Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 161 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21314 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 43 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 161 effect 35 cell 25 study 20 increase 18 activity 17 patient 15 result 12 COVID-19 10 drug 10 acid 9 high 9 TNF 8 treatment 8 protein 8 level 8 human 8 disease 8 University 8 IL-6 7 dna 6 response 6 mouse 6 method 6 inflammatory 6 immune 6 expression 6 blood 6 ROS 6 LPS 6 Institute 6 Department 5 receptor 5 rat 5 figure 5 exposure 5 dose 5 chinese 5 change 5 animal 5 RNA 5 PCR 4 respiratory 4 production 4 pandemic 4 intestinal 4 group 4 day 4 control 4 concentration 4 cardiac Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 16053 cell 15993 effect 10580 study 8617 patient 8357 % 7565 activity 7397 protein 6591 level 5642 result 5431 treatment 5243 group 5207 disease 4615 rat 4596 response 4503 acid 4494 mouse 4188 expression 4187 system 4153 receptor 3894 concentration 3678 blood 3568 model 3528 role 3513 day 3493 gene 3486 factor 3439 function 3350 time 3323 drug 3182 change 3180 control 3171 method 3147 analysis 3123 mechanism 3072 production 3057 animal 3021 tissue 2939 type 2778 cancer 2573 datum 2548 dose 2442 infection 2411 rate 2385 exposure 2291 activation 2287 condition 2285 case 2254 increase 2237 process 2209 membrane Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 9239 al 7466 et 6838 . 2023 mg 1920 der 1883 Japan 1593 University 1373 kg 1213 C 1149 TNF 1133 II 986 Authority 956 mit 940 S. 931 A 919 LPS 885 RNA 881 Department 818 bei 796 T 770 von 744 COVID-19 743 IL-6 687 Food 665 B 657 European 638 C. 622 miRNAs 618 Institute 612 L. 600 E. 599 L 597 und 575 Univ 573 Tokyo 565 BPA 560 eine 550 Safety 530 ICU 528 M 518 B. 505 MS 497 pH 489 einer 488 K 487 ROS 484 PCR 483 zu 482 nicht 480 den Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 9351 we 7525 it 2452 they 1985 i 780 one 779 them 296 us 208 itself 135 he 108 themselves 67 you 41 she 17 me 9 him 8 ashcs 7 her 6 s 5 mg 5 em 4 himself 3 his 3 3,5-diglucoside 2 und 2 srnas 2 p-450 2 ourselves 2 oneself 2 mrnas 2 itsn2 2 interleukin-10 2 imagej 2 erst 2 's 1 ␤ 1 ∈ 1 Þ 1 y€ 1 ykl-40 1 ya 1 y-27632 1 y 1 wi~ 1 who 1 wether 1 u 1 tv/ 1 trpm4 1 tnf~ 1 tnfsf7 1 tnfrt Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 102616 be 17972 have 9417 use 6756 show 6459 increase 5993 induce 3875 reduce 3859 find 3817 include 3413 suggest 3178 follow 3057 do 2959 associate 2816 compare 2688 decrease 2592 cause 2571 base 2364 produce 2343 report 2258 investigate 2254 inhibit 2223 observe 2212 result 2056 determine 2043 treat 2038 affect 2033 study 2029 indicate 2020 relate 2005 provide 1994 involve 1977 lead 1974 develop 1961 identify 1941 die 1914 occur 1867 demonstrate 1763 contain 1732 mediate 1713 improve 1710 measure 1709 bind 1638 activate 1612 know 1609 obtain 1607 perform 1606 consider 1493 evaluate 1474 require 1463 give Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 8543 not 6951 - 6794 also 6323 high 4423 other 4257 human 4235 such 3907 different 3848 more 3816 low 3642 well 3528 however 3050 inflammatory 2779 most 2751 only 2577 as 2552 clinical 2534 specific 2516 significant 2359 important 2342 significantly 2268 present 2249 anti 2182 immune 2109 first 2017 small 1984 acute 1966 non 1962 large 1927 several 1887 pulmonary 1848 thus 1802 many 1785 long 1741 new 1713 early 1689 further 1678 dependent 1661 normal 1602 intestinal 1574 molecular 1555 therefore 1549 cardiac 1521 various 1498 chronic 1484 potential 1481 similar 1464 respiratory 1432 major 1380 total Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 792 most 396 high 391 least 249 good 247 Most 161 low 93 large 77 great 48 strong 45 late 30 close 29 early 27 small 22 bad 18 near 17 long 13 old 11 common 11 big 10 simple 6 young 6 short 6 new 5 fast 4 rich 4 broad 4 Trpv6 3 wide 3 postt 3 poor 3 light 3 deep 2 warm 2 thick 2 steep 2 slight 2 severe 2 safe 2 postharv 2 hot 2 hexose 2 deadly 2 -Which 1 ~trointesfimd 1 ~onophore 1 ~15 1 wealthy 1 weak 1 straight 1 southernmost Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1987 most 212 least 73 well 6 ® 5 highest 4 hard 4 erv1 2 worst 2 near 1 strongest 1 lowest 1 greatest 1 fast 1 early 1 -tion 1 -spectroscopic 1 -r Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 doi.org 3 smartech.gatech.edu 3 osf.io 2 www.dovepress.com 2 www.datos 2 www.bls.gov 2 www.acetadote.net 2 www 2 github.com 1 wwwnc.cdc.gov 1 www.who.int 1 www.wcfs.nl 1 www.sjo 1 www.pneumotox.com 1 www.pharmacases.de 1 www.nytimes.com 1 www.ncbi.nlm 1 www.nature.com 1 www.mitma.gob.es 1 www.mirbase.org 1 www.metahit.eu 1 www.measuringworth.com 1 www.has-sante.fr 1 www.geovo 1 www.foodstandards.gov.au 1 www.fda.gov 1 www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp 1 www.eeoc.gov 1 www.econexus.info 1 www.eadgene.org 1 www.cnn.com 1 www.cnki.net 1 www.census.gov 1 www.cdtdb.brain.riken.jp 1 www.cdc.gov 1 www.atticacows.com 1 www.ada.edu 1 uknowledge.uky.edu 1 sourceforge.net 1 regulusrx.com 1 rdrr.io 1 pubmed.ncbi 1 pdparker.github.io 1 oui.doleta.gov 1 orcid.org 1 onlinelibrary.wiley.com 1 mml.spbstu.ru 1 linux.farma.unimi.it 1 lazar.in-silico.ch 1 i-pie.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 3 http://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/63710 2 http://www.datos 2 http://www 2 http://doi.org/10.3886/E125441V1 1 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-0282_article 1 http://www.who.int/ipcs/poisons/centre/directory/en/ 1 http://www.wcfs.nl/ 1 http://www.sjo 1 http://www.pneumotox.com 1 http://www.pharmacases.de 1 http://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/10/us/coronavirus-african-americans-bias.html 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm 1 http://www.nature.com/ 1 http://www.mitma.gob.es/minis 1 http://www.mirbase.org/ 1 http://www.metahit.eu/ 1 http://www.measuringworth.com 1 http://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/ 1 http://www.geovo 1 http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/gmfood/Pages/Response-to-Heinemann-et-al-on-theregulation-of-GM-crops-and-foods-developed-using-gene-silencing.aspx 1 http://www.fda.gov/ 1 http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/yanagida/ 1 http://www.eeoc.gov/statistics/employment/jobpatterns/eeo1/2018/national-naics3/table?naics=311&state=&cbsa= 1 http://www.econexus.info/ 1 http://www.eadgene.org/ 1 http://www.dovepress.com/infection-and-drug-resistance-journal 1 http://www.dovepress.com/ 1 http://www.cnn.com/2020/04/23/opinions/struggle-between-people-and-microscopic-pathogens-mokyr/index.html 1 http://www.cnki.net 1 http://www.census.gov/library/stories/2019/08/your-health-care-in-womens-hands.html 1 http://www.cdtdb.brain.riken.jp 1 http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/hospitalizationdeath-by-age.html 1 http://www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm 1 http://www.bls.gov/oes/2018/may/oes513022.htm 1 http://www.atticacows.com/orgMain.asp?orgid¼ 1 http://www.ada.edu 1 http://www.acetadote.net/dosecalc.shtml 1 http://www.acetadote.net/PI_Acetadote_Revised_Apr09.pdf 1 http://uknowledge.uky.edu/plantpath_etds/21 1 http://sourceforge.net/ 1 http://regulusrx.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/11/2016-AASLD-RG-101-PK-and-Safety-in-ESRD-vs-Normal.pdf 1 http://rdrr.io/cran/brms/man/set_prior.html 1 http://pubmed.ncbi 1 http://pdparker.github.io/GFCweb/ 1 http://oui.doleta.gov/unemploy/claims.asp 1 http://osf.io/kfg9h/ 1 http://osf.io/jqhpz 1 http://osf.io/ew7dv/ 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1272-3436 1 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 3 ubakir@metu.edu.tr 2 pcalik@metu.edu.tr 2 ozdamar@eng.ankara.edu.tr 2 mnq@biocentrum.dtu.dk 2 esipov@ibch.ru 2 dpetrides@intelligen.com 2 dkilic@yildiz.edu.tr 2 calik@eng.ankara.edu.tr 2 brivas@uvigo.es 2 barslan@eng.ankara.edu.tr 2 achaudhury@umassd.edu 1 zomorodi@nrcgeb.ac.ir 1 ymkoo@inha.ac.kr 1 wonhur@kangwon.ac.kr 1 willem.devos@wur.nl 1 ut@biocentrum.dtu.dk 1 tvede@bmb.sdu.dk 1 tmatsui@comb.u-ryukyu.ac.jp 1 tig@biocentrum.dtu.dk 1 thalmann@ics-cnrs.unistra.fr 1 takasumi@suou.waseda.jp 1 svharten@gmail.com 1 stamou@nano.ku.dk 1 spela.peternel@ki.si 1 smdmacedo@yahoo.com.br 1 sissel.lokra@lnb.hihm.no 1 silas.villas-boas@agresearch.co.nz 1 shindo@arif.pref.akita.jp 1 sh@fsc.chalmers.se 1 schang@tier.org.tw 1 s.sharkh@hzdr.de 1 s.buus@immi.ku.dk 1 roumestand@cbs.cnrs.fr 1 rkj@imtech.res.in 1 riar5400@rediffmail.com 1 rbuxeda@uprm.edu 1 psk@bioneer.dk 1 psatora@ar.krakow.pl 1 popovic@tfh-berlin.de 1 piversen@ciphergen.com 1 pilar.riveragil@physik.uni-marburg.deth 1 peter.neubauer@oulu.fi 1 perera@bio.ucm.es 1 pcristea@dsp.pub.ro 1 paola.branduardi@unimib.it 1 oytun@hacettepe.edu.tr 1 och@bioneer.dk 1 nmacame@ull.es 1 nbvass@yahoo.com 1 naoya-s@comb.u-ryukyu.ac.jp Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 levels were significantly 21 levels were higher 20 effect was not 15 effects are not 15 studies did not 14 mice did not 14 patients did not 14 results are consistent 13 levels were not 12 effects were not 12 studies are necessary 11 effect is due 11 group were significantly 11 levels were also 11 rats were randomly 11 studies have also 10 cells are able 10 cells did not 10 effects were also 10 levels did not 10 treatment did not 9 group was significantly 9 levels were lower 9 system does not 8 activity was significantly 8 expression was also 8 function is not 8 genes were significantly 8 patients do not 8 studies are available 8 study did not 7 activity is not 7 cells are also 7 cells were not 7 concentrations were significantly 7 expression was not 7 groups were similar 6 activity is due 6 activity was also 6 activity was not 6 cells are not 6 cells was significantly 6 cells were then 6 concentrations were higher 6 effect was more 6 patients were significantly 6 results are available 6 results were also 6 studies do not 6 studies have not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 treatment has no effect 3 treatment had no effect 2 acid had no effect 2 cells is not well 2 concentrations had no effect 2 effects were not significantly 2 function is not clear 2 levels do not always 2 levels were not significantly 2 levels were not statistically 2 model is not sufficient 2 patient is no longer 2 proteins are not properly 2 studies was not high 1 % show no change 1 acid had no inhibitory 1 acids are not visible 1 activities are not well 1 activities do not significantly 1 activity is not comparable 1 activity is not exclusive 1 activity is not obligatory 1 activity is not present 1 activity was not attributable 1 activity was not necessary 1 cell is no longer 1 cell is not too 1 cells are not always 1 cells are not fully 1 cells are not inferior 1 cells are not only 1 cells are not satisfactory 1 cells are not yet 1 cells did not significantly 1 cells do not phagocytose 1 cells has not so 1 cells is not comprehensively 1 cells is not primarily 1 cells showed no difference 1 cells showed no immuno 1 cells showed no resistance 1 cells were not able 1 cells were not significantly 1 concentration had no effect 1 concentration was not persistent 1 concentration was not signi 1 concentration was not significantly 1 concentrations produce no longer 1 concentrations produced no additional 1 concentrations were not significantly A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-006987-1hf8vyhz author = Abass, Ahmed O title = Propolis supplementation attenuates the negative effects of oxidative stress induced by paraquat injection on productive performance and immune function in turkey poults date = 2017-10-05 keywords = PR+PQ; effect; group summary = title: Propolis supplementation attenuates the negative effects of oxidative stress induced by paraquat injection on productive performance and immune function in turkey poults The current study was conducted to investigate the positive effects of dietary propolis (PR), as a potent naturally produced antioxidant, on growth performance and immune function of turkey poults exposed to oxidative stress induced by PQ injection. Thus, the current study was designed to investigate the effects of propolis supplementation on controlling the oxidative stress induced by paraquat injection to turkeys. In addition, growth performance of turkey birds was obtained under propolis supplementation in order to test whether it has the ability to reverse the negative effects of oxidative stress induced by paraquat. The current study also demonstrates that dietary propolis supplementation significantly increased plasma T 3 concentration in the PR+PQ group compared to PQ group which, consequently, alleviated the negative effect of paraquat injection on the growth performance of turkey poults. doi = 10.3382/ps/pex248 id = cord-102595-3lbrfsrh author = Adam, Kirsten C.S. title = Steady-state visually evoked potentials and feature-based attention: Pre-registered null results and a focused review of methodological considerations date = 2020-10-13 keywords = SSVEP; attention; effect; feature summary = Feature-based attention is the ability to selectively attend to a particular feature (e.g., attend to red but not green items while looking for the ketchup bottle in your refrigerator), and steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) measured from the human electroencephalogram (EEG) signal have been used to track the neural deployment of feature-based attention. To preview the results, we were unable to fully test our hypotheses about the time-144 course of feature-based enhancement and suppression because we did not find evidence 145 for an overall attention effect with our task procedures. Positive control analyses 148 revealed that our lack of SSVEP effect was not due to a complete lack of attention to the 149 attended color: ERP responses (P3) to the targets were modulated by attention as light of our inconclusive results, we also performed a focused methodological review of 152 key potential task differences between our work and prior work that may have resulted in 153 our failure to detect the effect of feature-based attention on SSVEP amplitude. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.31.275602 id = cord-350973-rprrkr37 author = Ahmad, Md Faruque title = An updated knowledge of Black seed (Nigella sativa Linn): Review of phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties date = 2020-09-19 keywords = Nigella; effect; sativa summary = title: An updated knowledge of Black seed (Nigella sativa Linn): Review of phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties Anti-inflammatory effects of the Nigella sativa seed extract, thymoquinone, in pancreatic cancer cells Effects of Nigella sativa oil on gastric secretion and ethanol induced ulcer in rats Black cumin (Nigella sativa) and its constituent (thymoquinone): a review on antimicrobial effects Effects of Nigella sativa oil extract on inflammatory cytokine response and oxidative stress status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial Effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) on metabolic parameters in diabetes mellitus: A systematic review Anti-cancer properties and mechanisms of action of thymoquinone, the major active ingredient of Nigella sativa Anti-microbial effect of Nigella sativa seed extract against staphylococcal skin Infection Nigella Sativa and its active constituents thymoquinone shows pivotal role in the diseases prevention and treatment Protective effects of Nigella sativa against hypertension-induced oxidative stress and cardiovascular dysfunction in rats doi = 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100404 id = cord-009987-biop7gyd author = Ali, Muhammad title = Selected hepatoprotective herbal medicines: Evidence from ethnomedicinal applications, animal models, and possible mechanism of actions date = 2017-10-19 keywords = effect; hepatoprotective; liver; plant summary = & Thonn., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge., Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Capparis spinosa (L.), Cichorium intybus (L.), Solanum nigrum (L.), Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., Ginkgo biloba (L.), Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, Vitex trifolia (L.), Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Cuscuta chinensis (Lam.), Lycium barbarum, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, and Litsea coreana (H. Herbal medicines are claimed to both treat and prevent diseases, which adds to a deep belief that these Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransaminase; ASP, Angelica sinensis polysaccharides; AST, aspartate transaminase; EGF, epidermal growth factor; HBV, Hepatitis B virus; LBPs, Lycium barbarum polysaccharides; WF4, Woodfordia fruticosa flower extract. doi = 10.1002/ptr.5957 id = cord-299613-5ju5fcf4 author = Arthi, Vellore title = Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19 date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; Depression; Great; Influenza; U.S.; economic; effect; health; mortality; pandemic summary = In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). Thus, a historical perspective allows us to use rich data to look at not only the short-term effects of crises like COVID-19 on health, labor, and human capital, but also the long-term and intergenerational impacts along these dimensions for both individuals and the wider economy. To examine how history can inform our view of the coronavirus pandemic and associated policy responses as they relate to long-run wellbeing, we begin in Section II by reviewing the features of COVID-19 that will determine its potential health and economic impacts, and placing these features in historical context. doi = 10.1016/j.eeh.2020.101381 id = cord-299547-9i8kv8p8 author = Aucejo, Esteban M. title = The Impact of COVID-19 on Student Experiences and Expectations: Evidence from a Survey date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; effect; student summary = Without COVID-19, lower-income students 15 The cutoff for median parental income in our sample is $80,000 16 Based on analysis of ASU administrative data including transcripts, we find that, relative to their counterparts, first-generation, lower-income, and non-white students drop out at higher rates, take longer to graduate, have lower GPAs at graduation, and are more likely to switch majors when in college (see Appendix Table A3) J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Second, Panel (d) of Figure 1 shows that the switch to online learning was substantially harder for some demographic groups; for example, men are 7 percentage points less likely to opt for an online version of a course as a result of COVID-19, while women do not have a statistically significant change in their online preferences. doi = 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104271 id = cord-009385-mcfnhscj author = BLECHA, FRANK title = Rationale for Using Immunopotentiators in Domestic Food Animals date = 2012-11-05 keywords = animal; effect summary = Therefore, although fully immunocompetent at birth, domestic food animal newborns differ from other mammalian neonates in being im munologically "virgin" (Kim, 1975; Salmon, 1984) and the development of totally effective immune defenses requires 2 to 3 weeks. Because of the high incidence and economic impact of respiratory and intestinal infections in young domestic animals, it is important to review studies related to the postnatal development of the mucosaassociated immune system in the pig. Several examples of virus-related im munosuppression are well documented in domestic food animals (Table III) , including viral diseases of great economic importance such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (bovine herpesvirus type-1) and pseudorabies, which cause severe pneumonia and death in cattle and pigs, respectively. If immunomodulators can be used to augment immune function at critical periods during the production of food animals, such as the neonatal period, and prior to or during exposure to stressors or patho genic organisms, then the economic loss caused by infectious disease should be reduced. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-039235-3.50007-1 id = cord-280605-2i4gk7et author = Bachmann, María Consuelo title = The Challenge by Multiple Environmental and Biological Factors Induce Inflammation in Aging: Their Role in the Promotion of Chronic Disease date = 2020-10-14 keywords = age; cell; dna; effect; immune; inflammation; inflammatory; response; stress summary = With increasing age, the dynamics and proportion of lymphocytes and myeloid cells differ depending on the sex due to the differential expression of 144 genes of the immune response in men and women (71) . Anti-inflammatory effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and their biologically active metabolites (D and E Resolvinsmediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids, primarily EPA and DHA that block the production of proinflammatory mediators and regulate leukocyte trafficking to inflammatory sites) can be mediated through one of the mechanisms capable of reducing inflammation of RAW-264.7 cells and of primary intraperitoneal macrophages (105) . Exposure to various alarm signals induce an acute inflammation that, when associated with deleterious environmental and biological factors, potentiates chronic inflammation, which can be further promoted by excess ROS production and oxidative stress that results from mitochondrial dysfunction or NOX2 activity, leading to inflammaging and eventually to age-related disease. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570083 id = cord-033736-bsmqqi6j author = Bajraktari, Saranda title = Health-promoting and preventive interventions for community-dwelling older people published from inception to 2019: a scoping review to guide decision making in a Swedish municipality context date = 2020-10-14 keywords = effect; health; intervention; old; study summary = Eligible studies were: 1) interventions categorised as health promotion (HP) or primary prevention (PP) following the WHO''s definition [1, 2] and addressing behavioural risk factors, injury prevention, physical health, social and mental health, 2) including populations of community-living older people 65+ as of it being the lowest retirement age in the Nordic Countries, hence exclude the risk of missing relevant studies due to the age limitation, 3) implemented in a Nordic country (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Faroe Islands), 4) studies applying a randomized controlled trial design (RCT) for the evaluation of effects (research question six), 5) studies related to the identified RCTs addressing the remaining research question, e.g. experiences of participants, feasibility as well as studies on cost-effectiveness. Five studies had samples consisting only of female participants [32, Table 2 Detailed results concerning intervention content, effects on health outcomes, and feasibility aspects of included studies in the field of health-promoting and preventive interventions for community dwelling older people in the Nordic countries from inception to 2019 (Continued) doi = 10.1186/s13690-020-00480-5 id = cord-016742-y7jgjera author = Bauer, Maria title = Cardiovascular Anatomy and Pharmacology date = 2017-07-03 keywords = ace; beta; blocker; cardiac; effect; heart; increase; left; ventricular summary = The binding of an agonist to the adrenergic receptor replaces guanosine diphosphate (GDP) by guanosine triphosphate (GTP), and causes the α-subunit of the G-protein to break free from the β-γ complex, and act as a primary messenger: in beta receptors, it stimulates adenylate cyclase and triggers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production, which, as a second messenger in the process of signal transduction, activates its target kinases that phosphorylate regulator proteins and ultimately increases intracellular calcium levels. Their main anti-ischemic effects are due to their ability to reduce myocardial O 2 consumption by depressing contractility, decreasing heart rate and systemic afterload, and increasing O 2 supply by coronary and collateral vasodilation. Verapamil decreases the heart rate by depressing sinoatrial and AV-nodal activity (hence its utility in the treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias), lowers systemic blood pressure due to myocardial depression and peripheral vasodilation, and produces moderate coronary artery dilation (preferred in essential hypertension and vasospastic angina). doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-62067-1_11 id = cord-323467-ifwjvvjj author = Beaver, Annabelle title = Invited review: A systematic review of the effects of early separation on dairy cow and calf health date = 2019-07-31 keywords = Johne; calf; cow; dairy; effect summary = A limiting factor in many of the cross-sectional studies presented in this review is the absence of a temporal relationship between Johne''s diagnosis and the impleListed for each study are country, breed of cattle, study design, groups compared (in reference to length of cow-calf contact), total number of calves sampled, the number of herds included (and groups within herds where applicable), the type of herd, the diagnostic(s) used, and the authors'' conclusion and direction of effect (with + signifying a beneficial effect of suckling or cow-calf contact, − signifying a negative effect, and = representing no difference. Official Johne''s disease control programs frequently describe the risks associated with allowing the calf to suckle and remain within the maternity area, or directly recommend immediate separation of cow and calf following parturition; such programs include the Three Step Calf Rearing Plan of Australia (Animal Health Australia, 2016), the Voluntary Bovine Johne''s Disease Control Program of the United States (USDA, 2010), and several regionspecific Canadian programs [such as the Atlantic Veterinary College (2015) Johne''s Disease Initiative, which deems calf nursing to be a risky practice, even within test-negative herds]. doi = 10.3168/jds.2018-15603 id = cord-026490-9xg8v6h5 author = Beikzadeh, Samira title = The Effects of Novel Thermal and Nonthermal Technologies on the Properties of Edible Food Packaging date = 2020-06-09 keywords = edible; effect; film; increase; property summary = With the increase in the request for coating and film quality, appropriate form, and high product safety and storage period, various technologies such as high hydrostatic pressure, irradiation, ultrasound, high-pressure homogenization, cold plasma, and microwave have been reviewed. Novel technologies such as microwave, high hydrostatic pressure, irradiation, cold plasma, ultrasound, and highpressure homogenization are applied with the purpose of quality improvement, thermal treatment, energy efficiency, preservation, texture and surface modification, analysis, and extraction to name a few [66, 97] . They dried chitosan films using two methods; microwave (full power, 10 min, 2450 MHz) and convention oven (35°C for 12 h) and reported that microwave increased UV-vis light barrier property of films, although had no significant effect on their thermal and structural characteristic. As a result, to improve the novel thermal and nonthermal effects on packaging, different parameters such as technology properties, types of edible film and coating, type of food matrix, and packaging storage condition must be considered. doi = 10.1007/s12393-020-09227-y id = cord-016460-39yniw0t author = Ben-Chetrit, Eldad title = Colchicine date = 2018-07-31 keywords = Colchicine; FMF; dose; drug; effect; mediterranean; patient summary = • Rat sarcoma homolog gene family, member A (Rho A) protein is a peptide which controls the action of GTPases thereby affects tubulin dynamics • Pyrin is a specific immune sensor (pattern recognition receptor-PRR) for bacterial modifications of Rho and GTPases • Activation of RhoA inhibits pyrin activity while inactivation of RhoA causes over activation of pyrin resulting in increased production of interleukin (IL)-1, thereby enhancing inflammation • Colchicine may activate RhoA by guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)-H1, thereby suppressing pyrin activity and inflammation • Colchicine also disrupts microtubules structure reducing neutrophils membrane elasticity and relaxation, thereby preventing their extravasation from the blood vessels to the inflammatory site doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-98605-0_40 id = cord-005080-r01ii1bu author = Butler, Colin D. title = Human Health, Well-Being, and Global Ecological Scenarios date = 2005-02-22 keywords = change; ecosystem; effect; health; human summary = This article categorizes four kinds of adverse effects to human health caused by ecosystem change: direct, mediated, modulated, and systems failure. For example, O''Reilly and others (2003) concludes, in discussing the potential for further reduction in the ecosystem provisioning service of Lake Tanganyika, that ''''the human implications of such subtle, but progressive, environmental changes are potentially dire in this densely populated region of the world, where large lakes are essential natural resources for regional economies.'''' Ecosystem services as a significant element in state failure may be underrecognized due to our tendency to discount the future possibility of thresholds or emergence. We have explored how ecosystem services impact human health and have proposed that adverse ecological changes can interact and feedback with dysfunctional social responses, leading to the development of states that we have termed mediated and systems failure. doi = 10.1007/s10021-004-0076-0 id = cord-340101-n9zqc1gm author = Bzdok, Danilo title = The Neurobiology of Social Distance date = 2020-06-03 keywords = Social; brain; effect; friend; human; loneliness; network; relationship summary = These authors conducted a follow-up analysis of 70 studies of longevity in older people, which followed ~3.5 million people over an average of ~7 years [16] : social isolation, living alone and feeling lonely increased the chances of dying by about 30%, even after accounting for age, sex and health status. There is now a wealth of evidence from long-term field studies of wild baboons that socially wellconnected females experience less harassment by other monkeys [7, 23] , have lower levels of cortisol stress hormones [25, 26] , faster wound healing [27] , produce more offspring and live longer [28] [29] [30] [31] . The perspective of brain network integration in loneliness was investigated in a seminal neuroimaging study of intrinsic functional connectivity in ~1,000 humans [124] . In humans, a longitudinal neuroimaging study indeed showed that social support from the mother promotes volume growth trajectories in the hippocampus, and predicts socioemotional development and emotion regulation in early adolescence [141] . doi = 10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.016 id = cord-006518-al94gxjw author = Calder, Philip C. title = n−3 Fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity— Relevance to postsurgical and critically III patients date = 2004 keywords = TNF; acid; effect; fatty; fish; oil; patient summary = More recent studies showed that EPA did not induce TNF-α, IL-1β, or IL-1α (68) or IL-6 (69) in osteoblasts, and even countered the upregulating effect of arachidonic acid (68) ; that EPA and DHA could totally abolish cytokine-induced up-regulation of TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β in cultured bovine chondrocytes and in human osteoarthritic cartilage explants (93, 94) ; and that EPA or fish oil inhibited endotoxin-induced TNF-α production by monocytes (111) (112) (113) (114) . Animal feeding studies with fish oil support the observations made in cell culture with respect to the effects of long-chain n-3 FA on NFκB activation and inflammatory cytokine production. Several studies in humans involving supplementation of the diet with fish oil have demonstrated decreased production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by endotoxin-stimulated monocytes or mononuclear cells (a mixture of lymphocytes and monocytes) (80) (81) (82) 119) . doi = 10.1007/s11745-004-1342-z id = cord-018009-8j40876m author = Campbell, Duncan J. John title = ACE Inhibition in Heart Failure and Ischaemic Heart Disease date = 2007 keywords = Ang; ace; effect summary = Angiotensin converting enzyme (dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase I, kininase II, EC 3.4.15.1, ACE) plays a major role in the metabolism of many different peptides, including angiotensin (Ang) I, bradykinin, kallidin, and N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyllysyl-proline (AcSDKP). Pooled analysis of the HOPE, EUROPA, and PEACE trials showed ACE inhibition reduced all cause and cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and coronary artery bypass surgery, leading to the recommendation that ACE inhibitors be considered in all patients with atherosclerosis (Dagenais et al 2006) . ACE inhibitor therapy did not increase either bradykinin or kallidin peptide levels in cardiac atria of patients with ischaemic heart disease, despite the reduction in Ang II levels . Bradykinin contributes to the systemic hemodynamic effects of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with heart failure Interaction between neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in rats with myocardial infarction: effects on cardiac hypertrophy and angiotensin and bradykinin peptide levels Bradykinin contributes to the vasodilator effects of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with heart failure doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-6372-5_2 id = cord-007695-a578obgg author = Canning, B.J. title = Sensory Nerves and Airway Irritability date = 2009-05-11 keywords = BHR; TRPV1; airway; effect; receptor summary = Moreover, perhaps secondary to the end organ effects associated with C-fiber activation (mucus secretion, vascular engorgement, airway smooth muscle contraction, altered respiratory pattern, and cough), other afferent nerve subtypes, especially intrapulmonary RARs, can be activated by capsaicin challenge (Mohammed et al. Stimuli known to activate airway and lung C-fibers include capsaicin and other TRPV1 receptor ligands, acid, cationic proteins, bradykinin, thrombin, and other protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) agonists, adenosine, 5-HT 3 receptor agonists, nicotine, ATP, prostanoids, and isoprostanes, and a variety of environmental irritants including acrolein, toluene diisocyanate, and ozone Lee and Pisarri 2001; Undem et al. Activation of intrapulmonary stretch receptors (SARs) by lung Fig. 5 Reflex-evoked, airway parasympathetic nerve-dependent regulation of airway smooth muscle tone in guinea pigs in situ. In rats and in guinea pigs, bronchopulmonary C-fiber activation can also initiate an axon reflex, characterized by the peripheral release of neuropeptides that produce a variety of end-organ effects within the airways and lungs, including bronchospasm, mucus secretion, vascular engorgement, inflammatory cell recruitment, and plasma extravasation (Barnes 1986 (Barnes , 2001 Canning et al. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-79090-7_5 id = cord-340882-why0t9ld author = Carneiro, Lara title = The Effects of Exclusively Resistance Training-Based Supervised Programs in People with Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials date = 2020-09-15 keywords = depression; effect; exercise; training summary = title: The Effects of Exclusively Resistance Training-Based Supervised Programs in People with Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Specifically, evidence-based recommendations for the prescription of exercise for patients with major depressive disorders (MDDs) propose interventions of 2-3 sessions of supervised aerobic and/or aerobic and resistance training exercise of 45-60 min duration with moderate intensity per week [7] , although it has been suggested that the volume of training may be more relevant than frequency [16] . [26] , the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-HAM-D-by Hamilton [27] , the Geriatric Depression Scale-GDS-of Yesavage [28] ), but without other major disease (e.g., Parkinson''s, Alzheimer''s, cancer, dementia); (ii) Only supervised exclusively resistance training-based interventions were considered, with minimal warm-up activities outside the scope of the main exercise mode; Comparators were control groups not performing any training protocol and/or supervised contrast groups also performing an alternative exercise program (i.e., yoga, stretching, aerobic exercise); Outcomes were any effects on performance, health and quality of life; Study design was limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs). doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186715 id = cord-344498-mwgccbfo author = Casado-Aranda, Luis-Alberto title = Analysis of the Scientific Production of the Effect of COVID-19 on the Environment: A Bibliometric Study date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; Science; Scopus; effect; pandemic; study summary = These publications can be broken down into six main themes: (i) a sharp reduction in air pollution and an improvement of the level of water pollution; (ii) the relationship of wind speed (positive), ultraviolet radiation (positive) and humidity (negative) with the rate of infections; (iii) the effect of the pandemic on the food supply chain and waste habits; (iv) wastewater monitoring offers a great potential as an early warning sign of COVID-19 transmission; (v) artificial intelligence and smart devices can be of great use in monitoring citizen mobilization; and (vi) the lessons gleaned from the pandemic that help define actions to mitigate climate change. The intention of the current study is to offer a first straightforward report on the evolution of publications combining the effect of COVID-19 on the environment since the outset of the pandemic, as well as to identify the main lines of research that are surging as a result of the crisis and establish a research agenda for environmental scholars. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110416 id = cord-269206-160ddfsc author = Ceylan, Rahmiye Figen title = Historical evidence for economic effects of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-04 keywords = SARS; covid-19; economic; effect summary = Yet, the contagious diseases having global effects had forgotten long time ago even if there appeared some recent encounters in the past 20 The differentiating features of COVID-19 or SARS-COV2 from the recent encounters are its geographical dispersion in terms of contagion and its causalities. In an earlier attempt to comment on prospective COVID-19 effects, Barro and his friends estimated growth of national income and consumption expenditures of 42 countries between 1901 and 1929 on human capital loss due to the WWI. Due to changing labour market composition and economic conditions during and after the influenza, both productivity and overall income had declined and savings and investment potential were affected negatively. Confirming previous research on SARS, Lionello [26] indicated that rising social fear and reduction in social contact resulted in reduced supplies and reduced labour demand specifically in the services sector between 20 and 70%. Especially, shrinking services and industries facing lower labour supplies and reducing demand are expected to downsize all economic structures. doi = 10.1007/s10198-020-01206-8 id = cord-009703-ampqjbqw author = Chacón‐Labella, Julia title = Plant domestication disrupts biodiversity effects across major crop types date = 2019-07-03 keywords = crop; effect summary = We tested whether domestication has changed the potential of crop mixtures to over‐yield by comparing the performance and traits of major crop species and those of their wild progenitors under varying levels of diversity. wild progenitors and across diversity levels We compared the performance of wild and domesticated plant species mixtures using mixed effects models with residual maximum likelihood estimation. For this purpose, we used the mean relative differences for a given trait in mixture pots as a response variable, using the same mixed model as the one employed for explaining the biodiversity effects (NE, CE and SE) in crops vs. The effects of species richness (P = 0.051) and functional group richness (P = 0.021) on SE were positive in both mixtures of crops and wild progenitors (Fig. 2f , g; Table 2 ). Although wild progenitors showed higher net biodiversity effects than crops, we show that both domestication statuses over-yielded in mixtures. doi = 10.1111/ele.13336 id = cord-018095-for6qa1s author = Chandrappa, Ramesha title = Major Issues of Air Pollution date = 2015-08-22 keywords = air; atmosphere; effect; increase; ozone; pollutant; pollution summary = Issues like atmospheric brown cloud, climate change, hazardous air pollutants, black/muddy snow which are hardly discussed few decades back have now gaining importance. Air pollutant can affect plant physiological or biochemical processes resulting in significant loss of growth/yield as well as changes in nutritional quality (Ashmore and Marshall 1999) . The change in land use has also affected the production and transport of natural air pollutants like dust, pollen grains, spores, virus and bacteria. Health forests across the world is being affected by Air pollutants due to increasing tropospheric ozone concentrations, raise atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, as well as acidic precipitation. Crop failure can occur due to-(a) impact of air pollutants on crop''s health, (2) climate change, (3) UV ray penetration due to damage to ozone layer. Surface level Ozone is a secondary air pollutant created in the atmosphere from the oxidation of NO x under bright sunlight as well as volatile organic. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-21596-9_1 id = cord-286610-woqb1t06 author = Choukér, Alexander title = COVID-19—The largest isolation study in history: the value of shared learnings from spaceflight analogs date = 2020-10-22 keywords = Space; confinement; effect; isolation; social summary = Life science research for space exploration has a long history in using high-fidelity spaceflight analogs to better understand the effect of prolonged isolation and confinement on genes, molecules, cells, neural circuits, and physiological systems to behavior. Space agencies and their human research programs have a long history of seeking to understand the effects of isolation and confinement on astronaut health and performance. Here, we summarize the opportunities of spaceflight analogs to accelerate (1) the understanding of the neurobehavioral and immunological consequences of social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) the development of innovative and efficient treatment strategies to mitigate adverse behavioral conditions. For instance, the NASA sponsored project "Hybrid Training -A Sensory Stimulation Countermeasure for Long Duration Space Exploration Missions" combines physical exercise with an interactive virtual environment to enhance sensory augmentation and stimulate brain plasticity during prolonged isolation and confinement 64 . doi = 10.1038/s41526-020-00122-8 id = cord-023509-tvqpv6fp author = Corrin, Bryan title = Occupational, environmental and iatrogenic lung disease date = 2011-03-02 keywords = Fig; alveolar; asbestos; cause; disease; drug; dust; effect; exposure; fibre; fibrosis; high; interstitial; lung; patient; pneumoconiosis; pulmonary; respiratory; silica; worker summary = As a general rule, exposure to silica dust extends over many years, often 20 or more, before the symptoms of silicosis first appear: by the time the disease becomes overt clinically, much irreparable damage has been inflicted on the lungs. Confusingly, the term ''acute silicosis'' has since been applied to a further effect of heavy dust exposure in tunnellers, sand blasters and silica flour workers, namely pulmonary alveolar lipoproteinosis (see below), 71, 72 whilst the terms ''accelerated silicosis'' or ''cellular phase silicosis'' have been substituted for ''acute silicosis'' in referring to the rapid development of early cellular lesions. Asbestosis is defined as diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung caused by exposure to asbestos dust. The finely divided fume of several metals is highly toxic to the lungs and capable of producing severe acute and chronic damage to both the conductive airways and the alveoli, resulting in acute tracheobronchitis and bronchiolitis, diffuse alveolar damage, obliterative bronchiolitis and pulmonary fibrosis. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3369-8.00007-0 id = cord-269943-g77qe5ml author = Di Sotto, Antonella title = Plant-Derived Nutraceuticals and Immune System Modulation: An Evidence-Based Overview date = 2020-08-22 keywords = PUFA; acid; activity; cell; effect; fatty; immune; polysaccharide; response summary = In the present review, up to date knowledge on the scientific basis for the immunomodulatory activity and clinical relevance of some emerging classes of plant-derived nutraceuticals, including polysaccharides, fatty acids and labdane diterpenes, has been reported. The following searching keywords and their combinations through the Boolean logical operators were used: "herbal immunomodulators", "phytochemicals", "immune system", "nutraceuticals", "medicinal plants", "immunomodulation", "immune system boosters", "immunosuppressors", "immunoadjuvants", "gut microbiome", "natural occurrence", "chemical features", "preclinical studies", "clinical trials", "polysaccharides", "echinacea", "astragalus", "β-glucan", "fatty acids", "PUFA", "oleic acid", "punicic acid", "γ-linolenic acid", "linoleic acid", "evening primrose oil", "borage oil", "flaxseed oils", "labdane diterpenes" and "andrographolide". Moreover, inulin, pectin, arabinoxylan and β-glucan have been found to elevate IL-10/IL-12 ratio and to reduce the release of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory proteins The immunomodulatory effects of plant polysaccharides on macrophages are mainly achieved through the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and NOS), and the stimulation of cytokines secretion, cell proliferation, and macrophage phagocytic activity [101] . doi = 10.3390/vaccines8030468 id = cord-016372-opojt70e author = DiMarco, Ross F. title = Postoperative Care of the Cardiac Surgical Patient date = 2010 keywords = CPB; IABP; LCO; SVR; cardiac; effect; patient; postoperative; surgery; ventricular summary = Ninety percent of all postoperative open-heart patients demonstrate a transient low cardiac output (LCO) related to the release of oxygen free radicals in response to the induced inflammatory state of cardiopulmonary bypass, or from ischemic/reperfusion injury as a result of cardioplegic arrest. Doses greater than 2 mcg/ min (>0.03 mcg/kg/min) produce effects that cause vasoconstriction with an increased SVR potentially decreasing cardiac output further as well as increasing myocardial oxygen demand. 88, 89 The indications for IABP counterpulsation are perioperative ischemia, mechanical complications of myocardial infarction (such as acute mitral regurgitation, ventricular septal defect, and cardiogenic shock), postoperative low cardiac output states not responsive to moderate doses of inotropic agents, and for the acute deterioration of myocardial function to provide temporary support or a bridge to transplantation. Inotropic effect of triiodothyronine in low cardiac output following cardioplegic arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass: an initial experience in patients undergoing open-heart surgery doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-77893-8_47 id = cord-305240-r6i7d06v author = Dimitrova-Shumkovska, Jasmina title = Potential Beneficial Actions of Fucoidan in Brain and Liver Injury, Disease, and Intoxication—Potential Implication of Sirtuins date = 2020-05-05 keywords = SIRT3; TBI; cell; effect; figure; fucoidan summary = Fucoidan reduces inflammatory response in brain diseases by inhibiting microglial activation, thus resulting in significantly decreased neuronal and astrocyte degeneration due to diminishing production of pro-apoptotic agents and improving antioxidant responses of the cell. Newer reports about the molecular pathways involved in fucoidan neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic nerve precursor cells (MN9D) treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine (MPP + ) suggest its involvement in increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and decreasing the apoptosis levels by downregulation of Bax expression [13] . Newer reports about the molecular pathways involved in fucoidan neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic nerve precursor cells (MN9D) treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridine (MPP + ) suggest its involvement in increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and decreasing the apoptosis levels by downregulation of Bax expression [13] . doi = 10.3390/md18050242 id = cord-002643-y5et8pqg author = Dong, Xiaoxv title = Cassiae semen: A review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology date = 2017-06-29 keywords = Cassiae; Semen; effect; seed summary = The crude extracts and pure compounds of Cassiae semen have been used as effective agents in preclinical and clinical practice due to their beneficial activities, including antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antioxidant and hypotensive activities. A total of three naphthopyrone glucosides (compounds 49, 52 and 55) isolated from the butanol-soluble extract of Cassia semen have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity on advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation in vitro. In addition, rubrofusarin-6-O-βd-gentiobioside (compound 49) and cassiaside (compound 52) significantly inhibited the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-1 and extracellular matrix protein in glomerular mesangial cells cultured under diabetic conditions, suggesting that the active compounds in Cassiae semen may be effective in the treatment of renal complications associated with diabetes (16) . In addition, Zhu (77) reported that the water extract of Cassia semen exhibited protective activity against STZ-induced renal fibrosis in diabetic rats. doi = 10.3892/mmr.2017.6880 id = cord-252855-xtsnlu1f author = Drago-Serrano, Maria Elisa title = Lactoferrin: Balancing Ups and Downs of Inflammation Due to Microbial Infections date = 2017-03-01 keywords = BCG; LPS; Lactoferrin; bLf; effect; inflammatory summary = In this review, we highlight recent findings in in vitro and in vivo models of the gut, lung, oral cavity, mammary gland, and liver infections that provide experimental evidence supporting the therapeutic role of human and bovine Lf in promoting some parameters of inflammation and protecting against the deleterious effects of bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan-associated inflammation. However, this is not always the case because studies on intestinal epithelial-barrier function and mucosal inflammation carried out in a Caco-2 cells model and macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed that both Lf forms effectively inhibited the pro-inflammatory response. In a mice model of hepatitis induced by intraperitoneal co-administration of LPS and zymosan, orally administered bLf decreased the serum aspartate aminotransferase activity (a marker of liver inflammation), and increased in the small intestine the production of IL-11, an anti-inflammatory cytokine with a role in the amelioration of inflammatory response [153, 164] . doi = 10.3390/ijms18030501 id = cord-022889-lv6fy6e6 author = Dávalos, Alberto title = Literature review of baseline information on non‐coding RNA (ncRNA) to support the risk assessment of ncRNA‐based genetically modified plants for food and feed date = 2019-08-07 keywords = Arabidopsis; Authority; EFSA; European; Food; Juliano; MIR2911; PCR; RNA; Safety; author; cell; document; effect; exogenous; figure; follow; human; miRNAs; plant; present; right; study; support summary = This report suggests that some plant ncRNAs (e.g miRNAs and siRNAs) show higher stability as compared to other ncRNAs due to peculiar chemical characteristics (2''‐O‐methylation at 3'' end).However, ingested or administered ncRNA must overcome many extracellular and cellular barriers to reach the intended target tissue or functional location in sufficient amount to exert any biological effect. Finally, the publications reporting the outcome of two EFSA procurements aiming respectively at investigating and summarising the state of knowledge on the mode-of-action of dsRNA and miRNA pathways, the potential for non-target gene regulation by dsRNA-derived siRNAs or miRNAs, the determination of siRNA pools in plant tissues and the importance of individual siRNAs for silencing 6 ; and reviewing relevant scientific information on RNA interference that could serve as baseline information for the environmental risk assessment of RNAi-based GM plants ) 7 were also used. doi = 10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.en-1688 id = cord-256838-8rzibpbl author = Eng, Yi Shin title = Unraveling the Molecular Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Formulas Against Acute Airway Viral Infections as Examples date = 2019-09-27 keywords = GGT; IFN; MXGST; TCM; TNF; Tang; effect summary = There are still issues regarding the conflicting pharmacologic effects, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, adverse and clinical effects of herbal medicine and TCM. Several factors may affect the molecular mechanisms and subsequent clinical effects of TCM formulas, including individual gene-based response, composition and amount of active molecules in TCM formulas, complex interactions, and appropriateness of use of TCM formulas. From the viewpoint of pathophysiology, TCM formulas used to manage airway viral infections need to have antiviral activity against such viruses listed above, and/or to induce antiviral cytokines, and/or anti-inflammatory effect, and/or to relieve symptoms commonly presented in airway infections ( Figure 1 ). To simplify the molecular mechanisms and to correlate the pharmacologic activities with their clinical effects, five formulas of A-physicians will be used as examples against airway infections: Several health benefits of herbal medicine and TCM are claimed; for example, herbs and TCM formulas, including those discussed above, are believed to have anti-oxidative activities helpful against several diseases. doi = 10.3390/molecules24193505 id = cord-348994-ly2fop7d author = Faustini, Annunziata title = Attributable Risk to Assess the Health Impact of Air Pollution: Advances, Controversies, State of the Art and Future Needs date = 2020-06-23 keywords = Air; Pollution; effect; exposure; study summary = It also summarizes the ongoing discussion about the designs and methods for assessing the air pollution impact with particular attention to improvements due to spatio-temporal analysis and other new approaches, such as studying short term effects in cohorts, and the still discussed methods of predicting the values of attributable risk (AR). The most important problems with these studies were recognized by the researchers themselves, i.e., (1) not having studied other factors potentially responsible for the effects, including air pollutants other than particulate matter (PM), (2) not having individual measurements of exposure, which could prefigure exposure measurement errors, (3) having measured mortality that was premature only by a few days, which is an effect of limited public-health impact, (4) having used different methods to study this association in different cities. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17124512 id = cord-013477-dzm4xi21 author = Filardi, Tiziana title = Curcumin: Could This Compound Be Useful in Pregnancy and Pregnancy-Related Complications? date = 2020-10-17 keywords = Curcumin; Review; diabetes; effect; expression; increase summary = The reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitoxicant, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, antiapoptotic, antiangiogenic, anti-hypertensive, and antidiabetic properties of curcumin appear to be encouraging, not only for the management of pregnancy-related disorders, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preeclampsia (PE), depression, preterm birth, and fetal growth disorders but also to contrast damage induced by natural and chemical toxic agents. Results showed that 100 mg/kg curcumin significantly reduced blood glucose and insulin levels, increased hepatic glycogen content, and improved oxidative stress by reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and increasing glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver of diabetic pregnant mice at gestational day 20. The authors evaluated the possible mechanisms responsible for these effects and found that curcumin-induced apoptosis was associated with the modulation of pro-and anti-apoptotic molecules (i.e., increased Bax and reduced Bcl-2 expression), ROS generation, and caspase-3 activation [66] . doi = 10.3390/nu12103179 id = cord-017499-51yy7y9n author = Freye, Enno title = Mechanism of Action of Opioids and Clinical Effects date = 2008 keywords = CNS; EEG; PONV; Table; antagonist; dose; effect; figure; morphine; opioid; pain; receptor; respiratory; result summary = Thus, -selective opioids like morphine, fentanyl and sufentanil, due to the high density of binding sites, mediate their main action within the brain stem and the midbrain. This sterospecificity of opiate action supports the concept of selective receptor binding to a site, which is able to distinguish in "handedness or goodness of fit" of an opioid molecule maximal response induced by administration of the active agent. On the other hand mixed agonist/antagonists, such as pentazocine, nalorphine, levallorphan, nalbuphine and butorphanol, demonstrate characteristics, which enable them to displace a pure agonist at the receptor site (antagonistic effect), but at the same time when administered by themselves, they induce opioid related effects such as analgesia and respiratory depression (agonistic effects; Table II-7) . However, a less potent opioid like codeine or tramadol, even when given in dosages higher than their therapeutic margin, will not induce a clinically relevant respiratory depressive effect ( Figure II-34) . doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-5947-6_2 id = cord-261150-cdo7y3ob author = Fthenakis, G. C. title = Interactions between parasitic infections and reproductive efficiency in sheep date = 2015-02-28 keywords = effect; ewe; infection; sheep summary = Abstract This review article summarises the many reports in the literature, confirming that, in sheep, parasitic infections can adversely affect reproductive efficiency; examples, which refer to all parts of the reproductive cycle of sheep, are as follows: trichostrongylosis in ewe-lambs (which can lead to delayed attainment of puberty), myiosis of the prepuce (which can cause impediment of mating), chorioptic mange or trypanosomosis in rams (which can lead to testicular degeneration or azoospermia, respectively), trypanosomosis or sarcoptic mange in pre-conceptual ewes (which can lead to poor conception rates or reduced number of ovulations, respectively), toxoplasmosis or neosporosis in pregnant ewes (which are causes of abortion), trichostrongylosis or trematode infections in lactating ewes (which can cause reduction of milk yield and can be a risk factor for mastitis, respectively), cryptosporidiosis in newborn lambs (which can be a cause of deaths), coccidiosis in growing pre-weaned lambs (which can cause suboptimal growth rate). doi = 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.017 id = cord-310663-504p29hv author = Gambardella, Jessica title = Arginine and Endothelial Function date = 2020-08-06 keywords = arginine; effect; endothelial; nitric; patient summary = In the clinical scenario, the oral administration of arginine acutely improves endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery in patients with essential hypertension [237] ; however, the long-term effects of arginine were not investigated in this study [237] . A prospective, crossover clinical trial conducted in mildly hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients revealed a significant decrease in blood pressure in response to arginine, occurring two hours after the oral administration; the effect of lowering blood pressure was associated with increased plasma levels of citrulline, whereas no significant changes in insulin levels were detected, suggesting that the observed phenotype was dependent on arginine-induced NO synthesis [295] . A double-blind study on 24 diabetic patients verified this assumption evaluating the combination of N-acetylcysteine and arginine oral treatments: the combined treatment was able to reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, C-reactive proteins, vascular adhesion molecules, and improved the intima-media thickness during endothelial post-ischemic vasodilation [299] . doi = 10.3390/biomedicines8080277 id = cord-297597-tqc1usry author = Godden, Sandra title = Colostrum Management for Dairy Calves date = 2008-02-23 keywords = Holstein; calf; colostrum; effect summary = Unfortunately, a significant proportion of North American dairy calves suffer from failure of passive transfer of antibodies from colostrum, contributing to excessively high preweaning mortality rates and other shortand long-term losses associated with animal health, welfare, and productivity. In addition to reduced risk for preweaning morbidity and mortality, additional long-term benefits associated with successful passive transfer include reduced mortality in the postweaning period, improved rate of gain and feed efficiency, reduced age at first calving, improved first and second lactation milk production, and reduced tendency for culling during the first lactation [7] [8] [9] [10] . In a study feeding beef cows either 100% (CO) or 57% (RS) of National Research Council (NRC) (1984) [38] protein and energy requirements, maternal nutrition did not affect either colostrum IgG concentration (43.0 versus 39.5 g/L for RS and CO, respectively) or the calves'' serum IgG concentration at 24 hours (19.1 versus 20.2 mg/mL for RS and CO, respectively) [39] . doi = 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.005 id = cord-017907-997yo3ni author = Gralinski, Michael title = Methods to Induce Cardiac Hypertrophy and Insufficiency date = 2015-07-28 keywords = cardiac; effect; failure; heart; hypertrophy; left; syrian; ventricular summary = Basic Res Cardiol 87:263-271 Weinberg EO, Schoen FJ, George D, Kagaya Y, Douglas PS, Litwin SE, Schunkert H, Benedict CR, Lorell BH (1994) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition prolongs survival and modifies the transition to heart failure in rats with pressure overload hypertrophy due to ascending aortic stenosis. Congestive heart failure was induced, which resulted in the development of myocardial hypertrophy, impaired cardiac function, and increased expression of the natriuretic peptides in the left ventricle. (1991) tested the effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor not only on survival but also on left ventricular failure in the isolated Langendorff heart by measurement of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, dP/ dt max , and mean coronary flow. During the first 10 days, dogs were paced at 180 beats/min (bpm), resulting in early left ventricular dysfunction as defined by significant systolic dysfunction with decreased cardiac output, cardiac enlargement, and increased filling pressures but maintained systemic perfusion pressure and renal sodium excretion and no clinical signs of heart failure. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-05392-9_8 id = cord-320172-qw47pf9r author = Greaves, Peter title = VII Digestive System 1 date = 2000-12-31 keywords = Paneth; Peyer; agent; cell; change; drug; effect; gastric; gland; hyperplasia; increase; intestinal; man; mouse; mucosa; rat; salivary; small; study summary = In common with other changes induced in the digestive tract of rats and cynomolgus monkeys by the administration of recombinant human epidermal growth factor, the tongue showed squamous epithelial hyperplasia characterised by a uniform increase in the thickness of the squamous epithelium in both species (Breider et al., 1996; Reindel et al., 1996) . Detailed study of hypertrophy, protein synthesis, and intracellular cAMP activity in the salivary glands of rats treated for 10 days with isoprenaline (isoproterenol), a series of β-adrenergic receptor agonists and the phosphodiesterase inhibitors, theophylline and caffeine, showed that similar effects occurred with all agents although differences in the degree of hypertrophy, the nature of pro-tein and glycoprotein synthesis and Golgi membrane enzyme activity were recorded (Wells and Humphreys-Beher, 1985) . Studies in the rat have shown that diffuse atrophy of the gastric glands characterised by a decrease in the number and size of parietal, chief and mucous cells occurs transiently following truncal vagotomy but histological features return to normal by about 1 month after surgery (Nakamura, 1985) . doi = 10.1016/b978-044450514-9/50007-3 id = cord-015910-d9gxew91 author = Grimble, Robert F. title = The Interaction Between Nutrition and Inflammatory Stress Throughout the Life Cycle date = 2005 keywords = GSH; IL-6; TNF; cytokine; effect; inflammatory; production; response; study summary = Binding of the transcription factors is implicated in activation of a wide range of genes associated with inflammation and the immune response, including those encoding cytokines, cytokine receptors, cell adhesion molecules, acute-phase proteins, and growth factors (Schreck, Rieber, & Baeurerle, 1991) (Fig. 4 ) . While inflammation may be exerting deleterious effects most obviously in patients, people on the borderline of health and disease living in the general population Table 4 Nutrients Commonly Used in Immunonutrient Supplements and Their Potential Mode of Action • n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: act as anti-inflammatory agents and reverse immunosuppression • Sulfur amino acids and their precursors: enhance antioxidant status via GSH synthesis • Glutamine: nutrient for immune cells, improves gut barrier function, precursor for GSH • Arginine: stimulates nitric oxide and growth hormone production, improves helper T-cell numbers • Nucleotides: RNA and DNA precursors, improve T-cell function may also require nutritional modulation of ongoing inflammatory processes. doi = 10.1385/1-59259-952-4:387 id = cord-310883-t5r4xqj3 author = Grundler, Franziska title = Interplay between oxidative damage, the redox status, and metabolic biomarkers during long-term fasting date = 2020-08-25 keywords = antioxidant; effect; figure; term summary = We recently documented that long-term fasting improves metabolic health and enhanced the total antioxidant capacity. A machine learning model showed that a combination of antioxidant parameters measured at baseline predicted the efficiency of the fasting regimen to decrease LDL levels. In conclusion, we demonstrated that long-term fasting enhanced the endogenous production of antioxidant molecules, that act protectively against free radicals, and in parallel improved the metabolic health status. indicators of redox status of humans which showed that while the total antioxidant capacity 7 (TAC) was enhanced, TBARS, an important indicator of lipid peroxidation, were reduced 8 (Wilhelmi de Toledo et al., 2020a). Although bilirubin was not measured in this study, we measured the increase in uric 6 acid and its association with TAC, that was discussed in detail in the previous article 7 Besides showing that long-term fasting improves the redox status and metabolic health 1 indicators, an interplay between these parameters was described. doi = 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111701 id = cord-299363-y7o8ovf9 author = Guliyev, Hasraddin title = Determining the spatial effects of COVID-19 using the spatial panel data model date = 2020-04-07 keywords = effect; spatial summary = We examine the factors affecting COVID-19 together with the spatial effects, and use spatial panel data models to determine the relationship among the variables including their spatial effects. Using spatial panel models, we analyse the relationship between the rate of confirmed cases (R c ) of COVID-19, the rate of deaths (R d ), the rate of recovered cases (R r ) due to treatment, with spatial and temporal effects. This further suggests that it is necessary to construct spatial panel data models rather than SLMs, which do not consider spatial effects, if our objective is to explore the influencing factors of the rate of confirmed cases and their spatial spillover effects. Built on the spatial panel data of 31 regions in China from 22 January 2020 to 10 March 2020, we investigated the influencing variables (the rate of deaths and recovered cases) and their spatial spillover effects of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.spasta.2020.100443 id = cord-032546-7786vr0y author = Guo, Siyu title = Comparative Efficacy of Danshen Class Injections for Treating Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Multidimensional Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials date = 2020-08-26 keywords = ACS; Danhong; Danshen; effect summary = title: Comparative Efficacy of Danshen Class Injections for Treating Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Multidimensional Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials RESULTS: A total of 53 eligible randomized controlled trial studies with 6401 patients were obtained that evaluated the clinical effectiveness rate, the level of hypersensitive C-reactive protein, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, fibrinogen, and adverse reactions after the application of Danshen class injections plus western medicine. CONCLUSION: Based on this Bayesian network meta-analysis results, Danhong injection + western medicine and Danshen injection + western medicine might have a better impact on acute coronary syndrome patients. The specifically designed form captured information on the study characteristics, including publication data (publication date, title and authors'' names), details of patients'' characteristics (sample sizes, age and sex), intervention (the types of CHIs, dose and duration), outcomes (the primary and secondary outcomes) and factors to evaluate risk of bias. doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.01260 id = cord-267345-pmtecdko author = Hao, Da Cheng title = Phytochemical and biological research of Polygoneae medicinal resources date = 2015-07-03 keywords = Polygonaceae; Polygonum; effect summary = TSG could prevent cardiac remodeling induced by pressure overload in rats (Xu et al., 2014b) , which may be related to a decreasing angiotensin II level, an antioxidant effect, suppression of transforming growth factor-b1 expression, and inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Aqueous and organic extracts of 27 selected species from five genera (Fallopia, Oxyria, Persicaria, Polygonum, and Rumex) of the family Polygonaceae occurring in the Carpathian Basin were screened in vitro for antiproliferative activity against HeLa (cervix epithelial adenocarcinoma), A431 (skin epidermoid carcinoma), and MCF7 (breast epithelial adenocarcinoma) cells (Lajter et al., 2013b) , using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Molecular phylogenetic studies using three cpDNA regions and nrITS sequences were performed to explore the hybrid speciation in Persicaria (Polygonum, Polygonaceae; Figure 12 .4) (Kim and Donoghue, 2008) , with an emphasis on sampling within section Eupersicaria. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-08-100085-4.00012-8 id = cord-282101-2usqpy2j author = Hassan, Atef A. title = Nanomaterials and nanocomposite applications in veterinary medicine date = 2020-05-01 keywords = Hassan; NPs; animal; cell; effect; nanoparticle summary = Moreover, several nanocomposites can be used in various applications such as nanoshells to destroy cancer cells, alumino-silicate nanoparticles to reduce bleeding, carbon nanoparticles as sensors and for drug delivery, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) for diagnosis, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) as antimicrobial agents, and iron oxide nanoparticles to improve MRI imaging (Chakravarthi and Balaji, 2010; Hassan et al., 2015b) . (2015) detected that aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin production by respective fungal isolates was significantly diminished until complete inhibition by increasing the dose treatment with Fe 2 O 3 NPs. Moreover, the antimicrobial action of metal nanoparticles was suggested as being due to disrupting and penetration of the cell membrane of microorganism, damage and rupture of the cell wall and leakage of cytoplasm contents (Gajbhiye et al., 2009; Hassan et al., 2014 Hassan et al., , 2015a . The obtained results showed that the viability of microbial cells was inhibited and complete prevention of aflatoxin production occurred at a concentration level of 125 μg/mL of CNTs. Veterinary applications of metal nanoparticles have been used in various fields related to animal disease diagnosis and treatment as well as biological sensing. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-821354-4.00024-8 id = cord-256881-7sejcqda author = Heindel, Jerrold J. title = Data integration, analysis, and interpretation of eight academic CLARITY-BPA studies date = 2020-07-16 keywords = BPA; Dawley; Fig; PND; Sprague; clarity; dose; effect; study summary = Additionally, we applied an integrative analysis approach by using rand Circos-plots generated with the mixOmics [21] program to identify correlations in BPA responses across organs collected from the same or comparable individual rats within this same consortium study, thus expanding our findings to a systems biology level to reveal strong organismal relationships at three different timepoints: 21 days of age (weaning), 90-120 days of age (young adult) and 6 months of age (older adult). Fenton (National Toxicology Program) (mostly using rat models); (2) DNA methylation profiles and concomitant alterations of gene expression at PND 21 are predictors of pathological outcomes that manifest during adulthood, which was done in collaboration with Dr. Shioda, Mass General Hospital); (3) perinatal exposure to BPA induces abnormal post-pubertal/adult development of the mammary gland; and (4) BPA generates non-monotonic dose-response curves. doi = 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.05.014 id = cord-321590-8y1jy01c author = Hetland, Geir title = Can medicinal mushrooms have prophylactic or therapeutic effect against COVID‐19 and its pneumonic superinfection and complicating inflammation? date = 2020-07-29 keywords = Agaricus; Andosan; cell; effect summary = The related Basidiomycota Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM), Hericium erinaceus (HE), and Grifola frondosa (GF) have been shown to exert antimicrobial activity against viral agents, Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, and parasites in vitro and in vivo. Effect of a Medicinal Agaricus blazei Murill-Based Mushroom Extract, AndoSan™, on Symptoms, Fatigue and Quality of Life in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis in a Randomized Single-Blinded Placebo Controlled Study Effect of the Medicinal Agaricus blazei Murill-Based Mushroom Extract, AndoSanTM, on Symptoms, Fatigue and Quality of Life in Patients with Crohn''s Disease in a Randomized Single-Blinded Placebo Controlled Study Cytokine levels after consumption of a medicinal Agaricus blazei murill-based mushroom extract, AndoSan™, in patients with Crohn''s disease and ulcerative colitis in a randomized single-blinded placebo-controlled study Effect of an extract based on the medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill on expression of cytokines and calprotectin in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn''s disease doi = 10.1111/sji.12937 id = cord-279166-kt35mg7o author = Howell, Amy B. title = The Pomegranate: Effects on Bacteria and Viruses That Influence Human Health date = 2013-05-20 keywords = Punica; effect; extract; pomegranate summary = Much of the evidence for pomegranates'' antibacterial and antiviral activities against foodborne pathogens and other infectious disease organisms comes from in vitro cell-based assays, necessitating further confirmation of in vivo efficacy through human clinical trials. Another study using the methanolic extract of pomegranate peels formulated into a 10% (wt/wt) water-soluble gel showed similar enhancements in wound healing in a Wistar rat model compared to a commercial topical antibacterial product [44] . A Brazilian in vitro study investigated the antimicrobial effect of a pomegranate-based oral gel (made from an extract of dried peel combined with Carbopol, water, and triethanolamine) against Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitis, and S. Given that MNV-1 is quite resistant to most treatment conditions, including pH and heat [73] , but inhibited by pomegranate juice and its polyphenols, it is possible that additional research will reveal a role for pomegranate as a natural alternative for treating and/or preventing human norovirus infections. doi = 10.1155/2013/606212 id = cord-293139-uj1m3t79 author = Hua, Jinxi title = Competing PM2.5 and NO2 holiday effects in the Beijing area vary locally due to differences in residential coal burning and traffic patterns date = 2020-08-11 keywords = Beijing; effect; holiday summary = In this study, we assessed the variations in concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) during the holidays in the heating season from 2014 to 2018 based on daily surface air quality monitoring measurements in Beijing. The predictors in our GAM model include time vectors to represent inter-annual, monthly, and weekday variations, as well as meteorological variables (boundary layer height, east-west wind component, south-north wind component, relative humidity, air temperature, dew point temperature, and surface pressure). The spatial variation in the holiday effect at different sites reflects two distinct ways that human activities impact air quality: increased residential heating tended to increase both PM 2.5 and NO 2 , whereas reduced traffic emissions leads to lower NO 2 . Effects of meteorology and emission reduction measures on air pollution in Beijing during heating seasons doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141575 id = cord-353815-w35spqqt author = Huan, Yuchen title = Antimicrobial Peptides: Classification, Design, Application and Research Progress in Multiple Fields date = 2020-10-16 keywords = acid; activity; amp; antimicrobial; cell; effect; gram; membrane; peptide summary = This review introduces the progress of research on AMPs comprehensively and systematically, including their classification, mechanism of action, design methods, environmental factors affecting their activity, application status, prospects in various fields and problems to be solved. Tryptophan (Trp), as a non-polar amino acid, has a remarkable effect on the interface region of the lipid bilayer, whereas Arg, as a basic amino acid, confers peptide charge and hydrogen bond interactions, which are essential properties to combine with the bacterial membrane''s abundant anionic component. And it seems that Trp residues play the role of natural aromatic activators of Arg-rich AMPs by ion-pair-π interactions (Walrant et al., 2020) , thereby promoting enhanced peptide-membrane interactions (Chan et al., 2006) . Furthermore, L4H4, which is designed based on the linear cationic amphiphilic peptide magainin, also shows good antibacterial activity and cell penetration properties by inserting four histidine sequences in leucine and alanine (Lointier et al., 2020) . doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582779 id = cord-270337-92a5uwjf author = Hughes, Dyfrig A. title = Acute chloroquine poisoning: A comprehensive experimental toxicology assessment of the role of diazepam date = 2020-06-18 keywords = chloroquine; diazepam; effect; rat; Ámin summary = KEY RESULTS: Chloroquine decreased the developed tension of left atria, prolonged the effective refractory period of atria, ventricular tissue and right papillary muscles, and caused dose‐dependent impairment of haemodynamic and electrocardiographic parameters. A series of experiments was conducted to assess the effects of chloroquine and diazepam alone and in combination on the contractility, refractoriness and beating rate of isolated rat cardiac tissues. Six treatment randomised controlled trials were subsequently conducted to assess the efficacy of diazepam, clonazepam and Ro5-4864:-(i) prior, (ii) during and (iii) after chloroquine intoxication (Table 1 ) and the effects of diazepam:-(iv) in high dose, (v) in nonbarbiturate anaesthetised rats and (vi) co-administered with adrenaline. Effects of chloroquine (30 μM) in the presence of propylene glycol 1% v/v (control) or diazepam (1, 10 and 100 μM) on the developed tension, effective refractory period and time to peak tension of left atria, right ventricular strips, right papillary muscles and on the spontaneous beating rate of right atria In all 16 rabbits, arrhythmias presented as Mobitz type II, seconddegree AV block with a conduction ratio of 2:1 (two P waves for each QRS complex). doi = 10.1111/bph.15101 id = cord-000549-qwhaesfk author = Hurley, Walter L. title = Perspectives on Immunoglobulins in Colostrum and Milk date = 2011-04-14 keywords = bovine; colostrum; effect; immunoglobulin; milk summary = Nevertheless, bovine IgG from colostrum or milk can be effective as a means of providing passive immunity to protect animals and humans from disease. Other studies have found that treatment of children with hyperimmune bovine colostrum from cows immunized with human rotavirus serotypes reduces the duration and severity of diarrhea due to rotavirus [59] , and can provide significant protection from rotavirus infection [60] . In applications to humans, bovine whey preparations of colostrum from cows immunized with caries-inducing bacterial strains (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus), and containing over 60% immunoglobulin of which 80% was IgG1, has been used in several studies evaluating its effect on caries-producing bacteria. This means that maternal colostrum and milk will contain antibodies specific for pathogens that may be encountered by the neonate''s intestine and other mucosal tissues [10, 18, 148] , providing a rationale for the observations summarized above that bovine colostrum from nonimmunized cows also may afford passive immune protection against human pathogens [54, 55] . doi = 10.3390/nu3040442 id = cord-317250-a5ni1s9e author = Jackson, Ronald S. title = Wine, food, and health date = 2020-04-10 keywords = Fig; acetaldehyde; acid; addition; alcohol; blood; consumption; content; effect; ethanol; food; phenolic; red; wine summary = Abusive ethanol consumption can cause cirrhosis of the liver, increase the likelihood of hypertension and stroke, favor the development of breast and digestive tract cancers, induce fetal alcohol syndrome, among others. Despite the general beneficial effects of moderate amounts of alcohol on digestion, the phenolic content of red wine may counter some of these influences. The effect on the latter two groups appears reflected in the reduced incidence of the common cold in moderate alcohol consumers (Cohen et al., 1993) , particularly those drinking red wines (Takkouche et al., 2002) . The source of these benefits may be a combination of enhanced calcium uptake, associated with alcohol consumption (Ilich et al., 2002) , the phytoestrogen effects of phenolics, such as resveratrol and kaempferol, or other unsuspected influences. Review of moderate alcohol consumption and reduced risk of coronary heart disease: is the effect due to beer, wine, or spirits? doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-816118-0.00012-x id = cord-276006-mjjnkqv6 author = Jarach, Natanel title = Polymers in the Medical Antiviral Front-Line date = 2020-07-31 keywords = HIV-1; RNA; antiviral; effect; polymer; virus summary = Those anions show antiviral properties by affecting Larson studied modified PEI composed of N,N-Dodecylmethyl-PEI that exhibited antiviral effect on HSV-1 and HSV-2 viruses (see also Figure 6 ) [98] , influenza A virus [99] and on poliovirus and rotavirus [100] . Larson studied modified PEI composed of N,N-Dodecylmethyl-PEI that exhibited antiviral effect on HSV-1 and HSV-2 viruses (see also Figure 6 ) [98] , influenza A virus [99] and on poliovirus and rotavirus [100] . Xiao and Xue examined the antiviral effect of quaternary pyridinium containing co-polymers on several Influenza viruses (A, PR8, 8, 34) , as demonstrated in Figure 11 [35]. Xiao and Xue examined the antiviral effect of quaternary pyridinium containing co-polymers on several Influenza viruses (A, PR8, 8, 34) , as demonstrated in Figure 11 [35]. doi = 10.3390/polym12081727 id = cord-022903-08ugoxns author = Jensen, Bent Borg title = Extensive Literature Search on the ‘Effects of Copper intake levels in the gut microbiota profile of target animals, in particular piglets’ date = 2016-05-02 keywords = Authority; European; Food; Safety; effect summary = It may be concluded from the experiments that supplementing piglet and growing pigs diet with low additional copper amounts (below 50 mg/kg Cu) seems to inhibit the population of coliform bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. It may be concluded from the experiments that supplementing piglet and growing pigs diet with low additional copper amounts (below 50 mg/kg Cu) seems to inhibit the population of coliform bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. In study CH18 (Kim et al., 1993) a significant reduction in the population of coliform bacteria in broiler SI content was found by the addition of 100 mg/kg Cu as Cu-methionine to the diet while it had no effect at a concentration of 50 mg/kg. Supplementing pig diets with copper concentrations above 170 mg/kg as CuSO 4 has a reducing effect on the population of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract of as well piglets as growing pigs. doi = 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-1024 id = cord-279586-likfvwwj author = Jin, Jian title = Effects of Sonication on the In vitro Digestibility and Structural Properties of Buckwheat Protein Isolates date = 2020-09-17 keywords = SA6T10; effect; protein; sonication summary = The present work investigated the effects of sonication at different amplitudes and durations on the in vitro digestibility of buckwheat protein isolates (BPIs). The tertiary structure analysis showed that sonication exposed the hydrophobic core buried inside the protein molecules and broke the intramolecular crosslinks, based on the increase in the surface hydrophobicity and intrinsic fluorescence and the decrease in the disulphide content. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the effects of sonication duration and acoustic amplitude on the in vitro digestibility of buckwheat protein isolates (BPIs). In addition, the effects of sonication on the tertiary structures (surface hydrophobicity, intrinsic fluorescence, sulfhydryl and disulfide bond contents), secondary structure, particle size, zeta-potential and microstructure of BPIs were studied to elucidate the structural mechanism underlying the effect of ultrasound on the digestibility of the proteins. doi = 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105348 id = cord-320053-uceukiie author = Jones, Arwel Wyn title = Chapter 15 Exercise, Immunity, and Illness date = 2019-12-31 keywords = Gleeson; Nieman; URI; URTI; Walsh; cell; effect; exercise; immune summary = Abstract It is generally accepted that moderate amounts of exercise improve immune system functions and hence reduce the risk of infection whereas athletes engaged in regular prolonged and/or intensive training have a higher than "normal" incidence of minor infections, especially of the upper respiratory tract (URT, e.g., common cold and influenza). In contrast to animal research, human studies (attempting to discern the effects of prolonged exercise/intense training on URTI) have mainly involved monitoring athletes following heavy exertion (i.e., relied on natural exposure to pathogens) but only a limited number of these have verified that symptoms are due to infectious agents (pathogens) (Spence et al., 2007; Schwellnus et al., 2010; Hanstock et al., 2016) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-814593-7.00015-3 id = cord-022526-j9kg00qf author = Jones, Samuel L. title = Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System date = 2009-05-18 keywords = NSAID; Salmonella; TNF; cause; cell; clinical; clostridium; colon; diarrhea; disease; dpj; effect; equine; esophageal; figure; fluid; gastric; horse; increase; inflammatory; intestinal; large; occur; result; sign; small; treatment summary = Examination of the cardiovascular system (heart, peripheral pulse, and mucous membranes), lungs, and abdomen is essential to detect clinical signs of systemic inflammation from endotoxemia, coagulation disorders, dehydration, ileus, shock, and other abnormalities resulting from injury to the small or large intestine. Several reports suggest the efficacy of cisapride in managing intestinal disease in horses, including the resolution of persistent large colon impaction, treatment of equine grass sickness, and as a preventative for POI in horses after small intestinal surgery (0.1 mg/kg body mass intramuscularly during the postoperative period). 9 Primary role-players in DPJ-associated ileus include peritoneal inflammation, inflammatory cell migration/activation within the muscularis, small intestinal mechanical distention, and effects of endotoxin absorption. Diarrhea probably results from the severe ulceration and inflammation of the large intestine, causing increased secretion of water, electrolytes, and protein and decreased absorption of fluid. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-169777-1/50015-9 id = cord-341720-qwdjb7vk author = Jukic, Igor title = Strategies and Solutions for Team Sports Athletes in Isolation due to COVID-19 date = 2020-04-24 keywords = athlete; effect; muscle; training summary = Based on the current scientific, we strongly recommend encouraging the athlete to reset their mindset to understand quarantine as an opportunity for development, organizing appropriate guidance, educating and encourage athletes to apply appropriate preventive behavior and hygiene measures to promote immunity and ensuring good living isolation conditions. Detraining affects different physiological systems (e.g., neuromuscular, cardiovascular, respiratory or muscle-skeletal) and their corresponding physical capacities (e.g., strength and power, endurance, speed or flexibility). It has been suggested that performing eccentric muscle actions during training is essential to promote greater and longer-lasting neural adaptations to training [24] and that speed-strength is better maintained during periods of reduced training if previously the focus of training was on power development [25] . This decrease in muscle size translates to a 7% and 12% reduction in strength and team sports athletes, after a period of inactivity ranging from 8 to 12 weeks. doi = 10.3390/sports8040056 id = cord-253251-i79h14f7 author = Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin title = An investigation of district spatial variations of childhood diarrhoea and fever morbidity in Malawi date = 2005-09-01 keywords = Malawi; child; diarrhoea; effect summary = In particular, the results suggest that children living in the capital city are less affected by fever, although this is not true for diarrhoea, where some urban agglomerations are associated with a higher childhood morbidity risk. The study applied Bayesian statistical and geo-statistical techniques to the 2000 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data of Malawi with location (district) attributes and other information to answer specific questions about geographic inequalities in childhood disease prevalence. To gain an understanding of the geographic variation or patterns based on the observed morbidity prevalence, a Bayesian hierarchical model was fitted, with the inclusion of spatial (district) and nonlinear metrical (mother''s and child''s age) covariates. Geo-additive logistic models were used (on the probability of a child having diarrhoea and fever during the reference period) to determine the socio-economic and demographic variables that are associated with the ailments while simultaneously controlling for spatial dependence in the data and possible nonlinear effects of covariates. doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.028 id = cord-016444-x2qozizw author = Kato, Masamichi title = Radiofrequency Biology: In vivo date = 2006 keywords = BBB; EEG; EHS; SAR; effect; exposure; field; microwave summary = (1994) reported that the total power of EEG spectra increased in rats after whole-body 2.45 GHz, continuous wave microwave exposure (30 mW/cm 2 ) for 10 min; changes occurred at 10 mW/cm 2 . ( : 2000b studied the effects of the 902 MHz microwave field emitted by one model of a cell phone on the event-related desynchronization and synchronization of the 4-6 Hz, 6-8 Hz, 8-10 Hz, and 10-12 Hz EEG frequency bands of human subjects performing either (1) an auditory memory task or (2) a visual sequential letter task with three different working memory load conditions . (1987) measured sodium-dependent, high-affinity choline uptake in various regions of the brain, including frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, inferior colliculus and striatum, of rats irradiated for 45 min with either pulsed or continuous wave, low-level microwaves (2.45 GHz; power density, 1 mW/cm 2 ; average whole-body SAR 0.6 W/kg). doi = 10.1007/978-4-431-27914-3_10 id = cord-010921-yzv43e8l author = Kaye, Alan David title = Dexmedetomidine in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Protocols for Postoperative Pain date = 2020-04-02 keywords = Dexmedetomidine; effect; era; patient; postoperative summary = As such, dexmedetomidine is now being used as part of ERAS protocols along with regional nerve blocks and other medications, to create a satisfactory postoperative outcome with reduced opioid consumption in the Post anesthesia care unit (PACU). This manuscript will comprehensively discuss dexmedetomidine with regards to postoperative pain management, ERAS protocols, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, cardiovascular and respiratory effects, toxicity, drug interactions, abuse and dependence. Analgesia with non-opioids analgesics like dexmedetomidine are being used as part of an ERAS protocol intraoperatively, along with regional nerve blocks to attain a satisfactory postoperative outcome with reduced requirements of opioids in PACU in the pediatric population. In a 2015 meta-analysis, although dexmedetomidine reduced pain intensity, opioid consumption, and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), it had no effect on recovery time [29] . Postoperative pain control after the use of dexmedetomidine and propofol to sedate patients undergoing ankle surgery under spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial doi = 10.1007/s11916-020-00853-z id = cord-338778-l53i77rn author = Kim, Hong-bumm title = Do expectations of future wealth increase outbound tourism? Evidence from Korea date = 2012-01-04 keywords = demand; effect; korean; wealth summary = where TOURIST is the number of outbound travelers departing from South Korea, INCOME is the average household income index, EX is the real effective exchange rate that accounts for changes in relative purchasing power parity in both prices and currency valuation, KOSPI is the index value of the Korean stock market, APT is the aggregate sales price index of apartments in Korea, FUEL is jet fuel price proxying for airfare, SQ 1w3 are the quarter dummies, the AFC DUMMY (1 if 1997:Q3e1998:Q2, 0 elsewhere) for the Asian Financial Crisis, 9/11 DUMMY for the September 11th Attack (1 if 2001:Q4, 0 elsewhere), and the SARS DUMMY (1 if 2003: Q2, 0 elsewhere) are dummy variables taking on the value of unity upon the occurrence of a macro event and zero if not, and t is the time subscript denoting the pertaining quarter. doi = 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.11.017 id = cord-291559-h6czy5bh author = Koirala, Prashamsa title = Recent advances in pharmacological research on Ecklonia species: a review date = 2017-08-24 keywords = Ecklonia; PFF; ROS; activity; cell; effect summary = A study investigated the protective effect of ES in alcoholic fatty liver and found that ES treatment suppressed adipogenesis and increased the expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes, e.g., peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-a and CPT-1, but decreased the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1, a triglyceride (TG) synthesis-related gene, suggesting that ES extract could be useful in preventing fatty acid oxidation and reducing lipogenesis in ethanol-induced fatty liver (Bang et al. Fucoidan extracted from EC exhibited prominent effects on peroxyl radical scavenging activity and 2, 2 0 -azobisdihydrochloride-induced oxidative stress in Vero cells and reduced ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, and cell death in a zebrafish model, proving its antioxidant capacities in vitro and in vivo despite being neither a polyphenol nor a flavonoid. Dieckol, isolated from the edible brown algae Ecklonia cava, induces apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells and inhibits tumor xenograft growth doi = 10.1007/s12272-017-0948-4 id = cord-289599-7vsynfgn author = Kostoff, Ronald N. title = COVID-19 vaccine safety date = 2020-09-18 keywords = SARS; effect; vaccine summary = The present article examines whether short-term, mid-term, and long-term vaccine safety can be achieved under such an accelerated schedule, given the myriad vaccine-induced mechanisms that have demonstrated adverse effects based on previous clinical trials and laboratory research. It is uncertain as to whether any of the drugs, vaccines, foods or radiation exposures of our predecessors, which were not tested for transgenerational effects, are adversely affecting human life at present. Of note, the question remains whether humanity is currently willing to pass on potential devastating diseases to future generations due to the present need for the speedy development of a vaccine, bypassing adequate long-term and transgenerational safety testing. The vaccine costs in this discussion are the potential adverse health effects from a cOVId-19 vaccine, particularly for the mid-and long-term. This least vulnerable demographic population would have to bear the brunt of any potential mid-and long-term adverse health impacts that may result from a vaccine inadequately tested for these effects. doi = 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4733 id = cord-308946-5flw7xk4 author = Kreiner, Jenny title = Saposhnikoviae divaricata: a phytochemical, pharmacological, and pharmacokinetic review date = 2017-04-30 keywords = Saposhnikovia; anti; effect summary = The discourse on the diverse class of chromones and coumarins in SD offers an insight to the pharmacological effects of these bioactive constituents as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, immunoregulatory, antioxidative, and anti-proliferative agents. These chromones are discovered to exhibit strong pharmacological activities in attenuating inflammatory [4] , scavenging free radical [20] , and inhibiting pain [8] in in vitro studies. The anti-nociceptive Anti-inflammatory effects GC, C, MV, and anomalin appear to exert considerable inhibition in major inflammatory pathways, namely nuclear factor (NF)-κB, mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and nitric oxide production. Anti-inflammatory effects of SD chromones were revealed in arthritic rats, including significant decline in the arthritis score for pain and swelling, with a reduction of the inflammatory cytokines levels, although suppression of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and IL-1β was only observed in rats treated with higher dose of SD [21] . doi = 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30042-0 id = cord-322279-6ffnejwj author = Kwon, Seungwon title = Could herbal medicine (Soshihotang) be a new treatment option for COVID-19?: A Narrative Review date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; SSHT; effect; treatment summary = 10 In this short narrative review, we will discuss the current clinical use and antiviral effects of Soshihotang (SSHT, Xiao Chai Hu Tang in Chinese, Shosaikoto in Japanese), which has been used in the past mainly for infectious diseases with chronic progression. Based on the search results, we summarized the following items in the form of a narrative review; i) indications of SSHT in classical medicine and in symptoms of COVID-19, ii) utilization status and clinical evidence of SSHT in infectious diseases, especially viral diseases, iii) antiviral effect of SSHT in experimental studies, iv) potential role of SSHT in repurposing J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f the treatment of COVID-19, v) SSHT variants that can be used according to various clinical symptoms, and vi) cautions when using SSHT. doi = 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100480 id = cord-013138-4e9vo0xr author = Lang-Illievich, Kordula title = The Effect of Low-Level Light Therapy on Capsaicin-Induced Peripheral and Central Sensitization in Healthy Volunteers: A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial date = 2020-10-10 keywords = LLLT; effect; pain; study summary = title: The Effect of Low-Level Light Therapy on Capsaicin-Induced Peripheral and Central Sensitization in Healthy Volunteers: A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial INTRODUCTION: Several clinical trials have demonstrated that low-level light therapy (LLLT), a method of photobiomodulation, is an effective analgetic treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low-level light therapy on primary and secondary hyperalgesia in a human pain model. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that low-level light therapy is effective at reducing the heat and mechanical pain threshold in a human pain model, pointing to a significant modulating effect on peripheral and central sensitization. To provide an answer to these questions, we use a human pain model developed to mimic different aspects of clinical pain and to study pain mechanisms in order to examine whether peripheral or central mechanisms contribute to the analgetic effect of LLLT. doi = 10.1007/s40122-020-00205-0 id = cord-272465-i2l4cq8h author = Law, Betty Yuen Kwan title = New Potential Pharmacological Functions of Chinese Herbal Medicines via Regulation of Autophagy date = 2016-03-17 keywords = AMPK; Akt; Radix; Rhizoma; anti; apoptosis; autophagy; cancer; cell; chinese; effect; induce summary = Hinders α-synuclein accumulation in neural cells and suppression of the proliferation of glioma cells through induction of autophagy [162, 163] Radix salviae miltiorrhizae (Dan shen) Moves blood, breaks up blood stasis, cools heat, cools blood Tanshinone IIA Induction of autophagic cell death of leukemia via activation of AMPK/mTOR, ERK/mTOR and p70 S6K signaling [164] Ligusticum wallichii (Chuan xiong) Moves blood, moves and regulates qi, dispels wind Ligustrazine Akebia saponin PA (AS) is one of the bioactive components found in Radix dipsaci, AS induced autophagic and apoptotic cell death of gastric cancer cells through both the AMPK/mTOR and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and the downstream activation of p38/JNK molecular pathway, which facilitated capase-3-dependent apoptosis [147] . However, alisol B has been reported as a new autophagy inducer functioning through activation of CaMKK/AMPK/mTOR signaling, induction of apoptosis and triggering of cell death in breast cancer cells [156] . Gambogic acid induced oxidative stress dependent caspase activation regulates both apoptosis and autophagy by targeting various key molecules (Nf-κB, Beclin-1, p62 and NBR1) in human bladder cancer cells doi = 10.3390/molecules21030359 id = cord-320591-re99v1qt author = Le, Thanh Ninh title = Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities of Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica Sprouts and Microgreens: An Updated Overview from a Nutraceutical Perspective date = 2020-07-27 keywords = Brassica; ROS; broccoli; compound; effect; sprout; table summary = Particularly, these studies mostly focused on the antioxidant and anticancer activities of broccoli sprouts and microgreens owing to the functions of glucosinolates and phenolic compounds (Tables 4 and 5 ). Particularly, these studies mostly focused on the antioxidant and anticancer activities of broccoli sprouts and microgreens owing to the functions of glucosinolates and phenolic compounds (Tables 4 and 5 ). In summary, previous studies showed that broccoli sprout extracts rich in vitamins, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds showed very high antioxidant activity in both in vitro and in vivo tests (Table 4) . Moreover, the previous studies have focused on several biological activities of broccoli seedlings, such as antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory, as well as the potentially beneficial effects for patients with cancers, diabetes, and obesity. doi = 10.3390/plants9080946 id = cord-327045-hn8pmcto author = Li, Yao title = Quercetin, Inflammation and Immunity date = 2016-03-15 keywords = cell; day; effect; quercetin summary = In vitro and some animal models have shown that quercetin, a polyphenol derived from plants, has a wide range of biological actions including anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities; as well as attenuating lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation and capillary permeability. A study demonstrates that quercetin has a direct regulatory effect on basic functional properties of immune cells which may be mediated by the extracellular regulated kinase 2 (Erk2) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signal pathway in human mitogen-activated PBMC and purified T lymphocytes [54] . Quercetin most likely universally suppresses the accumulation and activation of immune cells, including anti-inflammatory cells, whereas it specifically increased gene expression associated with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in Western diet-induced obese mice. showed that a supplement of 1000 mg of quercetin alone three weeks before, during and two weeks after a three-day period of 3 h of cycling in the winter resulted in a markedly lower incidence of URTI in well-trained subjects in the two weeks after the intensified training, but had no effect on exercise-induced immune dysfunction, inflammation and oxidative stress [76] . doi = 10.3390/nu8030167 id = cord-325779-pxnl4wgc author = Liang, Yu-lei title = Thoughts on the effects of moxa smoke in the epidemic prevention: 关于艾烟防疫作用的思考 date = 2020-07-17 keywords = effect; moxa; smoke summary = Through summarizing and analyzing the modern mechanism researches and controversial questions of moxibustion fumigation in the epidemic prevention, the thoughts on tackling the critical points are proposed in the paper, such as the recognition of moxa smoke in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the mechanism of moxa smoke in air disinfection and the characteristics of clinical application of moxa smoke so as to provide the references to the prevention and control of COVID-19 in TCM. The author was intended to propose some approaches to moxibustion in the battle against corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) by analyzing the mechanism of moxa fumigation in the epidemic prevention and the related controversial issues. In modern researches, the role of essential oil in Folium Artemisiae Argyi has been briefly classified as the function of moxa smoke [31] , resulting in unclear effect and application and inducing some safety controversy of toxic side reactions. doi = 10.1016/j.wjam.2020.07.006 id = cord-017504-rtg7fs82 author = Lim, T. K. title = Punica granatum date = 2012-11-03 keywords = PPAR; Punica; acid; activity; antioxidant; cell; effect; extract; fruit; granatum; juice; pomegranate summary = The results suggested that the aril juice the major and tasty part of pomegranate fruit, did not contain ellagic acid and punicalagin (i.e. the polyphenols highly represented in the rind which appeared to be responsible for the antioxidant capacity) in amounts suf fi cient to exert cytoprotection in oxidatively injured, living cells. After consumption of pomegranate juice, fruit peel, aril and fl ower extracts the atherosclerotic lesion area in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein e-de fi cient (E 0) mice was signi fi cantly decreased by 44, 38, 39, 6, or 70%, respectively, as compared to placebo-treated group, while pomegranate seed oil had no effect. Further in-vitro studies showed that Punica granatum fl ower extract and its components oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and gallic acid inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kappaB activation in macrophages. In-vitro studies using normal human epidermal keratinocytes, showed that pre-treatment with pomegranate fruit extract rich in anthocyannins and hydrolyzable tannins protected against the adverse effects of UV-B radiation by inhibiting UV-B-induced modulations of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways (Afaq et al. doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-5653-3_10 id = cord-301539-9acp0m33 author = Lin, Chih-Yin title = Potential Role of Nrf2 Activators with Dual Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Properties in the Management of Viral Pneumonia date = 2020-06-11 keywords = Nrf2; curcumin; effect summary = title: Potential Role of Nrf2 Activators with Dual Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Properties in the Management of Viral Pneumonia In an in vitro study of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), several compounds with antiviral activity, including diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, lupane-type triterpenes, lignoids, and curcumin were identified. These groups of plantderived chemicals and their analogs might provide a class of drugs that possesses both antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties and might help tackle the pathophysiological changes in viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Another Nrf2 activator named sulforaphane was also studied for its antiviral capacity, and could suppress respiratory viruses, such as RSV 22 and influenza virus. Curcumin modulates the inflammatory response and inhibits subsequent fibrosis in a mouse model of viral-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome Curcumin alleviates macrophage activation and lung inflammation induced by influenza virus infection through inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Sulforaphane exerts anti-inflammatory effects against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice through the Nrf2/ARE pathway doi = 10.2147/idr.s256773 id = cord-024629-5q7abusm author = Luna, Beatriz title = Considerations when Characterizing Adolescent Neurocognitive Development date = 2020-05-11 keywords = developmental; effect summary = A growing number of large-scale Big Data collection efforts, in both the US (e.g., Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC); Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics (PING) study; National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA); Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study; Lifespan Human Connectome Project Development (HCP-D)) and Europe (e.g., NeuroScience in Psychiatry Network (NSPN), Braintime; Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC)), as well as multi-site aggregation of existing data (e.g., Enigma Consortium)) have the potential, for the first time, to provide a rigorous understanding of the replicability and effect sizes of various developmental neuroimaging outcomes. These approaches have many key advantages, including flexible and quantitatively-defined functional forms and permit the examination of age-periods of significant change (4), which can delineate plasticity and growth that can inform predictive models for risk for psychopathology (5) and opportunities for effective interventions, though they often require very large sample sizes. doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.04.026 id = cord-299424-qy3lccjq author = MUBAGWA, Kanigula title = Chloroquine cardiac effects and toxicity.A short update. date = 2020-06-19 keywords = channel; chloroquine; drug; effect summary = -The mechanisms underlying cardiac chloroquine effects include direct actions on ion channels and receptors, while others involve an inhibition of autophagy. Functional changes in remodeled myocardium include modifications in the electrical properties (called electrical remodeling), as a result of altered expression of ion channels (e.g., Kir K + channels, L-type Ca 2+ channels, connexins, ryanodine receptors, etc.), transporters (e.g., Na + -Ca 2+ -and exchangers, sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPases, etc.) and other proteins, which impact on the action potential and its conduction within the cardiac tissue, on the excitation-contraction coupling, and on the contractile properties. I K-ATP inhibition in cardiac myocytes occurred at micromolar concentrations (IC 50 : 0.5 µM), indicating that chloroquine at therapeutic doses could also act on the heart through mechanisms involving ATP-sensitive channels, e.g. to antagonize fibrillation following action potential shortening and inhomogeneity during ischemia. The mechanisms underlying chloroquine effects include direct actions on ion channels and receptors, while others (especially a cardiomyopathy developing following long-term treatment) involve the inhibition of autophagy. doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106057 id = cord-025170-dtbm4ue1 author = Malbrain, Manu L. N. G. title = Intravenous fluid therapy in the perioperative and critical care setting: Executive summary of the International Fluid Academy (IFA) date = 2020-05-24 keywords = SID; effect; fluid; patient; resuscitation summary = Resuscitation fluids are used to correct an intravascular volume deficit or acute hypovolemia; replacement solutions are prescribed to correct existing or developing deficits that cannot be compensated by oral intake alone [6] ; maintenance solutions are indicated in hemodynamically stable patients that are not able/allowed to drink water in order to cover their daily requirements of water and electrolytes [10, 11] . Despite the unexpectedly low volume of crystalloids, the authors found a small difference in the primary outcome, i.e., the incidence of major adverse kidney events within 30 days (composite of death, new renal replacement therapy or persistent renal dysfunction) in favor of balance solutions. Effect of a buffered crystalloid solution vs saline on acute kidney injury among patients in the intensive care unit: The SPLIT randomized clinical trial Effects of fluid resuscitation with colloids vs crystalloids on mortality in critically ill patients presenting with hypovolemic shock: the CRISTAL randomized trial doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00679-3 id = cord-033334-p7szd86k author = Mann, Jaclyn Kelly title = The potential of lactoferrin, ovotransferrin and lysozyme as antiviral and immune-modulating agents in COVID-19 date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; bovine; effect; lactoferrin; lysozyme summary = Enhanced phagocytic activity as well as cytokine production of macrophages Enhanced intestinal immune responses: dendritic cell maturation, Th1/Th2 balance restored and humoral immunity promoted [77, 78] Peptides Anti-inflammatory Downregulates IL-6 and TNF-␣ and myeloperoxidase activity in peritonitis Binds to angiotensin II receptor type 1 to inhibit angiotensin II pro-inflammatory activity ACE inhibitory activity (antihypertensive) [79] [80] [81] [82] Intact Iron-binding activity* Sequestering free iron [83] Intact and peptides Antioxidant* Sequestering free iron Free radical scavenging [79, 84] Lysozyme Intact and peptides Antiviral Inhibits viral entry by binding to cell receptors or virus -cationic and hydrophobic nature is required rather than enzymatic activity Binds nucleic acids Inhibits virus-induced cell fusion Affects cell signaling, including NF-B pathway, to influence susceptibility to infection [85] [86] [87] [88] Intact and/or peptides Antibacterial Hydrolyzes cell wall of gram-positive bacteria (enzyme activity) Insert into and form pores in negatively charged bacterial membranes [40] † Specific anticoronavirus activity has been demonstrated: inhibits SARS-CoV cell entry by binding to HSPGs; inhibits entry and postentry steps of SARS-CoV-2 replication and elevates interferon-stimulated genes in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. doi = 10.2217/fvl-2020-0170 id = cord-253000-nwbmxepi author = Margină, Denisa title = Chronic Inflammation in the Context of Everyday Life: Dietary Changes as Mitigating Factors date = 2020-06-10 keywords = diet; dietary; disease; effect; inflammation; metabolic; study summary = Fasting in combination with calorie restriction modulates molecular mechanisms such as m-TOR, FOXO, NRF2, AMPK, and sirtuins, ultimately leads to significantly reduced inflammatory marker levels, as well as improved metabolic markers. It has been found that intermittent fasting can prevent and reverse all aspects of metabolic syndrome in rodents: body fat, inflammation, and blood pressure are reduced; insulin sensitivity is increased; and the functional capacity of the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems are improved [151] [152] [153] . In another study, which used the same fasting guidelines, improved metabolic markers were observed after periodic fasting, including a decrease in blood glucose levels associated with changes in gut microbiome composition [73] . These changes include increased fiber and polyphenol intake compared to the current western diets, but also well-structured, personalized fasting protocols, which can reduce the risk of metabolic disorders (Figure 3) . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17114135 id = cord-259744-r9j5yzfc author = McDonagh, Phillip title = Identification and characterisation of small molecule inhibitors of feline coronavirus replication date = 2014-12-05 keywords = CPE; antiviral; compound; effect summary = Plaque reduction and virus yield reduction assays were performed to confirm antiviral effects of candidate compounds identified during screening, and the possible antiviral mechanisms of action of these compounds were investigated using virucidal suspension assays and CPE inhibition and IFA-based time of addition assays. Plaque reduction and virus yield reduction assays were performed to confirm antiviral effects of candidate compounds identified during screening, and the possible antiviral mechanisms of action of these compounds were investigated using virucidal suspension assays and CPE inhibition and IFA-based time of addition assays. This study identifies three compounds (chloroquine, mefloquine, and hexamethylene amiloride) demonstrating a marked inhibitory effect on FCoV replication in vitro by significant reductions in virus induced CPE and viral titres at low micromolar concentrations when present during the early stages of viral replication. This study has identified three compounds demonstrating marked in vitro inhibition of FCoV in an immortalised cell line at low micromolar concentrations, including the first demonstration of antiviral effects of mefloquine against a coronavirus. doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.030 id = cord-271785-vmnc8yg6 author = Minetti, Giampaolo title = Mevalonate pathway, selenoproteins, redox balance, immune system, Covid-19: Reasoning about connections date = 2020-07-21 keywords = cholesterol; effect; statin summary = As competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA-reductase, the key enzyme of the "mevalonate pathway" through which essential compounds, not only cholesterol, are synthesized, statins decrease the levels of cholesterol, and thus LDLs, as an innate defense mechanism, with controversial results in decreasing mortality from cardiovascular disease. In the attempt to decipher the enigma of SARS-CoV-2 infectivology, the hypothesis should be tested whether the population of subjects who succumbed to Covid-19 may have developed a compromised immunity at sub-clinical levels and have become more susceptible to fatal consequences from SARS-Cov-2 infection due to statin therapy. Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs that act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme -Hydroxy--Methyl-Glutaryl-Coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA)-reductase, the key enzyme of the "mevalonate pathway". 27 Thus, subjects with already low LDL levels and possibly weakened leukocyte function because of statin treatment would be even more susceptible to infection and its fatal consequences. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110128 id = cord-323647-q67fa0m3 author = Misra, Durga Prasanna title = Benefits and adverse effects of hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate and colchicine: searching for repurposable drug candidates date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; colchicine; effect; patient summary = Hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate and colchicine are also being tried at different stages of the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic for prophylaxis and treatment. The HIBISCUS multicentre multinational trial is evaluating the effect of HCQ (400 mg daily for the duration of pregnancy) compared to placebo, in addition to standard therapy (i.e. preventative dose of low molecular weight heparin with aspirin), on live births in women with primary APS. A related study, the HIBISCUS-T trial, is evaluating the preventative role for recurrent thrombosis in patients with thrombotic APS treated with HCQ or placebo in addition to oral anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists for 24 months [15] . Clinical trials might also attempt to decipher the potential utility of hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate or colchicine for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in a high risk population, such as those with metabolic syndrome and in individuals with inflammatory arthritides which predispose to greater cardiovascular risk. doi = 10.1007/s00296-020-04694-2 id = cord-017148-o9qg2qta author = Mocchegiani, Eugenio title = Role of Zinc and Selenium in Oxidative Stress and Immunosenescence: Implications for Healthy Aging and Longevity date = 2019-04-11 keywords = IL-6; effect; selenium; supplementation; zinc summary = These two trace elements display a common pivotal role in establishing the cellular antioxidant response as well as in mounting a proper immune response, which in turn may be useful to prevent excessive accumulation of senescent cells in aging and to reduce the senescence-associated increase of chronic inflammatory mediators. Old literature documented that zinc supplementation performed throughout the whole life span of rodents is able to delay some age-related cell-mediated immune modifications, such as the decreased circulating thymic hormone levels (Iwata et al. Dietary zinc and selenium are important nutritional factors for the immune response in protecting against the appearance of age-related diseases. These findings suggest that low dose supplementation of zinc and selenium provides significant improvement in elderly patients by increasing the humoral response after vaccination and decreased influenza compliances (respiratory tract infections) with thus a possible impact on the maintenance of health conditions during aging. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_66 id = cord-017916-wh708hes author = Mocchegiani, Eugenio title = Role of Zinc and Selenium in Oxidative Stress and Immunosenescence: Implications for Healthy Ageing and Longevity date = 2008-08-04 keywords = Mocchegiani; age; effect; immune; selenium; zinc summary = Some nutritional factors (zinc and selenium) may remodel these changes leading to a possible escaping of diseases with subsequent healthy ageing, because they are especially involved in improving immune functions as well as antioxidant defense. Therefore, the interrelationships between zinc and MT is crucial in maintaining the immune response especially in ageing where the production of proinflammatory cytokines is chronic leading to a constant presence of inflammatory status coupled with low intracellular zinc ion bioavailability (Mocchegiani et al. All these "in vitro" and "in vivo" studies in ageing, some age-related diseases, and syndrome of accelerated ageing (nude mice, nTx mice, Down''s Syndrome) demonstrate the pivotal role played by zinc supplementation in maintaining or improving global immune response and in fighting the oxidative stress, strengthen by findings observed in human centenarians. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-9063-9_66 id = cord-009371-ub4p4ngr author = Mollenhauer, Hilton H. title = Alteration of intracellular traffic by monensin; mechanism, specificity and relationship to toxicity date = 1990-05-07 keywords = Clsternae; Golgi; apparatus; cell; effect; membrane; monensin summary = doi = 10.1016/0304-4157(90)90008-z id = cord-268088-y4vg7frb author = Montané, Xavier title = Current Perspectives of the Applications of Polyphenols and Flavonoids in Cancer Therapy date = 2020-07-23 keywords = acid; anticancer; apoptosis; cancer; cell; drug; effect; study summary = Among the natural compounds that produce beneficial effects on human health, polyphenols have shown potential therapeutic applications in cancer due to their protective functions in plants, their use as food additives, and their excellent antioxidant properties. This review shows a wide range of trials in which polyphenolic compounds play a crucial role as anticancer medicines alone or in combination with other drugs at different stages of cancer: cancer initiation, promotion, and growth or progression. In point of fact, studies demonstrated that resveratrol has in vitro effects against a large range of human tumors: breast, skin, ovary, stomach, prostate, colon, liver, pancreas, cervix, thyroid carcinoma cells, lymphoid, and myeloid cancer cells [22] . In point of fact, studies demonstrated that resveratrol has in vitro effects against a large range of human tumors: breast, skin, ovary, stomach, prostate, colon, liver, pancreas, cervix, thyroid carcinoma cells, lymphoid, and myeloid cancer cells [22] . doi = 10.3390/molecules25153342 id = cord-030027-273pjajl author = Moriconi, Eleonora title = Neuroendocrine and Metabolic Effects of Low-Calorie and Non-Calorie Sweeteners date = 2020-07-16 keywords = Food; calorie; effect; gut; low; non; sugar; sweetener summary = Therefore, future studies will need to elucidate the potential beneficial and/or detrimental effects of different types of sweeteners on metabolic health (energy balance, appetite, body weight, cardiometabolic risk factors) in healthy subjects and patients with diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. On the basis of the recent findings on the effects of sucralose (129) , the association of non-calorie sweeteners to a very low-carbohydrate nutritional regimen represents a valid approach to prevent the detrimental metabolic effects on insulin sensitivity and the altered neural response to sugars induced by an excessive carbohydrate consumption (Figure 1 ). non-calorie sweeteners) can result in significant beneficial or detrimental effects on energy balance, appetite, body weight, and/or cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy subjects and patients with metabolic diseases (particularly obesity and type 2 diabetes). doi = 10.3389/fendo.2020.00444 id = cord-298265-elbnzgx6 author = Mutua, Victoria title = A Review of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Disease: Potential Anti-NETs Therapeutics date = 2020-08-01 keywords = PAD4; ROS; effect; extracellular; net; neutrophil; study; trap summary = Studies have demonstrated that circulating neutrophils of RA patients are more easily stimulated to NETosis than those from healthy subjects [73, 74] , and as in other autoimmune conditions, NETs act as a source of extracellular autoantigens leading to excessive innate and adaptive immune responses in the joints and subsequent tissue injury [73, 75] . Inhibits ROS production, prevents thrombus formation [190] [191] [192] [193] [194] [195] Nucleases Recombinant human DNase DNA matrixes Reduces neutrophil infiltration, cleaves DNA matrixes [196] [197] [198] [199] [200] [201] [202] [203] [204] [205] [206] [207] Staphylokinase Plasminogen, alpha-defensins Converting NETs to deoxyadenosine mediating death of immune cells [208] [209] [210] [211] Notable compounds Probiotics PKC pathway run a study to evaluate the effect of inhibition of PAD4 in NETosis using an antagomiR-155, a pleiotropic microRNA important in the regulation of immune responses, demonstrating a decreased induction of PAD4 mRNA and subsequent reduced NETs in response to PMA challenge [13] . doi = 10.1007/s12016-020-08804-7 id = cord-257197-i9bucuma author = Natarajan, Pavithra title = Understanding the influence of experimental factors on bio-interactions of nanoparticles: Towards improving correlation between in vitro and in vivo studies date = 2020-09-21 keywords = Gold; NPs; cell; effect; nanoparticle; oxide summary = This review discusses recent studies that help understand the nano-bio interactions of iron oxide and gold NPs with different surface compositions. 31, 32 The magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs), also commonly called superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 33, 34 , for bio-detection such as tracking the implanted stem cells in vitro 35 , in binding assays and hyperthermia 36, 37 and magnetic field guided drug delivery 21 in cancer treatment. This review also presents recent in vitro and in vivo studies that assess the biosafety/toxicity of NPs and the influence of surface ligands on nano-bio interactions such as uptake and immune response. Effect of cell media on polymer coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs): Colloidal stability, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake studies doi = 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108592 id = cord-339293-7ks3bopm author = Nejatifard, Marzieh title = Probable Positive Effects of the Photobiomodulation as an Adjunctive Treatment in COVID-19: A Systematic Review date = 2020-10-12 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; PBM; effect summary = Therefore, this review study was conducted to evaluate the direct effect of PBM on the acute lung inflammation or ARDS and also accelerating the regeneration of the damaged tissues. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the direct effect of the PBM on the acute lung inflammation or ARDS and accelerating the regeneration of the damaged tissue. The included papers were evaluated for the effect of light therapy, PBM, or low -level laser therapy on the lung inflammation, ARDS, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and lung parenchyma. All the studies confirmed that the PBM can reduce the lung inflammation, neutrophil recruitment, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. All the papers have shown the anti-inflammatory effects of the PBM including reducing the lung edema, cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, neutrophil influx, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and damage to the endothelial cytoskeleton. doi = 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155312 id = cord-009907-4jfr98wl author = Nelson, Randy J. title = Minireview The influence of season, photoperiod, and pineal melatonin on immune function date = 2007-01-30 keywords = Maestroni; effect; function; immune; melatonin; seasonal summary = Short day lengths enhance several aspects of immune function in laboratory studies, and melatonin appears to mediate many of the enhanced immunological effects of photoperiod. Taken together, it appears that seasonal fluctuations in immune parameters, mediated by melatonin, could have profound effects on the etiology and progression of diseases in humans and nonhuman animals. Many other conditions perceived as stressful, such as reduced food availability, low ambient temperatures, overcrowding, lack of shelter, or increased predator pressure, can recur seasonally leading to seasonal fluctuations in immune function among individuals, and seasonal changes in population-wide disease and death rates [Lochmiller et al., 19941. Evidence will be presented that pineal melatonin plays a critical role, both directly and indirectly through its effects on other hormones, in mediating photoperiodic modulation of immune function. Because exposure to short day lengths suppresses circulating prolactin levels, this hormone is a possible candidate for mediating some of the reported seasonal changes in immune function. doi = 10.1111/j.1600-079x.1995.tb00184.x id = cord-260092-pmufsvg9 author = Nieuwland, Mante S. title = Anticipating words during spoken discourse comprehension: A large-scale, pre-registered replication study using brain potentials() date = 2020-09-30 keywords = ERP; OT07; VB05; effect summary = For these reasons, researchers typically argue that evidence for lexical prediction is strongest when it is observed before the predicted noun is heard or read, and is obtained by comparing ERPs to words that themselves have little semantic meaning (e.g., the English articles ''a/an'') and/or do not differ in meaning (e.g., the Dutch adjectives ''groot/grote'', which have the same meaning but differ in the presence of the inflectional suffix ''-e'' to mark grammatical gender). In more recent studies on comprehension of written sentences, gender-mismatch on prenominal articles was associated with N400-like effects, i.e. an enhanced negativity in the typical N400 time window (Dutch: Fleur, Flecken, Rommers & Nieuwland, 2020; Otten & Van Berkum, 2009; Spanish: Foucart, Martin, Moreno & Costa, 2014; Martin, Branzi & Bar, 2018; Molinaro, Gianelle, Caffarra & Martin, 2014) , although sometimes with a time course or scalp distribution unlike the typical N400 effects elicited by nouns. doi = 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.007 id = cord-013176-6ckuya1w author = Ninfali, Paolino title = Antiviral Properties of Flavonoids and Delivery Strategies date = 2020-08-21 keywords = HCV; RNA; activity; antiviral; effect; flavonoid; virus summary = Quercetin, extracted from Embelia ribes (Mirsinaceae), exhibited antiviral effects against HCV, exerted through activity inhibition of the viral protease Non-Structural protein 3 (NS3), leading to a decrease in HCV replication [36] . The natural extract of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (Vitaceae) contains many flavonoids, including vitexin, vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin, rutin, kaempferol, astragalin, quercitrin, quercetin and iso-quercetin, which were shown to be able to exert anti-influenza virus activity, with different efficiency, through the reduction of the number of plaques induced by the influenza virus in infected Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells [21] . In future perspective, this approach could be considered in order to possibly improve the antiviral activity of some flavonoids, like baicalin, that was able, like fludarabine [65] , to act against HIV-1 chronic infection of human monocytes and macrophages, inhibiting the fusion of HIV virus envelope proteins with these cells [73] . doi = 10.3390/nu12092534 id = cord-316992-fe5u2oi0 author = Nirk, Eliise Laura title = Hydroxychloroquine in rheumatic autoimmune disorders and beyond date = 2020-07-26 keywords = Chloroquine; HCQ; cell; effect summary = These effects are achieved through the modulation of the autoimmune response by (i) impairing functions of the endolysosomal system through its lysosomotropic effects (Ziegler & Unanue, 1982; Kaufmann & Krise, 2007; Yoon et al, 2010) , (ii) decreasing the levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (Sperber et al, 1993; Van Den Borne et al, 1997) , (iii) inhibiting T-cell proliferation (Landewe et al, 1995; Costedoat-Chalumeau et al, 2014) , (iv) blocking Tolllike receptors (TLRs) (Kyburz et al, 2006) and (v) autophagy inhibition (An et al, 2017c) . Activation of TLRs, especially in macrophages, monocytes and T helper cells, but also in neutrophils and endothelial cells, induces the production and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, a hallmark of RADs (Beutler & Cerami, 1989 (A) CQ and HCQ are weak bases that accumulate inside acidic subcellular compartments, e.g. endosomes and lysosomes. doi = 10.15252/emmm.202012476 id = cord-343303-by0b3gy0 author = Nishinari, Katsuyoshi title = Molar mass effect in food and health date = 2020-09-03 keywords = Nishinari; effect; gel; high; increase; low; mass; molar summary = For cellulose derivative compounds with different molar masses 37 but approximately the same degree of substitution, the steady shear viscosity of 2% solutions as a 38 function of shear rate is shown in Fig. 3A . The effect of molar mass of chitosan on the film properties of chitosan (CH) -corn starch (CS) 8 composite (50:50 mixing ratio) was studied using low, medium and high molecular weight (LMW, with HMM CH is approximately the same to that of HMW CS alone (Fig 19A) , values of WVP 15 Effects of injection of high or low molar mass HA to the joint synovial fluid of OA patients 39 were studied, and it was found that higher MW HA decreased some specific protein such as mammary gland branching and 10 kDa HA fragments strongly stimulate branching, but the 15 activity of HA decreases with increasing molecular weight and 500 kDa HA strongly inhibited this 16 morphogenetic process. doi = 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106110 id = cord-019001-ralxw4ad author = Oishi, Peter title = Diseases of the Pulmonary Vascular System date = 2008-11-15 keywords = ET-1; disease; effect; hypertension; increase; pulmonary; vascular summary = In addition, physical expansion of the lung results in the release of vasoactive substances, such as PGI 2 , which increases pulmonary blood fl ow and decreases pulmonary vascular resistance in the fetal goat and lamb independent of the changes in oxygen tension [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] . In humans, endothelial dysfunction, including histologic abnormalities of the endothelium, impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation, and increased plasma ET-1 concentrations have been described in children with congenital heart defects and pulmonary hypertension before the development of signifi cant vascular remodeling [22, 98, 101] . In addition, neonates with PPHN and adults with advanced pulmonary vascular disease have evidence of endothelial dysfunction, impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation, increased plasma ET-1 concentrations, and decreased prostacyclin production [23, 24, 62, 99] . The oral formulation is currently being investigated for chronic pulmonary hypertensive therapy, and recent short-term studies demonstrate benefi cial effects in children with advanced pulmonary vascular disease [164] . doi = 10.1007/978-1-84800-925-7_20 id = cord-344988-09vpehvf author = Overbeck, Silke title = Modulating the immune response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for multiple diseases date = 2008-02-05 keywords = cell; effect; immune; study; supplementation; zinc summary = Zinc supplementation in diseases such as diarrhea, chronic hepatitis C, shigellosis, leprosy, tuberculosis, pneumonia, acute lower respiratory infection, and leishmaniasis seems beneficial. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease where zinc application was tested as a supporting therapeutic intervention [23] . [95] , there was no alteration of the CD4/CD8 ratio in the initial study [176] and several recent papers were unable to find effects of oral zinc on HIV-1 viral load, immune response to tuberculosis, lymphocyte subsets, CD4 + , CD8 + , and CD3 + cell counts, or antibody response to a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [16, 27, 40, 54, 163] . Although this has not been directly investigated so far, the improvement in parameters for oxidative stress in diabetic patients indicates that the antioxidant effect of zinc is relevant for disease progression in vivo. doi = 10.1007/s00005-008-0003-8 id = cord-355935-psnqrdo2 author = Paez, Antonio title = A Spatio‐Temporal Analysis of the Environmental Correlates of COVID‐19 Incidence in Spain date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; SUR; Spain; effect; incidence; variable summary = Use of spatial Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) allows us to model the incidence of reported cases of the disease per 100,000 population as an interregional contagion process, in addition to a function of temperature, humidity, and sunshine. We adopt a population health approach, and report results from a spatio-temporal model of the incidence of COVID-19 in the coterminous provinces in Spain, one of the countries hardest hit by the pandemic. Higher incidence is associated with higher GDP per capita and presence of mass transit systems in the province; in contrast, population density and percentage of older adults display negative associations with incidence of COVID-19. The coefficients of the spatially lagged variable are estimated for each time period ρ t and identify the intensity and the sign of the contagion effect. Fig. 3 includes three maps that display the spatial variation of our control variables, namely GDP per capita, percentage of older adults in province, population density, and presence of mass transit systems. doi = 10.1111/gean.12241 id = cord-013333-7jx4t0ol author = Palloni, Alberto title = Impacts of the 1918 flu on survivors'' nutritional status: A double quasi-natural experiment date = 2020-10-20 keywords = earthquake; effect; exposure; flu; height; severity summary = Because conditions that determine poor early nutritional status also increase child and adult mortality risks, it is quite likely that selection in our sample of older adults will induce to downward biases on estimates of effects of exposure to flu and earthquake. As in the previous case the additive effect of exposure is small but, unlike the model for knee height, there is an important gender differential as exposed females lose about 3 cms (about 3 percent of the mean) and the regression coefficient estimate is more than twice its standard error (-2.87 (1.42)). Because the additive effect of exposure in areas of high flu severity and affected by the earthquake implies an average increase in knee height of about 4.72, albeit with a large standard error (2.95), the total effect among females is negative and leads to a loss of 5.68 cms. The total effects of female exposure on knee height are two to three times larger among those who were born in municipios with high flu severity and affected by the earthquake. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0232805 id = cord-002005-35c6mak0 author = Parker, Philip D. title = What Effect Did the Global Financial Crisis Have Upon Youth Wellbeing? Evidence From Four Australian Cohorts date = 2016-02-08 keywords = GFC; age; cohort; effect summary = Harmonizing 4 longitudinal cohorts of Australian youth (N = 38,017), we estimate the impact of the GFC on 1 general and 11 domain specific measures of wellbeing at age 19 and 22. As noted above, there is some evidence to suggest that social wellbeing and optimism for the future is particularly at risk during economic hard times (Clark & Heath, 2014; Elder, 1999; Lau et al., 2008) , yet research in this area has been relatively limited in the number of domains explored. The nature of the LSAY data, four birth cohorts measured roughly three years apart, allows us to compare the influence of the GFC at two distinct ages in the post high-school transition period (i.e., age 19 and 22). We were able to overcome limitations in previous research via the use of multiple cohorts of longitudinal data to explore the influence of the GFC at two different ages in one general and 11 domain specific measures of wellbeing. doi = 10.1037/dev0000092 id = cord-295335-oa4twg2z author = Pastorino, Giulia title = Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra): A phytochemical and pharmacological review date = 2018-08-17 keywords = Glycyrrhiza; activity; effect; glabra; liquorice summary = In vivo-double-blind clinical trial in human patients Reduction of erythema, oedema, and itching scores (Halder & Richards, 2004) -In vitro-topical treatments in human patients during 4 weeks Lighten hand solar lentigines (Nerya et al., 2003) Glycyrrhetinic acid; glabridin 0-120 μM In vitro-human keratinocyte culture Prevention of oxidative DNA fragmentation and activation of apoptosis-associated proteins in human keratinocyte (Grippaudo & Di Russo, 2016) (Continues) In vitro-Vero cells In vivo-ducks Stimulation of immune and antiviral effect against DHV (Soufy et al., 2012) 0.1 μg/ml (extract) In vitro-human foreskin cell line Protection of host cells against EV71 infection (Kuo, Chang, Wang, & Chiang, 2009) In vivo-oral administration to humans (LDL isolation) (Carmeli & Fogelman, 2009) Licochalcone 2-20 μg/ml DPPH, superoxide anion, lipid peroxidation, red blood cells Inhibition of the microsomal lipid peroxidation (Haraguchi, Ishikawa, Mizutani, Tamura, & Kinoshita, 1998) Hepatoprotective activity Liquorice aqueous extract 100-300 mg/kg 15 days In vivo-oral administration to Wistar rats Stimulation of the antioxidant enzymes and arrest of inflammatory cytokine production (Huo, Wang, Liang, Bao, & Gu, 2011) G. doi = 10.1002/ptr.6178 id = cord-299007-5m6lk409 author = Paterson, R. Russell M. title = Cordyceps – A traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? date = 2008-05-31 keywords = activity; anti; cell; chinese; cordyceps; effect; fungus; sinensis summary = The isolation, structure elucidation, and anti-malarial activity of ES-242s and their analogues from the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps pseudomilitaris (from a Lepidoptera larva) were reported previously. Towards this end, a polysaccharide was isolated from cultured Cordyceps mycelia which had strong anti-oxidation activity, and which contained glucose, mannose and galactose. militaris demonstrated general anti-inflammatory activity (Yu et al., 2004a) as did ethanolic extracts of cultured fruiting bodies and mycelia of C. Whereas the reported apoptotic effects of the fungus are in: (a) the mouse (anti-tumour activity, metastasis inhibition) and (b) cell culture (proliferation stimulation, cytotoxic activity). Hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide (CS-F30) from the cultural mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis and its effect on glucose metabolism in mouse liver Anti-inflammatory and related pharmacological activities of cultured mycelia and fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris Antioxidant activity of the extracts from fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps sinensis doi = 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.027 id = cord-143246-f97v2cih author = Paul, Aneesh Mathews title = Multifaceted COVID-19 Outbreak date = 2020-08-26 keywords = COVID-19; India; education; effect; pandemic; student summary = The time when everyone is struggling in the cruel hands of COVID19, we present the holistic view on the effects of this pandemic in certain aspects of life. Suicide rate has increased during the pandemic time [32] , [33] .The situation of COVID-19 has diverse effects in India [34] . Section II highlights the overall change in the education system during the COVID-19 season, and discusses the social and psychological impacts of the pandemic. Online learning is a new strategy embraced by the education system in this time of pandemic. We see a lot of unprecedented collaborative work globally among the educators [40] during this pandemic leading to a loss in the travel economy. The pandemic spread in various countries was sparked by religious gatherings as shown in Fig. 12 Religion and politics are a crucial part of life and COVID-19 has acquainted the human life without these jargon words. Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic doi = nan id = cord-006192-bqwchhwk author = Persson, Carl G. A. title = Plasma exudation and asthma date = 1988 keywords = airway; bronchial; effect; mediator; plasma summary = It is concluded that inflammatory stimulus-induced increase in macromolecular permeability of the tracheobronchial microvasculature and mucosa may be a significant pathogenetic mechanism in asthma and that the postcapillary venular endothelium and airway epithelium that regulate leakage of plasma are important effector cells in this disease. A role for plasma exudation in "dry-air-induced asthma" may be hypothesized for 2 main reasons: (1) in inflamed airways it is vessel fluid that humidifies incoming air whereas other sources are used under normal conditions [25, 45] ; (2) effective protection against this nonpharmacologic provocation is provided by drugs such as cromoglycate and glucocorticosteroids, which may have potent antileakage effects at airway endothelial-epithelial barriers [42, 107] . More recent ultrastructural, pathophysiological, and pharmacologic studies of systemic microvascular beds have shown that inflammatory mediatorinduced leakage of protein-rich plasma occurs in postcapillary venules (diameter 10-50 ~m) through large gaps (up to 1 tzm) between endothelial cells [23, 62, 64, 78, 89, 116, 122, 134, 145, 153] (Fig. 2 ). doi = 10.1007/bf02714025 id = cord-193947-vcm3v0ix author = Pollmann, Michael title = Causal Inference for Spatial Treatments date = 2020-10-31 keywords = distance; effect; individual; location; region; treatment summary = Even when the differences in levels between inner and outer ring are differenced out with individual fixed effects in panel data, the parallel trends assumption is particularly strong in spatial treatment settings. With individuals and treatment locations distributed across space, a large number of covariates, such as population density or average income at different distances, are predictive of both outcomes and treatment assignment probabilities. In the ideal spatial experiment considered in this section, treatment is randomized similar to a completely randomized experiment across regions with outcomes aggregated within regions (and distance bins).Ë�( ) ( ) is the variance of aggregated treated potential outcomes,Ë�( 0) ( ) is the variance of aggregated control potential outcomes, and ( ) ( ) resembles a variance of treatment effects, such thatË�( ) ( ) +Ë�( 0) ( ) â�� ( ) ( ) resembles the variance of the difference in means under repeated sampling of fixed individuals but varying treatment assignment, the framework of this paper. doi = nan id = cord-333672-ef53l283 author = Potter, Gregory D. M. title = The Future of Shift Work: Circadian Biology Meets Personalised Medicine and Behavioural Science date = 2020-08-07 keywords = TRE; circadian; effect; shift; sleep; worker summary = Because of this, understanding how to alter shift work and zeitgeber (time cue) schedules to enhance circadian system function is likely to be key to improving the health of shift workers. If one could estimate shift workers'' circadian phases in real time and model how subsequent changes in zeitgeber schedules would influence their circadian systems, one could develop tools that use this information to expedite adaptation to shift schedule changes by providing personalised guidance and perhaps even individual-level changes in exposure to light. Among healthy young men undergoing simulated night shift work for 4 days, those who confined their consumption of calorie-containing foods and drinks (i.e., the caloric period) to between breakfast at 07:00 and dinner at 19:00 had superior postbreakfast glucose tolerance after the intervention compared to men who had dinner at 19:00, a meal at 01:30, and breakfast at 07:00 (50) . doi = 10.3389/fnut.2020.00116 id = cord-295807-68sukdb1 author = Quade, Bianca N. title = The therapeutic importance of acid-base balance date = 2020-10-09 keywords = Bicarbonate; CFTR; CO2; HCO3; acid; acidosis; base; cell; drug; effect; increase; metabolic; role summary = Despite these specious claims, the therapeutic value of controlling acid-base balance is indisputable and is the basis of Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for constipation, epilepsy, metabolic acidosis, and peptic ulcers. Although studies of the role of acid-base balance in health and disease have resulted in the generation of several FDA-approved pharmaceuticals such as contraceptive gels and gastric-acid suppressors, systematic reviews of random trials of the clinical effectiveness of NaHCO3 itself tend to be circumspect in their conclusions. For example: MAc can result from diet, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes (diabetic ketoacidosis) or can follow acute myocardial infarction (lactic acidosis), mutations in renal acid-base transporters (renal tubular acidosis, see section 4.9), intoxication with compounds (e.g., aspirin), and diarrhea (loss of HCO3 --rich secretions) [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] . doi = 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114278 id = cord-331270-12zx0o2p author = Rico, Timóteo Matthies title = Use of Text Messaging (SMS) for the Management of Side Effects in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy Treatment: a Randomized Controlled Trial date = 2020-09-30 keywords = cycle; effect; group; patient summary = title: Use of Text Messaging (SMS) for the Management of Side Effects in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy Treatment: a Randomized Controlled Trial All text messages were sent to the intervention group patients in an automated and tailored way by our app called cHEmotHErApp. Side effects experienced by patients were verified using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core-30 (EORTC QLQ-C30). In our previous study, we showed the acceptance and perception of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy on an outpatient basis receiving daily text messages about prevention and managing side effects, as well as emotional support [30] . To our knowledge, the present study is the first clinical trial employing text messaging (SMS) with preventative advice and side effect management tips sent to cancer patients in outpatient chemotherapy. doi = 10.1007/s10916-020-01663-x id = cord-006082-x1kankxd author = Romero, Cesar A. title = Novel RAAS agonists and antagonists: clinical applications and controversies date = 2015-02-10 keywords = Ang; RAAS; ace; effect; receptor summary = Despite the important improvements achieved with these agents in slowing the progression of established cardiorenal disease, the ACE inhibitors and the ARBs only provide a 20% reduction in the relative risk of Key points ■ Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker provides a 20% relative risk reduction for the progression of established cardiorenal disease compared with other non-RAAS blocking therapies ■ The RAAS is an endocrine, paracrine and autocrine system that regulates blood pressure homeostasis through effects on a variety of target organs, as well as having a role in the responses to vascular injury and repair ■ The RAAS is a complex system with a variety of sites suitable for pharmacological intervention ■ Novel molecules that alter the production of various RAAS peptides or that alter receptor density, function or responsiveness to these peptides could have an important influence on haemodynamics and vascular structure and function www.nature.com/nrendo progression of cardiovascular disease when compared with non-RAAS blocking therapy. doi = 10.1038/nrendo.2015.6 id = cord-270673-apr9oyqa author = Rosselló, Jaume title = The effects of natural disasters on international tourism: A global analysis date = 2020-02-01 keywords = Becken; destination; disaster; effect; impact; tourism summary = Natural disasters and unexpected events are prime examples of such determining factors, as they have profound effects on individuals and society, and as a result have the potential to affect tourism flows considerably. To address this gap, this paper incorporates a dataset on natural and man-made disaster events into a model of international tourism flows to evaluate the effect of different types of disasters on international arrivals at the national level. A gravity model for international tourism flows is defined to quantify the effects of different disaster events on international tourist arrivals to the affected country. This research develops a gravity model for international tourism flows to quantify the effects of different types of natural and man-made disasters on tourist arrivals to the affected countries. The empirical research presented in this paper draws on two sets of data to explore in depth the relationship between international tourist arrivals and global disasters, measured through three different impact metrics (costs, deaths and affected people). doi = 10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104080 id = cord-349807-ar77cnsa author = Rouadi, Philip W. title = Immunopathological features of air pollution and its impact on inflammatory airway diseases (IAD) date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COPD; air; airway; effect; exposure summary = 79 InIn-vivovivo studies in both human and animal models suggest pollutant exposure induces inflammatory changes in normal, chronically diseased and allergic nasal and sinonasal tissues ( Table 1 ). 160 Moreover, in vitro studies suggest air pollution may suppress innate and adaptive immunity and increases susceptibility to bacterial and viral respiratory infections in both human and animal clinical models, following short-or long-term exposure (see Table 2 ). 161 Also, in vitro Rrhinovirus (RV) 16 infectivity following nitrogen oxide and ozone exposure in human respiratory epithelial cells Loss of low-level DEP-exposed MDMf along their differentiation into macrophages likely due to dysfunctional (loss of mitochondrial membrane electrical potential and lysosomal function) and phenotypic (TLRmediated reduction in CD14 and CD11 surface marker expression) structural changes in MDMf of healthy exposed individuals. We reviewed evidence for the involvement of oxidative stress pathways and their nature in healthy individuals and patients with inflammatory airway diseases following exposure to a spectrum of important chemical, allergic and infectious air contaminants. doi = 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100467 id = cord-354044-3ugc7odq author = Salazar-Gómez, Anuar title = The potential role of sesquiterpene lactones isolated from medicinal plants in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome – A review date = 2020-09-16 keywords = Inula; activity; effect summary = Therefore, in order to provide relevant information regarding the potential benefits of SLns in preventing Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin I-converting enzyme; AMPK, activated protein kinase; APOC3, apolipoprotein C3; AT, adipose tissue; CAT, catalase; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FFA, free fatty acids; FN, fibronectin; G6Pase, glucose-6-phosphatase; GK, glucokinase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, reduced glutathione; HDL-C, high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol; IFN-g, interferon gamma; IL-1b, interleukin 1 beta; IL-6, interleukin 6; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IR, insulin resistance; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa B; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SLns, sesquiterpene lactones; SOD, superoxide dismutase; STAT1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; STZ, streptozotocin; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TGF-b1, transforming growth factor beta; TLRs, Toll-like receptor; TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor alpha; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein and managing MetS, this review addresses plant-derived SLns that are potentially responsible for the positive effect in improving risk factors associated with MetS. doi = 10.1016/j.sajb.2020.08.020 id = cord-351932-dn60t7qa author = Salehi, Bahare title = Dioscorea Plants: A Genus Rich in Vital Nutra-pharmaceuticals-A Review date = 2019 keywords = Dioscorea; Thunb; activity; anti; effect; extract; rhizome summary = As reported by Jesus et al., 2016 , diosgenin (3-β-hydroxy-5spirostene) is the primary furostanol saponin found in several plants, including Dioscorea species, and is described as a promising bioactive compound with several medicinal properties, i.e. hypolipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, and antiproliferative activities (5) . A new furostanol glycoside namely 26-O-β -D-glucopyranosyl-3β,26-dihydroxy-20,22-seco-25(R)-furost-5en-20,22-dione-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α -L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-[ α -L -r h a m n o p y r a n o s y l -( 1 → 2 ) ] -β -Dglucopyranoside was isolated from the methanolic extract of the rhizome of Dioscorea cayenensis growing in Cameroon, together with the known spirostanol saponins described as methyl protodioscin, asperoside and prosapogenin A of dioscin (12) . Concerning the phytochemical profile, twelve cyclic diarylheptanoids were isolated from the rhizomes of Dioscorea nipponica (20) , among which two new cyclic diarylheptanoids, diosniponol A and B; moreover, as reported by the same authors, these compounds were evaluated for their effects on nitric oxide production without cell toxicity in lipopolysaccharide-activated BV-2 cells. doi = 10.22037/ijpr.2019.112501.13795 id = cord-335024-0klf75qr author = Saponaro, Federica title = An Update on Vitamin D Metabolism date = 2020-09-08 keywords = CYP2R1; VDR; cyp27b1; effect; vitamin summary = Recently, new and interesting aspects of vitamin D metabolism has been elucidated, namely the special role of the skin, the metabolic control of liver hydroxylase CYP2R1, the specificity of 1α-hydroxylase in different tissues and cell types and the genomic, non-genomic and epigenomic effects of vitamin D receptor, which will be addressed in the present review. The aim of this review is to focus on some new, intriguing, and still incompletely clarified aspects of vitamin D metabolism, such as novel concepts in enzyme regulation, new pleiotropic effects of vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation, and epigenetic effects. From an evolutionary point of view, specific investigations and genome-wide association studies demonstrated that the ancient and initial role of vitamin D was likely the regulation of genes involved in energy metabolism [5] . New concepts have emerged in the last years, namely the special role of the skin, the metabolic control of liver hydroxylase CYP2R1, the specificity of 1α-hydroxylase in different tissues and cell types and the genomic, non-genomic and epigenomic effects of VDR. doi = 10.3390/ijms21186573 id = cord-287243-fm3587ww author = Scanes, Colin G. title = Reproductive management of poultry date = 2020-01-24 keywords = effect; egg; hen; production summary = Other aspects of reproductive management in poultry include the following: artificial insemination (almost exclusively employed in turkeys) and approaches to reduce broodiness together with cage free (colony), conventional, enriched and free-range systems. Estrogens induce the following: development of the oviduct, production of yolk precursors (VLDL and vitellogenin) (see above) by the liver, production of egg white proteins by the oviduct and, with androgens, formation of medullary bone (a labile source of calcium). 78 These programs not only decrease the feed needs of the broiler breeder but also reduce mortality and increase egg production. In addition to feed restriction, to induce molting in broiler breeder hens, the daylength is decreased to 8L:16D and light intensity is reduced. Effects of low dietary protein and different allocations of food during rearing and restricted feeding after peak rate of lay on egg production, fertility and hatchability in female broiler breeders doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-817052-6.00020-3 id = cord-267284-3uz0v29k author = Schneiderová, Kristýna title = Phytochemical profile of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb). Steud. date = 2014-08-29 keywords = Paulownia; activity; effect; flavonoid; tomentosa summary = Paulownia tomentosa, a member of the plant family Paulowniaceae and a rich source of biologically active secondary metabolites, is traditionally used in Chinese herbal medicine. Recent interest in this species has focused on isolating and identifying of prenylated flavonoids, that exhibit potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiphlogistic activities and inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like protease. For example, n-butanol, EtOAc, and MeOH extracts obtained from the fruit have displayed antiradical activity in anti-DPPH and peroxynitrite assays, due to mainly the presence of flavonoids and phenolic glycosides, but not of all compounds present in these extracts have been identified) (Š mejkal et al. Significant concentration-dependent anti-inflammatory properties of EtOH extracts of the bark of the tree have also been observed recently using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)induced nitric oxide production inhibition model in the murine macrophages cell line RAW264.7 (Si et al. Structure and activity relationship of antioxidant flavonoids from leaves of Paulownia tomentosa var. doi = 10.1007/s11101-014-9376-y id = cord-355873-e5cd4o0q author = Shah, Bakht Ramin title = Effects of prebiotic dietary fibers and probiotics on human health: With special focus on recent advancement in their encapsulated formulations date = 2020-06-23 keywords = dietary; effect; fiber; probiotic summary = title: Effects of prebiotic dietary fibers and probiotics on human health: With special focus on recent advancement in their encapsulated formulations BACKGROUND: Dietary fibers (DFs) are known as potential formulations in human health due to their beneficial effects in control of life-threatening chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus, obesity and cancer. Effect of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function and metabolic status in Alzheimer''s disease: a randomized, double-blind and controlled trial The effect of probiotic and/or prebiotic on liver function tests in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a double blind randomized clinical trial Correction: The Potential Role of Probiotics or/and Prebiotic on Serum Lipid Profile and Insulin Resistance in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial Effects of multistrain probiotic supplementation on glycemic and inflammatory indices in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a double-blind randomized clinical trial Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial doi = 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.06.010 id = cord-348106-agwdmtug author = Shankar, Venkatesh title = Omnichannel Marketing: Are Cross-Channel Effects Symmetric? date = 2020-09-07 keywords = agent; channel; effect; web summary = The rapid growth in omnichannel (e.g., Web, call center, sales agent, store) shopping and the need to effectively allocate resources across channels are prompting managers and researchers to better understand cross-channel effects, that is, the effects of marketing efforts in one distribution channel on shopping outcomes in other channels. While the effect of marketing efforts in a channel on shopping outcomes in a dissimilar (with a different primary influence role) channel is positive (e.g., exclusive agent, the Web, and the call center channels are complementary), the magnitudes of the cross-channel effects are asymmetric. While the effect of marketing efforts in a channel on shopping outcomes in a dissimilar (with a different primary influence role and richness) channel is positive (e.g., J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof exclusive agent, the Web, and the call center channels are complementary), the directions and extent of cross-channel effects are asymmetric. doi = 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2020.09.001 id = cord-347644-4qenzjiu author = Shorter, John R. title = A Diallel of the Mouse Collaborative Cross Founders Reveals Strong Strain-Specific Maternal Effects on Litter Size date = 2019-03-15 keywords = effect; litter; size; strain summary = We identified factors that affect the average litter size in a cross by estimating the overall contribution of parent-of-origin, heterosis, inbred, and epistatic effects using a Bayesian zero-truncated overdispersed Poisson mixed model. Litter size is moderately heritable, and maternal effects account for the majority of explained variation To estimate founder strain effects on litter size, we used a Bayesian regression model that decomposes the phenotypic variation in the diallel into genetic and parent-of-origin contributions (Lenarcic et al. Using this model, the percentage of the variance in litter size explained by diallel effects was 17.73%, with additive effects explaining 9.18% (VarP[additive]; this GCA-like measure being related to narrow sense heritability), parent-of-origin effects (VarP[parental.sex]) accounting for 5.77%, the fact of being inbred (VarP[inbred.overall]) at 1.43%, and strain-by-strain interactions (VarP[epistatic.symmetric] + VarP[asymmetric.epistatic]) at 3.40% (Figure 2A) . doi = 10.1534/g3.118.200847 id = cord-007798-9ht7cqhu author = Smith, Silas W. title = Drugs and pharmaceuticals: management of intoxication and antidotes date = 2010-02-25 keywords = APAP; INH; MTX; NAC; VPA; dose; drug; effect; overdose; patient; treatment summary = In the context of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticholinergic, anticonvulsant, antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, cardiovascular, opioid, or sedative-hypnotic agents overdose, N-acetylcysteine, physostigmine, l-carnitine, dextrose, octreotide, pyridoxine, dexrazoxane, leucovorin, glucarpidase, atropine, calcium, digoxin-specific antibody fragments, glucagon, high-dose insulin euglycemia therapy, lipid emulsion, magnesium, sodium bicarbonate, naloxone, and flumazenil are specifically reviewed. As might be anticipated from the fact that supportive care suffices for the majority of poisoned patients, a typical study of routine administration of charcoal following oral overdose of primarily benzodiazepines, acetaminophen, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors could not demonstrate benefit [16, 17, 23] . Patient characteristics suggesting extracorporeal therapy include signs or symptoms of significant end organ toxicity; impaired elimination secondary to baseline comorbidities or critical illness-induced hypoperfusion; inability to tolerate or refractory to antidotal strategies (such as bicarbonate or saline); inadequate response to supportive care measures; concurrent electrolyte derangements (e.g., metformin-associated lactic acidosis); or serum drug concentrations historically associated with severe outcome [127] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-7643-8338-1_12 id = cord-327521-g5vefajw author = Spisni, Enzo title = Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Microbial-Modulating Activities of Essential Oils: Implications in Colonic Pathophysiology date = 2020-06-10 keywords = CRC; activity; cell; effect; oil summary = In recent years, many studies have analyzed their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer properties in vitro and on experimentally induced animal models of colitis and colorectal cancer. The recent discovery of the complexity of the human intestinal microbiota, composed of bacteria, fungi and viruses, and its intricate pathophysiological relationships with the immune system and the enteric nervous system, makes EOs truly interesting for their antimicrobial activities, often selective for the different microbial components. Recent studies have shown that geraniol administration reduced the intestinal inflammation induced by DSS [7] , but these anti-inflammatory effects could be also linked to its antioxidant activity, since its administration resulted in a decreased iNOS activity and a decreased lipid peroxidation, in a rat model of colitis [22] . Geraniol antibacterial activity seems to be linked to his property to destabilize bacterial cell wall and damage transmembrane efflux pumps, thus restoring drug-sensitivity in different bacterial antibiotic-resistant strains, such as Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii [29] . doi = 10.3390/ijms21114152 id = cord-339082-8gogju5n author = Swire-Thompson, Briony title = Searching for the Backfire Effect: Measurement and Design Considerations date = 2020-09-02 keywords = Nyhan; Reifler; backfire; correction; effect summary = In this article, we discuss the current state of the worldview and familiarity backfire effect literatures, examine barriers to measuring the correction of misinformation, and conclude with recommendations for fact-checkers and communicators. There have subsequently been worldview backfire effects reported in a variety of subgroups with misinformation regarding vaccines (in respondents with least favorable vaccine attitudes, Nyhan, Reifler, Richey, & Freed, 2014; in respondents with high levels of concern about vaccine side effects, Nyhan & Reifler, 2015) , climate change (in Republican participants, Hart & Nisbet, 2012; in Republicans with high political interest, Zhou, 2016) , the existence of death panels (in politically knowledgeable Palin supporters, Nyhan, Reifler, & Ubel, 2013) , and with a fictitious scenario detailing that right-wing politicians generally misappropriate public funds more than left-wing politicians (in right-wing attentive participants, Ecker & Ang, 2019), see Appendix B. doi = 10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006 id = cord-256992-rwy0n01l author = Taheri, Yasaman title = Myricetin bioactive effects: moving from preclinical evidence to potential clinical applications date = 2020-08-01 keywords = Myricetin; activity; cell; effect; flavonoid summary = Polyphenols are a wide group of plant-derived molecules resulting from secondary metabolism, ubiquitously distributed in vegetable kingdom where they display different activities such as protective effect against UV rays, bacteria, virus and fungi infections, modulation of plant hormones, enzyme inhibition and pollinator attraction [1] . [101] reported the in vitro effect of myricetin on high glucose-induced β-cell apoptosis, possibly via cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) inhibition. Anti-angiogenic effects of myricetin (5 to 20 μM) assessed through in vitro (HUVEC) and in vivo (CAM) models revealed that this compound significantly inhibits angiogenesis induced by OVCAR-3 cells. In SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cells, myricetin inhibited viability and induced apoptosis (40 μg/mL, time-dependent manner) through endoplasmic reticulum stress and DNA double-strand breaks [130] . Potential anticancer activity of myricetin in human T24 bladder cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo doi = 10.1186/s12906-020-03033-z id = cord-331633-ix5un6c9 author = Teixeira, Maria C. title = Nanomedicines for the Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) date = 2020-03-20 keywords = amp; antimicrobial; drug; effect; peptide; resistance summary = AMPs are small natural oligopeptides that have recently showed a potential activity against antibiotics resistance mechanisms, due to their ability in lysing bacterial membranes, thus providing broad-spectrum effects, targeting microorganisms from viruses to parasites. Antimicrobial drug delivery using polymeric NPs offers several advantages: (i) structural stability in biological fluids and under harsh and various conditions for preparation; (ii) precisely tuneable properties, such as size, zeta-potentials, and drug release profiles, by manipulating polymer lengths, surfactants, and organic solvents used for NP preparation [67] , and (iii) facile and versatile surface functionalization for conjugating drugs and targeting ligands [68] . Other types of nanomaterials, such as dendrimers and carbon nanodots, have also been successfully proposed for the delivery of AMPs. Due to their ease of synthesis and low manufacturing costs, antimicrobial polymers including dendrimers have been exploited to mimic the antibacterial mechanism host defence peptides, by compromising bacterial cell membranes [115] . doi = 10.3390/nano10030560 id = cord-272309-v72796pu author = Tootee, Ali title = Ramadan fasting during Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-30 keywords = Ramadan; effect summary = [9] Decisive evidence emerged from numerous in-depth studies have clearly demonstrated that fasting can produce therapeutic effects in many noncommunicable disorders such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. [15] These evidence and similar findings indicate that the effects of Ramadan Fasting are not merely confined those related to refraining from eating and drinking, and they include a diverse range of physical, psychological, and spiritual health. have demonstrated that Ramadan Fasting can play a protective role against tuberculosis, and can minimize the risk of the infection in healthy individuals. For instance, in a comprehensive research on the subject which was published by members on the assembly in 2010, authors had contended that although Ramadan fasting is generally safe and wholesome for healthy individuals, those with certain diseases and adverse health conditions should seek their physicians'' advice in this regard. doi = 10.1007/s40200-020-00534-z id = cord-337856-xaxxewb6 author = Trump, Cary E. title = Behavior Momentum Theory and Humans: A Review of the Literature date = 2020-09-30 keywords = BMT; effect summary = (2016) evaluated the effect of different negative reinforcement schedules on the persistence of task completion exhibited by three participants who engaged in escape maintained problem behavior. After removing duplicates, the initial search provided 141 studies in which the author conducted additional reviews using the following three additional inclusion conditions: (4) included human participants across basic (conducted in laboratory settings to evaluate fundamental principles of behavior; Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007) , applied (evaluating socially significant behaviors; Cooper et al., 2007) , or translational (extending laboratory findings to clinical populations and problems; Lerman, 2003) ; studies (5) comparing two different conditions, such as rich versus lean schedules; and (6) evaluated the effect of a disruptor on behavior within the context of BMT. Overall, the review discovered 73% of the included experiments indicated problem behavior responses persisted greater in rich compared to lean schedules. doi = 10.1007/s40732-020-00430-1 id = cord-017041-0zxoq68m author = Volochnyuk, Dmitriy M. title = Fluorine-Containing Diazines in Medicinal Chemistry and Agrochemistry date = 2014-06-13 keywords = Fig; Fluorouracil; Phase; compound; derivative; effect; process; scheme; synthesis summary = Herein we give a comprehensive review on the biological activity and synthesis of fluorine containing, pyrimidine, pyrazine and pyridazine derivatives with relevance to medicinal and agrochemistry. Herein we give a comprehensive review on the biological activity and synthesis of fl uorine containing, pyrimidine, pyrazine and pyridazine derivatives with relevance to medicinal and agrochemistry. In an alternative approach, Fluorouracil was prepared by direct fl uorination of different pyrimidine derivatives, including uracil [ 15 ] , cytosine [ 16 ] , and orotic acid [ 17 ] . Early synthesis of Floxuridine commenced from Fluorouracil ( 1 ) which was transformed into its mercury salt 28 and then allowed to react with 2-deoxy-Dribofuranosyl chloride derivative 29 (Scheme 4 ) [ 18 ] . More precisely, Trifl uridine is transformed into α,α,α-trifl uorothymidine monophosphate ( 76 ) by thymidine kinase (Scheme 21 ); similarly to the Fluorouracil derivatives discussed in the previous sections, compound 76 is true inhibitor of thymidylate synthase. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-04435-4_7 id = cord-271122-3fsl5589 author = Wathes, D. Claire title = Importance of Viral Disease in Dairy Cow Fertility date = 2019-07-24 keywords = BVDV; bovine; effect; infection; virus summary = Acute infection with non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in mid-gestation increases abortion rates or causes the birth of persistently infected calves. In cultured bovine endometrial cells, experimental infection with ncp BVDV inhibited a variety of immune pathways normally activated in response to a challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), including downregulation of many interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which are an important part of uterine defense mechanisms [40, 41] . Establishment of persistent infection with non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus in cattle is associated with a failure to induce type I interferon A field investigation of the effects of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection around the time of insemination on the reproductive performance of cattle The effect of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus on the fertility of Swiss dairy cattle Embryos produced from fertilization with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-infected semen and the risk of disease transmission to embryo transfer (ET) recipients and offspring doi = 10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.020 id = cord-023528-z9rc0ubj author = Wilkins, Pamela A. title = Disorders of Foals date = 2009-05-18 keywords = HIE; Rhodococcus; blood; cause; clinical; disease; effect; equine; foal; increase; infection; neonatal; pas; respiratory; result; therapy; treatment summary = First, restriction of the thorax or the abdomen can result in impaired ventilation, which can occur easily when one restrains a foal and may result in spuriously abnormal arterial blood gas values (see the discussion on arterial blood gas evaluation, Respiratory Diseases Associated with Hypoxemia in the Neonate). Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), currently referred to as neonatal encephalopathy in the human literature, is one systemic manifestation of a broader syndrome of perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS), and management of foals with signs consistent with a diagnosis of HIE requires the clinician to examine other body systems fully and to provide therapy directed at treating other involved systems. Therapy for the various manifestations of hypoxiaischemia involves control of seizures, general cerebral support, correction of metabolic abnormalities, maintenance of normal arterial blood gas values, maintenance of tissue perfusion, maintenance of renal function, treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction, prevention and recognition and early treatment of secondary infections, and general supportive care. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-169777-1/50021-4 id = cord-319646-6cex9gid author = Wu, Guoyao title = Important roles of dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine and 4-hydroxyproline in human nutrition and health date = 2020-02-18 keywords = Hyp; carnosine; creatine; effect; human; muscle; pro; taurine summary = It is now recognized that taurine plays major roles in human physiology and nutrition, including serving as: (1) a nutrient to conjugate bile acids to form bile salts in the liver that facilitate intestinal absorption of dietary lipids (including lipid-soluble vitamins) and eliminate cholesterol in bile via the fecal route; (2) a major antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-apoptotic factor in the body; (3) a physiological stabilizer of cell membranes; (4) a regulator of modulation of Ca 2+ signaling, fluid homeostasis in cells, and retinal photoreceptor activity; (5) a contributor Fig. 1 Absorption of taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine, and 4-hydroxyproline by the human small intestine and the transport of the nutrients in blood. Dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine, and 4-hydroxyproline (which are all abundant in beef) play an important role in inhibiting oxidative stress (a common trigger of chronic diseases) and inflammation, ameliorating tissue (e.g., brain, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver, and gut) injury, and improving metabolic profiles in animals and humans. doi = 10.1007/s00726-020-02823-6 id = cord-302398-gsg6akaz author = Wu, Mengjie title = Microplastics in waters and soils: Occurrence, analytical methods and ecotoxicological effects date = 2020-10-01 keywords = China; MPs; effect; microplastic; soil summary = Despite that information on the detection, identification and quantification of MPs can be found in a number of papers (Claessens et al., 2011; Lebreton et al., 2017; Martin et al., 2018; Reddy et al., 2006; Xiong et al., 2019; Zobkov and Esiukova, 2018) , comprehensive studies on MPs which involve in their occurrence, distribution, sampling, pretreatment, characterization in freshwaters and sediments, as well as ecological influences on aquatic and soil organisms and humans are still needed. Therefore, the review aimed to: (1) present the occurrence and abundance of MP in some typical freshwater systems in China; (2) summarize frequently used sampling, pretreatment and characterization methods for MPs in waters and sediments; (3) elucidate ecological impacts of MPs on aquatic organisms, soil biota and human health; (4) point out knowledge gaps in current studies of MPs and make corresponding recommendations for further research. doi = 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110910 id = cord-328814-s3963anw author = XU, Jing title = Exploration on the feasibility of moxibustion in prevention and treatment of COVID-19 from the perspective of modern medical mechanism date = 2020-06-11 keywords = COVID-19; effect; moxibustion; patient summary = From the perspective of modern medical mechanism, during the prevention and treatment of novel coronaviral infection, moxibustion may be able to prevent and treat COVID-19 by improving the body''s immunity so as to conquer virus, by anti-inflammation to alleviate the inflammatory response of COVID-19 and by improving lung function to inhibit pulmonary fibrosis. In the treatment with moxibustion and infrared irradiation for community-acquired pneumonia, the results of purulent sputum disappearance time, fever relief time, rale absorption time, inflammation absorption time in chest X-ray test, the time length of hospital stay and the changes in serum inflammatory indexes, as well as immune function indexes are all better than those in the control group with western medication, indicating a better therapeutic effect and the improvement of immune functions in the patients [21] . Discussion on the effect pathways of preventing and treating coronavirus disease 2019 by acupuncture and moxibustion from the regulation of immune inflammatory response doi = 10.1016/j.wjam.2020.06.001 id = cord-316181-ccauw70y author = Yang, Fude title = Radix Bupleuri: A Review of Traditional Uses, Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology date = 2017-05-16 keywords = Bupleuri; Bupleurum; Radix; chinese; effect summary = Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from Radix Bupleuri exhibited various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antipyretic, antimicrobial, antiviral, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory effects. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that the major bioactive compounds (saikosaponins a, b(2), c, and d) were absorbed rapidly in rats after oral administration of the extract of Radix Bupleuri. Triterpenoid saponins are the main active components of Radix Bupleuri, which exhibit a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological effects, including analgesic, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antiviral activities [3, [41] [42] [43] . reported that saikosaponins from Radix Bupleuri exhibited anti-inflammatory activity on inflammatory processes including inhibition of inflammatory exudation, capillary permeability, inflammatory mediators release, migration of white cells, connective tissue hyperplasia, and a variety of allergic inflammation [67] . Saponins isolated from Radix Bupleuri also exhibited significantly anti-proliferative activity in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells through Fas-dependent apoptotic pathway [80] . doi = 10.1155/2017/7597596 id = cord-257514-gw9xnb4x author = Yang, Mengling title = Hydrogen: A Novel Option in Human Disease Treatment date = 2020-09-05 keywords = Hydrogen; ROS; cell; effect; injury; oxidative summary = H(2) gas may regulate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, mitochondrial energy metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the immune system, and cell death (apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and circadian clock, among others) and has therapeutic potential for many systemic diseases. found that HW inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT and JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathways and can also reduce the level of oxidative stress in myocardial tissue by upregulating the expression of the nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) signaling pathway, which alleviated I/R injury in isolated rat hearts [39, 40, 91] . Effects of hydrogen-rich water on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in rats with myocardial 12 Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ischemia-reperfusion injury Effects of hydrogen-rich saline on early acute kidney injury in severely burned rats by suppressing oxidative stress induced apoptosis and inflammation doi = 10.1155/2020/8384742 id = cord-354651-bxm9yxjm author = Zeng, Yawen title = Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases date = 2020-03-30 keywords = GABA; barley; disease; effect; glucan; grain; high; homo; human; table summary = Chronic consumption of barley β-glucans can decrease fatty liver by increasing small intestinal contents viscosity and improving glucose, lower glycated hemoglobin and relative kidney weights [129] , strengthen the angiogenic ability of ROS-exposed endothelial cells for preventive heart disease [123] , and accelerate the wound closure by promoting the migration and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts [133] . Therefore, functional ingredients in barley grass and grains are essential for the health contribution of modern human (Homo sapiens), Neanderthals, and early hominids staple food to prevent and treat human chronic diseases. In particular, the healthy effects of functional components of barley grains and grass are the result of longterm continuous evolution of early hominids (fruits/vegetables and leaves rich in polyphenols, K-Ca, and vitamins), Neanderthals (mushrooms and nuts rich in polysaccharides, phytosterols, and linoleic acids), and Homo sapiens (grasses and seeds rich in GABA, enzymes, and resistant starch), which associate with modern humans originating in the progenitor of African Homo sapiens with cognitive hominin, especially after interbreeding between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals that took place in the Middle East. doi = 10.1155/2020/3836172 id = cord-354459-90bvoy08 author = Zhang, Fan title = Research on the Applications of Calcium Propionate in Dairy Cows: A Review date = 2020-08-03 keywords = calcium; cow; dairy; effect; propionate summary = There are many important challenges in dairy production, including reducing the feed intake and metabolic diseases caused by a negative energy balance (NEB) [1] and milk fever [2] during the perinatal period and mycotoxin pollution [3] of feed induced by environmental and climatic conditions, which have negative effects on milk production and quality and pose a potential threat to human health. To update our knowledge on calcium propionate application for dairy cow performance and metabolism, we reviewed the effects of calcium propionate supplementation on decreasing feed mycotoxins, alleviating dairy cow NEB and milk fever, and promoting rumen development in dairy calves. During the perinatal period, calcium propionate is a good available energy source for preventing metabolic disorders in dairy cows, so it can be incorporated into the diet and increase the rumen concentration of propionate, which is the main precursor for glucose synthesis in the liver [27] . doi = 10.3390/ani10081336 id = cord-024111-7yrftdp4 author = Zhang, Runzhi title = Traditional Chinese Medicine and Gut Microbiome: Their Respective and Concert Effects on Healthcare date = 2020-04-22 keywords = TCM; chinese; effect; gut; intestinal; microbiome summary = Advances in systems biology, particularly based on the omics approaches, have resulted in a paradigm shift in both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the gut microbiome research. Dietary interventions might lead to the modulation of gut microbiome, which will contribute to weight loss, enhance the integrity of the intestinal barrier, and reduce the antigenic load in the circulation, ultimately improving the inflammatory and metabolic phenotypes (Xiao et al., 2014) . Previous studies have proven that TCM is conductive to maintain the homeostasis of the intestinal flora (Chang et al., 2015; Zhou et al., 2016) , and the gut microbiome could also exert pharmacological effects of the TCM on host (Park et al., 2006) , which render TCM a potential new drug in the western markets. Thus, research about relationship between TCM and gut microbiome is significant, which helps researchers to further study the pharmacological effects of TCM on the human body and the causal links among intestinal microbiome with disease. doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.00538 id = cord-333119-vu4qbcy1 author = Zhang, Xiao-rui title = The Important Role of Volatile Components From a Traditional Chinese Medicine Dayuan-Yin Against the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; Dayuan; Yin; chinese; effect summary = title: The Important Role of Volatile Components From a Traditional Chinese Medicine Dayuan-Yin Against the COVID-19 Pandemic Moreover, 1,8-cineole, the major constituent of the essential oil of Lanxangia tsao-ko (Crevost & Lemarie) M.F.Newman & Skornick., is commonly applied for treating inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract caused by viruses since it potentiates the antiviral effect of IRF3, in addition to its inhibitory effect on proinflammatory NF-kB signaling (Müller et al., 2016) . However, according to data collected by the National Health Commission of the people''s Republic of China, clinical practice in Chinese hospitals have reported that traditional Chinese medicine has a definite therapeutic effect in the early stages of COVID-19 infection . The antiinflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects of these volatiles seem to play the most critical roles in treating patients infected with COVID-19. Study on the Mechanism of Aromatic Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound on Prevention and Treatment of New Coronavirus Pneumonia doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.583651 id = cord-313971-czcs1y9w author = Zhao, Yang title = Airborne Microorganisms From Livestock Production Systems and Their Relation to Dust date = 2014-04-16 keywords = airborne; dust; effect; microorganism; particle summary = Specifically, in section 2, we identify the sources, species, size distributions, and concentrations of Identifying the source of microorganisms and dust in livestock production systems helps to elucidate how airborne transmission is generated, and ultimately can help to develop and implement strategies that prevent such transmission from beginning (Bull et al., 2006; Cambra-Lopez, 2010) . Investigations of the size distribution of microorganisms and dust in livestock production systems may provide a useful overview of their quantitative importance, indicate the health risk for human and animals, and facilitate the establishment and evaluation of control techniques. Previous studies showed that the biological decay of airborne microorganisms was species-dependent and was determined by many external factors, such as humidity, oxygen concentration, temperature, ozone concentration, radiation (UV, γ -ray, X-ray), air ions, and air pollutants (CO, SO 2 , and NO x ; Benbough, 1971; Lighthart, 1973) . doi = 10.1080/10643389.2012.746064 id = cord-004584-bcw90f5b author = nan title = Abstracts: 8th EBSA European Biophysics Congress, August 23rd–27th 2011, Budapest, Hungary date = 2011-08-06 keywords = AFM; ATP; Biophysics; Department; FCS; Germany; Institute; RNA; University; cell; change; channel; complex; different; dna; dynamic; effect; fluorescence; fret; high; interaction; lipid; mechanism; membrane; model; molecular; molecule; process; protein; result; structure; study; surface; system summary = Our goals are two-fold: (1) to monitor conformational changes in each domain upon its binding to specific ligands and then to correlate the observed changes with structural differences between the CRDs and (2) to investigate the interaction between the CRDs and lipid model membranes. Cholesterol-assisted lipid and protein interactions such as the integration into lipid nanodomains are considered to play a functional part in a whole range of membrane-associated processes, but their direct and non-invasive observation in living cells is impeded by the resolution limit of [200nm of a conventional far-field optical microscope. Therefore, to investigate the dynamic and complex membrane lateral organization in living cells, we have developed an original approach based on molecule diffusion measurements performed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy at different spatial scales (spot variable FCS, svFCS) (1). doi = 10.1007/s00249-011-0734-z id = cord-004948-ad3i9wgj author = nan title = 7th International Congress on Amino Acids and Proteins : Vienna, Austria, August 6–10, 2001 date = 2001 keywords = Department; GABA; HPLC; Institute; Japan; NMDA; Research; Sciences; Tau; University; acid; activity; amino; cell; dna; effect; increase; level; protein; rat; result; study; taurine summary = Specific CTL were derived by immunization of HHD mice with tumor peptide extracts loaded on antigen presenting cells and with HHD transfected human tumor cell lines CTL induced against peptides from various tumors recognized tumor peptides more effectively than peptides extracted from normal tissues and also reacted with a serie of peptides derived from overexpressed candidate proteins, identified by differential display methods (SAGE, Microarrays) Comparison of CTL derived from HHD mice to CTL induced from patient''s PBMC showed overlapping recognition of many candidate peptides. By comparison of pro-teomic cell maps from normal controls and individuals affected with lysosomal transport disorders we have selected and identified several candidate disease-causing proteins, which have to be further studied by mutation analysis and functional expression. The results of the in vitro studies available to date strongly suggest that its effects on neuronal amino acid transport processes is mediated via some novel extracellular mechanism controlling the H ϩ (and/or other ionic) concentrations of neurones. doi = 10.1007/s007260170030 id = cord-005814-ak5pq312 author = nan title = 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts date = 1995 keywords = AMI; APACHE; ARDS; ARF; COPD; CPB; CPR; CVP; Care; ECG; ECMO; Group; H20; Hospital; ICP; ICU; III; IL-6; Intensive; January; LPS; MOF; PSV; SAPS; TNF; Unit; University; acute; blood; cardiac; change; conclusion; control; day; effect; failure; follow; high; hour; increase; level; mean; measure; method; mortality; objective; patient; peep; pressure; pulmonary; respiratory; result; study; treatment; value summary = Results: In 5 patients with treated SS, 16 tests were performed (VL n=8; Dobu n=4; NA n=4 Method: Septic shock was defined as severe sepsis with either persistent hypotension (mean arterial pressure; MAP<70 mmHg) or the requirement for a noradrenaline (NA) infusion ~> 0.1 ~g/kg/min with a MAP _< 90mmHg. Cardiovascular support was limited to NA + dobutamine (DB), 546C88 was administered for up to 8 h at a fixed dose-rate of either i, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/h iv. Methods: Fourteen cases were s~udied,their gestational age ranged from(27-32)ws.Continnous positive air way pressure was applied to six cases at Peep level from (3-6)cm H2o through nasal pronge,(group I),the other 8 cases were managed as routine,(group II).Blood gases, TcPO2,TcCo2,resp.rate,depth and pattern were monitored for assessment of tissue Oxygenation and ventilation, Results: Our rasults showed that early application of CPAP improve ventilation among (83.3%)of cases,while (16.7%)of cases need IMV.The cases of group II need IMV among (75%)of the studied cases during the second or the third day of life. doi = 10.1007/bf02426401 id = cord-006226-fn7zlutj author = nan title = Abstracts of the 4th annual meeting of the German Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy: Hannover, 14–17 September 1994 date = 1994 keywords = ASA; HPLC; PGE1; blood; concentration; cost; dose; drug; effect; increase; mmc; patient; result; study; time summary = The following were analysed: heart rate (HR, bpm), pre-ejection time (PEP, ms), ejection time (VET, ms), HR-corrected electromechanical systole (QS2c, ms), impedance-cardiographic estimates of stroke volume (SV, ml), cardiac output (CO, I/min) and peripheral resistance (TPR, dyn.s.cm -5) calculated from CO and mean blood pressure (SBP and DBP according to auscultatory Korotkoff-I and -IV sounds This indicates that 1) about half the rise of HR and CO and half the shortening of PEP is 131-respectively 1~2-determined, 2) that predominant 132-adrenergic responses, whilst not affecting VET, take optimal benefit from the inodilatory enhancement of pump performance, 3) that an additional 131-adrenergic stimulation is proportionally less efficient, as VET is dramatically shortened, thus blunting the gain in SV so that the rise in CO relies substantially on the amplified increase of HR and 4), VET is more sensitive than QS2c in expressing additional 131-adrenoceptor agonism and 5) prime systolic time intervals provide a less speculative and physiologically more meaningful represenation of cardiac pump dynamics than HR-corrected ones. doi = 10.1007/bf00193489 id = cord-006229-7yoilsho author = nan title = Abstracts of the 82(nd) Annual Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) and the 18(th) Annual Meeting of the Network Clinical Pharmacology Germany (VKliPha) in cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Angewandte Humanpharmakologie e.V. (AGAH) date = 2016-02-06 keywords = 3-mcpd; GRK2; Germany; IL-6; LPS; OCT1; PKA; PLN; STW; THP-1; VPA; activation; assay; cell; concentration; different; dna; drug; effect; expression; fret; high; human; increase; level; method; model; mouse; potential; protein; receptor; result; s1p; study; test; treatment; trpc5; western summary = It directly activates Protein Kinase A (PKA) or the Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) which is a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for the small monomeric GTPase Rap. As Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) express both cAMP effectors (Epac1 and PKA), we investigated the role of cAMP-signaling using a spheroid based sprouting assay as an in vitro model for angiogenesis. After activation, S1P receptors regulate important processes in the progression of renal diseases, such as mesangial cell migration Methods and Results: Here we demonstrate that dexamethasone treatment lowered S1P 1 mRNA and protein expression levels in rat mesangial cells measured by TaqMan® and Western blot analyses. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of IGFBP5 in cardiogenesis and cardiac remodeling and its role as a potential target for ameliorating stress-induced cardiac remodeling Methods and Results: We investigated the expression of Igfbp5 in murine cardiac tissue at different developmental stages by qPCR normalized to Tpt1 (Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1). doi = 10.1007/s00210-016-1213-y id = cord-006230-xta38e7j author = nan title = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie e.V. date = 2012-02-22 keywords = ATP; ERK; Germany; IL-6; Institut; LPS; NDPK; PCR; PKA; Pharmakologie; RKIP; ROS; Rac1; TNF; TRPC6; TRPM3; TTC; Toxikologie; Universität; V79; activity; cell; concentration; dna; effect; expression; gene; human; increase; level; mouse; protein; receptor; result; study; western summary = Here, we will present our analysis of Ca 2+ signaling following stimulation of the FcεRI receptor and application of secretagogues that are supposed to affect Ca 2+ -dependent mast cell activation such as adenosine, endothelin-1, substance P and compound 48/80 in BMMCs and PMCs derived from mouse lines with inactivation of TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5 or TRPC6 since specific antagonists are still lacking for these TRP channels. These data indicate that increased PP2A activity is associated with modified gene expression in TG hearts possibly affecting stress response and regulation of cell signalling. As demonstrated by qPCR and Western blot experiments, mesangial cells showed a marked time-and dose-dependent upregulation of CSE mRNA and protein levels after treatment with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB). The transcription factor cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) plays a critical role in regulating gene expression in response to activation of the cAMPdependent signaling pathway, which is implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure. doi = 10.1007/s00210-012-0736-0 id = cord-006391-esnsa4u5 author = nan title = Abstracts 5(th) Tripartite Meeting Salzburg/Austria, September 9–11,1982 date = 1982 keywords = AMX; ATP; Doppler; Group; animal; blood; cell; control; day; effect; graft; increase; level; liver; method; normal; patient; rat; result; study summary = In our parallel tests using an excision-sample technique [2] which is considerably more sensitive than the DGHM procedure, we have observed the following mean reductions in the counts of accessible bacteria: iodine in ethanol, 96%; povidone-iodine, 89%; chlorhexidine in ethanol, 88%; iso-propanol, The purpose of this study was to compare radiation injury in Guinea Pig small bowel (1) devoid of contents (2) containing bile (3) containing pancreatic juice. Studies in vitro employing isolated perfused rat pancreas and stomach revealed following results: Mean basal pancreatic somatostatin release in normal, diabetic and transplanted rats were 12___3, 24-t-7, and 17__+4 pg/ml, respectively. As these changes appear closely correlated to the blood glucose levels which show a 30 % decrease at 4 h and progressive restoration towards normal values up to 24 h, attempts have been made to alter the insulin/glucagon ratio by glucose infusion after PH and study its relation to liver regeneration. doi = 10.1007/bf01279099 id = cord-008777-i2reanan author = nan title = ECB12: 12th European Congess on Biotechnology date = 2005-07-19 keywords = Ankara; Biology; Biotechnology; Chemical; Denmark; Department; Engineering; Escherichia; Faculty; Germany; HPLC; Institute; PCR; Research; Science; Technical; Technology; Turkey; University; acid; activity; analysis; bacillus; cell; concentration; condition; culture; different; dna; effect; enzyme; expression; fermentation; gene; growth; high; increase; medium; method; process; produce; production; protein; result; strain; study; system summary = Mollerup Department of Chemical Engineering, Building 229, DTU, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark A variety of factors that govern the properties of proteins are utilized in the development of chromatographic processes for the recovery of biological products including the binding and release of protons, the non-covalent association with non-polar groups (often hydrophobic interactions), the association of small ions (ion exchange) and the highly specific antigen-antibody interaction (affinity interactions). Such fermenters will be needed in order to meet the increasing pressure on costs for low price commodity type products such as single cell protein or food and technical grade enzymes, and to meet the demands of the new wave of white biotech, in which bio-produced chemicals must be made at prices competitive with those of the traditional chemical industry. The presentation will focus on use of the sensitive sandwich hybridization technology for the quantitative analysis of process relevant marker genes in different kind of microbial cell cultures with a focus on the production of recombinant proteins. doi = 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.06.005 id = cord-009694-e59kuwf1 author = nan title = Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems date = 2006-06-06 keywords = Calves; Commission; Committee; EFSA; Escherichia; Scientific; Veterinary; Welfare; animal; calf; effect; feed; milk; risk summary = Prevention of typical calf diseases in the first 6 months of life such as diarrhoea and enzootic bronchopneumonia requires a systematic approach by improving management and housing conditions, specifically the preparation of the cow, hygiene of the calving environment, including dry clean bedding and high air quality, immediate supply with maternal antibodies, no mixing with older animals and careful attention and a rapid response to any sign indicating disease. -Space requirements -Health monitoring systems and the effect of such on clinical health in calves -Infection transmission (respiratory and digestive diseases) due to direct contact between calves in relation to social benefits of mixing -Pain relief when disbudding, dehorning and castrating calves -Design of appropriate ventilation systems for calves in confined rearing conditions -Health and environmental effects of feeding minerals as antimicrobial agents -For quantitative food safety risk categorization of farming systems individually, and/or their related ranking, further scientific information is needed. doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.366 id = cord-015021-pol2qm74 author = nan title = Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date = 1994 keywords = APACHE; ARDS; CD14; CD4; CLP; CRP; CSF; ELISA; ICU; IFN; III; IL-1; IL-2; IL-4; IL-6; IL-8; LEH; LPS; MOF; PAF; PMN; SIRS; TNF; University; animal; blood; cell; control; cytokine; day; effect; endotoxin; factor; follow; group; high; increase; injury; level; method; mouse; patient; production; rat; release; response; result; sepsis; septic; shock; study; trauma summary = It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. doi = 10.1007/bf02258437 id = cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 author = nan title = Oral Communications and Posters date = 2014-09-12 keywords = CIA; COX-2; Department; ELISA; IFN; IL-6; Institute; LPS; MIF; MPO; PAF; PCR; PGE2; TNF; University; cell; disease; effect; expression; increase; inflammation; inflammatory; level; model; mouse; response; result; study summary = doi = 10.1007/bf03353884 id = cord-022658-mq91h15t author = nan title = Executive summary date = 2008-12-30 keywords = allergic; antihistamine; asthma; effect; nasal; patient; rhinitis; symptom summary = Patients with rhinitis or asthma caused by allergens for which the clinical efficacy and safety of SIT have been documented by placebo-controlled, doubleblind studies, and those requiring daily pharmacotherapy for longer periods (e.g., preventive treatment during a pollen season or perennially) are candidates for SIT. in most cases when significant airway comorbidity is present (asthma, chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, or otitis media with effusion) when the diagnosis is in question or special diagnostic testing is required when occupational rhinitis is suspected, to distinguish between clear-cut allergic reactions and toxic or nonallergic reactions when poor symptom control necessitates a consultation for environmental control measures, pharmacotherapy, or specific immunotherapy when medication side-effects are intolerable when rhinitis is only part of a complex series of mucosal allergies. doi = 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04885.x id = cord-022940-atbjwpo5 author = nan title = Poster Sessions date = 2016-09-07 keywords = Akt; Ankara; Biology; Department; ELISA; Faculty; GSH; HCC; IL-6; IMA; Institute; Istanbul; MCF-7; MDA; MTT; P-02.08.5; P-09.04.4; PCR; PON1; RNA; ROS; Research; Russian; SOD; Sciences; TAS; TNF; TOS; Turkey; University; activity; analysis; cancer; cell; conclusion; control; dna; effect; expression; gene; group; high; increase; introduction; level; method; patient; protein; result; study; tissue; treatment; turkish; western summary = We have studied the effect of inhibition of IRE1 (inositol requiring enzyme 1), which is a central mediator of endoplasmic reticulum stress and controls cell proliferation and tumor growth, on hypoxic regulation of the expression of different proliferation related genes in U87 glioma cells. Transient inhibition of Akt and mTOR protein kinase activation in tumor cells followed by reactivation of signaling pathway did not result in a time-dependent difference on EGFR, HER2 and HER3 expression levels. In our study we aimed to determine cytotoxic effect of RES in K562 human CML cell line and to evaluate the expressions of miRNAs that are associated with genetics of leukemia after treatment with RES; to investigate target genes of miRNAs which show significant expression alterations and molecular mechanisms of RES treatment. doi = 10.1111/febs.13808 id = cord-026028-qj290zu6 author = nan title = Spezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der Schwangerschaft date = 2008-12-10 keywords = Alter; Anwendung; Behandlung; Daten; Diagnostik; Dosen; Dosis; Effekte; Entwicklung; Erfahrungen; Exposition; Fall; Fehlbildungen; Frauen; Fällen; Gabe; Geburt; Gruppe; Hinweise; Jahren; Kapitel; Kinder; Menschen; Mitarbeiter; Mittel; Mutter; Neugeborenen; Pharmakologie; Praxis; Risiko; Schwangeren; Schwangerschaft; Schwangerschaftsabbruch; Schwangerschaftswoche; Studie; Stunden; Therapie; Untersuchungen; Vergleich; Wirkung; Woche; Zusammenhang; als; auch; auf; bei; den; des; effect; eine; fetus; für; ist; maternal; mit; nach; nicht; pregnancy; und; vitamin; von; werden; zur; Übersicht summary = Früher behauptete Zusammenhänge zwischen mütterlicher Therapie und erhöhtem Risiko für eine nekrotisierende Enterokolitis (NEC) beim Neugeborenen wurden unter anderem in einer Studie an 59 Schwangeren widerlegt, die Theophyllin als Tokolytikum oder zur Surfactantbildung vor Woche 34 erhalten hatten (Zanardo 1996) . B. für das Anticholinergikum Glycopyrronium) offenbar gut vom Fetus vertragen (Ure 1999 Mesalazin wird sehr häufig in der Schwangerschaft verordnet, ohne dass sich bisher Hinweise auf teratogene Wirkungen ergeben haben (Habel 1993 , Diav-Citrin 1998 , Marteau 1998 Ursodeoxycholsäure wirkt bei hepatozellulären Schäden, die durch Gallensäuren induziert sind, also vor allem bei cholestatischen Erkrankungen, wie der primär biliären Zirrhose. Kein Anhalt für ein erhöhtes Fehlbildungsrisiko fand sich hingegen in anderen prospektiven Kohortenstudien und retrospektiven Untersuchungen mit über 600 Frauen, die in den Monaten vor oder während einer Schwangerschaft meist wegen Vaginalmykose niedrig dosiert (150 mg/Tag) mit Fluconazol behandelten wurden (Jick 1999 , Sørensen 1999 , Campomori 1997 , Mastroiacovo 1996 , Inman 1994 . doi = 10.1016/b978-343721332-8.50004-1 id = cord-030909-6if3qquj author = nan title = Perspectives on the Economics of the Environment in the Shadow of Coronavirus date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; ECB; EU27; European; GHG; change; climate; economic; effect; environmental; pandemic; policy summary = Based on these points, it becomes clear that a green recovery plan with resources directed towards achieving the combined objective of both providing the necessary economic stimuli for recovery and also promoting the transition to a low-carbon economy and adaptation to climate change along with investment in natural capital and increase in comprehensive savings could be a feasible and efficient plan. The current global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trajectory indicates that the world is likely to experience catastrophic consequences due to climate change, unless swift action is taken towards funding green solutions and the defunding of fossil fuel activities ( Given the ambition of the European Union to become a net zero-carbon economy by 2050 and the numerous calls to avoid the bailout and stimulus packages towards fossil fuel companies , we examine whether the features of the European Central Bank''s (ECB) €1350 billion Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP) encourages the resilience of the incumbent fossil fuel sector, or whether it promotes the growth of the emerging low-carbon energy sector during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. doi = 10.1007/s10640-020-00493-2 id = cord-257167-rz4r5sj7 author = nan title = Abstracts for the 29th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society (Neuroscience2006) date = 2006-12-31 keywords = Anatomy; BDNF; BSI; Biology; Brain; CA1; CNS; CREST; Center; Chiba; Department; Dept; Div; Division; Engineering; Fos; GABA; GFP; Graduate; Hiroshi; Institute; JST; Japan; KAKENHI; Kobe; Kyoto; LTD; LTP; Laboratory; Life; Medical; Medicine; NMDA; Nagoya; National; Neuroscience; Niigata; Okazaki; Osaka; PS1A; PS2P; PS3A; Physiology; Purkinje; RIKEN; Research; Saitama; Sato; School; Science; Sendai; Takashi; Technology; Tohoku; Tokyo; Tsukuba; USA; University; Wako; activity; cell; effect; mouse; neuron; neuronal; ps3p; response; result; study summary = SY1-3-11-3 SAD: A novel kinase implicated in phosphoproteome at the presynaptic active zone Toshihisa Ohtsuka Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine/Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan SAD is a serine/threonine kianse, which has been shown to regulate various neuronal functions during development, including clustering synaptic vesicles, maturation of synapses, and axon/dendrite polarization: these have recently been revealed by genetic studies in C. The results suggest that EAAT4 plays a major role in regulating the concentration of CF transmitters, possibly glutamate, in the route of its extrasynaptic diffusion, and determining the degree of CF-induced inhibition of GABA release from BCs depending on the regional difference of EAAT4 expression in postsynaptic PCs. Chitoshi Takayama 1 , Yoshiro Inoue 1 1 Department of Molecular Neuroanatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan GABA mediates inhibitory transmission in the adult central nervous system (CNS). doi = 10.1016/j.neures.2006.04.004 id = cord-339475-okw6la2b author = nan title = Chapter 11 Health effects date = 2005-12-31 keywords = disease; effect; particle summary = As an indication of their effectiveness, about one half of all 3-~tm particles inhaled through the mouth deposit in the alveolar region. As an indication of their effectiveness, about one half of all 3-~tm particles inhaled through the mouth deposit in the alveolar region. The diseases resulting from exposure to ambient aerosols include pulmonary emphysema, bronchitis, and, perhaps, lung cancer. However, none of the harmful components mentioned above exists in ambient particles at sufficiently high concentration levels to cause a specific disease. Complexity in chemical characteristics of ambient particles has led to considerable difficulty in identifying the components responsible for adverse health effects. Aerosol particles can serve as an effective carrier for ambient peroxides and reactive oxygen species to reach the alveolar region. When these reactive species are adsorbed on particle surfaces, they can easily reach the alveolar region and thereby lead to an adverse effect greater than in tracheobronchial airways. Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles doi = 10.1016/s1573-4285(05)80015-8 id = cord-356062-7q5n4t97 author = nan title = Cumulative pharmacological activity index volumes 1-30 date = 2005-12-31 keywords = EBV; NH2; activity; assay; effect; human; system summary = doi = 10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80101-2 id = cord-345696-gwbi6nlt author = Álvarez-Castro, José M. title = Gene–Environment Interaction in the Era of Precision Medicine – Filling the Potholes Rather Than Starting to Build a New Road date = 2020-10-06 keywords = ARNOIA; effect; environment; genetic summary = (2019) provide a probabilistic approach based on a Bayesian framework to hierarchically model geneenvironment interaction, leading to a population-dependent index, C, called the genetic coefficient of the disease (at a population)-"a large C indicates large distinguishability of case genomes from control genomes." Then they illustrate the performance of the proposed methodology using a built-up example in which the disease susceptibility is by default very low (0.01) and it significantly increases due to either environmental (exposure) or genetic (risk allele) factors or both, to 0.4, 0.5, and 0.9, respectively. Using previous extensions of classical models of genetic effects (Álvarez-Castro and Yang, 2011; Alvarez-Castro and Crujeiras, 2019), the COIA regression framework for gene-environment interaction developed above and its implementation into an ARNOIA model can be extended to several, possibly multiallelic, loci with arbitrary epistasis and arbitrary departures from linkage equilibrium and simultaneously to several environmental variables with multiple environmental instances, with nonrandom associations (i.e., correlations) of environmental variables and of genotypes and environments. doi = 10.3389/fgene.2020.00921 id = cord-006636-xgikbdns author = Ühlein, E. title = Übersicht Über neue ernährungswissenschaftliche Publikationen date = 1964-02-01 keywords = Ern; Nutrition; Studies; Zur; acid; der; die; effect; feed; food; growth; influence; metabolism; milk; protein; study; und; vitamin; yon summary = L. : Effect of a low dietary level of three types of fat on reproductive performance and tissue lipid content of the vitamin B6-deficicnt female rat. H.: Effect of dietary protein and fat on growth, protein utilization, and carcass composition of pigs fed purified diets. Effect of food fats on concentration of ketone bodies and citric acid level in blood and tissues Effect of a low dietary level of three types of fat on reproductive performance and tissue lipid content of the vitamin B6-defieient female rat The effect on the serum cholesterol levels of the consumption of a special dietary fat with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids in elderly people Effect of protein intake and cold exposure on selected liver enzymes associated with amino acid metabolism Effect of protein intake and cold exposure on selected liver enzymes associated with amino acid metabolism doi = 10.1007/bf02021334 id = cord-260413-elyn2fdh author = Żółkiewicz, Jakub title = Postbiotics—A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics date = 2020-07-23 keywords = cell; effect; inflammatory; intestinal; lactobacillus; postbiotic summary = As an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota can lead to the development of several diseases (e.g., type 1 diabetes, cancer, among others), the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to alter the gut microbiome has attracted recent interest. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei supernatants have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages, and neutrophils by reducing the secretion of the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) cytokine and increasing secretion of the According to the current literature, postbiotics are not considered as synbiotics. Furthermore, Lactobacillus strains with increased catalase activity were more effective in relieving inflammation in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease than strains of the same bacterium producing SOD (both strains decreased the body temperature comparing to the controls with p < 0.05) [34] . doi = 10.3390/nu12082189