# pos

id: cord-329964-reoa8kcw
pos: VB
token:
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lemma:
  https://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/missing-out-onsmall-is-beautiful-the-eus-failure-to-deliv-er-on-policy-commitme-620288


# ent

id: cord-009608-bvalr9bl
type: LAW
entity:
  the Development Cooperation Charter Tokyo Ministry of Foreign Affairs Basic Design for Peace and Health


id: cord-009608-bvalr9bl
type: ORG
entity:
  Challenges Tokyo Institute for Global Health Policy Research Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development


id: cord-009608-bvalr9bl
type: ORG
entity:
  Statistics Paris Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development World Health Organization Declaration


id: cord-011407-4cjlolp6
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  Acceptable Risks of Human Extinction Philosophical Institutional and Decision Making Frameworks for Meeting Obligations to Future Generations


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type: ORG
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  the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation Gavi Alliance UNICEF US National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases NIAID


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type: ORG
entity:
  the Fishermen of St Brieuc Bay Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Response and Recovery Guide for Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources European Centre for Disease Prevention


id: cord-017857-fdn8c4hx
type: ORG
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  a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil The Scientific Background of the International Sanitary Conferences


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  The Global Chemical Incident Alert and Response System of the International Programme on Chemical Safety


id: cord-021081-yqu1ykc9
type: ORG
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  the Wellcome Trust the Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis and Malaria the University of Oxford Li Ka Shing Foundation Global Health Programme


id: cord-021081-yqu1ykc9
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Disaster Reduction ISDR system provides a vehicle for cooperation among Governments organisations and civil society actors


id: cord-026881-57mx3thr
type: DNA
entity:
  40 Neuwirth 2016 pp 911 925 41 Hynes and Scott 2013 42 Moyo 2009 Thomas 2000 pp 1249 1278 45 Staiger and Sykes 2010 pp 583 627 46 Grabel 2007 pp 335 341 Put


id: cord-021121-qgqzr6n2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  von möglichst allen 147 Staatsoberhäuptern akzeptiert werden würden Gesundheit und Entwicklung erschienen unverdächtiger als Sicherheitsfragen Die Idee


id: cord-025374-504mfiie
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Points for the Reform of Global Economic Governance Briefing Paper 19 Multi Level Climate Governance Strategic Selectivities in International Politics Transnational Climate Change Governance Governing Climate Change


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type: ORG
entity:
  United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Global Environmental Outlook GEO 6 United Nations Environment Programme Radical


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type: ORG
entity:
  Front Public Health Association of American Colleges and Universities AAC U Association for Prevention Teaching and Research


id: cord-267299-z7ondg3r
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Master s and Undergraduate Degrees in Global Health of the Consortium of Universities for Global Health CUGH


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type: ORG
entity:
  the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers CAPP the Assembly of First Nations Mining Association of Canada MAC


id: cord-277446-0e6akcjf
type: ORG
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  International Students for Academic Year Ministry of Education of People s Republic of China Interim


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type: WORK_OF_ART
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  The WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in Low Resource Settings


id: cord-281534-dvdx7ggv
type: ORG
entity:
  London Department for Business Energy and Industrial Strategy Department for Work and Pensions and Department of Health and Social Care Health


id: cord-283824-c7y9zf7o
type: ORG
entity:
  the Molecularization of Life On Territorology Towards a General Science of Territory Theory Lines Barred Lines Movement Territory


id: cord-283824-c7y9zf7o
type: EVENT
entity:
  the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum Emerging Infectious Disease Emerging Forms of Biological Sovereignty Liquid Networks


id: cord-281836-j1r771nq
type: FAC
entity:
  the Instituto de Salud Carlos III Spanish Network for Research on Infectious Diseases RD16 0016 0011


id: cord-281836-j1r771nq
type: ORG
entity:
  Leviathan Baltimore Penguin Books Culture s Consequences Comparing Values Behaviors Institutions and Organizations Across Nations Adsorption


id: cord-281836-j1r771nq
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Essential Rousseau The Social Contract Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Discourse on the Arts and Sciences


id: cord-307362-1bxx4db2
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  Musculoskeletal Risks RULA Bibliometric Review Bibliometric Profile of Global Microplastics Research


id: cord-313229-5oc0lisi
type: WORK_OF_ART
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  Notes on a Hospital In attempting to arrive at the truth I have applied everywhere for information but in scarcely an instance have I been able


id: cord-313229-5oc0lisi
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The End of Poverty Economic Possibilities for Our Time Globalization and Its Discontents Globalization


id: cord-313229-5oc0lisi
type: ORG
entity:
  Working Together for Health World Health Organization Towards a Safer Future World Health Organization Implementing Electronic Medical Record Systems in Developing Countries Health Wealth


id: cord-313229-5oc0lisi
type: ORG
entity:
  Underserved Populations Agency for Health Care Quality and Research A Study of Technologies for Communities of Practice Available


id: cord-301000-ozm5f5dy
type: DNA
entity:
  frontlines Cambridge Core COVID 19 Highlights the Failure of Neoliberal Capitalism We Need Feminist Global Solidarity


id: cord-301000-ozm5f5dy
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entity:
  Feminist Theory Feminist Review European Journal of Cultural Studies European Journal of Women s Studies and Sociological Review


id: cord-301000-ozm5f5dy
type: ORG
entity:
  The Guardian Coronavirus Pandemic in the Shadow of Capitalist Exploitation and Imperialist Domination of People and Nature Statement


id: cord-301000-ozm5f5dy
type: ORG
entity:
  the North African Network for Food Sovereignty Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt Migrant Women Failed


id: cord-318672-4nkrh373
type: ORG
entity:
  Digital Security Technologies Private Experiments in Global Governance Primary Commodity Roundtables


id: cord-318672-4nkrh373
type: EVENT
entity:
  The Authors Big Audit Firms as Regulatory Intermediaries in Transnational Labour Governance Knowledge and Politics in Setting and Measuring the SDGs Leaving No one Behind The Politics of Destination


id: cord-318672-4nkrh373
type: ORG
entity:
  Sustainable Development Goals Sensing Reality New Monitoring Technologies for Global Sustainability Standards


id: cord-318672-4nkrh373
type: ORG
entity:
  Global Supply Chains Private Ratings Public Regulations Credit Rating Agencies and Global Financial Governance Governing Global Supply Chain Sustainability


id: cord-318672-4nkrh373
type: ORG
entity:
  the Dynamics of Adverse Incorporation Global Networks A Distributional Analysis of Artisanal and Industrial Wage Levels and Expenditure


id: cord-318672-4nkrh373
type: ORG
entity:
  Post Socialist Tanzania International Remittance Rails as Infrastructures Embeddedness Innovation and Financial Access


id: cord-327592-8tqi958n
type: ORG
entity:
  Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada Reference Group on Global Health and Global Health Education Consortium


id: cord-327592-8tqi958n
type: ORG
entity:
  People Curriculum Task Force Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada Reference Group on Global Health and Global Health Education Consortium Diplomacy


id: cord-327592-8tqi958n
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Messias DeAnne K Powell Dorothy title Global health diplomacy An integrative review of the literature and implications for nursing date 2012 09 19 journal Nurs


id: cord-323261-1of5ertf
type: ORG
entity:
  Operations United Nation Security Council United Nations General Assembly United Nations General Assembly Political Declaration on HIV AIDS


id: cord-324056-cvvyf3cb
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Institutes of Health the Food and Drug Administration the Environmental Protection Agency


id: cord-324056-cvvyf3cb
type: ORG
entity:
  the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Committee on Energy and Commerce US House of Representatives


id: cord-324056-cvvyf3cb
type: DISEASE
entity:
  HIV AIDS malaria tuberculosis chronic noncommunicable diseases mental disorders violence traffic safety visual impairment


id: cord-329964-reoa8kcw
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Sahel Oxfam Groundswell International Halving hunger Still Possible Building a Rescue Package to Set the MDGs Back on Track 22 EU Calls Trump s Bluff


id: cord-329964-reoa8kcw
type: GGP
entity:
  Nestl e s decade long emphasis on creating shared value which according to the firm reflects our ongoing commitment to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals Nestl e 2020 Undertakings such as the New Alliance and Grow Africa seek to mobilize private funds to overcome public sector disinvestment in the agricultural sector


id: cord-329964-reoa8kcw
type: ORG
entity:
  FAO s Guide for Policy and Programmatic Actions at Country Level to Address High Food Prices Maetz et


id: cord-329964-reoa8kcw
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Global Landscape of Agricultural Trade Better Rules for a Better Future Regulating Private Sector Agricultural Investments


id: cord-329964-reoa8kcw
type: ORG
entity:
  IMF Conditionality A Development Injustice European Union Directorate General for External Policies Policy Department


id: cord-329964-reoa8kcw
type: ORG
entity:
  the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition Committee on World Food Security Gender Vulnerabilities Food Price Shocks and Social Protection Responses


id: cord-329964-reoa8kcw
type: LAW
entity:
  Food Price Crisis Affecting Poor People Oxfam United Nations Industrial Development Organization Closing


id: cord-329964-reoa8kcw
type: ORG
entity:
  Protecting the Food Insecure in Volatile International Markets Food Reserves and Other Policy Options Canadian Foodgrains Bank Global Food Governance Between Corporate Control


id: cord-353277-vd0etd38
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Antinomies of Successful Mobilization Colombian Recyclers Manoeuvre between Dispossession and Exploitation Development and Change Garbage Citizenship Vital Infrastructures of Labor


id: cord-353277-vd0etd38
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Echoes of Slavery Recognizing the Racist Origins of the Agricultural and Domestic Worker Exclusion


id: cord-347519-aowxr873
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Lancet Foreign Policy and Security Towards a Conceptual Framework for Research and Policy Foreign Policy and Security Towards a Conceptual Framework for Research and Policy Managing Global Health Security


id: cord-347519-aowxr873
type: GPE
entity:
  the United States A National Security Stragety for Engagement and Enlargement A National Security Strategy For a New Century


id: cord-347519-aowxr873
type: EVENT
entity:
  the Post Cold War Era Theory of World Security World Health Organisation Commission on Human Security Human Security


id: cord-347519-aowxr873
type: EVENT
entity:
  World Security A New Framework for Analysis Foreign Policy and Security Towards a Conceptual Framework for Research and Policy


# url

id: cord-329964-reoa8kcw
domain: policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk
url:
  http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/missing-out-onsmall-is-beautiful-the-eus-failure-to-deliv-er-on-policy-commitme-620288


# bib

id: cord-009608-bvalr9bl
title: Tracking Japan’s development assistance for health, 2012–2016
author: Nomura, Shuhei
date: 2020-04-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161223/
doi: 10.1186/s12992-020-00559-2
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Development assistance for health (DAH) is one of the most important means for Japan to promote diplomacy with developing countries and contribute to the international community. This study, for the first time, estimated the gross disbursement of Japan’s DAH from 2012 to 2016 and clarified its flows, including source, aid type, channel, target region, and target health focus area. METHODS: Data on Japan Tracker, the first data platform of Japan’s DAH, were used. The DAH definition was based on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) sector classification. Regarding core funding to non-health-specific multilateral agencies, we estimated DAH and its flows based on the OECD methodology for calculating imputed multilateral official development assistance (ODA). RESULTS: Japan’s DAH was estimated at 1472.94 (2012), 823.15 (2013), 832.06 (2014), 701.98 (2015), and 894.57 million USD (2016) in constant prices of 2016. Multilateral agencies received the largest DAH share of 44.96–57.01% in these periods, followed by bilateral grants (34.59–53.08%) and bilateral loans (1.96–15.04%). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) was the largest contributors to the DAH (76.26–82.68%), followed by Ministry of Finance (MOF) (10.86–16.25%). Japan’s DAH was most heavily distributed in the African region with 41.64–53.48% share. The channel through which the most DAH went was Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (20.04–34.89%). Between 2012 and 2016, approximately 70% was allocated to primary health care and the rest to health system strengthening. CONCLUSIONS: With many major high-level health related meetings ahead, coming years will play a powerful opportunity to reevaluate DAH and shape the future of DAH for Japan. We hope that the results of this study will enhance the social debate for and contribute to the implementation of Japan’s DAH with a more efficient and effective strategy.


id: cord-011407-4cjlolp6
author: Cotton‐Barratt, Owen
date: 2020-01-24
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7228299/
doi: 10.1111/1758-5899.12786
title:
  Defence in Depth Against Human Extinction: Prevention, Response, Resilience, and Why They All Matter

abstract:
  We look at classifying extinction risks in three different ways, which affect how we can intervene to reduce risk. First, how does it start causing damage? Second, how does it reach the scale of a global catastrophe? Third, how does it reach everyone? In all of these three phases there is a defence layer that blocks most risks: First, we can prevent catastrophes from occurring. Second, we can respond to catastrophes before they reach a global scale. Third, humanity is resilient against extinction even in the face of global catastrophes. The largest probability of extinction is posed when all of these defences are weak, that is, by risks we are unlikely to prevent, unlikely to successfully respond to, and unlikely to be resilient against. We find that it’s usually best to invest significantly into strengthening all three defence layers. We also suggest ways to do so tailored to the classes of risk we identify. Lastly, we discuss the importance of underlying risk factors – events or structural conditions that may weaken the defence layers even without posing a risk of immediate extinction themselves.


id: cord-016357-s5iavz3u
author: Ali, Harris
date: 2015-09-12
txt: ./txt/cord-016357-s5iavz3u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016357-s5iavz3u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120611/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-24660-4_10
summary:
  To what extent is international assistance to fight Ebola strengthening local public health and medical capacity in a sustainable way, so that other emerging disease threats, which are accelerating with climate change, may be met successfully? This chapter considers the wide-ranging socio-political, medical, legal and environmental factors that have contributed to the rapid spread of Ebola, with particular emphasis on the politics of the global and public health response and the role of gender, social inequality, colonialism and racism as they relate to the mobilization and establishment of the public health infrastructure required to combat Ebola and other emerging diseases in times of climate change. While Ebola proved to be resistant to many conventional containment measures, the strengthening of urban public health institutions in the overall architecture of global health governance and responses is certainly a path that must be pursued in future outbreaks of this and other infectious diseases as cities grow faster and in different patterns than in the past.

title:
  The Social and Political Dimensions of the Ebola Response: Global Inequality, Climate Change, and Infectious Disease

abstract:
  The 2014 Ebola crisis has highlighted public-health vulnerabilities in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea—countries ravaged by extreme poverty, deforestation and mining-related disruption of livelihoods and ecosystems, and bloody civil wars in the cases of Liberia and Sierra Leone. Ebola’s emergence and impact are grounded in the legacy of colonialism and its creation of enduring inequalities within African nations and globally, via neoliberalism and the Washington Consensus. Recent experiences with new and emerging diseases such as SARS and various strains of HN influenzas have demonstrated the effectiveness of a coordinated local and global public health and education-oriented response to contain epidemics. To what extent is international assistance to fight Ebola strengthening local public health and medical capacity in a sustainable way, so that other emerging disease threats, which are accelerating with climate change, may be met successfully? This chapter considers the wide-ranging socio-political, medical, legal and environmental factors that have contributed to the rapid spread of Ebola, with particular emphasis on the politics of the global and public health response and the role of gender, social inequality, colonialism and racism as they relate to the mobilization and establishment of the public health infrastructure required to combat Ebola and other emerging diseases in times of climate change.


id: cord-016508-39glgeft
author: Possas, Cristina
date: 2019-06-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120800/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-9431-7_14
title:
  Vaccines: Biotechnology Market, Coverage, and Regulatory Challenges for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

abstract:
  This chapter provides an overview, from bioeconomic and global sustainability perspectives, of the main constraints to the current global vaccine innovation system for achieving Sustainable Development Goals – SDGs. Biotechnology market trends, gaps in vaccine coverage against emerging and neglected diseases, and patent protection and regulation are discussed. A structured long-term “public-return-driven” innovation model to overcome vaccine market failure is proposed.


id: cord-016829-37i1bn9m
author: nan
date: 2008
txt: ./txt/cord-016829-37i1bn9m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016829-37i1bn9m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121240/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-78392-3_7
summary:
  This review listed the following key barriers and challenges: (1) Many national HIV/AIDS plans are not strategic, and are poorly prioritized; (2) Prevention, care and treatment efforts are too small, and coverage is too low; (3) Management and implementation constraints hamper action; (4) Health systems are weak and overwhelmed, particularly with efforts to expand access to treatment; (5) The effort to expand antiretroviral (ARV) treatment raises difficult issues of equity, sustainability and adherence; (6) Prevention remains inadequate, regardless of the stage of the epidemic in a given country; (7) Stigma and discrimination, denial and silence persist, to the point that some people would rather die than let others know they are HIV positive; and (8) Donors sometimes create additional problems for countries, for example in Tanzania, where program managers spend more time meeting the needs of visiting donors than implementing the programs.

title:
  Bilateral and Multilateral Financing of HIV/AIDS Programs: The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Global Fund, Bilateral Donors and the Private Sector

abstract:
  This chapter examines the operations of the World Bank (a multilateral development institution), the International Monetary Fund (a multilateral financial institution) and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (a multilateral fundraising and financing institution) to fight HIV/AIDS. We also examine the role of bilateral donors and the private sector in financing the fight against HIV/AIDS. We examine the relationships among bilateral donors and international organizations, what distinguishes their roles in the global HIV/AIDS pandemic and the extent to which their activities overlap. In addition, we consider how funding strategies and parameters may affect the effectiveness of AIDS funding in preventing transmission and providing treatment.


id: cord-017334-u1brl2bi
title: Society, Differentiation and Globalisation
author: Annandale, Ellen
date: 2017-07-21
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121864/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-60786-3_2
abstract:
  First, theories of globalisation and their implications for the analysis of health issues are discussed. Emphasis is on: (1) globalisation as embodied, something often overlooked by sociologists working outside of the field of health and (2) health vulnerabilities that arise from the heightened mobility and connectivities that characterise globalisation, taking migration and health as an illustration. Second, differentiation is considered by highlighting disparities in health vulnerability and the capacity of social groups to protect their health. This is illustrated by reference to the securitisation of health and the health consequences of violent conflict and the special vulnerabilities of children and of women. Third, the influence of interconnectedness of various national healthcare systems and implications for the delivery of effective healthcare are considered.


id: cord-017479-s4e47bwx
title: Spectators and Victims: Between Denial and Projection
author: Pulcini, Elena
date: 2012-03-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122052/
doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4482-0_6
abstract:
  This chapter goes into the unproductive metamorphosis of fear, and analyses the defence mechanisms that it generates: namely denial and projection. In the case of global risks, fear provokes self-defensive strategies based on denial (in the face of the nuclear challenge) and self-deception (in the face of global warming); and, in the case of the threat of the other, projective and persecutory strategies based on reactivating the dynamic of the ‘scapegoat’. They are two contrasting but specular responses which, at the emotional level, reflect the divarication between (unlimited) individualism and (endogamous) communitarianism. The first, implosive response converts into an absence of fear, attested to above all by the figure of the global spectator, while the second, explosive response converts into an excess of fear (fear of the other, fear of contamination), fuelled by forms of reinventing community. These responses are defined as irrational since in the first case they inhibit the spectator’s capacity to recognize himself as also a potential victim of the threats, thus preventing his mobilization, and in the second case they give rise to dynamics of demonization-dehumanization of the other, which result in a spiral of violence and impede forms of solidarity.


id: cord-017690-xedqhl2m
title: The Process and Practice of Negotiation
author: Lister, Graham
date: 2012-11-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122328/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5401-4_6
abstract:
  Global health diplomacy has been defined as the art and practice of negotiation in relation to global health issues. This chapter draws on generic concepts of negotiation as a process of diagnosis, formula development, exchange and implementation, reflecting the shared and sometimes contested values, power relationships and interests of the many different actors involved. It sets out a framework for understanding the main phases of global health negotiation process as they arise in many different contexts. The negotiation of global health issues is shown to be a driver of the regimes of global health governance institutions that are shaped by the new trends in global governance described in the previous chapter. The leadership and development of diplomatic negotiations at every level with an increasing range of actors is therefore key to global governance for health.


id: cord-017857-fdn8c4hx
title: The Darkened Horizon: Two Modes of Organizing Pandemics
author: Leanza, Matthias
date: 2018-02-06
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122534/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-74506-0_11
abstract:
  This chapter deals with the recent darkening of the future horizon in the global fight against pandemics. Since roughly the year 2000, the World Health Organization has collaborated with a large number of local actors and made a concentrated effort to protect the world’s population against emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), swine flu, Ebola and Zika. Although efforts have been made so that the spread of future infectious diseases will be contained through early intervention, the actors in charge anticipate that the extant measures will fail to some degree. They believe it is simply impossible to prevent all pandemics from happening. But steps can and should be taken to lessen the impact of an unavoidable pandemic through emergency preparation. This chapter deals with organizations and organizational networks as key actors in these processes of emergency planning. Without the capacity of organizations to produce binding decisions for their members, which makes planning for an uncertain future possible, pandemic preparedness would not be feasible—especially not on a global scale.


id: cord-021081-yqu1ykc9
title: Early Warning Systems A State of the Art Analysis and Future Directions
author: nan
date: 2012-11-02
txt: ./txt/cord-021081-yqu1ykc9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021081-yqu1ykc9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7148997/
doi: 10.1016/j.envdev.2012.09.004
abstract: nan
summary:
  The basic idea behind early warning is that the earlier and more accurately we are able to predict short-and long term potential risks associated with natural and human induced hazards, the more likely we will be able to manage and mitigate a disaster''s impact on society, economies, and environment. Effective early warning systems embrace the following aspects: risk analysis; monitoring and predicting location and intensity of the disaster; communicating alerts to authorities and to those potentially affected; and responding to the disaster. EO includes measurements that can be made directly or by sensors in-situ or remotely (i.e. satellite remote sensing, aerial surveys, land or oceanbased monitoring systems, Fig. 3 ), to provide key information to models or other tools to support decision making processes. For each hazard type, a gap analysis has been carried out to identify critical aspects and future needs of EWS, considering aspects such as geographical coverage, and essential EWS elements such as monitoring and prediction capability, communication systems and application of early warning information in responses.


id: cord-021121-qgqzr6n2
title: Global Health. Die Gesundheit der Welt in der internationalen Politik
author: Albrecht, Harro
date: 2008-10-27
txt: ./txt/cord-021121-qgqzr6n2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021121-qgqzr6n2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149046/
doi: 10.1007/s12399-008-0003-0
summary:
  Mehr Entwicklungshilfe im Kampf gegen Krankheiten und insbesondere Aids, so die Hoffnung der US-Regierung, würde nicht nur den Betroffenen helfen, sondern auch einen spürbaren wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung in den ärmsten Ländern nach sich ziehen und dadurch weltweit die Sicherheitslage verbessern. Nach der Definition des Institute of Medicine in Washington, D.C. beschäftigt sich Global Health mit Gesundheitsproblemen, welche die nationalen Grenzen überschreiten, die Lebensumstände und Erfahrungen anderer Staaten beeinflussen und die am besten durch Kooperation gelöst werden können. 3 Das ist insbesondere deshalb erstaunlich, weil die Public Health-Idee sich aus Überlegungen des deutschen Arztes und Politikers Rudolf Virchow aus dem 19. Weil Public Health dabei nicht nur die Pathologie spezifischer Erkrankungen, sondern auch die Lebensbedingungen des Menschen einbezieht, berührt das Fachgebiet unter anderem auch Fragen der Wirtschaft, Psychologie, Politik und Kultur -oder wie Rudolf Virchow es ausdrückte: "Die Medicin ist eine sociale Wissenschaft, und die Politik ist nichts weiter als Medicin im Großen." Global Health als Ausdehnung von Public Health im weltweiten Maßstab ist eines der umfassendsten Wissenschaftsgebiete.

abstract:
  With the adoption of the Millenium Development Goals in 2000, global health attracted notice to a worldwide public. This article analyzes the origins, the concept and the universal relevance of global health, discusses several international development programs (supported by the USA, the UN, as well as and by private organizations) and examines their effects and their sustainability.


id: cord-022141-yxttl3gh
title: Progressive Adaptation: The Key to Sustaining a Growing Global Population
author: Siegel, Frederic R.
date: 2014-08-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153416/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-09686-5_9
abstract:
  Adaptation is an evolving long-term process during which a population of life forms adjusts to changes in its habitat and surrounding environments. Adaptation by the global community as a unit is vital to cope with the effects of increasing populations, global warming/climate change, the chemical, biological, and physical impacts on life-sustaining ecosystems, and competition for life sustaining and economically important natural resources. The latter include water, food, energy, metal ores, industrial minerals, and wood. Within this framework, it is necessary to adapt as well to changes in local and regional physical conditions brought on by natural and anthropogenic hazards, by health threats of epidemic or pandemic reach, by social conditions such as conflicts driven by religious and ethnic fanaticism, and by tribalism and clan ties.


id: cord-024824-lor8tfe6
title: Small and Medium Enterprises and Global Risks: Evidence from Manufacturing SMEs in Turkey
author: Asgary, Ali
date: 2020-02-12
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223563/
doi: 10.1007/s13753-020-00247-0
abstract:
  This study investigated how small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a country perceive major global risks. The aim was to explore how country attributes and circumstances affect SME assessments of the likelihood, impacts, and rankings of global risks, and to find out if SME risk assessment and rankings differ from the global rankings. Data were gathered using an online survey of manufacturing SMEs in Turkey. The results show that global economic risks and geopolitical risks are of major concern for SMEs, and environmental risks are at the bottom of their ranking. Among the economic risks, fiscal crises in key economies and high structural unemployment or underemployment were found to be the highest risks for the SMEs. Failure of regional or global governance, failure of national governance, and interstate conflict with regional consequences were found to be among the top geopolitical risks for the SMEs. The SMEs considered the risk of large-scale cyber-attacks and massive incident of data fraud/theft to be relatively higher than other global technological risks. Profound social instability and failure of urban planning were among the top societal risks for the SMEs. Although the global environmental and disaster risks were ranked lowest on the list, man-made environmental damage and disasters and major natural hazard-induced disasters were ranked the highest among this group of risks. Overall, the results show that SMEs at a country level, for example Turkey, perceive global risks differently than the major global players.


id: cord-025374-504mfiie
author: Aykut, Stefan C.
date: 2020-05-27
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7253149/
doi: 10.1057/s41311-020-00250-8
title:
  ‘Incantatory’ governance: global climate politics’ performative turn and its wider significance for global politics

abstract:
  The 2015 Paris agreement represents a deep-rooted change in global climate governance. While existing scholarly assessments highlight central institutional features of the Paris shift, they tend to overlook its symbolic and discursive dimensions. Our analysis shows that the Paris architecture combines two core elements: an iterative pledge and review process to stimulate global climate action, and a ‘performative’ narrative aimed at aligning actors’ expectations on the prospect of a low-carbon future. We therefore suggest calling it an incantatory system of governance. We then examine the origins of the new approach and find that the rise of ‘soft law’ approaches and communicative techniques in global climate governance are both indicative of a broader process: the entry of management culture in international organisations. Against this backdrop, we examine the prospects, limitations and caveats of the new approach and discuss its wider implications for global politics.


id: cord-026501-4ddala5r
title: Governing the Global Energy Transformation
author: Pastukhova, Maria
date: 2020-03-26
txt: ./txt/cord-026501-4ddala5r.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7281855/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-39066-2_15
summary:
  The lack of both a comprehensive definition and a theoretical framework to support the concept of energy transition is not only lamentable from a scientific point of view: the resulting lack of common understanding among (inter)national actors also incapacitates the development of functioning international governance mechanisms to address this global issue. It is obvious that the various positions of countries in energy trading (influenced by their world market share/their position as a net importer/net exporter), in the globalized economy (trade surplus/deficit), with regard to their respective degrees of economic and social development (population growth/industrialization/urbanization) (Bradshaw 2010) as well as to the state of the energy system and the level of access to modern energy supplies determine the weighing of objectives and the prioritization of energy policy goals.

abstract:
  An effective and efficient governance is key for the global energy transformation. We argue that the process under the Paris Agreement, its ‘rulebook’ and the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) will have to be accompanied by focused and tailored governance mechanisms in the energy realm. The energy sector itself is key to limiting global warming to two degrees centigrade compared to the preindustrial level, because it is responsible for over two-thirds of global greenhouse gas emissions. Yet, neither the energy transition nor energy governance start from scratch. Energy governance is already happening on many levels: the local, the national, the regional and the global. These multi-level governance structures are necessary to enable, facilitate, and accelerate the energy transition(s) on the ground. They have to be adapted, however, to the changing and transforming energy world as we argue in the conclusions. In a first step, we conceptualize the notion of ‘energy transition’ and relate it to the concept of ‘energy transformation’. We argue that it is necessary to firstly move beyond the normative and target-driven idea(s) behind ‘transition’ and to secondly bring in the systemic aspects of energy transformation. Moreover, energy security, economic efficiency, sustainability and climate neutrality have emerged over time as the guiding paradigms, forming a strategic quadrangle, as opposed to a strategic triangle, traditionally used to define energy security. In a second step, we present an overview of the current international energy governance system where multilayered governance structures have developed over time. We argue that the existing architecture is stemming from the past and is neither fit for governing the energy transition, nor even reflecting the proccesses underway in todays’ world. In a third step, we highlight that the energy transformation has and will have tremendous techno-economic, socio-technical and political (Cherp et al. 2018) effects that have both internal and external dimensions. Moreover, the transformation comes with (geo)political effects as it changes the political economy of energy on all levels: the global, the regional, the national and the local. In the final step, we look at ways forward. We argue that it is necessary to preserve existing multilateral institutions and to strengthen them. Moreover, we assume that governance approaches towards and inside regions will have to be re-shaped or even created from scratch. We conclude that the crumbling of the global liberal order and the crises of multilateralism are complicating the approach to a better governance of the energy transition on the global level. Moreover, we witness the emergence of illiberal tendencies in the Western democracies as well. Climate and energy are playing into the polarization of societies as the two topics emerged as a major cleavage and a conflict line. We emphasize that a just and inclusive energy transition, both on national and international levels, is necessary to keep countries and the world on a sustainable energy transformation path. The challenge faced by the planet is indeed systemic.


id: cord-026881-57mx3thr
author: Neuwirth, Rostam J.
date: 2020-03-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7296555/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-45428-9_5
title:
  GAIA 2048—A ‘Glocal Agency in Anthropocene’: Cognitive and Institutional Change as ‘Legal Science Fiction’

abstract:
  To assess a future scenario of the world without a WTO, the present chapter projects the reader into the distant future of the year 2048 by which time the global community is aiming to establish GAIA, the so-called “Glocal Agency in Anthropocene”. GAIA is designed as the first truly integrated global institution with a universal character with the aim to tackle the complex and multiversal governance challenges of humanity and the planet as a whole. This chapter marks both a legally and a scientifically fictitious account of the years from 2020 until 2048, from a dystopian and a utopian perspective, with the aim of highlighting the importance of cognition for legal and institutional change. The need for cognitive change is driven by changes in the environment, and by the challenges resulting from a perceived acceleration of the pace of change and the unprecedented levels of technological complexity. Both change and complexity increase the relevance of cognition, as laws and policies adopted in one area are more likely to affect their success or failure and that of the global governance system as a whole. Thus, this chapter predicts that the foremost necessity for law in the future is to build on novel and enhanced modes of human cognition to deal better with complexity and rapid change.


id: cord-030926-vtids9ns
title: Trans-boundary commons in infectious diseases
author: Laxminarayan, Ramanan
date: 2016-02-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7448792/
doi: 10.1093/oxrep/grv030
abstract:
  Emerging threats to global health, including drug-resistant pathogens, emerging pandemics, and outbreaks, represent global trans-boundary commons problems where the actions of individual countries have consequences for other countries. Here, we review what economic analysis can offer in countering these problems through the design of interventions that modify the behaviour of institutions and nations in the direction of greatest global good.


id: cord-104128-0gyk9cwx
title: The accelerated infectious disease risk in the Anthropocene: more outbreaks and wider global spread
author: Morand, Serge
date: 2020-04-20
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.049866
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.20.049866
abstract:
  The greatly accelerated economic growth during the Anthropocene has resulted in astonishing improvements in many aspects of human well-being, but has also caused the acceleration of risks, such as the interlinked biodiversity and climate crisis. Here, we report on another risk: the accelerated infectious disease risk associated with the number and geographic spread of human infectious disease outbreaks. Using the most complete, reliable, and up-to-date database on human infectious disease outbreaks (GIDEON), we show that the number of disease outbreaks, the number of diseases involved in these outbreaks, and the number of countries affected have increased during the entire Anthropocene. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of these outbreaks is becoming more globalized in the sense that the overall modularity of the disease networks across the globe has decreased, meaning disease outbreaks have become increasingly pandemic in their nature. This decrease in modularity is correlated with the increase in air traffic. We finally show that those countries and regions which are most central within these disease networks tend to be countries with higher GDPs. Therefore, one cost of increased global mobility and greater economic growth is the increased risk of disease outbreaks and their faster and wider spread. We briefly discuss three different scenarios which decision-makers might follow in light of our results.


id: cord-252705-o02505rt
title: Understanding and predicting the global spread of emergent infectious diseases
author: Brockmann, Dirk
date: 2014-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-252705-o02505rt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252705-o02505rt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0944558714000365
doi: 10.1016/j.phf.2014.07.001
summary:
  One of the key features that nearly all modern computational models predict is that, unlike historic pandemics that advanced in regular wave like patterns, modern diseases spread in spatially incoherent ways due to the complexity of underlying mobility networks (see Fig. 1c ). Given the increasing availability of data on human mobility and human interactions modern computational and network-theoretic models for disease dynamics will become a central tool for understanding and predicting disease dynamics on local, intermediate and global scales and will aid policy makers and public health research in mitigating their negative effects on society. Combining theoretical insights from nonlinear dynamics, stochastic processes and complex network theory these computational models are becoming increasingly important in the design of efficient mitigation and control strategies and for public health in general. Combining theoretical insights from nonlinear dynamics, stochastic processes and complex network theory these computational models are becoming increasingly important in the design of efficient mitigation and control strategies and for public health in general.

abstract:
  Abstract The emergence and global spread of human infectious diseases has become one of the most serious public health threats of the 21st century. Sophisticated computer simulations have become a key tool for understanding and predicting disease spread on a global scale. Combining theoretical insights from nonlinear dynamics, stochastic processes and complex network theory these computational models are becoming increasingly important in the design of efficient mitigation and control strategies and for public health in general.


id: cord-253102-z15j8izi
title: Planning for the Next Global Pandemic
author: Ross, Allen G.P.
date: 2015-08-04
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1201971215001836
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.07.016
abstract:
  In order to mitigate human and financial losses as a result of future global pandemics, we must plan now. As the Ebola virus pandemic declines, we must reflect on how we have mismanaged this recent international crisis and how we can better prepare for the next global pandemic. Of great concern is the increasing frequency of pandemics occurring over the last few decades. Clearly, the window of opportunity to act is closing. This editorial discusses many issues including priority emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases; the challenges of meeting international health regulations; the strengthening of global health systems; global pandemic funding; and the One Health approach to future pandemic planning. We recommend that the global health community unites to urgently address these issues in order to avoid the next humanitarian crisis.


id: cord-267299-z7ondg3r
title: Curricular Models and Learning Objectives for Undergraduate Minors in Global Health
author: Jacobsen, Kathryn H.
date: 2020-08-19
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32874933/
doi: 10.5334/aogh.2963
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: A growing number of institutions of higher education offer undergraduate educational programs in global health. OBJECTIVE: To identify all undergraduate minors in global health being offered in the United States during the 2019–20 academic year, categorize the curricula being used by secondary programs of study, evaluate the content of required foundational courses, and examine the types of experiential learning opportunities that are offered. METHODS: A working group of the Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH) conducted a systematic review of the websites of all accredited 4-year colleges and universities, identifying 84 institutions offering general global health minors. FINDINGS: A typical global health minor consists of one introduction to global health course, one epidemiology or health research methods course, several additional required or selective courses, and one applied learning experience. Within this general structure, five curricular models are currently being used for global health minors: (1) intensive minors composed of specialty global health courses, (2) global public health minors built on a core set of public health courses, (3) multidisciplinary minors requiring courses in the sciences and social sciences, (4) anthropology centric minors, and (5) flexible minors. CONCLUSIONS: CUGH recommends ten undergraduate student learning objectives in global health that encompass the history and functions of global health; globalization and health; social determinants of health; environmental health; health and human rights; comparative health systems; global health agencies and organizations; the global burden of disease; global health interventions; and interdisciplinary and interprofessional perspectives.


id: cord-268279-umlqh0q4
title: Cuba y seguridad sanitaria mundial: Cuba’s role in global health security
author: Wenham, Clare
date: 2020-05-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32409329/
doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002227
abstract:
  Cuba has been largely absent in academic and policy discourse on global health security, yet Cuba’s history of medical internationalism and its domestic health system have much to offer contemporary global health security debates. In this paper, we examine what we identify as key traits of Cuban health security, as they play out on both international and domestic fronts. We argue that Cuba demonstrates a strong health security capacity, both in terms of its health systems support and crisis response activities internationally, and its domestic disease control activities rooted in an integrated health system with a focus on universal healthcare. Health security in Cuba, however, also faces challenges. These concern Cuba’s visibility and participation in the broader global health security architecture, the social controls exercised by the state in managing disease threats in Cuban territory, and the resource constraints facing the island—in particular, the effects of the US embargo. While Cuba does not frame its disease control activities within the discourse of health security, we argue that the Cuban case demonstrates that it is possible to make strides to improve capacity for health security in resource-constrained settings. The successes and challenges facing health security in Cuba, moreover, provide points of reflection relevant to the pursuit of health security globally and are thus worth further consideration in broader health security discussions.


id: cord-269821-j4w084u2
title: Extreme Events in a Globalized Food System
author: Gaupp, Franziska
date: 2020-06-19
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S259033222030261X
doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.06.001
abstract:
  Our food systems are complex and globally interdependent and are presently struggling to feed the world’s population. As population grows and the world becomes increasingly unstable and subject to shocks, it is imperative that we acknowledge the systemic nature of our food system and enhance its resilience.


id: cord-273196-ji3suirn
author: Ciupa, Kristin
date: 2020-08-05
txt: ./txt/cord-273196-ji3suirn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273196-ji3suirn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214790X20302215
doi: 10.1016/j.exis.2020.07.018
summary:
  Created in the context of a global call for extractive industry accountability, as well as increasing scrutiny of Canadian mining activities for alleged human rights and environmental abuses, the ESTMA aims to deter corruption via financial reporting requirements for Canadian extractive firms operating in Canada and abroad. While the Act does mandate disclosures useful to the advocacy community, limited oversight, a lack of standardized reporting and excluded activities under the Act mean that the ESTMA offers limited leverage to substantively address the human and ecological cost of Canada''s extractive industry. As we discuss in specific examples below, the ESTMA also lacks systematized reporting requirements for firms which undermines the ability of civil society organizations to monitor and hold governments accountable based on company disclosures. An exploration of examples of Canadian extractive firms (including Tahoe Resources, DeBeers and Africa Oil Corporation), and their relationship to the ESTMA reporting requirements, reveals the contradictions we have discussed above concerning ESTMA reporting as audit culture transparency.

title:
  Enhancing corporate standing, shifting blame: An examination of Canada''s Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act

abstract:
  Canada's Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act (ESTMA) is the culmination of a series of proposals and consultations with government, industry and civil society organizations to address conflict over Canadian extractive industry. Created in the context of a global call for extractive industry accountability, as well as increasing scrutiny of Canadian mining activities for alleged human rights and environmental abuses, the ESTMA aims to deter corruption via financial reporting requirements for Canadian extractive firms operating in Canada and abroad. By mandating that firms publicly disclose payments to various levels of government, however, the ESTMA is constructed atop global corruption discourse that identifies host states in the Global South as the source of social pathologies that facilitate corruption, largely excluding a critical analysis of extractive firms in the Global North. Drawing on interviews, document analysis of material related to the ESTMA and case studies of extractive firm financial reporting, this paper argues that under the ESTMA's financial reporting processes, corporate risk management trumps meaningful social regulation. While the Act does mandate disclosures useful to the advocacy community, limited oversight, a lack of standardized reporting and excluded activities under the Act mean that the ESTMA offers limited leverage to substantively address the human and ecological cost of Canada's extractive industry. As has resulted from transparency policies more broadly, however, the ESTMA provides firms a means to counter broader critique and, in complying with audit culture, promotes investment security.


id: cord-277446-0e6akcjf
title: China's distinctive engagement in global health
author: Liu, Peilong
date: 2014-08-28
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361460725X
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60725-x
abstract:
  China has made rapid progress in four key domains of global health. China's health aid deploys medical teams, constructs facilities, donates drugs and equipment, trains personnel, and supports malaria control mainly in Africa and Asia. Prompted by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, China has prioritised the control of cross-border transmission of infectious diseases and other health-related risks. In governance, China has joined UN and related international bodies and has begun to contribute to pooled multilateral funds. China is both a knowledge producer and sharer, offering lessons based on its health accomplishments, traditional Chinese medicine, and research and development investment in drug discovery. Global health capacity is being developed in medical universities in China, which also train foreign medical students. China's approach to global health is distinctive; different from other countries; and based on its unique history, comparative strength, and policies driven by several governmental ministries. The scope and depth of China's global engagement are likely to grow and reshape the contours of global health.


id: cord-279768-e7ajbl2s
title: WHO's next? Changing authority in global health governance after Ebola
author: McINNES, COLIN
date: 2015-11-06
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12454
doi: 10.1111/1468-2346.12454
abstract:
  The World Health Organization (WHO) occupies a central place in the system of global health governance and plays a key role in the control of epidemics and pandemics. The 2014 Ebola crisis in West Africa, however, saw widespread and sustained criticism of its performance, leading many to call for its reform and even replacement. This article moves on from initial analyses of the WHO's ‘failure’, to argue that the crisis has led to a shift in its authority as a global governor. It argues that the WHO's traditional basis of authority was largely expert and delegated; that it provided technical advice and normative guidance, and that its authority was ‘on loan’ from member states, who exerted considerable influence over the WHO. Its actions during the West African Ebola outbreak remained consistent with this, but it was unable to cope with what the outbreak required. The criticisms both of the WHO and the wider system of global health governance, however, have opened up a space where the balance of authority is shifting to one based more heavily on capacity—the ability to act in a crisis. If such a shift is realized, it will create different expectations of the WHO which, if they are not fulfilled, may lead to trust in the organisation declining and its legitimacy being compromised.


id: cord-281534-dvdx7ggv
author: Briggs, Andrew M.
date: 2020-07-23
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1521694220300668
doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2020.101549
title:
  Global health policy in the 21st century: Challenges and opportunities to arrest the global disability burden from musculoskeletal health conditions

abstract:
  The profound burden of disease associated with musculoskeletal health conditions is well established. Despite the unequivocal disability burden and personal and societal consequences, relative to other non-communicable diseases (NCDs), system-level responses for musculoskeletal conditions that are commensurate with their burden have been lacking nationally and globally. Health policy priorities and responses in the 21st century have evolved significantly from the 20th century, with health systems now challenged by an increasing prevalence and impact of NCDs and an unprecedented rate of global population ageing. Further, health policy priorities are now strongly aligned to the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. With this background, what are the challenges and opportunities available to influence global health policy to support high-value care for musculoskeletal health conditions and persistent pain? This paper explores these issues by considering the current global health policy landscape, the role of global health networks, and progress and opportunities since the 2000–2010 Bone and Joint Decade for health policy to support improved musculoskeletal health and high-value musculoskeletal health care.


id: cord-281836-j1r771nq
author: Hernando-Amado, Sara
date: 2020-08-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32983000/
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01914
title:
  Antibiotic Resistance: Moving From Individual Health Norms to Social Norms in One Health and Global Health

abstract:
  Antibiotic resistance is a problem for human health, and consequently, its study had been traditionally focused toward its impact for the success of treating human infections in individual patients (individual health). Nevertheless, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes are not confined only to the infected patients. It is now generally accepted that the problem goes beyond humans, hospitals, or long-term facility settings and that it should be considered simultaneously in human-connected animals, farms, food, water, and natural ecosystems. In this regard, the health of humans, animals, and local antibiotic-resistance–polluted environments should influence the health of the whole interconnected local ecosystem (One Health). In addition, antibiotic resistance is also a global problem; any resistant microorganism (and its antibiotic resistance genes) could be distributed worldwide. Consequently, antibiotic resistance is a pandemic that requires Global Health solutions. Social norms, imposing individual and group behavior that favor global human health and in accordance with the increasingly collective awareness of the lack of human alienation from nature, will positively influence these solutions. In this regard, the problem of antibiotic resistance should be understood within the framework of socioeconomic and ecological efforts to ensure the sustainability of human development and the associated human–natural ecosystem interactions.


id: cord-283824-c7y9zf7o
title: Regulating epidemic space: the nomos of global circulation
author: Opitz, Sven
date: 2015-02-20
url: https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2014.30
doi: 10.1057/jird.2014.30
abstract:
  After the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2002, legal theorist David Fidler diagnosed the arrival of the ‘first post-Westphalian pathogen’. The coinage indicates that the spread of infectious disease transforms the spatial coordinates of the modern political environment. This article analyses this transformation by asking how the legal regime, designed to prepare for the pandemic, envisions the globe as an object of government. It demonstrates that the WHO’s International Health Regulations (IHR) articulate a space of global circulation that exhibits two features. First, the infrastructures of microbial traffic become the primary matters of concern. The IHR do not focus on human life so much as they aim at securing transnational mobilities. Second, the IHR circumscribe a space that is fragmented by zones of intensified governmental control at transportational nodal points, such as airports and harbours. In these zones, technologies of screening and quarantine are applied to modulate the connectivity of people, organic matter and things. As a whole, the article investigates how processes of de- and re-territorialisation interact in the context of global health security. In analysing forms of legal worldmaking, it unearths a nomos of global circulation which applies its regulatory force to the post-human materialities of microbial traffic.


id: cord-284895-176djnf5
title: The health impacts of globalisation: a conceptual framework
author: Huynen, Maud MTE
date: 2005-08-03
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16078989/
doi: 10.1186/1744-8603-1-14
abstract:
  This paper describes a conceptual framework for the health implications of globalisation. The framework is developed by first identifying the main determinants of population health and the main features of the globalisation process. The resulting conceptual model explicitly visualises that globalisation affects the institutional, economic, social-cultural and ecological determinants of population health, and that the globalisation process mainly operates at the contextual level, while influencing health through its more distal and proximal determinants. The developed framework provides valuable insights in how to organise the complexity involved in studying the health effects resulting from globalisation. It could, therefore, give a meaningful contribution to further empirical research by serving as a 'think-model' and provides a basis for the development of future scenarios on health.


id: cord-286411-7sgr29xx
title: Critical shifts in the global tourism industry: perspectives from Africa
author: Zhou, Zibanai
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-286411-7sgr29xx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-286411-7sgr29xx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10297-y
doi: 10.1007/s10708-020-10297-y
summary:
  Drawing upon a sample of thirty tourism experts in southern Africa, the critical shifts were identified and key among them include BRICS, terrorism, ageing population, and trophy hunting, are increasingly framing a new narrative for the future growth trajectory of the international tourism industry''s value chain in the context of Africa. Whilst acknowledging the diverse and richness of the current international tourism body of literature, the current study argues that very little attempts have been made to explore the policy and product development implications of the constructs of BRICS, terrorism, ageing population and trophy hunting in the context of Africa. Looking into the future, there is substantial room for growth in Africa''s travel and tourism market, particularly in light of current sectoral growth patterns, as international tourists are increasingly interested in developing countries as travel destinations, provide the region properly align its tourism sector to dynamics obtaining in the marketplace.

abstract:
  The study investigates critical shifts impacting the international tourism space in contemporary times. Furthermore, the current study examines tourism policies and product development challenges faced by tourist regions as a consequence of market dynamics. Drawing upon a sample of thirty tourism experts in southern Africa, the critical shifts were identified and key among them include BRICS, terrorism, ageing population, and trophy hunting, are increasingly framing a new narrative for the future growth trajectory of the international tourism industry’s value chain in the context of Africa. A conclusion is reached that to attain long term sustainable development of the sunrise multi-trillion dollar industry, it is critical that tourism operators re-set and deploy sharpened strategies which are in synch with the realities obtaining in the broader operating environment. Policy recommendations and managerial implications are proffered.


id: cord-286646-d3x0rekw
title: Academic global surgery and COVID-19: Turning impediments into opportunities
author: Martin, Allison N.
date: 2020-05-14
txt: ./txt/cord-286646-d3x0rekw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-286646-d3x0rekw.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32418632/
doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.05.022
abstract: nan
summary:
  As the COVID-19 pandemic has shut borders and economies around the globe, many will look internally to protect our own, and the support of global surgery programs that rely on international travel exchanges may be in jeopardy. Yet, a pandemic also highlights the true interdependence of health around the world, and the impediments to sustaining academic global surgery programs are perhaps also opportunities to better develop and maintain programs that incorporate the competencies of global surgery into a future of collaborative surgical education and innovation. The current global public health crisis illustrates resource constraints, health inequities and structural disparities in healthcare systems worldwidedleaders of tomorrow need a global view, and so it is particularly important to incorporate an academic global surgery curriculum that includes principles of ethics, health economics, disparities, and varying clinical pathologies.


id: cord-287368-63ikq2mb
title: Global sourcing strategy and sustainable competitive advantage
author: Kotabe, Masaaki
date: 2004-01-31
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0019850103001056
doi: 10.1016/j.indmarman.2003.08.004
abstract:
  Abstract Global sourcing strategy has been one of the most hotly debated management trends in the last 20 years. In its early years, global sourcing was examined mostly from “in-house” development and procurement perspectives; and in the last several years, research focus has shifted to “outsourcing” activities. Along with this shift from internal to external focus on global sourcing, many researchers and business practitioners have applied a core competency argument to justify increased levels of outsourcing activities on a global basis. Although the beneficial aspects of outsourcing are assumed in most cases, no consensus exists in reality as to the effect of outsourcing. Furthermore, the increased instability of the exchange rate environment in the last several years has also led to increased difficulties in managing globally scattered operations that were once fashionable in the 1980s-90s under the rubric of global strategy. In this article, the authors explore potential limitations and negative consequences of outsourcing strategy on a global scale.


id: cord-296022-yl3j2x5p
title: COVID‐19 and economy
author: Gupta, Mrinal
date: 2020-04-08
txt: ./txt/cord-296022-yl3j2x5p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296022-yl3j2x5p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13329
doi: 10.1111/dth.13329
abstract: nan
summary:
  key: cord-296022-yl3j2x5p cord_uid: yl3j2x5p concern, COVID-19 is having major consequences on the world economy, and experts have predicted that COVID-19 will lower global gross domestic product growth by one-half a percentage point for 2020 (from 2.9% to 2.4%). The whole world is now a single global community, where any major happening in one part is bound to have repercussions in rest of the world. 2 Chinese government, in order to control the spread of the disease, had to close the major production centers and as China being a manufacturing hub, led to disruption in the global supply chain which affected almost all sectors ranging from pharmaceuticals to automobile. World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) How is the world responding to the 2019 coronavirus disease compared with the 2014 west African Ebola epidemic? The importance of China as a player in the global economy The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios


id: cord-301000-ozm5f5dy
title: A Wench’s Guide to Surviving a ‘Global’ Pandemic Crisis: Feminist Publishing in a Time of COVID-19
author: Naqvi, Zainab Batul
date: 2020-09-04
txt: ./txt/cord-301000-ozm5f5dy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301000-ozm5f5dy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32921935/
doi: 10.1007/s10691-020-09435-1
summary:
  For us, this has recently manifested in a collective statement on publishing and open access, which we have jointly produced and signed with several other intersectional feminist and social justice journal editorial boards. This is exhibited in our recent work to imagine what a life after existing models of open access could and should look like with our colleagues from other feminist and social justice journals (see below). • replacing the values of efficiency, transparency and compliance with those of equality, diversity, solidarity, care and inclusion • providing a more sustainable and equitable ecological economics of scholarly publishing in tune with social and environmental justice • working collectively and collaboratively rather than competitively • thinking and acting internationally, rather than through parochial national or regional policies • working across publishing and the academy with a view to responsible householding and accountability in both sectors • seeking to work across funding and institutional barriers, including between STEM and AHSS scholars • seeking further collaborations and partnerships in order to build new structures (disciplines, ethics, processes and practices of scholarship including peer review, citation, impact, engagement and metrics) and infrastructures to support a more healthy and diverse publishing ecology • challenging the technologisation and systematisation of research by working to increase our visibility as editors and academics making us and our publications more accessible and approachable for those who are minoritised in academic publishing

abstract:
  It has been quite a year so far(!) and as the wenches we are, we have been taking our time to collect our thoughts and reflections before sharing them at the start of this issue of the journal. In this editorial we think through the COVID-19 pandemic and its devastating effects on the world, on our lives and on our editorial processes. We renew our commitment to improving our operations as a journal and its health along with our own as we deploy wench tactics to restore, sustain and slow down to negotiate this new reality, this new world. We conclude with an introduction to the fascinating contents of this issue along with a collaborative statement of values on open access as part of a collective of intersectional feminist and social justice editors. Through all of the pain and suffering we focus our gaze on hope: hope that we can come through this global crisis together engaging in critical conversations about how we can be better and do better as editors, academics and individuals for ourselves, our colleagues and our journal.


id: cord-307362-1bxx4db2
title: Bibliometric Studies and Worldwide Research Trends on Global Health
author: Salmerón-Manzano, Esther
date: 2020-08-09
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165748
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165748
abstract:
  Global health, conceived as a discipline, aims to train, research and respond to problems of a transboundary nature in order to improve health and health equity at the global level. The current worldwide situation is ruled by globalization, and therefore the concept of global health involves not only health-related issues but also those related to the environment and climate change. Therefore, in this Special Issue, the problems related to global health have been addressed from a bibliometric approach in four main areas: environmental issues, diseases, health, education and society.


id: cord-313229-5oc0lisi
author: Abbott, Patricia A.
date: 2008-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-313229-5oc0lisi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-313229-5oc0lisi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922277/
doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2008.06.009
summary:
  ICT has opened new channels of communication, creating the beginnings of a global information society that will facilitate access to isolated areas where health needs are extreme and where nursing can contribute significantly to the achievement of "Health for All." The purpose of this article is to discuss the relationships between globalization, health, and ICT, and to illuminate opportunities for nursing in this flattening and increasingly interconnected world. Nursing leadership, creativity, advocacy, and experience are needed to provide stewardship for health ICT growth and application in the face of a complex, interconnected, and increasingly globalized world. Examples of success stories from a global perspective include: (1) advances in education and collaborative learning, (2) telenursing/ telehealth, (3) movement toward electronic health records (EHRs), (4) nursing knowledge management and knowledge generation. Interoperability from a global perspective requires international standards in many dimensions such as messaging, security, language, ethical information use, ICT management, and other areas-all of which impact nursing and EHRS.

title:
  Globalization and advances in information and communication technologies: The impact on nursing and health

abstract:
  Globalization and information and communication technology (ICT) continue to change us and the world we live in. Nursing stands at an opportunity intersection where challenging global health issues, an international workforce shortage, and massive growth of ICT combine to create a very unique space for nursing leadership and nursing intervention. Learning from prior successes in the field can assist nurse leaders in planning and advancing strategies for global health using ICT. Attention to lessons learned will assist in combating the technological apartheid that is already present in many areas of the globe and will highlight opportunities for innovative applications in health. ICT has opened new channels of communication, creating the beginnings of a global information society that will facilitate access to isolated areas where health needs are extreme and where nursing can contribute significantly to the achievement of “Health for All.” The purpose of this article is to discuss the relationships between globalization, health, and ICT, and to illuminate opportunities for nursing in this flattening and increasingly interconnected world.


id: cord-314579-4nc4d05v
title: Global health goals: lessons from the worldwide effort to eradicate poliomyelitis
author: Aylward, R Bruce
date: 2003-09-13
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673603143371
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14337-1
abstract:
  The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched in 1988. Assessment of the politics, production, financing, and economics of this international effort has suggested six lessons that might be pertinent to the pursuit of other global health goals. First, such goals should be based on technically sound strategies with proven operational feasibility in a large geographical area. Second, before launching an initiative, an informed collective decision must be negotiated and agreed in an appropriate international forum to keep to a minimum long-term risks in financing and implementation. Third, if substantial community engagement is envisaged, efficient deployment of sufficient resources at that level necessitates a defined, time-limited input by the community within a properly managed partnership. Fourth, although the so-called fair-share concept is arguably the best way to finance such goals, its limitations must be recognised early and alternative strategies developed for settings where it does not work. Fifth, international health goals must be designed and pursued within existing health systems if they are to secure and sustain broad support. Finally, countries, regions, or populations most likely to delay the achievement of a global health goal should be identified at the outset to ensure provision of sufficient resources and attention. The greatest threats to poliomyelitis eradication are a financing gap of US$210 million and difficulties in strategy implementation in at most five countries.


id: cord-316878-zemaygnt
title: Advancing Global Health Equity in the COVID-19 Response: Beyond Solidarity
author: Johnson, Stephanie B.
date: 2020-08-25
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-10008-9
doi: 10.1007/s11673-020-10008-9
abstract:
  In the coming weeks and months SARS-CoV-2 may ravage countries with weak health systems and populations disproportionately affected by HIV, tuberculosis (TB), and other infectious diseases. Without safeguards and proper attention to global health equity and justice, the effects of this pandemic are likely to exacerbate existing health and socio-economic inequalities. This paper argues that achieving global health equity in the context of COVID-19 will require that notions of reciprocity and relational equity are introduced to the response.


id: cord-316893-jwjr67po
title: New immunization strategies: adapting to global challenges
author: Mantel, Carsten
date: 2019-12-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31802153/
doi: 10.1007/s00103-019-03066-x
abstract:
  Immunization has made an enormous contribution to global health. Global vaccination coverage has dramatically improved and mortality rates among children due to vaccine-preventable diseases have been significantly reduced since the creation of the Expanded Programme of Immunization in 1974, the formation of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, in 2000, and the development of the Global Vaccine Action Plan in 2012. However, challenges remain and persisting inequities in vaccine uptake contribute to the continued occurrence and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Inequalities in immunization coverage by geography, urban-rural, and socio-economic status jeopardize the achievement of global immunization goals and call for renewed immunization strategies. These should take into account emerging opportunities for building better immunization systems and services, as well as the development of new vaccine products and delivery technologies. Such strategies need to achieve equity in vaccination coverage across and within countries. This will require the participation of communities, a better understanding of vaccine acceptance and hesitancy, the expansion of vaccination across the life course, approaches to improve immunization in middle-income countries, enhanced use of data and possible financial and non-financial incentives. Vaccines also have an important role to play in comprehensive disease control, including the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Lessons learned from disease eradication and elimination efforts of polio, measles and maternal and neonatal tetanus are instrumental in further enhancing global immunization strategies in line with the revised goals and targets of the new Immunization Agenda 2030, which is currently being developed.


id: cord-318672-4nkrh373
title: Interrogating Technology‐led Experiments in Sustainability Governance
author: Bernards, Nick
date: 2020-05-27
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12826
doi: 10.1111/1758-5899.12826
abstract:
  Solutions to global sustainability challenges are increasingly technology‐intensive. Yet, technologies are neither developed nor applied to governance problems in a socio‐political vacuum. Despite aspirations to provide novel solutions to current sustainability governance challenges, many technology‐centred projects, pilots and plans remain implicated in longer‐standing global governance trends shaping the possibilities for success in often under‐recognized ways. This article identifies three overlapping contexts within which technology‐led efforts to address sustainability challenges are evolving, highlighting the growing roles of: (1) private actors; (2) experimentalism; and (3) informality. The confluence of these interconnected trends illuminates an important yet often under‐recognized paradox: that the use of technology in multi‐stakeholder initiatives tends to reduce rather than expand the set of actors, enhancing instead of reducing challenges to participation and transparency, and reinforcing rather than transforming existing forms of power relations. Without recognizing and attempting to address these limits, technology‐led multi‐stakeholder initiatives will remain less effective in addressing the complexity and uncertainty surrounding global sustainability governance. We provide pathways for interrogating the ways that novel technologies are being harnessed to address long‐standing global sustainability issues in manners that foreground key ethical, social and political considerations and the contexts in which they are evolving.


id: cord-320856-hnakpl2a
title: Governing antimicrobial resistance: a narrative review of global governance mechanisms
author: Ruckert, Arne
date: 2020-09-09
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32908184/
doi: 10.1057/s41271-020-00248-9
abstract:
  Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a central health challenge of the twenty first century, poses substantial population health risks, with deaths currently estimated to be around 700,000 per year globally. The international community has signaled its commitment to exploring and implementing effective policy responses to AMR, with a Global Action Plan on AMR approved by the World Health Assembly in 2015. Major governance challenges could thwart collective efforts to address AMR, along with limited knowledge about how to design effective global governance mechanisms. To identify common ground for more coordinated global actions we conducted a narrative review to map dominant ideas and academic debates about AMR governance. We found two categories of global governance mechanisms: binding and non-binding and discuss advantages and drawbacks of each. We suggest that a combination of non-binding and binding governance mechanisms supported by leading antimicrobial use countries and important AMR stakeholders, and informed by One Health principles, may be best suited to tackle AMR. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1057/s41271-020-00248-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-322782-21t2ru4z
author: Kohler, Jillian Clare
date: 2020-10-20
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00629-5
doi: 10.1186/s12992-020-00629-5
title:
  Exploring anti-corruption, transparency, and accountability in the World Health Organization, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank Group, and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

abstract:
  Corruption is recognized by the global community as a threat to development generally and to achieving health goals, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal # 3: ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all. As such, international organizations such as the World Health Organizations and the United Nations Development Program are creating an evidence base on how best to address corruption in health systems. At present, the risk of corruption is even more apparent, given the need for quick and nimble responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, which may include a relaxation of standards and the rapid mobilization of large funds. As international organizations and governments attempt to respond to the ever-changing demands of this pandemic, there is a need to acknowledge and address the increased opportunity for corruption. In order to explore how such risks of corruption are addressed in international organizations, this paper focuses on the question: How are international organizations implementing measures to promote accountability and transparency, and anti-corruption, in their own operations? The following international organizations were selected as the focus of this paper given their current involvement in anti-corruption, transparency, and accountability in the health sector: the World Health Organization, the United Nations Development Program, the World Bank Group, and the Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Our findings demonstrate that there has been a clear increase in the volume and scope of anti-corruption, accountability, and transparency measures implemented by these international organizations in recent years. However, the efficacy of these measures remains unclear. Further research is needed to determine how these measures are achieving their transparency, accountability, and anti-corruption goals.


id: cord-323261-1of5ertf
title: Securitizing HIV/AIDS: a game changer in state-societal relations in China?
author: Lo, Catherine Yuk-ping
date: 2018-05-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29769102/
doi: 10.1186/s12992-018-0364-7
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: China has experienced unprecedented economic growth since the 1980s. Despite this impressive economic development, this growth exists side by side with the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) crises and the persisting deficiencies in public health provision in China. Acknowledging the prevailing health problems, the Chinese government has encouraged the development of health non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to respond to the health challenges and address the gaps in public health provision of the government. HIV/AIDS-focused NGOs have been perceived as the most outstanding civil society group developed in China. Considering the low priority of health policies since the economic reform, the limitation of the “third sector” activity permitted in authoritarian China, together with the political sensitivity of the HIV/AIDS problem in the country, this article aims to explain the proliferation of HIV/AIDS-focused NGOs in China with the usage of the securitization framework in the field of international relations (IR). METHODS: The research that underpins this article is based on a desk-based literature review as well as in-depth field interviews with individuals working in HIV/AIDS-focused NGOs in China. Face-to-face interviews for this research were conducted between January and May in 2011, and between December 2016 and January 2017, in China. Discourse analysis was in particular employed in the study of the security-threat framing process (securitization) of HIV/AIDS in China. RESULTS: This article argues that the proliferation of HIV/AIDS-related NGOs in China is largely attributed to the normative and technical effects of HIV/AIDS securitization ushered in by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and supported by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (hereinafter Global Fund) observed in China. Despite depicting a positive scenario, the development of HIV/AIDS-focused NGOs in China generated by the international securitization efforts is largely limited. An internal and external factor was identified to verify the argument, namely (1) the reduction of international financial commitments, as well as (2) the fragmentation of HIV/AIDS-focused NGO community in China. CONCLUSIONS: This article shows that international securitization weakened with the rise of Chinese commitment on HIV/AIDS interventions. In other words, HIV/AIDS-related responses delivered by the national government are no longer checked by the global mechanism of HIV/AIDS; thus it is unclear whether these NGOs would remain of interest as partners for the government. The fragmentation of the HIV/AIDS community would further hinder the development, preventing from NGOs with the same interest forming alliances to call for changes in current political environment. Such restriction on the concerted efforts of HIV/AIDS-related NGOs in China would make achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to foster stronger partnerships between the government and civil society difficult, which in turn hindering the realization of ending HIV/AIDS in the world by 2030.


id: cord-324056-cvvyf3cb
title: Global Health: Governance and Policy Development
author: Kelley, Patrick W.
date: 2011-06-30
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2011.02.014
doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2011.02.014
abstract:
  Global health policy is now being influenced by an ever-increasing number of nonstate and non-intergovernmental actors to include influential foundations, multinational corporations, multi-sectoral partnerships, and civil society organizations. This article reviews how globalization is a key driver for the ongoing evolution of global health governance. It describes the massive increases in bilateral and multilateral investments in global health and it highlights the current global and US architecture for performing global health programs. The article closes describing some of the challenges and prospects that characterize global health governance today.


id: cord-327592-8tqi958n
title: Global health diplomacy: An integrative review of the literature and implications for nursing
author: Hunter, Anita
date: 2012-09-19
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22999856/
doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2012.07.013
abstract:
  The increasing interconnectedness of the world and the factors that affect health lay the foundation for the evolving practice of global health diplomacy. There has been limited discussion in the nursing literature about the concept of global health diplomacy or the role of nurses in such initiatives. A discussion of this concept is presented here by the members of a Task Force on Global Health Diplomacy of the American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel on Global Nursing and Health (AAN EPGNH). The purpose of this article is to present an integrative review of literature on the concept of global health diplomacy and to identify implications of this emerging field for nursing education, practice, and research. The steps proposed by Whittemore and Knafl (2005) were adapted and applied to the integrative review of theoretical and descriptive articles about the concept of global health diplomacy. This review included an analysis of the historical background, definition, and challenges of global health diplomacy and suggestions about the preparation of global health diplomats. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for nursing practice, education, and research. The Task Force endorses the definition of global health diplomacy proposed by Adams, Novotny, and Leslie (2008) but recommends that further dialogue and research is necessary to identify opportunities and educational requirements for nurses to contribute to the emerging field of global health diplomacy.


id: cord-329964-reoa8kcw
author: Botreau, Hélène
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-329964-reoa8kcw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329964-reoa8kcw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2452263520300033
doi: 10.1016/bs.af2s.2020.09.001
summary:
  This chapter will proceed as follows: • Reflecting on how the existing challenges faced by women smallholder farmers were exacerbated by the structural causes of the food price crisis; • Examining major policy responses from governments and the private sector and analyzing their effectiveness in addressing the structural causes of the crisis; • Setting out the lessons learned from the major failures of this policy response; • Identifying key challenges and gaps in financial aid to women smallholder farmers and, more specifically, looking at the level of official development assistance (ODA) targeted to them since 2008; and • Providing policy recommendations to address all of these issues. 3.2.1.4.5 Growing role for multinational enterprise Since the food price crisis, global policy has given more space to the private sector: for instance, the G8 launched its New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition in Africa in May 2012, with a goal of "unleashing the potential of the private sector." Developing country governments, bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, and multinational firms have all joined in promoting private investment in agriculture in the Global South.

title:
  Gender inequality and food insecurity: A dozen years after the food price crisis, rural women still bear the brunt of poverty and hunger

abstract:
  The global food price crisis of 2007–08 had devastating impacts for the world's poorest people, especially for smallholder farmers and in particular for women, who face discrimination and a heavy burden of household responsibility. The international policy response to the crisis saw the launch of numerous new initiatives and instruments, but funding has been insufficient and policies have failed to address the structural deficiencies in the global food system. A dozen years on, in light of climate change and increased conflict, new policies are needed to reorient the food system so that it prioritizes smallholder communities, with a renewed focus on the needs and aspirations of women.


id: cord-335373-17tcikxl
title: COVID-19: time for paradigm shift in the nexus between local, national and global health
author: Paul, Elisabeth
date: 2020-04-20
txt: ./txt/cord-335373-17tcikxl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335373-17tcikxl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002622
doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002622
abstract: nan
summary:
  ► The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered unprecedented measures worldwide, which have often been adopted in an ''emergency'' mode and are largely reactionary ► Alternatively, COVID-19 needs to be appraised as part of a much bigger health picture, adopting a "systems approach" that enables interactions with other acknowledged and preventable health conditions, which often receive disproportionately low attention ► To do so requires a paradigm shift in global health governance, from a specific reactional paradigm to a systemic, coordinated and preventive paradigm ► It is necessary to adopt a holistic approach to health reflecting both a security approach and a health development approach, tackling upstream causes and determinants, aimed at helping populations reduce their individual risk factors and augment their natural immunity ► Such preventive health policies must be tailored to local specificities and local environments, and health systems must be strengthened at the local level so as to be able to respond to population needs and expectations ► The current crisis calls for a paradigm shift in public and global health policies; and in the in the nexus between local, national and global health policies and systems


id: cord-337578-el33iy1g
title: A “Global Safety Net” to reverse biodiversity loss and stabilize Earth’s climate
author: Dinerstein, E.
date: 2020-09-04
url: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb2824
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2824
abstract:
  Global strategies to halt the dual crises of biodiversity loss and climate change are often formulated separately, even though they are interdependent and risk failure if pursued in isolation. The Global Safety Net maps how expanded nature conservation addresses both overarching threats. We identify 50% of the terrestrial realm that, if conserved, would reverse further biodiversity loss, prevent CO(2) emissions from land conversion, and enhance natural carbon removal. This framework shows that, beyond the 15.1% land area currently protected, 35.3% of land area is needed to conserve additional sites of particular importance for biodiversity and stabilize the climate. Fifty ecoregions and 20 countries contribute disproportionately to proposed targets. Indigenous lands overlap extensively with the Global Safety Net. Conserving the Global Safety Net could support public health by reducing the potential for zoonotic diseases like COVID-19 from emerging in the future.


id: cord-342579-kepbz245
title: Global networks and global change-induced tipping points
author: Galaz, Victor
date: 2014-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-342579-kepbz245.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-342579-kepbz245.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-014-9253-6
doi: 10.1007/s10784-014-9253-6
summary:
  Despite an increased interest, however, few empirical studies exist that explicitly explores the capacity of international actors, institutions, and global networks to deal with perceived ''''tipping point'''' dynamics in human-environmental systems. In short, we have illustrated how state and non-state actors (here operationalized as global networks) attempt to build early warning capacities and improve their information processing capabilities; how they strategically expand the networks, as well as diversify their membership; how they reconfigure in ways that secures a prompt response in the face of abrupt change (e.g., novel rapidly diffusing disease, illegal fishery) or opportunities (e.g., climate negotiations); and how they mobilize economical and intellectual resources fundamentally supported by advances in information and communication technologies (e.g., through satellite monitoring and Internet data mining). As these actors perceive the possible transgression of human-environmental ''''tipping points'''' (incentives), they coordinate their actions in global networks to increase their opportunities to bring additional issues to existing policy arenas created by international institutions (adaptability).

abstract:
  The existence of “tipping points” in human–environmental systems at multiple scales—such as abrupt negative changes in coral reef ecosystems, “runaway” climate change, and interacting nonlinear “planetary boundaries”—is often viewed as a substantial challenge for governance due to their inherent uncertainty, potential for rapid and large system change, and possible cascading effects on human well-being. Despite an increased scholarly and policy interest in the dynamics of these perceived “tipping points,” institutional and governance scholars have yet to make progress on how to analyze in which ways state and non-state actors attempt to anticipate, respond, and prevent the transgression of “tipping points” at large scales. In this article, we use three cases of global network responses to what we denote as global change-induced “tipping points”—ocean acidification, fisheries collapse, and infectious disease outbreaks. Based on the commonalities in several research streams, we develop four working propositions: information processing and early warning, multilevel and multinetwork responses, diversity in response capacity, and the balance between efficiency and legitimacy. We conclude by proposing a simple framework for the analysis of the interplay between perceived global change-induced “tipping points,” global networks, and international institutions.


id: cord-347519-aowxr873
title: Dimensions of Health Security—A Conceptual Analysis
author: Stoeva, Preslava
date: 2020-07-28
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.201700003
doi: 10.1002/gch2.201700003
abstract:
  Discussions of the politics and practicalities of confronting health security challenges—from infectious disease outbreaks to antimicrobial resistance and the silent epidemic of noncommunicable diseases—hinge on the conceptualization of health security. There is no consensus among analysts about the specific parameters of health security. This inhibits comparative evaluation and critique, and affects the consistency of advice for policymakers. This article aims to contribute to debates about the meaning and scope of health security by applying Baldwin’s (1997) framework for conceptualizing security with a view to propose an alternative framing. Asking Baldwin’s concept‐defining questions of the health security literature highlights how implicit and explicit assumptions currently place health security squarely within a narrow traditionalist analytical framework. Such framing of health security is inaccurate and constraining, as demonstrated by practice and empirical observations. Alternative approaches to security propose that security politics can also be multiactor, cooperative, and ethical, while being conscious of postcolonial and feminist critique in search of sustainable solutions to existential threats to individuals and communities. A broader conceptualization of health security can transform the politics of health security, improving health outcomes beyond acute crises and contribute to broader security studies’ debates.


id: cord-352962-burm9nxm
title: Digital epidemiology and global health security; an interdisciplinary conversation
author: Eckmanns, Tim
date: 2019-03-19
txt: ./txt/cord-352962-burm9nxm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-352962-burm9nxm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-019-0091-8
doi: 10.1186/s40504-019-0091-8
summary:
  However, with increasingly digitalized (algorithmic) global public health surveillance systems and related data-driven epidemiological analyses (e.g., Digital Epidemiology and other research methodologies), there seem to emerge epistemological shifts, as well as methodological ambivalences and diverse social and political effects. You, Henning and Stephen, both work from a social (or rather political) science perspective on the societal implications of Digital Epidemiology, which is shaped by multiple imperatives, e.g., of ''global health security'' as well the potentials of big data. As components in an emergent socio-technological apparatus of security for the strengthening of global health governmentalities, it is also crucial to consider the ways in which these expanding digital syndromic surveillance systems re-contour previous understandings of the temporalities, form and practice of preemption in the identification of forthcoming pandemics.

abstract:
  Contemporary infectious disease surveillance systems aim to employ the speed and scope of big data in an attempt to provide global health security. Both shifts - the perception of health problems through the framework of global health security and the corresponding technological approaches – imply epistemological changes, methodological ambivalences as well as manifold societal effects. Bringing current findings from social sciences and public health praxis into a dialogue, this conversation style contribution points out several broader implications of changing disease surveillance. The conversation covers epidemiological issues such as the shift from expert knowledge to algorithmic knowledge, the securitization of global health, and the construction of new kinds of threats. Those developments are detailed and discussed in their impacts for health provision in a broader sense.


id: cord-353277-vd0etd38
title: Informal Work and Sustainable Cities: From Formalization to Reparation
author: Tucker, Jennifer L.
date: 2020-09-18
txt: ./txt/cord-353277-vd0etd38.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-353277-vd0etd38.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590332220304218
doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.012
summary:
  Too often, policy elites, including those promoting sustainable cities, overlook this value, proposing formalization and relying on deficit-based framings of informal work. Building on our research in India and Paraguay, amplifying critical informality scholarship and centering the knowledge produced by workers'' organizations, we assert that by thinking historically, relationally, and spatially, and redistributing power and resources to workers, we can move beyond formalization to a frame that centers decent work, ecological health, and reparation for uneven legacies of harm. 40 Informal work produces economic, social, and environmental value that sustains lives and urban environments. Thinking historically, relationally, and spatially reveals how the value produced by informal workers subsidize urban economies and ecologies, even as racial capitalism predictably reproduces job scarcity, income inequality, and poverty, the very conditions that impel many to informal work.

abstract:
  Informal workers produce economic, social, and environmental value for cities. Too often, policy elites, including those promoting sustainable cities, overlook this value, proposing formalization and relying on deficit-based framings of informal work. In this perspective piece, we bring critical research and community-produced knowledge about informal work to sustainability scholarship. We challenge the dominant, deficit-based frame of informal work, which can dispossess workers, reduce their collective power, and undercut the social and environmental value their work generates. Instead, thinking historically, relationally, and spatially clarifies the essential role of informal work for urban economies and highlights their potential for promoting sustainable cities. It also reveals how growth-oriented economies reproduce environmental destruction, income inequality, and poverty, the very conditions impelling many to informal work. Rather than formalization, we propose reparation, an ethic and practice promoting ecological regeneration, while redressing historic wrongs and redistributing resources and social power to workers and grassroots social movements.


