# ent

id: cord-258712-q8b072m8
type: ORG
entity:
  the Infection Control Programme and World Health Organization WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety SPCI WCC University of Geneva Hospitals


id: cord-254886-fl5ar971
type: GGP
entity:
  SARS CoV 1 15 We relied on the recent available literature to date to determine empirically plausible values for the model parameters A complete


id: cord-262886-irmwqjfh
type: GGP
entity:
  Cureus DOI 10 7759 cureus 7506 sha 056edc2b014296b9eb4b9072f4a80d6664cda369 doc_id 262886 cord_uid irmwqjfh Coronavirus


id: cord-261595-c69vfs8q
type: ORG
entity:
  Hygiene Task Force Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Association for Professionals in Infection Control Infectious Diseases Society of America


id: cord-290441-r4tzodkj
type: ORG
entity:
  Reduction of Healthcare Associated Infections by Exceeding High Compliance with Hand Hygiene Practices Systematic


id: cord-273021-9t66ygoj
type: ORG
entity:
  Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Department of Surgery Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery


id: cord-273021-9t66ygoj
type: ORG
entity:
  Yale University Yale School of Medicine Department of Surgery Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery


id: cord-263245-2qub96mz
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Standard Quantitative Disk Carrier Test Method for Determining Bactericidal Virucidal Fungicidal Mycobactericidal and Sporicidal Activities of Chemicals Guideline


id: cord-263245-2qub96mz
type: ORG
entity:
  U S Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
type: DNA
entity:
  HICPACISHENAPICIIDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force Society for Health Care Epidemiology of Association for Professionals in Infection Control Infectious Diseases Society of America Pertussis adults


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
type: ORG
entity:
  the HICPACISHENAPICIIDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force Society for Health Care Epidemiology of Association for Professionals in Infection Control Infectious Diseases Society of America Pertussis


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
type: ORG
entity:
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Health Care Quality Promotion National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Human milk Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Care


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  KRINKO zur Händehygiene aus dem Jahr 2000 aktualisiert und erweitert Medizinische Einrichtungen wie Krankenhäuser Einrichtungen


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  zur Qualitätssicherung mit dem Schwerpunkt der Interventionsmöglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der Compliance der hygienischen Händedesinfektion und 5 rechtliche Aspekte beschrieben Die Händehygiene ist


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Tragen von Ringen nicht zulässig 4 Schließlich führt das Tragen von Ringen zu erhöhter Perforationshäufigkeit von


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  chirurgische Händedesinfektion mit nachfolgendem Anlegen steriler Handschuhe zu empfehlen 147 Die Anforderungen an die Wirksamkeit unterscheiden sich gemäß DIN EN 12791 18 nicht zwischen mikrobiziden Handwaschpräparaten


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ohne Mehrarbeit erhebliche Effekte erzielt werden 133 378 379 Daher sollten Routinemaßnahmen kritisch


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Organisationseinheiten aufgeschlüsselten Verbrauchsdaten pro Patiententag 3 ml eine Händedesinfektionseinheit voraus Die Verbräuche sollten zusätzlich


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  HDM zur Verfügung Tab Die Erhebung von Daten zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten im Rahmen einer Intervention oder auch zur Langzeiterfassung ist ein


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  von Hautschutz und Hautpflegemitteln 394 395 Hautschutz und Hautpflege dienen vorrangig dem Arbeitsschutz sind aber


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  lange wie nötig getragen werden Der Arbeitgeber hat geeignete Hautschutz und Pflegemittel bereitzustellen einen Hautschutzplan zur Auswahl von Präparaten


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Untersuchungen zur Hautverträglichkeit von alkoholischen Händedesinfektionsmitteln Resistenzentwicklung von Staph


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: GGP
entity:
  Wasserlauf nicht automatisch ab wird er mit dem gebrauchten Handtuch oder dem Ellenbogen geschlossen 272 Ist Sie müssen sowohl die allgemeinen Anforderungen der EN 420 273 196 197 Beim Anlegen der Handschuhe ist


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: GGP
entity:
  Beteiligung von Patienten z B durch ihre institutionelle Einladung Hygienethemen anzusprechen empowerment im Hinblick auf nachhaltige Effekte ein großes Potenzial 141 376 377 Zur nachhaltigen Verbesserung der Compliance nimmt die Prozessoptimierung eine Schlüsselfunktion ein indem durch optimalen Workflow die Anzahl der Indikationen zur Händedesinfektion reduziert werden kann Selbst


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: GGP
entity:
  DIN EN 374 2 2015 03 Schutzhandschuhe gegen gefährliche Chemikalien und Mikroorganismen Teil 2 Bestimmung


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Handschuhperforation wurde auf Grund der fehlenden Händedesinfektion ein Ausbruch verursacht Der OP Bereich ist mit sichtbar sauberen Händen


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  nicht auszuschließen sind Der Umfang erforderlicher Händedesinfektionen kann durch konsequente Planung von pflegerischen


id: cord-334377-khqvezmu
type: DNA
entity:
  public Figures 4 and 5 Shuttle Ling and How Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2012 1 13 http


id: cord-318980-8cclwzob
type: ORG
entity:
  Control Programmes World Health Organization Personal Hygiene Principles of Food Sanitation Handwashing


id: cord-318980-8cclwzob
type: ORG
entity:
  Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center Hormozgan Health Institute Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences


id: cord-300965-ivczo1a7
type: ORG
entity:
  the Political Economy of Public Discourse in Explanations of a Cholera Epidemic A Rhetoric of Motives Health


id: cord-300965-ivczo1a7
type: ORG
entity:
  the Flu MarketWatch BHygiene and Health Systematic Review of Handwashing Practices Worldwide and Update of Health Effects


id: cord-345991-d26y5291
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  USP Y N N N N Nonylphenoxypoly ethyleneoxy ethanoliodine Y Y N Y N Poloxamer iodine complex Y Y N Y N Povidone iodine 5 10 Y Y N Y N Undecoylium chloride iodine complex Y Y N Y N Isopropyl alcohol 70 91 3 Y N Y N Y Mercufenol chloride Y N N N N Methylbenzethonium chloride Y Y N Y N


id: cord-345991-d26y5291
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  manuscript COVID 19 Coronavirus 2019 nCov Statistics Update Live 4 122 912 Cases and 280 337 Deaths Situation Update Worldwide Persistence of coronaviruses


id: cord-345991-d26y5291
type: CHEBI
entity:
  ethanoliodine Y Y N Y N Poloxamer iodine complex Y Y N Y N Povidone iodine 5 10 Y Y N Y N Undecoylium chloride iodine complex Y Y N Y N Isopropyl alcohol


id: cord-345991-d26y5291
type: ORG
entity:
  Food and Drug Administration Safety and Effectiveness of Health Care Antiseptics Topical Antimicrobial Drug Products


id: cord-345991-d26y5291
type: ORG
entity:
  Health Care First Global Patient Safety Challenge Clean Care Is Safer Care World Health Organisation Chemical Disinfectants Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization


id: cord-345991-d26y5291
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A Versatile Polymer for Biomedical and Beyond Medical Applications Iodophor Antiseptics Intrinsic Microbial Contamination with Resistant Bacteria


id: cord-345991-d26y5291
type: ORG
entity:
  Antimicrobial Chemicals Associate with Microbial Function and Antibiotic Resistance Indoors Structure


id: cord-345991-d26y5291
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N Y N Y Benzalkonium chloride Y Y Y Y N Benzethonium chloride Y Y N Y N Chlorhexidine gluconate N N N N N Chloroxylenol Y Y N Y N Cloflucarban Y Y N Y N Fluorosalan Y Y N Y N Hexylresorcinol Y Y N Y N Iodine


id: cord-325546-bgdr25z1
type: ORG
entity:
  The Potential Impact of Intensified Community Hand Hygiene Interventions on Respiratory tract Infections A Modelling Study date


id: cord-326887-lyewg2c9
type: ORG
entity:
  Global Influenza Preparedness Plan World Health Organization WHO Global Influenza Preparedness Plan World Health Organization Writing Group Nonpharmaceutical


id: cord-267132-nb0j6k3h
type: ORG
entity:
  Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Association for Professionals in Infection Control Infectious Diseases Society of America Hand Hygiene Task Force Guideline


id: cord-267132-nb0j6k3h
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Prolonged Antimicrobial Activity of a Catheter Containing Chlorhexidine Silver Sulfadiazine Extends Protection against Catheter Infections


# bib

id: cord-000252-iejfgkst
title: Calciomics: prediction and analysis of EF-hand calcium binding proteins by protein engineering
author: Chen, YanYi
date: 2010-02-07
txt: ./txt/cord-000252-iejfgkst.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000252-iejfgkst.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2926812/
doi: 10.1007/s11426-010-0011-5
summary:
  In this paper we first describe our development of a grafting approach to understand site-specific Ca(2+) binding properties of EF-hand proteins with a helix-loop-helix Ca(2+) binding motif, then summarize our prediction and identification of EF-hand Ca(2+) binding sites on a genome-wide scale in bacteria and virus, and next report the application of the grafting approach to probe the metal binding capability of predicted EF-hand motifs within the streptococcal hemoprotein receptor (Shr) of Streptococcus pyrogenes and the nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) of Sindbis virus. We then report our results following application of the grafting approach to probe calcium binding capabilities in streptococcal hemoprotein receptor (Shr) of Streptococcus pyrogenes and the nonstructural protein of Sindbis virus. Figure 3 shows our grafting approach in obtaining site-specific calcium binding affinity using domain1 CD2 as a scaffold protein.

abstract:
  Ca(2+) plays a pivotal role in the physiology and biochemistry of prokaryotic and mammalian organisms. Viruses also utilize the universal Ca(2+) signal to create a specific cellular environment to achieve coexistence with the host, and to propagate. In this paper we first describe our development of a grafting approach to understand site-specific Ca(2+) binding properties of EF-hand proteins with a helix-loop-helix Ca(2+) binding motif, then summarize our prediction and identification of EF-hand Ca(2+) binding sites on a genome-wide scale in bacteria and virus, and next report the application of the grafting approach to probe the metal binding capability of predicted EF-hand motifs within the streptococcal hemoprotein receptor (Shr) of Streptococcus pyrogenes and the nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) of Sindbis virus. When methods such as the grafting approach are developed in conjunction with prediction algorithms we are better able to probe continuous Ca(2+)-binding sites that have been previously underrepresented due to the limitation of conventional methodology.


id: cord-004580-wsd9g5z2
author: nan
date: 2016-08-24
txt: ./txt/cord-004580-wsd9g5z2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004580-wsd9g5z2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079999/
doi: 10.1007/s00103-016-2416-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  Das Umfüllen und Kennzeichnen von Desinfektionsmitteln in Arztpraxen und Krankenhäusern durch eigenes Personal für die Anwendung in der eigenen Einrichtung ist zwar als Herstellung gemäß § 4 Absatz 14 AMG anzusehen, unterliegt jedoch nicht dem Erfordernis einer Herstellungserlaubnis, da in diesen Fällen weder gewerbs-noch berufsmäßig hergestellt wird. Zweck der Händewaschung ist die Reinigung der Hände zur Entfernung von Schmutz und Verunreinigungen sowie zur Entfernung lose adhärierter Krankheitserreger, sofern diese nicht durch Händedesinfektion abgetötet werden können (z. Um einen Effekt der Händedesinfektion auf die Raten von NI und MRE zu erzielen, muss eine hohe Compliance der Händedesinfektion durch das Personal erreicht werden [338] . Nach dem Erreichen des Goldzertifikats der Aktion Saubere Hände ist es möglich, sich am Wettbewerb "European Hand Hygiene Excellence Award" zu beteiligen und damit einen Beitrag zur Nachhaltigkeit der erreichten Compliance zu leisten.

title:
  Händehygiene in Einrichtungen des Gesundheitswesens: Empfehlung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention (KRINKO) beim Robert Koch-Institut (RKI)


id: cord-004971-jwpb7862
title: The Role of the Home Environment in the Transmission of Infectious Diseases
author: Kagan, Lori J.
date: 2002
txt: ./txt/cord-004971-jwpb7862.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004971-jwpb7862.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087835/
doi: 10.1023/a:1016378226861
summary:
  The home environment, particularly the kitchen and bathroom, serves as a reservoir of large numbers of microorganisms, particularly Enterobacteriacae,and infectious disease transmission has been demonstrated to occur in 6–60% of households in which one member is ill. Recent events, including widespread media coverage of foodborne outbreaks and increased marketing of a variety of antibacterial products for personal hygiene and hard surface disinfection, have resulted in a resurgence of interest and public concern about hygiene and cleanliness in the home. 17 In a study to evaluate the survival of bacteria and enteric viruses during washing and drying as performed in U.S. homes, sterile cotton swabs were inoculated with Mycobacterium fortuitum, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, E. This body of research suggests that a product containing an ingredient with disinfectant properties, such as alcohol, bleach or a phenolic, may be indicated for home use if a household member is ill with an infectious disease or in other high-risk situations.

abstract:
  The purpose of this paper is to examine current health care literature (1980–2000) regarding the microbiology of the home environment, to summarize evidence of transmission within the home, and to assess effectiveness of cleaning practices and products. The home environment, particularly the kitchen and bathroom, serves as a reservoir of large numbers of microorganisms, particularly Enterobacteriacae,and infectious disease transmission has been demonstrated to occur in 6–60% of households in which one member is ill. Current food preparation and cleaning practices provide multiple opportunities for intra-household member spread. Routine cleaning is often sufficient, but in cases of household infection, may not adequately reduce environmental contamination. The effectiveness of disinfectants varies considerably and depends on how they are used as well as their intrinsic efficacy. The behavioral aspects of infection prevention in the home (e.g., foodhandling and cleaning practices) warrant increased public attention and education.


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
title: Infections Acquired in the Nursery: Epidemiology and Control
author: Heath, Joan A.
date: 2009-05-19
txt: ./txt/cord-021571-7kbq0v9w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021571-7kbq0v9w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150280/
doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50037-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  The fact that a hand hygiene campaign was associated with increased hand hygiene compliance and a lower rate of CONS-positive cultures supports this ~ontention.''~ Enterococcus has been shown to account for 10% of total nosocomial infections in neonates, 6% to 15% of bloodstream infections, 0% to 5% of cases of pneumonia, 17% of urinary tract infections, and 9% of surgical site Sepsis and meningitis are common manifestations of enterococcal infection during NICU outbreak^''^,^^; however, polymicrobial bacteremia and NEC frequently accompany enterococcal sepsis.77 Identified risk factors for enterococcal sepsis, after adjustment for birth weight, include use of a nonumbilical CVC, prolonged presence of a CVC, and bowel resection?'' Because Enterococcus colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and can survive for long periods of time on inanimate surfaces, the patient''s environment may become contaminated and, along with the infant, serve as a reservoir for ongoing spread of the organism.


id: cord-254886-fl5ar971
title: Understanding the indoor pre-symptomatic transmission mechanism of COVID-19
author: Arav, Y.
date: 2020-05-17
txt: ./txt/cord-254886-fl5ar971.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254886-fl5ar971.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.12.20099085v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.12.20099085
summary:
  The model explicitly tracks the dynamics of contact and airborne transmission between individuals indoors, and was validated against the observed fundamental attributes of the epidemic, the secondary attack rate (SAR) and serial interval distribution. We provide evidence that a combination of rather easy to implement measures of frequent hand washing, cleaning fomites and avoiding physical contact decreases the risk of infection by an order of magnitude, similarly to wearing masks and gloves. In fact, pre-symptomatic transmission was recently referred to as the Achilles'' heel of COVID-19 pandemic control, as symptom-based detection of infection is less effective in comparison to the control of the SARS epidemic in 2003 (7) . We decided to examine five HBMs: Washing hands, cleaning fomites, maintaining social distancing (i.e avoiding physical contact), wearing a mask and 6 All rights reserved. Frequent hand washing and fomite cleaning coupled with avoiding physical contact result in a similar risk for infection as wearing gloves and a mask.

abstract:
  Discovering the mechanism that enables pre-symptomatic individuals to transmit the SARS-CoV-2 virus has a significant impact on the possibility of controlling COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, we have developed an evidence based quantitative mechanistic mathematical model. The model explicitly tracks the dynamics of contact and airborne transmission between individuals indoors, and was validated against the observed fundamental attributes of the epidemic, the secondary attack rate (SAR) and serial interval distribution. Using the model we identified the dominant driver of pre-symptomatic transmission, which was found to be contact route, while the contribution of the airborne route is negligible. We provide evidence that a combination of rather easy to implement measures of frequent hand washing, cleaning fomites and avoiding physical contact decreases the risk of infection by an order of magnitude, similarly to wearing masks and gloves.


id: cord-258712-q8b072m8
author: Lotfinejad, Nasim
date: 2020-02-10
txt: ./txt/cord-258712-q8b072m8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258712-q8b072m8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32041666/
doi: 10.1186/s13756-020-0692-2
summary:
  This paper aims to provide an overview of how emojis have been used in the medical and public health literature and proposes their possible use in IPC and hand hygiene to put forth a vision for the future research. The potential roles of these symbols in infection prevention and control (IPC), as a globally recognized essential part of health systems [9] , are further described through the example of using emojis to promote hand hygiene. Education entertainment provided by social media is a promising method to promote individual behavior change such as hand hygiene [43] , and emojis are helpful tools to add topics and ideas by facilitating a more natural communication [6] . Other studies have pointed to the importance of improving the use of social media platforms by IPC professionals in order to leverage the latest technologies in conveying hand hygiene messages [43, 49, 50] .

title:
  Emojis in public health and how they might be used for hand hygiene and infection prevention and control

abstract:
  Emojis are frequently used picture characters known as possible surrogates for non-verbal aspects of behavior. Considering the ability of emojis to enhance and facilitate communication, there has been a growing interest in studying their effects in scientific and health-related topics over the past few years. Infection prevention and control (IPC) is a field of medicine that is directly associated with specific behaviors. These include hand hygiene, which is the cornerstone of the prevention of healthcare-associated infections, and essential in stemming the spread of antimicrobial resistance. This paper aims to provide an overview of how emojis have been used in the medical and public health literature and proposes their possible use in IPC and hand hygiene to put forth a vision for the future research.


id: cord-261595-c69vfs8q
title: Religion and culture: Potential undercurrents influencing hand hygiene promotion in health care
author: Allegranzi, Benedetta
date: 2008-10-03
txt: ./txt/cord-261595-c69vfs8q.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261595-c69vfs8q.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18834738/
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2008.01.014
summary:
  RESULTS: Religious faith and culture can strongly influence hand hygiene behavior in health care workers and potentially affect compliance with best practices. The Task Force was created to explore the potential influence of transcultural and religious factors on attitudes toward hand hygiene practices among health care workers and to identify some possible solutions for integrating these into strategies for improving hand hygiene. Of the remaining articles, only 27 referred to cultural and/or religious aspects influencing health, in particular hygiene, hand hygiene practices, and alcohol prohibition according to the most important religions; these were retained for review. Otherwise, rubbing the hands with an alcohol-based formulation is recommended as the preferred practice for all other hand hygiene indications during patient care, because it is faster, more effective, and better tolerated by the skin.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Health care–associated infections affect hundreds of millions of patients worldwide each year. The World Health Organization's (WHO) First Global Patient Safety Challenge, “Clean Care is Safer Care,” is tackling this major patient safety problem, with the promotion of hand hygiene in health care as the project's cornerstone. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Healthcare have been prepared by a large group of international experts and are currently in a pilot-test phase to assess feasibility and acceptability in different health care settings worldwide. METHODS: An extensive literature search was conducted and experts and religious authorities were consulted to investigate religiocultural factors that may potentially influence hand hygiene promotion, offer possible solutions, and suggest areas for future research. RESULTS: Religious faith and culture can strongly influence hand hygiene behavior in health care workers and potentially affect compliance with best practices. Interesting data were retrieved on specific indications for hand cleansing according to the 7 main religions worldwide, interpretation of hand gestures, the concept of “visibly dirty” hands, and the use of alcohol-based hand rubs and prohibition of alcohol use by some religions. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of religious faith and cultural specificities must be taken into consideration when implementing a multimodal strategy to promote hand hygiene on a global scale.


id: cord-262886-irmwqjfh
title: Frequent Hand Washing for COVID-19 Prevention Can Cause Hand Dermatitis: Management Tips
author: Beiu, Cristina
date: 2020-04-02
txt: ./txt/cord-262886-irmwqjfh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262886-irmwqjfh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7506
doi: 10.7759/cureus.7506
summary:
  Frequent hand washing implies a prolonged exposure to water and other chemical or physical agents and may induce several pathophysiologic changes, such as epidermal barrier disruption, impairment of keratinocytes, the subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines, activation of the skin immune system, and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. This article aims to review the potential dermatological adverse effects that may arise due to frequent hand washing, as well as practical tips for preventing these uncomfortable skin reactions. Frequent hygienization of hands may generate various changes in skin texture, ranging from the development of cutaneous xerosis (dryness of the skin) up to irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) or, rarely, even allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). In these times, it is very important to adapt our hand washing habits to ensure efficient protection against the spread of COVID-19 while lowering the risk of skin adverse reactions. Regular skin hydration is a key component in preventing hand dermatitis as a consequence of frequent washing.

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread globally, outpacing the capacity and resources of health systems worldwide. A therapeutic vaccine is not yet on the rise, and preventive measures are the current approach to restraint the transmission of cases. As the virus is highly contagious via respiratory route (droplets from infected persons, widely spread by coughing or sneezing) and via contact with contaminated surfaces, community transmission and spread can be decreased through the practice of regular and diligent hand hygiene. Frequent hand washing implies a prolonged exposure to water and other chemical or physical agents and may induce several pathophysiologic changes, such as epidermal barrier disruption, impairment of keratinocytes, the subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines, activation of the skin immune system, and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Adverse dermatologic effects, such as excessive skin dryness or even contact dermatitis (particularly the irritant subtype and, to a lesser extent, the allergic subtype), can occur, especially in individuals with a history of atopic dermatitis. These skin conditions are perfectly manageable, and applying a moisturizer immediately after washing hands or after using a portable hand sanitizer is the cornerstone in preventing the development of eczematous changes in the hands. In the current global context, the potential occurrence of these dermatological adverse events should in no way cause people to deviate from strict hand hygiene rules.


id: cord-263245-2qub96mz
author: Singh, D.
date: 2020-09-29
txt: ./txt/cord-263245-2qub96mz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263245-2qub96mz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268820002319
doi: 10.1017/s0950268820002319
summary:
  This review summarises the studies on alcohol-based hand sanitisers and their disinfectant activity against SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses. The literature shows that the type and concentration of alcohol, formulation and nature of product, presence of excipients, applied volume, contact time and viral contamination load are critical factors that determine the effectiveness of hand sanitisers. When soap and water are not available, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends sanitising of non-visibly soiled hands with an alcoholbased agent containing 80% v/v ethanol or 75% v/v isopropanol [4] . This review assesses available information on the composition, formulation and effectiveness of alcohol-based hand disinfection products with specific reference to their activity against SARS-CoV-2. Alcohol-based hand rubs in the form of foam, rinse and gel did not differ significantly in trials of antimicrobial activity but the application volume and drying time had a profound effect on their efficacy [54] .

title:
  Alcohol-based hand sanitisers as first line of defence against SARS-CoV-2: a review of biology, chemistry and formulations

abstract:
  The pandemic due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a serious global public health issue. Since the start of the outbreak, the importance of hand-hygiene and respiratory protection to prevent the spread of the virus has been the prime focus for infection control. Health regulatory organisations have produced guidelines for the formulation of hand sanitisers to the manufacturing industries. This review summarises the studies on alcohol-based hand sanitisers and their disinfectant activity against SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses. The literature shows that the type and concentration of alcohol, formulation and nature of product, presence of excipients, applied volume, contact time and viral contamination load are critical factors that determine the effectiveness of hand sanitisers.


id: cord-267132-nb0j6k3h
author: Loveday, H.P.
date: 2013-12-10
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6701(13)60012-2
doi: 10.1016/s0195-6701(13)60012-2
title:
  epic3: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals in England

abstract:
  National evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England were originally commissioned by the Department of Health and developed during 1998–2000 by a nurse-led multi-professional team of researchers and specialist clinicians. Following extensive consultation, they were first published in January 2001(1) and updated in 2007.(2) A cardinal feature of evidence-based guidelines is that they are subject to timely review in order that new research evidence and technological advances can be identified, appraised and, if shown to be effective for the prevention of HCAI, incorporated into amended guidelines. Periodically updating the evidence base and guideline recommendations is essential in order to maintain their validity and authority. The Department of Health commissioned a review of new evidence and we have updated the evidence base for making infection prevention and control recommendations. A critical assessment of the updated evidence indicated that the epic2 guidelines published in 2007 remain robust, relevant and appropriate, but some guideline recommendations required adjustments to enhance clarity and a number of new recommendations were required. These have been clearly identified in the text. In addition, the synopses of evidence underpinning the guideline recommendations have been updated. These guidelines (epic3) provide comprehensive recommendations for preventing HCAI in hospital and other acute care settings based on the best currently available evidence. National evidence-based guidelines are broad principles of best practice that need to be integrated into local practice guidelines and audited to reduce variation in practice and maintain patient safety. Clinically effective infection prevention and control practice is an essential feature of patient protection. By incorporating these guidelines into routine daily clinical practice, patient safety can be enhanced and the risk of patients acquiring an infection during episodes of health care in NHS hospitals in England can be minimised.


id: cord-270313-k0cj209s
author: Erdem, Yasemin
date: 2020-06-07
txt: ./txt/cord-270313-k0cj209s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270313-k0cj209s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32506593/
doi: 10.1111/cod.13632
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: The risk of hand eczema in healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Do we need specific attention or prevention strategies? 1 Independent from COVID 19, healthcare workers (HCW) have an increased risk for hand eczema (HE). 5 Therefore, we aimed to investigate the frequency, risk factors, and clinical features of HE among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The frequency of HE was 50.4% among healthcare workers at COVID-19 patient care units in this study. 2, 7 Lan et al reported a high share of 70.4% hand skin damage due to frequent hand hygiene and longer times of using gloves in healthcare workers managing COVID-19. 4 Recently, Guertler et al published a questionnaire-based study among healthcare workers at COVID-19 units. In contrast to the literature, however, the increased use of moisturizing hand cream was independently associated with HE in the present study. Prevalence and risk factors of hand eczema in hospitalbased nurses in northern China

title:
  The risk of hand eczema in healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Do we need specific attention or prevention strategies?


id: cord-271360-2s6h4u8p
title: Reducing hand recontamination of healthcare workers during COVID-19
author: Gon, Giorgia
date: 2020-04-06
txt: ./txt/cord-271360-2s6h4u8p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271360-2s6h4u8p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32248864/
doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.111
abstract: nan
summary:
  1 However, a neglected aspect of hand hygiene, even in the absence of a global pandemic, is the risk of touching surfaces or objects that could recontaminate hands after hand rubbing or washing, whether gloves are worn or not. Infection prevention is key during this pandemic, and reducing hand recontamination is important to ensuring patient and HCW safety at all times. In a recent study in Tanzania during which 781 hand hygiene indications were observed, approximately half of the times when birth attendants rubbed or washed their hands, they then recontaminated their hands on potentially unclean surfaces before performing an aseptic procedure. In their ethnography of infection prevention in Australia, Hor et al 9 state that understanding the "boundaries of what is clean" is not straightforward in hospital departments and that HCWs have different perceptions over whether certain surfaces could potentially lead to cross transmission.


id: cord-272912-2wv4mfzl
title: Achieving Perfect Hand Washing: an Audit Cycle with Surgical Internees
author: Mukherjee, Ramanuj
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-272912-2wv4mfzl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272912-2wv4mfzl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-020-02619-8
doi: 10.1007/s12262-020-02619-8
summary:
  This study found video-based instruction and individual guidance effective teaching tools for surgical hand disinfection and gave novel data regarding the reasons responsible for poor compliance to proper hand washing in a general surgical setting. According to the individual criterion in the hand washing checklist (Table 1) , best adherence was noted in criteria 7 (dispensed liquid soap used) and 10 (a copy of the 10 steps to effective hand hygiene wall chart is prominently displayed at each wash basin) with 100% success rates for each of the criteria in Attempt 1. The data collection template given in the study published on October 2018 named ''Hand Hygiene -Quality Improvement Toolkit for Infection Prevention and Control in General Practice'' formulated by Primary Care Quality and Information Service under the National Public Health Service for Wales has been used as a reference standard for this study [9] . In the current study, it was noticed that it took four attempts for all the participants to achieve optimum nail hygiene during surgical hand washing.

abstract:
  The aim of this study is to achieve 100% compliance in surgical hand antisepsis along with identification of areas of worst compliance and efficacies of various interventions best suited to deal with them. This audit was performed over 6 days in a tertiary care hospital in Calcutta, India, with 42 surgical internees. Compliance to ideal hand washing technique was recorded after each attempt with the first attempt as baseline. Video demonstration, personal demonstration by a consultant, and individual instruction were used as subsequent interventions to achieve 100% compliance. The baseline level of compliance was found to be 33.59%. A total of 6 attempts was required to achieve 100% compliance, with the increase in compliance being statistically significant (p = 0.0294). Personal instruction was found to be the most effective intervention. Hand washing technique was the criterion that needed the most number of attempts (n = 6) to rectify. This study found video-based instruction and individual guidance effective teaching tools for surgical hand disinfection and gave novel data regarding the reasons responsible for poor compliance to proper hand washing in a general surgical setting. This study demonstrated the efficiency of audit cycles in the improvement of surgical hand washing and can be the preferred mode of intervention in future studies aimed at achieving ideal hand antisepsis.


id: cord-273021-9t66ygoj
author: Prsic, Adnan
date: 2020-06-19
txt: ./txt/cord-273021-9t66ygoj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273021-9t66ygoj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931720420301628
doi: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.05.027
summary:
  OBJECTIVE: To design a low cost ($40), realistic and fluoroscopy-free percutaneous Kirschner wire hand fracture fixation training instrument kit for home-based skill acquisition during the COVID-19 pandemic. The model is currently being integrated into the simulation curriculum at 2 integrated plastic surgery residency programs for training in percutaneous wire fixation of hand fractures. RESULTS: A realistic and durable 3D model with interchangeable bones allows trainees to practice the key motor skills necessary for successful fixation of hand and wrist fractures with K-wires in a home-based setting. It has been demonstrated that practicing prior to surgical interventions "enable[s] the trainee to maximize learning episodes and trainers more likely to delegate surgical training." 3 Given limited simulation tools for hand fracture fixation and the absence of commercially available 3D hands that replicate the tactile feel of bone and soft tissue, we focused on developing an affordable and durable model for resident training.

title:
  A 3-Dimensional-Printed Hand Model for Home-Based Acquisition of Fracture Fixation Skills Without Fluoroscopy

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To design a low cost ($40), realistic and fluoroscopy-free percutaneous Kirschner wire hand fracture fixation training instrument kit for home-based skill acquisition during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: A 3D-printed hand was designed from a computed tomography scan of a healthy hand. These data were used to create replaceable hand and wrist bones and reusable silicone molds for a replica of the soft tissue envelope. The model is currently being integrated into the simulation curriculum at 2 integrated plastic surgery residency programs for training in percutaneous wire fixation of hand fractures. SETTING: Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Large academic quaternary referral institution. Yale University, Yale School of Medicine. Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Large academic quaternary referral institution. PARTICIPANTS: PGY 1-4 plastic surgery residents preparing to meet ACGME Accreditation for Graduate Medical Education hand surgery specific milestones. RESULTS: A realistic and durable 3D model with interchangeable bones allows trainees to practice the key motor skills necessary for successful fixation of hand and wrist fractures with K-wires in a home-based setting. CONCLUSIONS: A low cost, realistic and durable 3D hand model with interchangeable bones allows easy integration into any home-based hand surgery curriculum. With 3D printers and programming becoming more prevalent and affordable, such models offer a means of low-cost and safe instruction of residents in fracture fixation with no harm to patients.


id: cord-277818-8w15dz20
title: Infectious Disease Considerations for the Operating Room
author: Jaichenco, Andre L.
date: 2018-02-09
txt: ./txt/cord-277818-8w15dz20.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277818-8w15dz20.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780323429740000501
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-42974-0.00050-1
summary:
  Hand hygiene is a well-known and effective solution to the problem of bacterial transmission within and across patients and is considered the most important and cost-effective individual intervention in the prevention of health care–associated infections in children and health care providers Compliance with the current "5 moments" World Health Organization guidelines could make a major inroad into reducing provider hand and workspace contamination. These findings have clinical implications for the risk of colonization and subsequent HCIs-for example, SSIs. This calls attention to the need to develop and enforce strict hand hygiene guidelines for personnel who are providing anesthesia care, but more importantly the need to increase compliance with environmental disinfection of the OR (between cases and terminal cleaning), and to study further the directions of the spread of pathogens in the OR and anesthesia work areas.

abstract:
  The risk of infection transmission by anesthesia providers in their work area environment is reviewed. The dynamics of transmission and the strategies for preventing infection transmission in health care institutions are discussed. Anesthesiologists have long been patient safety advocates and have taken on increasing responsibility for preventing health care–associated infections. Anesthesia providers practice in a nonsterile environment within the operating room and have an impact on bacterial transmission and infection rates. Understanding the characteristics of transmission elements provides the practicing anesthesiologist with methods to protect susceptible patients and themselves to avoid spreading infection. It is vital to have in place proper systems to remove contaminated air to minimize the risk of airborne pathogens being transmitted by children. Preoperative patient skin and other bacterial reservoir decontamination and hand hygiene by anesthesia providers reduces contamination of the work area and IV access ports. Hand hygiene is a well-known and effective solution to the problem of bacterial transmission within and across patients and is considered the most important and cost-effective individual intervention in the prevention of health care–associated infections in children and health care providers Compliance with the current “5 moments” World Health Organization guidelines could make a major inroad into reducing provider hand and workspace contamination. Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis is an essential tool to reduce the risk of postoperative infections, and the anesthesia team plays a central role in ensuring the proper timing of drug administration. Protocols, although effective, require continuous feedback and revision.


id: cord-284532-b6tsjmfs
author: Thampi, N.
date: 2020-05-06
txt: ./txt/cord-284532-b6tsjmfs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284532-b6tsjmfs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670120302346?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.003
abstract: nan
summary:
  A prominent strategy to improve hand hygiene, developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), includes an effective six-step handwashing technique and has led to broad uptake through the use of a multimodal approach; however encouraging consistent compliance can be challenging [1] . In addition to needing to remember all six steps of the technique and needing to wash hands for the required duration of time, there can be a lack of awareness regarding the importance of handwashing technique on reducing the microbial burden on hands. In the context of the 3/6 evolving COVID-19 pandemic, the near-ubiquitous melody of Brother John provided an opportunity for international, interdisciplinary collaboration to translate and rapidly disseminate the musical mnemonic globally. A clear advantage of this six-step handwashing song is that it highlights the importance of correct technique, in addition to the recommended 20-second duration (such as singing "happy birthday" twice, another popular approach). Figure 1: WHO six-step handwashing technique 1 and handwashing song lyrics, set to the tune of Brother John.

title:
  It’s in our hands: a rapid, international initiative to translate a hand hygiene song during the COVID-19 pandemic


id: cord-290441-r4tzodkj
author: Iversen, Anne-Mette
date: 2020-11-10
txt: ./txt/cord-290441-r4tzodkj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290441-r4tzodkj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0196655320309913
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.11.007
summary:
  CONCLUSIONS: HHC of doctors and nurses can be significantly improved with light-guided nudging and data-driven performance feedback using an automated hand hygiene system.  Doctors (surgeons) have lower baseline hand hygiene compliance than nurses  Light-guided nudging and data-driven performance feedback improve compliance  Individual performance feedback might be more effective than group feedback  The Sani nudge system detects more opportunities than using manual observations  Nurses and doctors disinfect hands more often after rather than before patient contact Background Evidence-based practices to increase hand hygiene compliance (HHC) among healthcare workers are warranted. HHC of doctors and nurses can be significantly improved with light-guided nudging and data-driven performance feedback using an automated hand hygiene system. Light-guided nudging and data-driven performance feedback improve hand hygiene compliance among nurses and doctors BACKGROUND Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) continue to burden patients, healthcare workers (HCWs) and society by increasing morbidity, mortality, absenteeism and treatment costs (1-3).

title:
  Light-guided nudging and data-driven performance feedback improve hand hygiene compliance among nurses and doctors

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Evidence-based practices to increase hand hygiene compliance (HHC) among healthcare workers are warranted. We aimed to investigate the effect of a multimodal strategy on HHC. METHODS: During this 14-months prospective, observational study, an automated monitoring system was implemented in a 29-beds surgical ward. Hand hygiene opportunities and alcohol-based hand rubbing events were measured in patient and working rooms (medication, utility, storerooms, toilets). We compared baseline HHC of healthcare workers across periods with light-guided nudging from sensors on dispensers and data-driven performance feedback (multimodal strategy) using the Student's t-test. RESULTS: The doctors (n=10) significantly increased their HHC in patient rooms (16% vs. 42%, p<0.0001) and working rooms (24% vs. 78%, p=0.0006) when using the multimodal strategy. The nurses (n=26) also increased their HHC significantly from baseline in both patient rooms (27% vs. 43%, p=0.0005) and working rooms (39% vs. 64%, p<0.0001). The nurses (n=9), who subsequently received individual performance feedback, further increased HHC, compared with the period when they received group performance feedback (patient rooms: 43% vs. 55%, p<0.0001 and working rooms: 64% vs. 80%, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: HHC of doctors and nurses can be significantly improved with light-guided nudging and data-driven performance feedback using an automated hand hygiene system.


id: cord-290524-2el9tx9v
title: Barrier precautions, isolation protocols, and personal hygiene in veterinary hospitals
author: Weese, J. Scott
date: 2004-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-290524-2el9tx9v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290524-2el9tx9v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749073904000586
doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2004.07.006
summary:
  Based on universal precautions, infection control practices are applied to all patients, regardless of known or suspected infectious disease status, and emphasize the prevention of any contact with blood or certain body fluids [2] . At the Ontario Veterinary College Veterinary Teaching Hospital (OVC-VTH), a policy requiring glove use for any contact with equine patients was instituted in response to nosocomial and zoonotic transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Although no infection control program can eliminate disease concerns, proper implementation of barrier precautions and isolation can reduce the exposure of hospitalized animals and hospital personnel to infectious agents. Although no infection control program can eliminate disease concerns, proper implementation of barrier precautions and isolation can reduce the exposure of hospitalized animals and hospital personnel to infectious agents.

abstract:
  Because nosocomial and zoonotic diseases are inherent and ever-present risks in veterinary hospitals, proactive policies should be in place to reduce the risk of sporadic cases and outbreaks. Policies should ideally be put in place before disease issues arise, and policies should be effectively conveyed to all relevant personnel. Written policies are required for practical and liability reasons and should be reviewed regularly. Although no infection control program can eliminate disease concerns, proper implementation of barrier precautions and isolation can reduce the exposure of hospitalized animals and hospital personnel to infectious agents. Appropriate personal hygiene, particularly hand hygiene, can assist in the prevention of disease transmission when pathogens bypass barriers and are able to contact personnel. Veterinary hospitals have moral, professional, and legal requirements to provide a safe workplace and to reduce the risks to hospitalized patients. Based on experience in the human medical field and on the continual emergence of new infectious diseases, infection control challenges can only be expected to increase in the future. Regular reassessment of protocols based on ongoing research and clinical experiences is required.


id: cord-294595-9qcu0wts
title: Analysis of Commercial Hand Sanitisers amid CoViD-19: Are We Getting the Products that We Need?
author: Berardi, Alberto
date: 2020-10-15
txt: ./txt/cord-294595-9qcu0wts.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294595-9qcu0wts.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-020-01818-6
doi: 10.1208/s12249-020-01818-6
summary:
  We analyse here the ethanolic content of seven off-the-shelf hand sanitiser gels (two biocides and five cosmetics) from the Italian market, using gas chromatography. Four of the tested hand gels have ethanolic contents within the recommended range, while three products (all cosmetics) contain < 60% (v/v), i.e. 52.1% (w/w), ethanol. It is emphasised in this guidance that hand sanitisers aiming at protecting public health by disinfecting should follow the legislation of biocidal products. In view to ultimately safeguard consumers, we probe here the concentration of ethanol in seven commercial ethanol-based hand sanitiser gels purchased in the Italian market, two biocides and five cosmetic products, comparing the obtained results with label claims. On the other hand, products containing "substandard" (< 60% v/v) concentrations of ethanol, i.e. gels 3, 4 and 6, are all cosmetics (Table I) . & Yet, some cosmetic hand sanitisers, which alcoholic concentration is not stated in the label, contain ethanol (e.g.

abstract:
  The CoViD-19 pandemic has caused a sudden spike in demand and production of hand sanitisers. Concerns are rising regarding the quality of such products, as the safeguard of consumers is a priority worldwide. We analyse here the ethanolic content of seven off-the-shelf hand sanitiser gels (two biocides and five cosmetics) from the Italian market, using gas chromatography. The WHO recommends that products containing ethanol should have 60–95% (v/v) alcohol. Four of the tested hand gels have ethanolic contents within the recommended range, while three products (all cosmetics) contain < 60% (v/v), i.e. 52.1% (w/w), ethanol. The product with the lowest alcoholic content has 37.1% w/w ethanol. Toxic methanol is not found in any of the hand sanitisers. We show, in addition, that products with the highest ethanolic content have generally greater antibacterial activity. In conclusion, all tested products are complying with the EU regulations, as the three “substandard” products are classified as cosmetics, whose purpose is cleaning and not disinfecting. Nevertheless, if such hand cleaners were inappropriately used as hand disinfectants, they might be ineffective. Thus, consumer safety relays on awareness and ability to distinguish between biocidal and cosmetics hand gels. The obtained results might sensitise the scientific community, health agencies and ultimately consumers towards the risks of using hand sanitisers of substandard alcoholic concentration. If the wrong product is chosen by consumers, public health can be compromised by the inappropriate use of “low-dosed” cosmetic gels as disinfectants, particularly during the period of the CoViD-19 pandemic. [Image: see text] ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1208/s12249-020-01818-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-295034-em6z8mlu
title: COVID-19: Eco-friendly hand hygiene for human and environmental safety
author: Daverey, Achlesh
date: 2020-11-11
txt: ./txt/cord-295034-em6z8mlu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295034-em6z8mlu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343720311039?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104754
summary:
  Frequent handwashing with soap and the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers is recommended by WHO for hand hygiene and to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, there are safety concerns associated with the use of soaps and alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Therefore, the review aims to highlight the health and environmental concerns associated with the frequent use of soaps/detergents and alcohol-based hand sanitizers amid COVID-19. The potential of some of the natural detergents and sanitizing agents as eco-friendly alternatives to petrochemical-based soaps and alcohol-based hand rubs for hand hygiene are discussed. Overall, all these properties of plant-derived natural soaps and detergents have the potential to replace the synthetic detergents and alcohol-based sanitizers. Economical production of biosurfactants and extraction of bioactive antimicrobial agents from the plants will play a crucial role in their commercial application and sustainability as eco-friendly soaps and hand sanitizers and therefore further research is needed in this direction.

abstract:
  The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is caused by a highly pathogenic novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). To date, there is no prescribed medicine for COVID-19. Frequent handwashing with soap and the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers is recommended by WHO for hand hygiene and to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, there are safety concerns associated with the use of soaps and alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Therefore, the review aims to highlight the health and environmental concerns associated with the frequent use of soaps/detergents and alcohol-based hand sanitizers amid COVID-19. The potential of some of the natural detergents and sanitizing agents as eco-friendly alternatives to petrochemical-based soaps and alcohol-based hand rubs for hand hygiene are discussed. The market of soaps and hand sanitizers is expected to grow in the coming years and therefore, future research should be directed to develop eco-friendly soaps and hand sanitizers for human and environmental safety.


id: cord-300656-56sd6pnn
title: Tainted hand sanitizer leads to outbreak of methanol toxicity during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
author: Welle, Luke
date: 2020-07-08
txt: ./txt/cord-300656-56sd6pnn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300656-56sd6pnn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0196064420305539
doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.07.011
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Tainted hand sanitizer leads to outbreak of methanol toxicity during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic Tainted hand sanitizer leads to outbreak of methanol toxicity during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic The most recent example in the American Southwest is an outbreak of methanol poisonings from tainted hand sanitizer products. 1 Hand sanitizer products have recently been indicated in methanol poisonings causing blindness in two and death in seven New Mexicans. 3 At the time of letter submission, our cases appear to align with hand sanitizer consumption, but not to products specifically identified thus far by the Food and Drug Administration. Emergency physicians must have a heightened awareness for methanol toxicity in at-risk populations given the possibility of this outbreak to spread geographically in this time of the online marketplace and heightened product demand. Use of Out-of-Hospital Ethanol Administration to Improve Outcome in Mass Methanol Outbreaks


id: cord-300965-ivczo1a7
title: Don’t be the “Fifth Guy”: Risk, Responsibility, and the Rhetoric of Handwashing Campaigns
author: Brown, M. M.
date: 2017-08-29
txt: ./txt/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300965-ivczo1a7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10912-017-9470-4
doi: 10.1007/s10912-017-9470-4
summary:
  Some scholars—for example, Peterson and Lupton (1996)—term this model the "new public health." In this essay, I describe how the focus on personal responsibility for infection risk shapes the promotion of hand hygiene and other forms of illness etiquette. Personal responsibility may be a cornerstone of public health, but hand hygiene promotion is an especially persuasive vehicle for popularizing an individualistic conception of infection risk. Even in developed countries, where the assumption of personal responsibility is less likely to be impeded by structural issues, hand hygiene promotion may nevertheless skew perceptions of contextual or social determinants of infection risk. Created by the Florida Department of Health in response to H1N1, the BFifth Guy^campaign illustrates the use of a constitutive, stigmatizing rhetoric to endorse the assumption of personal responsibility for infection risk.

abstract:
  In recent years, outbreaks such as H1N1 have prompted heightened efforts to manage the risk of infection. These efforts often involve the endorsement of personal responsibility for infection risk, thus reinforcing an individualistic model of public health. Some scholars—for example, Peterson and Lupton (1996)—term this model the “new public health.” In this essay, I describe how the focus on personal responsibility for infection risk shapes the promotion of hand hygiene and other forms of illness etiquette. My analysis underscores the use of constitutive and stigmatizing rhetoric to depict individual bodies, rather than environments, as prime sources of infection. Common among workplaces, this rhetoric provides the impetus for encouraging individual behavior change as a hedge against infection risk. I argue, though, that the mandating of personal responsibility for infection risk galvanizes a culture of stigma and blame that may work against the aims of public health.


id: cord-303468-95btvr1v
title: Biofilm Control Strategies: Engaging with the Public
author: Verran, Joanna
date: 2020-07-30
txt: ./txt/cord-303468-95btvr1v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-303468-95btvr1v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080465
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9080465
summary:
  This short communication describes three public engagement activities hosted by the authors, focused on biofilm control: hand hygiene, plaque control and an externally applied antimicrobial coating. Thus, as part of a PhD project investigating the activity of photocatalytic surfaces, one of the external walls of the University was used to illustrate the effectiveness of titanium dioxide paints in terms of self-cleaning and reduction of the formation of biofilm on the wall material. Our aim was to inform the passing public about our research (an interpretation panel was affixed to the wall), and on occasion, we encouraged passers-by to participate in a longitudinal subjective assessment of the impact of titanium dioxide-containing paint on the perceived cleanliness of the panel.

abstract:
  There are few peer-reviewed publications about public engagement with science that are written by microbiologists; those that exist tend to be a narrative of an event rather than a hypothesis-driven investigation. However, it is relatively easy for experienced scientists to use a scientific method in their approach to public engagement. This short communication describes three public engagement activities hosted by the authors, focused on biofilm control: hand hygiene, plaque control and an externally applied antimicrobial coating. In each case, audience engagement was assessed using quantitative and/or qualitative methods. A critical evaluation of the findings enabled the construction of a public engagement ‘tick list’ for future events that would enable a hypothesis-driven approach with more effective communication activities and more robust evaluation.


id: cord-305500-uit5k7qs
title: Dermatological recommendations on hand hygiene in schools during the COVID‐19 pandemic
author: Elsner, Peter
date: 2020-07-12
txt: ./txt/cord-305500-uit5k7qs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-305500-uit5k7qs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32656884/
doi: 10.1111/ddg.14170
abstract: nan
summary:
  These hygiene plans envisage -in analogy to the prevention recommendations of the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) -frequent "thorough hand hygiene by handwashing with soap for 20-30 seconds". Regarding the frequency of hand hygiene, the RKI refers to the Federal Center for Health Education (www.infektionsschutz.de), which recommends, without substantiating evidence, washing hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds in the following circumstances to prevent COVID-19 infection: Specific recommendations for skin care products for use after washing/disinfection are not possible due to a lack of relevant study-based evidence; more research is needed here. 5. For hand washing/disinfection/skin care to be effective, it has to be done correctly; this requires health education instruction, for which sufficiently competent consultants are available in Germany through hygiene institutes, health authorities, training and advice centers of accident insurance providers and skin protection centers.


id: cord-312738-p5macofk
author: Biezen, Ruby
date: 2019-04-11
txt: ./txt/cord-312738-p5macofk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312738-p5macofk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6729-x
doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6729-x
summary:
  To overcome the barriers identified in this study a multifaceted intervention is needed that includes teaching young children good hand hygiene habits, PCPs prompting parents and young children to practice hand hygiene when coming for an RTI consultation, reassuring parents that effective hand hygiene practice will not lead to abnormal psychological behaviour in their children, and community health promotion education campaigns. Data for this research were derived from a larger mixed methods qualitative study exploring PCPs and parents'' views, knowledge and attitudes towards their hand hygiene practice and reducing RTI transmission in children < 5 years of age. All participants consented to up to an hour interview or focus group to explore their views, knowledge and attitudes towards management of respiratory tract infections, including prevention strategies such as influenza vaccination and hand hygiene in children < 5 years of age.

title:
  Visibility and transmission: complexities around promoting hand hygiene in young children – a qualitative study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Effective hand hygiene practice can reduce transmission of diseases such as respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and gastrointestinal infections, especially in young children. While hand hygiene has been widely promoted within Australia, primary care providers’ (PCPs) and parents’ understanding of hand hygiene importance, and their views on hand hygiene in reducing transmission of diseases in the community are unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the views of PCPs and parents of young children on their knowledge and practice of hand hygiene in disease transmission. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional qualitative research design, we conducted 30 in-depth interviews with PCPs and five focus groups with parents (n = 50) between June 2014 and July 2015 in Melbourne, Australia. Data were thematically analysed. RESULTS: Participants agreed that hand hygiene practice was important in reducing disease transmissions. However, barriers such as variations of hand hygiene habits, relating visibility to transmission; concerns around young children being obsessed with washing hands; children already being ‘too clean’ and the need to build their immunity through exposure to dirt; and scepticism that hand hygiene practice was achievable in young children, all hindered participants’ motivation to develop good hand hygiene behaviour in young children. CONCLUSION: Despite the established benefits of hand hygiene, sustained efforts are needed to ensure its uptake in routine care. To overcome the barriers identified in this study a multifaceted intervention is needed that includes teaching young children good hand hygiene habits, PCPs prompting parents and young children to practice hand hygiene when coming for an RTI consultation, reassuring parents that effective hand hygiene practice will not lead to abnormal psychological behaviour in their children, and community health promotion education campaigns.


id: cord-318980-8cclwzob
title: Pattern of disinfectants use and their adverse effects on the consumers after COVID-19 outbreak
author: Dindarloo, Kavoos
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-318980-8cclwzob.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-318980-8cclwzob.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00548-y
doi: 10.1007/s40201-020-00548-y
summary:
  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of disinfectants use within outbreak of COVID-19 and estimate their adverse effects on the consumer''s health. Health tips to prevent the spread of COVID-19 include regular hand washing, covering the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, full cooking, avoiding close contact with a person who has symptoms of a respiratory illness such as cough and sneezing, and disinfecting surfaces [2] . Repeated use of sodium hypochlorite bleach with inappropriate concentrations can cause damage Fig. 3 The surfaces disinfected by participants to the skin of the hands and respiratory problems for these people. Alcohol-based solutions and sodium hypochlorite bleach are the most widely used disinfectants by participants after the outbreak of Coronavirus. Advices to use methanol instead of ethanol for disinfecting hands and surfaces and drink alcohol to remove the virus from the body were those that have led to poisoning, blindness and even death in some people.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of disinfectants use within outbreak of COVID-19 and estimate their adverse effects on the consumer’s health. METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical study, 1090 participants were entered into the study without age and gender limitations. A researcher-made electronic checklist containing 43 questions was applied to collect data. The checklist included three sections: demographic characteristics (8 questions), disinfection of body and non-living surfaces (21 questions), and adverse effects of disinfectants on health (15 questions). RESULTS: 87% of participants used the incorrect proportions of water and alcohol to make this disinfectant available at home. The percentage of people with wrong proportion of sodium hypochlorite was 74.2%. Approximately 42% of participants experienced at least one disorder on their hands, feet, eyes, respiratory or gastrointestinal systems after sequential uses of disinfectants. The most common disorders among the participants were found to be skin dryness (76.3%), obsession (42.2%), skin itching (41.2%), coughing (41.1%), and eyes irritation (39.5%). The mean frequency of hand washing and hand disinfecting were 15.28 and 10.74 times per a day, respectively, and the clean-up in case of surfaces was 2.99 times a day. The frequency of hand washing and disinfecting in women group (16.4 and 11.2 times a day) were higher than in men (14.0 and 10.3 times a day) group. In addition, these self-care actions in married people (15.6 and 11.0 times a day) were higher compared to those in single people (14.0 and 10.6 times a day). CONCLUSION: Being unaware of participants with instruction for preparation and use disinfectants may harm their health. Therefore, it is suggested that the authorities provide the necessary training program for public through official media.


id: cord-320133-q26jiv17
title: Managing Hand Trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic using a One-Stop Clinic
author: Sadr, Mr A H
date: 2020-05-22
txt: ./txt/cord-320133-q26jiv17.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-320133-q26jiv17.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1748681520302151?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.05.026
abstract: nan
summary:
  The COVID-19 Pandemic has shifted clinical priorities and resources from elective and trauma hand surgery with general anaesthesia (GA) to treat the growing number of COVID patients. The British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons, the British Society for Surgery of the Hand and the Royal College of Surgeons of England, have all issued guidance: both encouraging patients to avoid risky pursuits, which could result in accidental injuries and to members how to prioritise and optimise services for trauma and urgent cancer work. We have adapted our Hand Trauma Service to a ''One Stop Hand Trauma and Therapy'' clinic, where patients are assessed, definitive surgery performed and offered immediate post-operative hand therapy where therapists make splint and give specialist advice on wound care and rehabilitation including an illustrated hand therapy guide. We have successfully been able to perform 95% of our operations for Hand trauma under Wide Awake Local Anaesthesia No Tourniquet (WALANT) (1).


id: cord-320862-ua69gcxv
author: Giacalone, Serena
date: 2020-05-20
txt: ./txt/cord-320862-ua69gcxv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-320862-ua69gcxv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13630
doi: 10.1111/dth.13630
abstract: nan
summary:
  The Center for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) asserted that hand washing and surface decontamination are primary measures to reduce COVID-19 propagation [1] . In parallel, recent studies revealed an increased incidence of hand eczema (HE) in health care workers [2] , as well as among general population [3] . The remaining ten patients were suggested two or three daily applications of reparative hand cream This article is protected by copyright. Above all, we focused our attention on giving information about rational of hand hygiene and preventing clinical relapses with daily application of moisturisers in association with barrier creams [5] . Because it has been demonstrated that a damaged skin barrier could be a gateway for COVID-19 [6] , to preserve a high compliance in CDC actions recommended for the prevention of person-to-person viral transmission, dermatologist have the role to educate people to maintain "healthy hands".

title:
  The fear of COVID‐19 infection is the main cause of the new diagnoses of hand eczema: report from the frontline in Milan


id: cord-325222-wuqekxxc
title: Morbidity in the COVID‐19 era: Ethanol intoxication secondary to hand sanitiser ingestion
author: Hanna, Sandra
date: 2020-08-05
txt: ./txt/cord-325222-wuqekxxc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325222-wuqekxxc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15017
doi: 10.1111/jpc.15017
abstract: nan
summary:
  We report on a 6-year-old child diagnosed with ethanol poisoning due to ingestion of hand sanitiser. Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, alcohol-based hand sanitisers (ABHS) have rapidly become commonplace within households, health-care setting, schools, shops and other areas frequented by children. 1 Alcohol-based hand sanitisers are appealing in taste and smell to young children and hence dangerous ingestion can occur. 3 Prevention of unintentional hand sanitiser ingestion in young children through appropriate product safety and enforcement strategies and increased public awareness is required. 2 There have been two published reports of children requiring intensive care admission after ingestion of ABHS, one of whom required intubation and ventilation for airway protection. Between 2011 and 2014, 70 669 exposures to both alcohol and non-alcohol-based hand sanitisers were reported to the National Poison Data System in America. Acute ethanol poisoning in a 4-year-old as a result of ethanol-based hand-sanitizer ingestion Reported adverse health effects in children from ingestion of alcohol-based hand sanitizers-United States


id: cord-325546-bgdr25z1
author: Pham, T. M.
date: 2020-05-27
txt: ./txt/cord-325546-bgdr25z1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325546-bgdr25z1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.26.20113464v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.26.20113464
summary:
  Our analyses show that the effect of hand hygiene is highly dependent on the duration of viral persistence on hands and that hand washing needs to be performed very frequently or immediately after hand contamination events in order to substantially reduce the probability of infection. [16, 17] An immediate consequence of this conceptualisation is that the time interval between the hands becoming 78 contaminated and making infectious contact with the host''s mucosa can have a critical impact on how 79 effective a given frequency of hand washing will be at interrupting transmission ( Figure 2 ). We assume that when hand washing is performed after the last hand contamination event and before a 312 face-touching event at time t i , the respective probability of virus persistence P (t i ) is reduced to zero. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.26.20113464 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure S4 shows that the shorter the virus persists on hands, the higher the probability of transmission 332 per face-touching contact has to be if the cumulative probability of infection is assumed to be fixed.

title:
  The Potential Impact of Intensified Community Hand Hygiene Interventions on Respiratory tract Infections: A Modelling Study

abstract:
  Increased hand hygiene amongst the general public has been widely promoted as one of the most important non-pharmaceutical interventions for reducing transmission during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and is likely to continue to play a key role in long-term efforts to suppress transmission before a vaccine can be deployed. For other respiratory tract infections community hand hygiene interventions are supported by evidence from randomised trials, but information on how effectiveness in reducing transmission scales with achieved changes in hand hygiene behaviour is lacking. This information is of critical importance when considering the potential value of substantially enhancing community hand hygiene frequency to help suppress COVID-19. Here, we developed a simple model-based framework for understanding the key determinants of the effectiveness of changes in hand hygiene behaviour in reducing transmission and use it to explore the potential impact of interventions aimed at achieving large-scale population-wide changes in hand hygiene behaviour. Our analyses show that the effect of hand hygiene is highly dependent on the duration of viral persistence on hands and that hand washing needs to be performed very frequently or immediately after hand contamination events in order to substantially reduce the probability of infection. Hand washing at a lower frequency, such as every 30 minutes or with a delay of 15 minutes after contamination events, may be adequate to reduce the probability of infection when viral survival on hands is longer, such as when hands are contaminated with mucus. Immediate hand washing after contamination is more effective than hand washing at fixed-time intervals even when the total number of hand washing events is similar. This event-prompted hand washing strategy is consistently more effective than fixed-time strategy regardless of hand contamination rates and should be highlighted in hand hygiene campaigns.


id: cord-326887-lyewg2c9
author: Bloomfield, Sally F.
date: 2007-12-10
txt: ./txt/cord-326887-lyewg2c9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326887-lyewg2c9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655307005950
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001
summary:
  The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers There can be no doubt that advances in hygiene during the 19th and 20th centuries, along with other aspects of modern medicine, have combined to improve both the length and quality of our lives. The data suggest the following: d For reservoir sites such as the sink waste pipes or toilets, although the probability of contamination (potentially pathogenic bacteria or viruses) is high, the risk of transfer is limited unless there is a particular risk situation (eg, a family member with enteric infection and fluid diarrhea, when toilet flushing can produce splashing or aerosol formation that can settle on contact surfaces around the toilet). Although handwashing intervention studies provide data supporting the causal link between hand contamination and ID transmission, defining the importance of hand hygiene relative to other hygiene practices, such as surface and cleaning cloth hygiene, or the risks associated with airborne transmission is difficult because of the close interdependence of these factors.

title:
  The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers

abstract:
  Infectious diseases (ID) circulating in the home and community remain a significant concern. Several demographic, environmental, and health care trends, as reviewed in this report, are combining to make it likely that the threat of ID will increase in coming years. Two factors are largely responsible for this trend: first, the constantly changing nature and range of pathogens to which we are exposed and, secondly, the demographic changes occurring in the community, which affect our resistance to infection. This report reviews the evidence base related to the impact of hand hygiene in reducing transmission of ID in the home and community. The report focuses on developed countries, most particularly North America and Europe. It also evaluates the use of alcohol-based hygiene procedures as an alternative to, or in conjunction with, handwashing. The report compiles data from intervention studies and considers it alongside risk modeling approaches (both qualitative and quantitative) based on microbiologic data. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Hand hygiene is a key component of good hygiene practice in the home and community and can produce significant benefits in terms of reducing the incidence of infection, most particularly gastrointestinal infections but also respiratory tract and skin infections. (2) Decontamination of hands can be carried out either by handwashing with soap or by use of waterless hand sanitizers, which reduce contamination on hands by removal or by killing the organisms in situ. The health impact of hand hygiene within a given community can be increased by using products and procedures, either alone or in sequence, that maximize the log reduction of both bacteria and viruses on hands. (3) The impact of hand hygiene in reducing ID risks could be increased by convincing people to apply hand hygiene procedures correctly (eg, wash their hands correctly) and at the correct time. (4) To optimize health benefits, promotion of hand hygiene should be accompanied by hygiene education and should also involve promotion of other aspects of hygiene.


id: cord-327888-4g3x5dje
title: Perceptions of hand hygiene practices in China
author: Yuan, C. T.
date: 2009-02-28
txt: ./txt/cord-327888-4g3x5dje.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327888-4g3x5dje.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19013685/
doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.09.017
summary:
  Our study suggests that a pivotal issue for improving hand hygiene practice in China is providing infection control departments adequate attention, priority, and influence within the hospital, with a clear line of authority to senior management. Findings from this study suggest that the primary challenges in improving hand hygiene in China are the limited authority of infection control departments in hospitals, the lack of essential resources, and the ineffective use of data monitoring and feedback to hospital staff. Elevating the place of infection control on the hospital organisational chart and changing the paradigm of surveillance to continuous monitoring and effective data feedback are central to achieving improved hand hygiene practices and quality of care. Elevating the place of infection control on the hospital organisational chart and changing the paradigm of surveillance to continuous monitoring and effective data feedback are central to achieving improved hand hygiene practices and quality of care.

abstract:
  Summary Hand hygiene is considered one of the most important infection control measures for preventing healthcare-associated infections. However, compliance rates with recommended hand hygiene practices in hospitals remain low. Previous literature on ways to improve hand hygiene practices has focused on the USA and Europe, whereas studies from developing countries are less common. In this study, we sought to identify common issues and potential strategies for improving hand hygiene practices in hospitals in China. We used a qualitative survey design based on in-depth interviews with 25 key hospital and public health staff in eight hospitals selected by the Chinese Ministry of Health. We found that hospital workers viewed hand hygiene as paramount to effective infection control and had adequate knowledge about proper hand hygiene practices. Despite these positive attitudes and adequate knowledge, critical challenges to improving rates of proper hand hygiene practices were identified. These included lack of needed resources, limited organisational authority of hospital infection control departments, and ineffective use of data monitoring and feedback to motivate improvements. Our study suggests that a pivotal issue for improving hand hygiene practice in China is providing infection control departments adequate attention, priority, and influence within the hospital, with a clear line of authority to senior management. Elevating the place of infection control on the hospital organisational chart and changing the paradigm of surveillance to continuous monitoring and effective data feedback are central to achieving improved hand hygiene practices and quality of care.


id: cord-333840-r5bfebsp
title: COVID‐19 reinforces the importance of handwashing
author: Alzyood, Mamdooh
date: 2020-05-14
txt: ./txt/cord-333840-r5bfebsp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333840-r5bfebsp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15313
doi: 10.1111/jocn.15313
abstract: nan
summary:
  The "Cleanyourhands campaign" was a national campaign launched in the UK aiming to reduce the risk associated with hospital-acquired infections via enhanced hand hygiene compliance among HCWs (Stone et al., 2012) . The campaign included a message "It''s OK to ask" to encourage patients to ask HCWs to wash their hands (Stone et al., 2012) and supports patient involvement to prompt handwashing and to work together with nurses and other HCWs to reduce the transmission of infection (Alzyood, Jackson, Brooke, & Aveyard, 2018) . The current COVID-19 pandemic has seen a focus of education and information on handwashing aimed both at people working within the health sector as well as to the general public. An integrative review exploring the perceptions of patients and healthcare professionals towards patient involvement in promoting hand hygiene compliance in the hospital setting A systematic review on the effectiveness of interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance of nurses in the hospital setting


id: cord-334377-khqvezmu
title: Impact of a hospital-wide hand hygiene promotion strategy on healthcare-associated infections
author: Ling, Moi Lin
date: 2012-03-23
txt: ./txt/cord-334377-khqvezmu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-334377-khqvezmu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2994-1-13
doi: 10.1186/2047-2994-1-13
summary:
  title: Impact of a hospital-wide hand hygiene promotion strategy on healthcare-associated infections BACKGROUND: During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak, high compliance in healthcare workers to hand hygiene was primarily driven by fear. The WHO multi-prong interventions work in improving compliance and reducing healthcare associated infections. During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, a high compliance of close to 90% in healthcare workers to hand hygiene was achieved. The last survey done in November 2010 confirmed that the use of posters have helped to remind staffs and public on the messages of hand hygiene. Healthcare-associated MRSA infections were noted to reduce from 0.6 (2007) to 0.3 (2010) per 1000 patient-days ( Figure 13 ). The use of the WHO multi-prong interventions is successful in improving hand hygiene compliance with concomitant reduction in healthcareassociated infections. Cite this article as: Ling and How: Impact of a hospital-wide hand hygiene promotion strategy on healthcare-associated infections

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak, high compliance in healthcare workers to hand hygiene was primarily driven by fear. However, the post-SARS period confirmed that this practice was not sustainable. At the Singapore General Hospital, a 1,600-bedded acute tertiary care hospital, the hand hygiene program was revised in early 2007 following Singapore's signing of the pledge to the World Health Organization (WHO) "Clean Care is Safer Care" program. FINDINGS: A multi-prong approach was used in designing the hand hygiene program. This included system change; training and education; evaluation and feedback; reminders in the workplace; and institutional safety climate. Hand hygiene compliance rate improved from 20% (in January 2007) to 61% (2010). Improvement was also seen annually in the compliance to each of the 5 moments as well as in all staff categories. Healthcare-associated MRSA infections were reduced from 0.6 (2007) to 0.3 (2010) per 1000 patient-days. CONCLUSIONS: Leadership's support of the program evidenced through visible leadership presence, messaging and release of resources is the key factor in helping to make the program a true success. The hospital was recognised as a Global Hand Hygiene Expert Centre in January 2011. The WHO multi-prong interventions work in improving compliance and reducing healthcare associated infections.


id: cord-335141-ag3j8obh
title: FFP3 reusable respirators for COVID-19; adequate and suitable in the healthcare setting
author: Higgins, G.C.
date: 2020-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-335141-ag3j8obh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335141-ag3j8obh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2020.06.002
doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.06.002
abstract: nan
summary:
  The British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons, the British Society for Surgery of the Hand and the Royal College of Surgeons of England, have all issued guidance: both encouraging patients to avoid risky pursuits, which could result in accidental injuries and to members how to prioritise and optimise services for trauma and urgent cancer work. We have adapted our Hand Trauma Service to a ''One Stop Hand Trauma and Therapy'' clinic, where patients are assessed, definitive surgery performed and offered immediate post-operative hand therapy where therapists make splint and give specialist advice on wound care and rehabilitation including an illustrated hand therapy guide. Local assessment of our practice is ongoing but we have found that this model has enabled a cohort of vulnerable plastic surgery trainees to successfully continue to work whilst reducing the risk of exposure to COVID-19 and providing gold standard care for patients.


id: cord-339705-x8l3zgfd
title: An association between fingerprint patterns with blood group and lifestyle based diseases: a review
author: Patil, Vijaykumar
date: 2020-08-18
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-020-09891-w
doi: 10.1007/s10462-020-09891-w
abstract:
  In the current era of the digital world, the hash of any digital means considered as a footprint or fingerprint of any digital term but from the ancient era, human fingerprint considered as the most trustworthy criteria for identification and it also cannot be changed with time even up to the death of an individual. In the court of law, fingerprint-proof is undeniably the most dependable and acceptable evidence to date. Fingerprint designs are exclusive in each human and the chance of two individuals having identical fingerprints is an exceptional case about one in sixty-four thousand million also the fingerprint minutiae patterns of the undistinguishable twins are different, and the ridge pattern of each fingertip remain unchanged from birth to till death. Fingerprints can be divided into basic four categories i.e. Loop, whorl, arch, and composites, nevertheless, there are more than 100 interleaved ridge and valleys physiognomies, called Galton’s details, in a single rolled fingerprint. Due to the immense potential of fingerprints as an effective method of identification, the present research paper tries to investigate the problem of blood group identification and analysis of diseases those arises with aging like hypertension, type 2-diabetes and arthritis from a fingerprint by analyzing their patterns correlation with blood group and age of an individual. The work has been driven by studies of anthropometry, biometric trademark, and pattern recognition proposing that it is possible to predict blood group using fingerprint map reading. Dermatoglyphics as a diagnostic aid used from ancient eras and now it is well established in number of diseases which have strong hereditary basis and is employed as a method for screening for abnormal anomalies. Apart from its use in predicting the diagnosis of disease; dermatoglyphics is also used in forensic medicine in individual identification, physical anthropology, human genetics and medicine. However, the Machine and Deep Learning techniques, if used for fingerprint minutiae patterns to be trained by Neural Network for blood group prediction and classification of common clinical diseases arises with aging based on lifestyle would be an unusual research work.


id: cord-345991-d26y5291
title: Hand Sanitizers: A Review on Formulation Aspects, Adverse Effects, and Regulations
author: Jing, Jane Lee Jia
date: 2020-05-11
txt: ./txt/cord-345991-d26y5291.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345991-d26y5291.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093326
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093326
summary:
  To date, most of the effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%–95% of alcohol as it can denature the proteins of microbes and the ability to inactivate viruses. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends alcohol-based hand sanitizer (ABHS) in line with the proven advantages of their rapid action and a broad spectrum of microbicidal activity offering protection against bacteria and viruses. Data were extracted by two authors based on the To date, most effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%-95% of alcohol as it is capable of denaturing the proteins of microbes and inactivating viruses [19, 20] . Alcohols have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against most vegetative forms of bacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis), fungi, and enveloped viruses (human Although hand sanitizers may be less effective than soaps in some situations, it is undeniable that they are the preferred form of hand hygiene in healthcare settings.

abstract:
  Hand hygiene is of utmost importance as it may be contaminated easily from direct contact with airborne microorganism droplets from coughs and sneezes. Particularly in situations like pandemic outbreak, it is crucial to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus by the practice of proper hand sanitization. It can be achieved with contact isolation and strict infection control tool like maintaining good hand hygiene in hospital settings and in public. The success of the hand sanitization solely depends on the use of effective hand disinfecting agents formulated in various types and forms such as antimicrobial soaps, water-based or alcohol-based hand sanitizer, with the latter being widely used in hospital settings. To date, most of the effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%–95% of alcohol as it can denature the proteins of microbes and the ability to inactivate viruses. This systematic review correlated with the data available in Pubmed, and it will investigate the range of available hand sanitizers and their effectiveness as well as the formulation aspects, adverse effects, and recommendations to enhance the formulation efficiency and safety. Further, this article highlights the efficacy of alcohol-based hand sanitizer against the coronavirus.


id: cord-354832-lps2qbxy
title: The Common Missed Handwashing Instances and Areas after 15 Years of Hand-Hygiene Education
author: Wong, J. S. W.
date: 2019-08-08
txt: ./txt/cord-354832-lps2qbxy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354832-lps2qbxy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5928924
doi: 10.1155/2019/5928924
summary:
  Following the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong, proper hand hygiene has been widely promoted in multiple contexts, focusing on the instances when hands should be washed as well as the duration and technique of handwashing. However, there are few studies that evaluate the compliance of Hong Kong people in this area or the effectiveness of their handwashing after 15 years of health education on this topic. In Hong Kong, the CHP advocates proper handwashing practice to the public aligned with the CDC in the United States, the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom, the Public Health Agency of Canada, and the Global Handwashing Partnership which includes washing one''s hands with water and soap before and after at least eight specific situations; the process comprises six steps over seven areas of both hands for no less than 20 seconds [22] .

abstract:
  The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) claimed the lives of 286 Hong Kong people in 2003. Since then, the Hong Kong government has been promoting the benefits of proper hand hygiene. There are few studies that explore the general quality of handwashing and the hand-hygiene practices of the public of Hong Kong; given this, the aim of this study is to explore this neglected topic. This study is a quantitative study that was conducted in January 2018. The results show that the majority of participants only wash their hands after using the toilet (87%) or handling vomitus or faecal matter (91%). The mean duration of handwashing was 36.54 seconds (SD = 18.57). The areas of the hand most neglected during handwashing were the fingertips (48.1%), medial area (30.5%), and back of the hand (28%). A multiple logistic regression shows that participants who have reached third-level education or higher often tend to be more hand hygienic than those who have not reached third-level education (p ≤ 0.001, B = 1.003). Thus, participants aged 30 and above tend to neglect 5 more areas of the hand than those aged below 30 (p=0.001, B = 4.933).


