical role in viral replication, the S protein has been the focus for MERS-CoV vaccine development similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), where it has been the main target for vaccines that led to robust induction of neutralizing antibody (nAb)-mediated protection in immunized animals [6] [7] [8] . We showed in this study that although rAd5 expressing S1 or CD40-targeted S1 were both capable of inducing significant levels of IgG and nAbs specific to MERS-CoV in immunized mice, incorporation of CD40L substantially enhances the immunogenicity of S1, as demonstrated by the effectiveness of a single immunization dose, which was sufficient to elicit stronger and robust immune responses compared to control groups, consistent with our previous reports [37, 38] . doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiz137 id = cord-349262-gnqbyc6t author = Hemida, Maged Gomaa title = The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the breath of some infected dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) date = 2020-10-14 keywords = CoV; East; MERS summary = title: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the breath of some infected dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) Dromedary camels remain the currently identified reservoir for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We tested nasal swabs, breath samples from animals within this herd by the real-time PCR. However, the nasal swabs are still the sample of choice in the diagnosis of MERS-CoV among the infected dromedary camel population. Detection of the virus in the air of positive camel''s herd [5, 6] may suggest the virus is excreted in the breath of the infected animals in high concentration. The aim of our study was to test the possibility of MERS-CoV shedding in the breath of the infected dromedary camels. Longitudinal study of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camel herds in Saudi Arabia Dromedary camels and the transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002459 id = cord-017615-zjr6csla author = Hillman, John R. title = Food Security in an Insecure Future date = 2016-11-25 keywords = Arab; East; International; Middle; Region; United; country; food summary = Food security in the Middle East is directly affected by a challenging combination of ongoing destructive conflicts, a global economic downturn, widespread poverty, high population growth, corruption, intolerance, and the potentially damaging consequences of climate change. In a previous article , we considered definitions of food security in the modern era of rising global populations, discussing how food security might be attained in terms of security of water and fossil-fuel-derived energy supplies, climate change, rapid urbanisation, changing dietary trends, and modification of the natural environment leading to depleted natural resources, increasing environmental pollution, and the need to introduce modern technologies. Here, we consider potential adaptations to an insecure global future generally, and to the concerns in the Arab Middle East specifically, in the light of the economic realities of wide disparities in wealth, competition for resources, and widespread poverty in many parts of the globe, coupled to a relatively high population growth, on-going conflicts, attempted cultural genocides, potential conflicts, endemic corruption and nepotism, and epidemics of infectious diseases. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-48920-9_12 id = cord-305871-w1quh4fx author = Hindawi, Salwa I. title = Inactivation of Middle East respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus in human plasma using amotosalen and ultraviolet A light date = 2017-12-14 keywords = East; MERS; RNA summary = Furthermore, inoculation of inactivated plasma on Vero E6 cells did not result in any cytopathic effect (CPE) even after 7 days of incubation and three consecutive passages, nor the detection of MERS RNA compared to pretreatment samples which showed complete CPE within 2 to 3 days postinoculation and log viral RNA titer ranging from 9.48 to 10.22 copies/ mL in all three passages. Furthermore, inoculation of inactivated plasma on Vero E6 cells did not result in any cytopathic effect (CPE) even after 7 days of incubation and three consecutive passages, nor the detection of MERS RNA compared to pretreatment samples which showed complete CPE within 2 to 3 days postinoculation and log viral RNA titer ranging from 9.48 to 10.22 copies/ mL in all three passages. Similar to SARS-CoV, there is no proven evidence so far of transfusion-transmitted MERS-CoV infections, 25 but the presence of viral RNA in plasma and serum of acute patients raises this concern especially in endemic areas like Saudi Arabia. doi = 10.1111/trf.14422 id = cord-293403-o1i999hy author = Holliday, Ian title = E-health in the East Asian tigers date = 2004-09-11 keywords = Hong; Kong; Taiwan; east; internet summary = OBJECTIVE: The article analyzes e-health progress in East Asia''s leading tiger economies: Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. In this article, we examine the progress of e-health in the five leading economies of East Asia: Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. Against the dual backdrop of sophisticated IT societies that make extensive use of the Internet and cost-effective healthcare systems driven in variable ways by actors from the public and private sectors, we now turn to a survey of e-health in the East Asian tigers. Throughout the region, the major quasi-autonomous state agencies, such as the national health insurance agencies in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, the HKHA in Hong Kong and the two big healthcare clusters in Singapore, also have sites. Over the next 5 years, the HKHA is planning to create a Hong Kong Health Information Infrastructure, with the aim of networking all healthcare providers in the public, private and social welfare sectors. doi = 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2004.08.001 id = cord-274591-p34kk4up author = Horby, Peter W, title = Prospects for Emerging Infections in East and Southeast Asia 10 Years after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome date = 2013-06-17 keywords = Asia; East; SARS; Southeast summary = The region is certainly a hot spot of socioeconomic and environmental change, and although some changes (e.g., urbanization and agricultural intensification) may reduce the probability of emerging infectious diseases, the effect of any individual emergence event may be increased by the greater concentration and connectivity of livestock, persons, and products. The SARS epidemic provided a dramatic demonstration of the weaknesses in national and global capacities to detect and respond to emerging infectious diseases, and it was in many ways a watershed event that had a transformative effect on many of the clinical, public health, and other professionals involved. Surveillance and response capacities have improved in the last decade, and East and Southeast Asia are far better prepared to detect and respond to emerging infectious diseases. doi = 10.3201/eid1906.121783 id = cord-265279-0zjpqnqp author = Hoteit, Rouba title = Use of the Human Coronavirus 2012 (MERS) GeneSig kit for MERS-CoV detection date = 2016-04-16 keywords = East; MERS summary = CONCLUSION: The GeneSig Human Coronavirus 2012 (MERS) kit is very useful for the screening of suspected respiratory cases in the Middle East area as well as other regions. The aim of this study was to assess the use of a MERS-CoV specific assay for screening of respiratory samples referred to a major tertiary care center in anticipation of the possible spread of the virus in the region. The GeneSig Human Coronavirus 2012 (MERS) kit is a rapid and useful kit for the screening of suspected respiratory cases in the Middle East area as well as other regions. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) c WHO doi = 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.04.004 id = cord-018508-pk0ealu5 author = Hu, Yi title = A Farewell to the “Sick Man of East Asia”: The Irony, Deconstruction, and Reshaping of the Metaphor date = 2013-08-28 keywords = China; East; Korea; States; United summary = From the very beginning of the war, the Chinese people and the Chinese government maintained to resort to peaceful methods when solving the Korea problem and that warnings be given to the United States about withdrawing the armed forces from Taiwan, stopping the aggression against North Korea, and solving the problem of Korea and the Far East peacefully. The metaphor of the "Sick Man of East Asia" implied physical and moral denigration to the oppressed state and its people; in addition, the world police system is to prevent, control, and eradicate what was, in their eyes, the physical diseases as well as the social "diseases" -resistance, revolts, rebels, etc. The "sick men" was turned from a metaphor to a self-portrait of and a realistic oppressive discourse to the Chinese people of the time. After the sick men awakened and began an organized resistance, however, the Western powers turned to violence (the War in North Korea) as a new parasitic means. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-39982-4_12 id = cord-268879-ajd7ofc8 author = Hui, David S. title = Contemporary Concise Review 2018: Respiratory infections and tuberculosis date = 2019-03-30 keywords = East; MDR; patient summary = The huge clinical burden of common respiratory viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and seasonal influenza, on healthcare resources and utilization highlights the importance for developing more effective treatment modalities in order to reduce morbidity and mortality. 20 The therapeutic role of baloxavir in older or immunocompromised patients with severe seasonal or avian A(H7N9) influenza especially with some time delay in administration of the drug later in the clinical course of the infection or in combination with an NAI requires investigation. While the sizeable protective effects of metformin in the abovementioned studies suggest a potential role of the drug as host-directed therapy in the treatment of latent TB infection and active TB, randomized trials are need to delineate its exact role(s) before introduction into clinical practices. Mortality in patients with community-onset pneumonia at low risk of drug-resistant pathogens: impact of β-lactam plus macrolide combination therapy doi = 10.1111/resp.13542 id = cord-017741-5apdhf2e author = Hussels, Stephanie title = South and East Asian Insurance Market Growth and Development date = 2007 keywords = Asia; East; South; Swiss; insurance; market summary = Before delving into the specific demand and supply features of the regional insurance market in South and East Asia, a preliminary statistical review of the countries considered within this chapter is listed in Table 17 .1, including 2003 data on population, gross domestic product (GDP), inflation rates, and net written insurance premiums. In summary, the growth of GDP, changes in socio-economic structures within the region, the increased awareness of the need for insurance, and the need for risk minimization highlighted by recent damaging events have lead to an increased demand for both life and non-life insurance within the South and East Asian region. The motor insurance market is one form of non-life insurance that has not been developed heavily by the South and East Asian bancassurance merchants, as it is less related to the banks'' existing products. doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-34163-7_17 id = cord-312692-jv3425w1 author = Iwata-Yoshikawa, Naoko title = Acute Respiratory Infection in Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4-Transgenic Mice Infected with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date = 2019-01-09 keywords = East; Fig; MERS; mouse; tg2 summary = Rodents are not susceptible to the virus because they do not express functional receptors; therefore, we generated a new animal model of MERS-CoV infection based on transgenic mice expressing human DPP4 (hDPP4). To assess innate immune responses in the lungs of Tg2, non-Tg, and C57BL/6 mice, all animals received intranasal administration of PBS with or without (B) Immunohistochemical analysis of hDPP4 expression in human, Tg2, and non-Tg mouse tissues stained with an anti-hDPP4 polyclonal antibody. Tg2 mice aged 10 and 25 weeks showed increased expression of cytokines and chemokines associated with migration of T cells and activation of macrophages, including IP-10, IL-6, IL-13, MCP-1, IFN-␥, MIP-1␣, MIG, and IL-12, in the lungs at day 5 and/or 7 p.i. This result is the same as that observed in a hDPP4 knock-in mouse model reported by Coleman et al. doi = 10.1128/jvi.01818-18 id = cord-269885-r8molh8c author = Jeong, Soo Young title = MERS-CoV Infection in a Pregnant Woman in Korea date = 2017-08-08 keywords = East; MERS summary = We report the first case of MERS-CoV infection during pregnancy occurred outside of the Middle East. We experienced a case of a Korean pregnant woman who was confirmed for a MERS-CoV infection via a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Unlike other cases, this case is not only the first MERS-CoV infection during pregnancy occurred outside of the Middle East, but also the first case of MERS confirmed on 3rd trimester of pregnancy showing good outcome of both mother and baby. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) nosocomial outbreak in South Korea: insights from modeling Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for hospitalized patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Impact of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) on pregnancy and perinatal outcome Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus infection during pregnancy: a report of 5 cases from Saudi Arabia doi = 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.10.1717 id = cord-293938-40zyv1h8 author = Jonsdottir, Hulda R. title = Coronaviruses and the human airway: a universal system for virus-host interaction studies date = 2016-02-06 keywords = East; MERS; SARS; human summary = The emergence of both Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory syndrome CoVs as well as the yearly circulation of four common CoVs highlights the importance of elucidating the different mechanisms employed by these viruses to evade the host immune response, determine their tropism and identify antiviral compounds. Tracheobronchial HAE cultures recapitulate the primary entry point of human respiratory viruses while the alveolar model allows for elucidation of mechanisms involved in viral infection and pathogenesis in the alveoli. Given the documented history of coronaviruses overcoming the species barrier and causing severe disease in humans, it is important to investigate the zoonotic potential of close evolutionary relatives of common HCoVs in a culture model that recapitulates the aspects of the human airway, e.g. morphology and receptor distribution. The establishment of transgenic animal models for human disease is attainable when either the virus receptor has been identified, which is not the case for all HCoVs, or when viruses can be adapted to a different host. doi = 10.1186/s12985-016-0479-5 id = cord-269232-rhhmvnlp author = Joseph, Sunitha title = First isolation of West Nile virus from a dromedary camel date = 2016-06-08 keywords = East; Middle; WNV summary = Although antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV) have been detected in the sera of dromedaries in the Middle East, North Africa and Spain, no WNV has been isolated or amplified from dromedary or Bactrian camels. Notably, the amino-acid residues at 14 positions in the present dromedary WNV genome differed from those in most of the closely related WNV strains in cluster 2 of lineage 1a, with the majority of these differences observed in the putative E and NS5 proteins. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] In this article, we report the first isolation of WNV from a dromedary calf in the United Arab Emirates during the process of MERS-CoV screening and the results of the comparative genome and phylogenetic analysis. 20 Notably, 14 amino-acid residues in the present dromedary WNV genome differed from those in most of the closely related WNV strains in cluster 2 of lineage 1a (Figure 3) , with the majority of these differences observed in the putative E and NS5 proteins. doi = 10.1038/emi.2016.53 id = cord-265666-27ckjl7w author = Kang, Hee Sun title = Working experiences of nurses during the Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak date = 2018-05-30 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = RESULTS: The following 4 major themes emerged: "experiencing burnout owing to the heavy workload," "relying on personal protective equipment for safety," "being busy with catching up with the new guidelines related to Middle East respiratory syndrome," and "caring for suspected or infected patients with caution." Participants experienced burnout because of the high volume of work and expressed safety concerns about being infected. CONCLUSION: This study showed that creating a supportive and safe work environment is essential by ensuring adequate nurse staffing, supplying best‐quality personal protective equipment, and improving communication to provide the quality of care during infection outbreak. The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: An observational study doi = 10.1111/ijn.12664 id = cord-290319-decr6wrd author = Kayali, Ghazi title = A more detailed picture of the epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date = 2015-05-31 keywords = East; MERS summary = 7 The virus isolated from dromedaries has spike proteins with conserved receptor-binding domains for the human dipeptidyl peptidase-4 receptor, 8, 9 and MERS-CoV has been detected in camels that were in close contact with people with Middle East respiratory syndrome. The fi ndings from this study suggest that young men in Saudi Arabia who have contact with camels in cultural or occupational settings are becoming infected with MERS-CoV, often without being diagnosed, and might proceed to introduce the virus to the general population in which more severe illness triggers testing for the virus and disease recognition. 6 In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Mélanie Drolet and colleagues present the fi ndings of a timely systematic review and metaanalysis assessing the population-level and herd eff ects of HPV vaccination programmes so far. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)70128-3 id = cord-330343-p7a8chn4 author = Kelly-Cirino, Cassandra title = An updated roadmap for MERS-CoV research and product development: focus on diagnostics date = 2019-02-01 keywords = CoV; East; MERS; Middle; respiratory summary = ► Diagnostic research and development (R&D) needs to include point-of-care testing options, syndromic panels for differential diagnosis, a greater understanding of viral and antibody kinetics, improved access to clinical specimens, and establishment of international reference standards. Diagnostics play a central role in the early detection and control of outbreaks and can enable a more nuanced understanding of the disease kinetics and risk factors for the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), one of the high-priority pathogens identified by the WHO. Diagnostics play a central role in the early detection and control of outbreaks and can enable a more nuanced understanding of the disease kinetics and risk factors for the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), one of the high-priority pathogens identified by the WHO. In this review we identified sources for molecular and serological diagnostic tests used in MERS-CoV detection, case management and outbreak investigations, as well as surveillance for humans and animals (camels), and summarised the performance of currently available tests, diagnostic needs, and associated challenges for diagnostic test development and implementation. doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001105 id = cord-304054-sn7rswab author = Khan, Gulfaraz title = Chapter 8 The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: An Emerging Virus of Global Threat date = 2020-12-31 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus (CoV), first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Although the natural reservoir of MERS-CoV infection and mode of transmission to humans is not known, one factor appears to be common to all primary cases; they are epidemiologically linked to the Middle East region. Cross-sectional surveillance of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels and other mammals in Egypt Risk factors for primary Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus illness in humans, Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during pregnancy: a report of 5 cases from Saudi Arabia Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Transmission of Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections in healthcare settings doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-819400-3.00008-9 id = cord-297853-peqkcix2 author = Khan, Raymond M. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus on inanimate surfaces: A risk for health care transmission date = 2016-11-01 keywords = East; MERS summary = title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus on inanimate surfaces: A risk for health care transmission The Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been responsible for multiple health care–associated outbreaks. The Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been responsible for multiple health care-associated outbreaks. In September 2012, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was identified from a patient in Saudi Arabia. 3 Further, data from the South Korean outbreak (May 2015) demonstrated that several environmental surfaces frequently touched by laboratory-confirmed MERS patients and health care workers were contaminated by MERS-CoV. Our finding of MERS-CoV RNA on environmental samples within our ICU shows that the viral material may contaminate fomites and can be a theoretical cause of nosocomial infections. CDC''s early response to a novel viral disease, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Stability of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) under different environmental conditions doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.05.006 id = cord-256806-g42n51n9 author = Khudhair, Ahmed title = Risk Factors for MERS-CoV Seropositivity among Animal Market and Slaughterhouse Workers, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2014–2017 date = 2019-05-17 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = title: Risk Factors for MERS-CoV Seropositivity among Animal Market and Slaughterhouse Workers, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2014–2017 Camel contact is a recognized risk factor for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Our study aimed to identify risk factors for MERS-CoV seropositivity among live-animal market and slaughterhouse workers. The survey consisted of questions covering worker demographics; occupational history; contact with various animal species; travel history; medical history; consumption of raw camel milk, raw camel meat, and camel urine; specific tasks performed with camels; types of personal protective equipment (PPE) worn; and handwashing practices (Appendix 1, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/25/5/18-1728-App1.pdf). Our study investigated risk factors for MERS-CoV seropositivity in animal market and slaughterhouse workers at a site previously associated with zoonotic transmission of MERS-CoV. Among market workers, handling live camels and either administering medications to camels or cleaning equipment were practices associated with significantly increased risk for MERS-CoV seropositivity. doi = 10.3201/eid2505.181728 id = cord-299720-f0ny4ur5 author = Kim, Seung Woo title = Risk Factors for Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection During the 2015 Outbreak in South Korea date = 2017-03-01 keywords = East; MERS; transmission summary = title: Risk Factors for Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection During the 2015 Outbreak in South Korea Transmission heterogeneity was observed during the 2015 Korean outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Transmission heterogeneity was a significant characteristic of the 2015 South Korean outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection [1] . Epidemiological reports from the outbreak were evaluated to collect data regarding basic demographic characteristics, medical history, MERS-CoV exposure, symptoms and their onset date(s), sampling date(s), contact history, and post-exposure infection control. In the univariate analyses, transmission was associated with underlying respiratory disease, Ct value, interval from symptom onset to diagnosis, number of contacts, and pre-isolation hospitalization or ER visits. It appears that both host infectivity and the number of contacts influenced MERS-CoV transmission, whereas super-spreading events were mostly associated with a greater likelihood of encountering other people under diverse environmental conditions. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciw768 id = cord-284581-fl2nt4ak author = Kleine-Weber, Hannah title = Spike proteins of novel MERS-coronavirus isolates from North- and West-African dromedary camels mediate robust viral entry into human target cells date = 2019-07-19 keywords = DPP4; East; MERS summary = title: Spike proteins of novel MERS-coronavirus isolates from Northand West-African dromedary camels mediate robust viral entry into human target cells A recent study showed that MERS-CoV found in North/West(Morocco) and West-African (Burkina Faso and Nigeria) dromedary camels are genetically distinct from Arabian viruses and have reduced replicative capacity in human cells, potentially due to amino acid changes in one or more viral proteins. Here, we show that the spike (S) proteins of the prototypic Arabian MERS-CoV strain, human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012, and the above stated African MERS-CoV variants do not appreciably differ in expression, DPP4 binding and ability to drive entry into target cells. We employed a previously described vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based pseudotyping system to study MERS-S-driven host cell entry (Kleine-Weber et al., 2018 known to adequately model key aspects of the coronavirus entry process. Host cell entry driven by the S proteins of North/West-and West-African MERS-CoV isolates from dromedary camels is robust. doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2019.07.016 id = cord-270258-9vgpphiu author = Ko, Jae-Hoon title = Predictive factors for pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure in MERS-CoV infected patients date = 2016-08-09 keywords = East; MERS; respiratory summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.08.005 id = cord-305773-ikm1famj author = Lan, Bowen title = Clinical imaging research of the first Middle East respiratory syndrome in China date = 2015-11-23 keywords = East; MERS summary = Based on the first case of Middle East respiratory syndrome found in China, a clinical research in combination with radiological findings was studied. Differential imaging diagnosis on the basis of epidemiological and experimental pathogen detection is helpful for clinical diagnosis of MERS, even in distinguishing from SARS and pneumonia caused by H7N9 avian influenza. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), also known as camel flu, is a viral respiratory illness caused by a novel human beta-coronavirus (CoV) [1e3] . On the sixth day after his hospitalization, MERS-COV was negative via the virological detection of sputum, and his body temperature had decreased to be normal, which indicated that the virus has a direct relationship with the fever. 1) Small pieces of high density shadows in the two lower lungs near the heart edge were observed during the early period via chest X-ray examination, suggesting that it firstly progressed to pneumonia (about one week). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: chest CT findings doi = 10.1016/j.jrid.2015.11.004 id = cord-287156-3plpi6i9 author = Lassandro, Giuseppe title = Children in Coronaviruses’ Wonderland: What Clinicians Need to Know date = 2020-07-01 keywords = COVID-19; East; MERS; Middle; SARS; respiratory summary = Among the seven coronaviruses that affect humans (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and the most recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represent potential life-threatening diseases worldwide. Children appear to be less susceptible to develop severe clinical disease and present usually with mild and aspecific symptoms similar to other respiratory infections typical of childhood. 8, 9 Additionally, three HCoVs responsible for outbreaks involving high case fatality rates have been detected in humans in the last two decades: the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ( Table 1) . Principal features of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and the most recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) . Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission doi = 10.4084/mjhid.2020.042 id = cord-338057-ycmr9prw author = Lee, Jae Hoon title = An Appropriate Lower Respiratory Tract Specimen Is Essential for Diagnosis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) date = 2015-07-15 keywords = East; MERS summary = title: An Appropriate Lower Respiratory Tract Specimen Is Essential for Diagnosis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) He briefly summarized the ongoing status of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak and emphasized close monitoring of medical staffs, patients, and visitors, and timely well-designed briefings to mass media. Some reasons that could be considered for the delayed diagnosis of MERS include: 1) low initial viral load and shedding, and 2) poor sample collection in patients with "no cough" or dry cough. In re-evaluating the patient''s diagnostic history, his viral load could have been low due to the early phase of disease and/or could have been falsely negative due to inadequate dry coughlinked respiratory samples. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes transient lower respiratory tract infection in rhesus macaques Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission doi = 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.8.1207 id = cord-265380-2gs34xcw author = Leist, Sarah R. title = Genetically Engineering a Susceptible Mouse Model for MERS-CoV-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2019-09-14 keywords = East; Fig; MERS; Middle; respiratory summary = Precise molecular engineering of mouse DPP4 (mDPP4) with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology maintained inherent expression profiles, and limited MERS-CoV susceptibility to tissues that naturally express mDPP4, notably the lower respiratory tract wherein MERS-CoV elicits severe pulmonary pathology. utilized a unique approach for producing susceptible mice that could replicate human isolates of MERS-CoV in the lungs by infecting mouse lungs with an adenovirus that constitutively expresses the full-length hDPP4 gene ( Fig. 1) [37] . Attempts to restrict hDPP4 expression to epithelial cells of the lungs using constitutive tissue specific promoters (e.g., cytokeratin K18) yielded outcomes similar to those observed with SARS-CoV mouse models, wherein high levels of MERS-CoV infection/replication were detected in the brains (Fig. 1 ) [39] . Elevated human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 expression reduces the susceptibility of hDPP4 transgenic mice to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and disease doi = 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_12 id = cord-252222-wyamc46k author = Leung, Chi Hung Czarina title = Middle East respiratory syndrome date = 2014-05-13 keywords = East; Middle summary = Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is due to RNA betacoronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. The apparent epidemiology may be biased by selective reporting of more severe cases and the small total number of patients makes it susceptible to distortion by individual outbreaks. Clinical suspicion, therefore, depends on vigilance and, for the present time, on a history of travel to the Middle East or contact with a patient with respiratory disease and an appropriate travel history [11] . Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: quantification of the extent of the epidemic, surveillance biases, and transmissibility Interhuman transmissibility of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: estimation of pandemic risk Emerging human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes widespread infection and alveolar damage in human lungs Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: an observational study doi = 10.1007/s00134-014-3303-y id = cord-255488-nvgz53su author = Li, Kun title = Development of a Mouse-Adapted MERS Coronavirus date = 2019-09-14 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = An animal model that supports MERS-CoV infection and causes severe lung disease is useful to study pathogenesis and evaluate therapies and vaccines. To generate a mouse model with associated morbidity and mortality from respiratory disease, we serially passaged HCoV-EMC/2012 strain in the lungs of young hDPP4 KI mice. Alternative strategies for the creation of mouse models of MERS-CoV infection are generation of DPP4 humanized mice and adaptation of the virus to the animals. Similarly, our human DPP4 knock-in mouse model supported MERS-CoV replication but did not lead to a severe lung disease phenotype [33] . Generation of a transgenic mouse model of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and disease Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes multiple organ damage and lethal disease in mice transgenic for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 Mouse-adapted MERS coronavirus causes lethal lung disease in human DPP4 knockin mice doi = 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_13 id = cord-312741-0au4nctt author = Lin, Panpan title = Coronavirus in human diseases: Mechanisms and advances in clinical treatment date = 2020-10-01 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; RNA; SARS; coronavirus; protein; respiratory; syndrome summary = 160, 161 Once the PAMPs from invaded viruses are detected, RIG-I and MDA5 interact with the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVs) that is a mitochondrial membrane-bound F I G U R E 2 Escape mechanisms of innate immune response of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV adaptor molecule, followed by the activation of several kinase complexes and multiple subsequent transcription factors (IRF3, IRF7, and NF-κB). Antiviral peptides analogous derived from these regions exhibited inhibition to the spike protein-mediated cell-cell fusion and viral entry in viruses such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, as well as HCoV-229E. Receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein contains multiple conformation-dependent epitopes that induce highly potent neutralizing antibodies Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response Inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infectivity by peptides analogous to the viral spike protein doi = 10.1002/mco2.26 id = cord-031840-k9l91unc author = Lu, Li title = Forum: COVID-19 Dispatches date = 2020-09-11 keywords = Asia; COVID-19; China; East; Japan; Korea; South; chinese; coronavirus; pandemic; virus summary = With death count worldwide reaching 586,000 merely 7 months after its first outbreak in China in late December 2019 and 13.6 million cases reported in 188 countries and territories as of July 2020, this ongoing pandemic has spread far beyond domain of world health problem to become an unprecedented challenge facing humanity at every level. On one hand, the eagerness to build solidarity with East Asian countries represented by Japan and South Korea might be a strategy to react to the racialization of COVID-19 as a "Chinese virus" and the demonization of China as a "public enemy" and "trouble maker" in the Euro-American political and media agenda (Viala-Gaudefroy & Lindaman, 2020). On the other hand, the rise of this East Asian imaginary centering around China''s historical and cultural bonds with Japan and South Korea has far-reaching implications for China''s geopolitical strategies beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and the realm of public health. doi = 10.1177/1532708620953190 id = cord-331714-2qj2rrgd author = Lvov, Dimitry Konstantinovich title = Single-Stranded RNA Viruses date = 2015-05-29 keywords = Aedes; Africa; Asia; Bunyaviridae; Congo; Crimean; East; Eurasia; Europe; Influenza; Ixodes; Nile; Northern; Republic; Russia; Sea; Siberia; TBEV; USSR; WNV; West; figure; isolate; isolation; tick; virus summary = Among them are viruses associated with sporadic cases or outbreaks of human disease, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (viruses of the genus Hantavirus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV, Nairovirus), California encephalitis (INKV, TAHV, and KHATV; Orthobunyavirus), sandfly fever (SFCV and SFNV, Phlebovirus), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV, Flavivirus), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV, Flavivirus), West Nile fever (WNV, Flavivirus), Sindbis fever (SINV, Alphavirus) Chikungunya fever (CHIKV, Alphavirus) and others. Artashat virus (ARTSV, strain LEIV-2236Ar) was originally isolated from Ornithodoros alactagalis ticks (family Argasidae) collected in the burrows of a small five-toed jerboa (Allactaga elater) near Arevashat village (40 02 absence of antigenic relationships with any known viruses, it was referred to as an "unclassified bunyavirus." 1À3 Taxonomy. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801742-5.00008-8 id = cord-349287-mwj2qby4 author = Mackay, Ian M. title = MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission date = 2015-12-22 keywords = Coronavirus; East; KSA; MERS; Middle; Respiratory; Syndrome summary = The first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), associated with infection by a novel coronavirus (CoV), occurred in 2012 in Jordan but were reported retrospectively. Most human cases of MERS have been linked to lapses in infection prevention and control (IPC) in healthcare settings, with approximately 20 % of all virus detections reported among healthcare workers (HCWs) and higher exposures in those with occupations that bring them into close contact with camels. Since asymptomatic zoonoses have been posited [72] , an absence of antibodies to MERS-CoV among some humans who have regular and close contact with camels may reflect the rarity of actively infected animals at butcheries, a limited transmission risk associated with slaughtering DCs [70] , a pre-existing cross-protective immune status or some other factor(s) resulting in a low risk of disease and concurrent seroconversion developing after exposure in this group. First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-tohuman transmission doi = 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5 id = cord-305317-08a1oin2 author = Maltezou, Helena C. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: Implications for health care facilities date = 2014-12-31 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a novel betacoronavirus of the Coronaviridae family that causes a severe respiratory disease with a high case fatality rate. 2, 3, 6, 8, 22, 24 During the largest so farepublished outbreak of MERS-CoV that occurred in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia, in 2013, 4 health care facilities were affected through transfer of patients but also possibly because of repeated introductions of cases from the community. Studies about the effectiveness of infection control measures will provide answers and eventually promote safety in health care facilities both for patients and HCWs. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Investigation of an imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for hospitalized patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.06.019 id = cord-318585-cp76qr9f author = Matsuyama, Ryota title = Clinical determinants of the severity of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS): a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2016-11-29 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = BACKGROUND: While the risk of severe complications of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and its determinants have been explored in previous studies, a systematic analysis of published articles with different designs and populations has yet to be conducted. We identified older age, male sex and underlying medical conditions, including diabetes mellitus, renal disease, respiratory disease, heart disease and hypertension, as clinical predictors of death associated with MERS. PICO statement: Our study question is focused on laboratory confirmed cases of MERS regardless of their treatment status, and thus, involves only retrospective observational studies, measuring their risks of admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and death and comparing those risks by age, gender and underlying comorbidities. The present study systematically reviewed the risk of severe manifestations and death by MERS by systematically searching and analyzing published articles from the KSA and the ROK and calculating not only the CFR but [16] . For Fig. 4 Estimated risks associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) by study design. doi = 10.1186/s12889-016-3881-4 id = cord-286472-pqtem19t author = McFee, R.B. title = MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (MERS) CORONAVIRUS date = 2020-07-28 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; SARS; respiratory summary = This newly identified respiratory viral illness was caused by a novel coronavirus, which was initially designated as human betacoronavirus (2) (3) (4) (5) , but was eventually named Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV). It is important to consider multisystem function as well as pulmonary status in patients with severe respiratory illness, including suspected MERS CoV, especially those returning from regions where aggressive pathogens are noted. Patients recently returning from the Middle East, presenting with significant respiratory illness, with CT findings of peribronchial region abnormalities, organizing pneumonia, should be considered for MERS CoV infection, and if possible, queried about international travel and occupational exposures. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV) Infection Feasibility, safety, clinical and laboratory effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a study protocol doi = 10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101053 id = cord-007828-c7jxj74b author = Memish, Ziad A. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection control: The missing piece? date = 2014-11-25 keywords = East; MERS summary = Since the initial occurrence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, 1,2 the disease had caused 837 cases, with a case fatality rate of 34.7%. The World Health Organization (WHO) through its expert technical committees was prompt in developing its first infection control guidelines based on available knowledge on the new emerging virus, but it mostly drew on experience from a similar virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS). Careful review of the recent increase in the number of cases revealed that about 25% were among HCWs. 4 Of the initial 128 recent MERS-CoV infected patients in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, most (60%) were infected in the health care setting. Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.08.003 id = cord-297954-87w2itin author = Memish, Ziad A. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): A cluster analysis with implications for global management of suspected cases date = 2015-07-15 keywords = East; MERS summary = title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): A cluster analysis with implications for global management of suspected cases Since the initial description of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in September 2012, a total of 1038 cases of MERS-CoV including 460 deaths have been reported from Saudi Arabia. Contact screening showed positive test in 1 of 56 (1.8%) household contacts, and 3 of 250 (1.2%) HCWs. Summary Since the initial description of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in September 2012, a total of 1038 cases of MERS-CoV including 460 deaths have been reported from Saudi Arabia. Since Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) was described in September 2012, a total of 1038 cases of MERS-CoV including 460 deaths have been reported from Saudi Arabia [1] . Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.06.012 id = cord-018354-o6pmuhd8 author = Mine, Yoichi title = Human Security in East Asia: Assembling a Puzzle date = 2018-12-07 keywords = Asia; Chap; East; Human; Security summary = The researchers agreed to ask questions about the following three topics in the interviews: first, local perceptions of threats (the ranking of human security issues that are considered important in each country and in the East Asian region); second, the ways of (selective) acceptance of the concept of human security (the understanding of freedoms from fear, from want and to live in dignity, the strategy for combining protection and empowerment, and the understanding of preparedness for calamities, and so on); and third, the question of national sovereignty (whether to allow foreign actors to operate within the country in case of natural disasters and violent conflict, as well as whether to take action in territories of other countries in such a case). doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-97247-3_1 id = cord-313054-w90eitw9 author = Mobaraki, Kazhal title = Current epidemiological status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the world from 1.1.2017 to 17.1.2018: a cross-sectional study date = 2019-04-27 keywords = East; MERS summary = RESULTS: A total of 229 MERS-CoV cases, including 70 deaths (30.5%), were recorded in the disease outbreak news on world health organization website over the study period. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection is considered to cause a new viral epidemic [1] , and was first reported in a patient who died from a severe respiratory illness in a hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in June 2012 [2, 3] . The occurrence of a large number of MERS-CoV cases and their associated deaths in the world indicate that this disease must be considered as a severe threat to public health [13] because millions of pilgrims from 184 countries converge in Saudi Arabia each year to perform Hajj and Umrah ceremony. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study doi = 10.1186/s12879-019-3987-2 id = cord-256784-wfaqim7d author = Modjarrad, Kayvon title = MERS-CoV vaccine candidates in development: The current landscape date = 2016-06-03 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) was first isolated in September 2012 from a patient in Saudi Arabia who presented two months earlier with severe acute respiratory infection and acute renal failure [1] . Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia A truncated receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV spike protein potently inhibits MERS-CoV infection and induces strong neutralizing antibody responses: implication for developing therapeutics and vaccines Effects of human anti-spike protein receptor binding domain antibodies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralization escape and fitness Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein delivered by modified vaccinia virus Ankara efficiently induces virus-neutralizing antibodies Systemic and mucosal immunity in mice elicited by a single immunization with human adenovirus type 5 or 41 vector-based vaccines carrying the spike protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Exceptionally potent neutralization of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by human monoclonal antibodies doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.104 id = cord-275313-mfyff9ne author = Modjarrad, Kayvon title = Treatment strategies for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date = 2016-01-01 keywords = CoV; East; MERS; Middle summary = Most recently, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has emerged as a novel cause of severe acute respiratory illness after first being identified in a Saudi Arabian patient in 2012 [2] . Much of the work to develop safe and effective MERS-CoV countermeasures has centred on vaccines, but the relatively low prevalence of the disease, the sporadic nature of the case clusters and the dearth of detailed knowledge on chains of transmission highlight the need for greater investments into the discovery of effective therapeutic and secondary prophylactic regimens for infected and exposed individuals. Feasibility, safety, clinical, and laboratory effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a study protocol Towards the prophylactic and therapeutic use of human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Repurposing of clinically developed drugs for treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection doi = nan id = cord-272306-92rz2byz author = Morra, Mostafa Ebraheem title = Clinical outcomes of current medical approaches for Middle East respiratory syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date = 2018-04-17 keywords = East; MERS summary = doi = 10.1002/rmv.1977 id = cord-320709-2pnqpljt author = Munster, Vincent J. title = Replication and shedding of MERS-CoV in Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) date = 2016-02-22 keywords = East; MERS; RNA; jamaican summary = The Mx1, ISG56 and RANTES gene expression in the lungs of Jamaican fruit bats was analyzed as an indicator of the induction of an innate immune response to MERS-CoV infection. The tissue tropism of MERS-CoV in Jamaican fruit bats is comparable to the respiratory tract tropism observed in dromedary camels and humans 49, 50 . MERS-CoV and related batCoV-HKU4 can inhibit innate immune signaling in a variety of human cell lines in vitro via the ORF4b-encoded accessory proteins 52 Lungs of Jamaican fruit bat 5 were stained with α -cytokeratin as an epithelial marker (purple) and with a polyclonal α -coronavirus antibody (brown-red) to demonstrate that viral antigen was located along the basement membrane of alveolar pneumocytes of bat 1 at 2 dpi (indicated by black arrows). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels doi = 10.1038/srep21878 id = cord-339762-lh8czr0a author = Ng, Dianna L. title = Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Findings of a Fatal Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the United Arab Emirates, April 2014 date = 2016-03-31 keywords = CoV; East; MERS; SARS summary = title: Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Findings of a Fatal Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the United Arab Emirates, April 2014 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection causes an acute respiratory illness and is associated with a high case fatality rate; however, the pathogenesis of severe and fatal MERS-CoV infection is unknown. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection causes an acute respiratory illness and is associated with a high case fatality rate; however, the pathogenesis of severe and fatal MERS-CoV infection is unknown. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was initially isolated from a sputum specimen of a patient who died of respiratory and renal failure in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Although the pathogenesis of severe and fatal MERS-CoV infection is unknown, these postmortem findings provide critical insights, including evidence that pneumocytes are important targets, suggesting that direct cytopathic effects contribute to MERS-CoV respiratory symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.10.024 id = cord-018449-4vdqq961 author = Norrie, Philip title = How Disease Affected the End of the Bronze Age date = 2016-06-26 keywords = Age; BCE; Bronze; East; Hittite; Near; Philistines; Sea; end summary = These are the real reason that the end of the Bronze Age in the Near East was called either the "catastrophe" or the "collapse" due to its short time frame of 50 years, the mass migration of the general population and the "Sea Peoples" plus the abandonment of cities such as Hattusa, the capital of the Hittite Empire c.1200 bce. Any historian trying to fi nd the cause of the end of the Bronze Age and the Hittite Empire must explain: the short time frame of approximately 50 years, when it occurred between 1200-1150 BCE ; the mass migrations not only of normal people but also of the "Sea Peoples"; and the fact that so many large cities, such as the Hittite capital Hattusa, were simply abandoned and not destroyed or occupied by raiders or invaders. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-28937-3_5 id = cord-317688-mr851682 author = Oh, Myoung-don title = Middle East respiratory syndrome: what we learned from the 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea date = 2018-02-27 keywords = East; Korea; MERS; Middle summary = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated from a patient with severe pneumonia in 2012. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated from a patient with severe pneumonia in September 2012 [1] . The first patient (index case) with MERS-CoV infection was a 68-year-old Korean man returning from the Middle East. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in South Korea, 2015: epidemiology, characteristics and public health implications Risk factors for transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during the 2015 outbreak in South Korea Clinical implications of 5 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in a South Korean outbreak Renal complications and their prognosis in Korean patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus from the central MERS-CoV designated hospital Successful treatment of suspected organizing pneumonia in a patient with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a case report doi = 10.3904/kjim.2018.031 id = cord-278238-w1l8h8g8 author = Okba, Nisreen MA title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines: current status and novel approaches date = 2017-04-13 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.03.007 id = cord-263016-28znb322 author = Omrani, A.S. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): what lessons can we learn? date = 2015-08-22 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; Saudi summary = Infection prevention/control and management guidelines for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection Infection prevention and control guidelines for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection Revised interim case definition for reporting to WHO e Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Revised interim case definition for reporting to WHO e Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Investigation of cases of human infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); interim guidance updated 3 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia Investigation of an imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.08.002 id = cord-332237-8oykgp0h author = Omrani, Ali S title = Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study date = 2014-09-29 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = title: Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study We aimed to compare ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a treatment for patients with severe MERS-CoV infection with a supportive therapy only. INTERPRETATION: In patients with severe MERS-CoV infection, ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a therapy is associated with significantly improved survival at 14 days, but not at 28 days. 8 We aimed to assess outcomes of a treatment programme for patients with severe MERS-CoV infection that consisted of oral ribavirin and subcutaneous pegylated interferon alfa-2a. In critically ill patients with severe MERS-CoV infection, our study shows that ribavirin and pegylated interferon alfa-2a therapy is associated with a signifi cant 14-day survival benefi t compared with standard treatment. 18 In another report, 19 a patient with severe MERS-CoV infection received ribavirin and interferon therapy with good clinical response and no signifi cant adverse eff ects. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70920-x id = cord-313737-cob5hf5q author = Otter, J. A. title = The inaugural Healthcare Infection Society Middle East Summit: ‘No action today. No cure tomorrow.’ date = 2015-11-30 keywords = East; MERS summary = 1 The conference opened with Professor Tawfik Khoja outlining the challenges to infection prevention and control in the Middle East. Among the challenges he covered were public reporting and external scrutiny, hand hygiene, antibiotic resistance, the healthcare environment, surveillance and outbreaks, an increasingly elderly population, new threats [such as Ebola and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)], meticillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), C. Dr Phin highlighted a useful CDC toolkit providing advice on respiratory protection for healthcare workers, and also a recent BMJ review concluding that facemasks may help to prevent the spread of respiratory viruses in the community. As to which interventions we should use for each organism, this depends on organism and setting, although screening, isolation, stewardship, hand hygiene, and cleaning/ disinfection are the pillars of infection control. Dr Muhammad Halwani then gave an overview of infection control in the Middle East, focusing on acinetobacter and pseudomonas. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.06.021 id = cord-318872-0e5zjaz1 author = Park, Ji-Eun title = MERS transmission and risk factors: a systematic review date = 2018-05-02 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = BACKGROUND: Since Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) infection was first reported in 2012, many studies have analysed its transmissibility and severity. The incubation period was reported to be 6.83-7 days in South Korea [4, 5] , but 5.5 in a study using data from multiple areas [6] and 5.2 in Saudi Arabia [7] . Although one study from Saudi Arabia reported longer than 17 days from onset to death [36] , Sha et al., comparing data between the Middle East and South Korea, reported similar periods of 11.5 and 11 days, respectively [29] . Mortality of MERS patients was found to be 20.4% in South Korea based on a report including all cases [27] , but most studies from Saudi Arabia reported higher rates, from 22 to 69.2% [7, 22, 33, [37] [38] [39] . Risk factors for transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during the 2015 outbreak in South Korea doi = 10.1186/s12889-018-5484-8 id = cord-284374-sqxlnk9e author = Park, Jiyeon title = Infection Prevention Measures for Surgical Procedures during a Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South Korea date = 2020-01-15 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; PPE summary = doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-57216-x id = cord-282293-pdhjl508 author = Park, Wan Beom title = Isolation of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus from a Patient of the 2015 Korean Outbreak date = 2016-01-14 keywords = East; MERS summary = doi = 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.2.315 id = cord-319006-6f2sl0bp author = Plipat, Tanarak title = Imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection from Oman to Thailand, June 2015 date = 2017-08-17 keywords = East; MERS; Thailand summary = title: Imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection from Oman to Thailand, June 2015 Thailand reported the first Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) case on 18 June 2015 (day 4) in an Omani patient with heart condition who was diagnosed with pneumonia on hospital admission on 15 June 2015 (day 1). From 2012 to 21 July 2017, there have been 2,040 reported laboratory-confirmed cases and 712 deaths from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in 27 countries [1] . A single imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in South Korea, identified on 20 May 2015, resulted in 150 laboratory-confirmed cases, amplified by infection in hospitals and the transfer of patients within and between hospitals, and caused 15 deaths within 26 days, mainly among patients, visitors and healthcare personnel [2] . doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.33.30598 id = cord-286631-3fmg3scx author = Pormohammad, Ali title = Comparison of confirmed COVID‐19 with SARS and MERS cases ‐ Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiographic signs and outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date = 2020-06-05 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; SARS summary = title: Comparison of confirmed COVID‐19 with SARS and MERS cases ‐ Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiographic signs and outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis The trigger for rapid screening and treatment of COVID-19 patients is based on clinical symptoms, laboratory, and radiographic findings that are similar to SARS and MERS infections. In this study, we attempted to distinguish the clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, radiographic signs, and outcomes of confirmed COVID-19, SARS, and MERS patients. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients doi = 10.1002/rmv.2112 id = cord-329190-kv9n2qj3 author = Rabaan, Ali A. title = A review of candidate therapies for Middle East respiratory syndrome from a molecular perspective date = 2017-09-01 keywords = CoV; East; IFN; MERS; Middle; SARS summary = The current therapies have mainly been adapted from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) treatments, including broad-spectrum antibiotics, corticosteroids, interferons, ribavirin, lopinavir–ritonavir or mycophenolate mofetil, and have not been subject to well-organized clinical trials. The Medline database was searched using combinations and variations of terms, including ''Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus'', ''MERS-CoV'', ''SARS'', ''therapy'', ''molecular'', ''vaccine'', ''prophylactic'', ''S protein'', ''DPP4'', ''heptad repeat'', ''protease'', ''inhibitor'', ''anti-viral'', ''broad-spectrum'', ''interferon'', ''convalescent plasma'', ''lopinavir ritonavir'', ''antibodies'', ''antiviral peptides'' and ''live attenuated viruses''. A position paper on the evidence base for specific MERS-CoV therapies, published by Public Health England (PHE) and the World Health Organization-International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC-WHO), suggested that benefit was likely to exceed risk for convalescent plasma, lopinavir-ritonavir, IFNs and monoclonal/polyclonal antibodies, while, by contrast, for ribavirin monotherapy and corticosteroids it was considered that the risks would outweigh the benefits [42] . doi = 10.1099/jmm.0.000565 id = cord-266260-t02jngq0 author = Ramshaw, Rebecca E. title = A database of geopositioned Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus occurrences date = 2019-12-13 keywords = Coronavirus; East; MERS; Middle; Respiratory; Syndrome summary = As a World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint priority pathogen, there is a need to better understand the geographic distribution of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and its potential to infect mammals and humans. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged as a global health concern in 2012 when the first human case was documented in Saudi Arabia 1 . Previous literature reviews have looked at healthcare-associated outbreaks 9 , importation events resulting in secondary cases 10, 11 , occurrences among dromedary camels 12, 13 , or to summarize current knowledge and knowledge gaps of MERS-CoV 14, 15 . This database seeks fill gaps in literature and build upon existing notification data by enhancing the geographic resolution of MERS-CoV data and providing occurrences of both mammal and environmental detections in addition to human cases. First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission doi = 10.1038/s41597-019-0330-0 id = cord-320746-iuzfexig author = Rasmussen, Sonja A. title = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Update for Clinicians date = 2015-02-20 keywords = East; MERS summary = Although much recent focus has been on the recognition of Ebola virus disease among travelers from West Africa, cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), including travel-associated cases, continue to be reported. Although much recent focus has been appropriately placed on the recognition of Ebola virus disease in travelers returning from West Africa, the recent increase in cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection (including travelassociated cases) is also of concern [1, 2] . Update on the epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, and guidance for the public, clinicians, and public health authorities First confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in the United States, updated information on the epidemiology of MERS-CoV infection, and guidance for the public, clinicians, and public health authorities doi = 10.1093/cid/civ118 id = cord-303272-1w8epdht author = Reusken, Chantal BEM title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study date = 2013-08-09 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; OC43 summary = title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study Cattle (n=80), sheep (n=40), goats (n=40), dromedary camels (n=155), and various other camelid species (n=34) were tested for specific serum IgG by protein microarray using the receptor-binding S1 subunits of spike proteins of MERS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and human coronavirus OC43. We tested the sera for the presence of IgG antibodies reactive with MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and human coronavirus OC43 S1 antigens in a protein microarray. plaque reduction neutralisation tests for bovine coronavirus and MERS-CoV (B): two representative sera are shown (numbers 15 and 5, corresponding to camel ID numbers in table 2) in dilutions of 1/40, 1/160, and 1/640 as well as the virus input control. Sera were tested for IgG antibodies reactive with MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and human coronavirus OC43 S1 antigens in a protein microarray (fi gure 1). doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70164-6 id = cord-268943-arjtjy53 author = Reuss, Annicka title = Contact Investigation for Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Germany date = 2014-04-17 keywords = East; MERS; March summary = Infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was suspected on March 21 and confirmed on March 23; the patient, who had contact with an ill camel shortly before symptom onset, died on March 26. After MERS-CoV infection was diagnosed, the City Health Department, in cooperation with the state health department, the Institute for Virology in Bonn, and the Robert Koch Institute, initiated an investigation to 1) monitor all contacts of the patient to identify possible person-to-person transmission, 2) assess infection control measures, and 3) explore possible sources for the patient''s infection to prevent further cases. Because the MERS-CoV patient was on mechanical ventilation and could not be interviewed, family contacts who had accompanied him to Germany were interviewed about the onset of his symptoms and possible exposures in the 10 days before disease onset. doi = 10.3201/eid2004.131375 id = cord-293691-ewerquin author = Sauerhering, Lucie title = Cyclophilin Inhibitors Restrict Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Via Interferon λ In Vitro And In Mice date = 2020-07-02 keywords = CoV; East; MERS; figure summary = RATIONALE: While severe coronavirus infections, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cause lung injury with high mortality rates, protective treatment strategies are not approved for clinical use. METHODS: Calu-3 cells and primary human alveolar epithelial cells (hAEC) were infected with MERS-CoV and treated with CsA or ALV or inhibitors targeting cyclophilin inhibitor-regulated molecules including Calcineurin, NFAT, or MAP kinases. To address the previously proposed antiviral activity of CsA in clinically relevant cells, we infected the human bronchial epithelial cell line Calu-3 and primary human alveolar epithelial cells (hAEC) with MERS-CoV and analyzed intracellular viral RNA and infectious particle release in presence of DMSO or CsA ( Figure 1 ). Our data demonstrated that silencing of IRF1 but not treatment by control siRNA lead to a significant increase in MERS-CoV released viral particles in CsA-treated cells ( Figure 6A , B). doi = 10.1183/13993003.01826-2019 id = cord-322760-tsxniu3j author = Sha, Jianping title = Fatality risks for nosocomial outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the Middle East and South Korea date = 2016-09-23 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = Thus, older age, pre-existing concurrent diseases, and delayed confirmation increase the odds of a fatal outcome in nosocomial MERS-CoV outbreaks in the Middle East and South Korea. Information on all laboratory-confirmed MERS cases was obtained from various publicly available sources, including WHO Global Alert and Response updates, documents officially released by the local health bureau, news releases from Middle Eastern and South Korean authorities, the Weekly Epidemiological Record, ProMed posts, and literature published from 1 April 2012 to 29 June 2016 (http:// www.who.int/csr/don/archive/disease/coronavirus_infections/ en/). In this study, we compared the mortality risk factors in two different nosocomial outbreaks, based on 51 nosocomial outbreaks of MERS-CoV infection in the Middle East and one large outbreak identified in South Korea. The severity of nosocomial outbreaks and the risk of fatal infection in HCP were significantly lower than the overall rate in the Middle East and South Korea. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) nosocomial outbreak in South Korea: insights from modeling doi = 10.1007/s00705-016-3062-x id = cord-331228-wbd0s4fo author = Shehata, Mahmoud M. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a comprehensive review date = 2016-01-20 keywords = Arabia; East; MERS; Middle; Saudi; respiratory summary = authors: Shehata, Mahmoud M.; Gomaa, Mokhtar R.; Ali, Mohamed A.; Kayali, Ghazi Role of the spike glycoprotein of human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in virus entry and syncytia formation Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study First cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia doi = 10.1007/s11684-016-0430-6 id = cord-311937-6hadssmh author = Sherbini, Nahid title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia: Demographic, clinical and survival data date = 2016-06-11 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Al-Madinah City, Saudi Arabia: Demographic, clinical and survival data METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of all confirmed MERS-CoV infections from March 2014 to May 2014 at two tertiary care hospitals in Al-Madinah region (Saudi Arabia). Epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was expanded after exploring the large hospital outbreak in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia [2] . We obtained data about demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, laboratory results, diagnosis, incubation period, smoking history, comorbidities, and history of contact with camels or MERS-CoV positive patients in regions within the Madinah area. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection doi = 10.1016/j.jegh.2016.05.002 id = cord-341795-zbqfs77n author = Sikkema, R. S. title = Global status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: a systematic review date = 2019-02-21 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = This systematic review aims to compile and analyse all published data on MERS-coronavirus (CoV) in the global camel population to provide an overview of current knowledge on the distribution, spread and risk factors of infections in dromedary camels. In the field surveys included in this review, MERS-CoV RNA has been described in rectal swab samples, although other field studies report negative results [3, [22] [23] [24] and when viral RNA can be detected, the positivity rate of rectal swabs is lower compared with nasal swab samples [19, [25] [26] [27] . Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study Longitudinal study of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camel herds in Saudi Arabia Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) RNA and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels doi = 10.1017/s095026881800345x id = cord-283586-o8m6xdra author = Spanakis, Nikolaos title = Virological and serological analysis of a recent Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection case on a triple combination antiviral regimen date = 2014-12-31 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = Abstract Serological, molecular and phylogenetic analyses of a recently imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Greece are reported. Although MERS-CoV remained detectable in the respiratory tract secretions of the patient until the fourth week of illness, viraemia was last detected 2 days after initiation of triple combination therapy with pegylated interferon, ribavirin and lopinavir/ritonavir, administered from Day 13 of illness. An upsurge of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection has been recently described in countries of the Arabian Peninsula resulting in exported cases from these countries to the European Union [1] . Published reports propose the use of known antivirals based on extrapolation of data from: (i) the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic that was also associated with the circulation of a novel coronavirus; (ii) in vitro data; (iii) animal experimental infections and therapy data; and (iv) limited clinical data for actual MERS-CoV infections [2] [3] [4] . doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.07.026 id = cord-299565-shlhreve author = Sweileh, Waleed M. title = Global research trends of World Health Organization’s top eight emerging pathogens date = 2017-02-08 keywords = Congo; East; Ebola; SARS summary = According to WHO, the list of pathogens, which required urgent attention for research and development pertaining to preparedness, included "Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus, Marburg, Lassa fever, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus diseases, Nipah, and Rift Valley fever" [1] . ( TITLE ( "Crimean-Congo" OR ebola OR "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome" OR "Severe acute respiratory syndrome" OR lassa OR nipah OR "Rift valley" OR marburg OR mers OR merscov OR sars OR ebolavirus OR crimean ) AND TITLE-ABS ( virus OR viral OR fever OR hemorrhagic OR haemorrhagic OR corona* OR coronavirus OR infection OR infectious ) AND TITLE ( vaccin* ) ) AND PUBYEAR > 1995 AND PUBYEAR < 2016 AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "j" ) ) AND ( EXCLUDE ( DOCTYPE , "er" ) ) N = 472 doi = 10.1186/s12992-017-0233-9 id = cord-017731-xzfo5jjq author = Todd, Ewen C. D. title = Foodborne Disease in the Middle East date = 2016-11-25 keywords = East; Egypt; Iraq; Lebanon; Middle; Ministry; Pakistan; Qatar; Salmonella; Turkey; country; egyptian; food; outbreak summary = Food safety is a concern worldwide and according to the World Health Organization, developing countries are probably more at risk of foodborne illness because many of these, including those in the Middle East, have limited disease surveillance and prevention and control strategies. Like many other parts of the developing world, foodborne disease surveillance is limited and outbreaks are most often reported through the Press but with insufficient detail to determine the etiological agents and the factors contributing to the outbreaks, leading to speculation to the cause by those interested or responsible for food prevention and control. Thus, the main foodborne disease issues are with homemade, restaurant and street food, where isolated claims of illness are followed up by inspections and possible punitive action by public health agencies responsible for food safety. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-48920-9_17 id = cord-022046-q1exf47s author = Toosy, Arshad Haroon title = An Overview of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in the Middle East date = 2018-09-28 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is an emerging infectious zoonotic disease caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV). 4 Surveillance of DCs in KSA has shown that MERS-CoV clade B has been enzootic in the camel population in Arabia Genetic deep sequencing methods (i.e., high-throughput sequencing) have been readily available to researchers since the disease was first reported. 8 Nevertheless, given the prevalence of MERS-CoV infection in the Middle East''s DC population and due to the potential for spillover to the human population in direct contact with DCs, the development of a vaccine for use in DCs may be feasible. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): animal to human interaction Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia Detection of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus genome in an air sample originating from a camel barn owned by an infected patient doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-55228-8.00042-4 id = cord-349643-jtx7ni9b author = Uyeki, Timothy M. title = Development of Medical Countermeasures to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date = 2016-07-17 keywords = CoV; East; MERS; Middle summary = Preclinical development of and research on potential Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) medical countermeasures remain preliminary; advancements are needed before most countermeasures are ready to be tested in human clinical trials. Research priorities include standardization of animal models and virus stocks for studying disease pathogenesis and efficacy of medical countermeasures; development of MERS-CoV diagnostics; improved access to nonhuman primates to support preclinical research; studies to better understand and control MERS-CoV disease, including vaccination studies in camels; and development of a standardized clinical trial protocol. F rom September 2012 through April 27, 2016, a total of 1,728 laboratory-confirmed Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections, leading to 624 deaths (36% case-fatality proportion), had been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) (1) . Prophylaxis with a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-specific human monoclonal antibody protects rabbits from MERS-CoV infection doi = 10.3201/eid2207.160022 id = cord-309734-m8miwtha author = Vergara‐Alert, J. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus experimental transmission using a pig model date = 2017-06-26 keywords = East; MERS summary = Dromedary camels are the main reservoir of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), but other livestock species (i.e., alpacas, llamas, and pigs) are also susceptible to infection with MERS‐CoV. Virus was present in nasal swabs of infected animals, and limited amounts of viral RNA, but no infectious virus were detected in the direct contact pigs. However, other animal species such as non-human primates (rhesus macaques and common marmosets), members of the family Camelidae (alpacas and llamas), rabbits and pigs have been demonstrated to be susceptible to MERS-CoV infection (Crameri et al., 2016; Falzarano et al., 2014; Haagmans et al., 2015; Vergara-Alert, van den Brand, et al., 2017; de Wit et al., 2013 de Wit et al., , 2017 . To study whether MERS-CoV might be transmitted between pigs, an experimental transmission study in this animal model was designed and performed under direct and indirect contact settings. doi = 10.1111/tbed.12668 id = cord-275602-cog4nma0 author = Watkins, Kevin title = Emerging Infectious Diseases: a Review date = 2018-06-22 keywords = East; Middle; RNA; disease; virus summary = SUMMARY: In addition to the aforementioned pathogens, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Nipah virus, New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase-1 Enterobacteriaceae, Rift Valley Fever virus, and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus are reviewed. In 1992, an expert committee that produced the Institute of Medicine report on emerging infections defined them as "new, reemerging, or drug-resistant infections whose incidence in humans has increased within the past two decades or whose incidence threatens to increase in the near future." Additionally, six major contributors to these diseases were presented and included changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and changes in industry practices, economic development and changes in land-use patterns, dramatic increases in volume and speed of international travel and commerce, microbial adaptation and change, and breakdown of public health capacity [1] . The World Health Organization has prioritized a number of infectious diseases as requiring urgent need for research and development given the concern for potential of severe outbreaks. doi = 10.1007/s40138-018-0162-9 id = cord-267333-8b7hvorz author = Watson, John T. title = Unraveling the Mysteries of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date = 2014-06-17 keywords = East; MERS summary = As of February 23, 2014, the World Health Organization has reported 182 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection, including 79 deaths, indicating an ongoing risk for transmission to humans in the Arabian Peninsula (2). Understanding the role of dromedary camels and possibly other animals in transmission of MERS-CoV to humans remains a priority for future investigation to enable development of targeted control measures and prevent future cases and deaths from this emerging pathogen. State of knowledge and data gaps of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in humans Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for hospitalized patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study doi = 10.3201/eid2006.140322 id = cord-306004-amv0los1 author = Widagdo, W. title = Host Determinants of MERS-CoV Transmission and Pathogenesis date = 2019-03-19 keywords = DPP4; East; MERS; Middle summary = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes respiratory infection in humans, ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. Differences in the behavior of the virus observed between individuals, as well as between humans and dromedary camels, highlight the role of host factors in MERS-CoV pathogenesis and transmission. MERS-CoV infection in these animals merely causes mild upper respiratory tract infection [17, 18] , but seroepidemiological studies showed that this virus has been circulating in dromedary camels for decades, suggesting the efficient transmission of MERS-CoV in this species [19] [20] [21] [22] . Given the fact that experimental in vivo infection studies and DPP4 expression analysis in different animal species revealed that dromedary camels are not the only animals in which MERS-CoV has an upper respiratory tract tropism [17, 18, 83, 84] , it is then relevant to question whether other animals can potentially spread MERS-CoV as well. doi = 10.3390/v11030280 id = cord-320921-eumuid3r author = Widagdo, W. title = Lack of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmission in Rabbits date = 2019-04-24 keywords = East; MERS; RNA summary = Our data indicate that despite relatively high viral RNA levels produced, low levels of infectious virus are excreted in the upper respiratory tract of rabbits as compared to dromedary camels, thus resulting in a lack of viral transmission. Besides dromedary camels, other animal species, i.e. llamas, alpacas, and pigs have been shown to be susceptible and develop upper respiratory tract infection upon experimental intranasal MERS-CoV inoculation [9] [10] [11] . We found that rabbits inoculated with the MERS-CoV EMC strain and those with the Qatar15 strain developed an equally mild infection and shed similar levels of viral RNA in their nasal and throat swabs (Figure 3 ). We found that rabbits inoculated with the MERS-CoV EMC strain and those with the Qatar15 strain developed an equally mild infection and shed similar levels of viral RNA in their nasal and throat swabs (Figure 3 ). doi = 10.3390/v11040381 id = cord-323087-3cxyogor author = Widagdo, W. title = Tissue Distribution of the MERS-Coronavirus Receptor in Bats date = 2017-04-26 keywords = DPP4; East; MERS summary = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been shown to infect both humans and dromedary camels using dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) as its receptor. Apart from dromedary camels, insectivorous bats are suggested as another natural reservoir for MERS-like-CoVs. In order to gain insight on the tropism of these viruses in bats, we studied the DPP4 distribution in the respiratory and extra-respiratory tissues of two frugivorous bat species (Epomophorus gambianus and Rousettus aegyptiacus) and two insectivorous bat species (Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Eptesicus serotinus). The limited DPP4 expression in the respiratory tract of the two insectivorous bat species, particularly the common pipistrelle bat, is different from what has been reported for dromedary camels and humans. More importantly, the tissue distribution of DPP4 in insectivorous bats, believed to be one of the natural hosts for MERS-like-CoVs, is different to that in dromedary camels and humans. doi = 10.1038/s41598-017-01290-6 id = cord-356113-hmj0qu0v author = Wiwanitkit, Somsri title = Korean MERS: A new cross continent emerging infectious disease date = 2015-10-31 keywords = East summary = Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome is a new emerging infectious disease that was firstly detected in the Middle East. However, the new emergence of this infection is in Korea and Korean Middle East respiratory syndrome becomes the new concern in public health. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a new emerging infectious disease that was firstly detected in the Middle East [1] [2] [3] . Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Clinical and laboratory findings of the first imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus to the United States Complete genome sequence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) from the first imported MERS-CoV case in China Genomic sequencing and analysis of the first imported Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS CoV) in China Imported case of MERS-CoV infection identified in China doi = 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60941-0 id = cord-348821-2u6ki9dv author = Xu, Ping title = Clinical Characteristics of Two Human to Human Transmitted Coronaviruses: Corona Virus Disease 2019 versus Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. date = 2020-03-10 keywords = COV; East; MERS summary = The aim of this study, therefore, is to perform a systematic review to compare epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of COVID-19 and MERS-COV population. Thus, the purpose of this study is to perform a systematic review of epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients infected by COVID-19 or MERS-COV disease, and to compare COVID-19 and MERS-COV in the context of their incubation, laboratory features, admission rate of intensive cure unit (ICU) and rate of discharge and fatality, which will provide a comprehensive reference for clinical physicians in treatment of coronavirus diseases. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.08.20032821 doi: medRxiv preprint 5 The study that met following criteria were included: (1) reporting clinical characteristics of COVID-19 or MERS-COV disease, (2) minimum sample size of five, (3) confirmed COVID-19 or MERS-COV disease, (4) English literature. Clinical predictors of mortality of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: A cohort study Clinical outcomes among hospital patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection doi = 10.1101/2020.03.08.20032821 id = cord-315576-bgcqkz0p author = Yamamoto, Naoki title = Apparent difference in fatalities between Central Europe and East Asia due to SARS-COV-2 and COVID-19: Four hypotheses for possible explanation date = 2020-08-05 keywords = Asia; COVID-19; East; Europe; SARS summary = The comparison of the numbers of cases and deaths due to SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 shows that people in Central Europe are much more affected than people in East Asia where the disease originally occurred. Trying to explain this difference, this communication presents four hypotheses that propose the following reasons for the observed findings: 1) Differences in social behaviors and cultures of people in the two regions; 2) Possible outbreak of virulent viruses in Central Europe due to multiple viral infection, and the involvement of immuno-virological factors associated with it, 3) Possibility of corona resistance gene mutation occurring among East Asians as a result of long-term co-evolution of virus and host, and 4) possible involvement of hygienic factors. For the analysis of the difference regarding the number of infected people and the death tolls due to COVID-19 between Central European and East Asian 5 countries, we have chosen Italy, Spain, France, Germany and UK from Central Europe and China, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan from South East Asia. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110160 id = cord-317403-1wrsuoy7 author = Yang, Jeong-Sun title = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 3 Persons, South Korea, 2015 date = 2015-11-17 keywords = East; MERS summary = In May 2015, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection was laboratory confirmed in South Korea. For the index patient, MERS-CoV RNA was detectable in sputum, throat swab, and serum samples but not in a urine sample collected 9 days after symptom onset ( Table 1) . Because, to our knowledge, cases of MERS-CoV infection in South Korea have not been reported, we had to establish laboratory testing protocols to overcome vulnerabilities in the absence of appropriate epidemiologic support (i.e., generate positive controls to check for contamination and repeat testing). Although the source of infection for the index patient is unclear, phylogenetic analysis of the whole viral genome showed that the isolate from South Korea was closely related to the MERS-CoV strains isolated in Saudi Arabia in 2015. Probable transmission chains of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the multiple generations of secondary infection in South Korea doi = 10.3201/eid2111.151016 id = cord-309621-6jj19xpr author = Yu, Pin title = Comparative pathology of rhesus macaque and common marmoset animal models with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date = 2017-02-24 keywords = East; Fig; MERS; Middle summary = The main histopathological findings in the lungs of rhesus macaques and common marmosets were varying degrees of pulmonary lesions, including pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, haemorrhage, degeneration and necrosis of the pneumocytes and bronchial epithelial cells, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Although there have been several studies in animal models on the pathogenic mechanisms of MERS-CoV infection, little is known about the comparative pathology and inflammatory cell response in rhesus macaques or common marmosets infected with this virus. Pathological findings in the rhesus macaque tissues HE stained tissues from rhesus macaques experimentally infected with MERS-CoV demonstrate that MERS-CoV induces lesions that are primarily observed in the lungs, with varying degrees of inflammation, interstitial pneumonia (Fig 1A) , pulmonary oedema (Fig 1B) , haemorrhaging, degeneration and necrosis of pneumocytes and bronchial epithelial cells (Fig 1C) , and the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Using immunohistochemical techniques and an ISH analysis, we confirmed that MERS-CoV protein and viral RNA were distributed in the lungs of rhesus macaques and common marmosets and that they were primarily located in the pneumocytes and inflammatory cells. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0172093 id = cord-314651-e4uaw5fy author = Zhao, Guangyu title = Multi-Organ Damage in Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Transgenic Mice Infected with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus date = 2015-12-23 keywords = East; Fig; MERS; Middle summary = After intranasal inoculation with MERS-CoV, the mice rapidly developed severe pneumonia and multi-organ damage, with viral replication being detected in the lungs on day 5 and in the lungs, kidneys and brains on day 9 post-infection. To assess viral replication and histopathologic damage following MERS-CoV infection, mice were euthanized with overdose inhalational carbon dioxide, and tissues included lungs, kidneys, livers, spleens, intestines and brains were harvested on indicated time points. Although a transgenic mouse model expressing human DPP4 was also established, and its immune response was studied after infection with MERS-CoV [16] , the transgenic mice in the study died on day 6 with only progressive pneumonia and mild perivascular cuffing in brain, and no neurological disorder or other multi-organ damage was observed. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0145561 id = cord-263042-qdmunb9l author = Zhao, Yongkun title = Passive immunotherapy for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus infection with equine immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragments in a mouse model date = 2016-11-24 keywords = East; MERS; RBD summary = Passive transfer of equine immune antibodies significantly reduced virus titers and accelerated virus clearance from the lungs of MERS-CoV infected mice. Our data show that horses immunized with MERS-CoV VLPs can serve as a primary source of protective F(ab'')(2) for potential use in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of exposed or infected patients. Several research groups have developed and produced anti-MERS patientderived or humanized monoclonal neutralizing antibodies in vitro that were able to protect MERS-CoV infected mice (Corti et al., 2015; Li et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2014) . Prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of MERS-CoV infected mice with either IgG or F(ab'') 2 significantly decreased the virus load in their lungs. In both prophylactic and therapeutic settings, passive transfer of equine immune antibodies resulted in a 2e4 log reduction of virus titers in the lungs of MERS-CoV infected mice, and accelerated virus clearance in the serum treated group (Fig. 5A, B) . doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.016 id = cord-352527-eeyqh9nc author = Zhou, Yusen title = Advances in MERS-CoV Vaccines and Therapeutics Based on the Receptor-Binding Domain date = 2019-01-14 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; RBD summary = A number of MERS vaccines have been developed based on viral RBD, including nanoparticles, virus-like particles (VLPs), and recombinant proteins, and their protective efficacy has been evaluated in animal models, including mice with adenovirus 5 (Ad5)-directed expression of human DPP4 (Ad5/hDPP4), hDPP4-transgenic (hDPP4-Tg) mice, and non-human primates (NHPs) [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] . Receptor usage of a novel bat lineage C Betacoronavirus reveals evolution of Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus spike proteins for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 binding Recombinant receptor-binding domains of multiple Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (MERS-CoVs) induce cross-neutralizing antibodies against divergent human and camel MERS-CoVs and antibody escape mutants A conformation-dependent neutralizing monoclonal antibody specifically targeting receptor-binding domain in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein A novel nanobody targeting Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) receptor-binding domain has potent cross-neutralizing activity and protective efficacy against MERS-CoV doi = 10.3390/v11010060 id = cord-260518-mswb3q67 author = Zumla, Alimuddin title = Taking forward a ‘One Health’ approach for turning the tide against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential date = 2016-06-15 keywords = East; Health; MERS; Middle summary = Since the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is host to millions of pilgrims each year travelling from all continents, 29 tackling the threat of MERS and other infectious diseases with epidemic potential will require enhanced closer cooperation between those who provide human health, animal health, and environmental health services, locally, nationally, regionally, and internationally: the Middle Eastern, European, African, Asian, and American governments, veterinary groups, the WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the African Union, the United Nations International Children''s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), The World Bank, Office International des Epizooties (OIE), CDC, Public Health England, the newly formed Africa CDC, and funding agencies among others. The persistence of MERS-CoV 4 years since its first discovery has created major opportunities for each of the Middle Eastern and African countries to take leadership of the ''One Health'' approach with a view to bringing this under regional and global umbrellas, to tackle new emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases with epidemic potential. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.06.012 id = cord-291367-rtmsrh16 author = Zumla, Alimuddin title = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome - need for increased vigilance and watchful surveillance for MERS-CoV in sub-Saharan Africa date = 2015-07-02 keywords = East; MERS summary = 4, 5 The recent unprecedented outbreak of the MERS 6, 7 in South Korea which arose consequential to the importation of MERS-CoV by a South Korean traveler to the Middle East, alarmed global public health authorities and highlights the potential of MERS-CoV to spread across the globe and cause local outbreaks. National surveillance systems should be on alert for the low but long-lasting risk of MERS-CoV infected pilgrims returning from the Umrah throughout the year, and also for the large numbers of refugees at several conflict zones in the Middle East (those migrating from Syria to Turkey and from the Yemen border into Saudi Arabia and beyond). The Hajj pilgrimage and surveillance for Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus in pilgrims from African countries Infection prevention and control during health care for probable or confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.06.020 id = cord-319877-izn315hb author = de Wit, Emmie title = SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses date = 2016-06-27 keywords = CoV; East; MERS; Middle; SARS; respiratory summary = Scientific advancements since the 2002–2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pandemic allowed for rapid progress in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and the development of therapeutics. The downregulation of ACE2 results in the excessive production of angiotensin II by the related enzyme ACE, and it has been suggested that the stimulation of type 1a angiotensin II receptor and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) encode two large polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, which are proteolytically cleaved into 16 non-structural proteins (nsps), including papain-like protease (PLpro), 3C-like protease (3CLpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), helicase (Hel) and exonuclease (ExoN). Both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have developed mechanisms to interfere with these signalling pathways, as shown; these subversion strategies involve both structural proteins (membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N)) and non-structural proteins (nsp1, nsp3b, nsp4a, nsp4b, nsp5, nsp6 and papain-like protease (PLpro); indicated in the figure by just their nsp numbers and letters). doi = 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81 id = cord-332952-d5l60cgc author = nan title = MERS: Progress on the global response, remaining challenges and the way forward date = 2018-09-17 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = Typical of an emerging zoonosis, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has an animal reservoir, i.e. dromedary camels in which the virus causes little to no disease (Mohd et al., 2016) . For example, studies of respiratory pathogens (Yu et al., 2007; Tran et al., 2012; Thompson et al., 2013) and MERS-CoV conducted in the Middle East (Assiri et al., 2013; Oboho et al., 2015; Hunter et al., 2016; Balkhy et al., 2016) and the Republic of Korea (Bin et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2016a Kim et al., , 2016b Nam et al., 2017) illustrate that aerosol-generating procedures and non-invasive ventilation, combined with inappropriate infection prevention and control practices and lack of adherence to standard practices had an important role in facilitating human-to-human transmission in health care settings. The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study Sero-prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.002