# ent

id: cord-257377-x5xijo8m
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  20 0433 sha 2647aa01ebef19549ccb025142b61481beb1ae9f doc_id 257377 cord_uid x5xijo8m Because of the pandemic of COVID 19 the


id: cord-317915-0javg3m8
type: GGP
entity:
  Cureus DOI 10 7759 cureus 7737 sha 38c8922f3ef3b099036733bf55e7c44dadb1e54d doc_id 317915 cord_uid 0javg3m8 Introduction


id: cord-325726-65xxevp3
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  3D printing 25 26 27 28 a Traditional Supply chain b 3D Printing supply chain Fig 1 Traditional versus 3D printing supply chain 29 Makers


id: cord-325726-65xxevp3
type: FAC
entity:
  Research Square Technical Note Stopgap Face Mask SFM Instructions for Use Applications of 3D Printing Technology


id: cord-325726-65xxevp3
type: ORG
entity:
  Networked System and Methods for Combating Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 Pandemic Future Generation Computer Systems Application


id: cord-343535-r8rsbfs3
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A Flexible Nanoporous Template for the Design and Development of Reusable Anti COVID 19 Hydrophobic Face Masks Testing of Air Permeability of Distant Knitted Fabrics


id: cord-322528-6r57pq8o
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Ningbo COVID 19 data United Kingdom Time Use Survey The Scottish Government Centre for Time Use Research Time Use Survey 2014 15 Results for Scotland The time of your life Time use in London and the UK


id: cord-339324-ab0ecwvw
type: ORG
entity:
  Regional Specialization and Coordination Within the Network for Perceiving and Knowing About Others Familiarity


id: cord-355700-1yf1ae1d
type: ORG
entity:
  SARS CoV 1 Isolation Quarantine Social Distancing and Community Containment Pivotal Role for Old Style Public Health Measures


id: cord-332420-9vyik2e9
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Being a Psychotherapist in Times of the Novel Coronavirus Disease Stress Level Job Anxiety and Fear of Coronavirus Disease Infection


id: cord-301063-kqlra788
type: ORG
entity:
  an Influenza Pandemic Facing the Flu Preventing Transmission of Pandemic Influenza and Other Viral Respiratory Diseases Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Workers


id: cord-301063-kqlra788
type: ORG
entity:
  U S Food and Drug Administration Respirator Trusted Source Information Ancillary Respirator Information Aerosol


# bib

id: cord-005385-hswyus24
title: On the Edge of Solidarity: The Burqa and Public Life
author: Baehr, Peter
date: 2012-08-21
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091286/
doi: 10.1007/s12115-012-9584-2
abstract:
  Dislike among European publics for the Islamic full veil and the desire to ban it are often ascribed to nativist "Islamophobia." This article questions that assumption. It argues that, in political terms, the wearing of the burqa and niqab is inconsistent with Western norms of equality, the backbone of the citizenship ideal; and that, in social terms, the full veil erects a partition to interpersonal understanding and reciprocity. While the constitutional duty to protect religious freedom is a good argument in favor of tolerating the full veil, the practice of wearing it is at the edge of solidarity and injurious to the democratic public sphere.


id: cord-032904-ex6zpud9
title: Comparison of telehealth and traditional face-to-face model during COVID-19 pandemic()
author: Isasti, Guillermo
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-032904-ex6zpud9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-032904-ex6zpud9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7526593/
doi: 10.1016/j.medcle.2020.06.020
abstract: nan
summary:
  This disruptive experience has meant a sudden and total shift from face-to-face consultations to a virtual model, unprecedented in many health systems. Of the total of 1721 patients contacted by teleconsultation, 1156 (67.2%) were referred for a follow-up, 332 (19.3%) were resolved and only 233 (13.5%) required re-appointment We analysed general consultations due to their greater volume (1339 patients), differentiating two tasks: First visits (315 patients) and follow-up visits (1024 patients). Of the first-visit patients, 18.1% were referred for a follow-up, 16.2% were resolved and 65.7% required a face-to-face visit. Of the follow-up group, 74.6% were doing a check-up, 25.3% were resolved and only 0.1% required a face-to-face visit. We did not observe statistically significant differences in the outcomes of the follow-up group when the face-toface model was compared to teleconsultation (p░=░0.262). Although we are aware of the need for longer-term comparative studies evaluating the results of teleconsultation, telehealth interventions generally seem equivalent to face-to-face care 4 .


id: cord-158415-qwxyuuz7
title: Multi-Stage CNN Architecture for Face Mask Detection
author: Chavda, Amit
date: 2020-09-16
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.07627v2.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  The end of 2019 witnessed the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has continued to be the cause of plight for millions of lives and businesses even in 2020. As the world recovers from the pandemic and plans to return to a state of normalcy, there is a wave of anxiety among all individuals, especially those who intend to resume in-person activity. Studies have proved that wearing a face mask significantly reduces the risk of viral transmission as well as provides a sense of protection. However, it is not feasible to manually track the implementation of this policy. Technology holds the key here. We introduce a Deep Learning based system that can detect instances where face masks are not used properly. Our system consists of a dual-stage Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture capable of detecting masked and unmasked faces and can be integrated with pre-installed CCTV cameras. This will help track safety violations, promote the use of face masks, and ensure a safe working environment.


id: cord-257307-bslv5sqv
author: Sapoval, M
date: 2020-04-18
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211568420300978?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.diii.2020.04.004
title:
  3D-printed face protective shield in interventional radiology: evaluation of an immediate solution in the era of COVID-19 pandemic

abstract:
  Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report the clinical evaluation of a 3D-printed protective face shield designed to protect interventional radiologists from droplet transmission of the SARS-Cov-2. Materials and methods: A protective face shield consisting in a standard transparent polymerizing vinyl chloride (PVC) sheet was built using commercially available 3D printers. The 3D-printed face shield was evaluated in 31 interventional procedures in terms of ability to perform the assigned intervention as usual, quality of visual comfort and tolerance using a Likert scale (from 1, as very good to 5, as extremely poor). Results: The mean rating for ability to perform the assigned intervention as usual was 1.7 ± 0.8 (SD) (range: 1 - 4). The mean visual tolerance rating was 1.6 ± 0.7 (SD) (range: 1 - 4). The mean tolerability rating was 1.4 ± 0.7 (SD) (range: 1 - 3). Conclusion: The 3D-printed protective face shield is well accepted in various interventions. It may become an additional option for protection of interventional radiologists.


id: cord-257377-x5xijo8m
title: COVID-19: The Need for Rational Use of Face Masks in Nigeria
author: Ogoina, Dimie
date: 2020-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-257377-x5xijo8m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257377-x5xijo8m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0433
doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0433
summary:
  Because of the pandemic of COVID-19, the federal government of Nigeria has instituted a mandatory policy requiring everyone going out in public to wear face masks. Inappropriate use and disposal of face masks in Nigeria could promote the spread of the novel coronavirus in the country and negate the country''s efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. 11 The rising spate of misuse and abuse of face masks is a source of worry for the Nigerian COVID-19 Presidential Task Force, which observed "unhygienic and ill-advised use and sharing of masks, especially multiple fittings before buying from vendors." 13 It is noteworthy that medical masks meant for healthcare workers, such as surgical masks and respirators, are being routinely worn by the general public and government officials, when there are complaints that these masks are not available in sufficient quantities in Nigerian hospitals.

abstract:
  Because of the pandemic of COVID-19, the federal government of Nigeria has instituted a mandatory policy requiring everyone going out in public to wear face masks. Unfortunately, the Nigeria media is awash with images of misuse and abuse of face masks by the public, government officials, and healthcare workers. Medical masks are used widely in community settings amid reported scarcity within healthcare facilities. It is observed that some people wear face masks on their chin and neck, and mask wearers give no attention to covering their mouth and nose, especially when talking. Used face masks are kept with personal belongings or disposed indiscriminately in public spaces, leading to self and environmental contamination. Inappropriate use and disposal of face masks in Nigeria could promote the spread of the novel coronavirus in the country and negate the country’s efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. In the implementation of the universal masking policy in Nigeria, federal and state governments ought to consider local applicability, feasibility, and sustainability, as well as identify and mitigate all potential risks and unintended consequences. Also critical is the need for intensive public sensitization and education on appropriate use and disposal of face masks in the country.


id: cord-261580-zghq7mcg
title: A cloth mask for under-resourced healthcare settings in the COVID19 pandemic
author: Sugrue, Michael
date: 2020-05-12
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-020-02241-3
doi: 10.1007/s11845-020-02241-3
abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: COVID19 pandemic poses a global threat, with many unknowns. The potential for resource limited countries to suffer huge mortality is of major concern. Prevention and risk reduction strategies are paramount in the current absence of effective treatment or a vaccine. There is a global shortage of personal protective equipment. AIMS: This short paper describes the rationale for and development of a cloth homemade mask and has a step by step video. RESULTS: The template is reproducible around the world and is both washable and cheap. CONCLUSION: This article describes a simple way to make a cloth mask, suitable if medical masks are not available.


id: cord-273748-xy4f5kon
author: Armijo, Priscila R.
date: 2020-08-04
txt: ./txt/cord-273748-xy4f5kon.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273748-xy4f5kon.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655320307628?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.07.037
summary:
  To overcome this challenge, stringent policies and appropriate use of PPE, such as face shields, safety glasses, and N95 masks, are indicated for providers performing aerosol-generating procedures [7] . In response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, The University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Department of Anesthesiology, mandated that anesthesia providers use face shields during patient care to extend the life of N95 masks and adequately protect providers from infection with SARS-CoV-2. Given this information, we developed a decontamination protocol that utilized a dilute bleach solution that would allow penetration into any of the pores that are generated in the 3D printing process and permit the reuse of the face shields. After careful consideration, we chose to use a Prusa i3 MK3S model printer for our 3D face shield printing needs. As a positive control, organism suspensions were inoculated to each face shield part, allowed to dry, and swabbed without decontamination.

title:
  3D Printing of Face Shields to Meet the Immediate Need for PPE in an Anesthesiology Department during the COVID-19 Pandemic

abstract:
  Anesthesia providers are at risk for contracting COVID-19 due close patient contact. Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) use is critical to providing a safe environment and to minimize the risk of contagion. During the COVID-19 Pandemic, a series of supply chain issues, constant changes in PPE use policy, and higher demand for PPE led to shortages in PPE, specifically N95 masks and face shields. Implementation of decontamination protocols successfully allowed N95 mask reuse but, required masks to be unsoiled. Face shields not only act as a barrier against the soiling of N95 face masks, they also serve as more effective eye protection from respiratory droplets over standard eye shields. The University of Nebraska Medical Center produced face shields using a combination of 3D printing and assembly with commonly available products. Approximately 112 face shields were constructed and made available for use in 72 hours. Importantly, we created and implemented a simple but effective decontamination protocol, which allowed reuse of the face shields. These methods were successfully implemented for in-house production of face shields used at Tripler Army Medical Center (Tripler AMC, Hawaii). The effectiveness of the decontamination protocol was evaluated using the average log(10) reduction in colony counts for Escherichia coli ATCC 8937 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA). In this manuscript, we present our detailed protocol and supplies needed for printing 3D face shields to enable the rapid production of this product by individuals with little to no 3D printing experience, in times of urgent need.


id: cord-274201-9qsqj91d
title: The history and value of face masks
author: Matuschek, Christiane
date: 2020-06-23
txt: ./txt/cord-274201-9qsqj91d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274201-9qsqj91d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32576263/
doi: 10.1186/s40001-020-00423-4
summary:
  In this review, we describe the history of masks from the middle age to modern times. Mikulicz, who had already been responsible for the introduction of sterile gloves made from cloth, noted concerning the applicability of surgical masks: ''…we breathed through it as easily as a lady wearing a veil in the streets… '' Mikulicz'' assistant Hübner resumed the topic and described a two-layered mouth protection made of gauze that should prevent driblet spread. Nevertheless, an earlier illustration of a multilayer face mask made of gauze can be found in the surgical operating teachings of the British surgeon B.G.A. Moynihan (1865-1936) (Fig. 2) . Therefore, an unresolved discussion was present between surgery and hospital hygiene, if wound infections could be reduced by the use of surgical mouth and nose protection [29, 30] . Die Verbreitung der Phthise durch staubförmiges Sputum und durch beim Husten verspritzte Tröpfchen Zshr Hyg Infkrkh. Postoperative wound infections and surgical face masks: a controlled study

abstract:
  In the human population, social contacts are a key for transmission of bacteria and viruses. The use of face masks seems to be critical to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 for the period, in which therapeutic interventions are lacking. In this review, we describe the history of masks from the middle age to modern times.


id: cord-282879-28nhr1hv
author: Patel, Samir N.
date: 2020-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-282879-28nhr1hv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-282879-28nhr1hv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002939420304384?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.013
summary:
  Mean logMAR visual acuity at presentation in cases that developed culture-positive endophthalmitis was significantly worse in the "no talking" group compared to the face mask group (17.1 lines lost from baseline acuity vs 13.4 lines lost; p=0.031), though no difference was observed at six months following treatment (p=0.479). 24 Furthermore, prior studies have established that oral flora-associated endophthalmitis may be reduced with the implementation of a strict "no-talking" policy by the physician and patient during intravitreal injection administration. In summary, our study indicates that physician face mask use did not influence the risk of endophthalmitis or visual outcomes compared to a strict no talking policy during the injection procedure. Visual acuity outcomes for culture-positive endophthalmitis after intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial group factor injection in the face mask group vs. In evaluating 483,622 intravitreal injections, physician face mask use did not reduce the rate of post-injection endophthalmitis compared to a "no talking" policy.

title:
  The impact of physician face mask use on endophthalmitis after intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections

abstract:
  PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of physician face mask use on rates and outcomes of post-injection endophthalmitis. DESIGN: Retrospective, comparative cohort study METHODS: . SETTING: Single-center STUDY POPULATION: Eyes receiving intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections from 7/1/2013 to 9/1/2019. INTERVENTION: Cases were divided into “face mask group” if face masks were worn by the physician during intravitreal injections or “no talking group” if no face mask was worn but a no talking policy was observed during intravitreal injections. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate of endophthalmitis, visual acuity, and microbial spectrum. RESULTS: Of 483,622 intravitreal injections administered, 168 out of 453,460 (0.0371%) cases of endophthalmitis occurred in the “no talking” group, and 9 out of 30,162 (0.0298%) cases occurred in the face mask group (odds ratio, 0.81; 95%CI, 0.41–1.57; p=0.527). Sixteen cases of oral flora-associated endophthalmitis were found in the “no talking” group (1 in 28,341 injections) compared to none in the face mask group (p=0.302). Mean logMAR visual acuity at presentation in cases that developed culture-positive endophthalmitis was significantly worse in the “no talking” group compared to the face mask group (17.1 lines lost from baseline acuity vs 13.4 lines lost; p=0.031), though no difference was observed at six months following treatment (p=0.479). CONCLUSION: Physician face mask use did not influence the risk of post-injection endophthalmitis compared to a no talking policy. However, no cases of oral flora-associated endophthalmitis occurred in the face mask group. Future studies are warranted to assess the role of face mask use to reduce endophthalmitis risk, particularly due to oral flora.


id: cord-283061-qr8xynn2
author: Uzzaman, Md. Nazim
date: 2020-09-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32988371/
doi: 10.1186/s12875-020-01270-2
title:
  Continuing professional education for general practitioners on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: feasibility of a blended learning approach in Bangladesh

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Continuing medical education (CME) is essential to developing and maintaining high quality primary care. Traditionally, CME is delivered face-to-face, but due to geographical distances, and pressure of work in Bangladesh, general practitioners (GPs) are unable to relocate for several days to attend training. Using chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as an exemplar, we aimed to assess the feasibility of blended learning (combination of face-to-face and online) for GPs, and explore trainees’ and trainers’ perspectives towards the blended learning approach. METHODS: We used a mixed-methods design. We trained 49 GPs in two groups via blended (n = 25) and traditional face-to-face approach (n = 24) and assessed their post-course knowledge and skills. The COPD Physician Practice Assessment Questionnaire (COPD-PPAQ) was administered before and one-month post-course. Verbatim transcriptions of focus group discussions with 18 course attendees and interviews with three course trainers were translated into English and analysed thematically. RESULTS: Forty GPs completed the course (Blended: 19; Traditional: 21). The knowledge and skills post course, and the improvement in self-reported adherence to COPD guidelines was similar in both groups. Most participants preferred blended learning as it was more convenient than taking time out of their busy work life, and for many the online learning optimised the benefits of the subsequent face-to-face sessions. Suggested improvements included online interactivity with tutors, improved user friendliness of the e-learning platform, and timing face-to-face classes over weekends to avoid time-out of practice. CONCLUSIONS: Quality improvement requires a multifaceted approach, but adequate knowledge and skills are core components. Blended learning is feasible and, with a few caveats, is an acceptable option to GPs in Bangladesh. This is timely, given that online learning with limited face-to-face contact is likely to become the norm in the on-going COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-283555-pgel6i3y
title: Universal masking for COVID-19: evidence, ethics and recommendations
author: Chan, Tak Kwong
date: 2020-05-26
txt: ./txt/cord-283555-pgel6i3y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283555-pgel6i3y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002819
doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002819
abstract: nan
summary:
  ► There is no shortage of mechanistic evidence and observational studies that affirmed the benefits of wearing a face mask in the community, which should drive urgent public health policy while we await the results of further research. 1 There is limited clinical evidence that wearing a disposable face mask, enhancing hand hygiene practice or social distancing can reduce transmission of respiratory viral infections in the community, 2 3 although there is mechanistic basis for these measures to work. I aim to provide further clarification of the evidence and ethics on this issue (which can provide grounds alternative and/or supplementary to the precautionary principle applied by Greenhalgh et al) and make a plea to the World Health Organisation (WHO) and policy makers to reformulate current recommendations with a view to enhancing the practice of wearing a face mask in the community. While social distancing and hand washing form the main recommendations, there is no shortage of mechanistic evidence and observational studies that affirmed the benefits of wearing a face mask in the community.


id: cord-288354-7ruoysxu
author: Howard, Matt C.
date: 2020-06-26
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32588949/
doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12453
title:
  Understanding face mask use to prevent coronavirus and other illnesses: Development of a multidimensional face mask perceptions scale

abstract:
  Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks. Social scientists have rarely studied face mask wearing, leaving little guidance for methods to encourage these behaviours. In the current article, we provide an approach to address this issue by developing the 32‐item and 8‐dimension Face Mask Perceptions Scale (FMPS). We begin by developing an over‐representative item list in a qualitative study, wherein participants’ responses are used to develop items to ensure content relevance. This item list is then reduced via exploratory factor analysis in a second study, and the eight dimensions of the scale are supported. We also support the validity of the FMPS, as the scale significantly relates to both face mask wearing and health perceptions. We lastly confirm the factor structure of the FMPS in a third study via confirmatory factor analysis. From these efforts, we identify an avenue that social scientists can aid in preventing coronavirus and illness more broadly – by studying face mask perceptions and behaviours.


id: cord-289778-x938errh
author: Lee, J.
date: 2020-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-289778-x938errh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-289778-x938errh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.26.20080317
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.26.20080317
summary:
  title: Fast and easy disinfection of coronavirus-contaminated face masks using ozone gas produced by a dielectric barrier discharge plasma generator In this study, using a human coronavirus (HCoV-229E) as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 contamination on face masks, we show that the virus loses its infectivity to a human cell line (MRC-5) when exposed for a short period of time (1 min) to ozone gas produced by a dielectric barrier discharge plasma generator. Similar results were obtained for 117 face masks experimentally contaminated with either influenza A virus (H1N1) 10 (Table S1) or 118 Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (Table S2 and Figure S1) when exposed to 119 ozone gas. These results suggest that virus and bacteria on face masks can be inactivated by 120 ozone gas at a concentration of about 120 ppm within a short time (1-5 min). The result showed that the repeated exposures (5 times) 161 of face masks to ozone gas did cause structural damage to the face masks.

title:
  Fast and easy disinfection of coronavirus-contaminated face masks using ozone gas produced by a dielectric barrier discharge plasma generator

abstract:
  Face masks are one of the currently available options for preventing the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has caused the 2019 pandemic. However, with the increasing demand for protection, face masks are becoming limited in stock, and the concerned individuals and healthcare workers from many countries are now facing the issue of the reuse of potentially contaminated masks. Although various technologies already exist for the sterilization of medical equipment, most of them are not applicable for eliminating virus from face masks. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop a fast and easy method of disinfecting contaminated face masks. In this study, using a human coronavirus (HCoV-229E) as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 contamination on face masks, we show that the virus loses its infectivity to a human cell line (MRC-5) when exposed for a short period of time (1 min) to ozone gas produced by a dielectric barrier discharge plasma generator. Scanning electron microscopy and particulate filtration efficiency (PFE) tests revealed that there was no structural or functional deterioration observed in the face masks even after they underwent excessive exposure to ozone (five 1-minute exposures). Interestingly, for face masks exposed to ozone gas for 5 min, the amplification of HCoV-229E RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction suggested a loss of infectivity under the effect of ozone, primarily owing to the damage caused to viral envelopes or envelope proteins. Ozone gas is a strong oxidizing agent with the ability to kill viruses on hard-to-reach surfaces, including the fabric structure of face masks. These results suggest that it may be possible to rapidly disinfect contaminated face masks using a plasma generator in a well-ventilated place.


id: cord-301063-kqlra788
title: Facial protection in the era of COVID‐19: a narrative review
author: Li, Dion Tik Shun
date: 2020-06-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32506757/
doi: 10.1111/odi.13460
abstract:
  We live in extraordinary times, where COVID‐19 pandemic has brought the whole world to a screeching halt. Tensions and contradictions that surround the pandemic ridden world include the availability, and the lack thereof, various facial protection measures to mitigate the viral spread. Here, we comprehensively explore the different type of facial protection measures, including masks, needed both for the pubic and the health care workers (HCW). We discuss the anatomy, the critical issues of disinfection and reusability of masks, the alternative equipment available for the protection of the facial region from airborne diseases, such as face shields and powered air purifying respirators (PAPR), and the skin‐health impact of prolonged wearing of facial protection by HCW. Clearly, facial protection, either in the form of masks or alternates, appears to have mitigated the pandemic as seen from the minimal COVID‐19 spread in countries where public mask wearing is strictly enforced. On the contrary, the healthcare systems, that appear to have been unprepared for emergencies of this nature, should be appropriately geared to handle the imbalance of supply and demand of personal protective equipment including face masks. These are two crucial lessons we can learn from this tragic experience.


id: cord-306441-clyhurjl
author: Jumat, Muhammad Raihan
date: 2020-08-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837796/
doi: 10.1007/s40670-020-01039-3
abstract: nan
title:
  From Trial to Implementation, Bringing Team-Based Learning Online—Duke-NUS Medical School’s Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic


id: cord-306930-tuositq1
title: Face touching: A frequent habit that has implications for hand hygiene
author: Kwok, Yen Lee Angela
date: 2015-02-01
txt: ./txt/cord-306930-tuositq1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306930-tuositq1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655314012814
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.10.015
summary:
  BACKGROUND: There is limited literature on the frequency of face-touching behavior as a potential vector for the self-inoculation and transmission of Staphylococcus aureus and other common respiratory infections. CONCLUSION: Increasing medical students'' awareness of their habituated face-touching behavior and improving their understanding of self-inoculation as a route of transmission may help to improve hand hygiene compliance. 6 Staphylococcus aureus is carried in the nasal mucosa in approximately 25% of the community 7, 8 and, may be self-inoculated, via face touching, by individuals who are frequently exposed to potential carriers in both the community and health care settings. Meanwhile, raising awareness that face-touching behavior is common and is a possible vector in self-inoculation could result in HCWs accepting the message that hand hygiene before and after patient contact is an effective method of reducing colonization and infection transmission for themselves and their patients.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: There is limited literature on the frequency of face-touching behavior as a potential vector for the self-inoculation and transmission of Staphylococcus aureus and other common respiratory infections. METHODS: A behavioral observation study was undertaken involving medical students at the University of New South Wales. Their face-touching behavior was observed via videotape recording. Using standardized scoring sheets, the frequency of hand-to-face contacts with mucosal or nonmucosal areas was tallied and analyzed. RESULTS: On average, each of the 26 observed students touched their face 23 times per hour. Of all face touches, 44% (1,024/2,346) involved contact with a mucous membrane, whereas 56% (1,322/2,346) of contacts involved nonmucosal areas. Of mucous membrane touches observed, 36% (372) involved the mouth, 31% (318) involved the nose, 27% (273) involved the eyes, and 6% (61) were a combination of these regions. CONCLUSION: Increasing medical students' awareness of their habituated face-touching behavior and improving their understanding of self-inoculation as a route of transmission may help to improve hand hygiene compliance. Hand hygiene programs aiming to improve compliance with before and after patient contact should include a message that mouth and nose touching is a common practice. Hand hygiene is therefore an essential and inexpensive preventive method to break the colonization and transmission cycle associated with self-inoculation.


id: cord-307167-mj2vrxdj
title: Beauty and the Mask
author: Patel, Viren
date: 2020-08-10
txt: ./txt/cord-307167-mj2vrxdj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307167-mj2vrxdj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000003048
doi: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003048
abstract: nan
summary:
  The practice of using face coverings for the nose and mouth, whether with homemade fabrics or with surgical masks, undoubtedly has effects on facial perception. 2 When comparing attractive and unattractive faces, Dr. Farkas found that the greatest differences in facial measurements and proportions were centered around the perioral area, including but not limited to a narrow philtrum, a wider oral commissure distance, and a greater protrusion of the upper vermilion. 1, 4, 5 The present study was undertaken to assess whether judgments of attractiveness differ when the lower face is covered by a surgical mask. Interestingly, in the attractive group, 1 male face (25%) and 1 female face (12.5%) were rated significantly lower after application of a mask. Individuals who were thought to be average or unattractive at baseline were judged as more attractive when wearing masks, which hid their lower face.


id: cord-316914-otpwb0vs
title: Genetic counseling during COVID‐19 pandemic: Tuscany experience
author: Pagliazzi, Angelica
date: 2020-08-03
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32743952/
doi: 10.1002/mgg3.1433
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: COVID‐19 outbreak prompted health centres to reorganize their clinical and surgical activity. In this paper, we show how medical genetics department's activity, in our tertiary pediatric hospital, has changed due to pandemic. METHODS: We stratified all our scheduled visits, from March 9th through April 30th, and assessed case‐by‐case which genetic consultations should be maintained as face‐to‐face visit, or postponed/switched to telemedicine. RESULTS: Out of 288 scheduled appointments, 60 were prenatal consultations and 228 were postnatal visits. We performed most of prenatal consultations as face‐to‐face visits, as women would have been present in the hospital to perform other procedures in addition to our consult. As for postnatal care, we suspended all outpatient first visits and opted for telemedicine for selected follow‐up consultations: interestingly, 75% of our patients’ parents revealed that they would have cancelled the appointment themselves for the fear to contract an infection. CONCLUSIONS: Spread of COVID‐19 in Italy forced us to change our working habits. Given the necessity to optimize healthcare resources and minimize the risk of in‐hospital infections, we experienced the benefits of telegenetics. Current pandemic made us familiar with telemedicine, laying the foundations for its application to deal with the increasing number of requests in clinical genetics.


id: cord-317915-0javg3m8
author: Kumar, Jagdesh
date: 2020-04-20
txt: ./txt/cord-317915-0javg3m8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317915-0javg3m8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32455057/
doi: 10.7759/cureus.7737
summary:
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practices of healthcare workers (HCWs) in wearing a surgical face mask to limit the spread of the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Materials and Methods This survey was conducted by interviewing HCWs using a questionnaire consisting of the basic demographic characteristics, and the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding the use of surgical face mask to limit the new COVID-19 exposure. In resource-limited settings, where the incidence of infectious disease is high and the environmental conditions of hospitals are often poor, hospitals may rely heavily on a face mask to protect medical staff against COVID-19 and to prevent cross-contamination among patients and HCWs. The use of a face mask among HCWs is strongly recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a standard for transmission-based precaution [6, 7] .

title:
  Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Healthcare Workers Regarding the Use of Face Mask to Limit the Spread of the New Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

abstract:
  Introduction Many countries including Pakistan are currently using face masks in their pandemic control plans. Being highly prevalent, the correct use of these masks is particularly important, as an incorrect use and disposal may actually increase the rate of transmission. The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practices of healthcare workers (HCWs) in wearing a surgical face mask to limit the spread of the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Materials and Methods This survey was conducted by interviewing HCWs using a questionnaire consisting of the basic demographic characteristics, and the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding the use of surgical face mask to limit the new COVID-19 exposure. Each correct answer was scored 1 and each incorrect answer scored 0. The total number of questions was 16, and the final score was calculated and then labeled according to the percentage (out of 16) of correct responses as good (>80%), moderate (60-80%), and poor (<60%). Results A total of 392 participants with a mean age of 42.37 ± 13.34 years (341 males and 51 females) were included in the study. The overall final results were good in 138 (35.2%), moderate in 178 (45.4%), and poor in 76 (19.3%). Around 43.6% of participants knew about the correct method of wearing the masks, 68.9% knew that there are three layers, 53% stated that the middle layer act as a filter media barrier, and 75.5% knew the recommended maximum duration of wearing it. The majority (88.2%) of participants knew that a cloth face mask is not much effective, around 79.8% knew that used face mask cannot be re-used, and 44.8% knew about the yellow-coded bag for disposal. Conclusions Knowledge, attitude, and practice of HCWs regarding the use of face masks were found to be inadequate. Studied HCWs had a positive attitude but moderate-to-poor level of knowledge and practice regarding the use of face mask. HCWs and general public awareness campaigns regarding the proper use of face mask by utilizing all social media available resources would be helpful during this pandemic.


id: cord-321847-4a6eb4mr
author: Eckl, L.
date: 2020-11-13
txt: ./txt/cord-321847-4a6eb4mr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321847-4a6eb4mr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.11.20224030
doi: 10.1101/2020.11.11.20224030
summary:
  We tried to provide information about differences in the distribution of gender and age groups wearing face masks incorrectly. Design Pilot field study Methods Visual observation of mask use in public, not ageand gender-related places in central European large cities regarding incorrect mask-wearing (n=523); statistical analysis (nominal scale) in terms of gender and estimated age group using the total numbers, binomial test and chi-square test. Results There is no significant difference (binomial test: p-value = 0.43) in mask misuse between the genders (female: 271 (51.8%), male: 252 (48.2%) and 0 non-binary individuals (0%)). The prevalence of masking after the post-lockdown reopening of businesses has currently been examined in other studies [6, 7] , and significant differences in regional, age and gender groups have been found. Our pilot-study shows a significant, gender-independent difference between age groups in the correct use of face masks in public.

title:
  Gender- and age-related differences in misuse of face masks in COVID-19 prevention in central European cities

abstract:
  1 ABSTRACT Objective Correct use of face masks is required for their efficacy in preventing possible droplet infections with SARS-CoV-2. We tried to provide information about differences in the distribution of gender and age groups wearing face masks incorrectly. Design Pilot field study Methods Visual observation of mask use in public, not age- and gender-related places in central European large cities regarding incorrect mask-wearing (n=523); statistical analysis (nominal scale) in terms of gender and estimated age group using the total numbers, binomial test and chi-square test. Results There is no significant difference (binomial test: p-value = 0.43) in mask misuse between the genders (female: 271 (51.8%), male: 252 (48.2%) and 0 non-binary individuals (0%)). There is a significant difference (chi-square test: p-value < 2.2e-16) in age group distribution (170 young 10-29 years (32.5%), 261 middle-aged 30-59 years (49.9%), 92 older adults [≥]60 years (17.6%)). In total numbers, the highest counts were observed in middle-aged persons with 261 counts (49.9%). Conclusion Our study shows an uneven age-distribution of people wearing the face mask in public improperly. Keywords Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Community, Face mask, Prevention


id: cord-322528-6r57pq8o
author: Heald, Adrian H
date: 2020-10-18
txt: ./txt/cord-322528-6r57pq8o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322528-6r57pq8o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13768
doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13768
summary:
  We calculated an Infection Risk Score (IRS) for a number of common activities and related it to the effectiveness of reducing infection and its consequences, with a face covering, and evaluated their effect when applied to different infection rates over 3 months from 24(th) July 2020, when face coverings were made compulsory in England on public transport/retail outlets. CONCLUSION: We have illustrated that the policy on mandatory use of face coverings in retail outlets/on public transport may have been very well followed, but may be of limited value in reducing hospital admissions and deaths, at least at the time that it was introduced, unless infections begin to rise faster than currently seen. We have modelled the potential impact of the use of face coverings worn in retail outlets and on public 336 transport on the number of UK COVID-19 infections and associated hospital admissions and mortality 337 rates.

title:
  Modelling the impact of the mandatory use of face coverings on public transport and in retail outlets in the UK on COVID‐19‐related infections, hospital admissions and mortality

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: The rapid spread of the pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2/)(COVID‐19) virus resulted in governments around the world instigating a range of measures, including mandating the wearing of face coverings on public transport/in retail outlets. METHODS: We developed a sequential assessment of the risk reduction provided by face coverings using a step‐by‐step approach. The United Kingdom Office of National Statistics (ONS) Population Survey data was utilised to determine the baseline total number of community‐derived infections. These were linked to reported hospital admissions/hospital deaths to create case admission risk ratio and admission‐related fatality rate. We evaluated published evidence to establish an infection risk reduction for face coverings. We calculated an Infection Risk Score (IRS) for a number of common activities and related it to the effectiveness of reducing infection and its consequences, with a face covering, and evaluated their effect when applied to different infection rates over 3 months from 24(th) July 2020, when face coverings were made compulsory in England on public transport/retail outlets. RESULTS: We show that only 7.3% of all community‐based infection risk is associated with public transport/retail outlets. In the week of 24(th) July, The reported weekly community infection rate was 29,400 new cases at the start (24th July). The rate of growth in hospital admissions and deaths for England was around ‐15%/week, suggesting the infection rate, R, in the most vulnerable populations was just above 0.8. In this situation, average infections over the evaluated 13 week follow‐up period, would be 9,517/week with face covering of 40% effectiveness, thus reducing average infections by 844/week, hospital admissions by 8/week and deaths by 0.6/week; a fall of 9% over the period total. If, however, the R‐value rises to 1.0, then average community infections would stay at 29,400/week and mandatory face coverings could reduce average weekly infections by 3,930, hospital admissions by 36 and deaths by 2.9/week; a 13% reduction. If the R‐value rose and stayed at 1.2, then expected average community‐derived hospital admissions would be 975/week and 40% effective face coverings would reduce this by 167/week and reduce possible expected hospital deaths from 80/week to 66/week. These reductions should be seen in the context that there was an average of 102,000/week all‐cause hospital emergency admissions in England in June and 8,900 total reported deaths in the week ending 7th August 2020. CONCLUSION: We have illustrated that the policy on mandatory use of face coverings in retail outlets/on public transport may have been very well followed, but may be of limited value in reducing hospital admissions and deaths, at least at the time that it was introduced, unless infections begin to rise faster than currently seen. The impact appears small compared to all other sources of risk, thereby raising questions regarding the effectiveness of the policy.


id: cord-325726-65xxevp3
title: Role of Additive Manufacturing in Medical Application COVID-19 Scenario: INDIA Case study
author: Patel, Piyush
date: 2020-11-12
txt: ./txt/cord-325726-65xxevp3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325726-65xxevp3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S027861252030193X
doi: 10.1016/j.jmsy.2020.11.006
summary:
  PPE refers to protective clothing, helmets, gloves, face shields, goggles, surgical masks, respirators, and other equipment designed to prevent wearer exposure to infection or illness in this COVID-19 pandemic. Indian Institute of Technology Madras-bolstered new businesses has created PPE, such as face shields (Fig. 5 )from 3D Printers just as generally accessible materials besides to protect healthcare professionals fighting COVID-19 [83, 84] . 3D printing shortens lead times during product development, brings down creation expenses, and engages designers and manufacturers to face more challenges with new 3D printed drone structures that give new expected applications to the innovation [150] . With restrictions on up close and personal clinical meetings in the COVID-19 pandemic and the difficulties looked by medical care frameworks in conveying patient care, innovations like telemedicine and smartphone are playing a key role [156] [157] [158] . How 3D Printing Can Prevent Spread of COVID-19 Among Healthcare Professionals During Times of Critical Shortage of Protective Personal Equipment

abstract:
  This paper reviews how the Additive Manufacturing (AM) industry played a key role in stopping the spread of the Coronavirus by providing customized parts on-demand quickly and locally, reducing waste and eliminating the need for an extensive manufacturer. The AM technology uses digital files for the production of crucial medical parts, which has been proven essential during the COVID-19 crisis. Going ahead, the 3D printable clinical model resources described here will probably be extended in various centralized model storehouses with new inventive open-source models. Government agencies, individuals, corporations and universities are working together to quickly development of various 3D-printed products especially when established supply chains are under distress, and supply cannot keep up with demand.


id: cord-326869-306jquy3
author: Stewart, R.
date: 2020-09-28
txt: ./txt/cord-326869-306jquy3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326869-306jquy3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.26.20202150v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.09.26.20202150
summary:
  A time series analysis was carried out of daily service-level activity on data from a large mental healthcare provider in southeast London, from 01.02.2020 to 31.03.2020, comparing activity before and after 16.03.2020: i) inpatient admissions, discharges and numbers, ii) contact numbers and daily caseloads (Liaison, Home Treatment Teams, Community Mental Health Teams); iii) numbers of deaths for past and present patients. Taking advantage of a mental healthcare data platform that receives 24-hourly updates from its source electronic records, we sought to describe daily activity in key services for the months of February and March 2020 and to quantify statistically the early changes observed. We present findings from an early extract of data from a large multi-team provider on changes in mental health service provision before and in the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic first wave in the UK, analysing these in relation to the enacting of a national social distancing policy.

title:
  Comparison of mental health service activity before and shortly after UK social distancing responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: February-March 2020

abstract:
  This study sought to provide an early description of mental health service activity before and after national implementation of social distancing for COVID-19. A time series analysis was carried out of daily service-level activity on data from a large mental healthcare provider in southeast London, from 01.02.2020 to 31.03.2020, comparing activity before and after 16.03.2020: i) inpatient admissions, discharges and numbers, ii) contact numbers and daily caseloads (Liaison, Home Treatment Teams, Community Mental Health Teams); iii) numbers of deaths for past and present patients. Daily face-to-face contact numbers fell for liaison, home treatment and community services with incomplete compensatory rises in non-face-to-face contacts. Daily caseloads fell for all services, apart from working age and child/adolescent community teams. Inpatient numbers fell 13.6% after 16th March, and daily numbers of deaths increased by 61.8%.


id: cord-332420-9vyik2e9
author: Probst, Thomas
date: 2020-09-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33132965/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559100
title:
  Being a Psychotherapist in Times of the Novel Coronavirus Disease: Stress-Level, Job Anxiety, and Fear of Coronavirus Disease Infection in More Than 1,500 Psychotherapists in Austria

abstract:
  This study investigated stress-level, degree of job-related anxiety, and fear of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection in psychotherapists in the early weeks of the COVID-19 lockdown in Austria. One thousand five hundred and forty-seven psychotherapists participated in an online survey, assessing stress [Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10)], work-related worries and fears of existence [Job Anxiety Scale (JAS)], fear of COVID-19 infection during face-to-face psychotherapy, and adherence to five protective measures against COVID-19 infection during face-to-face psychotherapy. Stress-levels were higher than in a representative sample (p < 0.001). When psychotherapy was the sole income, stress-level (p = 0.020) and job anxiety (p < 0.001) were higher. Experiences with teletherapy, the psychotherapy format used during COVID-19, as well as reductions in number of patients treated during COVID-19, had no effect on stress-level or job anxiety. Psychotherapists still conducting face-to-face psychotherapy during COVID-19 reported less fear of infection compared to those conducting no face-to-face psychotherapy (p < 0.001), whereby the fear of infection was further reduced when they were more able to adhere to protective measures against COVID-19 (p < 0.01). Mental hygiene is important for psychotherapists to manage stress and job-related anxiety during COVID-19, especially in those whose income relies on psychotherapy.


id: cord-337581-3rmrkq1k
author: Ramos-Morcillo, Antonio Jesús
date: 2020-07-30
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155519
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155519
title:
  Experiences of Nursing Students during the Abrupt Change from Face-to-Face to e-Learning Education during the First Month of Confinement Due to COVID-19 in Spain

abstract:
  The current state of alarm due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the urgent change in the education of nursing students from traditional to distance learning. The objective of this study was to discover the learning experiences and the expectations about the changes in education, in light of the abrupt change from face-to-face to e-learning education, of nursing students enrolled in the Bachelor’s and Master’s degree of two public Spanish universities during the first month of confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative study was conducted during the first month of the state of alarm in Spain (from 25 March–20 April 2020). Semi-structured interviews were given to students enrolled in every academic year of the Nursing Degree, and nurses who were enrolled in the Master’s programs at two public universities. A maximum variation sampling was performed, and an inductive thematic analysis was conducted. The study was reported according with COREQ checklist. Thirty-two students aged from 18 to 50 years old participated in the study. The interviews lasted from 17 to 51 min. Six major themes were defined: (1) practicing care; (2) uncertainty; (3) time; (4) teaching methodologies; (5) context of confinement and added difficulties; (6) face-to-face win. The imposition of e-learning sets limitations for older students, those who live in rural areas, with work and family responsibilities and with limited electronic resources. Online education goes beyond a continuation of the face-to-face classes. Work should be done about this for the next academic year as we face an uncertain future in the short-term control of COVID-19.


id: cord-339324-ab0ecwvw
title: Profiles on the Orientation Discrimination Processing of Human Faces
author: Moret-Tatay, Carmen
date: 2020-08-10
txt: ./txt/cord-339324-ab0ecwvw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339324-ab0ecwvw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165772
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165772
summary:
  For example, studies have developed dendrograms from the hierarchy clustering analysis based on the strength of functional connectivity among the face-selective specified regions of interest (or ROI''s) when the participants performed a face recognition task [39] . For example, studies have developed dendrograms from the hierarchy clustering analysis based on the strength of functional connectivity among the face-selective specified regions of interest (or ROI''s) when the participants performed a face recognition task [39] . The results can be described as follows: first, it is possible to identify performance profiles in visual recognition of faces that differ in position in terms of reaction times, not accuracy; secondly, results suggest a bias towards the left. The results can be described as follows: first, it is possible to identify performance profiles in visual recognition of faces that differ in position in terms of reaction times, not accuracy; secondly, results suggest a bias towards the left.

abstract:
  Face recognition is a crucial subject for public health, as socialization is one of the main characteristics for full citizenship. However, good recognizers would be distinguished, not only by the number of faces they discriminate but also by the number of rejected stimuli as unfamiliar. When it comes to face recognition, it is important to remember that position, to some extent, would not entail a high cognitive cost, unlike other processes in similar areas of the brain. The aim of this paper was to examine participant’s recognition profiles according to face position. For this reason, a recognition task was carried out by employing the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces. Reaction times and accuracy were employed as dependent variables and a cluster analysis was carried out. A total of two profiles were identified in participants’ performance, which differ in position in terms of reaction times but not accuracy. The results can be described as follows: first, it is possible to identify performance profiles in visual recognition of faces that differ in position in terms of reaction times, not accuracy; secondly, results suggest a bias towards the left. At the applied level, this could be of interest with a view to conducting training programs in face recognition.


id: cord-343535-r8rsbfs3
title: Prospect of biobased antiviral face mask to limit the coronavirus outbreak
author: Chowdhury, Mohammad Asaduzzaman
date: 2020-10-03
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33022215/
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110294
abstract:
  The rapid spread of COVID-19 has led to nationwide lockdowns in many countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has played serious havoc on economic activities throughout the world. Researchers are immensely curious about how to give the best protection to people before a vaccine becomes available. The coronavirus spreads principally through saliva droplets. Thus, it would be a great opportunity if the virus spread could be controlled at an early stage. The face mask can limit virus spread from both inside and outside the mask. This is the first study that has endeavoured to explore the design and fabrication of an antiviral face mask using licorice root extract, which has antimicrobial properties due to glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and glycyrrhizin (GL). An electrospinning process was utilized to fabricate nanofibrous membrane and virus deactivation mechanisms discussed. The nanofiber mask material was characterized by SEM and airflow rate testing. SEM results indicated that the nanofibers from electrospinning are about 15-30 μm in diameter with random porosity and orientation which have the potential to capture and kill the virus. Theoretical estimation signifies that an 85 L/min rate of airflow through the face mask is possible which ensures good breathability over an extensive range of pressure drops and pore sizes. Finally, it can be concluded that licorice root membrane may be used to produce a biobased face mask to control COVID-19 spread.


id: cord-345767-61jr6nnx
author: Oeppen, R.S.
date: 2020-05-11
txt: ./txt/cord-345767-61jr6nnx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345767-61jr6nnx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266435620302023
doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.04.046
summary:
  From local multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings to national and international committees, this form of communication has been vital to ensure patient-related and other business can continue, albeit in a sometimes unfamiliar environment. Setting the agenda and timings Note taker if possible projecting in a virtual white board One person only to speak at a time Judicious use camera to reduce bandwidth Muting of microphone when not speaking Familiarity with technical platform Use of a headset Taking regular breaks (5-10 minutes every 90 minutes) as for face-to-face meetings Adequate hydration and nutrition Ensure a diversity of opinion has been represented in debate A physical copy of the agenda to hand to track progress Check the aims of the session have actually been achieved rather than the agenda simply followed Reflect on the session for future enhancement Similarly a review of how well the session has worked, and any suggested improvements might also prove helpful Q6 (Table 1) .

title:
  Human factors recognition at virtual meetings and video conferencing: how to get the best performance from yourself and others

abstract:
  During the current coronavirus pandemic, social distancing and restrictions on travel have resulted in a dramatic rise in the use of technology (including video conferencing) for remote meetings. From local multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings to national and international committees, this form of communication has been vital to ensure patient-related and other business can continue, albeit in a sometimes unfamiliar environment. In this article we consider some of the human factors elements of remote meetings and provide suggestions to enhance the experience of team and committee members during this unsettling time. It is possible that this form of communication will continue to flourish after the pandemic is over.


id: cord-355700-1yf1ae1d
title: How Efficient Can Non-Professional MasksSuppress COVID-19 Pandemic?
author: Chen, Y.
date: 2020-06-03
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.31.20117986v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.31.20117986
abstract:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can be transmitted via respiratory secretions. Since there are currently no specific therapeutics or vaccines available against the SARS-CoV-2, the commen nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are still the main measures to curb the COVID-19 epidemic. Face mask wearing is one important measure to suppress the pandemic. In order to know how efficient is face mask wearing in reducing the pandemic even with low efficiency non-professional face masks, we exploit physical abstraction to model the non-professional face masks made from cotton woven fabrics and characterize them by a parameter virus penetration rate (VPR){gamma}. Monte Carlo simulations exhibit that the effective reproduction number R of COVID-19 or similar pandemics can be approximately reduced by factor {gamma}4 with respect to the basic reproduction number R0,if the face masks with 70% <{gamma}< 90% are universally applied for the entire network. Furthermore, thought experiments and practical exploitation examples in country-level and city-level are enumerated and discussed to support our discovery in this study and indicate that the outbreak of a COVID-19 like pandemic can be even suppressed by the low efficiency non-professional face masks.


