cord-009608-bvalr9bl 2020 cord-011407-4cjlolp6 2020 cord-016357-s5iavz3u 2015 To what extent is international assistance to fight Ebola strengthening local public health and medical capacity in a sustainable way, so that other emerging disease threats, which are accelerating with climate change, may be met successfully? This chapter considers the wide-ranging socio-political, medical, legal and environmental factors that have contributed to the rapid spread of Ebola, with particular emphasis on the politics of the global and public health response and the role of gender, social inequality, colonialism and racism as they relate to the mobilization and establishment of the public health infrastructure required to combat Ebola and other emerging diseases in times of climate change. While Ebola proved to be resistant to many conventional containment measures, the strengthening of urban public health institutions in the overall architecture of global health governance and responses is certainly a path that must be pursued in future outbreaks of this and other infectious diseases as cities grow faster and in different patterns than in the past. cord-016508-39glgeft 2019 cord-016829-37i1bn9m 2008 This review listed the following key barriers and challenges: (1) Many national HIV/AIDS plans are not strategic, and are poorly prioritized; (2) Prevention, care and treatment efforts are too small, and coverage is too low; (3) Management and implementation constraints hamper action; (4) Health systems are weak and overwhelmed, particularly with efforts to expand access to treatment; (5) The effort to expand antiretroviral (ARV) treatment raises difficult issues of equity, sustainability and adherence; (6) Prevention remains inadequate, regardless of the stage of the epidemic in a given country; (7) Stigma and discrimination, denial and silence persist, to the point that some people would rather die than let others know they are HIV positive; and (8) Donors sometimes create additional problems for countries, for example in Tanzania, where program managers spend more time meeting the needs of visiting donors than implementing the programs. cord-017334-u1brl2bi 2017 cord-017479-s4e47bwx 2012 cord-017690-xedqhl2m 2012 cord-017857-fdn8c4hx 2018 cord-021081-yqu1ykc9 2012 The basic idea behind early warning is that the earlier and more accurately we are able to predict short-and long term potential risks associated with natural and human induced hazards, the more likely we will be able to manage and mitigate a disaster''s impact on society, economies, and environment. Effective early warning systems embrace the following aspects: risk analysis; monitoring and predicting location and intensity of the disaster; communicating alerts to authorities and to those potentially affected; and responding to the disaster. EO includes measurements that can be made directly or by sensors in-situ or remotely (i.e. satellite remote sensing, aerial surveys, land or oceanbased monitoring systems, Fig. 3 ), to provide key information to models or other tools to support decision making processes. For each hazard type, a gap analysis has been carried out to identify critical aspects and future needs of EWS, considering aspects such as geographical coverage, and essential EWS elements such as monitoring and prediction capability, communication systems and application of early warning information in responses. cord-021121-qgqzr6n2 2008 Mehr Entwicklungshilfe im Kampf gegen Krankheiten und insbesondere Aids, so die Hoffnung der US-Regierung, würde nicht nur den Betroffenen helfen, sondern auch einen spürbaren wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung in den ärmsten Ländern nach sich ziehen und dadurch weltweit die Sicherheitslage verbessern. Nach der Definition des Institute of Medicine in Washington, D.C. beschäftigt sich Global Health mit Gesundheitsproblemen, welche die nationalen Grenzen überschreiten, die Lebensumstände und Erfahrungen anderer Staaten beeinflussen und die am besten durch Kooperation gelöst werden können. 3 Das ist insbesondere deshalb erstaunlich, weil die Public Health-Idee sich aus Überlegungen des deutschen Arztes und Politikers Rudolf Virchow aus dem 19. Weil Public Health dabei nicht nur die Pathologie spezifischer Erkrankungen, sondern auch die Lebensbedingungen des Menschen einbezieht, berührt das Fachgebiet unter anderem auch Fragen der Wirtschaft, Psychologie, Politik und Kultur -oder wie Rudolf Virchow es ausdrückte: "Die Medicin ist eine sociale Wissenschaft, und die Politik ist nichts weiter als Medicin im Großen." Global Health als Ausdehnung von Public Health im weltweiten Maßstab ist eines der umfassendsten Wissenschaftsgebiete. cord-022141-yxttl3gh 2014 cord-024824-lor8tfe6 2020 cord-025374-504mfiie 2020 cord-026501-4ddala5r 2020 The lack of both a comprehensive definition and a theoretical framework to support the concept of energy transition is not only lamentable from a scientific point of view: the resulting lack of common understanding among (inter)national actors also incapacitates the development of functioning international governance mechanisms to address this global issue. It is obvious that the various positions of countries in energy trading (influenced by their world market share/their position as a net importer/net exporter), in the globalized economy (trade surplus/deficit), with regard to their respective degrees of economic and social development (population growth/industrialization/urbanization) (Bradshaw 2010) as well as to the state of the energy system and the level of access to modern energy supplies determine the weighing of objectives and the prioritization of energy policy goals. cord-026881-57mx3thr 2020 cord-030926-vtids9ns 2016 cord-103816-9mr5soe0 2021 cord-104128-0gyk9cwx 2020 cord-252705-o02505rt 2014 One of the key features that nearly all modern computational models predict is that, unlike historic pandemics that advanced in regular wave like patterns, modern diseases spread in spatially incoherent ways due to the complexity of underlying mobility networks (see Fig. 1c ). Given the increasing availability of data on human mobility and human interactions modern computational and network-theoretic models for disease dynamics will become a central tool for understanding and predicting disease dynamics on local, intermediate and global scales and will aid policy makers and public health research in mitigating their negative effects on society. Combining theoretical insights from nonlinear dynamics, stochastic processes and complex network theory these computational models are becoming increasingly important in the design of efficient mitigation and control strategies and for public health in general. Combining theoretical insights from nonlinear dynamics, stochastic processes and complex network theory these computational models are becoming increasingly important in the design of efficient mitigation and control strategies and for public health in general. cord-253102-z15j8izi 2015 cord-261011-bcyotwkf 2004 cord-267299-z7ondg3r 2020 cord-268279-umlqh0q4 2020 cord-269821-j4w084u2 2020 cord-272965-l0d7rgt0 2020 cord-273196-ji3suirn 2020 Created in the context of a global call for extractive industry accountability, as well as increasing scrutiny of Canadian mining activities for alleged human rights and environmental abuses, the ESTMA aims to deter corruption via financial reporting requirements for Canadian extractive firms operating in Canada and abroad. While the Act does mandate disclosures useful to the advocacy community, limited oversight, a lack of standardized reporting and excluded activities under the Act mean that the ESTMA offers limited leverage to substantively address the human and ecological cost of Canada''s extractive industry. As we discuss in specific examples below, the ESTMA also lacks systematized reporting requirements for firms which undermines the ability of civil society organizations to monitor and hold governments accountable based on company disclosures. An exploration of examples of Canadian extractive firms (including Tahoe Resources, DeBeers and Africa Oil Corporation), and their relationship to the ESTMA reporting requirements, reveals the contradictions we have discussed above concerning ESTMA reporting as audit culture transparency. cord-277282-r6aq3egw 2006 cord-277446-0e6akcjf 2014 cord-279768-e7ajbl2s 2015 cord-281534-dvdx7ggv 2020 cord-281836-j1r771nq 2020 cord-283824-c7y9zf7o 2015 cord-284895-176djnf5 2005 cord-286411-7sgr29xx 2020 Drawing upon a sample of thirty tourism experts in southern Africa, the critical shifts were identified and key among them include BRICS, terrorism, ageing population, and trophy hunting, are increasingly framing a new narrative for the future growth trajectory of the international tourism industry''s value chain in the context of Africa. Whilst acknowledging the diverse and richness of the current international tourism body of literature, the current study argues that very little attempts have been made to explore the policy and product development implications of the constructs of BRICS, terrorism, ageing population and trophy hunting in the context of Africa. Looking into the future, there is substantial room for growth in Africa''s travel and tourism market, particularly in light of current sectoral growth patterns, as international tourists are increasingly interested in developing countries as travel destinations, provide the region properly align its tourism sector to dynamics obtaining in the marketplace. cord-286646-d3x0rekw 2020 As the COVID-19 pandemic has shut borders and economies around the globe, many will look internally to protect our own, and the support of global surgery programs that rely on international travel exchanges may be in jeopardy. Yet, a pandemic also highlights the true interdependence of health around the world, and the impediments to sustaining academic global surgery programs are perhaps also opportunities to better develop and maintain programs that incorporate the competencies of global surgery into a future of collaborative surgical education and innovation. The current global public health crisis illustrates resource constraints, health inequities and structural disparities in healthcare systems worldwidedleaders of tomorrow need a global view, and so it is particularly important to incorporate an academic global surgery curriculum that includes principles of ethics, health economics, disparities, and varying clinical pathologies. cord-287368-63ikq2mb 2004 cord-290067-fa0mxvc3 2020 cord-296022-yl3j2x5p 2020 key: cord-296022-yl3j2x5p cord_uid: yl3j2x5p concern, COVID-19 is having major consequences on the world economy, and experts have predicted that COVID-19 will lower global gross domestic product growth by one-half a percentage point for 2020 (from 2.9% to 2.4%). The whole world is now a single global community, where any major happening in one part is bound to have repercussions in rest of the world. 2 Chinese government, in order to control the spread of the disease, had to close the major production centers and as China being a manufacturing hub, led to disruption in the global supply chain which affected almost all sectors ranging from pharmaceuticals to automobile. World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) How is the world responding to the 2019 coronavirus disease compared with the 2014 west African Ebola epidemic? The importance of China as a player in the global economy The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios cord-301000-ozm5f5dy 2020 For us, this has recently manifested in a collective statement on publishing and open access, which we have jointly produced and signed with several other intersectional feminist and social justice journal editorial boards. This is exhibited in our recent work to imagine what a life after existing models of open access could and should look like with our colleagues from other feminist and social justice journals (see below). • replacing the values of efficiency, transparency and compliance with those of equality, diversity, solidarity, care and inclusion • providing a more sustainable and equitable ecological economics of scholarly publishing in tune with social and environmental justice • working collectively and collaboratively rather than competitively • thinking and acting internationally, rather than through parochial national or regional policies • working across publishing and the academy with a view to responsible householding and accountability in both sectors • seeking to work across funding and institutional barriers, including between STEM and AHSS scholars • seeking further collaborations and partnerships in order to build new structures (disciplines, ethics, processes and practices of scholarship including peer review, citation, impact, engagement and metrics) and infrastructures to support a more healthy and diverse publishing ecology • challenging the technologisation and systematisation of research by working to increase our visibility as editors and academics making us and our publications more accessible and approachable for those who are minoritised in academic publishing cord-307362-1bxx4db2 2020 cord-313229-5oc0lisi 2008 ICT has opened new channels of communication, creating the beginnings of a global information society that will facilitate access to isolated areas where health needs are extreme and where nursing can contribute significantly to the achievement of "Health for All." The purpose of this article is to discuss the relationships between globalization, health, and ICT, and to illuminate opportunities for nursing in this flattening and increasingly interconnected world. Nursing leadership, creativity, advocacy, and experience are needed to provide stewardship for health ICT growth and application in the face of a complex, interconnected, and increasingly globalized world. Examples of success stories from a global perspective include: (1) advances in education and collaborative learning, (2) telenursing/ telehealth, (3) movement toward electronic health records (EHRs), (4) nursing knowledge management and knowledge generation. Interoperability from a global perspective requires international standards in many dimensions such as messaging, security, language, ethical information use, ICT management, and other areas-all of which impact nursing and EHRS. cord-314579-4nc4d05v 2003 cord-316878-zemaygnt 2020 cord-316893-jwjr67po 2019 cord-318672-4nkrh373 2020 cord-320856-hnakpl2a 2020 cord-322782-21t2ru4z 2020 cord-323261-1of5ertf 2018 cord-324056-cvvyf3cb 2011 cord-327592-8tqi958n 2012 cord-328888-qckn3lvx 2011 cord-329964-reoa8kcw 2020 This chapter will proceed as follows: • Reflecting on how the existing challenges faced by women smallholder farmers were exacerbated by the structural causes of the food price crisis; • Examining major policy responses from governments and the private sector and analyzing their effectiveness in addressing the structural causes of the crisis; • Setting out the lessons learned from the major failures of this policy response; • Identifying key challenges and gaps in financial aid to women smallholder farmers and, more specifically, looking at the level of official development assistance (ODA) targeted to them since 2008; and • Providing policy recommendations to address all of these issues. 3.2.1.4.5 Growing role for multinational enterprise Since the food price crisis, global policy has given more space to the private sector: for instance, the G8 launched its New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition in Africa in May 2012, with a goal of "unleashing the potential of the private sector." Developing country governments, bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, and multinational firms have all joined in promoting private investment in agriculture in the Global South. cord-335373-17tcikxl 2020 ► The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered unprecedented measures worldwide, which have often been adopted in an ''emergency'' mode and are largely reactionary ► Alternatively, COVID-19 needs to be appraised as part of a much bigger health picture, adopting a "systems approach" that enables interactions with other acknowledged and preventable health conditions, which often receive disproportionately low attention ► To do so requires a paradigm shift in global health governance, from a specific reactional paradigm to a systemic, coordinated and preventive paradigm ► It is necessary to adopt a holistic approach to health reflecting both a security approach and a health development approach, tackling upstream causes and determinants, aimed at helping populations reduce their individual risk factors and augment their natural immunity ► Such preventive health policies must be tailored to local specificities and local environments, and health systems must be strengthened at the local level so as to be able to respond to population needs and expectations ► The current crisis calls for a paradigm shift in public and global health policies; and in the in the nexus between local, national and global health policies and systems cord-337578-el33iy1g 2020 cord-342579-kepbz245 2014 Despite an increased interest, however, few empirical studies exist that explicitly explores the capacity of international actors, institutions, and global networks to deal with perceived ''''tipping point'''' dynamics in human-environmental systems. In short, we have illustrated how state and non-state actors (here operationalized as global networks) attempt to build early warning capacities and improve their information processing capabilities; how they strategically expand the networks, as well as diversify their membership; how they reconfigure in ways that secures a prompt response in the face of abrupt change (e.g., novel rapidly diffusing disease, illegal fishery) or opportunities (e.g., climate negotiations); and how they mobilize economical and intellectual resources fundamentally supported by advances in information and communication technologies (e.g., through satellite monitoring and Internet data mining). As these actors perceive the possible transgression of human-environmental ''''tipping points'''' (incentives), they coordinate their actions in global networks to increase their opportunities to bring additional issues to existing policy arenas created by international institutions (adaptability). cord-347519-aowxr873 2020 cord-352962-burm9nxm 2019 However, with increasingly digitalized (algorithmic) global public health surveillance systems and related data-driven epidemiological analyses (e.g., Digital Epidemiology and other research methodologies), there seem to emerge epistemological shifts, as well as methodological ambivalences and diverse social and political effects. You, Henning and Stephen, both work from a social (or rather political) science perspective on the societal implications of Digital Epidemiology, which is shaped by multiple imperatives, e.g., of ''global health security'' as well the potentials of big data. As components in an emergent socio-technological apparatus of security for the strengthening of global health governmentalities, it is also crucial to consider the ways in which these expanding digital syndromic surveillance systems re-contour previous understandings of the temporalities, form and practice of preemption in the identification of forthcoming pandemics. cord-353277-vd0etd38 2020 Too often, policy elites, including those promoting sustainable cities, overlook this value, proposing formalization and relying on deficit-based framings of informal work. Building on our research in India and Paraguay, amplifying critical informality scholarship and centering the knowledge produced by workers'' organizations, we assert that by thinking historically, relationally, and spatially, and redistributing power and resources to workers, we can move beyond formalization to a frame that centers decent work, ecological health, and reparation for uneven legacies of harm. 40 Informal work produces economic, social, and environmental value that sustains lives and urban environments. Thinking historically, relationally, and spatially reveals how the value produced by informal workers subsidize urban economies and ecologies, even as racial capitalism predictably reproduces job scarcity, income inequality, and poverty, the very conditions that impel many to informal work.