cord-001221-due9tloa	2014	In short: obtaining samples for making an accurate diagnosis and also to know more about its specific biology (biomarkers); IR covers any possibility needed for vascular access; percutaneous needle ablation is the best alternative in selected patients; endovascular embolisation with "vehiculisation" of therapies is an outstanding method for selective treatment, and sometimes precise ablation, of different tumors; IR is a unique way to offer palliation in a wide range of tumoral complications, such as embolisation for bleeding, stenting for vein obstructions or drainage of fluid collections. CT may be useful for osteoid osteoma and MRI is the best imaging technique for further diagnosis and staging by displaying tumour composition and extent of bone marrow involvement, including skip lesions, presence and extent of extraosseous soft tissue mass, and involvement of neurovascular bundle, muscle compartments and adjacent joint.
cord-002757-upwe0cpj	2017	The first section addresses general considerations, the second section profiles specific infections organized according to mechanism of transmission, and the third section focuses on unique phenotypes and unique susceptibilities in patients with PIDDs. This review does not address most parasitic diseases. In developing countries where polio is still endemic and oral polio vaccine is essential for eradicating the disease, it is of utmost importance that all PIDD patients and family members should not receive live oral polio (OPV) because of the reported prolonged excretion of the virus for months and even years [24] . As for host factors, although severe and fatal cases have been described in healthy immunocompetent hosts [129, 130] , there is evidence to suggest that children under the age of 10 [130] and immunocompromised hosts either secondary to hematologic malignancies, immunosuppressant treatment for organ transplantation, or HIV infection are at a greater risk to develop more severe disease with higher case fatality rates [131, 132] .
cord-009664-kb9fnbgy	2014	Because of the conflicting reports and lack of published data from paediatric patients, we sought to assess possible MIC change over time and to compare results generated by using different methodologies including Etest, agar dilution, and broth microdilution (MicroScan) methods. Recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NO plays a key role in the eradication of the leishmania parasite Objective: To determine whether a NO donor patch (developed by electrospinning technique) is as effective as meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of CL while causing less adverse events Methods: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 178 patients diagnosed with CL in Santander, Colombia, South-America. To follow the development and spread of the resistance among these strains is difficult, as antibiotic susceptibility testing of clinically relevant anaerobes in different routine laboratories in Europe is less and less frequently carried out due to the fact, that clinicians treat many presumed anaerobic infections empirically.
cord-013420-0nmil3yt	2020	
cord-016285-cwhmm3f6	2006	Yet, because of population growth; consumption patterns; market, policy and political failures; features of existing technologies; and world views and values, Europe and the world at large are still far removed from a development trajectory that is truly sustainable, that is, which satisfies the current needs of society (growth, competitiveness, employment, etc.) without compromising the needs of future generations. A 2004 review of nine recent comprehensive analyses of global environmental problems (Table 1 .1) showed near-unanimous agreement that the three problems posing the greatest threats to the global environment and continuing economic development include: (1) water quality and access; (2) climate change; and (3) loss of biodiversity. Besides investing in education and developing skills, this means dedicating research programmes to find ways to fight inner-city poverty, to relieve the effects of urbanisation, to diminish the impacts of ever increasing mobility on our environment, and to improve the quality of life of the vulnerable groups in society, such as the handicapped and the ill, the elderly and the young.
cord-018240-trbge505	2015	Carnivores are among the most successful mammalian invaders, with species such as the domestic cat ( Felis silvestris catus ) and dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ), the American mink ( Neovison vison ), and the small Indian mongoose ( Herpestes auropunctatus ; see below) each established in more than 30 countries or islands around the world (Clout and Russell 2007 ) . In order to clarify their history of introduction and their status within the European fauna , I will (1) briefl y review the natural history of the Afro-Asian herpestids and viverrids present in the MB and their relationships with humans in their native ranges, (2) review their history of introduction, and for the lesser known species the speculations that have surrounded the factors promoting their possible introduction in Europe, (3) detail the recent enlightenments-and sometimes contradictions-brought by genetic analyses (mostly phylogeography) as to the dispersal histories of those small Carnivores, and (4) summarize their range dynamics and ecological interactions with the European fauna.
cord-018316-drjfwcdg	2017	
cord-018646-fqy82sm6	2019	
cord-022176-hprwqi4n	2009	
cord-022264-flf9o3nw	2009	
cord-023993-rncleqqy	2020	
cord-025724-ea09nbkh	2020	
cord-029201-hkq7wti5	2020	
cord-029402-5gun91ep	2020	
cord-103337-a1yidr4y	2020	
cord-146091-kpvxdhcu	2020	
cord-257358-uoek1pba	2015	In spite of the development of the medical science, during the twentieth century, individuals have observed the spread of new or reemerging diseases, from plague, cholera, and flu; measles, cancer, and malaria; to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, West Nile fever, resistant tuberculosis, virus of Ebola, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and others. The study of the transmission of pathogens through animals and human beings (as vectors and hosts), living in a physical, biological, social, and cultural environment, was crucial in bringing about a new history of disease and also much later in fueling the most recent ecological history. Toward the middle of the nineteenth century, the third wave of the disease broke out and, with the exception of Europe, it spread to all countries including Asia, Africa, and paradises like America and Australia, leaving remnants in many places.
cord-266467-qv6oxjwd	2020	
cord-266628-7gyy2c52	2020	
cord-266974-yrc5qnmr	2020	
cord-268564-5qhumjas	2013	This systematic literature review aimed to identify and examine the relationship between infectious disease incidence and flooding in order to gain a better understanding of: OUTCOMe (COMBiNeD wiTH OR) amoebiasis, bacillary dysentery, burul*, campylo*, chikungunya, cholera, communicable disease*, contamination, crypto*, dengue, dengue virus, dermatitis, diarrhea*, diarrhea*, disease*, disease vector*, disease outbreak*, epidemic*, enteric fever, Escherichia coli, gastrointestinal, giardia*, hanta virus infections, health, health effect*, health impact*, hemorrhagic fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis e, illness, infectio*, infectious disease*, Japanese encephalitis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, lyme disease, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, morbidity, mosquito*, norovirus, naeg*, outbreak*, onchocerciasis, physical health, plague, pollut*, public health, q fever, risk factor*, rodent*, rodentborne, rodent-borne, rodent related, rodent-related, salmonellosis, sars virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, shigellosis, schistosomiasis, tick*, tick-borne encephalitis, tularaemia, tularemia, typhoid, water, waterborne, water-borne, water related, water-related, west nile fever, vector*, vectorborne, vector-borne, vector related, vector-related, yellow fever, yersini* risk, rising temperatures, overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor health care, poverty, and an abundance of rats and other animal reservoirs.
cord-268661-a56u5e2o	2020	
cord-269124-oreg7rnj	2019	Examples of tools that have shown their effectiveness with ancient metagenomic DNA include the widely used Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) 68 ; the MEGAN Alignment Tool (MALT) 41 , which involves a taxonomic binning algorithm that can use whole genome databases (such as the National Center for Biotechnical Information (NCBI) Reference Sequence (RefSeq) database 69 ); Metagenomic Phylogenetic Analysis (MetaPhlAn) 70 , which is also integrated into the metagenomic pipeline MetaBIT 71 and uses thousands (or millions) of marker genes for the distinction of specific microbial clades; or Kraken 72 , an alignment free sequence classifier that is based on k-mer matching of a query to a constructed database. Similar limitations can arise when the evolutionary history of a microorganism is vastly affected by recombination, as observed for HBV 44, 53 , although HBV molecular dating was recently attempted using a different genomic data set and suggested that the currently explored diversity of Old and New World pri mate lineages (including all human genotypes) may have emerged within the last 20,000 years 43 .
cord-269389-x8i5x62v	2004	Measures analogous to those employed against the plague have been adopted to fight against the disease termed the Great White Plague, i.e. tuberculosis, and in recent times various countries have set up official entities for the identification and control of infections. The concept of (modern) preventive quarantine is strictly related to plague and dates back to 1377, when the Rector of the seaport of Ragusa, today called Dubrovnik (Croatia), officially issued the socalled ''trentina'' (an Italian word derived from ''trenta'', that is, the number 30), a 30-day isolation period. 10 More recently (2003) the proposal of the constitution of a new European monitoring, regulatory and research institution was made, since the already available system of surveillance, set up in Europe to control the onset of epidemics, came up against an enormous challenge in the global emergency of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
cord-270940-acwkh6ed	2005	Recently, during an outbreak in Finland in 2002, the causative agent of Pogosta disease was isolated for the first time in Europe from skin biopsies and a blood sample of patients [115] ; the virus strains were most closely related to SINV strains isolated from mosquitoes in Sweden and Russia 20 years previously. The genus Nairovirus (family Bunyaviridae) is composed of 34 predominantly tick-borne viruses that have been divided into seven serogroups [154] including several associated with severe human and livestock diseases (especially Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and Nairobi sheep disease virus). Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which is the type species of the genus and is transmitted by mosquitoes, causing an influenza-like disease that affects domestic animals and humans.
cord-272147-itdx3wqi	2020	
cord-272536-bl8bdrcm	2020	
cord-274045-0npcun9p	2020	
cord-277833-x81ni7m5	2020	4, 5 In the past couple of weeks, the COVID-19 crisis with its near 2.5 million confirmed cases (170,000 casualties) has fundamentally impacted our practice as spine surgeons worldwide, as it has exerted a significant effect on us as human beings. Most spine surgeons in the public sector in Europe are employed by hospitals -on more or less fixed salary -without major economic pressure to operate and with the comfortable protection of high social security standards for a system-relevant profession. It is sad but very likely that the heavy blow of this crisis is yet to come: as the European economy continues to bleed out, unemployment and poverty are on the rise, which has a well-known and long-lasting (spanning over several generations) negative effect on bodily and mental health. The patient fulfills certain risk factors for unfavorable course in case of COVID-19 infection and according to the NASS (North American Spine Society) guidelines he would qualify for "elective" or potentially for "urgent" care.
cord-283979-1dn7at6k	2018	23 Spain was an endemic country of malaria until 1964, when WHO declared it a The risk of emergence/re-emergence is calculated based on three factors: (a) presence of cases of the disease in humans in the last 5 years in Europe, Mediterranean, Central and South American countries with a significant relationship with Spain; (b) presence of the vector in Spain; (c) pathogenicity of the virus for humans. Following this meeting, a special article was published in the New England Journal of Medicine which stated that the distribution of infectious diseases such as Lyme borreliosis, rickettsiosis or West Nile fever are expanding at the same rate as their AVs. 38 We know that climate variations and extreme weather events have a profound impact on AVBD. In relation to this issue, the epidemiology of Mediterranean spotted fever seems clearly associated with climate change, especially with low rainfall values 47 and it has been shown that warming causes greater aggressiveness in its AVs. Table 4 shows the tick-borne diseases throughout the world, with the prediction of risk for Spain (subjective assessments).
cord-288183-pz3t29a7	2013	Macroeconomic policy issues in Japan have been examined using G-Cubed by McKibbin (2002) and Callen and McKibbin (2003) where the experience of Japan during the 1990s was captured by the model as a serious of policy errors particularly in announcing fiscal expansion and generating crowding out through asset markets, but then not delivering the fiscal spending causing a persistent downward drop in GDP; in India by McKibbin and Singh (2003) where nominal income targeting was shown to be a far better monetary regime than inflation targeting given the prevalence of supply side rather than demand-side shocks in the Indian economy; in China by McKibbin and Tang (2000) and McKibbin and Huang (2000) where financial reforms where found to have profound effects on economic growth and the balance of payments adjustment but that a loss in confidence in China could devastate economic growth; and in Asia in McKibbin and Le (2004) and McKibbin and Chanthapun (1999) where flexible exchange rate regimes were found to be far better at insulating East Asian economies against global economic shocks that pegging to either the US dollar or a common Asia currency.
cord-293365-z1h788sc	2019	
cord-293542-o0zspgrk	2014	
cord-298052-mbg6e2j1	2015	
cord-298685-qxkxjxsz	2016	
cord-300792-hpyywul0	2020	
cord-303165-ikepr2p2	2014	
cord-304282-om2xc4bs	2020	Since the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19 or SARS CoV-2 infection) has been declared as pandemic, several mathematicians and statisticians have developed different trajectory curves for Africa, with the assumption that the virus can have an exponential pattern of transmission. A very important argument is; had the Covid-19 transmission been as contagious as in Europe and USA, by this time, every health facility in Africa and other tropical countries could have been flooded with severely ill patients and deaths. The other side of the coin is; the overwhelming cases and deaths experienced in Europe and USA is despite the fact that they started to report Covid-19 confirmed cases almost same time or later than many of the countries in the tropical climate zone. An important observation was that, like the currently observed Covid-19 pandemic, the morbidity and mortality of the aforementioned influenza outbreaks were not that much spreading and killing outside the temperate zone, at least in Africa.
cord-308821-j4vylbhy	2009	
cord-309210-3dpnmswf	2007	We found risk perceptions of avian influenza to be at an intermediate level and beliefs of efficacy to be slightly lower. We found risk perceptions of avian influenza to be at an intermediate level and beliefs of efficacy to be slightly lower. The effects of age also varied by country; mean risk perception levels were higher in older age groups in Europe but not in Asia. Risk perception and efficacy levels before and after the introduction of avian influenza in Europe did not differ significantly. Although our results are difficult to compare with theirs, our study appears to indicate a higher feeling of vulnerability, with 41.8% of Hong Kong respondents thinking it likely or very likely that they would become infected with influenza during an outbreak. Although in all countries an influenza pandemic is perceived as a real risk, the level of self-efficacy appears to be rather low.
cord-309527-hf18tqva	2020	The aim of this research is to investigate the range of environmental practices (EPs) that are employed at small European airports and identify the factors which affect their adoption. The aim of this research is to identify the range of EPs that are currently employed at small airports in the ECAA, observe which environmental impact categories are prioritised, and better understand the motivations and barriers to EP adoption in order to propose recommendations for future policy and practice. The third section asked respondents to rate the extent of EP adoption at their airport/s and identify which EP practice types were currently employed across eight environmental target areas: (1) water use reduction/quality improvement, (2) emissions reduction, (3) energy-use reduction, (4) noise reduction, (5) biodiversity improvement/protection, (6) waste reduction, (7) land use management, (8) design of green buildings.
cord-315576-bgcqkz0p	2020	
cord-317153-2la3hkzv	2011	We aimed to review the history of the introduction and colonization of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in Europe, the features behind its successful expansion and its impact on native fauna. In northern Europe potential competitors include the red fox Vulpes vulpes and the badger Meles meles, but studies of their diets or habitat preferences do not indicate severe competition. Raccoon dogs may also compete with native medium-sized carnivores, such as the Eurasian badger Meles meles and the red fox Vulpes vulpes (Jędrzejewska and Jędrzejewski, 1998; Kowalczyk et al., 2008) . The raccoon dog population is still increasing, and today the raccoon dog is the most common medium-sized carnivore in Finland (Kauhala, 2007) . The prevalence and risk of infection in wild animals (e.g., foxes) is lower in northern than in southern Finland, probably due to the sparse raccoon dog population in the north.
cord-319365-v75pvlka	2020	
cord-321340-hwds5rja	2020	As new epicentres in Europe and America have arisen, of particular concern is the increased number of imported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Africa, where the impact of the pandemic could be more severe. We aim to estimate the number 16 of COVID-19 cases imported from 12 major epicentres in Europe and America to each African 17 country, as well as the probability of reaching 10,000 infections in total by the end of March, April, 18 and May following viral introduction. We aim to estimate the number 16 of COVID-19 cases imported from 12 major epicentres in Europe and America to each African 17 country, as well as the probability of reaching 10,000 infections in total by the end of March, April, 18 and May following viral introduction.
cord-321911-kqbvt9v2	2020	key: cord-321911-kqbvt9v2 authors: Arbyn, Marc; Bruni, Laia; Kelly, Daniel; Basu, Partha; Poljak, Mario; Gultekin, Murat; Bergeron, Christine; Ritchie, David; Weiderpass, Elisabete title: Tackling cervical cancer in Europe amidst the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-07-13 journal: Lancet Public Health DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30122-5 sha: doc_id: 321911 cord_uid: kqbvt9v2 nan Geographical distribution of the world age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer by country, in Europe (+ Cyprus & Turkey), estimated for 2018 (source IARC, GLOBOCAN 2018) 1 . Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis Age-standardised incidence (100 000 women-years)
cord-322364-uo49h1ku	2020	Air transportation often plays a critical role when the supply-chain involves high-value, non-durable, relatively light-weight, and compact consignments such as flowers, and geographically when regions are difficult to access by other trunk modes. (2014) , using South Africa''s international trade data, shows air transportation generally has a comparative advantage when the trunk-haul movement is over relatively long distances, the perishables involved are light weight, low volume and high value items, and especially if the shelf-life of the product is short. 34 As a consequence, about 10% of the flowers are moved through Kilimanjaro International Airport which can only offer belly-hold space, with the remainder being exported through Nairobi which also has easier, if longer, surface transportation access as well as significantly more air cargo capacity, South Africa is the most mature producer of floriculture products in Africa, with an industry dating back to the 1920s and 1930s.
cord-325484-bd6ba0cp	2020	This paper contributes to emerging literatures on war and energy transitions [3, 4, [11] [12] [13] , integrating insights from historical and geopolitical literatures with sociotechnical perspectives to understand the role of world war in the 20th century development of the ''age of oil'' [14] . In this paper we combine geopolitical and historical literatures with sociotechnical approaches to understand how the heightened conditions of maintaining abundant and constant supply during the First and Second World Wars influenced the emergence of the ''age of oil'' identified as being a key element in the fourth surge by Perez which forms the culmination of the first deep transition. Building on the DT framework and the recognition of the key rule of maintaining abundant and constant supply during world wars [27] , we build on diverse literatures to build an interpretive account of how the exceptional demand pressures of total war influenced dynamics in multiple sociotechnical systems and the relevance these changes had for oil transitions.
cord-326532-2ehuuvnx	2020	This study aimed to capture key data on children and adolescents with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection across Europe to inform physicians and health-care service planning during the ongoing pandemic. Significant risk factors for requiring ICU admission in multivariable analyses were being younger than 1 month (odds ratio 5·06, 95% CI 1·72–14·87; p=0·0035), male sex (2·12, 1·06–4·21; p=0·033), pre-existing medical conditions (3·27, 1·67–6·42; p=0·0015), and presence of lower respiratory tract infection signs or symptoms at presentation (10·46, 5·16–21·23; p<0·0001). For this cohort study, European members of the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (ptbnet)-which currently includes 304 clinicians and researchers, most of whom are based at tertiary or quaternary paediatric infectious diseases or paediatric pulmonology units, across 128 paediatric health-care institutions in 31 European countries [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] -were invited to contribute cases of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection that had been managed at or managed remotely by their health-care institution (including individuals admitted to other hospitals or identified during community screening) before or during the study period.
cord-331714-2qj2rrgd	2015	Among them are viruses associated with sporadic cases or outbreaks of human disease, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (viruses of the genus Hantavirus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV, Nairovirus), California encephalitis (INKV, TAHV, and KHATV; Orthobunyavirus), sandfly fever (SFCV and SFNV, Phlebovirus), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV, Flavivirus), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV, Flavivirus), West Nile fever (WNV, Flavivirus), Sindbis fever (SINV, Alphavirus) Chikungunya fever (CHIKV, Alphavirus) and others. Artashat virus (ARTSV, strain LEIV-2236Ar) was originally isolated from Ornithodoros alactagalis ticks (family Argasidae) collected in the burrows of a small five-toed jerboa (Allactaga elater) near Arevashat village (40 02 absence of antigenic relationships with any known viruses, it was referred to as an "unclassified bunyavirus." 1À3 Taxonomy.
cord-336912-44hifagu	2020	
cord-340791-jcsfbxgu	2019	
cord-350104-b99y6n43	2009	
cord-353775-ogb56xg9	2020	Under four different scenarios (2 months of lockdown and 2 months of lockdown plus 6 months of partial functioning of closed occupations at 80%, 70% and 60% of full capacity) we estimate for 29 European countries an average increase in the headcount poverty index that goes from 4.9 to 9.4 percentage points and a mean loss rate for poor workers between 10% and 16.2%. To estimate the impact of social distancing on wage inequality and poverty across Europe, we concentrate on the legal restrictions (supply side) due to the closure of non-essential occupations and workers not being able to perform their activities at home during the lockdown period. The first step to measure the changes in wage inequality and poverty across Europe due to lockdown is to calculate the index of teleworking at the occupational level.
cord-354738-4rxradwz	2014	In this review, selected viruses detected and isolated in Europe are discussed from our point of view in regard to their human-pathogenic potential. Various publications reviewed bats globally as carriers and potential reservoir hosts of human-pathogenic and zoonotic viruses [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] , while hardly anything is known about human-pathogenicity of European bat viruses apart from lyssaviruses. Similar to the case of the LLOV filovirus, virus isolates and prevalence studies in both humans and bats could improve knowledge and clarify their zoonotic potential. Sero-prevalence studies should be conducted on the orthoreoviruses isolated from European bats, especially as a closely related virus was detected in a diseased child in Slovenia [83] . Other bat viruses detected by using molecular techniques should be isolated (e.g., MERS-like CoV or Bat Bunyavirus) to allow for characterization and follow-up sero-prevalence studies.
cord-354814-frlc6694	2020