cord-006636-xgikbdns	1964	L. : Effect of a low dietary level of three types of fat on reproductive performance and tissue lipid content of the vitamin B6-deficicnt female rat. H.: Effect of dietary protein and fat on growth, protein utilization, and carcass composition of pigs fed purified diets. Effect of food fats on concentration of ketone bodies and citric acid level in blood and tissues Effect of a low dietary level of three types of fat on reproductive performance and tissue lipid content of the vitamin B6-defieient female rat The effect on the serum cholesterol levels of the consumption of a special dietary fat with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids in elderly people Effect of protein intake and cold exposure on selected liver enzymes associated with amino acid metabolism Effect of protein intake and cold exposure on selected liver enzymes associated with amino acid metabolism
cord-009729-69swjzic	2013	Risk ranking of chemical hazards into categories of potential concern was based on the outcomes of the national residue control plans (NRCPs), as defined in Council Directive 96/23/EC for the period 2005-2010, and of other testing programmes, as well as on substance-specific parameters such as the toxicological profile and the likelihood of the occurrence of residues and contaminants in sheep and goats. It is recommended regarding chemical hazards, that FCI should be expanded for sheep and goats produced in extensive systems to provide more information on the specific environmental conditions where the animals are produced and that future monitoring programmes should be based on the risk of occurrence of chemical residues and contaminants, taking into account the completeness and quality of the FCI supplied, and the ranking of chemical substances into categories of potential concern, which ranking needs to be regularly updated.
cord-012022-r3xkpwte	2020	title: Use of Online Food Delivery Services to Order Food Prepared Away-From-Home and Associated Sociodemographic Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional, Multi-Country Analysis Odds of any online food delivery service use were lower per additional year of age (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94, 0.95) and greater for respondents who were male (OR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.35, 1.66), that identified with an ethnic minority (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.38, 1.78), were highly educated (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.46, 1.90), or living with children (OR: 2.71; 95% CI: 2.44, 3.01). Overall, 15% of respondents across Australia, Canada, Mexico, the UK, and the USA reported online food delivery service use in the past 7 days, however, almost two thirds of respondents had purchased food prepared away-from-home directly from food outlets but had not used an online food delivery service.
cord-014687-0am4l5ms	2012	This presentation will focus on recent developments that have lead to a better understanding of the embryopathogenesis for fibropolycystic liver diseases (including choledochal cysts and Caroli disease), histopathological findings that have led to new classification systems for of pediatric vascular anomalies, technological advances and contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging that are useful to characterize and limit the differential diagnosis of hepatic masses. Disclosure: Dr. Annapragada has indicated that he is a stock holder and consultant for Marval Biosciences Inc. Paper #: PA-067 Cardiovascular Image Quality Using a Nanoparticle CT Contrast Agent: Preliminary Studies in a Pig Model Rajesh Krishnamurthy, Radiology, Texas Children''s Hospital, rxkrishn@texaschildrens.org; Ketan Ghaghada, Prakash Masand, Abhay Divekar, Eric Hoffman, Ananth Annapragada Purpose or Case Report: Image quality in a separate study using a long circulating, liposomal-based nanoscale blood pool iodinated contrast agent (NCTX) suggests clinical utility in pediatrics, potentially reducing difficulties in contrast-CT of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) including the size of intravenous cannula, need for accurate timing, inability to simultaneously opacify multiple targets of interest (requiring repeated contrast administration and/or repeated imaging).
cord-015569-vy49r1zd	2012	
cord-016295-1uey49ou	2007	A large part of the diet still stem from seafood, fish or sea animals, but imported fabricated foods are expected to continue to take over an increasing part of their energy consumption (Deutch 2004 , Mulvad 1996 . In Greenland high contents of organic contaminants are found in people , Deutch 1998 and the pollution has reached a level of concern. A great amount of evidence from epidemiological studies and clinical trials support a theory of protective effect against coronary heart disease for fish consumption and intake of marine omega-3 fatty acids (Jul et al. The major characteristic of recent health and social problems in Greenland are (compared to Denmark): low mean lifetime expectancy, high infant mortality, increasing rates of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer, high rate of infectious diseases (tuberculosis, HIV, hepatitis B virus infection, Helicobacter pylori infection, meningitis), high rate of suicide, high rate of lethal accidents, high rate of legal abortions, domestic violence, tobacco, alcohol and drug abuse, mental health are stressed by unstable family relationships, contamination of the traditional diet (Chief Medical Officer 2000) .
cord-016593-t0dn27bc	2009	Their understanding of food sovereignty includes: a.) local production and trade of agricultural products with access to land, water, native seeds, credits, technical support and financial facilities for all participants; b.) women are the main food producers worldwide 1) and they are often in charge of transformation and local trade; c.) therefore, access to land, credit and basic production means for women and girls at home and in the community is a guarantee of food security, but it is also able to overcome the violent and unjust patriarchal structures within families, communities, social organizations, countries, and global economic systems; d.) inclusion of the indigenous, women, and peasants in regional and national rural policy and decision-making processes related to agriculture and food sovereignty; e.) the basic right to consume safe, sufficient, and culturally accepted non-toxic food, locally produced, transformed and sold, since food is more than intake of proteins and calories: it is a cultural act of life; f.) the rights of regions and nations to establish compensations and subsidies to get protection from dumping and artificial low prices as a result of subsidies in industrialized countries; g.) the obligation of national and local governments to improve the food disposal of its citizens through stimulus of production and transformation of food, subsidies, and economic programmes to achieve food sovereignty in basic crops; discounts in urban poor regions, able to guarantee the basic food basket; popular kitchens; breakfast in schools, and special food for undernourished babies and pregnant mothers;
cord-016840-p3sq99yg	2008	Complex emergencies (CEs) can occur anywhere and are defined as crisis situations that greatly elevate the risk to nutrition and overall health (morbidity and mortality) of older individuals in the affected area. The major underlying threats to nutritional status for older adults during CEs are food insecurity, inadequate social support, and lack of access to health services. Any of a number of crisis situations that greatly elevate the health risk of individuals in the affected area; examples are natural disasters like floods and earthquakes; urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics, and blackouts; and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies. Examples include natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics and blackouts, and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies (see Table 29 .2).
cord-017154-h8hxroos	2014	Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been—in some settings—dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Given that 70 % of the rural population in poor countries is dependent on livestock as working animals to survive (FAO 2002) , the effect of these animals carrying a zoonotic disease can be dramatic, both relative to human health directly, but also as it affects the potential to earn an income. For global infectious disease safety national authorities report to WHO important outbreaks of human disease which have the potential of cross-border spread, under the auspices of the International Health Regulations (IHR) (WHO 2005) . Collaboration between the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission and the OIE have generated important guidance on how an integrated approach and the prudent use of antimicrobials may reduce the emergence of AMR in (food-)animals and subsequently in humans.
cord-017225-6ofi6mg5	2018	In addition to those arising in the areas of religious toleration, judicial practice, treatment of labor and forced abortion, which were extensively reported by the media in the past, some newly emerged problems concerning human rights violation are much more alarming, due to the size of population affected and the degree of challenge caused to the public''s psychological endurance and confidence in the social ethnics and administration of the nation. In addition to those arising in the areas of religious toleration, judicial practice, treatment of labor and forced abortion, which were extensively reported by the media in the past, some newly emerged problems concerning human rights violation are much more alarming, due to the size of population affected and the degree of challenge caused to the public''s psychological endurance and confidence in the social ethnics and administration of the nation.
cord-017615-zjr6csla	2016	
cord-017731-xzfo5jjq	2016	Food safety is a concern worldwide and according to the World Health Organization, developing countries are probably more at risk of foodborne illness because many of these, including those in the Middle East, have limited disease surveillance and prevention and control strategies. Like many other parts of the developing world, foodborne disease surveillance is limited and outbreaks are most often reported through the Press but with insufficient detail to determine the etiological agents and the factors contributing to the outbreaks, leading to speculation to the cause by those interested or responsible for food prevention and control. Thus, the main foodborne disease issues are with homemade, restaurant and street food, where isolated claims of illness are followed up by inspections and possible punitive action by public health agencies responsible for food safety.
cord-018902-oninjtsn	2009	Another alternative for improving air quality in office buildings and reducing the incidence of disease transmission between office workers is to locate recirculating UV units or Upper Room systems around the building to deal with local problems. Air disinfection systems that use UV have little or no effect on non-microbiological contaminants but if pathogens or allergens are the cause of the problem then UV systems may be applied to reduce the hazard. Many molds like Aspergillus and Penicillium are common contaminants of the outdoor and indoor air that can grow on food and although they are not food pathogens they are potential inhalation hazards for food industry workers. UV air disinfection systems may also be useful in controlling airborne hazards that result from hazards are created by industrial food processes that forcibly aerosolize contaminants.
cord-022650-phsr10jp	2018	0685 | Skin prick test reactivity to aeroallergens in adult allergy clinic in a tertiary hospital: a 12-year retrospective study Results: Five different human sera were screened for specific IgE level against 29 different allergen sources using test methods of three different suppliers. Conclusion: This multicenter prospective study confirmed that stepwise single-dose OFC to egg will help to clarify the severity of egg allergy, and will contribute to improved food allergy manageMethod: The study design was a retrospective cohort study extracting data from the electronic chart of children older than 4 years who visited our out-patient clinic for egg or milk allergy and who underwent an oral food challenge test (OFC) twice within 24 months between November 2013 and December 2017. Results: In the base case analysis, using Italy clinical practice patients with moderate-to severe allergic rhino-conjunctivitis (SS ranging from 6 to 15 points) and a mean age at entry of 21 years, both SCIT and SLIT were associated with increased cost but superior efficacy compared to pharmacotherapy alone.
cord-022830-tvt58gtn	2015	In order to supply a basis to identify possible prevention and control strategies, this review intends to demonstrate the fate of foodborne viruses in the farm to fork chain of fresh produce, which include the introduction routes (contamination sources), the viral survival abilities at different stages, and the reactions of foodborne viruses towards the treatments used in food processing of fresh produce. In order to determine a basis to identify possible prevention and control efforts, this article reviewed the transmission routes and viral persistence of foodborne viruses (mainly NoVs and HAV) during the farm-to-fork chain of fresh produce, as well as the effect of treatments used in food processing of fresh produce on viruses. In this section the effect of radiation, both nonionizing and ionizing radiation, and high-pressure processing (HPP) will be discussed as nonthermal inactivation treatment options for enteric viruses in fresh produce.
cord-022839-l0tx596g	2008	Present trends in the coloration of foods with natural dyes rather than synthetic ones, increasing consumption of organic products (including fibres) and energy‐saving trends in dye application methods, fuels and lighting, as well as the means of capturing solar energy, are discussed. Reacting to pressure from consumer groups and general public demand, much has been achieved in the display of data on packaged processed food with regards to its components and nutritional value, as well as there being an indication of the presence of any additives such as preservatives and colours, all identified by E-numbers. Greener processes for the manufacture of dyes and related chemicals Having accepted that, at least as far as the coloration of textiles is concerned, we must continue to rely on manufactured dyes, there are many possibilities that they may in the future be synthesised using greener chemistry; for example, using less energy, eliminating or more efficiently recycling organic solvents or achieving higher yields with minimal by-product formation.
cord-022889-lv6fy6e6	2019	This report suggests that some plant ncRNAs (e.g miRNAs and siRNAs) show higher stability as compared to other ncRNAs due to peculiar chemical characteristics (2''‐O‐methylation at 3'' end).However, ingested or administered ncRNA must overcome many extracellular and cellular barriers to reach the intended target tissue or functional location in sufficient amount to exert any biological effect. Finally, the publications reporting the outcome of two EFSA procurements aiming respectively at investigating and summarising the state of knowledge on the mode-of-action of dsRNA and miRNA pathways, the potential for non-target gene regulation by dsRNA-derived siRNAs or miRNAs, the determination of siRNA pools in plant tissues and the importance of individual siRNAs for silencing 6 ; and reviewing relevant scientific information on RNA interference that could serve as baseline information for the environmental risk assessment of RNAi-based GM plants ) 7 were also used.
cord-022903-08ugoxns	2016	
cord-022910-kjs6je2u	2010	
cord-023963-8hede7cz	2020	At the end of January 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration issued approval for the first drug for peanut oral immunotherapy (OIT), giving hope to many 4-to 17-year old children with peanut allergy and their caregivers. Should the diagnosis of peanut allergy be confirmed with an oral food challenge before initiating OIT? Capucilli et al 2 performed a comprehensive PubMed literature search of reviews and clinical articles discussing peanut or other food-related allergic reactions, accidental exposures, or anaphylaxis pertinent to avoidance diet or comparative with OIT trials. They concluded that considering the increased risk of anaphylaxis during the first year of OIT, peanut avoidance remains a viable option for long-term peanut allergy management and should be discussed with all patients with food allergy seeking novel therapies. They postulate this as an important area for future research to gain better accuracy in predicting patients at the highest risk of severe food-induced anaphylaxis.
cord-025763-lz0chxab	2020	The impacts fall into two major categories, the first being the actual impacts of public health on individuals, on employees in retail and food service, and on individuals throughout the rest of the supply chain, and the second being the dramatic change in what and where people want to buy their food. 6. Grocery store chains attempt to deal with the surplus of certain foods arising from reduced demand from food service through diversion to consumer-ready retail products. It is difficult to predict exactly what might happen in the food service and food retail sectors as Canada recovers from the economic and public health effects of this COVID-19 outbreak. Actions taken under the states of emergency imposed to deal with the pandemic in Canada have changed the reality of food purchasing and the confidence people have in the ability of the food retail system to maintain consistent food and grocery availability. The impact of COVID-19 on food retail and food service in Canada: Preliminary assessment
cord-025768-tz5jajeb	2020	The loss of income associated with COVID-19 is expected to increase measures of food insecurity as derived from the Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), conducted by Statistics Canada. Importantly, by this measure, the income shock associated with COVID-19 will likely increase the prevalence of households identified as food insecure. Another unique aspect of COVID-19 is that the policies of social distancing significantly limit the range of public agency, university, organizational, and entrepreneurial responses that might accompany other recoveries and serve to stabilize household income-thereby reducing food insecurity. From the perspective of food insecurity as measured by the Canadian Community Health Survey, COVID-19 is a unique "income shock" that is expected to increase the prevalence of household food insecurity. Moreover, because this income shock is associated with unique detrimental health effects, COVID-19 has the potential to increase the proportion of households identified as "moderately" and "severely"'' food insecure.
cord-027473-8zerjwa0	2020	The large number of virus species, differences in spreading, likelihood of foodborne infections, unknown infective doses, and difficulties of infective virus quantification are often limiting experimental approaches to establish accurate data required for detailed understanding of virions'' stability and inactivation kinetics in various foods. The stability of enteric viruses, human norovirus (HuNoV), and hepatitis A (HAV) virions in food materials and their resistance against inactivation in traditional food processing and preservation is well recognized. The small size, concentration, and a tiny infective dose of virions besides the need of host cells for reproduction of viral material result in challenges in studies analyzing virus survival and infectiousness in food, water, and the environment [60] . Here, we summarize studies reporting on virus survival and degradation kinetics with critical evaluation of the importance of known data to understanding losses of virus infectivity in normal circumstances, and particularly as affected by water from a food engineering and safety perspective.
cord-030027-273pjajl	2020	
cord-252959-ktet18wl	2018	Subjects for whom the following criteria were applicable were excluded from the experiment: individuals with a body mass index (BMI) under 18 or over 35; individuals who exceeded the normal maximum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels by 2-fold; females who were pregnant or were breast-feeding; females of childbearing age who did not agree to use contraceptives via medically proven methods (e.g., condoms, lubricant, and femidom) during the test period; individuals with a fasting plasma dextrose concentration over 126 mg/dL; individuals with high blood pressure (systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg); individuals continuously using medicine that could affect the effectiveness assessment (hyperlipidemia medicine, steroid medicines, hormone medicines, immunosuppressants, and antibiotics); individuals who require continuous treatment for psychiatric disorders such as anorexia, depression, and manic depression; individuals with systemic diseases such as immunity-related diseases, serious hepatic and renal insufficiencies, malignant tumors, pulmonary disease, collagenosis, multiple sclerosis, allergic skin conditions, and other autoimmune diseases; individuals with a medical history of drugs and clinically significant allergic reactions; individuals with a history of gastrointestinal disorders that could affect the absorption of the test foods or a history of gastrointestinal surgery (excluding a simple appendectomy or hernia operation); individuals who consumed medicine or herbal medicines within a month of participation in the experiment which could affect immunity; individuals who participated in a different human study or clinical test and took experimental products within 3 months of participation in this experiment (excluding human studies with cosmetics); and individuals whom the researchers otherwise determined might have difficulty completing the experiment.
cord-253175-77wlciz3	2020	Our curiosity on this point stems from our participation in a collaborative study with agri-food researchers across three University of California campuses (https ://after proje ct.sites .ucsc.edu/) that is investigating Silicon Valley''s recent foray into food and agriculture as sites of innovation and investment. As the virus has carved its exponential path through our economic and social lives, the agri-food tech sector has undertaken an almost instantaneous repositioning. Neo-Malthusian productivism was always a dubious underpinning given the prevalence of over-production in agriculture (a vast problem about which the tech industry seems curiously unaware), and food safety could actually prove to be a more apposite frame for agri-food tech solutionism. She studies the political economy of agriculture, including the financial sector''s growing interest in acquiring farmland and, more recently, the Silicon Valley agri-food tech sector. She is also the recipient of the 2015 Excellence in Research Award from the Agriculture, Food and Human Values Society.
cord-253181-j1gbj1vi	2020	Despite an increasing number of techniques that are designed to mitigate microbial contamination of food and the resulting food borne disease outbreaks, the United States and many other countries across the world continue to experience impressive numbers of such outbreaks. This Special Issue will include basic research approaches that are aimed at enhancing our understanding of how contamination occurs throughout the food processing chain, as well as more immediate and applied approaches to the development and use of novel anti-microbials to combat microbes in food. The Special Issue entitled "Development of Novel Anti-Microbials to Reduce Bacterial Contamination of Food" is dedicated to finding new solutions to an ongoing problem. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States (CDC; www.cdc.gov) list seven outbreaks of Escherichia coli (serotypes O103, O157:H7, O121, O26), 12 outbreaks of Salmonella enterica (serovars Enteriditis, Newport, Javiana, Dublin, Uganda, Concord, Carrau, Schwarzengrund, Infantis), four outbreaks of Listeria monocytogenes, and two outbreaks of Cyclospora between January of 2019 and August of 2020 (Table 1 ).
cord-254738-rsgdqk1x	2021	The stories were selected to demonstrate that behavior-smart thinking works with different scale, at different levels and can be effectively applied to commercial challenges such as optimising experience design or to complicated sustainability issues such as food waste and climate footprint. The second case presents a recently developed technology-enabled tool for the restaurant industry that translates the complicated science of estimating the carbon footprint of different foods into a simple-to-understand system categorizing meals from low-to high-impact. Case 6 takes the reader to beautiful Iceland and discusses its experience with the Iceland Academy, an online platform using behavior-smart design to ensure that travelers arrive at the destination prepared for the unusual weather conditions, rugged terrains, and specific cultural norms. Västmanland, a small regional destination in Sweden, is the first to experiment with behavior-smart thinking as vehicle for optimizing commercial and sustainability practices among local tourism businesses.
cord-255018-dhkz23co	2020	In this study we focus on native and exotic plants with edible fleshy fruits (PEFF) that grow in Patagonia; that is, species that may be wild, cultivated or in an intermediate state of domestication, which bear fruit that is distinguished by its flavor, preferably sweet, and its use principally as a food resource. In this study we propose a cross-sectional approach which enables exotic and native species richness, local foods, medicines and their use patterns to be evaluated, and which will also help us understand in greater depth, from an ethnobotanical perspective, that diet and health are linked concepts. The principal functional species according to the CIF values were the native Aristotelia chilensis, Ribes magellanicum, Ephedra ochreata, Berberis microphylla, Fragaria chiloensis, Luma apiculata and Amomyrtus luma, and the exotic Sambucus nigra, Rosa rubiginosa and Prunus cerasus ( Table 2) .
cord-255097-5nuhvs99	2020	
cord-256645-m0t8hwco	2020	In the current study, we investigate the role of congruence -the degree to which individual (or household) and neighborhood conditions align or diverge -across poverty, education and race/ethnicity in relation to household food insecurity. Instead, we examine whether congruence across poverty, education, and race/ethnicity at the individual and neighborhood-level associates with household food insecurity risk. Model 1a shows that among this lower to moderate income sample, after adjusting for relevant household and child-level covariates, living in a high poverty neighborhood is not associated with the odds of household food insecurity. To address this gap in the literature on neighborhood health effects, as well as food insecurity research, we use a framework of contextual congruence to investigate the degree to which individual and neighborhood-level alignment (or divergence) across poverty, education and race/ethnicity associates with household food insecurity risk.
cord-264074-aq5cfh20	2020	
cord-265544-5ynmn8ua	2020	Compared to other commodities, animal-based foods (e.g., meat, milk/dairy, and fish/seafood) are lost or wasted to a Implications • Food loss and waste is an increasingly important issue for companies and governments to address, with implications for the economy, the environment, and general human well-being. • Companies within the food industry can address food loss and waste through measurement and action in their own supply chains, partnership with other businesses and through creative re-uses of food that would otherwise go to waste. At the international level, the most significant step has been the adoption of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) by the United Nations General Assembly, with SDG 12 seeking to "ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns." More specifically, the third target under this goal (Target 12.3) calls for halving per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reducing food losses along production and supply chains (including postharvest losses) by 2030.
cord-266746-c0urbl6l	2016	Overall, increased global demand for animal-based products requires a substantially greater increase in plant and other feed resources, which will subsequently generate a much larger volume of protein-rich materials than currently produced. Since then, concern over the risks posed by ABPs, including infectious diseases (such as swine fever, foot and mouth) and other contaminants (such as dioxins), to human and animal health, has resulted in strict regulations regarding their safe handling and disposal (cunningham, 2003 ; department for environment Food and rural Affairs, 2011). As such, most countries now have local regulations put in place that are typically broad in scope and directly affect any person or business that generates, uses, disposes, stores, handles, or transports food waste containing animal products and ABPs derived from the food processing industry. The regulations also control the use of ABPs as feed, fertilizer, and technical products with rules for their transformation via composting and biogas operations and their disposal via rendering and incineration (department for environment Food and rural Affairs, 2011).
cord-267650-lcvbaguj	1998	title: Postnatal Maturation of Rat Small Intestinal Brush Border Membranes Correlates with Increase in Food Protein Binding Capacity To investigate maturational changes of membranefood protein binding capacity, we studied bindingcharacteristics of brush border membranes isolated fromsmall intestines of newborn and adult rats. In accordance with results obtaine d with whole BBM in dot blots, isolate d membrane prote ins of adult rats showe d highe r binding capacitie s for PT-GLI, ALA, BLG, and O V A and more binding sites than ne wborn rats ( Figure 5 ). To e xclude that the se maturational diffe rences were due to methodical errors, e g, failure to isolate ne wborn BBM prote ins, lectin binding was studie d in western blots, too. Food prote in binding to BBM of ne wborn and adult rats was found to be spe ci® c with re gard to saturation and inhibition.
cord-268716-lbxmteyn	2020	
cord-269821-j4w084u2	2020	A 1.5 C global warming is projected to lead to high risks of food-supply instabilities, including periodic food shocks across regions and spikes in food pricing, and our current trajectory has us on course to significantly exceed this threshold. 3 It is true that these trade networks could, for instance, help connect local producers to global markets and increase their incomes, but there is a risk that increasing network densities and complexities might lead to food insecurity in one part of the system as a result of the food system''s inherent response to a shock rather than as a result of the initial shock itself. Although it has been shown that global economic integration continues to strengthen our resilience to smaller shocks through trade adjustments, the current network structure and functional relations create higher vulnerabilities to so-called systemic risks. 4 Because those regions include important areas of crop production, such teleconnections have the potential to cause multiple, simultaneous breadbasket failures, posing a risk to global food security.
cord-270110-bamd8vps	2020	The purpose of this article is to describe the use of three major models to aid with curriculum development, framework, and the evaluation process as a potential approach to planning online learning modules to teach nursing students about food insecurity screening, assessment, and care. The competency-based medical education framework and SEARCH mnemonic help to promote evidence-based learning guidelines into the curriculum using online learning modules to teach nursing students about food insecurity screening, assessment, and care as it relates to the SDOH. Based on these research points, nursing educators need to include education in the curricula for students regarding the complexity of food insecurity screening, assessment, the value of communication, and understanding the multifaceted referral process for appropriate resources. The use of a validated framework for education, a model for curriculum innovation, and interprofessional experts can aid educational institutions with the integration of appropriate learning resources and modules for nursing students to learn the proper screening, care, and impact of food insecurity as an SDOH.
cord-270488-5tdbv2on	2020	i.e: a) How FST could contribute to go beyond nutritional requirements by developing foods that are ''fit for purpose'', i.e., satisfying consumer expectations in terms of convenience, taste, shelf life, enjoyment, preparation, cultural appropriateness, acceptability and value b) How the application of FST could better control the quality and safety of diets and food during processing and along the humanitarian supply chain, while minimizing wastes and energy losses, and c) How FST could contribute to strengthen food systems in disrupted environments and make them more resilient to shocks and inclusive by bringing value to destitute and vulnerable communities As a prerequisite, it is important to recognise that the implementation of any new FST solution, especially in fragile food systems, should be preceded by a careful needs assessment in the affected areas.
cord-275578-9y90uj5h	2020	First, China has committed to cutting its carbon intensity by 40-45% from 2005 levels by 2020 and reaching the peak levels before 2030 [30] ; secondly, climate change is expected to aggravate water scarcity in some regions by changing water regimes, both in terms of availability and variability; last but not least, rapid urbanization is shifting an increasing amount of arable land to urban areas, which is set to constrain the available land resources for food production. (3) Last but not least, by adopting the national age and gender-specific dietary guidelines, our results determine the minimal environmental impacts of the food system in China, which lays the foundation for future studies and for policymakers to evaluate the trade-offs with other sector policies as well as to explore potential synergies. We evaluated the minimum environmental footprints, including the carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF), and ecological footprint (EF), of China''s food systems into 2100 under different demographic scenarios and using the national age-gender specified energy and nutrition intake requirements.
cord-275617-jgpdohq6	2010	The aim of this research is to explore the feasibility of a systematic approach to identify the most important critical factors related to changes in production chains that may lead to food safety problems. The usefulness of the thus obtained gross list of critical factors (presented in Tables 1-3) to identify dynamic production chains related to food safety risks was evaluated in an expert study using three case studies. According to the views of the experts of the in-depth interview (described in Section 2.3), the list of critical factors seemed to be complete for identifying critical factors indicating dynamics in production chains related to food safety risks. For the fruit case, the highest relative importance, both for indicating change in the production chain and related food safety risk, was attributed to ''''origin" with scores of 38.8 and 35.0 respectively. The expert study revealed that the compiled gross list of critical factors was complete for indicating dynamics in production chains related to food safety risks.
cord-277770-sbieo46s	2020	In this current debate piece, focusing on two of the four risk factors that contribute to >80% of the NCD burden, we consider the possible ways that the restrictions put in place to control the pandemic, have the potential to impact on dietary and physical activity behaviours and their determinants. By considering mitigation responses implemented by governments in several LMIC cities, we identify key lessons that highlight the potential of economic, political, food and built environment sectors, mobilised during the pandemic, to retain health as a priority beyond the context of pandemic response. In rapidly urbanising low-and middle-income countries (LMIC), the realities of large overcrowded informal settlements, a double burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), malnutrition and the precarity of livelihoods [1] have raised added concerns about the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Multisectoral government COVID-19 responses in these cities to address social inequities highlight the feasibility of economic, political, food and built environment sectors, mobilised during the pandemic, to support healthy eating and active living.
cord-279649-wllc0gl5	2020	
cord-280976-x7mhzhw9	2020	
cord-280978-rtl5ut70	2020	Home gardening can play an important role in advancing food and nutritional security during and after the COVD-19 pandemic, while also strengthening the provisioning of numerous ecosystem services (i.e., plant biodiversity, microclimate, water runoff, water quality, human health). The specific objective of this article is to describe: 1) properties of urban soils and their suitability for growing food, 2) home gardens and urban agriculture for food and nutritional security, 3) ecosystem services provisioned by HGUA, 4) soil management options to reduce risks of contamination of urban soils by heavy metals and other pollutants, and 5) the nexus thinking of waste and water management based on the concept of recycling nutrients and water for producing food, and advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (U.N. 2015) through HGUA. Home gardening and urban agriculture for advancing food and nutritional security in response to the COVID-19 pandemic
cord-284094-owce4xg8	2020	As such, the primary intent of this paper was to examine specific hypotheses that explored the impact of both risks/stressors and resources on the reported food insecurity among homeless adults. Additionally, there were significant resources (access to medical services, and community connectedness) that were negatively related to food insecurity among homeless adults. We offer a unique contribution to this limited body of research on food insecurity among the homeless by highlighting the role that interaction with the criminal justice system and medical institutions playing in shaping an outcome critical to public health in the USA. Despite the present study''s findings that highlight the importance of health-related stressors, social and psychological resources for both the food insecurity literature generally, and the homeless literature specifically, we note some important limitations. Future research could include both a wider range of variables and a series of more complex models to further explicate the interrelationships between health stressors, resources and food insecurity among homeless persons.
cord-285208-thgxxz0d	2020	
cord-285641-y5ianyqi	2020	Studies done by the authors in the villages of Medak district, of the South Indian state of Telangana, show remarkable improvement in the knowledge of food, nutrition, hygiene and health of mothers with children under 3 years of age, with education–behavioural change communication. These findings are akin to those of the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau surveys in India, which show that the cereal-based Indian diets are deficient in the consumption of micronutrient-rich foods like vegetables, fruits, legumes and animal products [3] . A recent study from the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India, shows a high prevalence of vitamin deficiencies, particularly, vitamins A, B2, B6, B12, folic acid and vitamin D, assessed by subclinical status (blood values) and dietary intakes, in an apparently healthy urban adult population [4] . Hellen Keller International has supported an extensive programme of improved homestead gardens and backyard poultry in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and Philippines to increase the production and household availability of micronutrient-dense vegetables and fruits and eggs.
cord-287076-uxuff57y	2020	The short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are magnifying existing disparities and disproportionately affecting low-income, food-insecure households that already struggle to meet basic needs. The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, and the associated social and economic response [10] (e.g., school closures, stay at home orders, business closures, and job losses) have the potential to dramatically increase food insecurity and its related health disparities among already at-risk populations. We designed a web-based (Qualtrics) survey to measure the initial effects of COVID-19 on low-income adults in the United States (US) in mid-March 2020, just as some states were beginning to implement school closures and "stay at home" orders. This study presents results from a national survey of low-income adults in the US in the days immediately following the first major policy steps to enforce COVID-19-related social distancing measures on a wide scale in the US.
cord-288863-buis3y21	2020	Both of these trends will add to the demand for new crop varieties that satisfy the growing demands of consumers and drive additional research efforts including accelerated application of emerging plant breeding technologies (Henry, 2019a) for production in these rapidly evolving agricultural environments. In many developing countries, COVID-19 has severely impacted on employment and incomes creating a major food crisis for growing numbers of people unable to afford food. The adverse impact of COVID-19 on the global economy may also result in a renewed risk of accelerated population growth that could add significantly to food insecurity. Many responses to the pandemic have resulted in changes in agriculture and food production that may persist in the longer term. Plant sciences have a major role to play (Weng, 2020) in not only addressing the needs of a post-COVID world but also the long term challenges of climate change, population growth, environmental degradation and food security.
cord-289082-rr2y4vuc	2020	In a for-profit system, the boards and management of these companies have more power to decide what, where and how food is produced, who is doing the work, and even who gets to eat it than do farmers, workers, eaters or communities. In this for-profit system, food is simultaneously made cheap through the exploitation of nature, farmers and workers while being too expensive for poor households around the world. Covid-19 exposes the faults of concentrated power in food systems in coping with other slowermoving ecological disasters like soil degradation, decline in water quality and quantity and weather calamities due to climate change (Hendrickson et al. 5 See https ://www.wfp.org/news/covid -19-will-doubl e-numbe r-peopl e-facin g-food-crise s-unles s-swift -actio n-taken . To do that we must pursue worker rights, animal welfare, farmer viability and ecological sustainability simultaneously because they are all tied together. Power, Food and Agriculture: Implications for Farmers, Consumers and Communities
cord-290428-zrlqzbss	2020	
cord-291275-qylkm2tn	2020	
cord-293668-zkavusvu	2020	
cord-293798-qc22cps9	2018	
cord-296129-rkadl46r	2015	Finally, a distributed food supply network supported with diverse agricultural products can increase resilience by providing access to diversified markets for producers and improved food access to consumers with more food choices, while expanding the need for skilled jobs supporting the regionally based food industry. As the two models below, North Carolina Central Piedmont Network and the South Carolina Food Hub demonstrate, decentralized models that link producers to consumers provide opportunities for farmers that utilize high-yield, low input techniques such as biointensive and other agroecological techniques a convenient and reasonable access to markets. Using biological and agricultural diversity to expand locally based, sustainable farming systems, foster new farmers and food entrepreneurs, and build distributed aggregation, processing and marketing networks that focus on triple bottom line benefits-environmental, social, and economic-have the potential to strengthen our food security and our communities, providing resilience to both acute and long-term stress.
cord-297489-uh3tx9jc	2020	
cord-298184-4o5ffk7y	2020	Based on the research findings the author proposes a new framework for the role of sustainable entrepreneurs as civic and political actors who not only offer innovative products and services, but help educate and influence key stakeholders, develop informal sustainability ecosystem, and thus create momentum for policy changes. This study aims to address some of these research gaps, by examining sustainable entrepreneurs'' business models, created impacts, current challenges and how they work with key stakeholders to overcome these and advance a shift to more SLs. This study is based on interviews with eight U.S.-based entrepreneurial companies focused on reducing material consumption and promoting SLs. The sustainable entrepreneurs in the study included Box Save, Fixit Clinic Newton, Food For Free, IRN Surplus, Joro, Preserve, Project Repat, and Semi-New Computers.
cord-298678-hjxph9jm	2016	
cord-299884-wp4ehemj	2016	
cord-300163-06hbegx1	2020	We aimed to investigate effects of this multi-layered shock on production, sales, prices, incomes and diets for vegetable farmers in India as both producers and consumers of nutrient-dense foods. This paper uses novel empirical data to understand disruptions to production, livelihoods and diets in agricultural households in India, to draw lessons from COVID-19and particularly its effects on nutrient-dense perishable food items for making food systems more resilient. We use ordered logit regressions to analyse associations between the intensity of self-reported changes in vegetable livelihoods (quantity sold, prices, income) and diets (change in consumption per food group) due to COVID-19 and major household characteristics (farm size, gender of the farmer, and the number of produced vegetables). While we did not investigate the direct effects of sickness in farming households, the subsequent lockdown policy was perceived by farmers to have affected production (through lack of labour, storage and inputs); sales (through drops in demand and lack of transport); prices and income (with reductions due to lack of demand); and diets (in terms of ability to access the most nutrient-dense foods).
cord-300574-nclkfw4h	2018	Wild plant species are of interest to the food industry because of their ability to replace synthetic chemicals and nutraceuticals; however, the nutritional, economical, and sociocultural values of some neglected and underutilized natural resources have not yet been fully exploited. Some of these less well-known and underutilized fruits, which have the potential to provide novel sources of health-promoting agents, are presented in this chapter (i.e., Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal, Crataegus azarolus L., Lycium barbarum L., Morus nigra L., and Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medicus). A diet containing high levels of fruits and vegetables has been associated with a lower risk of chronic diseases because, in addition to their high vitamin and mineral content, these foods also contain compounds with health-protective effects, in particular antioxidant and antiinflammatory compounds (Donno et al., 2013b) . Mulberries are sweet fruits and they play an important role in the food industry due to their high levels of bioactive compounds (mulberry fruits can vary in terms of their chemical composition and antioxidant properties).
cord-301423-stod75j2	2020	
cord-306000-odct9kt7	2020	Reduced access to school meals during public health emergencies can accelerate food insecurity and nutritional status, particularly for low-income children in urban areas. We matched district census tract boundaries to demographic data from the 2018 American Community Survey and United States Department of Agriculture food desert data, and used geographic information systems (GIS) software to identify meal site locations relative to student population, areas of high poverty and high minority populations, and food deserts. The framework identifies opportunities for four key opportunities for intervention and action research that emphasize equity: (1) increase healthy options (e.g., increase access to healthy food retailers), (2) reduce deterrents (e.g., address threats to personal safety), (3) improve social and economic resources (e.g., offer nutrition assistance programs), and (4) build on community capacity (e.g., build strategic partnerships).
cord-307893-mvl0wrsj	2014	
cord-309108-ulvnn3we	2020	This paper discusses an optimization model for handling the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic based on food supply network through regional food hubs (RFHs) under uncertainty. The locations for the development of RFHs and optimal logistics for the food network must be determined based on various general conditions and, at the time of a pandemic, by considering the entire community as victims affected by it. This model also addressed several uncertainties, such as food demand, food production, and distribution cost uncertainties using robust optimization (RO) that assumes that the uncertain parameters lie in an uncertainty set (Ben-Tal et al., 2009; Gorissen et al., 2015; Yanıko glu et al., 2019) . It aims to identify the best alternative RFH location and capacity and food distribution network; the maximum product fulfillment of each region; and the minimum logistic costs in red zones, defined as an area at the epicenter COVID-19 infection.
cord-310532-9qk0cpzd	2020	
cord-312647-71jdf5nt	2020	
cord-315510-vtt8wvm1	2020	
cord-315726-ltjurdrq	2009	
cord-317250-a5ni1s9e	2020	
cord-317693-l08q2lhp	2020	
cord-321503-w2m078r1	2020	
cord-323703-fsj736dg	2020	
cord-323974-tonry3ys	2020	Through a longitudinal qualitative case study, we place relationality and becoming at the centre of organizing food and food systems, demonstrating how entangled relationships can create a complex ontology through the meshwork knots, threads and weave. We show how issues of collective concern come together to form dynamic knots of interactions, how the threads within the meshwork indicate processes of movement, and how the weave suggests degrees of food system resilience—but always in flow. Our research question, "How does a meshwork approach contribute to our understanding of the organizing process within and between food systems, and indicate opportunities for positive change?" is considered through a qualitative case study, Out of our own back yard (Ooooby) in Aotearoa New Zealand, an organization that delivers food boxes of primarily organic, fresh and artisan foods from local growers. We have also contributed by demonstrating how entangled relationships in food matters can create a complex ontology of organizing through meshwork knots, threads and weave.
cord-324385-v8onclcc	2020	
cord-325138-riu4jdc2	2020	
cord-326922-bajpr5a2	2020	In the modern-day United States (US), medications are by-inlarge manufactured in commercial facilities, and this production is regulated and overseen by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Furthermore, a new form of large-scale compounding has become commonplace, whereby pharmacies produce bulk volumes of medications which are not available commercially, and broadly distribute them to healthcare practices and individual patients. Patient harm caused by compounded medications has been the focus of media, medical, and legislative attention in recent years, especially following a multistate, multi-fatality outbreak of fungal meningitis caused by contaminated steroid injections compounded at a pharmacy in Framingham, MA [2, 3, 5, 6] . We categorized errors under the conceptual framework described by Sarah Sellers, PharmD, MPH, former board member for the FDA''s Advisory Committee on Pharmacy Compounding, in testimony to the US Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, namely, that "suprapotency," "subpotency," and "contamination" are the primary risks associated with pharmaceutical compounding [59] .
cord-327748-8ob6okeh	2010	
cord-328562-g5i838b3	2020	Respondents experiencing household food insecurity during COVID-19 (both newly and consistently food insecure) were significantly more likely (p < 0.001 comparison across all groups) to express higher levels of concern and worry about a variety of potential situations related to food access and COVID-19 ( Figure 2 , Table A7 ). Respondents experiencing household food insecurity during COVID-19 (both newly and consistently food insecure) were significantly more likely (p < 0.001 comparison across all groups) to express higher levels of concern and worry about a variety of potential situations related to food access and COVID-19 ( Figure 2 , Table A7 ). Compared to food secure households, new and consistently food insecure households were significantly more likely (p < 0.001) to find strategies to address physical or economic food access challenges helpful during COVID-19 (Table A11) .
cord-329964-reoa8kcw	2020	This chapter will proceed as follows: • Reflecting on how the existing challenges faced by women smallholder farmers were exacerbated by the structural causes of the food price crisis; • Examining major policy responses from governments and the private sector and analyzing their effectiveness in addressing the structural causes of the crisis; • Setting out the lessons learned from the major failures of this policy response; • Identifying key challenges and gaps in financial aid to women smallholder farmers and, more specifically, looking at the level of official development assistance (ODA) targeted to them since 2008; and • Providing policy recommendations to address all of these issues. 3.2.1.4.5 Growing role for multinational enterprise Since the food price crisis, global policy has given more space to the private sector: for instance, the G8 launched its New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition in Africa in May 2012, with a goal of "unleashing the potential of the private sector." Developing country governments, bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, and multinational firms have all joined in promoting private investment in agriculture in the Global South.
cord-329997-jhejhz6d	2020	
cord-330711-y65csypc	2020	
cord-331255-t85yioyl	2019	
cord-333228-ejkgune0	2019	
cord-333432-dq2t1bbd	2017	Nanosensors based on quantum dots for heavy metal and organophosphate pesticides detection, and nanocomposites as indicators for shelf life of fish/meat products, have served as important tools for food quality and safety assessment. Nanocomposite-based biosensors provide new solutions to tackle critical analytical evaluation and detection problems of contaminants and achieving quality and safety in the food industry. The chapter describes specific demands of nanocomposite-based nanosensors in addressing crucial segments related to food safety and quality, such as determining contamination, pesticide residues, antibiotics, shelf life and organoleptic assessment at point of care. Rapid, nondestructive detection of foodborne pathogens, pesticide residues and allergens with high analytical sensitivity are the major needs of the food industry (Murugaboopathi et al., 2013) . The nanocomposite-based nanosensors thus permit visual identification of pathogens at point-of-care without significant lag time, and serve as a simple technique for consumers to know the quality and safety of food products.
cord-333488-l5r1hl8x	2020	
cord-337659-x4oywbrj	2008	
cord-338485-4zqeq1se	2018	
cord-340497-8l3gw6sk	2020	This way, inside the greenhouses, farmers can develop and maintain the desired microclimate and create a more predictable environment that enhances the final plant yield, achieving higher quality and reduced water consumption compared to open field crops. Greenhouses is a type of farming that can provide the option to connect with renewable energy resources in order to increase the sustainability of such systems and the energy efficiency of the various treatments that are necessary for mass food production (Manos and Xydis, 2019) . Indoor vertical farming is an innovative type of closed plant production system that provides the opportunity of a controlled-environment agriculture, which can be controlled according to the crop regardless of the weather conditions. In addition to the hydroponic systems that recirculate the nutrient solution and benefit greenhouse cultivations, vertical farms use systems that condense and collect the water that is transpired by plants at the cooling panel of the air conditioners and continuously recycle and reuse it for irrigation.
cord-342463-rc4epbnn	2020	
cord-342755-4jx0h0y5	2020	Food security in the context on COVID-19 was high on the agenda at the Ninth Special Emergency Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of CARICOM on April 15, 2020, focusing on a regional approach instead of individual country approaches (4, 5) . In January 2019, the Lancet Commission report on "The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change" made explicit the need to not only coordinate policies, but target them in such a way that they create lasting systemic change across goals for sustainable develop, health, and climate change (7). One ongoing project in the CARICOM, the "Improving Household Nutrition Security and Public Health in the CAR-ICOM" has taken a systems approach to examine the drivers of unhealthy eating in the context of low agricultural production and food importation (8) .
cord-342972-bjv8biop	2020	
cord-344948-cve3mqd8	2020	
cord-345264-a6cepu5h	2017	This chapter focuses on general aspects, characteristics, and importance of main microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, molds, virus, and parasites) involved in food spoilage or contamination: known and recently discovered species; defects and alterations in foodstuff; most common food associated with each foodborne disease; resistance to thermal processing; occurrence in different countries; outbreaks; and associated symptoms. The butyric anaerobes, as these three Clostridium species causing spoilage in low-acid canned foods, are usually associated with spoilage of products with pH values between 3.9 and 4.5 producing blown cans and a butyric odor (Hersom & Hulland, 1980) . Diarrheal disease is often associated with protein rich foods (meat, vegetables, puddings, and milk products) and is thought to be caused by vegetative cells (ingested as viable cells or spores) that produce enterotoxins in the small intestine (Abee et al., 2011) .
cord-345681-sj0ypr2c	2020	Health care practitioners have surfaced as front-line workers addressing the urgent needs of the COVID-19 pandemic, and there remains much ground to gain in terms of providing adequate support and protection for these groups (5) . Some of these stimulus funds are appropriated to various industries and individuals with ∼$23.5 billion to assist farmers, most of which is designated for soy and corn producers (e.g., commodity crops), leaving out producers of "specialty crops" which include FVs. These measures may widen the nutrition gap in the USA, further deteriorating a limited food system to support healthy eating. As Congress considers additional COVID stimulus packages, appropriate workplace health and safety measures must be considered to better protect and support front-line food system workers; otherwise, there most likely will be longlasting, adverse effects on our food system and nation''s health.
cord-346098-gj10adoq	2020	The findings suggest that, despite increasing concern for healthy eating, restrained consumers ironically show a preference for unhealthy food options when anticipating a dessert consumption opportunity. In the present study, to test our predictions for the interactive effect of indulgence anticipation and dietary restraint on healthy food preference, we focus on behavioral response measured by preference for or choice of healthy food for immediate consumption in restaurant settings. In the context of sequential consumption decisions (e.g., ordering a dessert after an entrée has been served and consumed in a restaurant) (Her and Seo, 2017) , prior research has shown that, despite restrained eaters'' concerns for weight control, when encountering challenges to dietary goals, they tend to forgo restraint goals and willingly consume indulgent food. Study 1 aims to test the different effects of anticipating future indulgence on the preference for healthy and unhealthy options among restrained versus unrestrained eaters (H1a; H1b).
cord-346920-3wvo7fs3	2020	The concept of redundancy for example, which is considered as one of key principles of resilience (Biggs et al., 2012; Tendall et al., 2015) , can in some manifestations be in conflict with increasing efficiency, including reductions of waste, which are key strategies to achieve food sustainability (Godfray and Garnett, 2014; Bajželj et al., 2014) . Interventions targeted at household waste have the highest potential when it comes to freeing-up resources and reducing food waste related GHG emissions, and therefore, long-term resilience through stability, for two reasons: in high and middle-income settings, the volume of waste is the largest at the consumption stage, and secondly, this food has accumulated more impact as it processed through the supply chain (for example, it has been transported, stored, perhaps processed and pre-prepared).
cord-347884-zpzncgiv	2020	
cord-348608-6pp2spjw	2020	On an annual basis, MMG provides county-and congressional district-level estimates of food insecurity for both the full-population and for children and, upon request, sub-county-level results at, for example, the zip-code level. Of course, COVID-19 has changed all of this and, given the sharp projected increases in unemployment (and, hence, food insecurity) the levels of food insecurity across the United States are likely to be far higher in 2020 than in 2018. In this article, after describing the methods underpinning MMG, we detail the approach Feeding America has used to make projections about the geography of food insecurity in 2020 and how this may differ from 2018. The above methods allow us to establish a base measure of food insecurity for all counties for the full population and for children. For the full population (Table 1) , we display, first, the 15 counties with the highest rates of food insecurity in the base case and due to our projections.
cord-350164-dzma5ye7	2020	These opportunities and threats are focused around four key areas: NCDs and health systems; dietary behaviour; food insecurity and vulnerable groups; and food supply mechanisms. Now with the pandemic, the challenges to food systems in the WHO European Region have been exacerbated, demanding from all levels of government swift adaptations to manage healthiness, availability, accessibility and affordability of food. Cities and governments in the Region should capitalize on this unique opportunity to ''build back better'' and make bold and lasting changes to the food system and consequently to the health and wellbeing of people and sustainability of the planet. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, together with the public health outcomes of widespread lockdown measures, create a perfect storm for NCD risk factors including obesity and poor diet, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption and tobacco use. The current pandemic poses significant challenges to food systems in the WHO European Region, demanding from all levels of government, particularly cities, swift adaptations to manage the healthiness, availability, accessibility and affordability of food.
cord-351652-y8p3iznq	2020	
cord-351719-xqmir1ca	2020	
cord-351778-6ez6lif5	2020	
cord-351785-d35kqobp	2020	Various social and environmental factors contribute to inadequate food access and availability in rural areas, influencing dietary intakes and food insecurity rates. This study aims to identify patterns related to food insecurity and fruit and vegetable consumption within a SNAP-eligible and low-income, highly obese rural Appalachian community. This study aims to identify patterns related to FV consumption and food access within a SNAP-eligible and low-income, highly obese rural Appalachian county in Kentucky. These findings will serve as a baseline to provide context for addressing food insecurity in a remote rural region of the U.S. Baseline findings will guide points of intercept, design future programming to explore the impact rurality has on obesity status, and address the barriers related to accessing nutritious foods within this community and those similar. Although SNAP participation provides an avenue to food security, it is clear that when compounded by additional factors, such as the economic disparities this rural Appalachian community experiences, it does not equate to consistent nutritional nourishment for these areas.
cord-352501-5c78kq0w	2020	Governments have taken measures to manage issues, and many previous studies have also explored these mechanisms, including governmental policies and regulations on organic farming [1] , the impact of foodborne poisoning caused by food contamination [2] , a novel coronavirus caused by microbial contaminants in game meat [3] , concerning the risk of animal diseases such as avian flu, swine flu, mad cow virus [4, 5] , safety assessment of meat products [6] , and food inspection standards, such as instrumental detection methods based on the nuclear magnet resonance [7] or low field nuclear magnetic resonance [8] to assess the adulteration of oils and fats. Study the expectations versus the actual perceived disparities at the consumer''s level and unravelling human perceptions in the context of food safety is important as both might affect the validity of the evaluation stage.
cord-352538-cb3j2y1s	2020	Bolstering regional production and intraregional trade in a currently import-dependent region could strengthen the regional economy, and provide the health benefits of consuming locally produced and harvested fresh foods – as well as decreasing reliance on global supply chains. Population data sourced from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2020b) Table 1 Summary of key potential food system impacts in the Pacific region Global analysis of potential COVID-19 related impacts on food systems Pacific-specific food system context Potential food system, food security and nutrition impacts in Pacific Production Access to inputs may be limited by restrictions on travel, reducing agricultural production, yields and income; access to services may be reduced (e.g. veterinary, extension services). Domestically produced food supply to urban centres reduced (e.g. root crops, fruit, vegetables); potential reductions in distribution of imported food to rural areas; likely differential impacts for producers (e.g. based on geographical location, own transport); home gardening won''t be affected.
cord-353120-ud79az3s	2013	We have analysed the dynamics of this model through bifurcation analysis with respect to the rate of infection and quantity of alternative food in Section 5. The bifurcation diagram of the system (2) with respect to infection rate of prey in the range 0 6 c 6 1:34 in absence of alternative food (i.e., a ¼ 0; n ¼ 0) to predator is presented in Fig. 1. It is clear from Fig. 5 (b) that disease free state can be reached for higher infection rate (c > 0:76) supplying high quality of alternative food. Quantity of alternative food supply increases with the increase of infection rate for fixed quality to obtain a disease free system. As a result, the growth rate of predator species will increase with the supply of high quality or high quantity of alternative food and it captures the infected prey population at faster rate than susceptible prey.
cord-355055-7m8on8ct	2020	title: Generational Differences in Perceptions of Food Health/Risk and Attitudes toward Organic Food and Game Meat: The Case of the COVID-19 Crisis in China More specifically, by using the data collected from 1008 respondents in January 2020, the time when China was hit hard by the "Corona Virus Disease 2019" (COVID-19), this study investigates the overall and different generational respondents'' health/risk perceptions of and attitudes toward organic food and game meat. The results reveal that, firstly, based on their food health and risk perceptions of healthy and risky food, the respondents'' general attitudes are positive toward organic food but relatively negative toward game meat. It provides an empirical survey to investigate the overall and different generational respondents'' health/risk perceptions and attitudes toward organic food and game meat during the outbreak of the COVID-19 crisis in China, utilizing data collected from 1008 respondents in January 2020, when the crisis hit the whole society.
cord-355713-zupocnuf	2020	Indeed, earlier research has shown that major pandemics, such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 or the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in 2015, can have major impacts on supply chains (Cavinato 2004; Oke & Gopalakrishnan 2009 ) and consumer behaviour in retail with a specific focus on online food shopping even if most of this research has been carried out primarily from a hospitality (Alan et al. 2007; Hansen 2008) , the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was adopted for this study to analyse planned changes in consumers'' food shopping behaviour during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, in line with research published recently on the impacts of this pandemic on food supply chains, where authors speculated with major potential changes to consumer behaviour in grocery retailing in Canada and elsewhere (Richards & Rickard 2020) .
cord-356304-lepsuyns	2020	Policy response should focus on investing in agricultural public goods, scaling up digital solutions, and developing innovative finance mechanisms to enhance resilience. African governments need to strengthen enabling environment through improved policies and investments in agricultural public goods, scale up digital solutions for agriculture, and develop innovative financing schemes through public-private partnerships. From videobased agricultural advice to the Internet of Things-enabled climate-smart irrigation tools to agroweather advisories that provide personally relevant information on weather and impending disasters and help farmers capitalize on changing conditions, digital solutions could be a game-changer in boosting agricultural productivity and resilience in a sustainable way in Africa. African governments need to improve the enabling environment for the food system to thrive by increasing investments in agricultural public goods, supporting smallholders to benefit from digital revolution, and developing innovative financing instruments through public-private partnerships.