Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 52 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13111 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 EVD 36 Ebola 10 patient 9 Africa 8 EBOV 6 virus 5 outbreak 4 PPE 3 health 3 disease 3 ICU 2 time 2 study 2 stroke 2 outcome 2 day 2 West 2 TBI 2 Sierra 2 Scale 2 SDH 2 SAH 2 NIHSS 2 MRI 2 Leone 2 LOS 2 January 2 IQR 2 ICP 2 ICH 2 Health 2 HLCC 2 GCS 2 Emory 2 EEG 2 DRC 2 DCI 2 Care 1 west 1 weapon 1 vaccine 1 respiratory 1 psychological 1 program 1 preparedness 1 phase 1 model 1 high 1 fever 1 epidemic Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 5213 patient 3217 % 1656 outbreak 1649 case 1561 virus 1487 care 1486 disease 1436 study 1176 health 1037 outcome 969 day 926 time 914 infection 846 hospital 837 treatment 824 risk 771 datum 706 response 688 level 596 use 581 brain 578 transmission 568 group 566 rate 554 analysis 545 fever 527 year 525 mortality 515 stroke 494 management 482 hemorrhage 480 country 469 injury 466 blood 445 epidemic 436 number 432 emergency 431 death 430 model 427 hour 426 unit 425 system 419 symptom 414 control 395 age 386 factor 380 survivor 379 population 376 admission 366 score Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 2538 Ebola 2036 EVD 495 Africa 470 ICH 420 ICU 407 al 390 EBOV 383 PPE 361 et 346 Health 311 CT 287 West 267 ICP 255 SAH 249 Leone 248 TBI 248 Sierra 242 EEG 235 US 231 Guinea 230 . 213 Congo 198 United 196 MRI 189 Disease 185 DRC 175 Republic 173 GCS 167 States 160 CDC 159 World 153 Virus 149 Democratic 147 Liberia 134 IV 132 • 132 Organization 132 Marburg 124 DCI 123 CI 120 SARS 114 mg 112 Uganda 111 Care 110 WHO 103 January 101 Zaire 95 ED 94 HLCC 93 May Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1707 we 922 it 445 they 218 he 179 she 148 i 97 them 47 you 39 themselves 34 us 20 one 16 itself 15 him 12 her 8 me 5 mrs 5 cha 4 myself 2 iicas 2 himself 2 herself 1 yourself 1 tsd 1 sgp 1 s 1 rrt 1 ours 1 n20s 1 mg 1 ivh),skull 1 its 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.09015.001 1 enroll Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 16686 be 3366 have 1444 use 1169 include 723 associate 629 do 609 report 592 identify 568 follow 548 develop 523 require 518 show 509 increase 503 provide 490 receive 451 compare 438 present 435 base 430 treat 410 perform 398 occur 330 evaluate 329 confirm 305 need 300 describe 299 improve 297 admit 294 assess 289 find 286 make 285 suggest 282 remain 274 consider 268 cause 261 determine 259 lead 257 give 254 know 246 relate 246 collect 243 undergo 231 demonstrate 227 result 225 see 222 conduct 218 reduce 216 infect 215 affect 212 suspect 205 take Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1574 not 1234 - 1066 high 1008 clinical 801 other 675 also 622 more 569 acute 561 such 518 however 497 well 496 first 467 medical 464 low 463 only 446 early 442 cerebral 431 most 413 significant 403 severe 368 non 353 infectious 349 patient 343 available 341 as 339 public 339 large 335 viral 334 specific 328 human 308 hemorrhagic 302 new 297 poor 273 further 268 mean 268 likely 262 prior 261 post 261 different 257 respiratory 254 significantly 252 initial 248 old 247 common 243 many 241 intracranial 238 primary 238 potential 235 african 233 long Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112 most 76 high 67 good 62 least 54 Most 51 large 24 low 19 great 10 bad 8 deadly 7 strong 7 early 5 long 5 late 5 close 4 big 3 small 3 short 3 p=0.016 3 old 2 safe 2 postt 2 poor 2 near 2 few 2 -β 2 -9.6 1 young 1 weak 1 simple 1 molossid 1 mid-1600s 1 humanity-'for 1 cardiacarr 1 busy 1 anthropologistsb 1 -new 1 -long 1 -NSC 1 -1.27±0.51/6hr Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 319 most 85 least 11 well 2 highest 1 hard 1 -0.2881 Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 www.cdc.gov 2 www.who.int 2 www.cnn.com 2 dx.doi.org 2 doi.org 1 wwwnc.cdc.gov 1 www.ukcds.org.uk 1 www.sueddeutsche.de 1 www.gatesfoundation.org 1 www.fda.gov 1 www.faben 1 www 1 stoppneumonia.org 1 ebolaclinicaltrials.tghn.org 1 creativecommons.org 1 clinicaltrials.gov 1 awoko.org 1 apps.who.int 1 amstar.ca 1 acrobat.adobe.com Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 2 http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/25/health/ebola-Fatu-family/index.html 1 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/22/1/15-0898-Techapp1.pdf 1 http://www.who.int/medicines/ebola-treatment/emp_ebola_therapies/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/HSE_ 1 http://www.ukcds.org.uk/resources/ebola-research-database 1 http://www.sueddeutsche.de/gesundheit/ebola-leipziger-patientgestorben-1.2172720 1 http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Press-Releases/ 1 http://www.fda.gov/ 1 http://www.faben 1 http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/index.html 1 http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/hcp/infectionprevention-and-control-recommendations.html 1 http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/ 1 http://www 1 http://stoppneumonia.org/open-letter-to-leaders-of-the-global-coronavirus-response-on-access-to-medical-oxygen/ 1 http://ebolaclinicaltrials.tghn.org 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09015.001 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2201.150898 1 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56481-0.Correspondence 1 http://doi.org/10 1 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 1 http://clinicaltrials.gov 1 http://awoko.org/2014/12/09/ 1 http://apps.who.int/ebola/ 1 http://amstar.ca/Amstar_Checklist.php 1 http://acrobat.adobe.com/us/en/acrobat/acrobatpro.html Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 vkb@gwu.edu 1 research@f1000.com Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 % were male 9 case report data 8 % were female 8 patients were not 8 study did not 6 data are available 6 patients did not 6 patients were more 5 % were men 5 evd is not 5 mortality was higher 5 patient did not 5 patients is not 4 data was available 4 outcome was significantly 4 patients had significantly 4 patients were male 4 risk was significant 4 virus was first 3 % were comfortable 3 case is unique 3 data were available 3 ebola is highly 3 evd were also 3 mortality was significantly 3 outcomes did not 3 patient was not 3 patients are not 3 patients develop fever 3 patients do not 3 patients had good 3 patients receiving eaca 3 studies are necessary 3 studies have not 3 study including adult 3 study is underway 2 % did not 2 % had good 2 % had lobar 2 % had lvh 2 % had subdural 2 % reported demonstration 2 % were caucasian 2 % were females 2 % were white 2 % were women 2 analysis is not 2 analysis was not 2 brain showed diffuse 2 brain was unremarkable Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 analysis is not clear 2 evd is not airborne 2 patients is not well 2 patients were not yet 2 study are not publicly 1 % were not comfortable 1 analysis showed no evidence 1 cases was not possible 1 data are not available 1 data had no personally 1 data were not always 1 data were not available 1 ebola has not yet 1 ebola is no different 1 ebola was not initially 1 ebola was not previously 1 evd is not yet 1 evd was not significantly 1 groups were not part 1 hospital had no access 1 hospitals were not adequately 1 infection is no longer 1 levels were not markedly 1 outbreak was not reliably 1 patient had no further 1 patient is not already 1 patient was not able 1 patients are not typical 1 patients did not regularly 1 patients had no increase 1 patients had no pre 1 patients had no repeat 1 patients had no response 1 patients is not simply 1 patients showed no evidence 1 patients were not able 1 patients were not different 1 patients were not stable 1 rates are not available 1 risk was not amenable 1 studies have not yet 1 study had no role 1 study has not yet 1 study showed no difference 1 study showed no evidence 1 time was not significantly 1 transmission is not fully 1 viruses are not particularly A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-004639-qwxkn0j0 author = Aceng, Jane Ruth title = Uganda’s experience in Ebola virus disease outbreak preparedness, 2018–2019 date = 2020-03-19 keywords = DRC; EVD; Ebola; Health; NTF; Uganda summary = doi = 10.1186/s12992-020-00548-5 id = cord-286548-7or373vf author = Ayebare, Rodgers title = Leveraging investments in Ebola preparedness for COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa date = 2020-03-18 keywords = Africa; EVD summary = doi = 10.12688/aasopenres.13052.1 id = cord-309141-vwudbuzz author = Barbiero, Victor K. title = Ebola: A Hyperinflated Emergency date = 2020-06-30 keywords = EVD summary = As with the Ebola outbreak, global under-5 mortality and morbidity should be considered a public health emergency of international concern. T he 2019-2020 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) was a tragic and significant threat to thousands of people in the DRC and West Africa in general. 11, 12 Globally, measles surged in 2019 and killed about 140,000 worldwide, 13 which is about 9.2 times the total number of deaths caused by EVD in its 43-year history as a human pathogen. However, in my view, the "unfinished agenda for child survival," 14 also qualifies as a public health emergency that should be of international concern. 15 Clearly, global child mortality fits the World Health Organization''s definition of a "Grade 3" emergency and should be categorized as such. The "unfinished agenda for child survival," also qualifies as a public health emergency that should be of international concern. doi = 10.9745/ghsp-d-19-00422 id = cord-016177-fz48wydz author = Bezek, Sarah title = Emergency Triage of Highly Infectious Diseases and Bioterrorism date = 2020-01-03 keywords = EMS; EVD; attack; patient summary = Emergency medical services are a key element in health systems for the evaluation and treatment of patients exposed to highly infectious diseases or bioterrorism agents. • Developing a case definition for person under investigation • Standardized questions for dispatchers to identify possible infection • Preparation for and evaluation upon arrival on scene by EMS personnel • Precautions while transporting patients and contacting appropriate receiving hospital • Monitoring of potentially exposed EMS personnel • Maintenance of transportation vehicles and equipment • Decontamination processes Similar peer-reviewed frameworks have been proposed for a pandemic of influenza and other respiratory illnesses [4] . Appropriate implementation of these principles can potentially help prevent further spread of disease or agent exposure, initiate appropriate care of ill patients, protect essential EMS responders, and promote efficient use of healthcare resources. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-33803-9_3 id = cord-018780-zeok60hn author = Biddinger, Paul D. title = Evaluation of the Person Under Investigation date = 2018-07-07 keywords = EVD; PUI; patient summary = A patient presenting to healthcare facilities with specific clinical and epidemiological risk factors for infection with one of these pathogens may be termed a person under investigation (PUI) for the disease, and healthcare staff should utilize carefully developed protocols and procedures to guide their subsequent isolation and clinical evaluation practices until the disease has been ruled in or out. After the patient has been safely isolated, senior clinic staff must be notified and must contact appropriate subject matter experts for direction on next steps including (1) whether (based on information already available) the patient meets PUI criteria or if additional information is required; (2) if the latter, direction on the safe use of PPE and distancing from the patient; (3) advice on what types of care can safely be provided in that setting for patients confirmed as PUIs; and (4) instructions on transferring the patient to another more appropriate location for further clinical evaluation and management if deemed necessary. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-77032-1_12 id = cord-016946-p883xjq5 author = Bindenagel Šehović, Annamarie title = Introducing Ebola (EVD): An Unnecessary Surprise date = 2017-05-09 keywords = Africa; EVD; Ebola; West summary = Ebola, and further emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), are associated with a host of negative consequences in terms of life expectancy and development in affected societies, states and economies, and also pose a threat to peace and security directly and beyond the region of West Africa. September 18, 2014: Building on the precedent set in the global response to the HIV and AIDS pandemic, the United Nation''s Security Council (UNSC) passed Resolution 2177 (2014), in which it called upon immediate measures to respond to the spreading outbreak. The myriad systems'' failures arising from the world''s averted attention to the post-Ebola reality of West Africa also fails to address the concomitant shortages and medical challenges which undermine effective local and national response to an epidemic /pandemic threat. In addition, from this vantage point-that of the "end" of the Ebola pandemic in West Africa-it appears that the only epidemics /pandemics to which an international or global response will be mounted are those with resonance in the developed world-including in Germany. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-52006-3_4 id = cord-258504-pnd46ipd author = Bleasdale, Susan C. title = Experience of Chicagoland acute care hospitals in preparing for Ebola virus disease, 2014–2015 date = 2019-07-08 keywords = EVD; Ebola; HCP; PPE summary = doi = 10.1080/15459624.2019.1628966 id = cord-283812-ocfjj79v author = Blumberg, Lucille title = Hosting of mass gathering sporting events during the 2013–2016 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa: experience from three African countries date = 2016-06-15 keywords = Africa; EVD; Ebola summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.06.011 id = cord-030370-89n13hml author = Brown, Colin S. title = Ebola Virus Disease in the Obstetric Population date = 2019-04-11 keywords = EVD; Ebola; Leone; Red; Sierra; Zone; african; patient; west summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-94854-6_4 id = cord-259754-7skgb6eu author = Chowell, Gerardo title = Transmission dynamics and control of Ebola virus disease (EVD): a review date = 2014-10-10 keywords = Africa; EVD; Ebola; West summary = We also discuss the critical need to collect detailed epidemiological data in real-time during the course of an ongoing epidemic, carry out further studies to estimate the effectiveness of interventions during past outbreaks and the ongoing epidemic, and develop large-scale modeling studies to study the spread and control of viral hemorrhagic fevers in the context of the highly heterogeneous economic reality of African countries. In particular, the epidemic is unfolding in a region characterized by limited public health infrastructure including: (1) a lack of essential supplies to implement infection control measures in health care settings; (2) scarcity of health care workers and staff to manage a growing case burden and carry out essential contact tracing activities to find new cases quickly so that these can be effectively isolated [12] ; and (3) the absence of epidemiological surveillance for the timely identification of case clusters [13, 14] . doi = 10.1186/s12916-014-0196-0 id = cord-017903-92hnaiyc author = Cieslak, Theodore J. title = Communicable Diseases and Emerging Pathogens: The Past, Present, and Future of High-Level Containment Care date = 2018-07-07 keywords = EVD; Ebola; HLCC; Lassa; PTP; SARS summary = These two facilities cared for seven Ebola virus disease (EVD) patients during the 2014-2016 outbreak, while another two were cared for at the National Institutes of Health''s Special Clinical Studies Unit, which had also developed HLCC capability. First, patients harboring diseases caused by pathogens that require handling under BSL-4 conditions in the laboratory would seem to be obvious candidates for clinical management under HLCC conditions. Lujo virus, an Old World arenavirus closely related to Lassa, was first described in 2008 as the cause of a single outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever involving five patients in Lusaka, Zambia, and Johannesburg, South Africa (the name, Lujo, derives from the two cities) [20] . It would seem prudent to manage patients potentially harboring such diseases under HLCC conditions when feasible and to handle their causative viruses in a BSL-4 laboratory. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-77032-1_1 id = cord-004069-nuep8nim author = DeWald, Lisa Evans title = In Vivo Activity of Amodiaquine against Ebola Virus Infection date = 2019-12-27 keywords = DEAQ; EBOV; EVD; Fig summary = A pharmacokinetic (PK) study in rhesus macaques (2 groups of 2 males and 2 females) was performed to monitor plasma concentrations of AQ (Fig. 1a ) and the active metabolite DEAQ (Fig. 1b) . samples from infected animals collected on days 0, 3, 5, and 7 postexposure and on day of necropsy (days 6, 7 or 8) were analyzed for determination of plasma levels of AQ and its metabolite DEAQ. Animals that were treated on days 0, 1 and 2 (Group 2, Fig. 7a ), had plasma DEAQ levels ranging from 0 to 205 ng/ml on days 3, 5, 7 and 8 postexposure. www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ The goal of the study was to treat animals with AQ using a similar dosing strategy as for human patients, with a target blood concentration range of the parent compound AQ of 29.2 ± 10.9 ng/mL 12 . doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-56481-0 id = cord-002885-dhdyxnr3 author = Den Boon, Saskia title = Incorporating health workers’ perspectives into a WHO guideline on personal protective equipment developed during an Ebola virus disease outbreak date = 2018-03-09 keywords = Africa; EVD; PPE; health summary = The objective of this study was to understand frontline physicians'' and nurses'' perspectives about personal protective equipment (PPE) use during the 2014-2016 EVD outbreak in West Africa and to incorporate these findings into the development process of a WHO rapid advice guideline. The specific objectives were to understand and describe frontline physician and nurses'' perspectives about PPE use, while providing direct care for EVD patients in the unprecedented conditions of the 2014-2016 EVD outbreak in West Africa and to incorporate these findings into the rapid advice guideline development process. The findings of the survey were presented at the guideline development meeting and incorporated into evidence-to-decision tables (Supplementary File 2) to inform the formulation of recommendations for PPE components in the context of an EVD outbreak. We developed the study protocol, obtained WHO ethics approval, contacted the participants, delivered the survey, analysed the data, and presented the findings as part of the evidence-to-decision tables at the expert panel meeting where the recommendations were formulated in a period of 8 weeks. doi = 10.12688/f1000research.12922.2 id = cord-011129-btaxvmsr author = Di Paola, Nicholas title = Viral genomics in Ebola virus research date = 2020-05-04 keywords = Congo; EBOV; EVD; Ebola; Republic; outbreak; virus summary = doi = 10.1038/s41579-020-0354-7 id = cord-257504-tqzvdssb author = Dubost, Clément title = Preparation of an intensive care unit in France for the reception of a confirmed case of Ebola virus infection() date = 2015-11-24 keywords = EVD; Ebola; ICU; patient summary = title: Preparation of an intensive care unit in France for the reception of a confirmed case of Ebola virus infection() The current Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa is a major challenge for the worldwide medical community. The current Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa is a major challenge for the worldwide medical community. The preparation of a modern Intensive Care Unit (ICU) to treat an EVD patient in good conditions requires time and specific equipment. The preparation of a modern Intensive Care Unit (ICU) to treat an EVD patient in good conditions requires time and specific equipment. Thus, the preparation of intensive care units in affluent countries is necessary in order to be able to receive a confirmed case of EVD with two main goals: (i) to treat the patient and (ii) to protect the healthcare providers. doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2015.10.002 id = cord-290637-3tgtstd4 author = Ferranti, Erin P. title = Implementation of an educational program for nursing students amidst the Ebola virus disease epidemic date = 2016-12-31 keywords = EVD; Emory; time summary = doi = 10.1016/j.outlook.2016.04.002 id = cord-329726-4494x6ii author = Gabel Speroni, Karen title = Call to Action for a US Nurse General: From Ebola to Corona date = 2020-04-21 keywords = EVD summary = doi = 10.1097/nna.0000000000000899 id = cord-314460-dbrp4vxc author = Gibbs, Shawn G. title = Review of Literature for Air Medical Evacuation High-Level Containment Transport date = 2019-10-31 keywords = EVD; HLCT; PPE summary = doi = 10.1016/j.amj.2019.06.006 id = cord-298796-ajzfnd7g author = Herstein, Jocelyn J. title = Sustainability of High-Level Isolation Capabilities among US Ebola Treatment Centers date = 2017-06-17 keywords = EVD; Ebola summary = To identify barriers to maintaining and applying capabilities of US high-level isolation units (HLIUs) used during the Ebola virus disease outbreak, during 2016 we surveyed HLIUs. HLIUs identified sustainability challenges and reported the highly infectious diseases they would treat. After the initial designation, 1 ETC in each US Department of Health and Human Services region was selected as a Regional Ebola and Other Special Pathogens Treatment Center (RESPTC) capable of managing HIDs for extended periods (3) . In 2009, a consensus group of infectious disease experts in Europe defined high-level isolation units (HLIUs) as facilities providing optimal infection containment and procedures specifically designed for HID care and released specifications for such units (1) . The EVD outbreak revealed vulnerabilities within the US healthcare and public health infrastructure to address HIDs. We aimed to identify barriers to maintenance of recently developed isolation and care capabilities, how those capabilities might be applied to outbreaks other than EVD, and further infrastructure and resources HLIUs would add if additional funding were available. doi = 10.3201/eid2306.170062 id = cord-017569-fv88n70v author = Hewlett, Angela title = Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Preparedness date = 2017-09-10 keywords = EVD; Ebola; HLCC; PPE; VHF; care; patient summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-60980-5_21 id = cord-012040-24112w2j author = Hung, Yuen W title = Impact of a free care policy on the utilisation of health services during an Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo: an interrupted time-series analysis date = 2020-07-27 keywords = EVD; Ebola; FCP; health summary = doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002119 id = cord-293221-gf9wy4a9 author = Idowu, Abiodun Benjamin title = Ebola virus disease in the eyes of a rural, agrarian community in Western Nigeria: a mixed method study date = 2020-08-31 keywords = EVD; Ebola; disease; outbreak summary = It is on this basis that this study was conducted to (assess) the knowledge, perceptions, beliefs and preventive practices against EVD in a predominantly agrarian rural community in Southwest Nigeria. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Igbogila town, Yewa North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria in the latter part of 2014 during the EVD outbreak. However, a closer look at past EVD outbreaks revealed that they often originated from rural agrarian communities where there are many misconceptions about the disease, refusal of early isolation and quarantine, and unsafe burial rites practices which aggravate epidemics [8, 9] . No case of EVD was recorded in the study area during the outbreak, nevertheless the limited data provides relevant information useful to researchers and other public health stakeholders in infectious disease prevention and control. Study on public knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to Ebola virus disease prevention and medical care in Sierra Leone doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-09441-7 id = cord-306972-alyyju5x author = James, Peter Bai title = An assessment of Ebola-related stigma and its association with informal healthcare utilisation among Ebola survivors in Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study date = 2020-02-05 keywords = EVD; Ebola; HIV; Sierra summary = doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-8279-7 id = cord-260037-ys62jrgw author = Jecker, Nancy S. title = Ebola Virus Disease Ethics and Emergency Medical Response Policy date = 2015-09-30 keywords = EVD; Ebola; patient summary = The policy also requires that (2) resuscitation not be attempted for patients with advanced EVD, as resuscitation would be medically futile; (3) providers caring for or having contact with patients with confirmed or suspected EVD be properly protected and trained; (4) the treating team identify and treat in advance likely causes of cardiac and respiratory arrest to minimize the need for emergency response; (5) patients with EVD and their proxies be involved in care discussions; and (6) care team and provider discretion guide the care of patients with EVD. (3) providers caring for or having contact with patients with confi rmed or suspected EVD be properly protected and trained; (4) the treating team identify and treat in advance likely causes of cardiac and respiratory arrest to minimize the need for emergency response; doi = 10.1378/chest.15-0135 id = cord-327641-hqnem2zs author = Ji, Ying-Jie title = Clinical presentations and outcomes of patients with Ebola virus disease in Freetown, Sierra Leone date = 2016-11-03 keywords = EBOV; EVD; Ebola; patient summary = BACKGROUND: Clinical and laboratory data were collected and analysed from patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Jui Government Hospital in Freetown, Sierra Leone, where patients with EVD were received and/or treated from October 1, 2014 to March 21, 2015 during the West Africa EVD outbreak. In the 2014 outbreak, the first lab-confirmed EVD patient was reported in May, 2014 in Guinea and since then the Zaire Ebola Virus (ZEBOV) has rapidly spread across Sierra Leone and to other West Africa countries. A retrospective, observational study was conducted using data collected from all patients with confirmed EVD who were admitted to the Holding and Treatment Center of Jui Government Hospital from October 1, 2014 to March 21, 2015. In our study, the multivariate analyses showed that EBOV viral load, abdominal pain, confusion, conjunctivitis, and vomiting were independently associated with the death outcome of EVD patients. doi = 10.1186/s40249-016-0195-9 id = cord-003507-22ylifqo author = Kelly, J. Daniel title = Projections of Ebola outbreak size and duration with and without vaccine use in Équateur, Democratic Republic of Congo, as of May 27, 2018 date = 2019-03-07 keywords = EVD; Ebola; outbreak summary = As of May 27, 2018, 6 suspected, 13 probable and 35 confirmed cases of Ebola virus disease (EVD) had been reported in Équateur Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. We modeled Ebola virus transmission using a stochastic branching process model that included reproduction numbers from past Ebola outbreaks and a particle filtering method to generate a probabilistic projection of the outbreak size and duration conditioned on its reported trajectory to date; modeled using high (62%), low (44%), and zero (0%) estimates of vaccination coverage (after deployment). With the stochastic model, using high, low, and zero estimates of vaccination coverage, the median outbreak sizes for probable and confirmed cases were 82 cases (95% prediction interval [PI]: 55, 156), 104 cases (95% PI: 58, 271), and 213 cases (95% PI: 64, 1450), respectively. We modeled Ebola virus transmission using a stochastic branching process model, parameterized by transmission rates estimated from the dynamics of prior EVD outbreaks, and conditioned on agreement with reported case counts from the 2018 EVD outbreak to date. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0213190 id = cord-018364-b06084r1 author = LaBrunda, Michelle title = The Emerging Threat of Ebola date = 2019-06-07 keywords = Africa; EVD; Ebola; Saa; disease; health; outbreak; virus summary = Transmission of Ebola disease is still being studied, but it is known that person-toperson contact is the most common form of spread. One study found the risk of developing EVD for healthcare workers to be 100 times that of the general community during an outbreak of Ebola in Sierra Leone [67] . After the outbreak of SARS in 2003 many countries starting using boarder screening to try to identify possibly ill people in hopes of limiting spread of infectious disease, others jumped on board after the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. An article by the CDC, published around the same time as the article recommending travel restriction for high-risk individuals, concludes that border screens are expensive and not effective in preventing the spread of disease [100] . Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients Under Investigation (PUIs) for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in U doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-23491-1_6 id = cord-003917-bswndfvk author = Lalle, Eleonora title = Pulmonary Involvement during the Ebola Virus Disease date = 2019-08-24 keywords = EBOV; EVD; Ebola; respiratory; virus summary = Filoviruses have become a worldwide public health concern, especially during the 2013–2016 Western Africa Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak—the largest outbreak, both by number of cases and geographical extension, recorded so far in medical history. During the 2013–2016 Western Africa outbreak, Ebola virus (EBOV) was detected in the lung of infected patients suggesting a role in lung pathogenesis. However, new evidences collected during the recent 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak hypothesized shedding of the virus in the lung and identified viral replication markers in sputum samples collected from EBOV infected patients [14] . However, new evidences collected during the recent 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak hypothesized shedding of the virus in the lung and identified viral replication markers in sputum samples collected from EBOV infected patients [14] . Interestingly, evidence collected in animal studies, in the epidemiological analysis of transmission chains, and in the most recent Ebola outbreaks suggests that EBOV may be able to cause primary pulmonary infection. doi = 10.3390/v11090780 id = cord-002500-9p2n8tjx author = Lambe, Teresa title = A review of Phase I trials of Ebola virus vaccines: what can we learn from the race to develop novel vaccines? date = 2017-05-26 keywords = EBOV; EVD; Ebola; MVA; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1098/rstb.2016.0295 id = cord-255040-xzs7d497 author = Lau, Joseph T.F. title = Anticipated Negative Responses by Students to Possible Ebola Virus Outbreak, Guangzhou, China date = 2016-01-17 keywords = EVD; Guangzhou summary = Our aim was to measure students'' anticipated negative emotional responses and avoidance activities (dependent variables) to a possible outbreak of EVD (5) . We constructed scales for the dependent and independent variables to assess EVD-related perceptions: 1) misconceptions/knowledge about transmission modes, 2) scenarios of an EVD outbreak in Guangzhou (chances, severity, control), 3) efficacy of preventive measures and self-protection, and 4) public stigma toward EVD survivors. In multivariate analyses that adjusted for significant background variables, we found positive associations between both dependent variables and the following independent variables: perceived fatality of EVD, perceived nonavailability of treatment, misconceptions regarding modes of transmission, perceived severity of a Guangzhou outbreak, perceived efficacy of restricting Africans'' travel, perceived efficacy of avoiding African-inhabited areas, and public stigma toward EVD survivors. doi = 10.3201/eid2201.150898 id = cord-269770-7hau5yge author = MacIntyre, C. Raina title = Respiratory protection for healthcare workers treating Ebola virus disease (EVD): Are facemasks sufficient to meet occupational health and safety obligations? date = 2014-09-08 keywords = EVD; Ebola; Health summary = title: Respiratory protection for healthcare workers treating Ebola virus disease (EVD): Are facemasks sufficient to meet occupational health and safety obligations? Some diseases exclusively transmit through the airborne route in natural setting (e.g. tuberculosis), while other diseases mainly transmit through the droplet or contact modes but short range respiratory aerosols are generated during high risk procedures which increases the risk of infection transmission (Roy and Milton, 2004) . For example, the primary mode of influenza transmission is thought to be droplet (reflected in guidelines which largely recommend surgical masks), but there is increasing evidence that it is also spread by shortrange respiratory aerosols (Bischoff et al., 2013; Tellier, 2009) . Current evidence suggests that human to human transmission occurs predominantly though direct contact with blood and body secretions, (World Health Organization (WHO), 2014a) and this is the basis of the WHO and the CDC recommendations for facemasks to protect HCWs from EVD. doi = 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.09.002 id = cord-300133-yc2wxgid author = Martínez, Miguel J. title = Ebola Virus Infection: Overview and Update on Prevention and Treatment date = 2015-09-12 keywords = EBOV; EVD; Ebola; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/s40121-015-0079-5 id = cord-272991-opvs2ejd author = Masiira, Ben title = Building a new platform to support public health emergency response in Africa: the AFENET Corps of Disease Detectives, 2018–2019 date = 2020-10-13 keywords = AFENET; Africa; EVD summary = doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002874 id = cord-001611-9xgmanai author = Matlock, Ann Marie title = Providing nursing care to Ebola patients on the national stage: The National Institutes of Health experience date = 2015-01-01 keywords = EVD; Ebola summary = As a part of preparing for their role in studying highly infectious diseases, SCSU staff has been trained, drilled, and observed using personal protective equipment (PPE) and has regularly rehearsed patient scenarios requiring the most intensive isolation procedures known. Setting our level of isolation for patients with EVD in the SCSU was a major challenge because guidelines were still emerging based on the known mode of transmission, and there was limited experience in Western health care facilities with the potential for transmission during invasive procedures and close quarters contact. We have had extensive experience at the Clinical Center with complex or rare infections requiring special isolation procedures and with the significant effort required to contain a resistant or difficult-to-treat infectious agent within a health care setting. When it became known we were caring for a patient with EVD, our leadership team became the subject of numerous calls for information about how we were handling the various aspects of the admission, notably staffing and procedures for isolation and use for PPE. doi = 10.1016/j.outlook.2014.11.015 id = cord-269476-lrk4ty99 author = Mohammed, Abdulaziz title = An evaluation of psychological distress and social support of survivors and contacts of Ebola virus disease infection and their relatives in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross sectional study − 2014 date = 2015-08-27 keywords = EVD; Nigeria; psychological summary = doi = 10.1186/s12889-015-2167-6 id = cord-288734-xinkqs6u author = Muñoz-Fontela, César title = Ebola Virus Disease in Humans: Pathophysiology and Immunity date = 2017-03-30 keywords = EBOV; EVD; Ebola; Virus summary = Discovered in 1976 during the first documented outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the town of Yambuku in northern Zaire (today Democratic Republic of the Congo), EBOV has since caused sporadic human disease outbreaks of varying magnitude in Equatorial African countries (Sanchez et al. Antigen-presenting cells are a putative initial target of EBOV infection and previous research in animal models of disease has indicated that dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are early and preferred targets of EBOV and support virus replication (Geisbert et al. Clinical presentation, biochemical, and haematological parameters and their association with outcome in patients with Ebola virus disease: an observational cohort study Sequence-based human leukocyte antigen-B typing of patients infected with Ebola virus in Uganda in 2000: identification of alleles associated with fatal and nonfatal disease outcomes doi = 10.1007/82_2017_11 id = cord-280164-dukccrjb author = Nachega, Jean B. title = Responding to the Challenge of the Dual COVID-19 and Ebola Epidemics in the Democratic Republic of Congo—Priorities for Achieving Control date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; DRC; EVD summary = doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0642 id = cord-283181-7f0ljuk6 author = Parisot, Nelly title = Commentary date = 2014-12-18 keywords = EVD; Ebola summary = doi = 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.10.011 id = cord-001827-vqoxd64i author = Rosello, Alicia title = Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1976-2014 date = 2015-11-03 keywords = EVD; Ebola; Kikwit; Mweka summary = doi = 10.7554/elife.09015 id = cord-265017-byyx2y47 author = Ryan, Jeffrey R. title = Seeds of Destruction date = 2016-03-25 keywords = EVD; Ebola; States; United; agent; biological; program; weapon summary = In the United States, bioterrorism became a household word in October 2001, when Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) spores were introduced into the US Postal Service system by several letters dropped into a mailbox in Trenton, New Jersey (see Fig. 1 .1). At the same time as the French were signing the 1925 Geneva Protocol, they were developing a biological warfare program to complement the one they had established for chemical weapons during World War I (Rosebury and Kabat, 1947) . What many people do not know about the group is that it developed and attempted to use biological agents (anthrax, Q fever, Ebola virus, and botulinum toxin) on at least 10 other occasions. To illustrate these points we will briefly discuss four items of international interest that have been emphasized in the media: accidental shipment of live anthrax-positive controls samples, the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in South Korea and Saudi Arabia, and a massive outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-802029-6.00001-3 id = cord-356327-kxyo4rfv author = Stephens, David S. title = Ebola Virus Disease: Experience and Decision Making for the First Patients outside of Africa date = 2015-07-28 keywords = EVD; Ebola; Emory; SCDU summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001857 id = cord-266415-8w5elfro author = Tambo, Ernest title = Need of surveillance response systems to combat Ebola outbreaks and other emerging infectious diseases in African countries date = 2014-08-05 keywords = Africa; EVD; Ebola summary = doi = 10.1186/2049-9957-3-29 id = cord-020610-hsw7dk4d author = Thys, Séverine title = Contesting the (Super)Natural Origins of Ebola in Macenta, Guinea: Biomedical and Popular Approaches date = 2019-10-12 keywords = EVD; Ebola; Guinea; Macenta; disease; epidemic; model summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-26795-7_7 id = cord-340194-ibli36rq author = To, Kelvin K.W. title = Ebola virus disease: a highly fatal infectious disease reemerging in West Africa date = 2014-11-29 keywords = Africa; EVD; Ebola; ebolavirus; outbreak; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.11.007 id = cord-300080-l0fyxtva author = Venkat, Arvind title = Ethical Issues in the Response to Ebola Virus Disease in US Emergency Departments: A Position Paper of the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Emergency Nurses Association and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine date = 2015-03-10 keywords = EVD; Ebola; emergency; patient summary = With the presentation of patients with Ebola to US acute care facilities, ethical questions have been raised in both the press and medical literature as to how US emergency departments, emergency physicians, emergency nurses and other stakeholders in the healthcare system should approach the current epidemic and its potential for spread in the domestic environment. With the presentation of patients with Ebola to US acute care facilities, ethical questions have been raised in both the press and medical literature as to how US emergency departments, emergency physicians, emergency nurses and other stakeholders in the healthcare system should approach the current epidemic and its potential for spread in the domestic environment. WHAT 41 It is anticipated that patients with a confirmed EVD diagnosis will be transferred to these hospitals which will have enough PPE and other treatment requirements (isolation rooms, dedicated equipment and designated physicians, nurses and other necessary health care professionals and staff with proper training under CDC guidelines) to manage patients for at least 7 days, after which governmental agencies would assist in acquiring more supplies and expertise if needed. doi = 10.1016/j.jen.2015.01.012 id = cord-356242-tydil7d7 author = Wannier, S. Rae title = Estimating the impact of violent events on transmission in Ebola virus disease outbreak, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2018–2019 date = 2019-07-26 keywords = EVD; Ebola summary = doi = 10.1016/j.epidem.2019.100353 id = cord-003127-1t0mklwi author = Wendelboe, Aaron M. title = Managing emerging transnational public health security threats: lessons learned from the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak date = 2018-07-27 keywords = EVD; Ebola; Leone summary = Ten countries were directly impacted, three of which experienced significant outbreaks (Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone), while seven countries reported one or more EVD cases without widespread human-to-human transmission (Italy, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Spain, the UK, and the US) [9, 10] . Specifically, we 1) conduct a quantitative analysis of country-specific factors in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone and 2) conduct a qualitative analysis of patterns of disease incidence and transmission among all countries with ≥1 case of EVD to draw lessons learned from the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak for managing emerging transnational health security threats. Although four new confirmed cases were diagnosed in Guinea during March 17-28, the WHO Director-General declared on March 29, 2016 the end of the Public Health Emergency of International Concern regarding the EVD outbreak in West Africa [9] . doi = 10.1186/s12992-018-0396-z id = cord-330647-w1bpeqzg author = Wong, Samson Sai-Yin title = Ebola virus disease in nonendemic countries date = 2015-05-31 keywords = EBOV; EVD; Ebola; FHF; Marburg; fever; virus summary = The largest outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in history has renewed interest in filoviruses and has provided an unprecedented impetus to the development of new therapeutics and vaccines for this highly lethal infection. Nucleic acid amplification is the diagnostic test of choice because of its high sensitivity (especially in the early phase of illness); its ability to differentiate between different agents of viral hemorrhagic fever; and its relatively lower biohazard, if the viruses are appropriately inactivated; and because antigen and antibody assays are often unavailable in laboratories in nonendemic countries. 119e123 Animal studies also demonstrate the efficacy of favipiravir in the treatment of Junín virus, arenavirus, and EBOV hemorrhagic fevers, and the drug was used to treat human EVD in the 2014 West African epidemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.01.012 id = cord-004269-g6ki6vyy author = de Rooij, Doret title = Qualitative Research: Institutional Preparedness During Threats of Infectious Disease Outbreaks date = 2020-01-23 keywords = EVD; phase; preparedness summary = BACKGROUND: As demonstrated during the global Ebola crisis of 2014–2016, healthcare institutions in high resource settings need support concerning preparedness during threats of infectious disease outbreaks. Second, these triggers informed the design of a phased preparedness system which was tested in a focus group discussion ( RESULTS: Four preparedness phases were identified: preparedness phase green is a situation without the presence of the infectious disease threat that requires centralized care, anywhere in the world. Use of this system by both curative healthcare institutions and the (municipal) public health service, could help to effectively communicate and align preparedness activities during future threats of severe infectious diseases. In the second phase of the focus group, preparedness activities identified in step 1 were presented to representatives of each type of healthcare institution separately. While specific preparedness activities differ between types of healthcare institutions and threat phases, in this study, a uniform enhanced preparedness system has been developed. doi = 10.1155/2020/5861894 id = cord-006182-kck5e1ry author = nan title = 17th Annual Meeting, Neurocritical Care Society, October 15–18, 2019, Vancouver, Canada date = 2019-10-01 keywords = AIS; Care; DCI; EEG; EVD; GCS; ICH; ICP; ICU; IQR; January; LOS; MRI; NCC; NIHSS; SAH; SDH; Scale; TBI; TCD; TTM; TXA; day; outcome; patient; stroke; study summary = The primary objective of COGiTATE (CppOpt GuIded Therapy Assessment of Target Effectiveness) is to demonstrate feasibility of individualising CPP at CPPopt in TBI patients, expressed as the percentage of monitoring time for which CPP is within 5 mmHg of regularly updated CPPopt targets during the first 5 days of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. Neurocritical care has become increasingly subspecialized.Yet, due to limited availability of dedicated Neurocritical Care units (NCCUs), often patients may need to be admitted to ICUs other than NCCUs. This survey based study was conducted to explore self-reported knowledge in recognizing and managing some common neurological emergencies such as stroke, status epilepticus, raised intracranial pressure etc among critical care nurses at a Comprehensive Stroke Center. Coagulation factor Xa (recombinant), inactivated-Xa inhibitor associated life--factor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) was utilized offRetrospective, single center, cohort study including adult intracranial hemorrhage patients who received discharge between efficacy (defined by International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis criteria), thrombotic events, ICU and hospital length of stay, and mortality. doi = 10.1007/s12028-019-00857-7 id = cord-006870-f5w6fw6q author = nan title = Abstracts Presented at the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) 15th Annual Meeting date = 2017-09-19 keywords = AED; CSF; Care; DCI; EEG; EVD; GCS; Glasgow; ICH; ICP; ICU; IQR; January; LOS; MAP; MRI; NCCU; NIHSS; SAH; SDH; SRSE; Scale; TBI; VTE; brain; day; high; outcome; patient; stroke; study; time summary = Subjective perceptions of recovery were assessed via responses to the forced-choice dichotomized question, "Do you feel that you have made a complete recovery from the arrest?"Objective outcome measures of recovery included: Repeatable Battery for Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), Modified Lawton Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (L-ADL), Barthel Index (BI), Cerebral Performance Category Scale (CPC), Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D), and Post traumatic stress disorder-checklist (PTSD-C). Utilizing data from the Citicoline Brain Injury Treatment (COBRIT) trial, a prospective multicenter study, we identified 224 patients who met the inclusion criteria; 1) placement of an ICP monitoring device, 2) Glasgow coma score (GCS) less than 9, 3) EVD placement prior to arrival or within 6 hours of arrival at the study institution. The objective of this study was to examine the incidence rates of pre-specified medical and neurological ICU complications, and their impact on post-traumatic in-hospital mortality and 12month functional outcomes. doi = 10.1007/s12028-017-0465-9 id = cord-260779-riw5xs3j author = van Griensven, Johan title = The Use of Ebola Convalescent Plasma to Treat Ebola Virus Disease in Resource-Constrained Settings: A Perspective From the Field date = 2016-01-01 keywords = EVD; Ebola summary = doi = 10.1093/cid/civ680