Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 38 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5091 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 hand 7 hygiene 6 infection 5 patient 3 SARS 3 Health 3 ABHS 2 transmission 2 study 2 skin 2 care 2 alcohol 2 Hand 2 COVID-19 1 whorl 1 washing 1 von 1 virus 1 und 1 time 1 surgery 1 surgeon 1 sanitizer 1 risk 1 public 1 practice 1 plastic 1 pattern 1 participant 1 outbreak 1 nosocomial 1 neonatal 1 loop 1 ist 1 isolation 1 infant 1 hospital 1 home 1 health 1 group 1 gel 1 fingerprint 1 emoji 1 disinfectant 1 die 1 der 1 contamination 1 catheter 1 blood 1 barrier Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 2882 hand 1488 infection 1253 hygiene 1043 % 1032 study 981 patient 753 care 723 catheter 686 risk 656 use 488 hospital 479 health 468 transmission 438 alcohol 399 skin 385 practice 380 time 379 control 378 blood 376 virus 359 review 330 contact 329 contamination 326 disease 320 surface 318 group 310 outbreak 308 healthcare 296 intervention 293 datum 292 rate 280 child 278 handwashing 269 evidence 263 effect 255 number 244 glove 243 soap 242 washing 240 worker 240 system 239 reduction 239 product 239 guideline 237 unit 237 site 235 case 232 home 223 water 221 compliance Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 268 der 207 al 198 Health 175 et 150 Hand 145 • 129 von 126 SARS 115 COVID-19 115 BSI 112 CR 109 ABHS 104 MRSA 89 Control 85 und 83 identiÀ 80 Staphylococcus 77 NICU 74 zu 73 United 72 Infection 71 Händedesinfektion 71 Hygiene 69 zur 68 werden 67 UK 66 mit 66 Y 66 Ca 65 CoV-2 62 Prevention 60 CDC 59 Fig 58 GI 58 . 56 Table 55 signiÀ 55 World 55 States 55 Healthcare 53 NHS 52 Care 51 bei 50 HCAI 49 durch 49 S. 47 eine 47 CI 47 CAUTI 44 auf Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 601 it 455 we 355 they 155 i 80 them 40 you 29 us 27 he 24 she 15 themselves 15 one 12 him 10 itself 4 me 3 ourselves 3 her 2 yourself 2 deÀ 1 who 1 transmissionthey 1 thy 1 person^they 1 oneself 1 http://tinyurl.com/howcleanareyourhands 1 himself 1 hers 1 1,2,45,53,57 Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 7646 be 1515 have 972 use 488 base 457 include 438 reduce 397 associate 309 do 287 increase 275 show 242 relate 230 die 223 prevent 221 provide 214 follow 211 find 204 compare 201 suggest 199 report 192 improve 187 develop 186 require 179 wash 174 make 169 contaminate 156 recommend 156 perform 155 consider 145 indicate 141 occur 141 control 139 demonstrate 137 cause 134 contain 132 take 125 give 122 result 121 need 119 see 112 assess 111 wear 109 describe 105 apply 104 identify 103 lead 102 involve 99 know 99 determine 99 allow 98 become Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 852 not 460 other 426 also 402 more 357 such 350 most 333 - 300 high 251 however 243 clinical 234 effective 215 low 212 well 207 surgical 206 patient 194 systematic 190 nosocomial 187 respiratory 184 only 178 different 173 intensive 161 as 159 infectious 158 available 155 important 155 antimicrobial 150 public 149 venous 149 central 147 less 144 personal 139 non 138 bacterial 137 medical 133 neonatal 130 resistant 124 significant 123 urinary 123 human 122 common 120 long 120 good 120 appropriate 116 new 115 potential 110 short 109 possible 109 many 107 general 104 primary Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 most 49 least 47 good 23 high 22 Most 13 low 8 great 6 large 4 rare 4 late 4 big 3 young 2 tough 2 strong 2 small 2 short 2 old 2 easy 2 bad 1 white 1 weak 1 steady 1 simple 1 safe 1 poor 1 p=0.0016 1 outermost 1 likeli 1 few 1 fast 1 dense 1 common 1 close 1 -t Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 270 most 41 least 3 well Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 doi.org 2 saninudge.com 1 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 www.equator-network.org 1 www.chemistry.gsu 1 www.biofilms.ac.uk 1 www.biofilm.montana.edu 1 www.aricjournal.com 1 tinyurl.com 1 scholar.google.com 1 blogs.bl.uk 1 aapcc.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.26.20113464 2 http://saninudge.com 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 1 http://www.equator-network.org/ 1 http://www.chemistry.gsu 1 http://www.biofilms.ac.uk/ 1 http://www.biofilm.montana.edu/ 1 http://www.aricjournal.com/content/1/1/13 1 http://tinyurl.com/howcleanareyourhands 1 http://scholar.google.com/ 1 http://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-020-01818-6 1 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.12.20099085 1 http://blogs.bl.uk/science/2020/02/introducing-bio-selfies-11-february-2020.html 1 http://aapcc.org/track/hand-sanitizer Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 hands are visibly 5 healthcare associated infections 4 care is safer 4 hands are not 3 alcohol based hand 3 blood does n't 3 healthcare associated infection 3 practices was not 3 studies were not 2 % are nonfoodborne 2 % did not 2 % were secondary 2 alcohols have broad 2 care improving adherence 2 catheters are not 2 diseases are inherent 2 hands are dirty 2 hands are dry 2 hands are grossly 2 hands are likely 2 hands are wet 2 hands was highest 2 hospitals have moral 2 hygiene was important 2 infections is due 2 intervention including alcohol 2 patient has active 2 patient requiring contact 2 patients had primary 2 patients requiring long 2 patients was fundamentally 2 practice was achievable 2 practice was important 2 practice was not 2 studies are also 2 studies are not 2 studies did not 2 study did not 2 study provided evidence 2 study was not 2 transmission is approximately 2 transmission is likely 2 use do not 2 use is not 2 used are hand 2 virus was not 2 viruses include adenovirus 1 % is likely 1 % use other 1 % were females Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 hands are not visibly 1 % did not completely 1 alcohol is not available 1 care are not important 1 care is no longer 1 catheters are not available 1 diseases are not always 1 group is not random 1 groups are not all 1 groups was not statistically 1 groups were not conspicuous 1 hands are not constantly 1 hands is not present 1 hygiene is not only 1 infection do not clearly 1 infection is not partly 1 patient was not visibly 1 patients had no arches 1 patients indicated no noteworthy 1 practice is not achievable 1 practice was not sustainable 1 practices do not always 1 practices was not generally 1 review found no evidence 1 review was not generalisable 1 risk was not signiÀ 1 studies are not randomized 1 studies are not relevant 1 studies found no signiÀ 1 studies reported no statistically 1 studies were not identiÀ 1 studies were not statistically 1 study was not large 1 use are not common 1 viruses including not only A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-261595-c69vfs8q author = Allegranzi, Benedetta title = Religion and culture: Potential undercurrents influencing hand hygiene promotion in health care date = 2008-10-03 keywords = hand; health; hygiene summary = RESULTS: Religious faith and culture can strongly influence hand hygiene behavior in health care workers and potentially affect compliance with best practices. The Task Force was created to explore the potential influence of transcultural and religious factors on attitudes toward hand hygiene practices among health care workers and to identify some possible solutions for integrating these into strategies for improving hand hygiene. Of the remaining articles, only 27 referred to cultural and/or religious aspects influencing health, in particular hygiene, hand hygiene practices, and alcohol prohibition according to the most important religions; these were retained for review. Otherwise, rubbing the hands with an alcohol-based formulation is recommended as the preferred practice for all other hand hygiene indications during patient care, because it is faster, more effective, and better tolerated by the skin. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2008.01.014 id = cord-333840-r5bfebsp author = Alzyood, Mamdooh title = COVID‐19 reinforces the importance of handwashing date = 2020-05-14 keywords = hand summary = The "Cleanyourhands campaign" was a national campaign launched in the UK aiming to reduce the risk associated with hospital-acquired infections via enhanced hand hygiene compliance among HCWs (Stone et al., 2012) . The campaign included a message "It''s OK to ask" to encourage patients to ask HCWs to wash their hands (Stone et al., 2012) and supports patient involvement to prompt handwashing and to work together with nurses and other HCWs to reduce the transmission of infection (Alzyood, Jackson, Brooke, & Aveyard, 2018) . The current COVID-19 pandemic has seen a focus of education and information on handwashing aimed both at people working within the health sector as well as to the general public. An integrative review exploring the perceptions of patients and healthcare professionals towards patient involvement in promoting hand hygiene compliance in the hospital setting A systematic review on the effectiveness of interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance of nurses in the hospital setting doi = 10.1111/jocn.15313 id = cord-254886-fl5ar971 author = Arav, Y. title = Understanding the indoor pre-symptomatic transmission mechanism of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-17 keywords = SARS; hand summary = The model explicitly tracks the dynamics of contact and airborne transmission between individuals indoors, and was validated against the observed fundamental attributes of the epidemic, the secondary attack rate (SAR) and serial interval distribution. We provide evidence that a combination of rather easy to implement measures of frequent hand washing, cleaning fomites and avoiding physical contact decreases the risk of infection by an order of magnitude, similarly to wearing masks and gloves. In fact, pre-symptomatic transmission was recently referred to as the Achilles'' heel of COVID-19 pandemic control, as symptom-based detection of infection is less effective in comparison to the control of the SARS epidemic in 2003 (7) . We decided to examine five HBMs: Washing hands, cleaning fomites, maintaining social distancing (i.e avoiding physical contact), wearing a mask and 6 All rights reserved. Frequent hand washing and fomite cleaning coupled with avoiding physical contact result in a similar risk for infection as wearing gloves and a mask. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.12.20099085 id = cord-262886-irmwqjfh author = Beiu, Cristina title = Frequent Hand Washing for COVID-19 Prevention Can Cause Hand Dermatitis: Management Tips date = 2020-04-02 keywords = hand; skin summary = Frequent hand washing implies a prolonged exposure to water and other chemical or physical agents and may induce several pathophysiologic changes, such as epidermal barrier disruption, impairment of keratinocytes, the subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines, activation of the skin immune system, and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. This article aims to review the potential dermatological adverse effects that may arise due to frequent hand washing, as well as practical tips for preventing these uncomfortable skin reactions. Frequent hygienization of hands may generate various changes in skin texture, ranging from the development of cutaneous xerosis (dryness of the skin) up to irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) or, rarely, even allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). In these times, it is very important to adapt our hand washing habits to ensure efficient protection against the spread of COVID-19 while lowering the risk of skin adverse reactions. Regular skin hydration is a key component in preventing hand dermatitis as a consequence of frequent washing. doi = 10.7759/cureus.7506 id = cord-294595-9qcu0wts author = Berardi, Alberto title = Analysis of Commercial Hand Sanitisers amid CoViD-19: Are We Getting the Products that We Need? date = 2020-10-15 keywords = gel; hand summary = We analyse here the ethanolic content of seven off-the-shelf hand sanitiser gels (two biocides and five cosmetics) from the Italian market, using gas chromatography. Four of the tested hand gels have ethanolic contents within the recommended range, while three products (all cosmetics) contain < 60% (v/v), i.e. 52.1% (w/w), ethanol. It is emphasised in this guidance that hand sanitisers aiming at protecting public health by disinfecting should follow the legislation of biocidal products. In view to ultimately safeguard consumers, we probe here the concentration of ethanol in seven commercial ethanol-based hand sanitiser gels purchased in the Italian market, two biocides and five cosmetic products, comparing the obtained results with label claims. On the other hand, products containing "substandard" (< 60% v/v) concentrations of ethanol, i.e. gels 3, 4 and 6, are all cosmetics (Table I) . & Yet, some cosmetic hand sanitisers, which alcoholic concentration is not stated in the label, contain ethanol (e.g. doi = 10.1208/s12249-020-01818-6 id = cord-312738-p5macofk author = Biezen, Ruby title = Visibility and transmission: complexities around promoting hand hygiene in young children – a qualitative study date = 2019-04-11 keywords = hand; hygiene; practice summary = To overcome the barriers identified in this study a multifaceted intervention is needed that includes teaching young children good hand hygiene habits, PCPs prompting parents and young children to practice hand hygiene when coming for an RTI consultation, reassuring parents that effective hand hygiene practice will not lead to abnormal psychological behaviour in their children, and community health promotion education campaigns. Data for this research were derived from a larger mixed methods qualitative study exploring PCPs and parents'' views, knowledge and attitudes towards their hand hygiene practice and reducing RTI transmission in children < 5 years of age. All participants consented to up to an hour interview or focus group to explore their views, knowledge and attitudes towards management of respiratory tract infections, including prevention strategies such as influenza vaccination and hand hygiene in children < 5 years of age. doi = 10.1186/s12889-019-6729-x id = cord-326887-lyewg2c9 author = Bloomfield, Sally F. title = The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers date = 2007-12-10 keywords = ABHS; MRSA; United; hand; hygiene; infection summary = The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers There can be no doubt that advances in hygiene during the 19th and 20th centuries, along with other aspects of modern medicine, have combined to improve both the length and quality of our lives. The data suggest the following: d For reservoir sites such as the sink waste pipes or toilets, although the probability of contamination (potentially pathogenic bacteria or viruses) is high, the risk of transfer is limited unless there is a particular risk situation (eg, a family member with enteric infection and fluid diarrhea, when toilet flushing can produce splashing or aerosol formation that can settle on contact surfaces around the toilet). Although handwashing intervention studies provide data supporting the causal link between hand contamination and ID transmission, defining the importance of hand hygiene relative to other hygiene practices, such as surface and cleaning cloth hygiene, or the risks associated with airborne transmission is difficult because of the close interdependence of these factors. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001 id = cord-300965-ivczo1a7 author = Brown, M. M. title = Don’t be the “Fifth Guy”: Risk, Responsibility, and the Rhetoric of Handwashing Campaigns date = 2017-08-29 keywords = Ben; Handwashing; Health; hand; infection; risk summary = Some scholars—for example, Peterson and Lupton (1996)—term this model the "new public health." In this essay, I describe how the focus on personal responsibility for infection risk shapes the promotion of hand hygiene and other forms of illness etiquette. Personal responsibility may be a cornerstone of public health, but hand hygiene promotion is an especially persuasive vehicle for popularizing an individualistic conception of infection risk. Even in developed countries, where the assumption of personal responsibility is less likely to be impeded by structural issues, hand hygiene promotion may nevertheless skew perceptions of contextual or social determinants of infection risk. Created by the Florida Department of Health in response to H1N1, the BFifth Guy^campaign illustrates the use of a constitutive, stigmatizing rhetoric to endorse the assumption of personal responsibility for infection risk. doi = 10.1007/s10912-017-9470-4 id = cord-000252-iejfgkst author = Chen, YanYi title = Calciomics: prediction and analysis of EF-hand calcium binding proteins by protein engineering date = 2010-02-07 keywords = hand summary = In this paper we first describe our development of a grafting approach to understand site-specific Ca(2+) binding properties of EF-hand proteins with a helix-loop-helix Ca(2+) binding motif, then summarize our prediction and identification of EF-hand Ca(2+) binding sites on a genome-wide scale in bacteria and virus, and next report the application of the grafting approach to probe the metal binding capability of predicted EF-hand motifs within the streptococcal hemoprotein receptor (Shr) of Streptococcus pyrogenes and the nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) of Sindbis virus. We then report our results following application of the grafting approach to probe calcium binding capabilities in streptococcal hemoprotein receptor (Shr) of Streptococcus pyrogenes and the nonstructural protein of Sindbis virus. Figure 3 shows our grafting approach in obtaining site-specific calcium binding affinity using domain1 CD2 as a scaffold protein. doi = 10.1007/s11426-010-0011-5 id = cord-295034-em6z8mlu author = Daverey, Achlesh title = COVID-19: Eco-friendly hand hygiene for human and environmental safety date = 2020-11-11 keywords = SARS; hand; sanitizer summary = Frequent handwashing with soap and the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers is recommended by WHO for hand hygiene and to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, there are safety concerns associated with the use of soaps and alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Therefore, the review aims to highlight the health and environmental concerns associated with the frequent use of soaps/detergents and alcohol-based hand sanitizers amid COVID-19. The potential of some of the natural detergents and sanitizing agents as eco-friendly alternatives to petrochemical-based soaps and alcohol-based hand rubs for hand hygiene are discussed. Overall, all these properties of plant-derived natural soaps and detergents have the potential to replace the synthetic detergents and alcohol-based sanitizers. Economical production of biosurfactants and extraction of bioactive antimicrobial agents from the plants will play a crucial role in their commercial application and sustainability as eco-friendly soaps and hand sanitizers and therefore further research is needed in this direction. doi = 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104754 id = cord-318980-8cclwzob author = Dindarloo, Kavoos title = Pattern of disinfectants use and their adverse effects on the consumers after COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; disinfectant; hand; participant summary = BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of disinfectants use within outbreak of COVID-19 and estimate their adverse effects on the consumer''s health. Health tips to prevent the spread of COVID-19 include regular hand washing, covering the mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, full cooking, avoiding close contact with a person who has symptoms of a respiratory illness such as cough and sneezing, and disinfecting surfaces [2] . Repeated use of sodium hypochlorite bleach with inappropriate concentrations can cause damage Fig. 3 The surfaces disinfected by participants to the skin of the hands and respiratory problems for these people. Alcohol-based solutions and sodium hypochlorite bleach are the most widely used disinfectants by participants after the outbreak of Coronavirus. Advices to use methanol instead of ethanol for disinfecting hands and surfaces and drink alcohol to remove the virus from the body were those that have led to poisoning, blindness and even death in some people. doi = 10.1007/s40201-020-00548-y id = cord-305500-uit5k7qs author = Elsner, Peter title = Dermatological recommendations on hand hygiene in schools during the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-07-12 keywords = hand; skin summary = These hygiene plans envisage -in analogy to the prevention recommendations of the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) -frequent "thorough hand hygiene by handwashing with soap for 20-30 seconds". Regarding the frequency of hand hygiene, the RKI refers to the Federal Center for Health Education (www.infektionsschutz.de), which recommends, without substantiating evidence, washing hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds in the following circumstances to prevent COVID-19 infection: Specific recommendations for skin care products for use after washing/disinfection are not possible due to a lack of relevant study-based evidence; more research is needed here. 5. For hand washing/disinfection/skin care to be effective, it has to be done correctly; this requires health education instruction, for which sufficiently competent consultants are available in Germany through hygiene institutes, health authorities, training and advice centers of accident insurance providers and skin protection centers. doi = 10.1111/ddg.14170 id = cord-270313-k0cj209s author = Erdem, Yasemin title = The risk of hand eczema in healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Do we need specific attention or prevention strategies? date = 2020-06-07 keywords = hand summary = title: The risk of hand eczema in healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Do we need specific attention or prevention strategies? 1 Independent from COVID 19, healthcare workers (HCW) have an increased risk for hand eczema (HE). 5 Therefore, we aimed to investigate the frequency, risk factors, and clinical features of HE among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The frequency of HE was 50.4% among healthcare workers at COVID-19 patient care units in this study. 2, 7 Lan et al reported a high share of 70.4% hand skin damage due to frequent hand hygiene and longer times of using gloves in healthcare workers managing COVID-19. 4 Recently, Guertler et al published a questionnaire-based study among healthcare workers at COVID-19 units. In contrast to the literature, however, the increased use of moisturizing hand cream was independently associated with HE in the present study. Prevalence and risk factors of hand eczema in hospitalbased nurses in northern China doi = 10.1111/cod.13632 id = cord-320862-ua69gcxv author = Giacalone, Serena title = The fear of COVID‐19 infection is the main cause of the new diagnoses of hand eczema: report from the frontline in Milan date = 2020-05-20 keywords = hand summary = The Center for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) asserted that hand washing and surface decontamination are primary measures to reduce COVID-19 propagation [1] . In parallel, recent studies revealed an increased incidence of hand eczema (HE) in health care workers [2] , as well as among general population [3] . The remaining ten patients were suggested two or three daily applications of reparative hand cream This article is protected by copyright. Above all, we focused our attention on giving information about rational of hand hygiene and preventing clinical relapses with daily application of moisturisers in association with barrier creams [5] . Because it has been demonstrated that a damaged skin barrier could be a gateway for COVID-19 [6] , to preserve a high compliance in CDC actions recommended for the prevention of person-to-person viral transmission, dermatologist have the role to educate people to maintain "healthy hands". doi = 10.1111/dth.13630 id = cord-271360-2s6h4u8p author = Gon, Giorgia title = Reducing hand recontamination of healthcare workers during COVID-19 date = 2020-04-06 keywords = hand summary = 1 However, a neglected aspect of hand hygiene, even in the absence of a global pandemic, is the risk of touching surfaces or objects that could recontaminate hands after hand rubbing or washing, whether gloves are worn or not. Infection prevention is key during this pandemic, and reducing hand recontamination is important to ensuring patient and HCW safety at all times. In a recent study in Tanzania during which 781 hand hygiene indications were observed, approximately half of the times when birth attendants rubbed or washed their hands, they then recontaminated their hands on potentially unclean surfaces before performing an aseptic procedure. In their ethnography of infection prevention in Australia, Hor et al 9 state that understanding the "boundaries of what is clean" is not straightforward in hospital departments and that HCWs have different perceptions over whether certain surfaces could potentially lead to cross transmission. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.111 id = cord-325222-wuqekxxc author = Hanna, Sandra title = Morbidity in the COVID‐19 era: Ethanol intoxication secondary to hand sanitiser ingestion date = 2020-08-05 keywords = ABHS; hand summary = We report on a 6-year-old child diagnosed with ethanol poisoning due to ingestion of hand sanitiser. Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, alcohol-based hand sanitisers (ABHS) have rapidly become commonplace within households, health-care setting, schools, shops and other areas frequented by children. 1 Alcohol-based hand sanitisers are appealing in taste and smell to young children and hence dangerous ingestion can occur. 3 Prevention of unintentional hand sanitiser ingestion in young children through appropriate product safety and enforcement strategies and increased public awareness is required. 2 There have been two published reports of children requiring intensive care admission after ingestion of ABHS, one of whom required intubation and ventilation for airway protection. Between 2011 and 2014, 70 669 exposures to both alcohol and non-alcohol-based hand sanitisers were reported to the National Poison Data System in America. Acute ethanol poisoning in a 4-year-old as a result of ethanol-based hand-sanitizer ingestion Reported adverse health effects in children from ingestion of alcohol-based hand sanitizers-United States doi = 10.1111/jpc.15017 id = cord-021571-7kbq0v9w author = Heath, Joan A. title = Infections Acquired in the Nursery: Epidemiology and Control date = 2009-05-19 keywords = CDC; Control; NICU; care; hand; infant; infection; neonatal; nosocomial; outbreak; patient summary = The fact that a hand hygiene campaign was associated with increased hand hygiene compliance and a lower rate of CONS-positive cultures supports this ~ontention.''~ Enterococcus has been shown to account for 10% of total nosocomial infections in neonates, 6% to 15% of bloodstream infections, 0% to 5% of cases of pneumonia, 17% of urinary tract infections, and 9% of surgical site Sepsis and meningitis are common manifestations of enterococcal infection during NICU outbreak^''^,^^; however, polymicrobial bacteremia and NEC frequently accompany enterococcal sepsis.77 Identified risk factors for enterococcal sepsis, after adjustment for birth weight, include use of a nonumbilical CVC, prolonged presence of a CVC, and bowel resection?'' Because Enterococcus colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and can survive for long periods of time on inanimate surfaces, the patient''s environment may become contaminated and, along with the infant, serve as a reservoir for ongoing spread of the organism. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50037-2 id = cord-335141-ag3j8obh author = Higgins, G.C. title = FFP3 reusable respirators for COVID-19; adequate and suitable in the healthcare setting date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; Hand; Health; NHS; Sir; patient; plastic; study; surgeon; surgery; time summary = The British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons, the British Society for Surgery of the Hand and the Royal College of Surgeons of England, have all issued guidance: both encouraging patients to avoid risky pursuits, which could result in accidental injuries and to members how to prioritise and optimise services for trauma and urgent cancer work. We have adapted our Hand Trauma Service to a ''One Stop Hand Trauma and Therapy'' clinic, where patients are assessed, definitive surgery performed and offered immediate post-operative hand therapy where therapists make splint and give specialist advice on wound care and rehabilitation including an illustrated hand therapy guide. Local assessment of our practice is ongoing but we have found that this model has enabled a cohort of vulnerable plastic surgery trainees to successfully continue to work whilst reducing the risk of exposure to COVID-19 and providing gold standard care for patients. doi = 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.06.002 id = cord-290441-r4tzodkj author = Iversen, Anne-Mette title = Light-guided nudging and data-driven performance feedback improve hand hygiene compliance among nurses and doctors date = 2020-11-10 keywords = HHC; hand; hygiene summary = CONCLUSIONS: HHC of doctors and nurses can be significantly improved with light-guided nudging and data-driven performance feedback using an automated hand hygiene system.  Doctors (surgeons) have lower baseline hand hygiene compliance than nurses  Light-guided nudging and data-driven performance feedback improve compliance  Individual performance feedback might be more effective than group feedback  The Sani nudge system detects more opportunities than using manual observations  Nurses and doctors disinfect hands more often after rather than before patient contact Background Evidence-based practices to increase hand hygiene compliance (HHC) among healthcare workers are warranted. HHC of doctors and nurses can be significantly improved with light-guided nudging and data-driven performance feedback using an automated hand hygiene system. Light-guided nudging and data-driven performance feedback improve hand hygiene compliance among nurses and doctors BACKGROUND Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) continue to burden patients, healthcare workers (HCWs) and society by increasing morbidity, mortality, absenteeism and treatment costs (1-3). doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.11.007 id = cord-277818-8w15dz20 author = Jaichenco, Andre L. title = Infectious Disease Considerations for the Operating Room date = 2018-02-09 keywords = HIV; care; hand; infection; patient; transmission summary = Hand hygiene is a well-known and effective solution to the problem of bacterial transmission within and across patients and is considered the most important and cost-effective individual intervention in the prevention of health care–associated infections in children and health care providers Compliance with the current "5 moments" World Health Organization guidelines could make a major inroad into reducing provider hand and workspace contamination. These findings have clinical implications for the risk of colonization and subsequent HCIs-for example, SSIs. This calls attention to the need to develop and enforce strict hand hygiene guidelines for personnel who are providing anesthesia care, but more importantly the need to increase compliance with environmental disinfection of the OR (between cases and terminal cleaning), and to study further the directions of the spread of pathogens in the OR and anesthesia work areas. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-42974-0.00050-1 id = cord-345991-d26y5291 author = Jing, Jane Lee Jia title = Hand Sanitizers: A Review on Formulation Aspects, Adverse Effects, and Regulations date = 2020-05-11 keywords = ABHS; alcohol; hand summary = To date, most of the effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%–95% of alcohol as it can denature the proteins of microbes and the ability to inactivate viruses. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends alcohol-based hand sanitizer (ABHS) in line with the proven advantages of their rapid action and a broad spectrum of microbicidal activity offering protection against bacteria and viruses. Data were extracted by two authors based on the To date, most effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%-95% of alcohol as it is capable of denaturing the proteins of microbes and inactivating viruses [19, 20] . Alcohols have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against most vegetative forms of bacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis), fungi, and enveloped viruses (human Although hand sanitizers may be less effective than soaps in some situations, it is undeniable that they are the preferred form of hand hygiene in healthcare settings. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17093326 id = cord-004971-jwpb7862 author = Kagan, Lori J. title = The Role of the Home Environment in the Transmission of Infectious Diseases date = 2002 keywords = contamination; hand; home; hygiene; transmission summary = The home environment, particularly the kitchen and bathroom, serves as a reservoir of large numbers of microorganisms, particularly Enterobacteriacae,and infectious disease transmission has been demonstrated to occur in 6–60% of households in which one member is ill. Recent events, including widespread media coverage of foodborne outbreaks and increased marketing of a variety of antibacterial products for personal hygiene and hard surface disinfection, have resulted in a resurgence of interest and public concern about hygiene and cleanliness in the home. 17 In a study to evaluate the survival of bacteria and enteric viruses during washing and drying as performed in U.S. homes, sterile cotton swabs were inoculated with Mycobacterium fortuitum, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, E. This body of research suggests that a product containing an ingredient with disinfectant properties, such as alcohol, bleach or a phenolic, may be indicated for home use if a household member is ill with an infectious disease or in other high-risk situations. doi = 10.1023/a:1016378226861 id = cord-334377-khqvezmu author = Ling, Moi Lin title = Impact of a hospital-wide hand hygiene promotion strategy on healthcare-associated infections date = 2012-03-23 keywords = hand summary = title: Impact of a hospital-wide hand hygiene promotion strategy on healthcare-associated infections BACKGROUND: During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak, high compliance in healthcare workers to hand hygiene was primarily driven by fear. The WHO multi-prong interventions work in improving compliance and reducing healthcare associated infections. During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, a high compliance of close to 90% in healthcare workers to hand hygiene was achieved. The last survey done in November 2010 confirmed that the use of posters have helped to remind staffs and public on the messages of hand hygiene. Healthcare-associated MRSA infections were noted to reduce from 0.6 (2007) to 0.3 (2010) per 1000 patient-days ( Figure 13 ). The use of the WHO multi-prong interventions is successful in improving hand hygiene compliance with concomitant reduction in healthcareassociated infections. Cite this article as: Ling and How: Impact of a hospital-wide hand hygiene promotion strategy on healthcare-associated infections doi = 10.1186/2047-2994-1-13 id = cord-258712-q8b072m8 author = Lotfinejad, Nasim title = Emojis in public health and how they might be used for hand hygiene and infection prevention and control date = 2020-02-10 keywords = emoji; hand; hygiene summary = This paper aims to provide an overview of how emojis have been used in the medical and public health literature and proposes their possible use in IPC and hand hygiene to put forth a vision for the future research. The potential roles of these symbols in infection prevention and control (IPC), as a globally recognized essential part of health systems [9] , are further described through the example of using emojis to promote hand hygiene. Education entertainment provided by social media is a promising method to promote individual behavior change such as hand hygiene [43] , and emojis are helpful tools to add topics and ideas by facilitating a more natural communication [6] . Other studies have pointed to the importance of improving the use of social media platforms by IPC professionals in order to leverage the latest technologies in conveying hand hygiene messages [43, 49, 50] . doi = 10.1186/s13756-020-0692-2 id = cord-267132-nb0j6k3h author = Loveday, H.P. title = epic3: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals in England date = 2013-12-10 keywords = ABHR; BSI; CAUTI; HCAI; Health; catheter; hand; infection; patient; study summary = doi = 10.1016/s0195-6701(13)60012-2 id = cord-272912-2wv4mfzl author = Mukherjee, Ramanuj title = Achieving Perfect Hand Washing: an Audit Cycle with Surgical Internees date = 2020-10-06 keywords = Attempt; hand; washing summary = This study found video-based instruction and individual guidance effective teaching tools for surgical hand disinfection and gave novel data regarding the reasons responsible for poor compliance to proper hand washing in a general surgical setting. According to the individual criterion in the hand washing checklist (Table 1) , best adherence was noted in criteria 7 (dispensed liquid soap used) and 10 (a copy of the 10 steps to effective hand hygiene wall chart is prominently displayed at each wash basin) with 100% success rates for each of the criteria in Attempt 1. The data collection template given in the study published on October 2018 named ''Hand Hygiene -Quality Improvement Toolkit for Infection Prevention and Control in General Practice'' formulated by Primary Care Quality and Information Service under the National Public Health Service for Wales has been used as a reference standard for this study [9] . In the current study, it was noticed that it took four attempts for all the participants to achieve optimum nail hygiene during surgical hand washing. doi = 10.1007/s12262-020-02619-8 id = cord-339705-x8l3zgfd author = Patil, Vijaykumar title = An association between fingerprint patterns with blood group and lifestyle based diseases: a review date = 2020-08-18 keywords = blood; fingerprint; group; hand; loop; patient; pattern; whorl summary = doi = 10.1007/s10462-020-09891-w id = cord-325546-bgdr25z1 author = Pham, T. M. title = The Potential Impact of Intensified Community Hand Hygiene Interventions on Respiratory tract Infections: A Modelling Study date = 2020-05-27 keywords = hand summary = Our analyses show that the effect of hand hygiene is highly dependent on the duration of viral persistence on hands and that hand washing needs to be performed very frequently or immediately after hand contamination events in order to substantially reduce the probability of infection. [16, 17] An immediate consequence of this conceptualisation is that the time interval between the hands becoming 78 contaminated and making infectious contact with the host''s mucosa can have a critical impact on how 79 effective a given frequency of hand washing will be at interrupting transmission ( Figure 2 ). We assume that when hand washing is performed after the last hand contamination event and before a 312 face-touching event at time t i , the respective probability of virus persistence P (t i ) is reduced to zero. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.26.20113464 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure S4 shows that the shorter the virus persists on hands, the higher the probability of transmission 332 per face-touching contact has to be if the cumulative probability of infection is assumed to be fixed. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.26.20113464 id = cord-273021-9t66ygoj author = Prsic, Adnan title = A 3-Dimensional-Printed Hand Model for Home-Based Acquisition of Fracture Fixation Skills Without Fluoroscopy date = 2020-06-19 keywords = hand summary = OBJECTIVE: To design a low cost ($40), realistic and fluoroscopy-free percutaneous Kirschner wire hand fracture fixation training instrument kit for home-based skill acquisition during the COVID-19 pandemic. The model is currently being integrated into the simulation curriculum at 2 integrated plastic surgery residency programs for training in percutaneous wire fixation of hand fractures. RESULTS: A realistic and durable 3D model with interchangeable bones allows trainees to practice the key motor skills necessary for successful fixation of hand and wrist fractures with K-wires in a home-based setting. It has been demonstrated that practicing prior to surgical interventions "enable[s] the trainee to maximize learning episodes and trainers more likely to delegate surgical training." 3 Given limited simulation tools for hand fracture fixation and the absence of commercially available 3D hands that replicate the tactile feel of bone and soft tissue, we focused on developing an affordable and durable model for resident training. doi = 10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.05.027 id = cord-320133-q26jiv17 author = Sadr, Mr A H title = Managing Hand Trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic using a One-Stop Clinic date = 2020-05-22 keywords = Hand summary = The COVID-19 Pandemic has shifted clinical priorities and resources from elective and trauma hand surgery with general anaesthesia (GA) to treat the growing number of COVID patients. The British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons, the British Society for Surgery of the Hand and the Royal College of Surgeons of England, have all issued guidance: both encouraging patients to avoid risky pursuits, which could result in accidental injuries and to members how to prioritise and optimise services for trauma and urgent cancer work. We have adapted our Hand Trauma Service to a ''One Stop Hand Trauma and Therapy'' clinic, where patients are assessed, definitive surgery performed and offered immediate post-operative hand therapy where therapists make splint and give specialist advice on wound care and rehabilitation including an illustrated hand therapy guide. We have successfully been able to perform 95% of our operations for Hand trauma under Wide Awake Local Anaesthesia No Tourniquet (WALANT) (1). doi = 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.05.026 id = cord-263245-2qub96mz author = Singh, D. title = Alcohol-based hand sanitisers as first line of defence against SARS-CoV-2: a review of biology, chemistry and formulations date = 2020-09-29 keywords = SARS; alcohol; hand; virus summary = This review summarises the studies on alcohol-based hand sanitisers and their disinfectant activity against SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses. The literature shows that the type and concentration of alcohol, formulation and nature of product, presence of excipients, applied volume, contact time and viral contamination load are critical factors that determine the effectiveness of hand sanitisers. When soap and water are not available, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends sanitising of non-visibly soiled hands with an alcoholbased agent containing 80% v/v ethanol or 75% v/v isopropanol [4] . This review assesses available information on the composition, formulation and effectiveness of alcohol-based hand disinfection products with specific reference to their activity against SARS-CoV-2. Alcohol-based hand rubs in the form of foam, rinse and gel did not differ significantly in trials of antimicrobial activity but the application volume and drying time had a profound effect on their efficacy [54] . doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002319 id = cord-284532-b6tsjmfs author = Thampi, N. title = It’s in our hands: a rapid, international initiative to translate a hand hygiene song during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-06 keywords = hand summary = A prominent strategy to improve hand hygiene, developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), includes an effective six-step handwashing technique and has led to broad uptake through the use of a multimodal approach; however encouraging consistent compliance can be challenging [1] . In addition to needing to remember all six steps of the technique and needing to wash hands for the required duration of time, there can be a lack of awareness regarding the importance of handwashing technique on reducing the microbial burden on hands. In the context of the 3/6 evolving COVID-19 pandemic, the near-ubiquitous melody of Brother John provided an opportunity for international, interdisciplinary collaboration to translate and rapidly disseminate the musical mnemonic globally. A clear advantage of this six-step handwashing song is that it highlights the importance of correct technique, in addition to the recommended 20-second duration (such as singing "happy birthday" twice, another popular approach). Figure 1: WHO six-step handwashing technique 1 and handwashing song lyrics, set to the tune of Brother John. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.003 id = cord-303468-95btvr1v author = Verran, Joanna title = Biofilm Control Strategies: Engaging with the Public date = 2020-07-30 keywords = activity; hand; public summary = This short communication describes three public engagement activities hosted by the authors, focused on biofilm control: hand hygiene, plaque control and an externally applied antimicrobial coating. Thus, as part of a PhD project investigating the activity of photocatalytic surfaces, one of the external walls of the University was used to illustrate the effectiveness of titanium dioxide paints in terms of self-cleaning and reduction of the formation of biofilm on the wall material. Our aim was to inform the passing public about our research (an interpretation panel was affixed to the wall), and on occasion, we encouraged passers-by to participate in a longitudinal subjective assessment of the impact of titanium dioxide-containing paint on the perceived cleanliness of the panel. doi = 10.3390/antibiotics9080465 id = cord-290524-2el9tx9v author = Weese, J. Scott title = Barrier precautions, isolation protocols, and personal hygiene in veterinary hospitals date = 2004-12-31 keywords = barrier; hand; hospital; isolation summary = Based on universal precautions, infection control practices are applied to all patients, regardless of known or suspected infectious disease status, and emphasize the prevention of any contact with blood or certain body fluids [2] . At the Ontario Veterinary College Veterinary Teaching Hospital (OVC-VTH), a policy requiring glove use for any contact with equine patients was instituted in response to nosocomial and zoonotic transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Although no infection control program can eliminate disease concerns, proper implementation of barrier precautions and isolation can reduce the exposure of hospitalized animals and hospital personnel to infectious agents. Although no infection control program can eliminate disease concerns, proper implementation of barrier precautions and isolation can reduce the exposure of hospitalized animals and hospital personnel to infectious agents. doi = 10.1016/j.cveq.2004.07.006 id = cord-300656-56sd6pnn author = Welle, Luke title = Tainted hand sanitizer leads to outbreak of methanol toxicity during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic date = 2020-07-08 keywords = hand summary = title: Tainted hand sanitizer leads to outbreak of methanol toxicity during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic Tainted hand sanitizer leads to outbreak of methanol toxicity during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic The most recent example in the American Southwest is an outbreak of methanol poisonings from tainted hand sanitizer products. 1 Hand sanitizer products have recently been indicated in methanol poisonings causing blindness in two and death in seven New Mexicans. 3 At the time of letter submission, our cases appear to align with hand sanitizer consumption, but not to products specifically identified thus far by the Food and Drug Administration. Emergency physicians must have a heightened awareness for methanol toxicity in at-risk populations given the possibility of this outbreak to spread geographically in this time of the online marketplace and heightened product demand. Use of Out-of-Hospital Ethanol Administration to Improve Outcome in Mass Methanol Outbreaks doi = 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.07.011 id = cord-354832-lps2qbxy author = Wong, J. S. W. title = The Common Missed Handwashing Instances and Areas after 15 Years of Hand-Hygiene Education date = 2019-08-08 keywords = Hong; Kong; hand summary = Following the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong, proper hand hygiene has been widely promoted in multiple contexts, focusing on the instances when hands should be washed as well as the duration and technique of handwashing. However, there are few studies that evaluate the compliance of Hong Kong people in this area or the effectiveness of their handwashing after 15 years of health education on this topic. In Hong Kong, the CHP advocates proper handwashing practice to the public aligned with the CDC in the United States, the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom, the Public Health Agency of Canada, and the Global Handwashing Partnership which includes washing one''s hands with water and soap before and after at least eight specific situations; the process comprises six steps over seven areas of both hands for no less than 20 seconds [22] . doi = 10.1155/2019/5928924 id = cord-327888-4g3x5dje author = Yuan, C. T. title = Perceptions of hand hygiene practices in China date = 2009-02-28 keywords = hand; hygiene; infection summary = Our study suggests that a pivotal issue for improving hand hygiene practice in China is providing infection control departments adequate attention, priority, and influence within the hospital, with a clear line of authority to senior management. Findings from this study suggest that the primary challenges in improving hand hygiene in China are the limited authority of infection control departments in hospitals, the lack of essential resources, and the ineffective use of data monitoring and feedback to hospital staff. Elevating the place of infection control on the hospital organisational chart and changing the paradigm of surveillance to continuous monitoring and effective data feedback are central to achieving improved hand hygiene practices and quality of care. Elevating the place of infection control on the hospital organisational chart and changing the paradigm of surveillance to continuous monitoring and effective data feedback are central to achieving improved hand hygiene practices and quality of care. doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.09.017 id = cord-004580-wsd9g5z2 author = nan title = Händehygiene in Einrichtungen des Gesundheitswesens: Empfehlung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention (KRINKO) beim Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) date = 2016-08-24 keywords = Compliance; HDM; Handschuhe; Hautschutz; Händedesinfektion; Händehygiene; der; die; hand; ist; und; von summary = Das Umfüllen und Kennzeichnen von Desinfektionsmitteln in Arztpraxen und Krankenhäusern durch eigenes Personal für die Anwendung in der eigenen Einrichtung ist zwar als Herstellung gemäß § 4 Absatz 14 AMG anzusehen, unterliegt jedoch nicht dem Erfordernis einer Herstellungserlaubnis, da in diesen Fällen weder gewerbs-noch berufsmäßig hergestellt wird. Zweck der Händewaschung ist die Reinigung der Hände zur Entfernung von Schmutz und Verunreinigungen sowie zur Entfernung lose adhärierter Krankheitserreger, sofern diese nicht durch Händedesinfektion abgetötet werden können (z. Um einen Effekt der Händedesinfektion auf die Raten von NI und MRE zu erzielen, muss eine hohe Compliance der Händedesinfektion durch das Personal erreicht werden [338] . Nach dem Erreichen des Goldzertifikats der Aktion Saubere Hände ist es möglich, sich am Wettbewerb "European Hand Hygiene Excellence Award" zu beteiligen und damit einen Beitrag zur Nachhaltigkeit der erreichten Compliance zu leisten. doi = 10.1007/s00103-016-2416-6