Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 56 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16807 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 51 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 Europe 12 disease 9 european 8 Africa 6 SARS 5 country 4 infection 4 USA 4 Asia 3 virus 3 patient 3 Spain 3 Health 3 HIV 3 COVID-19 2 tick 2 study 2 public 2 objective 2 migration 2 isolate 2 health 2 fever 2 dna 2 covid-19 2 clinical 2 case 2 airport 2 United 2 Russia 2 PCR 2 Mediterranean 2 Fig 2 European 2 East 2 Crimean 2 Congo 1 water 1 tumour 1 treatment 1 trade 1 tobacco 1 tja 1 technique 1 table 1 supply 1 strain 1 social 1 smoking 1 small Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 2432 virus 2296 disease 2028 % 1786 health 1637 infection 1634 patient 1623 country 1413 case 1034 study 972 imaging 913 risk 773 treatment 764 population 757 year 732 strain 711 time 665 group 663 rate 646 system 634 change 632 fever 625 analysis 624 result 621 region 603 level 602 role 591 outbreak 568 factor 553 datum 548 number 547 area 540 condition 524 influenza 507 use 497 method 488 care 485 tick 472 effect 460 research 449 development 446 policy 440 tumour 438 technique 437 specie 437 diagnosis 431 pandemic 425 response 424 part 392 resistance 388 transmission Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 1464 Europe 667 al 558 et 526 . 506 CT 395 SARS 371 US 369 EU 367 MRI 362 Africa 300 European 289 Asia 270 Health 259 World 253 PCR 221 China 215 Italy 214 Russia 213 USA 213 Germany 201 Spain 194 MR 193 United 187 France 179 War 179 East 173 UK 171 America 168 HIV 164 COVID-19 160 West 159 New 158 Roma 157 States 152 CoV-2 149 International 142 Finland 140 North 140 Mediterranean 140 Influenza 137 C. 136 Union 136 South 127 A 123 Rickettsia 123 Nile 121 MRSA 118 S. 115 Republic 111 Table Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1737 it 907 we 626 they 233 them 142 i 72 he 68 itself 62 us 50 one 49 you 36 themselves 12 she 8 him 7 ourselves 7 himself 4 me 3 's 2 oneself 1 yourself 1 theirs 1 o139 1 mg 1 hr)ct 1 herself 1 her 1 em 1 arda Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 19696 be 4437 have 1222 use 1082 include 700 show 690 increase 629 isolate 579 provide 566 find 560 base 559 do 550 associate 544 develop 514 cause 448 follow 423 become 418 report 400 occur 400 make 378 relate 378 reduce 369 take 362 see 359 require 355 detect 345 lead 344 consider 340 bear 336 affect 333 identify 322 emerge 306 suggest 306 improve 300 compare 299 need 295 perform 293 know 293 give 285 allow 283 describe 275 present 259 discuss 254 remain 249 involve 234 understand 231 learn 230 establish 225 indicate 223 result 215 determine Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1617 not 1375 also 1232 high 1182 other 1113 more 1101 - 990 such 880 well 874 new 874 clinical 810 most 733 european 711 public 704 different 672 first 654 as 641 many 635 only 609 human 599 however 570 low 517 important 505 large 492 common 464 small 440 early 424 specific 408 infectious 401 non 396 social 368 economic 366 several 359 long 344 global 341 international 336 very 336 possible 329 severe 329 medical 313 even 312 major 311 often 311 acute 309 significant 306 diagnostic 299 environmental 298 great 295 further 289 recent 285 positive Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 227 most 115 good 107 high 97 least 93 Most 62 large 33 great 24 low 24 late 15 early 14 bad 9 small 9 big 8 common 6 poor 6 old 5 strong 5 deadly 4 fast 3 near 3 fit 3 close 3 busy 2 young 2 sunny 2 southernmost 2 short 2 long 2 deep 1 wide 1 weak 1 warm 1 scarce 1 rich 1 pure 1 new 1 needy 1 grave 1 easy 1 clear 1 broad 1 -w Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 583 most 46 least 24 well 2 highest 2 hard 1 lowest 1 gelpest 1 early Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 doi.org 2 www.gov.uk 2 www.eurosurveillance.org 1 www2.eur.nl 1 www.worldometers.info 1 www.who.int 1 www.voanews.com 1 www.rsna.org 1 www.mdpi.com 1 www.flowerweb.com 1 www.floraldaily.com 1 www.euro.who.int 1 www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov 1 www.cdc.gov 1 www.cbs.dtu.dk 1 www.cargoforwarder.eu 1 t.co 1 reportingwiki.rsna.org 1 pubmlst.org 1 neisseria.org 1 lot.dhl.com 1 gro-intelligence.com 1 globalriskinsights.com 1 en 1 ecdc.europa.eu 1 ec.europa.eu 1 dx.doi.org 1 dataverse 1 creativecommons.org 1 creativecommons 1 creat 1 climexp.knmi.nl 1 booksite.elsevier.com Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 8 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.25.20079590 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.10.20127738 4 http://doi.org/10.1101 2 http://www.eurosurveillance.org 2 http://doi.org/10 1 http://www2.eur.nl/fgg/ 1 http://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/disease/plague/Plague-map-2016.pdf 1 http://www.voanews.com/africa/kenyas-flower-producers-eye-us-market 1 http://www.rsna.org/Reporting_Initiative.aspx 1 http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/20/7632/s1 1 http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-NHS-Outcomes-Framework-2013-14.pdf 1 http://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-health/about#our-priorities 1 http://www.flowerweb.com/ 1 http://www.floraldaily.com/article/9016096/zimbabwe-making-flowerexports-blossom-again/ 1 http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-determinants/migration-and-health/migrant-health-in-the-european-region/migration-and-health-key-issues#292932 1 http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/daily_ao_index/ao.shtml 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ 1 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services 1 http://www.cargoforwarder.eu/2019/04/22/addis-ababa-airport-onway-to-challenge-dubai/ 1 http://t.co/tbVb4MAGpy 1 http://reportingwiki.rsna.org/ 1 http://pubmlst.org/neisseria/ 1 http://neisseria.org/nm/typing/ 1 http://lot.dhl.com/kenyan-flower-exports-in-full-bloom/ 1 http://gro-intelligence.com/insights/articles/east-african-floricultureblossoming 1 http://globalriskinsights.com/2016/10/radar-foreign-investors-attackethiopia/ 1 http://en 1 http://ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/documents/Public%20health%20guidance 1 http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/resources/publications_en 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.030 1 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.11.20230177 1 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.22.20110304 1 http://dataverse 1 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 1 http://creativecommons 1 http://creat 1 http://climexp.knmi.nl/start.cgi 1 http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780124157668 Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 2 jibilbao@unav.es 2 nicholas.screaton@papworth.nhs.uk 1 werner.jaschke@i-med.ac.at 1 w.niessen@erasmusmc.nl 1 vsber@mail.ru 1 vmiele@sirm.org 1 tupsons@gmail.com 1 tlammers@ukaachen.de 1 thomas.hany@gmail.com 1 t.yousry@ucl.ac.uk 1 stefan.rohde@klinikumdo.de 1 smakap@sbb.rs 1 silvio.aime@unito.it 1 sebastian.leschka@kssg.ch 1 ramiro.mendez@salud.madrid.org 1 raija.seuri@hus.fi 1 r.m.pijnappel@umcutrecht.nl 1 r.jager@ucl.ac.uk 1 r.batterham@ucl.ac.uk 1 prof_yudin@mail.ru 1 peter.mildenberger@unimedizin-mainz.de 1 petecavanagh@gmail.com 1 pauljf@ccml.fr 1 paul.parizel@uantwerpen.be 1 opiany@gmail.com 1 olivier.clement@inserm.fr 1 o.m.vandelden@amc.uva.nl 1 mstoopen@clinicalomas.com.mx 1 mscaglione@tiscali.it 1 mraissaki@yahoo.gr 1 michaela.davis@ucd.ie 1 michael.fuchsjaeger@medunigraz.at 1 medma_pa@mail.ru 1 martine.remy@chru-lille.fr 1 marion.smits@erasmusmc.nl 1 margyrop@cc.uoi.gr 1 marcus.hacker@meduniwien.ac.at 1 marco.rengo@gmail.com 1 manfred.cejna@lkhf.at 1 m.roethke@dkfz.de 1 m.p.vandenheuvel@umcutrecht.nl 1 luis.lanca@estesl.ipl.pt 1 lnatale@rm.unicatt.it 1 katja.pinker@meduniwien.ac.at 1 katarina.koprivsek@gmail.com 1 karmazanovsky@ixv.ru 1 karen.kinkel-trugli@wanadoo.fr 1 jtanus59@hotmail.com 1 jonathan.portelli@um.edu.mt 1 jfernandezb@cspt.es Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 diseases following flooding 5 cases have also 4 disease is not 4 imaging is also 3 countries do not 3 countries was relatively 3 country was higher 3 imaging is essential 3 imaging is now 3 infection is also 3 infections are often 3 outbreaks following flooding 3 patients did not 3 patients is not 3 patients were male 3 patients were not 3 study has several 3 treatment is often 3 virus was first 2 cases did not 2 cases occur annually 2 cases occur mainly 2 cases reported so 2 cases were ha 2 change has also 2 change is likely 2 countries are also 2 countries are mainly 2 countries are not 2 countries are now 2 countries are still 2 disease is due 2 disease is endemic 2 disease is highly 2 disease is often 2 disease is sudden 2 diseases do not 2 diseases following natural 2 diseases is essential 2 diseases is human 2 diseases is not 2 europe are also 2 europe has not 2 europe is less 2 europe is still 2 factors affecting ep 2 factors including multiple 2 groups were similar 2 health is not 2 health is vital Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 case having no multiregion 2 patients is not entirely 1 % have no mutation 1 analysis was not available 1 cases is not widely 1 change is not only 1 change was not significant 1 countries are not yet 1 disease is no longer 1 disease is not always 1 disease is not well 1 diseases is not always 1 diseases is not widespread 1 europe has not yet 1 group are not antigenically 1 imaging is not able 1 infection is not clear 1 infections do not typically 1 level does not necessarily 1 outbreaks was not available 1 outbreaks were not that 1 patients are no longer 1 patients did not significantly 1 patients is not well 1 patients were not fundamentally 1 patients were not specifically 1 studies does not correctly 1 study was not sufficient 1 treatment does not necessarily 1 virus are not protective 1 virus have no illness 1 viruses had not yet A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-266974-yrc5qnmr author = Akbulut, Nurcan title = ASPHER statement on racism and health: racism and discrimination obstruct public health’s pursuit of health equity date = 2020-07-18 keywords = Europe; health summary = doi = 10.1007/s00038-020-01442-y id = cord-103337-a1yidr4y author = Aleta, A. title = Age differential analysis of COVID-19 second wave in Europe reveals highest incidence among young adults date = 2020-11-13 keywords = Europe; age summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.11.11.20230177 id = cord-321911-kqbvt9v2 author = Arbyn, Marc title = Tackling cervical cancer in Europe amidst the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-13 keywords = Europe summary = key: cord-321911-kqbvt9v2 authors: Arbyn, Marc; Bruni, Laia; Kelly, Daniel; Basu, Partha; Poljak, Mario; Gultekin, Murat; Bergeron, Christine; Ritchie, David; Weiderpass, Elisabete title: Tackling cervical cancer in Europe amidst the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-07-13 journal: Lancet Public Health DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30122-5 sha: doc_id: 321911 cord_uid: kqbvt9v2 nan Geographical distribution of the world age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer by country, in Europe (+ Cyprus & Turkey), estimated for 2018 (source IARC, GLOBOCAN 2018) 1 . Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis Age-standardised incidence (100 000 women-years) doi = 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30122-5 id = cord-304282-om2xc4bs author = Berhan, Yifru title = Will Africa be Devastated by Covid-19 as Many Predicted? Perspective and Prospective date = 2020-05-17 keywords = Africa; Europe; SARS; covid-19 summary = Since the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19 or SARS CoV-2 infection) has been declared as pandemic, several mathematicians and statisticians have developed different trajectory curves for Africa, with the assumption that the virus can have an exponential pattern of transmission. A very important argument is; had the Covid-19 transmission been as contagious as in Europe and USA, by this time, every health facility in Africa and other tropical countries could have been flooded with severely ill patients and deaths. The other side of the coin is; the overwhelming cases and deaths experienced in Europe and USA is despite the fact that they started to report Covid-19 confirmed cases almost same time or later than many of the countries in the tropical climate zone. An important observation was that, like the currently observed Covid-19 pandemic, the morbidity and mortality of the aforementioned influenza outbreaks were not that much spreading and killing outside the temperate zone, at least in Africa. doi = 10.4314/ejhs.v30i3.17 id = cord-268564-5qhumjas author = Brown, Lisa title = Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: A systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions date = 2013-04-01 keywords = Europe; disease; flood; flooding; infectious summary = This systematic literature review aimed to identify and examine the relationship between infectious disease incidence and flooding in order to gain a better understanding of: OUTCOMe (COMBiNeD wiTH OR) amoebiasis, bacillary dysentery, burul*, campylo*, chikungunya, cholera, communicable disease*, contamination, crypto*, dengue, dengue virus, dermatitis, diarrhea*, diarrhea*, disease*, disease vector*, disease outbreak*, epidemic*, enteric fever, Escherichia coli, gastrointestinal, giardia*, hanta virus infections, health, health effect*, health impact*, hemorrhagic fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis e, illness, infectio*, infectious disease*, Japanese encephalitis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, lyme disease, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, morbidity, mosquito*, norovirus, naeg*, outbreak*, onchocerciasis, physical health, plague, pollut*, public health, q fever, risk factor*, rodent*, rodentborne, rodent-borne, rodent related, rodent-related, salmonellosis, sars virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, shigellosis, schistosomiasis, tick*, tick-borne encephalitis, tularaemia, tularemia, typhoid, water, waterborne, water-borne, water related, water-related, west nile fever, vector*, vectorborne, vector-borne, vector related, vector-related, yellow fever, yersini* risk, rising temperatures, overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor health care, poverty, and an abundance of rats and other animal reservoirs. doi = 10.4161/dish.25216 id = cord-322364-uo49h1ku author = Button, Kenneth title = The economics of Africa''s floriculture air-cargo supply chain date = 2020-07-06 keywords = Africa; Europe; Kenya; air; chain; flower; supply summary = Air transportation often plays a critical role when the supply-chain involves high-value, non-durable, relatively light-weight, and compact consignments such as flowers, and geographically when regions are difficult to access by other trunk modes. (2014) , using South Africa''s international trade data, shows air transportation generally has a comparative advantage when the trunk-haul movement is over relatively long distances, the perishables involved are light weight, low volume and high value items, and especially if the shelf-life of the product is short. 34 As a consequence, about 10% of the flowers are moved through Kilimanjaro International Airport which can only offer belly-hold space, with the remainder being exported through Nairobi which also has easier, if longer, surface transportation access as well as significantly more air cargo capacity, South Africa is the most mature producer of floriculture products in Africa, with an industry dating back to the 1920s and 1930s. doi = 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102789 id = cord-029402-5gun91ep author = Celi, Giuseppe title = A fragile and divided European Union meets Covid-19: further disintegration or ‘Hamiltonian moment’? date = 2020-07-17 keywords = Europe; Germany; european summary = doi = 10.1007/s40812-020-00165-8 id = cord-272536-bl8bdrcm author = De Vito, Andrea title = Epidemiology, Clinical Aspects, Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment of Rickettsial Diseases in the Mediterranean Area During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Literature date = 2020-09-01 keywords = Europe; MSF; Mediterranean; Rickettsia; fever; tick summary = doi = 10.4084/mjhid.2020.056 id = cord-018240-trbge505 author = Gaubert, Philippe title = Fate of the Mongooses and the Genet (Carnivora) in Mediterranean Europe: None Native, All Invasive? date = 2015-09-21 keywords = Europe; Herpestes; carnivore; egyptian; indian; mongoose summary = Carnivores are among the most successful mammalian invaders, with species such as the domestic cat ( Felis silvestris catus ) and dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ), the American mink ( Neovison vison ), and the small Indian mongoose ( Herpestes auropunctatus ; see below) each established in more than 30 countries or islands around the world (Clout and Russell 2007 ) . In order to clarify their history of introduction and their status within the European fauna , I will (1) briefl y review the natural history of the Afro-Asian herpestids and viverrids present in the MB and their relationships with humans in their native ranges, (2) review their history of introduction, and for the lesser known species the speculations that have surrounded the factors promoting their possible introduction in Europe, (3) detail the recent enlightenments-and sometimes contradictions-brought by genetic analyses (mostly phylogeography) as to the dispersal histories of those small Carnivores, and (4) summarize their range dynamics and ecological interactions with the European fauna. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_14 id = cord-269389-x8i5x62v author = Gensini, Gian Franco title = The concept of quarantine in history: from plague to SARS date = 2004-04-12 keywords = Europe; disease; quarantine summary = Measures analogous to those employed against the plague have been adopted to fight against the disease termed the Great White Plague, i.e. tuberculosis, and in recent times various countries have set up official entities for the identification and control of infections. The concept of (modern) preventive quarantine is strictly related to plague and dates back to 1377, when the Rector of the seaport of Ragusa, today called Dubrovnik (Croatia), officially issued the socalled ''trentina'' (an Italian word derived from ''trenta'', that is, the number 30), a 30-day isolation period. 10 More recently (2003) the proposal of the constitution of a new European monitoring, regulatory and research institution was made, since the already available system of surveillance, set up in Europe to control the onset of epidemics, came up against an enormous challenge in the global emergency of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.03.002 id = cord-326532-2ehuuvnx author = Götzinger, Florian title = COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; Europe; ICU; SARS; child summary = This study aimed to capture key data on children and adolescents with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection across Europe to inform physicians and health-care service planning during the ongoing pandemic. Significant risk factors for requiring ICU admission in multivariable analyses were being younger than 1 month (odds ratio 5·06, 95% CI 1·72–14·87; p=0·0035), male sex (2·12, 1·06–4·21; p=0·033), pre-existing medical conditions (3·27, 1·67–6·42; p=0·0015), and presence of lower respiratory tract infection signs or symptoms at presentation (10·46, 5·16–21·23; p<0·0001). For this cohort study, European members of the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (ptbnet)-which currently includes 304 clinicians and researchers, most of whom are based at tertiary or quaternary paediatric infectious diseases or paediatric pulmonology units, across 128 paediatric health-care institutions in 31 European countries [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] -were invited to contribute cases of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection that had been managed at or managed remotely by their health-care institution (including individuals admitted to other hospitals or identified during community screening) before or during the study period. doi = 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30177-2 id = cord-298052-mbg6e2j1 author = Hardstaff, Jo L title = Livestock trade networks for guiding animal health surveillance date = 2015-04-01 keywords = Europe; animal; country summary = doi = 10.1186/s12917-015-0354-4 id = cord-309527-hf18tqva author = Harley, Grace title = Factors affecting environmental practice adoption at small European airports: An investigation date = 2020-10-06 keywords = ACRP; Europe; airport; environmental; small summary = The aim of this research is to investigate the range of environmental practices (EPs) that are employed at small European airports and identify the factors which affect their adoption. The aim of this research is to identify the range of EPs that are currently employed at small airports in the ECAA, observe which environmental impact categories are prioritised, and better understand the motivations and barriers to EP adoption in order to propose recommendations for future policy and practice. The third section asked respondents to rate the extent of EP adoption at their airport/s and identify which EP practice types were currently employed across eight environmental target areas: (1) water use reduction/quality improvement, (2) emissions reduction, (3) energy-use reduction, (4) noise reduction, (5) biodiversity improvement/protection, (6) waste reduction, (7) land use management, (8) design of green buildings. doi = 10.1016/j.trd.2020.102572 id = cord-029201-hkq7wti5 author = Haukkala, Hiski title = Nonpolar Europe? Examining the causes and drivers behind the decline of ordering agents in Europe date = 2020-07-15 keywords = Europe; Great; Russia; USA; order summary = doi = 10.1057/s41311-020-00257-1 id = cord-018646-fqy82sm6 author = Huremović, Damir title = Brief History of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History) date = 2019-05-16 keywords = Europe; H1N1; HIV; outbreak; pandemic; plague summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_2 id = cord-293542-o0zspgrk author = Ippolito, G. title = Facing the threat of highly infectious diseases in Europe: the need for a networking approach date = 2014-12-12 keywords = Europe; European; disease summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02876.x id = cord-325484-bd6ba0cp author = Johnstone, Phil title = World wars and the age of oil: Exploring directionality in deep energy transitions date = 2020-09-04 keywords = Europe; Second; USA; War; World; oil summary = This paper contributes to emerging literatures on war and energy transitions [3, 4, [11] [12] [13] , integrating insights from historical and geopolitical literatures with sociotechnical perspectives to understand the role of world war in the 20th century development of the ''age of oil'' [14] . In this paper we combine geopolitical and historical literatures with sociotechnical approaches to understand how the heightened conditions of maintaining abundant and constant supply during the First and Second World Wars influenced the emergence of the ''age of oil'' identified as being a key element in the fourth surge by Perez which forms the culmination of the first deep transition. Building on the DT framework and the recognition of the key rule of maintaining abundant and constant supply during world wars [27] , we build on diverse literatures to build an interpretive account of how the exceptional demand pressures of total war influenced dynamics in multiple sociotechnical systems and the relevance these changes had for oil transitions. doi = 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101732 id = cord-270940-acwkh6ed author = Kallio-Kokko, Hannimari title = Viral zoonoses in Europe date = 2005-06-29 keywords = Congo; Crimean; Europe; Fig; RNA; fever; human; infection; table; virus summary = Recently, during an outbreak in Finland in 2002, the causative agent of Pogosta disease was isolated for the first time in Europe from skin biopsies and a blood sample of patients [115] ; the virus strains were most closely related to SINV strains isolated from mosquitoes in Sweden and Russia 20 years previously. The genus Nairovirus (family Bunyaviridae) is composed of 34 predominantly tick-borne viruses that have been divided into seven serogroups [154] including several associated with severe human and livestock diseases (especially Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and Nairobi sheep disease virus). Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which is the type species of the genus and is transmitted by mosquitoes, causing an influenza-like disease that affects domestic animals and humans. doi = 10.1016/j.femsre.2005.04.012 id = cord-317153-2la3hkzv author = Kauhala, Kaarina title = Invasion of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in Europe: History of colonization, features behind its success, and threats to native fauna date = 2011-10-01 keywords = Europe; Finland; Kauhala; Nyctereutes; dog; raccoon summary = We aimed to review the history of the introduction and colonization of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in Europe, the features behind its successful expansion and its impact on native fauna. In northern Europe potential competitors include the red fox Vulpes vulpes and the badger Meles meles, but studies of their diets or habitat preferences do not indicate severe competition. Raccoon dogs may also compete with native medium-sized carnivores, such as the Eurasian badger Meles meles and the red fox Vulpes vulpes (Jędrzejewska and Jędrzejewski, 1998; Kowalczyk et al., 2008) . The raccoon dog population is still increasing, and today the raccoon dog is the most common medium-sized carnivore in Finland (Kauhala, 2007) . The prevalence and risk of infection in wild animals (e.g., foxes) is lower in northern than in southern Finland, probably due to the sparse raccoon dog population in the north. doi = 10.1093/czoolo/57.5.584 id = cord-354738-4rxradwz author = Kohl, Claudia title = European Bats as Carriers of Viruses with Zoonotic Potential date = 2014-08-13 keywords = Europe; MERS; bat; european summary = In this review, selected viruses detected and isolated in Europe are discussed from our point of view in regard to their human-pathogenic potential. Various publications reviewed bats globally as carriers and potential reservoir hosts of human-pathogenic and zoonotic viruses [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] , while hardly anything is known about human-pathogenicity of European bat viruses apart from lyssaviruses. Similar to the case of the LLOV filovirus, virus isolates and prevalence studies in both humans and bats could improve knowledge and clarify their zoonotic potential. Sero-prevalence studies should be conducted on the orthoreoviruses isolated from European bats, especially as a closely related virus was detected in a diseased child in Slovenia [83] . Other bat viruses detected by using molecular techniques should be isolated (e.g., MERS-like CoV or Bat Bunyavirus) to allow for characterization and follow-up sero-prevalence studies. doi = 10.3390/v6083110 id = cord-331714-2qj2rrgd author = Lvov, Dimitry Konstantinovich title = Single-Stranded RNA Viruses date = 2015-05-29 keywords = Aedes; Africa; Asia; Bunyaviridae; Congo; Crimean; East; Eurasia; Europe; Influenza; Ixodes; Nile; Northern; Republic; Russia; Sea; Siberia; TBEV; USSR; WNV; West; figure; isolate; isolation; tick; virus summary = Among them are viruses associated with sporadic cases or outbreaks of human disease, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (viruses of the genus Hantavirus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV, Nairovirus), California encephalitis (INKV, TAHV, and KHATV; Orthobunyavirus), sandfly fever (SFCV and SFNV, Phlebovirus), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV, Flavivirus), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV, Flavivirus), West Nile fever (WNV, Flavivirus), Sindbis fever (SINV, Alphavirus) Chikungunya fever (CHIKV, Alphavirus) and others. Artashat virus (ARTSV, strain LEIV-2236Ar) was originally isolated from Ornithodoros alactagalis ticks (family Argasidae) collected in the burrows of a small five-toed jerboa (Allactaga elater) near Arevashat village (40 02 absence of antigenic relationships with any known viruses, it was referred to as an "unclassified bunyavirus." 1À3 Taxonomy. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801742-5.00008-8 id = cord-022176-hprwqi4n author = Löscher, Thomas title = Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2009-07-28 keywords = Africa; Europe; United; case; country; disease; infection summary = doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-93835-6_3 id = cord-308821-j4vylbhy author = Martin, R. title = The role of law in pandemic influenza preparedness in Europe date = 2009-03-04 keywords = Europe; European; Health; public summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.01.002 id = cord-288183-pz3t29a7 author = McKibbin, Warwick J. title = Chapter 15 A Global Approach to Energy and the Environment The G-Cubed Model date = 2013-12-31 keywords = Cubed; Europe; FTAA; NAFTA; capital; model; trade summary = Macroeconomic policy issues in Japan have been examined using G-Cubed by McKibbin (2002) and Callen and McKibbin (2003) where the experience of Japan during the 1990s was captured by the model as a serious of policy errors particularly in announcing fiscal expansion and generating crowding out through asset markets, but then not delivering the fiscal spending causing a persistent downward drop in GDP; in India by McKibbin and Singh (2003) where nominal income targeting was shown to be a far better monetary regime than inflation targeting given the prevalence of supply side rather than demand-side shocks in the Indian economy; in China by McKibbin and Tang (2000) and McKibbin and Huang (2000) where financial reforms where found to have profound effects on economic growth and the balance of payments adjustment but that a loss in confidence in China could devastate economic growth; and in Asia in McKibbin and Le (2004) and McKibbin and Chanthapun (1999) where flexible exchange rate regimes were found to be far better at insulating East Asian economies against global economic shocks that pegging to either the US dollar or a common Asia currency. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-59568-3.00015-8 id = cord-025724-ea09nbkh author = Mitzner, Veera title = Conclusion and Further Thoughts date = 2020-05-30 keywords = Commission; Europe; Research; Science; european summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-41395-8_10 id = cord-266467-qv6oxjwd author = More, Alexander F. title = The Impact of a Six‐Year Climate Anomaly on the “Spanish Flu” Pandemic and WWI date = 2020-09-01 keywords = Europe summary = doi = 10.1029/2020gh000277 id = cord-268661-a56u5e2o author = Nadeau, S. A. title = The origin and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe date = 2020-06-12 keywords = Europe; SARS; european summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.06.10.20127738 id = cord-319365-v75pvlka author = Navajas-Romero, Virginia title = Comparing working conditions and job satisfaction in hospitality workers across Europe date = 2020-07-23 keywords = Europe; country; european; job; satisfaction summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102631 id = cord-353775-ogb56xg9 author = Palomino, Juan C. title = Wage inequality and poverty effects of lockdown and social distancing in Europe date = 2020-08-11 keywords = Europe; european; inequality summary = Under four different scenarios (2 months of lockdown and 2 months of lockdown plus 6 months of partial functioning of closed occupations at 80%, 70% and 60% of full capacity) we estimate for 29 European countries an average increase in the headcount poverty index that goes from 4.9 to 9.4 percentage points and a mean loss rate for poor workers between 10% and 16.2%. To estimate the impact of social distancing on wage inequality and poverty across Europe, we concentrate on the legal restrictions (supply side) due to the closure of non-essential occupations and workers not being able to perform their activities at home during the lockdown period. The first step to measure the changes in wage inequality and poverty across Europe due to lockdown is to calculate the index of teleworking at the occupational level. doi = 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103564 id = cord-298685-qxkxjxsz author = Pensaert, Maurice B. title = Porcine epidemic diarrhea: A retrospect from Europe and matters of debate date = 2016-12-02 keywords = Europe; PEDV; TGEV summary = doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.030 id = cord-257358-uoek1pba author = Peset, José L. title = Plagues and Diseases in History date = 2015-03-12 keywords = Africa; America; Europe; century; disease; history summary = In spite of the development of the medical science, during the twentieth century, individuals have observed the spread of new or reemerging diseases, from plague, cholera, and flu; measles, cancer, and malaria; to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, West Nile fever, resistant tuberculosis, virus of Ebola, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and others. The study of the transmission of pathogens through animals and human beings (as vectors and hosts), living in a physical, biological, social, and cultural environment, was crucial in bringing about a new history of disease and also much later in fueling the most recent ecological history. Toward the middle of the nineteenth century, the third wave of the disease broke out and, with the exception of Europe, it spread to all countries including Asia, Africa, and paradises like America and Australia, leaving remnants in many places. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.62050-0 id = cord-283979-1dn7at6k author = Portillo, Aránzazu title = Arthropods as vectors of transmissible diseases in Spain() date = 2018-12-14 keywords = Europe; Spain; case; disease summary = 23 Spain was an endemic country of malaria until 1964, when WHO declared it a The risk of emergence/re-emergence is calculated based on three factors: (a) presence of cases of the disease in humans in the last 5 years in Europe, Mediterranean, Central and South American countries with a significant relationship with Spain; (b) presence of the vector in Spain; (c) pathogenicity of the virus for humans. Following this meeting, a special article was published in the New England Journal of Medicine which stated that the distribution of infectious diseases such as Lyme borreliosis, rickettsiosis or West Nile fever are expanding at the same rate as their AVs. 38 We know that climate variations and extreme weather events have a profound impact on AVBD. In relation to this issue, the epidemiology of Mediterranean spotted fever seems clearly associated with climate change, especially with low rainfall values 47 and it has been shown that warming causes greater aggressiveness in its AVs. Table 4 shows the tick-borne diseases throughout the world, with the prediction of risk for Spain (subjective assessments). doi = 10.1016/j.medcle.2018.10.008 id = cord-023993-rncleqqy author = Ramírez, J. Martín title = Long-Lasting Solutions to the Problem of Migration in Europe date = 2020-03-12 keywords = Africa; Europe; Mediterranean; border; country; european; migrant; migration summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-43253-9_10 id = cord-354814-frlc6694 author = Sanchez-Lorenzo, A. title = Anomalous atmospheric circulation favored the spread of COVID-19 in Europe date = 2020-05-01 keywords = Europe; Spain summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.04.25.20079590 id = cord-146091-kpvxdhcu author = Sanchez-Lorenzo, Arturo title = Anomalous atmospheric circulation favored the spread of COVID-19 in Europe date = 2020-04-26 keywords = Europe; SARS; Spain summary = doi = nan id = cord-266628-7gyy2c52 author = Sanchez-Ramos, Juan R. title = THE RISE AND FALL OF TOBACCO AS A BOTANICAL MEDICINE date = 2020-05-25 keywords = Europe; smoking; tobacco summary = doi = 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100374 id = cord-293365-z1h788sc author = Semenza, Jan C title = Climate change impact on migration, travel, travel destinations and the tourism industry date = 2019-04-12 keywords = Europe; change; climate; disease; migration summary = doi = 10.1093/jtm/taz026 id = cord-018316-drjfwcdg author = Shephard, Roy J. title = Building the Infrastructure and Regulations Needed for Public Health and Fitness date = 2017-09-19 keywords = Europe; Health; London; city; disease; public; water summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-65097-5_22 id = cord-269124-oreg7rnj author = Spyrou, Maria A. title = Ancient pathogen genomics as an emerging tool for infectious disease research date = 2019-04-05 keywords = Europe; Fig; Yersinia; ancient; dna; genome; pathogen; pestis summary = Examples of tools that have shown their effectiveness with ancient metagenomic DNA include the widely used Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) 68 ; the MEGAN Alignment Tool (MALT) 41 , which involves a taxonomic binning algorithm that can use whole genome databases (such as the National Center for Biotechnical Information (NCBI) Reference Sequence (RefSeq) database 69 ); Metagenomic Phylogenetic Analysis (MetaPhlAn) 70 , which is also integrated into the metagenomic pipeline MetaBIT 71 and uses thousands (or millions) of marker genes for the distinction of specific microbial clades; or Kraken 72 , an alignment free sequence classifier that is based on k-mer matching of a query to a constructed database. Similar limitations can arise when the evolutionary history of a microorganism is vastly affected by recombination, as observed for HBV 44, 53 , although HBV molecular dating was recently attempted using a different genomic data set and suggested that the currently explored diversity of Old and New World pri mate lineages (including all human genotypes) may have emerged within the last 20,000 years 43 . doi = 10.1038/s41576-019-0119-1 id = cord-277833-x81ni7m5 author = Stienen, Martin N. title = COVID-19 in Europe: Le roi est mort, vive le roi! date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; Europe summary = 4, 5 In the past couple of weeks, the COVID-19 crisis with its near 2.5 million confirmed cases (170,000 casualties) has fundamentally impacted our practice as spine surgeons worldwide, as it has exerted a significant effect on us as human beings. Most spine surgeons in the public sector in Europe are employed by hospitals -on more or less fixed salary -without major economic pressure to operate and with the comfortable protection of high social security standards for a system-relevant profession. It is sad but very likely that the heavy blow of this crisis is yet to come: as the European economy continues to bleed out, unemployment and poverty are on the rise, which has a well-known and long-lasting (spanning over several generations) negative effect on bodily and mental health. The patient fulfills certain risk factors for unfavorable course in case of COVID-19 infection and according to the NASS (North American Spine Society) guidelines he would qualify for "elective" or potentially for "urgent" care. doi = 10.14245/ns.2040202.105 id = cord-002757-upwe0cpj author = Sullivan, Kathleen E. title = Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies date = 2017-08-07 keywords = Africa; CNS; Europe; HIV; Leishmania; PCR; PIDD; USA; disease; infection; patient; severe; virus summary = The first section addresses general considerations, the second section profiles specific infections organized according to mechanism of transmission, and the third section focuses on unique phenotypes and unique susceptibilities in patients with PIDDs. This review does not address most parasitic diseases. In developing countries where polio is still endemic and oral polio vaccine is essential for eradicating the disease, it is of utmost importance that all PIDD patients and family members should not receive live oral polio (OPV) because of the reported prolonged excretion of the virus for months and even years [24] . As for host factors, although severe and fatal cases have been described in healthy immunocompetent hosts [129, 130] , there is evidence to suggest that children under the age of 10 [130] and immunocompromised hosts either secondary to hematologic malignancies, immunosuppressant treatment for organ transplantation, or HIV infection are at a greater risk to develop more severe disease with higher case fatality rates [131, 132] . doi = 10.1007/s10875-017-0426-2 id = cord-321340-hwds5rja author = Sun, H. title = Importations of COVID-19 into African countries and risk of onward spread date = 2020-05-24 keywords = Africa; Europe summary = As new epicentres in Europe and America have arisen, of particular concern is the increased number of imported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Africa, where the impact of the pandemic could be more severe. We aim to estimate the number 16 of COVID-19 cases imported from 12 major epicentres in Europe and America to each African 17 country, as well as the probability of reaching 10,000 infections in total by the end of March, April, 18 and May following viral introduction. We aim to estimate the number 16 of COVID-19 cases imported from 12 major epicentres in Europe and America to each African 17 country, as well as the probability of reaching 10,000 infections in total by the end of March, April, 18 and May following viral introduction. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.22.20110304 id = cord-300792-hpyywul0 author = Thaler, M. title = Disruption of joint arthroplasty services in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic: an online survey within the European Hip Society (EHS) and the European Knee Associates (EKA) date = 2020-05-02 keywords = Europe; covid-19; tja summary = doi = 10.1007/s00167-020-06033-1 id = cord-013420-0nmil3yt author = Tombat, Kabir title = Roma Health: An Overview of Communicable Diseases in Eastern and Central Europe date = 2020-10-20 keywords = Europe; Roma; Slovakia summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207632 id = cord-303165-ikepr2p2 author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = Expanding the Concept of Public Health date = 2014-10-10 keywords = Europe; HIV; Health; New; Public; USA; care; chapter; community; country; disease; population; social summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00002-1 id = cord-340791-jcsfbxgu author = Vogel, Hans-Arthur title = The nature of airports date = 2019-03-22 keywords = Aviation; Europe; airport; growth summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-810528-3.00001-9 id = cord-336912-44hifagu author = Wernly, Bernhard title = Cardiovascular health care and health literacy among immigrants in Europe: a review of challenges and opportunities during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-27 keywords = CVD; Europe; health summary = doi = 10.1007/s10389-020-01405-w id = cord-272147-itdx3wqi author = White, Alexandre I R title = Historical linkages: epidemic threat, economic risk, and xenophobia date = 2020-03-27 keywords = Europe; disease summary = doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30737-6 id = cord-315576-bgcqkz0p author = Yamamoto, Naoki title = Apparent difference in fatalities between Central Europe and East Asia due to SARS-COV-2 and COVID-19: Four hypotheses for possible explanation date = 2020-08-05 keywords = Asia; COVID-19; East; Europe; SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110160 id = cord-309210-3dpnmswf author = de Zwart, Onno title = Avian Influenza Risk Perception, Europe and Asia date = 2007-02-17 keywords = Asia; Europe summary = We found risk perceptions of avian influenza to be at an intermediate level and beliefs of efficacy to be slightly lower. We found risk perceptions of avian influenza to be at an intermediate level and beliefs of efficacy to be slightly lower. The effects of age also varied by country; mean risk perception levels were higher in older age groups in Europe but not in Asia. Risk perception and efficacy levels before and after the introduction of avian influenza in Europe did not differ significantly. Although our results are difficult to compare with theirs, our study appears to indicate a higher feeling of vulnerability, with 41.8% of Hong Kong respondents thinking it likely or very likely that they would become infected with influenza during an outbreak. Although in all countries an influenza pandemic is perceived as a real risk, the level of self-efficacy appears to be rather low. doi = 10.3201/eid1302.060303 id = cord-350104-b99y6n43 author = de Zwart, Onno title = Perceived Threat, Risk Perception, and Efficacy Beliefs Related to SARS and Other (Emerging) Infectious Diseases: Results of an International Survey date = 2009-01-06 keywords = Asia; Europe; SARS summary = doi = 10.1007/s12529-008-9008-2 id = cord-001221-due9tloa author = nan title = ECR 2014, Part A date = 2014-02-27 keywords = ASL; CTA; DWI; Europe; FDG; GGO; MDCT; MRI; PET; RADS; RECIST; SPECT; base; cancer; clinical; contrast; diagnosis; different; disease; european; high; image; imaging; lesion; objective; patient; radiologist; role; study; technique; treatment; tumour summary = In short: obtaining samples for making an accurate diagnosis and also to know more about its specific biology (biomarkers); IR covers any possibility needed for vascular access; percutaneous needle ablation is the best alternative in selected patients; endovascular embolisation with "vehiculisation" of therapies is an outstanding method for selective treatment, and sometimes precise ablation, of different tumors; IR is a unique way to offer palliation in a wide range of tumoral complications, such as embolisation for bleeding, stenting for vein obstructions or drainage of fluid collections. CT may be useful for osteoid osteoma and MRI is the best imaging technique for further diagnosis and staging by displaying tumour composition and extent of bone marrow involvement, including skip lesions, presence and extent of extraosseous soft tissue mass, and involvement of neurovascular bundle, muscle compartments and adjacent joint. doi = 10.1007/s13244-014-0316-6 id = cord-009664-kb9fnbgy author = nan title = Oral presentations date = 2014-12-24 keywords = CDI; CTX; Candida; ESBL; Europe; MRSA; PCR; PFGE; PVL; clinical; dna; gene; gram; infection; isolate; method; objective; patient; resistance; result; strain; study summary = Because of the conflicting reports and lack of published data from paediatric patients, we sought to assess possible MIC change over time and to compare results generated by using different methodologies including Etest, agar dilution, and broth microdilution (MicroScan) methods. Recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NO plays a key role in the eradication of the leishmania parasite Objective: To determine whether a NO donor patch (developed by electrospinning technique) is as effective as meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of CL while causing less adverse events Methods: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 178 patients diagnosed with CL in Santander, Colombia, South-America. To follow the development and spread of the resistance among these strains is difficult, as antibiotic susceptibility testing of clinically relevant anaerobes in different routine laboratories in Europe is less and less frequently carried out due to the fact, that clinicians treat many presumed anaerobic infections empirically. doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02857.x id = cord-016285-cwhmm3f6 author = nan title = Challenges to the European Exception: What Can S&T Do? date = 2006 keywords = Europe; S&T; States; United; european summary = Yet, because of population growth; consumption patterns; market, policy and political failures; features of existing technologies; and world views and values, Europe and the world at large are still far removed from a development trajectory that is truly sustainable, that is, which satisfies the current needs of society (growth, competitiveness, employment, etc.) without compromising the needs of future generations. A 2004 review of nine recent comprehensive analyses of global environmental problems (Table 1 .1) showed near-unanimous agreement that the three problems posing the greatest threats to the global environment and continuing economic development include: (1) water quality and access; (2) climate change; and (3) loss of biodiversity. Besides investing in education and developing skills, this means dedicating research programmes to find ways to fight inner-city poverty, to relieve the effects of urbanisation, to diminish the impacts of ever increasing mobility on our environment, and to improve the quality of life of the vulnerable groups in society, such as the handicapped and the ill, the elderly and the young. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-5551-5_1 id = cord-022264-flf9o3nw author = nan title = Cruise Geography date = 2009-11-16 keywords = Caribbean; Dearing; Europe; Wild; cruise; island; port summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7506-7835-3.50008-x id = cord-274045-0npcun9p author = nan title = Note from the editors: Don’t stop thinking about tomorrow date = 2020-01-09 keywords = Europe; Eurosurveillance summary = doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.1.2001091