id sid tid token lemma pos cord-339082-8gogju5n 1 1 key key NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 1 2 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 1 cord-339082 cord-339082 NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 2 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 3 8gogju5n 8gogju5n CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 4 authors author NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 5 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 6 Swire Swire NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 7 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 8 Thompson Thompson NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 9 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 10 Briony Briony NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 11 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 12 DeGutis DeGutis NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 13 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 14 Joseph Joseph NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 15 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 16 Lazer Lazer NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 17 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 18 David David NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 19 title title NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 20 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 21 Searching search VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 22 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 23 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 24 Backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 25 Effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 26 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 27 Measurement Measurement NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 28 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 29 Design Design NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 30 Considerations Considerations NNPS cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 31 date date NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 32 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 33 2020 2020 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 34 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 35 09 09 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 36 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 37 02 02 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 38 journal journal NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 2 39 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 3 1 J J NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 3 2 Appl Appl NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 3 3 Res Res NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 3 4 Mem Mem NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 3 5 Cogn Cogn NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 3 6 DOI DOI NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 3 7 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 3 8 10.1016/ 10.1016/ CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 4 1 j.jarmac.2020.06.006 j.jarmac.2020.06.006 NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 4 2 sha sha XX cord-339082-8gogju5n 4 3 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 5 1 8b9f0ba86bfed3c0216deed5ea5a7c1c65479c9a 8b9f0ba86bfed3c0216deed5ea5a7c1c65479c9a NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 5 2 doc_id doc_id CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 5 3 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 5 4 339082 339082 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 5 5 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 5 6 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 1 8gogju5n 8gogju5n : cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 2 One one CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 5 most most RBS cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 6 concerning concern VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 7 notions notion NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 8 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 9 science science NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 10 communicators communicator NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 11 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 12 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 13 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 14 checkers checker NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 15 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 16 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 17 advocates advocate NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 18 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 19 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 20 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 21 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 22 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 23 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 24 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 25 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 26 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 27 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 28 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 29 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 30 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 31 leads lead VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 32 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 33 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 34 individual individual NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 35 increasing increase VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 36 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 37 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 38 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 39 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 40 very very JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 41 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 42 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 43 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 44 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 45 aiming aim VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 46 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 47 rectify rectify VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 6 48 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 1 There there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 2 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 3 currently currently RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 4 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 5 debate debate NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 6 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 7 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 8 literature literature NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 9 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 10 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 11 whether whether IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 12 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 13 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 14 exist exist VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 15 at at RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 16 all all RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 17 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 18 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 19 recent recent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 20 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 21 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 22 failed fail VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 23 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 24 find find VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 25 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 26 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 27 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 28 even even RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 29 under under IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 30 theoretically theoretically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 31 favorable favorable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 32 conditions condition NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 7 33 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 2 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 3 review review NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 6 summarize summarize VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 7 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 8 current current JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 9 state state NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 10 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 11 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 12 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 13 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 14 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 15 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 16 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 17 literatures literature NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 8 18 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 2 subsequently subsequently RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 3 examine examine VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 4 barriers barrier NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 5 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 6 measuring measure VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 7 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 8 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 9 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 10 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 11 discuss discuss VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 12 approaches approach NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 13 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 14 improving improve VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 15 measurement measurement NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 16 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 17 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 18 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 19 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 20 conclude conclude VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 21 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 22 recommendations recommendation NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 23 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 24 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 25 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 26 checkers checker NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 9 27 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 2 suggest suggest VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 3 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 4 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 5 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 6 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 7 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 8 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 9 robust robust JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 10 empirical empirical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 11 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 12 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 13 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 14 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 15 reliable reliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 16 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 17 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 18 powerful powerful JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 19 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 20 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 21 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 22 stronger strong JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 23 links link NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 24 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 25 experimental experimental JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 26 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 27 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 28 theory theory NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 29 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 30 greatly greatly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 31 help help VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 32 move move VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 33 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 34 field field NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 35 ahead ahead RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 10 36 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 1 One one CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 2 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 3 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 4 most most RBS cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 5 concerning concern VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 6 notions notion NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 7 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 8 science science NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 9 communicators communicator NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 10 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 11 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 12 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 13 checkers checker NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 15 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 16 advocates advocate NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 17 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 18 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 19 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 20 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 21 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 22 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 11 23 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 2 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 3 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 4 occurs occur VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 5 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 6 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 7 evidence evidence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 8 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 9 based base VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 10 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 11 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 12 presented present VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 13 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 14 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 15 individual individual NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 12 16 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 1 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 2 report report VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 3 believing believe VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 4 even even RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 5 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 6 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 7 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 8 very very JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 9 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 10 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 11 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 12 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 13 aiming aim VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 14 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 15 rectify rectify VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 17 Lewandowsky Lewandowsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 18 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 19 Ecker Ecker NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 20 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 21 Seifert Seifert NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 22 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 23 Schwarz Schwarz NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 24 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 25 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 26 Cook Cook NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 27 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 28 2012 2012 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 13 30 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 1 This this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 2 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 3 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 4 extremely extremely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 5 important important JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 6 practical practical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 7 applications application NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 8 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 9 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 10 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 11 checking check VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 12 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 13 social social JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 14 media medium NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 15 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 16 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 17 all all DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 18 corrective corrective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 19 communication communication NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 20 efforts effort NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 14 21 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 1 However however RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 3 there there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 4 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 5 currently currently RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 6 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 7 debate debate NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 8 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 9 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 10 literature literature NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 11 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 12 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 13 whether whether IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 14 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 15 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 16 exist exist VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 17 at at RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 18 all all RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 19 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 20 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 21 recent recent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 22 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 23 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 24 failed fail VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 25 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 26 find find VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 27 them -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 28 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 29 even even RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 30 under under IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 31 theoretically theoretically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 32 favorable favorable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 33 conditions condition NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 35 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 36 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 15 37 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 2 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 3 article article NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 6 discuss discuss VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 7 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 8 current current JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 9 state state NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 10 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 11 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 12 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 13 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 14 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 15 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 16 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 17 literatures literature NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 18 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 19 examine examine VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 20 barriers barrier NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 21 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 22 measuring measure VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 23 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 24 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 25 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 26 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 27 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 28 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 29 conclude conclude VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 30 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 31 recommendations recommendation NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 32 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 33 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 34 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 35 checkers checker NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 36 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 37 communicators communicator NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 16 38 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 17 1 There there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 17 2 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 17 3 numerous numerous JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 17 4 barriers barrier NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 17 5 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 17 6 changing change VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 17 7 inaccurate inaccurate JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 17 8 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 17 9 after after IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 17 10 corrections correction NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 17 11 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 17 12 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 17 13 presented present VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 17 14 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 2 continued continue VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 3 influence influence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 4 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 5 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 6 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 7 individuals individual NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 8 still still RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 9 use use VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 10 inaccurate inaccurate JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 11 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 12 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 14 reasoning reasoning NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 15 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 16 memory memory NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 17 after after IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 18 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 19 credible credible JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 20 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 21 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 22 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 23 presented present VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 25 Johnson Johnson NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 26 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 27 Seifert Seifert NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 28 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 29 1994 1994 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 30 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 31 Lewandowsky Lewandowsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 32 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 33 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 34 . . NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 35 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 36 2012 2012 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 18 38 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 1 There there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 2 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 3 also also RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 4 belief belief JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 5 regression regression NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 6 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 7 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 8 individuals individual NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 9 initially initially RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 10 update update VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 11 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 12 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 13 after after IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 14 being be VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 15 exposed expose VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 16 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 17 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 18 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 19 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 20 but but CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 21 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 22 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 23 change change NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 24 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 25 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 26 sustained sustain VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 27 over over IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 28 time time NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 30 Berinsky Berinsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 31 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 32 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 33 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 34 Kowalski Kowalski NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 35 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 36 Taylor Taylor NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 37 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 38 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 39 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 19 40 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 2 contrast contrast NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 3 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 5 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 6 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 7 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 8 these these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 9 barriers barrier NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 10 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 11 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 12 people people NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 13 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 14 least least JJS cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 15 still still RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 16 update update VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 18 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 19 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 20 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 21 intended intend VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 22 direction direction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 23 promoted promote VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 24 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 25 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 26 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 20 27 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 2 term term NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 3 backfire backfire RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 4 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 5 only only RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 6 pertains pertain VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 7 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 8 cases case NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 9 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 10 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 11 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 12 inadvertently inadvertently RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 13 increases increase VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 14 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 15 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 16 relative relative JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 17 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 18 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 19 precorrection precorrection NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 20 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 21 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 22 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 23 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 24 baseline baseline NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 21 25 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 2 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 3 also also RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 4 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 5 referred refer VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 6 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 7 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 8 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 9 boomerang boomerang NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 10 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 12 Hart Hart NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 13 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 14 Nisbet Nisbet NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 15 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 16 2012 2012 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 18 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 19 backlash backlash NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 21 Guess Guess NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 22 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 23 Coppock Coppock NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 24 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 25 2018 2018 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 22 27 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 23 1 Two two CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 23 2 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 23 3 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 23 4 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 23 5 gained gain VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 23 6 popularity popularity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 23 7 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 23 8 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 23 9 literature literature NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 23 10 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 24 1 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 24 2 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 24 3 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 24 4 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 24 5 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 25 1 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 25 2 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 25 3 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 25 4 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 25 5 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 1 These these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 2 both both DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 3 result result VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 4 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 5 increased increase VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 6 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 7 after after IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 8 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 9 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 10 yet yet RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 11 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 12 thought think VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 13 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 14 have have VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 15 different different JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 16 psychological psychological JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 17 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 26 18 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 2 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 3 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 4 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 5 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 6 said say VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 7 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 8 occur occur VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 9 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 10 people people NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 11 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 12 motivated motivated JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 13 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 14 defend defend VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 16 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 17 because because IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 18 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 19 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 20 challenges challenge VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 21 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 22 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 23 system system NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 27 24 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 2 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 3 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 4 likely likely JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 5 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 6 occur occur VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 7 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 8 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 9 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 10 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 11 important important JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 12 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 13 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 14 individual individual NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 15 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 16 such such JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 17 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 18 politicized politicized JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 19 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 20 hot hot JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 21 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 22 button button NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 23 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 24 issues issue NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 25 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 26 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 27 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 28 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 29 individual individual NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 30 believes believe VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 31 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 32 strongly strongly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 34 Flynn Flynn NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 35 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 36 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 37 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 38 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 39 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 40 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 41 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 42 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 43 Lewandowsky Lewandowsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 44 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 45 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 46 . . NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 47 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 48 2012 2012 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 28 50 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 2 contrast contrast NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 3 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 5 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 6 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 7 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 8 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 9 backfire backfire RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 10 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 11 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 12 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 13 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 14 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 15 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 16 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 17 presumed presume VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 18 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 19 occur occur VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 20 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 21 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 22 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 23 repeated repeat VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 24 within within IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 25 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 26 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 28 Schwarz Schwarz NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 29 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 30 Sanna Sanna NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 31 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 32 Skurnik Skurnik NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 33 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 34 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 35 Yoon Yoon NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 36 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 37 2007 2007 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 29 39 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 30 1 1 1 LS cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 1 For for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 2 example example NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 4 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 5 one one CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 6 were be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 7 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 8 try try VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 9 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 10 correct correct VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 11 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 12 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 13 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 14 stated state VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 15 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 16 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 17 eating eat VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 18 apricot apricot NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 19 seeds seed NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 20 does do VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 21 NOT not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 22 cure cure VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 23 cancer cancer NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 24 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 25 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 26 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 27 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 28 repeats repeat VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 29 both both CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 30 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 31 apricot apricot NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 32 seeds seed NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 33 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 34 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 35 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 36 curing cure VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 37 cancer cancer NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 38 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 39 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 40 thus thus RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 41 making make VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 42 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 43 original original JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 44 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 45 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 46 familiar familiar JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 31 47 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 1 This this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 2 increased increase VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 3 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 4 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 5 problematic problematic JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 6 because because IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 7 people people NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 8 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 9 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 10 likely likely JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 11 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 12 assume assume VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 13 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 14 familiar familiar JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 15 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 16 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 17 true true JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 18 - - : cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 19 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 20 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 21 called call VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 22 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 23 illusory illusory JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 24 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 25 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 27 Begg Begg NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 28 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 29 Anas Anas NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 30 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 31 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 32 Farinacci Farinacci NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 33 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 34 1992 1992 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 32 36 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 2 other other JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 3 words word NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 5 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 6 boost boost NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 7 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 8 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 9 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 10 correcting correct VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 11 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 12 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 13 thought think VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 14 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 15 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 16 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 17 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 18 increase increase VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 19 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 20 acceptance acceptance NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 21 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 22 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 23 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 24 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 25 true true JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 26 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 27 even even RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 28 though though IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 29 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 30 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 31 paired pair VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 32 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 33 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 34 retraction retraction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 33 35 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 2 logic logic NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 3 behind behind IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 5 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 6 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 7 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 8 stems stem VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 9 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 10 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 11 motivated motivated JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 12 reasoning reasoning NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 13 literature literature NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 15 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 16 one one NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 17 's 's POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 18 ideology ideology NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 19 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 20 values value NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 21 influence influence VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 22 how how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 23 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 24 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 25 processed process VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 27 Kunda Kunda NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 28 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 29 1990 1990 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 30 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 31 Wells Wells NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 32 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 33 Reedy Reedy NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 34 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 35 Gastil Gastil NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 36 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 37 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 38 Lee Lee NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 39 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 40 2009 2009 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 42 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 43 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 44 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 45 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 46 counters counter VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 47 preexisting preexist VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 48 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 49 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 50 evaluated evaluate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 51 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 52 critically critically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 53 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 54 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 55 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 56 congruent congruent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 57 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 58 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 59 Taber Taber NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 60 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 61 Lodge Lodge NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 62 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 63 2006 2006 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 64 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 34 65 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 2 possible possible JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 3 reason reason NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 4 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 6 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 7 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 8 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 9 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 10 people people NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 11 generate generate VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 12 counter counter NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 13 - - NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 14 arguments argument NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 15 consistent consistent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 16 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 18 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 19 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 20 existing existing JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 21 views view NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 22 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 23 contradict contradict VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 24 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 25 new new JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 26 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 27 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 28 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 30 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 31 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 32 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 33 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 34 2010 2010 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 35 36 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 36 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 36 2 landmark landmark NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 36 3 paper paper NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 36 4 regarding regard VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 36 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 36 6 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 37 1 backfire backfire VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 37 2 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 37 3 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 37 4 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 37 5 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 37 6 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 37 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 37 8 2010 2010 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 37 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 37 10 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 2 first first JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 3 experiment experiment NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 4 corrected correct VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 6 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 7 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 8 weapons weapon NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 9 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 10 mass mass JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 11 destruction destruction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 12 were be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 13 found find VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 14 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 15 Iraq Iraq NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 16 during during IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 17 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 18 2003 2003 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 19 invasion invasion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 38 20 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 1 Liberal liberal JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 2 individuals individual NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 4 whose whose WP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 5 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 6 aligned align VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 7 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 8 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 9 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 10 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 11 were be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 12 able able JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 13 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 14 successfully successfully RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 15 update update VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 16 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 17 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 18 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 19 whereas whereas IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 20 conservatives conservative NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 21 increased increase VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 22 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 23 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 24 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 25 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 26 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 39 27 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 1 Although although IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 2 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 3 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 4 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 5 's 's POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 6 second second JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 7 experiment experiment NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 8 failed fail VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 9 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 10 replicate replicate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 11 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 12 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 13 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 14 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 15 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 16 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 17 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 18 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 19 conservative conservative JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 20 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 21 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 22 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 23 whole whole NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 24 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 25 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 26 did do VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 27 find find VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 28 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 29 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 30 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 31 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 32 subset subset NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 33 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 34 conservative conservative JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 35 respondents respondent NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 36 who who WP cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 37 rated rate VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 38 Iraq Iraq NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 39 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 40 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 41 most most RBS cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 42 important important JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 43 problem problem NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 44 facing face VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 45 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 46 country country NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 47 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 48 that that DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 49 point point NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 50 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 51 time time NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 40 52 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 2 authors author NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 3 suggested suggest VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 4 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 5 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 6 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 7 may may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 8 only only RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 9 occur occur VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 10 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 11 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 12 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 13 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 14 strong strong JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 15 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 16 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 17 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 18 issue issue NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 19 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 20 currently currently RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 21 connected connect VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 22 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 23 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 24 individual individual NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 25 's 's POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 26 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 27 identity identity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 41 28 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 42 1 This this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 42 2 suggestion suggestion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 42 3 aligns align VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 42 4 well well RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 42 5 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 42 6 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 42 7 research research NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 42 8 demonstrating demonstrate VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 42 9 that that DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 42 10 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 1 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 2 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 3 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 4 almost almost RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 5 exclusively exclusively RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 6 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 7 found find VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 8 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 9 either either CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 10 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 11 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 12 attitudinal attitudinal JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 13 subgroups subgroup NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 15 rather rather RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 43 16 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 1 communi-1 communi-1 NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 2 There there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 3 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 4 several several JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 5 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 6 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 7 suggest suggest VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 8 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 9 people people NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 10 misremember misremember VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 11 false false JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 12 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 13 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 14 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 15 true true JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 16 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 17 often often RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 18 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 19 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 20 misremember misremember VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 21 true true JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 22 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 23 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 24 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 44 25 false false JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 2 Peter Peter NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 3 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 4 Koch Koch NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 5 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 6 2016 2016 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 7 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 8 Skurnik Skurnik NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 9 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 10 Yoon Yoon NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 11 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 12 Park Park NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 13 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 14 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 15 Schwarz Schwarz NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 16 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 17 2005 2005 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 45 19 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 1 Although although IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 2 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 3 asymmetry asymmetry NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 4 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 5 indeed indeed RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 6 stem stem VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 7 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 8 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 9 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 10 process process NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 12 see see VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 13 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 14 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 15 does do VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 16 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 17 meet meet VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 18 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 19 criteria criterion NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 20 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 21 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 22 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 23 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 46 24 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 1 See see VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 2 Appendix Appendix NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 3 A A NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 4 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 5 details detail NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 6 regarding regard VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 7 articles article NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 8 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 9 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 10 frequently frequently RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 11 cited cite VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 12 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 13 support support NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 14 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 15 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 16 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 17 but but CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 18 do do VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 19 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 20 meet meet VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 21 backfire backfire VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 22 criteria criterion NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 47 23 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 48 1 ties tie NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 48 2 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 48 3 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 48 4 whole whole NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 48 5 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 1 One one CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 2 major major JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 3 problem problem NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 4 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 5 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 6 beyond beyond IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 7 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 8 scientific scientific JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 9 literature literature NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 10 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 11 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 12 media medium NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 13 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 14 online online JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 15 science science NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 16 blogs blog NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 17 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 18 often often RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 19 overgeneralized overgeneralize VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 20 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 21 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 22 found find VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 23 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 24 subgroups subgroup NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 25 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 26 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 27 population population NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 28 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 29 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 30 whole whole NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 31 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 32 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 33 all all DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 34 corrective corrective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 35 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 37 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 38 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 39 Science science NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 40 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 41 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 49 43 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 1 There there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 2 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 3 subsequently subsequently RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 4 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 5 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 6 backfire backfire RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 7 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 8 reported report VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 9 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 10 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 11 variety variety NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 12 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 13 subgroups subgroup NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 14 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 15 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 16 regarding regard VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 17 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 19 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 20 respondents respondent NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 21 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 22 least least JJS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 23 favorable favorable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 24 vaccine vaccine NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 25 attitudes attitude NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 26 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 27 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 28 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 29 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 30 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 31 Richey Richey NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 32 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 33 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 34 Freed Freed NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 35 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 36 2014 2014 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 37 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 38 _SP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 39 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 40 respondents respondent NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 41 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 42 high high JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 43 levels level NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 44 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 45 concern concern NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 46 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 47 vaccine vaccine NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 48 side side NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 49 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 50 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 51 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 52 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 53 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 54 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 55 2015 2015 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 57 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 58 climate climate NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 59 change change NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 60 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 61 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 62 Republican republican JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 63 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 64 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 65 Hart Hart NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 66 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 67 Nisbet Nisbet NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 68 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 69 2012 2012 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 70 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 71 _SP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 72 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 73 Republicans Republicans NNPS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 74 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 75 high high JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 76 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 77 interest interest NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 78 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 79 Zhou Zhou NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 80 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 81 2016 2016 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 82 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 83 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 84 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 85 existence existence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 86 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 87 death death NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 88 panels panel NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 89 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 90 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 91 politically politically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 92 knowledgeable knowledgeable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 93 Palin Palin NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 94 supporters supporter NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 95 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 96 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 97 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 98 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 99 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 100 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 101 Ubel Ubel NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 102 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 103 2013 2013 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 104 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 105 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 106 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 107 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 108 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 109 fictitious fictitious JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 110 scenario scenario NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 111 detailing detail VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 112 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 113 right right JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 114 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 115 wing wing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 116 politicians politician NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 117 generally generally RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 118 misappropriate misappropriate VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 119 public public JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 120 funds fund NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 121 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 122 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 123 left left JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 124 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 125 wing wing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 126 politicians politician NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 127 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 128 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 129 right right JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 130 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 131 wing wing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 132 attentive attentive JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 133 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 134 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 135 Ecker Ecker NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 136 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 137 Ang Ang NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 138 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 139 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 140 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 141 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 50 142 see see VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 51 1 Appendix Appendix NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 52 1 B. B. NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 2 addition addition NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 3 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 4 observing observe VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 5 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 6 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 7 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 8 widely widely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 9 varying vary VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 10 subgroups subgroup NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 11 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 12 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 13 further further JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 14 complication complication NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 15 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 16 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 17 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 18 dependent dependent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 19 variable variable NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 20 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 21 also also RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 22 varied vary VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 23 substantially substantially RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 24 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 25 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 53 26 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 1 These these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 2 dependent dependent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 3 variables variable NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 4 roughly roughly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 5 fall fall VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 6 into into IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 7 three three CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 8 categories category NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 9 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 10 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 11 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 12 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 13 agreement agreement NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 14 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 15 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 16 claim claim NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 18 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 19 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 20 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 21 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 22 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 23 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 24 2010 2010 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 26 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 27 behavioral behavioral JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 28 intentions intention NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 30 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 31 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 32 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 33 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 34 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 35 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 36 2015 2015 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 38 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 39 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 40 use use NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 41 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 42 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 43 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 44 answering answer VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 45 inference inference NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 46 questions question NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 48 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 49 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 50 Ecker Ecker NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 51 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 52 Ang Ang NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 53 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 54 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 54 56 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 55 1 Regardless regardless RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 55 2 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 55 3 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 55 4 dependent dependent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 55 5 variable variable NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 55 6 used use VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 55 7 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 55 8 failures failure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 55 9 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 55 10 find find VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 55 11 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 55 12 replicate replicate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 1 previously previously RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 2 observed observe VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 3 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 4 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 5 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 6 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 7 widespread widespread JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 9 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 10 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 11 Garrett Garrett NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 12 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 13 Nisbet Nisbet NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 15 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 16 Lynch Lynch NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 17 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 18 2013 2013 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 19 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 20 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 21 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 22 Porter Porter NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 23 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 24 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 25 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 26 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 27 Wood Wood NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 28 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 29 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 30 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 31 Schmid Schmid NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 32 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 33 Betsch Betsch NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 34 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 35 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 36 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 37 Swire Swire NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 38 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 39 Berinsky Berinsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 40 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 41 Lewandowsky Lewandowsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 42 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 43 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 44 Ecker Ecker NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 45 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 46 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 47 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 48 Swire Swire NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 49 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 50 Thompson Thompson NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 51 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 52 Ecker Ecker NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 53 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 54 Lewandowsky Lewandowsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 55 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 56 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 57 Berinsky Berinsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 58 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 59 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 60 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 61 Weeks week NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 62 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 63 2015 2015 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 64 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 65 Weeks Weeks NNPS cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 66 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 67 Garrett Garrett NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 68 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 69 2014 2014 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 70 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 71 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 72 even even RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 73 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 74 using use VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 75 identical identical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 76 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 77 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 78 previously previously RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 79 elicited elicit VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 80 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 81 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 56 82 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 1 For for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 2 example example NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 4 Haglin Haglin NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 6 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 8 used use VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 9 identical identical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 10 methods method NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 11 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 12 vaccine vaccine NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 13 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 14 related relate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 15 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 16 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 17 those those DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 18 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 19 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 20 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 21 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 23 2015 2015 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 25 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 26 failed fail VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 27 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 28 find find VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 29 any any DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 30 evidence evidence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 31 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 32 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 33 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 34 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 57 35 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 2 largest large JJS cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 3 failure failure NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 4 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 5 replicate replicate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 6 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 7 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 8 date date NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 9 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 10 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 11 Wood Wood NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 12 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 13 Porter Porter NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 15 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 17 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 18 conducting conduct VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 19 five five CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 20 experiments experiment NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 21 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 22 over over IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 23 10,000 10,000 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 24 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 58 25 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 2 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 3 were be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 4 specifically specifically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 5 chosen choose VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 6 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 7 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 8 important important JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 9 ideological ideological JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 10 issues issue NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 11 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 12 would would MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 13 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 14 theoretically theoretically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 15 conducive conducive JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 16 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 17 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 59 18 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 60 1 backfire backfire RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 60 2 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 60 3 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 2 authors author NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 3 found find VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 4 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 5 out out IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 6 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 7 52 52 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 8 issues issue NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 9 corrected correct VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 10 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 11 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 12 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 13 triggered trigger VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 14 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 15 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 16 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 61 17 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 1 Much much JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 2 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 3 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 4 literature literature NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 5 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 6 interpreted interpret VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 7 these these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 8 failures failure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 9 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 10 replicate replicate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 11 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 12 indicate indicate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 13 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 14 either either DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 16 a a LS cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 18 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 19 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 20 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 21 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 22 difficult difficult JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 23 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 24 elicit elicit VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 25 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 26 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 27 larger large JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 28 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 29 level level NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 30 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 32 b b NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 34 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 35 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 36 extremely extremely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 37 item- item- JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 38 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 39 situation- situation- NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 40 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 41 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 42 individual individual JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 43 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 44 specific specific JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 45 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 46 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 48 c c NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 50 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 51 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 52 does do VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 53 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 54 exist exist VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 55 at at RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 56 all all RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 62 57 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 1 See see VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 2 Appendix Appendix NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 3 B B NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 4 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 5 details detail NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 6 regarding regard VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 7 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 8 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 9 found find VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 10 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 11 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 12 backfire backfire VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 13 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 15 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 16 did do VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 17 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 18 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 19 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 20 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 21 dependent dependent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 22 variable(s variable(s NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 24 used use VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 25 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 26 each each DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 63 27 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 64 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 64 2 contrast contrast NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 64 3 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 64 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 64 5 ideological ideological JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 64 6 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 64 7 behind behind IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 64 8 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 64 9 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 1 backfire backfire RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 2 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 4 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 5 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 6 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 7 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 8 often often RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 9 presumed presume VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 10 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 11 occur occur VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 12 due due IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 13 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 15 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 16 increasing increase VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 17 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 18 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 19 's 's POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 20 processing processing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 21 fluency fluency NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 65 22 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 2 other other JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 3 words word NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 6 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 7 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 8 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 9 apricot apricot NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 10 seeds seed NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 11 do do VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 12 NOT not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 13 cure cure VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 14 cancer cancer NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 15 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 16 increases increase VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 17 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 18 ease ease NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 19 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 20 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 21 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 22 apricot apricot NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 23 seeds seed NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 24 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 25 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 26 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 27 cancer cancer NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 28 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 29 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 30 retrieved retrieve VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 31 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 32 processed process VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 34 Schwarz Schwarz NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 35 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 36 Newman Newman NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 37 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 38 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 39 Leach Leach NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 40 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 41 2016 2016 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 66 43 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 1 However however RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 3 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 4 specific specific JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 5 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 6 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 7 how how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 8 repetition repetition NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 9 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 10 lead lead VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 11 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 12 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 13 increase increase NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 14 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 15 perceived perceive VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 16 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 17 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 18 currently currently RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 19 under under IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 20 debate debate NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 22 see see VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 23 Unkelbach Unkelbach NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 24 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 25 Koch Koch NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 26 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 27 Silva Silva NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 28 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 29 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 30 Garcia Garcia NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 31 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 32 Marques Marques NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 33 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 34 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 35 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 36 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 37 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 38 review review NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 67 40 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 3 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 4 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 5 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 6 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 7 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 8 often often RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 9 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 10 conflated conflate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 11 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 12 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 13 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 14 well well RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 15 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 16 established establish VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 17 illusory illusory JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 18 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 19 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 68 20 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 2 former former JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 3 refers refer VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 4 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 5 increasing increase VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 6 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 7 due due IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 8 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 9 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 10 repetition repetition NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 11 within within IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 12 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 13 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 14 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 15 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 16 little little JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 17 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 18 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 19 empirical empirical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 20 support support NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 21 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 22 whereas whereas IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 23 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 24 latter latter JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 25 refers refer VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 26 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 27 increasing increase VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 28 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 29 due due IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 30 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 31 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 32 repetition repetition NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 33 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 34 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 35 absence absence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 36 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 37 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 38 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 39 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 40 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 41 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 42 robust robust JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 43 empirical empirical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 44 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 46 Fazio Fazio NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 47 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 48 Brashier Brashier NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 49 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 50 Payne Payne NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 51 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 52 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 53 Marsh Marsh NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 54 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 55 2015 2015 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 69 57 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 2 original original JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 3 notion notion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 4 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 6 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 7 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 8 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 9 stems stem VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 10 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 11 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 12 unpublished unpublished JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 13 manuscript manuscript NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 15 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 16 cited cite VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 17 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 18 Schwarz Schwarz NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 19 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 20 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 21 . . NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 22 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 23 2007 2007 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 25 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 26 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 27 who who WP cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 28 viewed view VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 29 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 30 flyer flyer NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 31 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 32 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 33 myth myth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 34 vs. vs. FW cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 35 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 36 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 37 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 38 regarding regard VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 39 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 40 flu flu NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 41 vaccine vaccine NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 42 reported report VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 43 less less RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 44 favorable favorable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 45 attitudes attitude NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 46 toward toward IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 47 vaccination vaccination NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 48 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 49 those those DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 50 who who WP cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 51 did do VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 52 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 53 view view VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 54 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 55 flyer flyer NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 70 56 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 1 Although although IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 2 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 3 paper paper NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 4 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 5 highly highly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 6 cited cite VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 8 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 9 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 10 Berinsky Berinsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 11 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 12 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 13 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 14 Cook Cook NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 15 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 16 Bedford Bedford NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 17 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 18 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 19 Mandia Mandia NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 20 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 21 2014 2014 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 22 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 23 Gemberling Gemberling NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 24 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 25 Cramer Cramer NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 26 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 27 2014 2014 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 28 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 29 Lilienfeld Lilienfeld NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 30 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 31 Marshall Marshall NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 32 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 33 Todd Todd NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 34 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 35 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 36 Shane Shane NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 37 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 38 2014 2014 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 39 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 40 Peter Peter NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 41 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 42 Koch Koch NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 43 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 44 2016 2016 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 45 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 46 Pluviano Pluviano NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 47 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 48 Watt Watt NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 49 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 50 Ragazzini Ragazzini NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 51 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 52 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 53 Della Della NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 54 Sala Sala NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 55 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 56 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 57 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 58 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 59 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 60 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 61 difficult difficult JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 62 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 63 evaluate evaluate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 64 given give VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 65 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 66 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 67 remains remain VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 68 unpublished unpublished JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 71 69 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 1 There there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 2 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 3 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 4 failures failure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 5 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 6 directly directly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 7 replicate replicate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 8 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 9 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 11 Cameron Cameron NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 12 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 13 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 14 . . NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 15 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 16 2013 2013 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 18 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 19 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 20 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 21 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 22 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 23 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 24 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 25 elicited elicit VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 26 under under IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 27 theoretically theoretically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 28 conducive conducive JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 29 circumstances circumstance NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 30 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 31 including include VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 32 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 33 three three CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 34 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 35 week week NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 36 delay delay NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 37 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 38 corrections correction NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 39 being be VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 40 presented present VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 41 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 42 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 43 being be VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 44 measured measure VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 72 45 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 3 since since IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 4 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 5 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 6 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 7 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 8 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 9 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 10 using use VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 11 vaccine vaccine NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 12 stimuli stimulus NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 14 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 15 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 16 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 17 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 18 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 19 . . NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 20 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 21 2014 2014 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 23 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 24 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 25 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 26 unclear unclear JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 27 whether whether IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 28 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 29 Skurnik Skurnik NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 30 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 31 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 73 32 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 74 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 74 2 2007 2007 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 74 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 74 4 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 74 5 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 74 6 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 74 7 due due JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 74 8 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 74 9 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 74 10 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 74 11 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 74 12 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 74 13 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 1 This this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 2 potential potential JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 3 misattribution misattribution NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 4 also also RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 5 applies apply VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 6 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 7 Pluviano Pluviano NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 8 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 9 Watt Watt NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 10 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 11 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 12 Della Della NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 13 Sala Sala NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 15 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 17 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 18 Pluviano Pluviano NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 19 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 20 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 75 21 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 2 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 5 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 6 Berinsky Berinsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 8 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 10 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 11 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 12 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 13 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 14 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 15 were be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 16 reportedly reportedly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 17 due due JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 18 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 19 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 20 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 21 yet yet RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 22 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 23 have have VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 24 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 25 due due JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 26 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 27 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 28 since since IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 29 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 30 experiments experiment NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 31 exclusively exclusively RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 32 used use VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 33 politicized politicized JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 34 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 76 35 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 1 See see VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 2 Appendix Appendix NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 3 C C NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 4 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 5 details detail NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 6 regarding regard VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 7 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 8 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 9 found find VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 10 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 11 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 12 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 13 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 15 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 16 did do VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 17 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 18 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 19 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 20 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 21 dependent dependent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 22 variable(s variable(s NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 24 used use VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 25 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 26 each each DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 27 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 77 28 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 78 1 There there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 78 2 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 78 3 also also RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 78 4 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 78 5 recent recent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 78 6 findings finding NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 78 7 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 78 8 do do VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 78 9 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 78 10 align align VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 78 11 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 78 12 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 78 13 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 79 1 backfire backfire VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 79 2 notion notion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 79 3 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 1 For for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 2 instance instance NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 4 simply simply RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 5 tagging tag VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 6 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 7 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 8 false false JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 9 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 10 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 11 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 12 further further JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 13 explanation explanation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 14 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 15 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 16 why why WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 18 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 19 false false JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 20 - - : cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 21 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 22 shown show VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 23 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 24 substantially substantially RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 25 reduce reduce VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 26 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 27 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 28 both both DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 29 relative relative JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 30 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 31 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 32 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 33 - - NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 34 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 35 within within IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 36 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 37 subject subject NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 38 baseline baseline NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 39 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 40 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 41 comparison comparison NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 42 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 43 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 44 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 45 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 46 who who WP cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 47 did do VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 48 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 49 receive receive VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 50 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 51 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 52 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 53 all all DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 55 Ecker Ecker NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 56 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 57 O'Reilly O'Reilly NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 58 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 59 Reid Reid NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 60 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 61 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 62 Chang Chang NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 63 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 64 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 65 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 80 66 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 3 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 5 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 6 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 7 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 8 were be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 9 genuine genuine JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 10 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 11 then then RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 12 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 13 practical practical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 14 recommendation recommendation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 15 would would MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 16 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 17 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 18 avoid avoid VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 19 repeating repeat VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 20 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 21 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 22 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 23 presenting present VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 24 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 25 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 81 26 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 1 However however RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 3 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 4 recent recent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 5 meta meta JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 6 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 7 analysis analysis NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 8 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 9 10 10 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 10 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 11 found find VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 12 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 13 there there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 14 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 15 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 16 significant significant JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 17 difference difference NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 18 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 19 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 20 updating update VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 21 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 22 comparing compare VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 23 whether whether IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 24 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 25 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 26 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 27 initial initial JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 28 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 29 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 30 repeated repeat VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 31 within within IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 32 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 33 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 35 Walter Walter NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 36 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 37 Tukachinsky Tukachinsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 38 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 39 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 82 41 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 83 1 2 2 LS cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 1 Several several JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 2 recent recent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 3 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 4 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 5 included include VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 6 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 7 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 8 meta meta NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 9 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 10 analysis analysis NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 11 found find VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 12 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 13 repeating repeat VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 15 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 16 immediately immediately RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 17 prior prior RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 18 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 19 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 20 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 21 facilitated facilitate VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 22 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 23 updating update VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 25 Carnahan Carnahan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 26 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 27 Garrett Garrett NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 28 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 29 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 30 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 31 Ecker Ecker NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 32 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 33 Hogan Hogan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 34 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 35 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 36 Lewandowsky Lewandowsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 37 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 38 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 40 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 41 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 42 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 43 explicitly explicitly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 44 repeating repeat VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 45 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 46 prior prior RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 47 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 48 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 49 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 50 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 51 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 52 effective effective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 53 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 54 only only RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 55 implying imply VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 56 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 57 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 58 Rich Rich NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 59 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 60 Zaragoza Zaragoza NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 61 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 62 2016 2016 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 63 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 84 64 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 1 Although although IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 2 these these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 3 findings finding NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 4 collectively collectively RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 5 oppose oppose VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 6 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 7 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 8 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 9 notion notion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 10 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 11 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 12 align align VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 13 well well RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 14 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 15 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 16 accounts account NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 17 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 18 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 19 co co NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 20 - - NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 21 activation activation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 22 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 23 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 24 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 25 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 26 corrective corrective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 27 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 28 facilitates facilitate VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 29 knowledge knowledge NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 30 revision revision NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 32 Kendeou Kendeou NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 33 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 34 O'Brien O'Brien NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 35 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 36 2014 2014 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 85 38 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 2 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 3 possible possible JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 4 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 5 pairing pair VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 6 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 7 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 8 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 9 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 10 increases increase VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 11 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 12 likelihood likelihood NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 13 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 14 people people NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 15 notice notice VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 16 discrepancies discrepancy NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 17 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 18 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 19 two two CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 20 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 21 facilitating facilitate VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 22 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 23 integration integration NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 24 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 25 new new JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 26 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 27 into into IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 28 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 29 existing exist VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 30 mental mental JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 31 model model NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 33 Elsey Elsey NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 34 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 35 Kindt Kindt NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 36 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 37 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 38 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 39 Kendeou Kendeou NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 40 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 41 Butterfuss Butterfuss NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 42 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 43 Van Van NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 44 Boekel Boekel NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 45 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 46 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 47 O'Brien O'Brien NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 48 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 49 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 86 51 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 1 Finally finally RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 3 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 4 illusory illusory JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 5 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 6 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 7 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 8 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 9 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 10 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 11 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 12 thought think VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 13 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 14 rely rely VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 15 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 16 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 17 same same JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 18 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 19 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 20 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 21 evidence evidence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 22 suggests suggest VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 23 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 24 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 25 illusory illusory JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 26 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 27 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 28 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 29 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 30 eliminated eliminate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 31 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 32 veracity veracity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 33 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 34 made make VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 35 salient salient JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 36 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 37 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 87 38 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 1 Brashier Brashier NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 3 Eliseev Eliseev NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 5 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 6 Marsh Marsh NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 8 2020 2020 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 10 found find VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 11 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 12 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 13 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 14 were be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 15 simply simply RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 16 asked ask VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 17 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 18 rate rate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 19 statements statement NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 20 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 21 accuracy accuracy NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 22 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 23 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 24 illusory illusory JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 25 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 26 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 27 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 28 wiped wipe VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 29 out out RP cord-339082-8gogju5n 88 30 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 2 other other JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 3 words word NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 5 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 6 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 7 knew know VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 8 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 9 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 10 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 11 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 12 false false JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 13 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 15 illusory illusory JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 16 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 17 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 18 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 19 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 20 elicited elicit VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 21 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 22 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 23 were be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 24 instructed instruct VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 25 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 26 focus focus VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 27 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 28 accuracy accuracy NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 29 both both CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 30 immediately immediately RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 31 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 32 after after IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 33 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 34 two two CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 35 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 36 day day NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 37 period period NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 39 also also RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 40 see see VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 41 Rapp Rapp NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 42 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 43 Hinze Hinze NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 44 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 45 Kohlhepp Kohlhepp NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 46 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 47 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 48 Ryskin Ryskin NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 49 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 50 2014 2014 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 89 52 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 2 sum sum NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 4 although although IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 5 repeated repeat VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 6 exposure exposure NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 7 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 8 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 9 alone alone RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 10 certainly certainly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 11 increases increase VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 12 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 13 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 15 weight weight NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 16 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 17 evidence evidence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 18 suggests suggest VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 19 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 20 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 21 rarely rarely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 22 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 23 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 24 ever ever RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 25 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 26 occurs occur VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 27 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 28 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 29 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 30 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 31 paired pair VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 32 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 33 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 34 clear clear JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 35 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 36 salient salient JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 37 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 90 38 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 2 remains remain VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 3 theoretically theoretically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 4 possible possible JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 5 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 6 there there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 7 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 8 circumstances circumstance NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 9 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 10 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 11 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 12 boost boost NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 13 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 15 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 16 outweighs outweigh VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 17 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 18 corrective corrective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 19 element element NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 21 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 22 example example NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 23 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 24 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 25 attention attention NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 26 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 27 divided divide VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 28 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 29 Troyer Troyer NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 30 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 31 Craik Craik NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 32 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 33 2000 2000 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 35 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 36 but but CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 37 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 38 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 39 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 40 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 41 observed observe VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 42 empirically empirically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 91 43 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 1 Future future JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 2 research research NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 3 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 4 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 5 specifically specifically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 6 investigate investigate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 7 how how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 8 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 9 boosts boost VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 10 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 11 increase increase VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 12 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 13 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 14 corrections correction NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 15 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 16 decrease decrease VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 17 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 18 interact interact VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 92 19 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 1 For for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 2 instance instance NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 4 Pennycook Pennycook NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 5 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 6 Cannon Cannon NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 7 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 8 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 9 Rand Rand NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 11 2018 2018 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 13 found find VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 14 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 15 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 16 increase increase NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 17 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 18 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 19 due due IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 20 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 21 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 22 single single JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 23 prior prior JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 24 exposure exposure NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 25 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 26 fake fake JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 27 news news NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 28 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 29 approximately approximately RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 30 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 31 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 32 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 33 reduction reduction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 34 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 35 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 36 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 37 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 38 fake fake JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 39 news news NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 40 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 41 accompanied accompany VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 42 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 43 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 44 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 45 disputed dispute VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 46 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 47 third third JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 48 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 49 party party NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 50 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 51 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 52 checkers checker NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 53 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 54 tag tag NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 93 55 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 2 above above JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 3 review review NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 4 suggests suggest VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 5 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 6 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 7 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 8 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 9 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 10 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 11 robust robust JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 12 empirical empirical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 13 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 14 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 16 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 17 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 18 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 19 case case NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 20 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 21 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 22 represent represent VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 23 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 24 artifact artifact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 25 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 26 measurement measurement NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 27 error error NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 94 28 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 1 Misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 2 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 3 still still RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 4 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 5 relatively relatively RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 6 new new JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 7 field field NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 8 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 9 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 10 reliable reliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 11 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 12 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 13 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 14 powerful powerful JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 15 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 16 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 17 needed need VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 18 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 19 move move VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 20 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 21 field field NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 22 ahead ahead RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 23 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 24 determine determine VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 25 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 26 fate fate NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 27 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 28 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 29 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 95 30 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 1 Here here RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 3 suggest suggest VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 4 some some DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 5 experimental experimental JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 6 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 7 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 8 steps step NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 9 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 10 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 11 improve improve VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 12 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 13 quality quality NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 14 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 15 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 16 evidence evidence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 96 17 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 2 particular particular JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 5 suggest suggest VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 6 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 7 future future JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 8 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 9 should should MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 10 carefully carefully RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 11 consider consider VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 12 measurement measurement NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 13 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 15 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 16 possible possible JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 17 use use VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 18 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 19 powerful powerful JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 20 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 21 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 22 greater great JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 23 internal internal JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 24 validity validity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 25 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 26 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 27 aware aware JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 28 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 29 sampling sampling NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 30 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 31 subgroup subgroup NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 32 issues issue NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 33 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 34 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 35 take take VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 36 care care NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 37 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 38 linking linking NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 39 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 40 Chan Chan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 42 2011 2011 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 43 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 44 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 45 1 1 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 47 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 48 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 49 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 50 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 52 2015 2015 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 54 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 55 Cobb Cobb NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 56 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 57 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 58 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 59 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 60 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 61 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 62 2013 2013 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 63 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 64 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 65 1 1 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 66 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 67 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 68 Huang Huang NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 69 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 70 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 71 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 72 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 73 1 1 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 74 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 75 2 2 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 76 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 77 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 78 Thorson Thorson NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 79 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 80 2013 2013 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 81 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 82 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 83 3 3 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 84 ; ; , cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 85 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 86 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 87 particular particular JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 88 theories theory NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 97 89 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 2 recommendations recommendation NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 3 below below RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 4 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 5 also also RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 6 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 7 applicable applicable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 8 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 9 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 10 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 11 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 12 general general JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 13 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 14 rather rather RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 15 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 16 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 17 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 18 specifically specifically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 19 examine examine VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 20 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 21 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 98 22 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 1 Reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 2 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 3 defined define VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 4 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 6 consistency consistency NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 7 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 8 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 9 measure measure NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 10 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 11 that that RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 12 is is RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 13 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 15 degree degree NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 16 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 17 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 18 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 19 test test NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 20 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 21 other other JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 22 measurement measurement NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 23 instrument instrument NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 24 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 25 free free JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 26 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 27 random random JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 28 error error NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 29 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 30 yielding yield VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 31 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 32 same same JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 33 results result NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 34 across across IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 35 multiple multiple JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 36 applications application NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 37 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 38 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 39 same same JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 40 sample sample NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 42 VandenBos VandenBos NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 43 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 44 2007 2007 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 99 46 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 1 Although although IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 2 other other JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 3 areas area NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 4 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 5 psychology psychology NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 6 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 7 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 8 highly highly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 9 focused focus VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 10 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 11 measuring measure VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 12 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 13 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 14 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 16 assessments assessment NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 18 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 19 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 20 individual individual JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 21 differences difference NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 22 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 23 neuropsychology neuropsychology NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 24 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 25 attitude attitude NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 26 research research NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 27 3 3 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 29 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 30 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 31 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 32 largely largely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 33 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 34 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 35 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 36 case case NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 37 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 38 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 39 science science NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 100 40 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 2 common common JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 3 methodological methodological JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 4 weakness weakness NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 5 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 6 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 7 area area NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 8 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 9 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 10 reliance reliance NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 11 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 12 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 13 single single JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 14 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 15 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 16 measure measure VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 17 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 18 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 19 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 20 agreement agreement NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 101 21 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 1 Single single JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 2 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 3 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 4 noisy noisy JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 5 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 6 often often RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 7 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 8 poor poor JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 9 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 11 Jacoby Jacoby NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 12 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 13 1978 1978 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 14 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 15 Peter Peter NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 16 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 17 1979 1979 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 19 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 20 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 21 under under IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 22 these these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 23 conditions condition NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 24 statistical statistical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 25 significance significance NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 26 may may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 27 convey convey VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 28 very very RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 29 little little JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 30 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 32 Loken Loken NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 33 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 34 Gelman Gelman NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 35 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 36 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 102 38 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 1 Given give VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 2 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 3 81 81 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 4 % % NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 5 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 6 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 7 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 8 found find VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 9 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 10 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 11 review review NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 12 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 13 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 14 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 15 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 16 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 17 literatures literature NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 18 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 19 found find VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 20 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 21 single single JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 22 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 23 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 24 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 25 we -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 26 must must MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 27 consider consider VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 28 that that DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 29 poor poor JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 30 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 31 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 32 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 33 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 34 contributing contribute VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 35 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 36 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 37 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 103 38 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 1 See see VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 2 Appendices Appendices NNPS cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 3 B B NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 4 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 5 C c NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 6 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 7 details detail NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 8 regarding regard VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 9 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 10 number number NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 11 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 12 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 13 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 15 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 16 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 17 each each DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 18 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 104 19 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 4 found find VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 5 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 6 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 7 proportion proportion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 8 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 9 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 10 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 11 observed observe VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 12 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 13 single single JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 14 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 15 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 17 37 37 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 18 % % NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 20 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 21 significantly significantly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 22 greater great JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 23 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 24 those those DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 25 found find VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 26 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 27 multiple multiple JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 28 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 29 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 31 8 8 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 32 % % NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 33 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 34 Z z NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 35 = = SYM cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 36 2.96 2.96 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 37 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 38 p p NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 39 = = SYM cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 40 .003 .003 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 105 42 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 1 Quantifying quantify VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 2 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 3 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 4 level level NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 5 reliabilities reliability NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 6 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 7 greatly greatly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 8 aid aid VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 9 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 10 interpretation interpretation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 11 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 12 given give VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 13 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 14 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 15 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 16 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 17 observed observe VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 18 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 19 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 20 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 21 reliable reliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 22 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 23 would would MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 24 have have VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 25 greater great JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 26 meaning meaning NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 27 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 28 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 29 found find VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 30 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 31 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 32 unreliable unreliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 33 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 106 34 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 1 Perhaps perhaps RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 2 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 3 simplest simple JJS cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 4 approach approach NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 5 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 6 measure measure VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 7 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 8 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 9 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 10 single single JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 11 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 12 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 13 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 14 include include VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 15 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 16 test test NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 17 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 18 retest retest NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 19 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 20 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 21 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 22 rate rate VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 23 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 24 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 25 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 26 then then RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 27 re re NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 28 - - NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 29 rate rate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 30 them -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 31 after after IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 32 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 33 interval interval NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 34 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 35 passed pass VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 107 36 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 1 This this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 2 approach approach NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 3 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 4 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 5 done do VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 6 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 7 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 8 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 9 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 10 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 11 during during IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 12 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 13 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 14 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 15 baseline baseline JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 16 period period NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 17 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 18 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 19 waitlist waitlist NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 20 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 21 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 22 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 23 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 24 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 25 expected expect VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 26 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 27 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 28 extremely extremely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 29 sample sample NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 30 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 31 specific specific JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 108 32 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 1 Although although IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 2 multi multi JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 3 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 4 item item JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 5 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 6 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 7 typically typically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 8 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 9 reliable reliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 10 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 11 single single JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 12 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 13 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 15 there there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 16 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 17 occasions occasion NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 18 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 19 single single JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 20 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 21 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 22 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 23 sufficiently sufficiently RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 24 reliable reliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 26 Sarstedt Sarstedt NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 27 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 28 Wilczynski Wilczynski NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 29 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 30 2009 2009 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 109 32 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 2 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 3 typically typically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 4 recommended recommend VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 5 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 6 single single JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 7 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 8 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 9 test test NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 10 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 11 retest retest NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 12 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 13 should should MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 14 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 15 ≥.70 ≥.70 VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 17 Nunnally Nunnally NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 18 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 19 1978 1978 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 20 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 21 Wanous Wanous NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 22 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 23 Hudy Hudy NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 24 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 25 2001 2001 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 110 27 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 3 because because IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 4 so so RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 5 few few JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 6 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 7 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 8 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 9 field field NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 10 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 11 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 12 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 13 reported report VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 14 any any DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 15 measure measure NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 16 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 17 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 18 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 20 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 21 hard hard JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 22 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 23 know know VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 24 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 25 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 26 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 27 any any DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 28 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 29 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 30 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 31 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 32 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 33 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 34 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 35 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 36 adequately adequately RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 111 37 measure measure VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 112 1 backfire backfire VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 112 2 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 112 3 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 1 Implementing implement VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 2 multi multi JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 3 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 4 item item JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 5 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 6 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 7 both both DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 8 produce produce VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 9 more more JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 10 reliable reliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 11 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 12 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 13 inspire inspire VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 14 confidence confidence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 15 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 16 we -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 17 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 18 measuring measure VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 19 generalizable generalizable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 20 constructs construct NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 113 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 1 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 3 whether whether IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 4 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 5 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 6 perceived perceive VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 7 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 8 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 9 important important JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 10 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 11 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 12 hot hot JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 13 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 14 button button NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 15 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 16 issues issue NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 18 rather rather RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 19 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 20 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 21 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 22 specific specific JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 23 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 114 24 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 1 One one CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 2 noteworthy noteworthy JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 3 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 4 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 5 Horne Horne NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 6 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 7 Powell Powell NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 8 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 9 Hummel Hummel NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 10 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 11 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 12 Holyoak Holyoak NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 14 2015 2015 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 16 incorporated incorporate VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 17 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 18 5-item 5-item CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 19 scale scale NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 21 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 22 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 23 α α NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 24 = = SYM cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 25 .84 .84 NFP cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 27 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 28 measure measure VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 29 vaccine vaccine NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 30 attitude attitude NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 31 changes change NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 32 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 33 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 34 correlated correlate VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 35 well well RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 36 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 37 whether whether IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 38 parents parent NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 39 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 40 ever ever RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 41 refused refuse VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 42 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 43 vaccination vaccination NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 115 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 116 1 r r LS cord-339082-8gogju5n 116 2 = = SYM cord-339082-8gogju5n 116 3 −0.45 −0.45 NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 116 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 116 5 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 1 Notably notably RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 3 these these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 4 data datum NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 5 were be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 6 subsequently subsequently RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 7 reanalyzed reanalyze VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 8 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 9 another another DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 10 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 11 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 12 interpreted interpret VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 13 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 15 individual individual JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 16 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 17 level level NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 18 because because IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 19 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 20 thought think VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 21 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 22 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 23 represented represent VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 24 separate separate JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 25 constructs construct NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 27 Betsch Betsch NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 28 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 29 Korn Korn NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 30 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 31 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 32 Holtmann Holtmann NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 33 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 34 2015 2015 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 117 36 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 1 This this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 2 example example NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 3 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 4 only only RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 5 shows show VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 6 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 7 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 8 multiitem multiitem NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 9 measure measure NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 10 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 11 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 12 highly highly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 13 reliable reliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 15 but but CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 16 also also RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 17 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 18 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 19 challenges challenge NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 20 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 21 creating create VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 22 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 23 widely widely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 24 accepted accept VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 25 multi multi JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 26 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 27 item item JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 28 measure measure NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 29 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 30 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 31 current current JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 32 bias bias NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 33 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 34 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 35 field field NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 36 toward toward IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 37 analyzing analyze VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 38 individual individual JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 39 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 118 40 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 2 light light NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 5 replication replication NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 6 crisis crisis NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 7 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 8 psychology psychology NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 9 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 10 beyond beyond IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 12 Open Open NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 13 Science Science NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 14 Collaboration Collaboration NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 15 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 16 2015 2015 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 18 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 19 all all DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 20 fields field NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 21 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 22 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 23 behavioral behavioral JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 24 sciences science NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 25 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 26 begun begin VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 27 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 28 focus focus VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 29 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 30 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 31 measurement measurement NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 32 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 33 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 34 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 35 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 36 greater great JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 37 consideration consideration NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 38 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 39 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 40 issue issue NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 41 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 42 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 43 research research NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 44 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 45 substantially substantially RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 46 improve improve VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 47 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 48 interpretation interpretation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 49 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 50 replicability replicability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 51 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 52 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 53 findings finding NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 54 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 55 particularly particularly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 56 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 57 regards regard NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 58 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 59 backfire backfire VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 60 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 119 61 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 2 related related JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 3 issue issue NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 4 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 5 measuring measure VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 6 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 7 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 8 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 9 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 10 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 11 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 12 some some DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 13 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 14 may may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 15 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 16 stronger strong JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 17 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 18 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 19 well well RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 20 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 21 formulated formulate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 22 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 23 others other NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 120 24 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 121 1 Less less RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 121 2 formulated formulate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 121 3 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 121 4 may may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 121 5 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 121 6 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 121 7 highly highly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 121 8 variable variable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 121 9 independent independent NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 121 10 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 121 11 measurement measurement NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 121 12 error error NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 121 13 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 1 One one CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 2 approach approach NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 3 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 4 addressing address VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 5 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 6 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 7 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 8 use use VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 9 several several JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 10 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 11 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 12 measure measure VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 13 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 14 ' ' POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 15 within within IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 16 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 17 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 18 consistency consistency NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 20 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 21 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 22 higher high JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 23 consistency consistency NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 24 would would MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 25 indicate indicate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 26 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 27 formulated formulate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 28 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 30 as as RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 31 well well RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 32 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 33 explicitly explicitly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 34 asking ask VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 35 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 36 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 37 rate rate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 38 how how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 39 well well RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 40 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 41 formed form VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 42 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 43 perceive perceive VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 44 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 45 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 46 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 47 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 122 48 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 2 final final JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 3 measurement measurement NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 4 issue issue NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 5 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 6 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 7 influence influence VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 8 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 9 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 10 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 11 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 12 unreliable unreliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 13 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 14 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 15 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 16 random random JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 17 error error NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 18 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 19 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 20 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 21 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 22 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 23 regression regression NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 24 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 25 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 26 mean mean NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 27 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 28 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 29 extreme extreme JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 30 values value NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 31 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 32 baseline baseline JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 33 testing testing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 34 become become VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 35 less less RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 36 extreme extreme JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 37 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 38 follow follow NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 39 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 40 up up NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 41 testing testing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 43 Bland Bland NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 44 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 45 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 123 47 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 2 regression regression NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 3 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 4 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 5 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 6 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 7 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 8 mean mean JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 9 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 10 may may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 11 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 12 particularly particularly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 13 problematic problematic JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 14 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 15 individuals individual NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 16 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 17 subgroups subgroup NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 18 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 19 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 20 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 21 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 22 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 23 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 24 who who WP cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 25 report report VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 26 low low JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 27 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 28 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 29 correction correction JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 30 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 31 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 32 given give VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 33 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 34 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 35 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 36 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 37 increase increase VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 38 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 39 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 40 correction correction JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 41 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 124 42 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 125 1 Thus thus RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 125 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 125 3 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 125 4 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 125 5 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 125 6 potentially potentially RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 125 7 result result VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 125 8 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 125 9 spurious spurious JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 125 10 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 125 11 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 125 12 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 126 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 126 2 Figure figure NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 126 3 1 1 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 126 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 126 5 plot plot VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 126 6 simulated simulated JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 126 7 data datum NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 126 8 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 126 9 illustrate illustrate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 126 10 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 126 11 point point NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 126 12 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 1 Panel Panel NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 2 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 3 shows show VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 4 test test NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 5 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 6 retest retest VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 7 data datum NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 8 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 9 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 10 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 11 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 12 poor poor JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 13 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 15 Pearson Pearson NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 16 's 's POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 17 r r NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 18 = = NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 19 .40 .40 NFP cord-339082-8gogju5n 127 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 1 whereas whereas IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 2 Panel Panel NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 3 B B NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 4 shows show VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 5 test test NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 6 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 7 retest retest VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 8 data datum NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 9 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 10 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 11 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 12 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 13 good good JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 14 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 16 Pearson Pearson NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 17 's 's POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 18 r r NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 19 = = NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 20 .85 .85 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 128 22 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 1 Note note VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 2 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 3 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 4 retest retest NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 5 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 6 data data NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 7 points point NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 8 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 9 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 10 extremes extreme NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 11 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 12 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 13 unreliable unreliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 14 measure measure NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 15 move move VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 16 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 17 toward toward IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 18 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 19 mean mean NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 20 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 21 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 22 line line NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 23 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 24 equality equality NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 26 line line NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 27 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 28 Time Time NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 29 1 1 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 129 30 = = NFP cord-339082-8gogju5n 130 1 Time time NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 130 2 2 2 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 130 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 130 4 compared compare VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 130 5 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 130 6 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 130 7 reliable reliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 130 8 measure measure NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 130 9 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 131 1 Panels panel NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 131 2 C C NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 131 3 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 131 4 D d NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 131 5 shift shift NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 132 1 these these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 132 2 data datum NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 132 3 points point VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 132 4 down down RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 132 5 2.5 2.5 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 132 6 points point NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 132 7 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 132 8 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 132 9 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 132 10 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 132 11 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 132 12 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 132 13 elicited elicit VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 132 14 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 2 gray gray JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 3 area area NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 4 represents represent VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 6 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 7 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 8 zone zone NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 9 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 10 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 11 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 12 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 13 correction correction JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 14 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 15 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 16 higher high JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 17 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 18 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 19 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 20 correction correction JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 21 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 133 22 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 1 Participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 2 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 3 low low JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 4 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 5 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 6 correction correction JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 7 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 8 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 9 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 10 likely likely JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 11 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 12 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 13 found find VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 14 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 15 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 16 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 17 zone zone NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 18 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 19 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 20 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 21 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 22 unreliable unreliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 24 Panel Panel NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 25 C C NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 27 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 28 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 29 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 30 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 31 reliable reliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 33 Panel panel NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 34 D D NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 134 36 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 1 Though though IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 2 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 3 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 4 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 5 oversimplified oversimplified JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 6 example example NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 7 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 9 shows show VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 10 how how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 11 poor poor JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 12 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 13 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 14 regression regression NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 15 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 16 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 17 mean mean NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 18 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 19 give give VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 20 rise rise NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 21 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 22 spurious spurious JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 23 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 24 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 25 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 26 individuals individual NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 27 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 28 subgroups subgroup NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 135 29 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 2 should should MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 3 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 4 noted note VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 5 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 6 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 7 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 8 regression regression NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 9 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 10 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 11 mean mean NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 12 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 13 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 14 substantially substantially RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 15 mitigated mitigate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 16 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 17 limiting limit VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 18 exploratory exploratory JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 19 subgroup subgroup NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 20 analyses analysis NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 21 as as RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 22 well well RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 23 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 24 including include VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 25 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 26 well well RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 27 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 28 matched match VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 29 test test NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 30 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 31 retest retest VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 32 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 33 placebo placebo NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 34 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 35 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 36 comparison comparison NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 136 37 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 2 terms term NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 4 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 5 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 6 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 7 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 8 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 9 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 10 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 11 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 12 varied vary VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 13 widely widely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 15 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 16 most most JJS cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 17 examining examine VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 18 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 19 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 20 groups group NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 21 differences difference NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 22 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 23 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 24 versus versus IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 25 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 26 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 27 groups group NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 29 using use VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 30 5-point 5-point CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 31 scales scale NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 32 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 33 Garrett Garrett NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 34 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 35 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 36 . . NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 37 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 38 2013 2013 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 137 39 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 1 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 2 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 3 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 5 2010 2010 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 6 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 7 7-point 7-point CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 8 scales scale NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 9 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 10 Wood Wood NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 11 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 12 Porter Porter NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 13 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 14 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 15 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 16 Zhou Zhou NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 17 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 18 2016 2016 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 19 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 20 percentages percentage NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 21 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 22 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 23 accepting accept VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 24 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 25 rejecting reject VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 26 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 27 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 28 unsure unsure JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 29 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 30 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 31 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 32 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 33 Berinsky Berinsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 34 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 35 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 36 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 37 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 38 counting count VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 39 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 40 mean mean JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 41 number number NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 42 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 43 references reference NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 44 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 45 corrected correct VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 46 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 47 after after IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 48 reading read VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 49 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 50 fictitious fictitious JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 51 scenario scenario NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 52 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 53 Ecker Ecker NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 54 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 55 Ang Ang NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 56 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 57 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 58 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 138 59 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 2 these these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 3 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 5 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 6 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 7 typically typically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 8 randomly randomly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 9 assigned assign VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 10 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 11 treatment treatment NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 12 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 13 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 15 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 16 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 17 ' ' POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 18 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 19 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 20 only only RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 21 measured measure VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 22 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 23 one one CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 24 time time NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 25 point point NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 26 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 27 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 28 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 29 experimental experimental JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 30 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 31 being be VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 32 assessed assess VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 33 after after IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 34 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 35 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 139 36 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 2 addition addition NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 3 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 4 these these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 5 post post VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 6 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 7 only only RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 8 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 9 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 10 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 11 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 12 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 13 handful handful NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 14 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 15 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 16 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 17 used use VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 18 within within IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 19 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 20 subject subject NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 21 pre pre NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 22 versus versus IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 23 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 24 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 25 differences difference NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 27 using use VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 28 11-point 11-point JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 29 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 30 scales scale NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 31 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 32 Aird Aird NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 33 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 34 Ecker Ecker NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 35 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 36 Swire Swire NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 37 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 38 Berinsky Berinsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 39 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 40 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 41 Lewandowsky Lewandowsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 42 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 43 2018 2018 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 44 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 45 Swire Swire NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 46 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 47 Thompson Thompson NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 48 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 49 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 50 . . NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 51 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 52 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 54 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 55 though though IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 56 nearly nearly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 57 all all DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 58 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 59 lacked lack VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 60 test test NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 61 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 62 retest retest VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 63 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 64 groups group NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 65 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 66 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 67 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 68 exception exception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 69 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 70 see see VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 71 Horne Horne NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 72 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 73 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 74 . . NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 75 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 76 2015 2015 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 77 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 140 78 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 1 Other other JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 2 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 3 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 4 used use VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 5 idiosyncratic idiosyncratic JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 6 approaches approach NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 7 such such JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 8 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 9 performing perform VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 10 qualitative qualitative JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 11 interviews interview NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 13 Prasad Prasad NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 14 et et FW cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 15 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 16 . . NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 17 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 18 2009 2009 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 141 20 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 142 1 4 4 LS cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 1 Post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 2 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 3 test test NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 4 only only RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 5 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 6 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 7 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 8 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 9 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 10 advantage advantage NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 11 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 12 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 13 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 14 may may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 15 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 16 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 17 practically practically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 18 feasible feasible JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 19 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 20 often often RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 21 only only RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 22 requiring require VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 23 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 24 single single JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 25 testing testing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 26 session session NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 143 27 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 1 Another another DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 2 advantage advantage NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 4 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 5 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 6 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 7 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 8 researchers researcher NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 9 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 10 able able JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 11 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 12 test test VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 13 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 14 without without IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 15 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 16 further further JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 17 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 18 boost boost NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 19 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 20 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 21 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 22 potentially potentially RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 23 important important JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 24 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 25 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 26 attempting attempt VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 27 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 28 examine examine VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 29 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 30 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 31 backfire backfire VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 32 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 144 33 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 1 Post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 2 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 3 test test NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 4 only only RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 5 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 6 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 7 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 8 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 9 also also RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 10 thought think VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 11 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 12 limit limit VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 13 carryover carryover NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 14 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 15 associated associate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 16 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 17 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 18 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 19 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 20 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 21 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 22 although although IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 23 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 24 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 25 questionable questionable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 26 whether whether IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 27 carryover carryover NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 28 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 29 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 30 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 31 concern concern NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 32 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 33 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 34 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 145 35 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 1 If if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 2 carryover carryover NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 3 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 4 were be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 5 problematic problematic JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 6 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 7 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 8 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 9 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 10 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 11 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 12 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 13 would would MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 14 provide provide VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 15 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 16 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 17 correction correction JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 18 responses response NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 19 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 20 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 21 similar similar JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 22 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 23 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 24 initial initial JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 25 response response NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 26 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 27 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 28 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 29 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 30 change change NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 31 observed observe VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 32 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 33 these these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 34 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 35 would would MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 36 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 37 significantly significantly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 38 smaller small JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 39 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 40 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 41 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 42 test test NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 43 only only RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 44 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 45 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 46 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 146 47 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 1 However however RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 3 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 4 sizes size NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 5 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 6 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 7 change change NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 8 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 9 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 10 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 11 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 12 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 13 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 14 similar similar JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 15 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 16 magnitude magnitude NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 17 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 18 post post VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 19 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 20 test test NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 21 only only RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 22 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 23 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 24 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 25 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 26 suggesting suggest VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 27 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 28 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 29 impact impact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 30 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 31 carryover carryover NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 32 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 33 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 34 likely likely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 35 minimal minimal JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 147 36 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 2 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 4 found find VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 5 larger large JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 6 decreases decrease NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 7 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 8 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 9 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 10 false false JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 11 claims claim NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 12 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 13 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 14 manipulation manipulation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 15 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 16 within within IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 17 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 18 subjects subject NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 19 rather rather RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 20 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 21 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 22 subjects subject NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 148 23 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 3 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 4 sizes size NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 5 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 6 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 7 change change NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 8 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 9 pre pre NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 10 versus versus FW cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 11 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 12 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 13 correction correction JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 14 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 15 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 16 typically typically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 17 large large JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 18 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 19 especially especially RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 20 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 21 conditions condition NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 22 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 23 there there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 24 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 25 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 26 delay delay NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 27 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 28 pre pre NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 29 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 30 posttest posttest NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 31 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 32 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 33 one one PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 34 would would MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 35 expect expect VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 36 carryover carryover NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 37 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 38 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 39 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 40 most most RBS cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 41 pronounced pronounce VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 42 4 4 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 43 Prasad Prasad NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 44 developed develop VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 45 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 46 technique technique NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 47 called call VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 48 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 49 challenge challenge NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 50 interviews interview NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 51 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 52 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 53 interviewers interviewer NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 54 presented present VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 55 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 56 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 57 substantive substantive JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 58 challenges challenge NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 59 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 60 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 61 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 62 opinions opinion NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 149 63 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 2 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 3 do do VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 4 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 5 claim claim VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 6 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 7 findings finding NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 8 were be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 9 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 10 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 11 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 12 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 14 paper paper NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 15 but but CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 16 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 17 frequently frequently RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 18 cited cite VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 19 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 20 support support NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 21 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 22 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 23 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 24 backfire backfire RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 25 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 150 26 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 2 found find VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 3 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 5 most most RBS cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 6 popular popular JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 7 strategy strategy NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 8 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 9 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 10 attitude attitude NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 11 bolstering bolster VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 12 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 13 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 14 bringing bring VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 15 facts fact NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 16 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 17 support support VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 18 one one PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 19 's 's POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 20 position position NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 21 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 22 mind mind NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 23 without without IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 24 directly directly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 25 refuting refute VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 26 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 27 contradictory contradictory JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 28 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 151 29 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 152 1 Belief belief JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 152 2 change change NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 152 3 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 152 4 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 152 5 measured measure VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 152 6 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 153 1 Simulated simulated JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 153 2 data datum NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 153 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 153 4 30 30 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 153 5 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 153 6 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 153 7 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 153 8 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 153 9 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 153 10 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 1 Panel Panel NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 2 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 3 illustrates illustrate VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 4 test test NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 5 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 6 retest retest VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 7 data datum NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 8 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 9 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 10 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 11 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 12 poor poor JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 13 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 15 r r NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 16 = = NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 17 .40 .40 NFP cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 19 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 20 Panel Panel NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 21 B B NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 22 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 23 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 24 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 25 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 26 acceptable acceptable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 27 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 29 r r NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 30 = = NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 31 .85 .85 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 154 33 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 2 dotted dotted JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 3 lines line NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 4 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 5 Panel Panel NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 6 A A NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 7 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 8 B B NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 9 represent represent VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 10 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 11 line line NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 12 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 13 equality equality NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 15 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 16 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 17 all all DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 18 data datum NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 19 points point NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 20 would would MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 21 lie lie VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 22 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 23 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 24 measurements measurement NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 25 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 26 Time time NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 27 1 1 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 28 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 29 Time Time NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 30 2 2 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 31 were be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 32 identical identical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 155 33 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 1 Note note VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 2 greater great JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 3 regression regression NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 4 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 5 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 6 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 7 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 8 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 9 mean mean JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 10 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 11 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 12 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 13 unreliable unreliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 14 data datum NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 15 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 16 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 17 reliable reliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 18 data datum NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 19 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 20 indicated indicate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 21 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 22 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 23 arrows arrow NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 156 24 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 157 1 Panels panel NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 157 2 C C NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 157 3 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 157 4 D d NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 157 5 shift shift NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 158 1 these these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 158 2 data datum NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 158 3 points point VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 158 4 down down RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 158 5 2.5 2.5 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 158 6 points point NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 158 7 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 158 8 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 158 9 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 158 10 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 158 11 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 158 12 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 158 13 elicited elicit VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 158 14 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 159 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 159 2 gray gray JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 159 3 area area NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 159 4 represents represent VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 159 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 159 6 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 159 7 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 159 8 zone zone NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 159 9 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 159 10 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 1 Panel panel NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 2 C C NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 3 shows show VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 4 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 5 / / SYM cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 6 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 7 data datum NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 8 demonstrating demonstrate VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 9 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 10 subjects subject NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 11 reporting report VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 12 low low JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 13 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 14 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 15 correction correction JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 16 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 17 may may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 18 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 19 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 20 likely likely JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 21 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 22 result result VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 23 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 24 spurious spurious JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 25 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 26 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 27 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 28 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 29 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 30 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 31 unreliable unreliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 160 32 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 1 An an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 2 important important JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 3 issue issue NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 4 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 5 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 6 such such JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 7 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 8 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 9 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 10 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 11 test test NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 12 only only RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 13 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 14 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 15 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 16 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 17 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 18 even even RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 19 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 20 randomization randomization NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 21 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 22 groups group NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 23 may may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 24 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 25 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 26 adequately adequately RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 27 matched match VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 28 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 29 baseline baseline NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 31 Morris Morris NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 32 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 33 2008 2008 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 161 35 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 162 1 This this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 162 2 issue issue NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 162 3 may may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 162 4 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 162 5 particularly particularly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 162 6 problematic problematic JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 162 7 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 162 8 smaller small JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 162 9 sample sample NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 162 10 sizes size NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 162 11 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 2 prevalence prevalence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 4 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 5 problem problem NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 6 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 7 hard hard JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 8 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 9 assess assess VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 10 because because IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 11 many many JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 12 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 13 fail fail VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 14 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 15 report report VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 16 important important JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 17 demographic demographic JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 18 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 19 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 20 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 21 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 22 rarely rarely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 23 compare compare VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 24 these these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 25 variables variable NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 26 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 27 experimental experimental JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 28 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 29 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 30 groups group NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 163 31 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 2 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 3 easy easy JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 4 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 5 imagine imagine VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 6 small small JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 7 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 8 differences difference NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 9 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 10 demographics demographic NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 11 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 12 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 13 polarization polarization NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 14 producing produce VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 15 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 16 appearance appearance NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 17 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 18 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 19 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 164 20 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 1 Pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 2 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 3 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 4 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 5 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 6 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 7 viable viable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 8 alternative alternative NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 9 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 10 post post VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 11 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 12 test test JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 13 only only JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 14 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 15 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 16 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 17 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 18 as as RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 19 affected affect VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 20 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 21 sampling sampling NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 22 issues issue NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 165 23 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 1 However however RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 3 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 4 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 5 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 6 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 7 without without IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 8 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 9 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 10 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 12 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 13 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 14 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 15 also also RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 16 potentially potentially RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 17 suffer suffer VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 18 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 19 problems problem NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 20 related relate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 21 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 22 repeated repeat VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 23 testing testing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 24 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 25 such such JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 26 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 27 regression regression NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 28 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 29 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 166 30 mean mean NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 2 Vickers Vickers NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 3 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 4 Altman Altman NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 5 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 6 2001 2001 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 8 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 9 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 10 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 11 drive drive VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 12 backfire backfire VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 13 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 15 particularly particularly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 16 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 17 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 18 subgroup subgroup NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 19 level level NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 21 see see VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 22 Figure figure NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 23 1 1 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 167 25 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 2 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 3 powerful powerful JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 4 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 5 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 6 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 7 overcome overcome VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 8 many many JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 9 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 10 these these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 11 issues issue NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 12 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 13 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 14 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 15 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 16 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 17 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 18 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 19 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 20 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 21 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 22 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 23 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 24 randomly randomly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 25 assigned assign VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 26 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 27 intervention intervention NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 28 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 29 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 30 conditions condition NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 31 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 32 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 33 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 34 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 35 measured measure VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 36 both both CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 37 before before IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 38 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 39 after after IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 40 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 41 intervention intervention NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 42 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 43 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 44 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 45 administered administer VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 47 Schulz Schulz NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 48 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 49 Altman Altman NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 50 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 51 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 52 Moher Moher NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 53 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 54 2010 2010 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 168 56 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 1 This this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 2 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 3 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 4 common common JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 5 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 6 clinical clinical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 7 intervention intervention NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 8 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 9 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 10 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 11 compared compare VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 12 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 13 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 14 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 15 test test VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 16 only only RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 17 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 18 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 19 subject subject JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 20 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 21 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 22 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 23 offers offer VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 24 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 25 boost boost NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 26 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 27 statistical statistical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 28 power power NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 169 29 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 1 Further further RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 3 because because IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 5 experimental experimental JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 6 manipulation manipulation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 7 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 8 within within IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 9 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 10 subjects subject NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 11 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 12 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 13 internal internal JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 14 validity validity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 15 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 16 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 17 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 18 does do VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 19 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 20 solely solely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 21 depend depend VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 22 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 23 random random JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 24 assignment assignment NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 26 Charness Charness NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 27 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 28 Gneezy Gneezy NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 29 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 30 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 31 Kuhn Kuhn NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 32 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 33 2012 2012 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 170 35 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 1 One one CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 2 important important JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 3 question question NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 4 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 5 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 6 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 7 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 8 regards regard NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 9 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 10 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 11 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 12 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 13 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 14 what what WP cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 15 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 16 best good JJS cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 17 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 18 condition condition NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 19 would would MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 20 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 171 21 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 1 Though though IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 2 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 3 test test NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 4 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 5 retest retest NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 6 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 7 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 8 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 9 starting starting NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 10 point point NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 11 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 12 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 13 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 14 sophisticated sophisticated JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 15 approach approach NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 16 would would MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 17 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 18 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 19 employ employ VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 20 one one CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 21 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 22 multiple multiple JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 23 placebo placebo NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 24 conditions condition NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 26 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 27 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 28 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 29 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 30 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 31 given give VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 32 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 33 related relate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 34 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 35 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 36 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 37 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 38 does do VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 39 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 40 correct correct VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 41 nor nor CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 42 confirm confirm VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 43 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 172 45 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 2 only only JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 3 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 4 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 6 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 7 aware aware JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 8 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 9 that that DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 10 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 11 used use VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 12 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 13 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 14 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 15 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 16 context context NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 17 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 18 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 19 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 20 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 21 Horne Horne NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 22 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 23 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 173 24 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 174 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 174 2 2015 2015 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 174 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 174 4 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 2 compared compare VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 3 vaccine vaccine NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 4 attitudes attitude NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 5 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 6 315 315 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 7 adults adult NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 8 before before IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 9 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 10 after after IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 11 random random JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 12 assignment assignment NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 13 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 14 either either DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 16 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 18 autism autism NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 19 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 20 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 22 b b NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 24 disease disease NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 25 risk risk NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 26 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 27 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 175 28 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 176 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 176 2 c c NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 176 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 176 4 reading read VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 176 5 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 176 6 unrelated unrelated JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 176 7 scientific scientific JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 176 8 vignette vignette NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 176 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 176 10 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 176 11 condition condition NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 176 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 176 13 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 177 1 Notably notably RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 177 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 177 3 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 177 4 did do VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 177 5 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 177 6 find find VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 177 7 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 177 8 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 177 9 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 177 10 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 177 11 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 177 12 level level NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 177 13 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 1 When when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 2 exploring explore VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 3 subgroups subgroup NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 5 those those DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 6 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 7 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 8 least least JJS cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 9 favorable favorable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 10 attitudes attitude NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 11 toward toward IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 12 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 13 were be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 15 most most RBS cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 16 receptive receptive JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 17 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 18 change change VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 178 19 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 1 However however RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 3 those those DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 4 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 6 most most RBS cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 7 favorable favorable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 8 attitudes attitude NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 9 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 10 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 11 did do VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 12 show show VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 13 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 14 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 15 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 16 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 17 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 18 authors author NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 19 interpreted interpret VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 20 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 21 regression regression NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 22 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 23 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 24 mean mean NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 179 25 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 1 Though though IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 2 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 3 type type NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 4 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 5 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 6 may may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 7 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 8 more more JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 9 participantand participantand JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 10 resource resource NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 11 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 12 demanding demand VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 13 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 14 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 15 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 16 only only RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 17 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 18 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 19 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 20 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 21 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 22 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 23 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 24 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 25 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 26 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 27 help help VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 28 provide provide VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 29 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 30 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 31 powerful powerful JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 32 evaluation evaluation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 33 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 34 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 35 possible possible JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 36 presence presence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 37 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 38 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 39 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 180 40 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 2 finally finally RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 3 turn turn VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 4 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 5 demand demand VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 6 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 7 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 8 whether whether IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 9 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 10 ' ' POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 11 expectations expectation NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 12 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 13 how how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 14 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 15 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 16 meant mean VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 17 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 18 behave behave VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 19 facilitate facilitate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 20 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 21 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 23 Orne Orne NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 24 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 25 1959 1959 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 181 27 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 1 Demand demand NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 2 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 3 generally generally RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 4 lead lead VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 5 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 6 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 7 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 8 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 9 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 10 good good JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 11 subject subject NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 12 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 13 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 14 encouraging encourage VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 15 them -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 16 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 17 behave behave VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 18 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 19 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 20 manner manner NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 21 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 22 confirms confirm VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 23 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 24 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 25 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 26 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 27 experimenter experimenter NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 29 Nichols Nichols NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 30 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 31 Maner Maner NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 32 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 33 2008 2008 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 182 35 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 1 If if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 2 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 3 participant participant NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 4 does do VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 5 receive receive VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 6 cues cue NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 7 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 8 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 9 experiment experiment NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 10 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 11 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 12 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 13 efficacy efficacy NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 14 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 15 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 16 updating updating NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 17 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 18 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 19 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 20 likely likely JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 21 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 22 further further RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 23 reduce reduce VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 24 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 25 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 26 after after IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 27 viewing view VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 28 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 29 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 30 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 31 rather rather RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 32 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 33 report report VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 34 increasing increase VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 35 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 36 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 183 37 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 2 only only JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 3 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 5 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 6 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 7 knowledge knowledge NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 8 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 9 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 10 explicitly explicitly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 11 asked ask VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 12 subjects subject NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 13 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 15 purpose purpose NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 16 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 17 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 18 experiment experiment NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 19 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 20 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 21 debriefing debriefing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 22 questionnaire questionnaire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 23 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 24 conducted conduct VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 25 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 26 Ecker Ecker NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 27 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 28 Lewandowsky Lewandowsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 29 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 30 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 31 Tang Tang NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 33 2010 2010 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 35 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 36 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 37 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 38 found find VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 39 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 40 virtually virtually RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 41 all all DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 42 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 43 did do VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 44 indeed indeed RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 45 correctly correctly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 46 assume assume VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 47 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 48 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 49 experiment experiment NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 50 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 51 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 52 memory memory NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 53 updating updating NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 184 54 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 2 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 3 nonetheless nonetheless RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 4 important important JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 5 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 6 future future JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 7 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 8 quantify quantify VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 9 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 10 extent extent NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 11 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 12 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 13 demand demand NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 14 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 15 influence influence VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 16 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 17 experiments experiment NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 18 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 19 general general JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 185 20 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 1 Should Should MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 2 future future JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 3 investigations investigation NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 4 deem deem VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 5 them -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 6 problematic problematic JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 7 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 8 one one CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 9 method method NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 10 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 11 reduce reduce VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 12 demand demand NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 13 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 14 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 15 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 16 blind blind VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 17 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 18 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 19 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 20 goals goal NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 21 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 22 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 23 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 24 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 25 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 26 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 27 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 28 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 29 lab lab NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 30 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 31 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 32 blind blind JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 33 experimenters experimenter NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 35 see see VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 36 Orne Orne NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 37 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 38 2009 2009 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 186 40 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 187 1 Another another DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 187 2 step step NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 187 3 forward forward RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 187 4 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 1 backfire backfire VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 2 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 3 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 4 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 5 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 6 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 7 aware aware JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 8 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 9 sampling sampling NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 10 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 11 subgroup subgroup NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 12 issues issue NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 13 because because IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 15 subgroups subgroup NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 16 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 17 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 18 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 19 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 20 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 21 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 22 found find VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 23 vary vary VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 24 substantially substantially RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 188 25 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 1 As as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 3 previously previously RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 4 noted note VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 5 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 6 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 7 internal internal JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 8 validity validity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 9 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 10 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 11 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 12 groups group NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 13 post post NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 14 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 15 test test JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 16 only only JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 17 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 18 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 19 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 20 seriously seriously RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 21 undercut undercut VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 22 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 23 demographic demographic JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 24 differences difference NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 25 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 26 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 27 groups group NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 28 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 29 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 30 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 31 thorough thorough JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 32 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 33 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 34 groups group NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 35 demographic demographic JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 36 comparisons comparison NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 37 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 38 these these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 39 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 40 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 41 essential essential JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 189 42 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 1 Further further RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 3 though though IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 4 some some DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 5 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 6 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 7 test test VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 8 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 9 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 10 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 11 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 12 used use VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 13 previously previously RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 14 defined define VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 15 subgroups subgroup NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 17 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 18 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 19 Ecker Ecker NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 20 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 21 Ang Ang NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 22 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 23 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 24 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 25 Haglin Haglin NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 26 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 27 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 28 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 29 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 30 some some DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 31 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 32 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 33 subgroup subgroup NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 34 analyses analysis NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 35 reported report VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 36 may may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 37 have have VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 38 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 39 post post FW cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 40 hoc hoc FW cord-339082-8gogju5n 190 41 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 1 Post Post NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 2 hoc hoc FW cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 3 subgroup subgroup NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 4 analyses analysis NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 5 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 6 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 7 harshly harshly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 8 criticized criticize VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 9 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 10 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 11 clinical clinical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 12 literature literature NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 14 Wang Wang NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 15 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 16 Lagakos Lagakos NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 17 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 18 Ware Ware NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 19 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 20 Hunter Hunter NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 21 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 22 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 23 Drazen Drazen NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 24 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 25 2007 2007 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 27 because because IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 28 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 29 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 30 often often RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 31 unclear unclear JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 32 how how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 33 many many JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 34 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 35 performed perform VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 36 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 37 whether whether IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 38 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 39 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 40 motivated motivate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 41 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 42 inspection inspection NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 43 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 44 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 45 data datum NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 191 46 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 1 Thus thus RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 3 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 4 future future JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 5 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 6 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 7 subgroup subgroup NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 8 analyses analysis NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 9 derived derive VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 10 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 11 data datum NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 12 inspection inspection NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 13 should should MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 14 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 15 explicitly explicitly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 16 identified identify VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 17 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 18 exploratory exploratory JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 20 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 21 done do VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 22 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 23 Nyhan Nyhan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 24 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 25 Reifler Reifler NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 26 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 27 2010 2010 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 29 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 30 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 31 subgroup subgroup NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 32 analyses analysis NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 33 should should MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 34 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 35 pre pre VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 36 - - VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 37 specified specified JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 38 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 39 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 40 better well RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 41 yet yet RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 42 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 43 pre pre VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 44 - - VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 45 registered registered JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 192 46 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 1 Regarding regard VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 2 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 3 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 4 backfire backfire VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 5 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 6 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 7 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 8 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 9 checkers checker NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 10 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 11 rest rest VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 12 assured assure VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 13 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 15 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 16 extremely extremely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 17 unlikely unlikely JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 18 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 19 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 20 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 21 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 22 broader broad JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 23 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 24 level level NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 25 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 26 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 27 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 28 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 29 checks check NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 30 will will MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 31 lead lead VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 32 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 33 increased increase VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 34 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 35 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 36 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 37 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 193 38 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 1 Meta Meta NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 2 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 3 analyses analysis NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 4 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 5 clearly clearly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 6 shown show VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 7 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 8 corrections correction NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 9 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 10 generally generally RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 11 effective effective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 12 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 13 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 14 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 15 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 16 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 17 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 18 norm norm NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 20 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 21 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 22 Chan Chan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 23 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 24 Jones Jones NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 25 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 26 Hall Hall NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 27 Jamieson Jamieson NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 28 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 29 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 30 Albarracín Albarracín NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 31 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 32 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 33 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 34 Walter Walter NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 35 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 36 Murphy Murphy NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 37 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 38 2018 2018 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 194 40 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 3 given give VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 4 that that DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 5 research research NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 6 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 7 yet yet RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 8 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 9 systematically systematically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 10 show show VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 11 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 12 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 13 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 15 same same JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 16 subgroups subgroup NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 17 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 18 practitioners practitioner NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 19 should should MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 20 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 21 avoid avoid VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 22 giving give VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 23 corrections correction NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 24 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 25 any any DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 26 specific specific JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 27 subgroups subgroup NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 28 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 29 people people NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 195 30 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 1 Fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 2 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 3 checkers checker NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 4 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 5 therefore therefore RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 6 focus focus VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 7 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 8 other other JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 9 known know VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 10 issues issue NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 11 such such JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 12 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 13 getting get VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 15 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 16 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 17 checks check NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 18 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 19 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 20 individuals individual NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 21 who who WP cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 22 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 23 most most RBS cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 24 likely likely JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 25 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 26 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 27 misinformed misinformed JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 196 28 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 1 Regarding regard VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 2 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 3 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 4 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 5 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 6 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 7 avoiding avoid VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 8 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 9 repetition repetition NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 10 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 11 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 12 original original JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 13 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 14 within within IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 15 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 16 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 17 appears appear VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 18 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 19 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 20 unnecessary unnecessary JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 21 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 22 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 23 even even RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 24 hinder hinder VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 25 corrective corrective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 26 efforts effort NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 27 Kendeou Kendeou NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 28 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 29 O'Brien O'Brien NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 30 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 31 2014 2014 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 197 33 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 2 therefore therefore RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 3 instead instead RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 4 suggest suggest VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 5 designing design VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 6 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 7 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 8 first first RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 9 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 10 foremost foremost RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 11 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 12 clarity clarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 13 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 14 ease ease NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 15 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 16 interpretation interpretation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 17 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 18 mind mind NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 198 19 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 1 Although although IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 2 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 3 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 4 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 5 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 6 lacks lack VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 7 evidence evidence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 8 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 9 we -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 10 must must MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 11 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 12 aware aware JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 13 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 15 illusory illusory JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 16 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 17 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 18 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 19 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 20 absence absence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 21 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 22 corrections correction NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 23 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 24 veracity veracity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 25 judgments judgment NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 26 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 27 extremely extremely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 28 robust robust JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 199 29 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 3 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 4 designing design VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 5 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 6 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 7 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 8 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 9 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 10 should should MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 11 always always RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 12 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 13 clearly clearly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 14 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 15 saliently saliently RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 16 paired pair VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 17 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 18 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 19 corrective corrective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 20 element element NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 21 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 22 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 23 needless needless JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 24 repetitions repetition NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 25 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 26 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 27 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 28 should should MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 29 still still RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 30 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 31 avoided avoid VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 200 32 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 1 For for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 2 instance instance NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 4 given give VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 5 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 6 many many JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 7 individuals individual NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 8 do do VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 9 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 10 read read VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 11 further far RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 12 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 13 headlines headline NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 15 Gabielkov Gabielkov NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 16 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 17 Ramachandran Ramachandran NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 18 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 19 Chaintreau Chaintreau NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 20 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 21 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 22 Legout Legout NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 23 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 24 2016 2016 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 26 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 27 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 28 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 29 should should MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 30 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 31 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 32 described describe VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 33 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 34 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 35 headline headline NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 36 alone alone RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 37 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 38 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 39 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 40 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 41 smaller small JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 42 print print NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 43 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 44 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 45 text text NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 46 below below RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 48 Ecker Ecker NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 49 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 50 Lewandowsky Lewandowsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 51 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 52 Chang Chang NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 53 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 54 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 55 Pillai Pillai NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 56 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 57 2014 2014 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 58 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 201 59 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 1 Adding add VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 2 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 3 corrective corrective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 4 element element NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 5 within within IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 6 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 7 headline headline NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 8 itself -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 9 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 10 even even RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 11 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 13 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 14 simply simply RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 15 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 16 salient salient JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 17 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 18 myth myth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 19 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 20 tag tag NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 21 associated associate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 22 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 23 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 24 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 25 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 26 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 27 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 28 considered consider VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 29 good good JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 30 practice practice NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 202 31 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 1 Although although IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 2 improvements improvement NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 3 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 4 both both DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 5 experimental experimental JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 6 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 7 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 8 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 9 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 10 important important JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 11 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 12 Oberauer Oberauer NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 13 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 14 Lewandowsky Lewandowsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 16 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 18 highlight highlight VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 19 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 20 another another DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 21 cause cause NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 22 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 23 poor poor JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 24 replicability replicability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 25 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 26 weak weak JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 27 logical logical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 28 links link NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 29 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 30 theories theory NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 31 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 32 empirical empirical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 33 tests test NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 203 34 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 1 Future future JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 2 research research NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 3 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 4 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 5 explicitly explicitly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 6 manipulate manipulate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 7 key key JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 8 factors factor NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 9 presumed presume VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 10 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 11 influence influence VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 12 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 13 updating updating NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 15 whether whether IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 17 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 18 fluency fluency NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 19 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 20 perceived perceive VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 21 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 22 importance importance NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 23 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 24 strength strength NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 25 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 26 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 27 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 28 complexity complexity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 29 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 30 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 31 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 32 wording wording NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 33 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 34 order order NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 35 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 36 corrective corrective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 37 elements element NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 38 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 39 internal internal JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 40 counter counter NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 41 - - NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 42 arguing arguing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 43 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 44 source source NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 45 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 46 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 47 message message NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 48 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 49 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 50 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 51 ' ' POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 52 communicating communicate VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 53 disagreement disagreement NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 54 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 55 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 56 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 204 57 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 1 Focusing focus VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 2 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 3 theoretically theoretically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 4 meaningful meaningful JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 5 factors factor NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 6 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 7 help help VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 8 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 9 better better RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 10 isolate isolate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 11 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 12 potential potential JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 13 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 14 behind behind IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 15 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 16 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 17 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 18 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 19 continued continue VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 20 influence influence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 21 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 22 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 23 general general JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 205 24 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 1 Further further RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 2 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 3 more more JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 6 would would MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 7 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 8 beneficial beneficial JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 9 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 10 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 11 aware aware JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 12 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 13 other other JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 14 competing compete VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 15 factors factor NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 16 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 17 avoid avoid VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 18 confounds confound NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 206 19 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 1 For for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 2 example example NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 4 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 5 investigating investigate VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 6 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 7 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 8 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 9 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 10 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 11 one one PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 12 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 13 avoid avoid VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 14 exclusively exclusively RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 15 using use VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 16 issues issue NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 17 presumed presume VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 18 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 19 elicit elicit VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 20 worldview worldview NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 21 backfire backfire VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 22 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 24 e.g. e.g. RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 25 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 26 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 27 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 28 Skurnik Skurnik NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 29 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 30 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 31 . . NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 32 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 33 2007 2007 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 207 35 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 3 given give VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 4 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 5 responses response NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 6 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 7 corrections correction NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 8 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 9 likely likely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 10 heterogeneous heterogeneous JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 11 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 13 would would MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 14 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 15 beneficial beneficial JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 16 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 17 use use VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 18 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 19 wide wide JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 20 variety variety NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 21 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 22 issues issue NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 23 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 24 experiments experiment NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 25 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 26 vary vary VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 27 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 28 theoretically theoretically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 29 meaningful meaningful JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 30 criteria criterion NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 31 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 32 dissociate dissociate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 33 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 34 backfire backfire VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 35 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 36 occur occur VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 37 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 38 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 39 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 40 do do VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 41 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 208 42 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 1 Future future JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 2 research research NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 3 should should MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 4 also also RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 5 empirically empirically RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 6 investigate investigate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 7 common common JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 8 recommendations recommendation NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 9 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 10 stem stem VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 11 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 12 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 13 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 14 backfire backfire VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 15 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 16 notion notion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 17 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 18 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 19 yet yet RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 20 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 21 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 22 thoroughly thoroughly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 23 examined examine VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 209 24 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 1 For for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 2 example example NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 5 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 6 unclear unclear JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 7 whether whether IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 8 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 9 updating updating NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 10 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 11 fostered foster VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 12 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 13 presenting present VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 14 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 15 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 16 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 17 sandwich sandwich NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 18 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 19 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 20 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 21 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 22 stating state VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 23 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 24 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 25 twice twice RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 26 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 27 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 28 falsehood falsehood NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 29 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 31 Sullivan Sullivan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 32 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 33 2018 2018 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 210 35 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 1 Preliminary preliminary JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 2 findings finding NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 3 suggest suggest VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 4 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 5 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 6 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 7 bottom bottom RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 8 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 9 loaded load VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 10 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 11 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 12 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 13 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 14 first first RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 15 states state VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 16 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 17 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 18 followed follow VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 19 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 20 two two CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 21 factual factual JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 22 statements statement NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 23 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 24 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 25 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 26 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 27 effective effective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 28 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 29 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 30 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 31 sandwich sandwich NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 33 Anderson Anderson NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 34 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 35 Horton Horton NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 36 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 37 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 38 Rapp Rapp NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 39 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 40 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 42 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 43 although although IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 44 further further JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 45 research research NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 46 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 47 required require VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 48 prior prior RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 49 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 50 firm firm JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 51 recommendations recommendation NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 52 being be VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 53 made make VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 211 54 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 1 Finally finally RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 3 there there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 4 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 5 additional additional JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 6 occasions occasion NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 7 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 8 corrections correction NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 9 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 10 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 11 counter counter JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 12 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 13 productive productive JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 14 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 15 require require VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 16 empirical empirical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 17 investigation investigation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 212 18 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 1 For for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 2 instance instance NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 4 correcting correct VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 5 facts fact NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 6 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 7 public public JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 8 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 9 debate debate NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 10 might may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 11 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 12 always always RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 13 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 14 advisable advisable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 15 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 16 because because IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 18 involves involve VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 19 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 20 acceptance acceptance NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 21 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 22 someone someone NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 23 else else RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 24 's 's POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 25 framing framing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 26 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 27 allowing allow VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 28 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 29 person person NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 30 who who WP cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 31 promulgated promulgate VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 32 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 33 original original JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 34 falsehood falsehood NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 35 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 36 set set VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 37 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 38 agenda agenda NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 40 Lakoff Lakoff NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 41 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 42 2010 2010 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 43 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 44 Lewandowsky Lewandowsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 45 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 46 Ecker Ecker NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 47 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 48 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 49 Cook Cook NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 50 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 51 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 213 53 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 3 broadcasting broadcast VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 4 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 5 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 6 where where WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 7 few few JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 8 people people NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 9 believe believe VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 10 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 11 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 12 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 13 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 14 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 15 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 16 legitimate legitimate JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 17 concern concern NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 18 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 19 since since IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 20 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 21 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 22 may may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 23 spread spread VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 24 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 25 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 26 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 27 new new JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 28 audiences audience NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 30 Kwan Kwan NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 31 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 32 2019 2019 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 33 ; ; : cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 34 Schwarz Schwarz NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 35 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 36 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 37 . . NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 38 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 39 2016 2016 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 214 41 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 1 For for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 2 example example NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 4 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 6 BBC BBC NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 7 widely widely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 8 publicized publicize VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 9 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 10 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 11 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 12 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 13 misconception misconception NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 14 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 15 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 16 readership readership NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 17 never never RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 18 believed believe VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 19 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 20 begin begin VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 21 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 22 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 23 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 24 will will MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 25 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 26 reap reap VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 27 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 28 benefits benefit NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 29 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 30 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 31 reduction reduction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 32 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 33 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 34 those those DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 35 who who WP cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 36 do do VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 37 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 38 trust trust VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 39 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 40 source source NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 41 may may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 42 question question VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 43 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 44 conclusion conclusion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 215 45 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 2 next next JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 3 crucial crucial JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 4 step step NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 5 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 6 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 7 examine examine VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 8 such such JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 9 instances instance NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 10 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 11 real real JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 12 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 13 world world NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 14 scenarios scenario NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 15 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 16 social social JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 17 media medium NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 18 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 19 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 20 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 21 checking check VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 22 websites website NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 216 23 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 2 today today NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 3 's 's POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 4 fast fast RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 5 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 6 paced pace VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 7 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 8 society society NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 10 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 11 extremely extremely RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 12 important important JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 13 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 14 understand understand VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 15 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 16 efficacy efficacy NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 17 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 18 corrections correction NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 19 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 20 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 21 exact exact JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 22 circumstances circumstance NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 23 under under IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 24 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 25 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 26 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 27 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 28 impact impact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 29 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 30 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 31 even even RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 32 backfire backfire VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 217 33 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 2 current current JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 3 state state NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 4 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 6 literature literature NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 7 calls call VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 8 into into IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 9 question question NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 10 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 11 notion notion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 12 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 13 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 14 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 15 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 16 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 17 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 18 rigorous rigorous JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 19 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 20 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 21 needed need VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 22 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 23 determine determine VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 24 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 25 there there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 26 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 27 circumstances circumstance NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 28 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 29 these these DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 30 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 31 reliably reliably RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 32 occur occur VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 218 33 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 3 given give VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 5 current current JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 6 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 7 pandemic pandemic NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 8 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 9 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 10 rampant rampant JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 11 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 12 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 13 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 14 accompanied accompany VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 16 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 17 understanding understand VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 18 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 19 parameters parameter NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 20 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 21 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 22 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 23 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 24 particularly particularly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 25 crucial crucial JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 219 26 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 2 sum sum NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 3 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 5 current current JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 6 review review NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 7 suggests suggest VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 8 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 9 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 10 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 11 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 12 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 13 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 14 robust robust JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 15 empirical empirical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 16 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 17 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 18 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 19 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 20 reliable reliable JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 21 measures measure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 22 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 23 powerful powerful JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 24 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 25 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 26 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 27 stronger strong JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 28 links link NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 29 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 30 experimental experimental JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 31 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 32 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 33 theory theory NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 34 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 35 greatly greatly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 36 help help VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 37 move move VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 38 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 39 field field NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 40 ahead ahead RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 220 41 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 221 1 BST BST NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 221 2 conceived conceive VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 221 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 221 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 221 5 idea idea NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 221 6 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 221 7 wrote write VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 221 8 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 221 9 majority majority NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 221 10 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 221 11 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 221 12 manuscript manuscript NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 221 13 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 1 JD JD NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 2 contributed contribute VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 3 sections section NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 4 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 6 manuscript manuscript NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 7 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 8 particu particu NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 9 - - : cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 10 larly larly PDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 11 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 12 measurement measurement NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 13 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 14 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 15 considerations consideration NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 222 16 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 223 1 BST BST NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 223 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 223 3 JD JD NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 223 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 223 5 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 223 6 DL DL NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 223 7 edited edit VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 223 8 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 223 9 manuscript manuscript NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 223 10 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 2 authors author NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 3 declare declare VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 4 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 5 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 6 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 7 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 8 known know VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 9 competing compete VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 10 financial financial JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 11 interests interest NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 12 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 13 personal personal JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 14 relationships relationship NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 15 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 16 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 17 have have VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 18 appeared appear VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 19 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 20 influence influence VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 21 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 22 work work NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 23 reported report VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 24 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 25 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 26 paper paper NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 224 27 .. .. . cord-339082-8gogju5n 225 1 This this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 225 2 project project NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 225 3 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 225 4 funded fund VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 225 5 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 225 6 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 225 7 Hewlett Hewlett NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 225 8 Packard Packard NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 225 9 Foundation Foundation NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 225 10 grant grant NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 225 11 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 1 All all DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 2 authors author NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 3 acknowledge acknowledge VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 4 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 6 material material NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 7 presented present VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 8 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 9 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 10 manuscript manuscript NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 11 has have VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 12 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 13 been be VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 14 previously previously RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 15 published publish VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 16 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 17 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 18 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 19 under under IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 20 consideration consideration NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 21 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 22 any any DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 23 other other JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 24 journal journal NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 226 25 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 2 thank thank VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 3 Nicholas Nicholas NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 4 Miklaucic Miklaucic NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 5 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 6 proofreading proofread VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 7 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 8 verifying verify VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 9 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 10 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 11 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 12 Appendices Appendices NNPS cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 13 A A NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 14 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 15 B b NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 16 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 17 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 18 C. C. NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 19 Article Article NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 20 Type Type NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 21 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 22 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 23 Reason reason NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 24 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 227 25 exclusion exclusion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 228 1 Skurnik Skurnik NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 228 2 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 228 3 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 228 4 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 229 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 229 2 2005 2005 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 229 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 230 1 Familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 1 This this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 2 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 3 did do VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 4 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 5 meet meet VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 6 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 7 criteria criterion NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 8 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 9 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 10 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 11 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 12 since since IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 13 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 14 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 15 correction correction JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 16 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 17 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 18 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 19 compared compare VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 20 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 21 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 22 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 23 - - NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 24 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 25 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 26 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 27 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 28 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 29 baseline baseline NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 231 30 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 2 considered consider VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 3 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 4 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 5 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 6 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 7 misremembering misremember VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 8 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 9 false false JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 10 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 11 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 12 true true JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 13 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 14 true true JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 15 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 16 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 17 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 18 false false JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 232 19 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 233 1 For for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 233 2 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 233 3 critique critique NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 233 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 233 5 see see VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 233 6 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 234 1 Weaver Weaver NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 234 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 234 3 Garcia Garcia NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 234 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 234 5 Schwarz Schwarz NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 234 6 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 234 7 & & CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 234 8 Miller Miller NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 234 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 234 10 2007 2007 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 234 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 235 1 Familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 1 This this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 2 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 3 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 4 regarding regard VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 6 illusory illusory JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 7 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 8 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 9 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 10 but but CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 11 since since IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 13 does do VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 14 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 15 provide provide VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 16 corrections correction NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 17 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 18 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 20 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 21 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 22 comment comment VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 23 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 24 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 25 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 26 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 236 27 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 237 1 Prasad Prasad NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 237 2 et et FW cord-339082-8gogju5n 237 3 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 237 4 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 238 1 This this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 238 2 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 238 3 consisted consist VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 238 4 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 238 5 qualitative qualitative JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 238 6 interviews interview NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 238 7 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 238 8 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 238 9 change change NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 238 10 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 238 11 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 238 12 measured measure VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 238 13 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 239 1 Peter Peter NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 239 2 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 239 3 Koch Koch NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 239 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 239 5 2016 2016 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 239 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 240 1 Familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 1 This this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 2 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 3 did do VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 4 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 5 meet meet VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 6 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 7 criteria criterion NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 8 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 9 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 10 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 11 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 12 since since IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 13 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 14 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 15 correction correction JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 16 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 17 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 18 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 19 compared compare VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 20 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 21 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 22 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 23 - - NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 24 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 25 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 26 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 27 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 28 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 29 baseline baseline NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 241 30 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 2 considered consider VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 3 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 4 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 5 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 6 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 7 misremembering misremember VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 8 more more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 9 false false JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 10 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 11 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 12 true true JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 13 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 14 true true JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 15 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 16 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 17 false false JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 242 18 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 243 1 Holman Holman NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 243 2 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 243 3 Lay Lay NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 243 4 Note Note NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 243 5 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 244 1 Dependent dependent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 244 2 variables variable NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 244 3 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 244 4 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 244 5 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 244 6 report report VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 245 1 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 245 2 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 245 3 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 245 4 highlighted highlight VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 245 5 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 245 6 gray gray JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 245 7 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 246 1 a a LS cord-339082-8gogju5n 247 1 In in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 247 2 addition addition NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 247 3 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 247 4 intent intent NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 247 5 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 247 6 vaccinate vaccinate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 247 7 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 247 8 Skurnik Skurnik NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 247 9 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 247 10 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 247 11 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 2 2007 2007 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 4 also also RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 5 considered consider VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 6 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 7 misremembering misremembering NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 8 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 9 more more JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 10 myths myth NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 11 thought think VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 12 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 13 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 14 true true JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 15 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 16 facts fact NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 17 thought think VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 18 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 19 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 20 false false JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 21 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 22 stem stem VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 23 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 24 famili famili NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 25 arity arity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 26 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 248 27 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 2 have have VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 3 excluded exclude VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 4 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 5 element element NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 6 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 7 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 8 table table NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 9 because because IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 10 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 11 do do VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 12 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 13 meet meet VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 15 criteria criterion NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 16 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 17 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 18 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 19 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 20 since since IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 22 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 23 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 24 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 25 comparison comparison NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 26 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 27 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 28 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 29 - - NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 30 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 31 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 32 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 33 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 34 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 35 baseline baseline NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 249 36 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 1 b b LS cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 2 Berinsky Berinsky NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 4 2017 2017 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 6 's 's POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 7 second second JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 8 experiment experiment NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 9 found find VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 10 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 11 trend trend NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 12 th th XX cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 13 at at IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 14 repetition repetition NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 15 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 16 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 17 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 18 prior prior RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 19 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 20 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 21 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 22 made make VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 23 respondents respondent NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 24 less less RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 25 likely likely JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 26 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 27 reject reject VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 28 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 29 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 30 if if IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 31 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 32 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 33 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 34 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 35 repeated repeat VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 250 36 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 1 However however RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 4 exclude exclude VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 5 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 6 study study NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 7 since since IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 8 there there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 9 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 10 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 11 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 12 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 13 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 14 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 15 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 16 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 17 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 18 baseline baseline NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 251 19 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 252 1 c c LS cord-339082-8gogju5n 252 2 We -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 252 3 exclude exclude VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 252 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 252 5 first first JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 252 6 experiment experiment NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 252 7 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 252 8 Pennycook Pennycook NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 252 9 et et FW cord-339082-8gogju5n 252 10 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 252 11 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 253 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 253 2 2018 2018 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 253 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 253 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 253 5 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 253 6 investigating investigate VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 253 7 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 253 8 illusory illusory JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 253 9 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 253 10 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 253 11 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 1 Since since IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 3 did do VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 4 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 5 provide provide VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 6 corrections correction NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 7 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 8 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 10 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 11 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 12 comment comment VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 13 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 15 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 16 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 254 17 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 255 1 Does do VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 255 2 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 255 3 matter matter VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 255 4 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 255 5 voters voter NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 255 6 ? ? . cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 2 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 4 correcting correct VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 5 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 6 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 7 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 8 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 9 Australian australian JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 10 sample sample NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 11 Hungry hungry JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 12 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 13 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 14 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 15 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 16 Evaluating evaluate VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 17 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 18 utility utility NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 19 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 20 Dissociation Dissociation NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 21 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 22 processes process NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 23 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 24 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 25 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 26 Source source NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 27 recollection recollection NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 28 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 29 statement statement NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 30 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 31 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 32 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 33 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 34 illusion illusion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 35 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 36 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 37 Rumors Rumors NNPS cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 38 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 39 health health NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 40 care care NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 41 reform reform NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 42 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 43 Experiments experiment NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 44 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 45 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 46 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 47 Do do VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 48 n't not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 49 try try VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 50 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 51 convert convert VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 52 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 53 antivaccinators antivaccinator NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 54 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 55 instead instead RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 56 target target VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 57 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 58 fence fence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 59 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 256 60 sitters sitter NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 257 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 257 2 SAGE SAGE NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 257 3 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 257 4 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 257 5 communication communication NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 257 6 research research NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 257 7 methods method NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 1 An an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 2 initial initial JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 3 accuracy accuracy NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 4 focus focus NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 5 prevents prevent VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 6 illusory illusory JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 7 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 8 Patient patient JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 9 knowledge knowledge NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 10 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 11 recall recall NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 12 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 13 health health NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 14 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 15 following follow VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 16 exposure exposure NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 17 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 18 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 19 facts fact NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 20 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 21 myths myth NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 22 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 23 message message NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 24 format format NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 25 variations variation NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 26 Processing process VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 27 style style NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 28 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 29 responsiveness responsiveness NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 30 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 31 corrective corrective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 258 32 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 259 1 Debunking debunking NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 259 2 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 2 meta meta JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 3 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 4 analysis analysis NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 5 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 6 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 7 psychological psychological JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 8 efficacy efficacy NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 9 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 10 messages message NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 11 countering counter VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 12 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 13 Experimental experimental JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 14 methods method NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 260 15 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 261 1 Between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 261 2 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 261 3 subject subject NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 261 4 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 261 5 within within IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 261 6 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 261 7 subject subject NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 261 8 design design NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 261 9 Beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 261 10 do do VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 261 11 n't not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 261 12 always always RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 261 13 persevere persevere VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 261 14 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 1 How how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 2 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 3 figures figure NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 4 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 5 punished punish VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 6 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 7 positive positive JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 8 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 9 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 10 them -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 11 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 12 discredited discredit VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 13 Raising raise VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 14 climate climate NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 15 literacy literacy NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 16 through through IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 17 addressing address VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 18 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 262 19 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 1 Case case NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 2 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 3 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 4 agnotologybased agnotologybase VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 5 learning learn VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 6 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 7 debunking debunk VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 8 handbook handbook NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 9 Political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 10 attitudes attitude NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 11 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 12 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 13 processing processing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 14 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 15 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 263 16 corrections correction NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 264 1 Do do VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 264 2 people people NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 264 3 keep keep VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 264 4 believing believe VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 264 5 because because IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 264 6 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 264 7 want want VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 264 8 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 264 9 ? ? . cord-339082-8gogju5n 265 1 Preexisting preexisting JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 265 2 attitudes attitude NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 265 3 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 265 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 265 5 continued continue VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 265 6 influence influence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 265 7 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 265 8 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 265 9 Reminders reminder NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 265 10 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 265 11 repetition repetition NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 265 12 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 265 13 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 265 14 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 266 1 Helping help VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 266 2 or or CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 266 3 hindering hinder VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 266 4 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 266 5 retraction retraction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 266 6 ? ? . cord-339082-8gogju5n 267 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 267 2 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 267 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 267 4 subtle subtle JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 267 5 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 267 6 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 267 7 news news NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 267 8 headlines headline NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 268 1 Do do VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 268 2 people people NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 268 3 keep keep VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 268 4 believing believe VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 268 5 because because IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 268 6 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 268 7 want want VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 268 8 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 268 9 ? ? . cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 1 Preexisting preexisting JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 2 attitudes attitude NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 3 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 5 continued continue VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 6 influence influence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 7 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 8 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 9 Correcting correct VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 10 false false JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 11 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 12 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 13 memory memory NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 14 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 15 Manipulating manipulate VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 16 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 17 strength strength NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 18 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 19 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 20 encoding encoding NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 21 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 22 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 23 retraction retraction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 24 Explicit explicit JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 25 warnings warning NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 26 reduce reduce VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 27 but but CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 28 do do VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 29 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 30 eliminate eliminate VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 31 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 32 continued continued JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 33 influence influence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 34 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 269 35 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 2 effectiveness effectiveness NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 4 short short JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 5 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 6 format format NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 7 refutational refutational JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 8 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 9 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 10 checks check NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 11 Techniques technique NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 12 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 13 attitude attitude NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 14 scale scale NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 270 15 construction construction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 271 1 Tackling tackle VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 271 2 maladaptive maladaptive JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 271 3 memories memory NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 271 4 through through IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 271 5 reconsolidation reconsolidation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 272 1 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 272 2 From from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 272 3 neural neural JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 272 4 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 272 5 clinical clinical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 272 6 science science NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 272 7 Knowledge Knowledge NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 272 8 does do VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 272 9 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 272 10 protect protect VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 272 11 against against IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 272 12 illusory illusory JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 272 13 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 273 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 273 2 AB AB NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 273 3 scales scale NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 273 4 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 274 1 An an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 274 2 operational operational JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 274 3 definition definition NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 274 4 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 274 5 belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 274 6 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 274 7 attitude attitude NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 274 8 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 274 9 nature nature NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 274 10 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 274 11 origins origin NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 274 12 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 274 13 misperceptions misperception NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 274 14 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 1 Understanding understand VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 2 false false JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 3 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 4 unsupported unsupported JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 5 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 6 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 7 politics politic NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 8 Social Social NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 9 clicks click VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 10 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 11 What what WP cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 12 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 13 who who WP cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 14 gets get VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 15 read read VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 16 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 17 Twitter Twitter NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 275 18 ? ? . cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 2 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 3 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 4 2016 2016 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 5 ACM ACM NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 6 SIGMETRICS SIGMETRICS NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 7 international international JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 8 conference conference NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 9 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 10 measurement measurement NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 11 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 12 modeling modeling NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 13 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 14 computer computer NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 15 science science NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 16 Undermining undermine VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 17 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 18 corrective corrective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 19 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 20 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 21 media media NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 22 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 23 based base VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 24 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 25 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 26 checking check VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 276 27 ? ? . cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 2 role role NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 4 contextual contextual JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 5 cues cue NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 6 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 7 naïve naïve JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 8 theory theory NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 9 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 10 Undermining undermine VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 11 corrective corrective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 12 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 13 Expert expert NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 14 testimony testimony NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 15 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 16 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 17 myth myth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 18 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 19 ridden ride VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 20 topics topic NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 21 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 22 Ethics ethic NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 23 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 24 recommendations recommendation NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 25 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 26 psychological psychological JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 27 professionals professional NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 28 Does do VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 29 counter counter VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 30 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 31 attitudinal attitudinal JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 32 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 33 cause cause VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 34 backlash backlash NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 277 35 ? ? . cord-339082-8gogju5n 278 1 Results result NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 278 2 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 278 3 three three CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 278 4 large large JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 278 5 survey survey NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 278 6 experiments experiment NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 2 limitations limitation NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 5 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 6 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 7 Boomerang Boomerang NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 8 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 9 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 10 science science NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 11 communication communication NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 12 how how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 13 motivated motivated JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 14 reasoning reasoning NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 15 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 16 identity identity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 17 cues cue NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 18 amplify amplify VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 19 opinion opinion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 20 polarization polarization NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 21 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 22 climate climate NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 23 mitigation mitigation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 24 policies policy NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 25 They -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 26 see see VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 27 dead dead JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 28 people people NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 30 voting voting NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 32 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 33 Correcting correct VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 34 misperceptions misperception NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 35 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 36 voter voter NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 37 fraud fraud NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 38 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 39 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 40 2016 2016 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 41 US US NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 42 presidential presidential JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 43 election election NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 44 Countering counter VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 45 antivaccination antivaccination NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 279 46 attitudes attitude NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 2 war war NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 5 mis mis NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 7 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 8 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 9 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 10 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 11 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 12 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 13 rumors rumor NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 14 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 15 rumor rumor NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 16 rebuttals rebuttal NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 17 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 18 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 19 authoritarian authoritarian JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 20 country country NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 21 Consumer consumer NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 22 research research NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 23 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 24 How how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 25 valid valid JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 26 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 27 useful useful JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 28 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 29 all all DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 30 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 31 consumer consumer NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 32 behavior behavior NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 33 research research NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 34 findings finding NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 280 35 ? ? . cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 2 state state NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 5 art art NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 6 review1 review1 NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 7 Sources source NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 8 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 9 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 10 continued continue VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 11 influence influence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 12 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 13 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 14 When when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 15 discredited discredit VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 16 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 17 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 18 memory memory NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 19 affects affect VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 20 later later RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 21 inferences inference NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 22 Integrating integrate VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 23 relational relational JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 24 reasoning reasoning NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 25 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 26 knowledge knowledge NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 27 revision revision NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 28 during during IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 29 reading read VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 30 Processing process VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 31 inaccurate inaccurate JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 32 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 33 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 34 Theoretical theoretical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 35 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 36 applied apply VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 37 perspectives perspective NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 38 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 39 cognitive cognitive JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 40 science science NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 41 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 42 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 43 educational educational JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 44 sciences science NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 45 Reducing reduce VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 46 students student NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 47 ' ' POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 48 misconceptions misconception NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 49 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 50 refutational refutational JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 51 teaching teaching NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 52 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 53 For for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 54 long long JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 55 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 56 term term NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 57 retention retention NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 58 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 59 comprehension comprehension NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 60 matters matter VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 61 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 62 case case NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 281 63 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 1 motivated motivated JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 2 reasoning reason VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 3 Responsible responsible JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 4 reporting report VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 5 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 6 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 7 age age NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 8 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 9 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 10 disorder disorder NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 11 Moral moral JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 12 politics politic NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 13 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 14 How how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 15 liberals liberal NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 16 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 17 conservatives conservative NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 18 think think VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 19 Misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 20 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 21 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 22 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 23 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 24 Continued continue VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 25 influence influence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 26 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 27 successful successful JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 282 28 debiasing debiasing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 283 1 Beyond beyond IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 283 2 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 283 3 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 283 4 Understanding understanding NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 283 5 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 283 6 coping cope VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 283 7 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 283 8 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 283 9 " " `` cord-339082-8gogju5n 283 10 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 283 11 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 283 12 truth truth JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 283 13 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 283 14 era era NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 284 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 284 2 method method NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 284 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 284 4 constructing construct VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 284 5 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 284 6 attitude attitude NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 284 7 scale scale NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 284 8 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 285 1 Scaling scaling NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 285 2 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 286 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 286 2 Sourcebook sourcebook NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 286 3 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 286 4 Behavioral behavioral JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 286 5 Scientists scientist NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 2 persistence persistence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 4 fad fad NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 5 interventions intervention NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 6 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 7 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 8 face face NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 9 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 10 negative negative JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 11 scientific scientific JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 12 evidence evidence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 13 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 14 Facilitated facilitate VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 15 communication communication NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 16 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 17 autism autism NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 18 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 19 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 20 case case NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 21 example example NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 22 Measurement Measurement NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 23 error error NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 24 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 25 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 26 replication replication NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 27 crisis crisis NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 28 Estimating estimating NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 29 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 30 sizes size NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 31 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 32 pretest pretest JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 33 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 34 posttestcontrol posttestcontrol NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 35 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 287 36 designs design NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 2 good good JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 3 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 4 subject subject JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 5 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 6 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 7 Investigating investigate VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 8 participant participant NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 9 demand demand NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 10 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 11 Estimating estimate VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 12 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 13 reproducibility reproducibility NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 14 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 15 psychological psychological JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 16 science science NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 17 Taking take VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 18 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 19 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 20 checks check NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 21 literally literally RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 22 but but CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 23 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 24 seriously seriously RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 288 25 ? ? . cord-339082-8gogju5n 289 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 289 2 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 289 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 289 4 journalistic journalistic JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 289 5 fact fact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 289 6 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 289 7 checking check VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 289 8 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 289 9 factual factual JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 289 10 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 289 11 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 289 12 candidate candidate NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 289 13 favorability favorability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 1 When when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 2 corrections correction NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 3 fail fail VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 4 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 5 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 6 persistence persistence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 7 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 8 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 9 misperceptions misperception NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 10 Effective effective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 11 messages message NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 12 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 13 vaccine vaccine NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 14 promotion promotion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 15 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 16 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 17 randomized randomized JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 18 trial trial NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 19 Does do VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 20 correcting correct VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 21 myths myth NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 22 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 23 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 24 flu flu NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 25 vaccine vaccine NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 26 work work NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 290 27 ? ? . cord-339082-8gogju5n 291 1 An an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 291 2 experimental experimental JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 291 3 evaluation evaluation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 291 4 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 291 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 291 6 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 291 7 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 291 8 corrective corrective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 291 9 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 2 hazards hazard NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 4 correcting correct VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 5 myths myth NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 6 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 7 health health NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 8 care care NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 9 reform reform NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 10 Addressing address VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 11 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 12 theory theory NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 13 crisis crisis NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 14 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 292 15 psychology psychology NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 2 nature nature NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 4 hypnosis hypnosis NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 5 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 6 Artifact artifact NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 7 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 8 essence essence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 9 Demand demand VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 10 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 11 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 12 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 13 concept concept NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 14 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 293 15 quasicontrols quasicontrols NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 294 1 Prior prior JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 294 2 exposure exposure NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 294 3 increases increase VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 294 4 perceived perceive VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 294 5 accuracy accuracy NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 294 6 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 294 7 fake fake JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 294 8 news news NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 294 9 Reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 294 10 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 295 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 295 2 review review NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 295 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 295 4 psychometric psychometric JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 295 5 basics basic NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 295 6 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 295 7 recent recent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 295 8 marketing marketing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 295 9 practices practice NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 296 1 When when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 296 2 debunking debunk VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 296 3 scientific scientific JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 296 4 myths myth NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 296 5 fails fail VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 296 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 296 7 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 296 8 when when WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 296 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 296 10 does do VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 296 11 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 296 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 296 13 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 2 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 3 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 4 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 5 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 6 context context NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 7 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 8 journalistic journalistic JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 9 coverage coverage NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 10 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 11 immediate immediate JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 12 judgments judgment NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 13 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 14 prevention prevention NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 297 15 strategy strategy NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 298 1 There there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 298 2 must must MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 298 3 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 298 4 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 298 5 reason reason NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 298 6 " " '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 298 7 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 1 Osama Osama NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 2 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 3 Saddam Saddam NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 4 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 5 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 6 inferred infer VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 7 justification justification NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 8 Misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 9 lingers linger VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 10 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 11 memory memory NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 12 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 13 failure failure NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 14 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 15 three three CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 16 pro pro JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 17 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 18 vaccination vaccination JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 19 strategies strategy NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 20 Parents parent NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 21 ' ' POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 22 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 23 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 24 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 25 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 26 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 27 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 28 strengthened strengthen VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 29 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 30 provaccine provaccine NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 31 campaigns campaign NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 32 Reducing reduce VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 33 reliance reliance NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 34 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 35 inaccurate inaccurate JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 299 36 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 2 continued continued JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 3 influence influence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 4 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 5 implied imply VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 6 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 7 explicitly explicitly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 8 stated state VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 9 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 10 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 11 news news NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 12 reports report NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 13 More more RBR cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 14 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 15 less less JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 300 16 ? ? . cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 2 comparison comparison NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 4 single single JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 5 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 6 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 7 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 8 multi multi JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 9 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 10 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 11 measures measure VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 12 Effective effective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 13 strategies strategy NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 14 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 15 rebutting rebut VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 16 science science NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 17 denialism denialism NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 18 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 19 public public JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 20 discussions discussion NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 21 CONSORT CONSORT NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 22 2010 2010 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 23 statement statement NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 24 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 25 Updated update VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 26 guidelines guideline NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 27 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 28 reporting report VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 29 parallel parallel JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 30 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 31 randomised randomised JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 32 trials trial NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 33 Metacognitive Metacognitive NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 34 experiences experience NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 35 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 36 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 37 intricacies intricacy NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 38 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 39 setting set VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 40 people people NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 41 straight straight RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 42 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 43 Implications implication NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 44 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 45 debiasing debiasing NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 46 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 47 public public JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 48 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 49 campaigns campaign NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 50 Making make VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 51 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 52 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 53 stick stick NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 54 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 55 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 56 myths myth NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 57 fade fade VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 301 58 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 302 1 Lessons lesson NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 302 2 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 302 3 cognitive cognitive JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 302 4 psychology psychology NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 1 What what WP cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 2 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 3 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 4 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 5 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 6 Education education NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 7 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 8 flu flu NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 9 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 10 reduce reduce VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 11 intentions intention NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 12 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 13 get get VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 14 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 15 vaccination vaccination NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 16 Processing process VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 17 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 18 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 19 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 20 Comprehending comprehend VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 21 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 22 Trump Trump NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 23 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 24 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 25 role role NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 26 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 27 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 28 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 29 correcting correct VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 30 inaccurate inaccurate JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 31 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 32 They -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 33 might may MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 34 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 35 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 303 36 liar liar NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 304 1 but but CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 304 2 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 304 3 're be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 304 4 my -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 304 5 liar liar NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 304 6 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 305 1 Source source NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 305 2 evaluation evaluation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 305 3 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 305 4 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 305 5 prevalence prevalence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 305 6 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 305 7 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 1 How how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 2 warnings warning NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 3 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 4 false false JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 5 claims claim NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 6 become become VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 7 recommendations recommendation NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 8 Instead instead RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 9 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 10 Trump Trump NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 11 's 's POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 12 propaganda propaganda NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 13 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 14 how how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 15 about about IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 16 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 17 nice nice JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 18 ' ' '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 19 truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 20 sandwich sandwich NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 21 ' ' '' cord-339082-8gogju5n 306 22 ? ? . cord-339082-8gogju5n 307 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 307 2 Washington Washington NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 307 3 Post Post NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 307 4 Motivated motivated JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 307 5 skepticism skepticism NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 307 6 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 307 7 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 307 8 evaluation evaluation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 307 9 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 307 10 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 307 11 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 1 Belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 2 echoes echo VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 3 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 4 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 5 persistent persistent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 6 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 7 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 8 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 9 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 10 Belief belief NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 11 echoes echo VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 12 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 13 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 14 persistent persistent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 15 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 16 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 17 corrected correct VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 18 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 19 Identity identity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 20 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 21 epistemic epistemic JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 22 emotions emotion NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 23 during during IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 24 knowledge knowledge NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 25 revision revision NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 26 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 27 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 28 potential potential JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 29 account account NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 30 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 31 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 32 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 308 33 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 309 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 309 2 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 309 3 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 309 4 divided divided JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 309 5 attention attention NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 309 6 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 309 7 memory memory NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 309 8 for for IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 309 9 items item NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 309 10 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 310 1 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 310 2 context context NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 310 3 Truth truth NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 310 4 by by IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 310 5 repetition repetition NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 310 6 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 1 Explanations explanation NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 2 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 3 implications implication NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 4 APA apa NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 5 dictionary dictionary NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 6 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 7 psychology psychology NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 8 Analysing analyse VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 9 controlled control VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 10 trials trial NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 11 with with IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 12 baseline baseline NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 13 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 14 follow follow VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 15 up up RP cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 16 measurements measurement NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 17 How how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 18 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 19 unring unring VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 20 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 21 bell bell NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 22 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 23 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 24 metaanalytic metaanalytic JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 25 approach approach NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 26 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 27 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 28 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 311 29 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 1 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 2 meta meta JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 3 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 4 analytic analytic JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 5 examination examination NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 6 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 7 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 8 continued continue VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 9 influence influence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 10 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 11 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 12 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 13 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 14 face face NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 15 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 312 16 correction correction NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 1 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 2 How how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 3 powerful powerful JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 4 is be VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 6 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 7 why why WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 8 does do VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 10 happen happen VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 11 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 12 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 13 how how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 14 to to TO cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 15 stop stop VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 17 Statistics statistic NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 18 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 19 medicine medicine NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 20 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 21 Reporting reporting NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 22 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 23 subgroup subgroup NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 24 analyses analysis NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 25 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 26 clinical clinical JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 27 trials trial NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 28 Single single JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 29 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 30 item item NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 31 reliability reliability NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 32 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 33 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 34 replication replication NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 35 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 313 36 extension extension NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 1 Inferring infer VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 2 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 3 popularity popularity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 4 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 5 an an DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 6 opinion opinion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 7 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 8 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 9 familiarity familiarity NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 10 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 11 A a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 12 repetitive repetitive JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 13 voice voice NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 14 can can MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 15 sound sound VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 16 like like IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 17 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 18 chorus chorus NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 19 Emotions emotion NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 20 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 21 partisanship partisanship NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 22 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 23 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 24 misperceptions misperception NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 25 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 26 How how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 27 anger anger NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 28 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 29 anxiety anxiety NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 30 moderate moderate VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 31 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 32 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 33 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 34 partisan partisan JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 35 bias bias NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 36 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 37 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 38 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 39 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 40 misinformation misinformation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 41 Electoral electoral JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 42 consequences consequence NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 43 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 44 political political JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 45 rumors rumor NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 46 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 47 Motivated motivated JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 48 reasoning reasoning NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 49 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 50 candidate candidate NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 51 rumors rumor NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 52 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 53 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 54 vote vote VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 55 choice choice NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 56 during during IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 57 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 58 Information Information NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 59 distortion distortion NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 60 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 61 voting voting NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 62 choices choice NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 314 63 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 315 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 315 2 origins origin NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 315 3 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 315 4 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 315 5 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 315 6 factual factual JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 315 7 beliefs belief NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 315 8 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 315 9 initiative initiative NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 315 10 elections election NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 1 The the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 2 elusive elusive JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 3 backfire backfire NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 4 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 5 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 6 Mass mass JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 7 attitudes attitude NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 8 ' ' POS cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 9 steadfast steadfast JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 10 factual factual JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 11 adherence adherence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 12 Boomerangs boomerang NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 13 versus versus IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 14 javelins javelin NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 316 15 : : : cord-339082-8gogju5n 317 1 How how WRB cord-339082-8gogju5n 317 2 polarization polarization NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 317 3 constrains constrain VBZ cord-339082-8gogju5n 317 4 communication communication NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 317 5 on on IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 317 6 climate climate NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 317 7 change change NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 317 8 Note Note NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 317 9 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 318 1 Dependent dependent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 318 2 variables variable NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 318 3 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 318 4 studies study NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 318 5 that that WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 318 6 report report VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 319 1 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 319 2 effects effect NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 319 3 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 319 4 highlighted highlight VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 319 5 in in IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 319 6 gray gray JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 319 7 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 2 also also RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 3 highly highly RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 4 recommend recommend VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 5 viewing view VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 6 Guess Guess NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 7 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 8 Coppock Coppock NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 10 2018 2018 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 12 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 13 although although IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 14 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 15 findings finding NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 16 are be VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 17 omitted omit VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 18 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 19 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 20 table table NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 21 because because IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 22 they -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 23 presented present VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 24 counter counter JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 25 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 26 attitudinal attitudinal JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 27 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 28 rather rather RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 29 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 30 corrective corrective JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 31 information information NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 32 to to IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 33 participants participant NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 320 34 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 321 1 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 321 2 Trevors Trevors NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 321 3 et et NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 321 4 al al NNP cord-339082-8gogju5n 321 5 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 2 2016 2016 CD cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 4 found find VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 5 that that IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 6 self self NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 7 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 8 concept concept NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 9 negatively negatively RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 10 predicted predict VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 11 attitudes attitude NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 12 after after IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 13 reading read VBG cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 14 refutation refutation NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 15 text text NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 16 more more JJR cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 17 than than IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 18 expository expository JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 19 text text NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 20 , , , cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 21 which which WDT cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 22 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 23 authors author NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 24 concluded conclude VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 25 as as IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 26 evidence evidence NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 27 of of IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 28 a a DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 29 backfire backfire JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 30 effect effect NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 322 31 . . . cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 2 exclude exclude VBP cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 3 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 4 attitude attitude NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 5 dependent dependent JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 6 variable variable NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 7 from from IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 8 this this DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 9 table table NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 10 because because IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 11 there there EX cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 12 was be VBD cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 13 no no DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 14 between between IN cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 15 - - HYPH cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 16 subject subject NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 17 control control NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 18 group group NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 19 and and CC cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 20 the the DT cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 21 pre pre JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 22 - - JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 23 post post JJ cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 24 attitude attitude NN cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 25 tests test NNS cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 26 could could MD cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 27 not not RB cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 28 be be VB cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 29 compared compare VBN cord-339082-8gogju5n 323 30 . . .