cord-001038-91uj6sph	2013	This paper presents the recommendations of the Sustainable Surveillance Workgroup convened by the International Society for Disease Surveillance (ISDS) to identify strategies for building, strengthening, and maintaining surveillance systems that are equipped to provide data continuity and to handle both established and new data sources and public health surveillance practices. Public health surveillance is defined as, "the systematic and ongoing collection, management, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of information for the purpose of informing the actions of public health decision makers." 3 In addition to providing information about the health status of our communities, surveillance is a foundation of emergency preparedness, food safety, infectious disease outbreak prevention and control, chronic disease assessments, and other key areas that protect the health, economy, and security of the public.
cord-001343-3euy4u9k	2014	In recognition of the national need for an in-service program to target the''''level four'''' health staff as defined by WADEM, i.e.''h ealth workers who played lead roles in disaster health management'''' [20] , China''s Ministry of Health (MoH) commissioned the Capital Medical University in 2010 to develop and implement a competency-based curriculum to help strengthen the performance of the new cadre of HERO staff. We assessed tasks, roles and responsibilities, and training needs of HERO staff through face-to-face interviews of eleven experienced key informants; they included health emergency experts from the government, the military and the academic sector, and senior staff of HEROs. We also explored their awareness of existing training activities and the associated relative strengths and weaknesses, their preferences on modes of curriculum delivery and the optimal duration of in-service training.
cord-001400-ie22xisg	2014	However, there remain challenges that hinder effective health disaster responses, including low standards of disaster-resistant infrastructure safety, the lack of specific disaster plans, poor emergency coordination between hospitals, lack of portable diagnostic equipment and underdeveloped triage skills, surge capacity, and psychological interventions. Additional challenges include the fragmentation of the emergency health service system, a lack of specific legislation for emergencies, disparities in the distribution of funding, and inadequate cost-effective considerations for disaster rescue. The research inclusion criteria were: 1) journal articles, governmental and institutional reports written in English or Chinese in the past two decades; 2) studies comprising relevant evaluations of the status or description of the progress and challenges of disaster management (i.e. disaster prevention, preparedness, responsiveness, and recovery) of the healthcare system in China; and 3) other jurisdictions that had direct relevance to disaster health management in China (e.g. disaster healthcare management, disaster medical responses, emergency medical care, and emergency healthcare systems).
cord-001506-2gzi3fo9	2014	title: "Only your blood can tell the story" – a qualitative research study using semistructured interviews to explore the hepatitis B related knowledge, perceptions and experiences of remote dwelling Indigenous Australians and their health care providers in northern Australia The aim of this research project was to explore the knowledge, perceptions and experiences of remote dwelling Indigenous adults and their health care providers relating to hepatitis B infection with a view to using this as the evidence base to develop a culturally appropriate educational tool. All participants were shown two existing resources; an animation about the liver and its function (chosen as it was part of an electronic education package targeted at Indigenous Australians) and a flip chart, (developed in Victoria, Australia, intended for use in the clinic setting and aimed mainly at Asian individuals) about hepatitis B and asked to comment on them as a way of generating ideas/preferences for any future educational tool.
cord-001521-l36f1gp7	2011	The IC 50 values determined in functional NI assays provide valuable information for detection of resistant viruses, but should not be used to draw direct correlations with drug concentrations needed to inhibit virus replication in the infected human host, as clinical data to support such inferences are inadequate. • Standardized reagents and protocols • Choice of detection technology • Simple instrumentation requirements • High sensitivity for use with low virus concentrations • Compatibility with batch-mode processing and largescale assay throughput • Broad specificity of influenza detection • Flexibility in assay format • Additional NA assay applications -cell-based viral assays, screening for new NIs, detection of NA from other organisms Functional neuraminidase inhibition assays enable detection of any resistance mutation and are extremely important in conjunction with sequence-based screening assays for global monitoring of virus isolates for NI resistance mutations, including known and new mutations. Such new assays need to include methods to measure local antibodies and virus-specific lymphocytes, especially in the case of live attenuated influenza vaccines, because of their potential to induce such broad-based immune responses.
cord-001634-mi5gcfcw	2015	
cord-001757-q41o6nxs	2015	A regional network of diverse stakeholder and transdisciplinary specialists from circumpolar nations and Indigenous groups can advance the understanding of complex climate-driven health risks and provide community-based strategies for early identification, prevention and adaption of health risks in human, animals and environment. Understanding the health risks of climate change in the Arctic will require scientists, policy makers, communities and public health experts to collaborate beyond the confines of their disciplines and borders, and One Health provides an approach to detect the emergence of climate-sensitive health threats in the region. The implications of health risks Á to Arctic populations and those beyond Á calls for broad and diverse stakeholder collaborations to advance the fundamental understanding of emerging health threats, and the development of shared initiatives that decrease vulnerabilities of human and animal communities and the environment.
cord-002230-rtlygovi	2016	Many post-Ebola health system strengthening programmes are framed around a notion of health system ''resilience'' that focuses on global rather than local priorities and fails to account for key local social dynamics that shape crisis responses. 5 For health system strengthening initiatives to genuinely improve how health systems respond to major epidemics, commonly framed as building health system ''resilience'', they must therefore understand and address the complex and-crucially-locally constituted relationships and structures that shape how different actors respond to crises in practice. For example, actions taken at a national or global level to contain Ebola virus disease transmission often have paradoxically negative consequences for people''s capacity to withstand or engage with other threats to wellbeing at a local level, in particular non-Ebola health threats, economic opportunities and social cohesion that are a very real threat to survival.
cord-002774-tpqsjjet	2017	
cord-002885-dhdyxnr3	2018	The objective of this study was to understand frontline physicians'' and nurses'' perspectives about personal protective equipment (PPE) use during the 2014-2016 EVD outbreak in West Africa and to incorporate these findings into the development process of a WHO rapid advice guideline. The specific objectives were to understand and describe frontline physician and nurses'' perspectives about PPE use, while providing direct care for EVD patients in the unprecedented conditions of the 2014-2016 EVD outbreak in West Africa and to incorporate these findings into the rapid advice guideline development process. The findings of the survey were presented at the guideline development meeting and incorporated into evidence-to-decision tables (Supplementary File 2) to inform the formulation of recommendations for PPE components in the context of an EVD outbreak. We developed the study protocol, obtained WHO ethics approval, contacted the participants, delivered the survey, analysed the data, and presented the findings as part of the evidence-to-decision tables at the expert panel meeting where the recommendations were formulated in a period of 8 weeks.
cord-004017-gcmpatlb	2019	The review identified 12 factors that support successful One Health collaborations and a coordinated response to health events across three levels: two individual factors (education & training and prior experience & existing relationships), four organizational factors (organizational structures, culture, human resources and, communication), and six network factors (network structures, relationships, leadership, management, available & accessible resources, political environment). In this study, a multidisciplinary team of researchers reviewed a broad scope of literature describing collaborative and multi-sectoral approaches to past health events to understand how such collaborations are commonly described and evaluated and to identify and synthesize enabling factors for One Health collaborations. Starting condition factors reported to enable collaboration at the network level included network structures, existing relationships, available resources in the face of a health event, and the political environment in place to support these efforts.
cord-004041-2b2h1xog	2019	
cord-004203-mkr7n1i0	2008	What''s Private?: Policy Trade-offs and the Debate Over Mandatory Annual Influenza Vaccination for Health Care Workers In the debate over mandatory annual influenza vaccination for health care workers, for example, proponents as well as opponents of mandatory vaccination may convey arguments in security terms. Determining the place of mandatory influenza vaccination for health care workers thus demands reconciling policy trade-offs and clarifying the underlying disputes hidden in the language of the policy debate. The following commentary addresses the policy challenges represented in the language used by proponents and opponents of mandatory annual influenza vaccination for health care workers, in an attempt to shed light on this heated debate. In terms of language, proponents as well as opponents of mandatory vaccination may convey their arguments in security terms; proponents emphasize subclinical infections among workers and duty of care (public security) while opponents emphasize risk of adverse events (personal security/negative liberty).
cord-004204-cpub9oah	2004	T o say that SARS was a unique threat, and one that challenged public health and the entire health system in Ontario could be viewed as somewhat of an understatement. Never had the modern public health or the health care system been put to such a test or been put under such pressure to respond as during the two phases of SARS outbreaks earlier this year. The very uniqueness and stress that the SARS outbreaks placed on our system inevitably revealed the weaknesses and the areas where change or fortification in our public health defenses was needed in order for us to meet successfully future challenges. Funding for public health services in Ontario is based on a mixed model with municipal and provincial partners contributing to the funding. Other public health professionals should be cross-trained in communicable disease management to create additional surge capacity. A Report of the National Advisory Committee on SARS and Public Health
cord-004256-83crtevc	2019	title: Development of a tool to assess oral health-related quality of life in patients hospitalised in critical care AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Oral health deteriorates following hospitalisation in critical care units (CCU) but there are no validated measures to assess effects on oral health-related quality of life (OHQoL). A major limiting factor to further research is the absence of a validated tool to measure oral health-related quality of life in CCU patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a suitable tool to assess the impact of critical care on oral health-related quality of life (OHQoL) and to investigate patient-reported outcome measures of OHQoL in patients hospitalised in a CCU.
cord-004407-f3lr0lwj	2020	The PLOS Medicine editors discuss prospects for health and development in the coming decade. Although it seems that a global peak has not yet, and may never be, reached, one can imagine that the consequences of progressive oil scarcity could be dramatic, leading to challenging readjustments of societies and economies to develop alternative sources of energy and reduce reliance on environmentally damaging fuels. Despite the positive vision embodied by the SDGs, could "peak health" have already been reached? Although the analogy with peak oil may be debatable, there are signs that life expectancy in the United States and United Kingdom has reached a plateau, and may be declining [8] . We must hope that progress in population health does not slip into reverse gear in the coming decades, driven by factors that could include the transition to non-communicable diseases, vaccine hesitancy, environmental stressors, and anticipated but unpredictable hazards such as antimicrobial resistance.
cord-004531-agvg719f	2008	Der mögliche Ausbruch einer Pandemie mit einem neuartigen Influenza-A-Virus (im Folgenden kurz: Influenzapandemie) beschäftigt Public Health, die Öffentlichkeit und auch die Politik in den letzten Jahren vermehrt. Sie sollen sicherstellen, dass im Pandemiefall die gesundheitlichen Schäden der Bevölkerung gering gehalten werden und das öffentliche Leben so weit wie möglich aufrechterhalten wird, sodass nach einer Pandemie eine schnelle Rückkehr in den geordneten Alltag möglich wird. Die ethischen Herausforderungen bei einer Influenzapandemie liegen also vor allem darin, dass mögliche Public-Health-Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Bevölkerung individuelle Freiheiten einschränken können [16] . h. bereits in der Vorbereitung auf eine Pandemie, mit den ethischen Implikationen einer solchen auseinanderzusetzen und ethisches Urteilen bei der Weiterentwicklung von Maßnahmenkatalogen zu berücksichtigen. Die ärztliche Expertise und der heilberufliche Auftrag reichen allein nicht aus, den Herausforderungen im Falle einer befürchteten oder auch tatsächlichen Pandemie zu begegnen und gesamtgesellschaftliche Public-Health-Probleme zu lösen.
cord-004639-qwxkn0j0	2020	The MoH, with technical guidance from the World Health Organisation (WHO), led EVD preparedness activities and worked together with other ministries and partner organisations to enhance community-based surveillance systems, develop and disseminate risk communication messages, engage communities, reinforce EVD screening and infection prevention measures at Points of Entry (PoEs) and in high-risk health facilities, construct and equip EVD isolation and treatment units, and establish coordination and procurement mechanisms. The NTF assigned an Incident Management Commander (IMC) and team, made of 6 technical subcommittee team leads encompassing the eleven key WHO EVD preparedness components, including: 1) epidemiological surveillance (contact tracing, capacities at PoEs, and laboratory incorporated); 2) case management and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) including psycho-social support, waste management and safe and dignified burials; 3) risk communication and community engagement; 4) vaccination, therapeutics, and research; 5) emergency coordination including budgeting and resource mobilisation; and 6) logistics [10].
cord-004894-75w35fkd	2006	The unadjusted median (25-75% percentile) sperm concentration in the non-exposed group (n = 90) is 49 (23-86) mill/ml compared to 33 (12-63) mill/ml among men exposed to >19 cigarettes per day in fetal life (n = 26 Aim: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and their effects in physical activity (PA) levels of Portuguese children and adolescents aged 10-18 years. Objectives: a) To estimate the sex-and age-adjusted annual rate of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) (per 100 person-years [%py]) among the HCWs, as indicated by tuberculin skin test conversion (TST) conversion, b) to identify occupational factors associated with significant variations in the ARTI, c) to investigate the efficacy of the regional preventive guidelines. Objectives: We assessed the total burden of adverse events (AE), and determined treatment-related risk factors for the development of various AEs. Methods: The study cohort included 1362 5-year survivors, treated in the Emma Childrens Hospital AMC in the Netherlands between 1966-1996.
cord-004957-erigjz4g	2015	
cord-004973-yqcc54iv	2009	This work deconstructs the notion of race and ethnicity as risk factors for immigrant ill health, which is prevalent in current medical research and practice, by tracing its roots in Canadian history. Therefore, in this work I would like to deconstruct the notion of race and ethnicity as risk factors for ill health and, as well, elaborate on the relevance of these epidemiological categories to medicine and society. 30 Recent research provides sound evidence that negative health discourses about immigrants are readily present in the Western world even today, 31, 32, 33, 34 whether they concern the Ebola virus of black Africans, 35 the SARS of the Chinese, 36 or the overreproduction of Latinas, 37 which all threaten in different ways the highly regarded and healthy bodies of white Canadians, Britons, or Americans respectively.
cord-005068-3ddb38de	2011	
cord-005078-gr2vioor	2009	
cord-005080-r01ii1bu	2005	This article categorizes four kinds of adverse effects to human health caused by ecosystem change: direct, mediated, modulated, and systems failure. For example, O''Reilly and others (2003) concludes, in discussing the potential for further reduction in the ecosystem provisioning service of Lake Tanganyika, that ''''the human implications of such subtle, but progressive, environmental changes are potentially dire in this densely populated region of the world, where large lakes are essential natural resources for regional economies.'''' Ecosystem services as a significant element in state failure may be underrecognized due to our tendency to discount the future possibility of thresholds or emergence. We have explored how ecosystem services impact human health and have proposed that adverse ecological changes can interact and feedback with dysfunctional social responses, leading to the development of states that we have termed mediated and systems failure.
cord-005159-6agnsbyd	2013	We argue that bioethics has a universal range because it relates to three shared human characteristics,—human vulnerability, institutional precariousness and scarcity of resources. The generic concepts of ''ethics of rights'' and ''ethics of duties'' (Patrão Neves 2009)-found implicitly in most official bioethics documents-can be viewed as two relevant ideas for a sociological study of human rights and global health policy. We argue that bioethics has a universal range because it relates to three shared human characteristics,-human vulnerability, institutional precariousness and scarcity of resources. We defend the idea some conditions such as human vulnerability, precariousness institutions and scarcity of resources, are common to human societies and can serve as a grounding for future research in bioethics. In its report on the Principle of respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity, the International Bioethics Committee notably indicates that the ''most significant worldwide barrier to improving the levels of attainment of health through health care interventions is the scarcity of resources'' (UNESCO 2011: 29) .
cord-006037-we1rp0pa	2009	In fact, recent years have seen a crescendo of calls to reinvigorate leadership education and training, because "today, the need for leaders is too great to leave their emergence to chance." 3-5 Such leaders could help further social justice and the common good by promoting the values captured in the preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization-"the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being." 6 To advance such training, the Association of Schools of Public Health has identified leadership as a core competency area in the Master of Public Health Competency Model for 2007. By working between and above the levels of leadership of self, others and organizations, these transcendent leaders can ultimately shift the paradigm from "no hope" to "new hope" and create a renewed sense of community.
cord-006100-zvb7bxix	2015	The paper also serves to identify that although contingencies management for epidemiological issues require technical and scientific considerations to feature in governance arrangements, equally there are key "wicked problems" in the context public policy that pervade the health security sector. There are studies which consider crisis management, resilience and risk in the context of UK public policy (e.g. McConnell, 2003; Drennan and McConnell, 2006; Brassett et al., 2013) , however, there are very few case-based research studies which illustrate crisis and disaster governance challenges from the perspective of those institutions and policy actors that are responsible for managing such "wicked problems" from a macro-level policy position. The wicked problem of UK territorial governance UK policy actors (i.e. in Scottish and UK governments) in the area of health security have highlighted the domestic state-level challenges of managing planning for pandemic disease within UK borders and the political dimensions to this process.
cord-006159-s21jrbvn	2010	
cord-006163-37bnj3s3	2010	Negotiation of the Framework convention on tobacco control provides an apt example from global health diplomacy to tackle diet-related chronic diseases. WHO member states were able to come to an agreement on tobacco control, and therefore it is possible that other factors, including common challenges for regulating the industry, can provide sufficient impetus for success in global health diplomacy for chronic disease prevention. To address the problems related to global marketing and advertising of tobacco products and the pressure from multinationals on national governments to curb regulatory actions, the WHO and its member governments, supported by a number of non-governmental actors, promoted the development of a multilateral treaty. 26 Based on these lessons, we conclude that global health diplomacy for obesity prevention requires a much higher level of mobilisation of political leaders, civil society organisations, governments and non-state actors in developing countries, and engagement with the many private actors in the agri-food industries before healthy diet proponents are ready to negotiate a treaty similar to the FCTC.
cord-007118-fo2lq1sb	2018	Despite evidence of high IT use, there is no published evidence about whether the Saudi population is using IT to obtain health information or make decisions, especially regarding NCDs such as diabetes, cardiovascular issues and hypertension. In this study, we describe the development of a Saudi e-health literacy scale (SeHL) for measuring e-health literacy among Saudis suffering from NCDs, especially diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. We were able to aggregate a scale that measures e-health literacy based on four dimensions: decision making, information seeking, confidence, and use of media and technology. We did this by reviewing previous studies in health literacy and e-health literacy and by conducting workshops to propose a new scale suitable for measuring e-health literacy levels among the Saudi population. In terms of the public health field, this e-health literacy research can help organization build a better patient education system that would promote prevention of NCDs. This study also analyzed literacy dimensions identified in other wellknown scales in AlSayah et al.
cord-007532-1fpx9pxs	2018	authors: Corless, Inge B.; Nardi, Deena; Milstead, Jeri A.; Larson, Elaine; Nokes, Kathleen M.; Orsega, Susan; Kurth, Ann E.; Kirksey, Kenn M.; Woith, Wendy The aim of this Academy policy is to fill this gap by identifying the essential role of nurses and community health workers during the time just prior to the confirmation of a potential epidemic and focuses on the early identification of infectious pathogens and prevention of further transmission. In addition to preparing frontline community workers to promptly identify potential emerging or re-emerging infection, appropriate national nursing councils and public health entities could be charged with the responsibility of developing and sharing early reporting networks. The policy recommendations provided below will strengthen national health security through the enhanced recognition and expansion of the individuals who are initial points of contact in the community as well as the role of nurses and nursing organizations in responding to and preventing potential global pandemics.
cord-007713-611sp7uo	2005	
cord-007749-lt9is0is	2013	
cord-008219-ng9xb46c	2016	c o m / l o c a t e / i j i d During the oral abstract presentation session on One Health -Diseases Across Species Boundaries, Toph Allen from EcoHealth Alliance and colleagues shared results from an updated model assessing the global distribution of zoonotic emerging infectious disease risk. Professor [ 1 7 _ T D $ D I F F ] Daniel Lucey summarized the commissions'' recommendations including the importance of strengthening national health systems, consolidating and strengthening World Health Organization (WHO) emergency and outbreak response activities, and enhancing research and development. In a separate session, the challenges posed by climate change on infectious disease outbreaks and how to best prevent and track diseases in mobile populations were discussed. The importance of the food chain as a source for emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance between animals and humans was highlighted in a nation-wide study in Lebanon.
cord-008855-hahqwt5x	2014	The Arab world today faces major challenges to health development, which are captured by papers in this Series. With support from WHO, and working closely with the World Bank and other partners, countries are beginning to develop a vision, Responding to priority health challenges in the Arab world I owe special thanks to a large network of Arab scientists who have contributed to this Series. The response of countries to the very clear road map for addressing non-communicable diseases outlined in the global strategy 6 and the Political Declaration of the United Nations General Assembly 7 of September, 2011, is, so far, inadequate. Collective action and solidarity are needed to deliver health services to refugees and host communities, and to increase the resilience of countries to emergencies and ensure eff ective public health responses during crises. Responding to priority health challenges in the Arab world
cord-008926-ntv18e1s	2008	China is a substantial part of virtually all global health challenges: the prevalence of chronic cardiovascular diseases and cancers; re-emergence of infectious threats such as avian infl uenza; nutritional transitions due to changing food, diet, and physical activity; and new environmental and behavioural threats. Finally, China''s customary reserved role in international institutions is changing as the country assumes more global responsibilities, especially in peace and social sectors such as health. 1 The Chinese Government recognises these challenges and has announced the Healthy China 2020 initiative to reform disease prevention and health promotion, health-care services, pharmaceutical policies, and health insurance. 5, 6 China has a unique opportunity to mobilise its resources and to harness global knowledge to achieve advances in health, compressing the time and reducing the scale of the disease burden that many other developed countries have had. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] How China fares is important not only for Chinese people but also for the global health community.
cord-009234-v4wlz3fa	2005	6 The purpose and scope of the IHR (2005) are to prevent, protect against, control, and provide a public-health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to publichealth risks, while avoiding unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade. Criteria include morbidity, mortality, whether the event is unusual or unexpected, its potential to have a major public-health effect, whether external assistance is needed to detect, investigate, respond, and control the current event, if there is a potential for international spread, or if there is a significant risk to international travel or trade. The revised IHR set out core capacities of a country''s preparedness to detect and respond to health threats-early Events detected by national surveillance system Unusual diseases which must be notified: Smallpox Wild poliovirus Human influenza (new subtype) Severe acute respiratory syndrome Any event of potential international public-health concern Known epidemic-prone diseases which must be notified: Cholera Pneumonic plague Viral haemorrhagic fevers Yellow fever West Nile fever Other locally or regionally important diseases If yes to any two of these questions
cord-009269-6fs0f4b7	2008	
cord-009402-fmg6hdm0	2020	title: Human Health Versus Human Rights: An Emerging Ethical Dilemma Arising From Coronavirus Disease Pandemic Notwithstanding that ethical considerations are at the core of planning and implementation in such public health emergencies [2] [3] [4] , the adherence to these regulations and guidelines in reality is problematic. Abuse of individual''s rights is known to occur when ethical principles reasonable support from the general public thereby minimizing unpleasant consequences [7] . On this basis perhaps, the World Health Organization (WHO) advised against travel restrictions in the current coronavirus pandemic [8] . The WHO''s International Health Regulations (IHR) stipulates how nations could address the global spread of disease and without interfering with human activities [2] . Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Outbreak Planning for pandemic: a new model for governing public health emergencies Public health strategies for pandemic influenza: ethics and the law
cord-009583-ldkjqco6	2014	
cord-009608-bvalr9bl	2020	
cord-010092-uftc8inx	2019	Prospective testing of blood donations in endemic areas of the U.S. revealed 0.38% of donors were positive for Babesia DNA or antibodies (Moritz, NEJM, 2016) Aims: -To report results of ongoing Babesia clinical trial -To explain significance of Babesia as a TT infection Methods: In cobas â Babesia for use on the cobas â 6800/8800 Systems, is a qualitative polymerase chain reaction nucleic acid amplification test, developed to detect in whole blood (WB) donor samples the 4 Babesia species that cause human disease: B. In sensitivity analyses, there were two discrepant results for HIV testing, three for HCV, and five for anti-HBc. Summary/Conclusions: Elecsys â infectious disease parameters on the cobas e 801 analyser demonstrate high specificity/sensitivity for screening first-time blood donor samples, with similar clinical performance to other commercially available assays.
cord-010128-op36qshp	2013	Such measures are likely to act as a disincentive amongst scientists wanting to study the virus and could ultimately serve to drive experts to dedicate their efforts to other pathogens with fewer working restrictions (Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service, Centre for Disease Control & Prevention 2005 , 2011 . The resulting monopolies on expert technical knowledge and skills not only delays progress in developing new therapies The potential risks of RVFV to animal health are indeed significant and so the deliberate release of the agent would have indirect health effects on human populations through the destruction of the livestock industry in particular. RVFV with its low mortality and relatively low human-to-Box 1: US CDC and NIAID categorisation of bioterrorism agents and biodefense priority pathogens. Category A pathogens are those organisms/biological agents that pose the highest risk to national security and public health because they • Can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person;
cord-010326-9xf2luzi	2014	This paper aims to provide an overview of four emerging unobtrusive and wearable technologies, which are essential to the realization of pervasive health information acquisition, including: 1) unobtrusive sensing methods, 2) smart textile technology, 3) flexible-stretchable-printable electronics, and 4) sensor fusion, and then to identify some future directions of research. A variety of unobtrusive wearable devices have been developed by different research teams as shown in Fig. 4 : the watchtype BP device [3] , clip-free eyeglasses-based device for heart rate and PTT measurement [37] , shoe-mounted system for the assessment of foot and ankle dynamics [53] , ECG necklace for long-term cardiac activity monitoring [54] , h-Shirt for heart rate and BP measurement [55] , an ear-worn activity and gait monitoring device [56] , glove-based photonic textiles as wearable pulse oximeter [57] , a strain sensor assembled on stocking for motion monitoring [58] , and a ring-type device for heart rate and temperature measurement [59] .
cord-010513-7p07efxo	2015	The cases in this chapter that discuss resource allocation force us to contemplate decisions about priorities in public health as opposed to the more frequently discussed medical issues about health care priorities. Specifi cally, some mental health conditions require signifi cant resources for what Medicaid terms as "behavioral management," which is seen as a social support service not a medical treatment . Public health decisions about resource allocation-judging from the cases on that topic in this volume-face reasonable ethical disagreement. Approved in 1993, health reform in Colombia was supposed to overcome problems such as low coverage, inequality in access and use of health care services, and ineffi ciency in the allocation and distribution of resources. Variability in the frameworks used to allocate public health resources illustrates the importance of refl ecting upon the value s that undergird policy decisions and individual practices, like critical care triage.
cord-010515-6klurh6a	2020	What is the optimal way to address what appears to be a growing pattern of burnout among pediatric providers, subject to administrative and productivity burdens, while they care for pediatric patients, who themselves often have expensive and complex, multi-system diseases? To treat the disease effectively, we should recognize that burnout in health care has an important cause: moral injury. 11 The implication is that health care providers who experience burnout (over half of us) are not mindful enough or not resilient enough. 9 Although mindfulness practices, relaxation techniques, exercise, and the like will still have a role in the management of burnout, what we really need is collective action to promote clinician well-being that helps health care providers carry out their lives'' work--to provide the best possible care to the patients and communities whom we serve.
cord-010924-ocpehls4	2020	
cord-011062-ukz4hnmy	2020	Ming-Yueh Chou 1,3 , Ying-Hsin Hsu 1 , Yu-Chun Wang 1 , Chih-Kuang Liang 1,3 , Li-Ning Peng 2,4 , Liang-Kung Chen 2,4 , Yu-Te Lin 1 ((1) Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; (2) Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; (3) Department of Geriatric Medicine, National Yang Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; (4) Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan) Background: Older people with frailty are at risk of adverse outcomes, such as falls, functional decline and mortality, and multi-domain intervention program may prevent those. Conclusion: Our study showed that a multicomponent exercise program is effective for posthospitalization patients because after 24-week intervention there were significant reductions in frailty and improving results in muscle strength and physical performance. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 757 communitydwelling older adults who completed multi-domain geriatric screen assessing for social vulnerability, mood, cognition, functional performance, nutrition, physical frailty (FRAIL) and sarcopenia (SARC-F).
cord-011282-hgzneooy	2019	
cord-011474-0m6icqkt	2020	
cord-011496-r8e19t0c	2020	
cord-011677-axv32kys	2020	
cord-011700-ljc5ywy2	2020	As a global crisis, COVID-19 has underscored the challenge of disseminating evidence-based public health recommendations amidst a rapidly evolving, often uncensored information ecosystem—one fueled in part by an unprecedented degree of connected afforded through social media. Visual communication offers a creative and practical medium to bridge critical health literacy gaps, empower diverse patient communities through evidence-based information and facilitate public health advocacy during this pandemic and the ''new normal'' that lies ahead. While frontline clinicians and innovative researchers continue to work tirelessly, effective management of this pandemic requires engagement of the public if we are to curb further rises in cases and safely enter a ''new normal.'' However, despite the unprecedented connectedness that we are afforded in 2020, disseminating useful, accurate public health information has emerged as a major challenge-one exacerbated by the exponential growth of unverified COVID-19-related information on social media platforms. However, there remains a need for simple illustrated resources that consolidate key public health messages and validated clinical evidence into compact visual aids-especially those that can be seamlessly disseminated through social media outlets to reach diverse patient communities.
cord-011728-q0peybon	2011	
cord-011818-z89m8dur	2020	Using multiple ordinal logistic regressions analysis, it was shown that sleep disturbance, depression, fatigue, a gastrointestinal disorder, and leg or foot discomfort as a single health problem significantly increased turnover intention. In this study, we used data collected from October 2018 to January 2019 (NRN T1, n = 204) and from March 2018 to May 2018 (ERN T1, n = 300) to analyze the association between health problems and turnover intention among shift work nurses. In this analysis, we defined shift work as a In this study, we used data collected from October 2018 to January 2019 (NRN T1, n = 204) and from March 2018 to May 2018 (ERN T1, n = 300) to analyze the association between health problems and turnover intention among shift work nurses. The SWNHT study questionnaire included questions regarding general and job-related characteristics, health-related variables (e.g., dietary habits, menstrual symptoms, exposure to blood and body fluid, sleep, fatigue, depression, physical activity, etc.), occupational stress, presenteeism, and turnover intention.
cord-011992-jgw3nat2	2020	The EV4GH programme deliberately selects a cohort of 30-40 early career researchers in health systems, living or working in lowincome and middle-income countries and with an interest to engage critically on global health issues that have local relevance within their country/local health systems. The collective engagement every 2 years during the biennial global health systems symposia enables community-building and several EV4GH alumni have taken on leadership roles within our network and within the broader HPSR community and beyond. Some have become elected members of the HSG board, and others have taken the lead in managing other thematic working groups within HSG, and many others participate actively in other regional and global events while coordinating with fellow EV4GH alumni in such fora, leveraging the membership in the network to seek wider change in the health systems and global health community.
cord-012040-24112w2j	2020	
cord-012515-dxu7ajse	2020	
cord-012583-n7zxbuf8	2020	Over the past few years, the Alliance has been advocating for improvements to digital health capability and greater access to telehealth services for rural, regional and remote communities. 4, 5 One study showed that telehealth can be successfully applied to the management of patients with a spinal fracture, which allowed the patient to be cared for in their local rural hospital and offered opportunities for allied health professionals to upskill and work to their full scope of practice, while also providing cost efficiencies for the health service. 3 The Alliance would certainly support such measures, but there must also be resources put towards improving digital health literacy for both consumers and health care providers so that all Australians can be enabled to make optimal use of digital and telehealth services.
cord-013357-ehfum31k	2020	
cord-013385-6nq4yzvz	2020	
cord-014583-as7o3nt3	2017	This supplement is a timely, comprehensive compendium of the critical work being done by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and various partners to enhance and expand the Global Health Security Agenda. This supplement of Emerging Infectious Diseases is a timely, comprehensive compendium of the critical work being done by CDC and various partners to enhance and expand global health security. Will GHSA and WHO''s and CDC''s efforts help create a world safer from infectious disease threats and elevate global health security as a priority? Recently, in our book Deadliest Enemy: Our War Against Killer Germs (2), Mark Olshaker and I detailed a 9-point crisis agenda if the world is to minimize, if not eliminate, the risk of catastrophic pandemics, outbreaks of critical regional importance, and intentional use of biologic weapons, including genetically altered pathogens.
cord-014828-zoxgacwy	2009	
cord-015552-pm9kdqdw	2019	On the one hand, the established norm of sovereignty, particularly the principle of non-interference, had structured a regime for dealing with infectious disease outbreaks that provided ground rules of conduct but ascribed decision-making authority to member states alone. 33 This sediment of the unfinished IHR revision process reveals the limited degree to which the emerging norm of global health security had been accepted prior to the SARS outbreak: the powers conferred upon the WHO to deal with infectious disease outbreaks remained extremely limited and-apart from the outbreak information issue-mostly subject to member-state agreement. 35 This section of the article analyses the actions of China and the WHO during the SARS crisis as representing a behavioural norm conflict over the relative priority of sovereignty and global health security.
cord-016075-ind62t53	2005	
cord-016105-jkaxemmb	2011	Through such quasi experience-based studies, medical students can not only acquire knowledge and develop the desired professional attitudes and behaviors but can also come to learn about the psychological and social problems actually experienced by patients. The case-method approach also offers the advantage of using actual cases to learn about the multidimensional issues involved in various aspects of medical practice, such as drawing on knowledge as the basis of actions, understanding the backgrounds of patients, and maintaining awareness of personal motivations and ethical concerns. Based on the need for these procedures, the proposed problem-solving paradigm includes the following phases: (1) defining the problem, (2) measuring its magnitude, (3) understanding key determinants, (4) developing prevention/intervention strategies, (5) setting policy/priorities, (6) identifying the best solution, and (7) implementing and evaluating the solution. Our experiences with CBT have identified problems with using this approach to treat depression in Japan and have underscored issues that require further consideration to improve the effectiveness of treatment offered in actual clinical settings.
cord-016141-mtxdn5ks	2006	By enabling the simultaneous examination of multiple factors associated with disease linked by location, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) facilitate medical geography research. While GIS has enabled Medical Geographers to address previously inconceivable complex health-related phenomena, their ability to deal with the dynamic processes of disease transmission among population groups, which usually requires complex interactions among numerous variables, is quite limited. Although the role of Epidemiologists and Medical Geographers has become more pronounced in light of public health threats, computational tools that would enhance quality of information, facilitate prediction, and accelerate the generation of answers to specific questions are still lacking. This may include models of Tuberculosis (TB) outbreaks in different environments (homeless shelters, factories etc.), a West Nile Virus outbreak in a specific geographic region, or the progression of infectious diseases such as measles in the United States.
cord-016160-ugc7ce21	2018	At the end of 2002, unknown to anyone in Hong Kong, another deadly virus was circulating in neighboring Guangdong Province, propagating a disease that had no name but which was preliminarily dubbed atypical pneumonia in China and later renamed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, by the World Health Organization. And now it''s been identified by all the other laboratories." 76 Also, just as Hong Kong University publicized its breakthrough before the CDC''s announcement, so the university was able to get its scientific discovery into print first, with the publication of a paper in the online Lancet on April 8, 2003, "Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome." The success was very much the result of a group effort, as the list of authors shows, with Malik Peiris as the lead writer, K.Y. Yuen as the last writer and others, including Guan Yi, Leo Poon, John Nicholls and K.H. Chan, in between.
cord-016240-2el11d1g	2012	Strategies focused on supporting people to embrace a healthier lifestyle through community participation and inter-sectorial collaboration directed at seven priority areas: nutrition, food safety, tobacco control, mental health, physical activity, health environments/settings, and women''s health. An example of these health promotion initiatives is a program that teaches healthy lifestyles to selected people with a body mass index of over 30. Descriptions of two relatively recent innovative programs initiated in Brunei with direct or indirect implications for health education follow. Health education programs designed to overcome preventable diseases and solve present and future health problems need to be implemented in such a way that they can bring about positive changes not only in attitudes and beliefs but also in behavior. For example, involving health education personnel in making health reports has proved effective in promoting healthy lifestyle practices (Kwong & Seruji, 2007) .
cord-016295-1uey49ou	2007	
cord-016357-s5iavz3u	2015	
cord-016361-upjhmfca	2019	
cord-016387-ju4130bq	2005	From time to time, this steady drain on long life and good health was punctuated by great and terrifying epidemics-smallpox, typhus, influenza, and, most terrible of all, the plague, or the "black death." The causes of these periodic devastations, the contributing reasons to why they happened, were a mystery. After Fracastorius, the pathfinders on the road to health became numerous, but mention here will be made of only a handful of public health heroes: Paracelsus, John Graunt, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Bernardino Ramazzini, James Lind, Edward Jenner, Johann Peter Frank, John Snow, Ignaz Semmelweiss, and Louis Pasteur. Many others belong in their company: The great German pathologist Rudolph Virchow recognized that political action as well as rational science are necessary to initiate effective action to control public health problems; Edwin Chadwick and Lemuel Shattuck reported on the appalling sanitary conditions associated with the unacceptably high infant and child death rates that prevailed in 19 th century industrial towns; William Farr established vital statistics in England as a model for other nations to follow.
cord-016472-jj7fqcen	2007	
cord-016536-8wfyaxcb	2012	
cord-016704-99v4brjf	2005	The risk of exposure to infections, particularly blood-borne viruses (BBVs), can be minimized by adopting measures that are considered good practice in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia (1) (2) (3) . Studies of prisoners in western countries have shown a higher prevalence of antibodies to HBV and other BBVs than the general population (12) (13) (14) ; the most commonly reported risk factor is intravenous drug use. HBIG is given in conjunction with the first dose of vaccine to individuals who are deemed at high risk of acquiring disease and the incident occurred within 72 hours of presentation. In 1998, 56% of reported cases were from people born outside the United Kingdom and 3% were associated with HIV infection (70, 71) . Those in contact with disease (either through exposure at home or from an infected detainee) should receive prophylactic treatment as soon as possible (see Subheading 8.3.7.).
cord-016840-p3sq99yg	2008	Complex emergencies (CEs) can occur anywhere and are defined as crisis situations that greatly elevate the risk to nutrition and overall health (morbidity and mortality) of older individuals in the affected area. The major underlying threats to nutritional status for older adults during CEs are food insecurity, inadequate social support, and lack of access to health services. Any of a number of crisis situations that greatly elevate the health risk of individuals in the affected area; examples are natural disasters like floods and earthquakes; urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics, and blackouts; and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies. Examples include natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, urban health emergencies like fires, epidemics and blackouts, and terrorist acts like massive bombings or poisonings of food or water supplies (see Table 29 .2).
cord-016852-4lf8n7mr	2012	On one hand, the prioritization of the protection of the civilian population from bioterrorism on the global scene in general, and the emergence of new epidemics of infectious diseases, on the other hand, naturally impose the need for coherence and cooperation of efforts of different institutions in Bulgaria for responding to bioterrorism. Moreover, with respect to prevention of terrorism, including bioterrorism, the Agency performs tasks of surveillance, detection, counteraction and prevention of: The main concern under discussion about SANS''s functions and activities is the order, volume and use of the acquired and analyzed information for the planning to counter a biological attack made by other authorities. In addition to the NCIPD and the Regional Health Inspections, the Ministry of Health manages civilian medical facilities which include hospitals, clinics or departments dealing with infectious diseases on the regional, municipal, and district levels.
cord-017061-vk55gm0j	2008	
cord-017154-h8hxroos	2014	
cord-017224-naromr0a	2016	The relationship between infectious disease and security concerns has undergone an evolution since the end of the Cold War. What was previously seen as two separate domains – public health and national security – have, through various events and disease outbreaks in the last 15 years, become intertwined and as a result biosecurity policies now need to address a spectrum of disease threats that encompass natural outbreaks, accidental releases and the deliberate use of disease as weapons. Calling it niche is not to say that bioterrorism had not been considered a security threat prior to 2001many commentators had noted the potential (see for example Stern, 1993; Tucker, 1996 Tucker, , 2000 Moodie and Roberts, 1997; Smithson and Levy, 2000) ; table top exercises had been conducted, domestic preparedness programmes initiated (Guillemin, 2011, p7) , and in countries such as the US, policy directives had been crafted that gave the highest priority to "developing effective capabilities to detect, prevent, defeat and manage the consequences of nuclear, biological or chemical materials or weapons use by terrorists" (United States, 1995) .
cord-017281-b1kubfl0	2018	The "non-profit" category mainly consists of organizations owned by government and companies (available data do not permit a disaggregation of the non-profit category by ownership) This fragmented structure is a hurdle to the implementation of any hospital reform, with four main ministries involved: the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (MoHRSS), the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and obviously the Ministry of Health (MoH). To mitigate this risk, each authority in charge of implementation at the local level is given measurable targets, for instance, the number of people covered by public health insurance at a certain date. Another part of the reform aimed at developing private hospitals is their inclusion into public health insurance schemes. Rules tend to vary depending on the area, but there is an increasing number of cases for which care provided in private healthcare centres can be covered by public insurance schemes.
cord-017315-3mxkfvvu	2016	This chapter argues that to put health high on local social and political agendas necessarily means to transcend project-based work, and move into lasting programme and policy development. • To reorient health services towards a broader, participatory, and health-promoting position in society at any level • To create supportive social, economic, natural, and built environments to create and sustain health promotion and to address the determinants of health equitably • To invest in personal skills and community action to drive and complement these actions • To build healthy public policy, recognizing that health is created across many sectors in society that all have the potential to enhance institutional, community, and personal health Building on a strong foundation in the various political statements on Healthy Cities over the years and most recently in the Athens Declaration (Tsouros 2015) , local governments work with diverse stakeholders from the public and civil society sectors to develop such policies.
cord-017334-u1brl2bi	2017	
cord-017349-eu1gvjlx	2008	
cord-017367-15o6g57q	2008	While affected by many occupational hazards, some of which are cited in Table 3 .3, women working in the cleaning industry are also disadvantaged due to the fact that (Gavana, Tsoukana, Giannakopoulos, Smyrnakis, & Benos, 2005; Gyorkos et al., 2005; Nakazono, Nii-no, & Ishi, 1985; Skillen, Olson, & Gilbert, 2001; Valeur-Jensen et al., 1999) • Vascular problems (Kovess-Masfety, Sevilla-Dedieu, Rios-Seidel, Nerriere, & Chee, 2006) of the lower extremities due to extended standing (Sandmark, Wiktorin, Hogstedt, Klenell-Hatschek, & Vingard, 1999) in upright position • Voice disorders due to overuse of vocal chords Duff, Proctor, & Yairi, 2004; Kooijman et al., 2006; Kosztyla-Hojna, Rogowski, Ruczaj, Pepinski, & Lobaczuk-Sitnik, 2004; Roy, 1999; Sliwinska-Kowalska et al., 2006; Sulkowski & Kowalska, 2005; Thibeault, Merrill, Roy, Gray, & Smith, 2004; Williams, 2003) • Exposure to increased levels of noise (Behar et al., 2004) • Musculoskeletal problems (Fjellman-Wiklund, Brulin, & Sundelin, 2003; Sandmark, 2000; Yamamoto, Saeki, & Kurumatani, 2003) (handling and lifting small children in day care centres, physical education teachers, inadequate body posture) • Work-related stress (Fjellman-Wiklund et al., 2003; Zidkova & Martinkova, 2003) • Children''s or adolescent''s violent behavior (Lawrence & Green, 2005) 
cord-017463-repm1vw9	2018	
cord-017620-p65lijyu	2005	title: Toxicity Evaluation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Surface and Ground Water Contaminated by Recycled Hazardous Waste Materials Presently, numerous federal agencies provide guidance on methods and approaches used to evaluate potential health effects and assess risks from contaminated source media, i.e., soil, air, and water. The systematic scientific approach of evaluating potential adverse health effects resulting from human exposure to hazardous agents or situations occur by the following steps: i) hazard identification; ii) dose-response (quantitative) assessment; iii) exposure assessment; iv) risk characterization [ 4] . If information concerning COPCs is not present in the drinking water and/or state and tribal water standards databases, or additional exposure pathways need to be included during the site assessment, then media-specific comparison values are available from the Soil Screening Guidance [16] , several USEPA regional offices, and individual state governments (Table 6 ).
cord-017675-in9r33ww	2008	The United Nations International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights recommend that criminal law not be an impediment to measures taken by States to reduce the risk of HIV transmission among injecting drug users and to provide them with HIV-related care and treatment. Visitors entering the United States on the Visa Waiver Program (which waives the requirement to apply for a visa prior to traveling to the United 9 The Way Forward Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights government policy has been that people living with HIV/AIDS do not represent a and therefore denied a visa or entry at the border, if: (1) they are likely to be a 338 would add to existing waiting lists for those services and would increase the rate US Immigration and Nationality Act, applicants for a visa or for admission to the health significance", which includes HIV infection, although waivers are available ces by Canadian citizens or permanent residents.
cord-017690-xedqhl2m	2012	
cord-017721-5bp0qpte	2008	
cord-017733-xofwk88a	2018	
cord-017857-fdn8c4hx	2018	
cord-018024-fzjbdsg0	2004	In previous works we have held that an authentic ethic of clinical medicine must have its roots in a philosophy of medicine in which the good of the patient determines the obligations and virtues of the health professional. We contend that an authentic ethic of social medicine must have its roots in a philosophy of society in which the common good determines the obligations and virtues of the health professional. Physicians and nurses today practice within organizations, institutions, and systems; they are members of interprofessional health care teams and professional associations; access, availability, and distribution of health care has become a question of justice, and fairness; the economic, societal, and political impact of medical decisions have ethical significance, as does the conduct of health care organizations; potential be included under the same rubric. Medicine has always existed within a social context in which the uses of medical knowledge and clinical decisions have impacted the good of society as well as the individual patient.
cord-018026-n5gk1xhb	2008	
cord-018116-99z6ykb2	2009	They must be able to • assess the health status of the population affected and identify the main health priorities • monitor the development and determine the severity of any health emergency that develops (including monitoring the incidence of and case fatality rates from diseases, receiving early warning of epidemics and monitoring responses) At first sight, undertaking public health activities in emergencies, especially in conflicts, may seem to be difficult or impossible. In other types of disaster public health activities may be expected to be less affected by the security situation than in a war (although aid workers may be at risk if populations are severely deprived of resources such as food, shelter, water, or cash), and with limited access and damage to communication systems and other parts of the infrastructure assessment, surveillance and control activities can be severely restricted.
cord-018125-khhzlt9y	2018	It revised the definition at its 12th session in 1995 to read as follows: occupational safety and health should aim at: the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job. Liberalization of world trade, rapid technological progress, significant developments in transport and communication, shifting patterns of employment, changes in work organization practices, the different employment patterns of men and women, and the size, structure and life cycles of enterprises and of new technologies can all generate new types and patterns of hazards, exposures and risks.
cord-018151-5su98uan	2019	Providing original studies of rats, mosquitoes, marmots, dogs and ''bushmeat'', which at different points in the history of modern medicine and public health have come to embody social and scientific concerns about infection, this volume aims to elucidate the impact of framing non-human animals as epidemic villains. Whether it is stray dogs as spreaders of rabies in colonial and contemporary India, bushmeat as the source of Ebola in West Africa, mosquitoes as vectors of malaria, dengue, Zika and yellow fever in the Global South, or rats and marmots as hosts of plague during the third pandemic, this volume shows framings of non-human animals to be entangled in local webs of signification and, at the same time, to be global agents of modern epidemic imaginaries.
cord-018254-v8syiwie	2012	
cord-018316-drjfwcdg	2017	4. To note the new challenges to public health presented by such current issues as the abuse of tobacco and mood-altering drugs, continuing toxic auto-emissions, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, a decreased acceptance of MMR vaccinations, and the ready spread of infectious diseases by air travel. The success of urban living has depended in great part on governmental ability to maintain population health through the building of an adequate infrastructure to provide clean water and to dispose of waste, as well as the enactment of appropriate regulations to control the prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Diligent housewives adopted a few other simple changes in household management to preserve the health of their families, and Cambridge University insisted on a direct control of its food supply, The Great Plague The London "Plague" of 1665 CE was one in a series of European epidemics of bubonic plague dating back to the "Black Death." The Great Plague claimed at least 70,000 lives in central London, this being about a half of the population who had not fled from the city.
cord-018336-6fh69mk4	2006	With faster and cheaper hardware and radically improved software tools, it has become financially and technically feasible to create information systems that will provide the information about individuals and populations necessary for optimized decision-making in medical care and public health. The National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS) is a major CDC initiative that addresses this issue by promoting the use of data and information system standards to advance the development of efficient, integrated, and interoperable surveillance systems at federal, state and local levels (see www.cdc.gov/nedss). Although immunization registries are among the largest and most complex public health information systems, the successful implementations show conclusively that it is possible to overcome the challenging informatics problems they present. While a number of health care institutions, particularly large hospitals, have reported substantial cost improvements from electronic medical record systems, the direct financial benefits are by no means a forgone conclusion, especially for smaller organizations.
cord-018364-b06084r1	2019	Transmission of Ebola disease is still being studied, but it is known that person-toperson contact is the most common form of spread. One study found the risk of developing EVD for healthcare workers to be 100 times that of the general community during an outbreak of Ebola in Sierra Leone [67] . After the outbreak of SARS in 2003 many countries starting using boarder screening to try to identify possibly ill people in hopes of limiting spread of infectious disease, others jumped on board after the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. An article by the CDC, published around the same time as the article recommending travel restriction for high-risk individuals, concludes that border screens are expensive and not effective in preventing the spread of disease [100] . Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients Under Investigation (PUIs) for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in U
cord-018384-peh5efat	2013	Their work informs public health offi cials in state government, allowing for targeted disease surveillance, quicker response to disease outbreak and provides population based data that may lead to new guidelines or policies to protect their residents. Such emergencies might include bioterrorist incidents, newly emerging diseases, and foreign animal disease agents that threaten the nation''s food supply and public health GISN [ 17 ] The WHO Global Infl uenza Surveillance Network (GISN) receives result reports and samples of isolates from participating state and municipal PHLs to monitor infl uenza disease burden, detect potential novel pandemic strains, and obtain suitable virus isolates for vaccine development by promoting workfl ow improvements and refi ning laboratory science operations within the laboratory. Having identifi ed the need to harmonize the adoption of standards across federal programs and PHL functional areas, APHL is actively involved in national standards harmonization activities for laboratoryrelated use cases (information exchange standards for laboratory orders and results, reporting in clinical and public health settings, as well as functional standards for Electronic Health Record System (EHR-S) interactions with PHLs).
cord-018497-oy7hsrpt	2005	The share of health-care expenditures in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of most industrialised countries has increased from 3%-5% in the early sixties to 7%-11% in 2001 (from 5% to 14% in the USA) [1] This rise has been attributed to medical advances (increasing the number and technological complexity of medical interventions), population aging, sociological changes (more, but smaller families and less familial support for the elderly) and insufficient productivity increases in the services sector. Because of the very long time spans over which benefits accrue, the analysis of most vaccination programs is very sensitive to discounting (of costs as well as health effects). It seems clear, though, that the smallpox eradication program and the establishment of the EPI have generated enormous benefits, not only by directly protecting against important vaccine-preventable diseases, but also by providing opportunities for health education and infrastructure in developing countries [30] .
cord-018504-qqsmn72u	2014	5. How would you partner with the local health-care system (i.e., community health centers, hospitals, physician practices) to assure that they are following CDC testing guidelines and to assist with consistent outreach and prevention education efforts? Some examples of how public health works to prevent additional illness include identifying close contacts to the infected person and recommending prophylaxis medication to prevent them from becoming ill (antibiotics, antivirals, vaccine, etc.), providing disease prevention recommendations (washing hands, covering cough, etc.), recognizing outbreaks, and identifying and controlling their source (healthcare-associated outbreaks, foodborne outbreaks, etc.). Further investigation by the New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services (NHDHHS) revealed that the cause of the outbreak was drug diversion ("…the stealing of narcotic pain medication intended for patients for self use"; NHDHHS 2013, p.
cord-018517-hrb1vt03	2018	China''s health reforms remain encouragingly specific but not prescriptive on strategy; set in the decentralized governance structure, they avoid the issue of reliance on local government support for the national equity objective, leaving the detailed design of health service financing, human resource distribution and accountability, essential drug lists and application of clinical care pathways, etc. China''s health reforms remain encouragingly specific but not prescriptive on strategy; set in the decentralized governance structure, they avoid the issue of reliance on local government support for the national equity objective, leaving the detailed design of health service financing, human resource distribution and accountability, essential drug lists and application of clinical care pathways, etc.
cord-018566-dd5gw66t	2018	This chapter examines the evidence for antibiotic resistance in the United States and globally, the public health implications, and the impact of—and related industry and political responses to—antibiotic use in animal feed. The major stakeholders include pharmaceutical companies, production integrators, feed suppliers, farm groups, producers, restaurants, food retailers, the public, the medical community, the scientific community, government regulators and policy makers. In 1969, the United Kingdom''s (UK) Parliament received the Swann Report, which concluded that using antimicrobials at sub-therapeutic levels in food-producing animals created risks to human and animal health (Joint Committee on the use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine 1969). This scenario could be exacerbated to the extent FSIS approves additional international facilities, local regulations, and inspections as "equivalent to the United States." Future trade agreements will need to include provisions which address reduced use of medically important antibiotics in producing food animals.
cord-018632-azrqz6hf	2019	Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers new hope in not only effectively pre-empting, preventing and combating the threats of infectious disease epidemics, but also facilitating the understanding of health-seeking behaviors and public emotions during epidemics. The human population is currently able to access potentially useful massive data sources of infectious disease spread through sentinel reporting systems, national surveillance systems (usually operated by national or regional disease centers such as the Center for Disease Control (CDC)), genome databases, internet search queries (also called infodemiology and infoveillance studies) [10] [11] [12] , Twitter data analysis [13, 14] , outbreak investigation reports, transportation dynamics [15] , vaccine reports [16] and human dynamics information [17] . With such high fluxes of health-seeking behavior using computers, a group of Italian researchers'' evaluated Google Trends search queries for terms related to "Ebola" outbreak at the global level and across countries where primary cases of Ebola were reported [26] .
cord-018760-blwguyl4	2019	Last two centuries have witnessed changes in global environmental factors such as rise in temperature leading to global warming, depletion of stratospheric ozone layer, loss of biodiversity and marked degradation in air and water quality due to atmospheric pollution, thereby causing upsurge in infectious and non-infectious diseases. Similarly, in India there is strong evidence linking lower respiratory tract infection to indoor air pollution caused by the use of solid fuels in household. Air pollution and occupational exposure may cause a variety of negative health outcomes, including reduced lung function in children as well as increased susceptibility to infections, airway inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. There should be general awareness of how changes in climate and environment lead to significant acute and chronic effects on human health.
cord-018917-7px75s3c	2013	This chapter provides a description of the components of disease prevention and control programs, and then focuses on information systems designed to support public health surveillance, epidemiologic investigation of cases and outbreaks, and case management. Public health surveillance systems may be based on data capture from a variety of sources, including case reports, population-based surveys, sentinel providers, electronic health records (including laboratory information management systems for ELR and emergency department records for syndromic surveillance), or administrative data (like hospital or physician claims for reimbursement). Information systems to support reportable disease surveillance contain records representing case reports that currently are, for the most part, entered manually into an application by public health staff, based on information received from doctors, infection control practitioners, hospitals, and laboratories.
cord-019057-3j2fl358	2018	This biological fact makes it difficult to stockpile influenza vaccines ahead of outbreaks and, by consequence, limits the preparedness efforts geared towards confronting the public health challenges and moral quandaries. But considering the limitations associated with antiviral drugs as well as vaccines in relation to combating pandemic influenza, some form of non-therapeutic approach is necessary, at least as some adjunct to mitigate the overall impact of pandemic influenza on the local and global human community. This implies that the care ethical lens may have some limitations in relation to sufficiently engaging the ethical dilemmas raised by pandemic influenza in particular and other types of public health disasters, in general. The chapter explored the strengths of the communitarian and care ethics moral lenses in relation to engaging the moral quandaries elicited during pandemic influenza outbreaks.
cord-020130-g9p5lgmn	2020	The aim is operationalized by means of the best-fit framework synthesis method to explore the body of knowledge towards presenting a conceptual understanding through a categorization of Factors Influencing Community Health Workers from a Socio-Technical Systems Perspective. The study is grounded in social and technical perspectives as it facilitates the duality of the CHWs'' work and community role, further adopts the technique of the "best-fit" framework synthesis method in the exploration. Some of the solutions to achieve what is postulated in the studies include coordinating the health system and community system to prioritize factors that inhibit or facilitate the understanding of CHWs programs'' compatibility with community structures, cultural values, and perception, socio-economic context and support system [20] . In addition, integrating and adopting interventions supported by technological solutions, and the sustainability of these interventions should be considered when exploring efforts until the desired health outcomes are achieved to gain a better understanding of CHWs programs and their roles in LMICs [17] .
cord-020151-utztcf1l	2020	The study employs qualitative, interpretive case study as methodology and institutional theory as analytical lens to investigate regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive institutional effects on digital platform development and use for national health insurance in Ghana. Following this research gap, the research question for this study concerns how regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive institutions affect digital platform development and use for national health insurance in a developing country. To address the research question, the study employs institutional theory [9] as analytical lens and qualitative, interpretive case study [10] as methodology to gain insight into digital platform development and use for national health insurance system in Ghana, as a developing country. Under this approach, concepts from institutional theory were used as sensitising devices to identify regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive institutions as enablers and constraints of the development and use of national health insurance digital platform.
cord-020544-kc52thr8	2019	However, if Dukoral is readily available and staff are properly trained in its use according to the guidelines that come with the vaccine, the COTS program PERMITS Dukoral''s use (ideally before an outbreak) in the following high-risk populations: refugee populations in which cholera is present, health care workers managing cholera cases, and communities in which the incidence rate is greater than 1 in 1000 annually." [2] Epidemiological Surveillance (specific to cholera)
cord-021121-qgqzr6n2	2008	Mehr Entwicklungshilfe im Kampf gegen Krankheiten und insbesondere Aids, so die Hoffnung der US-Regierung, würde nicht nur den Betroffenen helfen, sondern auch einen spürbaren wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung in den ärmsten Ländern nach sich ziehen und dadurch weltweit die Sicherheitslage verbessern. Nach der Definition des Institute of Medicine in Washington, D.C. beschäftigt sich Global Health mit Gesundheitsproblemen, welche die nationalen Grenzen überschreiten, die Lebensumstände und Erfahrungen anderer Staaten beeinflussen und die am besten durch Kooperation gelöst werden können. 3 Das ist insbesondere deshalb erstaunlich, weil die Public Health-Idee sich aus Überlegungen des deutschen Arztes und Politikers Rudolf Virchow aus dem 19. Weil Public Health dabei nicht nur die Pathologie spezifischer Erkrankungen, sondern auch die Lebensbedingungen des Menschen einbezieht, berührt das Fachgebiet unter anderem auch Fragen der Wirtschaft, Psychologie, Politik und Kultur -oder wie Rudolf Virchow es ausdrückte: "Die Medicin ist eine sociale Wissenschaft, und die Politik ist nichts weiter als Medicin im Großen." Global Health als Ausdehnung von Public Health im weltweiten Maßstab ist eines der umfassendsten Wissenschaftsgebiete.
cord-021933-5082epvg	2015	In an effort to better identify and track potential outbreaks related to infectious diseases, both naturally occurring and those related to biowarfare and terrorism, public health practitioners developed surveillance systems designed to analyze routinely collected health information. They define PHEP as the capability of the public health and health care systems, communities, and individuals, to prevent, protect against, quickly Second highest priority agents include those that are moderately easy to disseminate, result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates, and require specific enhancements of the CDC''s diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance. The information provided by surveillance systems, used in conjunction with clinical data, will ultimately help public health practitioners identify an etiologic agent. As preparedness strategies become more standardized and evidence based, our ability to respond to public health emergencies, including biological attacks, will improve. Real-time public health surveillance for emergency preparedness
cord-022054-yeavs06o	2009	• Survival of key personnel in a catastrophic event • Continuity of business after a catastrophic event • Instant connectivity to resources for assistance in a health-related emergency • Surveillance of the workforce and the early detection of an outbreak • Integration of emergency response with public health agencies • Surge capacity in the event of a local event that requires mobilization of all available medical resources • Vaccination programs and other protective measures • Establishing on-site consequence management and mitigation programs • Developing decontamination plans • Providing specialized, sector-specific expertise to emergency managers • Advising on effective personal protective equipment (PPE) • Liasing with the LEPC, prehospital care, and hospitals • Continuing education and training on-site and in the community of the indigenous risks inherent to the operation • Accessing material safety data sheet information • Leading any after-action discussion to bring about process and system improvement • Fitness-to-work evaluations that assess the recovery and functional capacity of injured employees to return to work and what accommodations may be needed • Impairment evaluation for injured workers who are the subject of workers'' compensation claims • Certification of time off work for workers with a nonoccupational illness or injury (this is often performed by other physicians) 4.
cord-022066-8aj480hz	2016	The legal basis governing inadmissibility to the United States because of health-related conditions and authorization to undertake medical examination to determine that admissibility is found in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (Title 8 US Code). Currently, the regulations list the following as communicable diseases of public health significance: • For example, smallpox, poliomyelitis due to wild-type poliovirus, cholera, or viral hemorrhagic fevers (including Ebola) Currently a medical examination is required for all refugees entering the United States and all those applying for an immigrant visa from outside the United States. Currently, some refugee populations being resettled in the United States who are determined to be at increased risk for specific infections receive population-based treatment for malaria and intestinal parasites in addition to the routine immigration medical screening. Those conditions, while not relevant for immigration purposes, can be significant for new arrivals, and their identification and clinical management in the United States is important in some migrant populations.
cord-022075-bbae2nam	2009	• The ability to maintain function • Building design • Locating buildings outside of hazard zones (e.g., flood plains) • Essential building utilities • Protection of building contents • Insurance • Public education • Surveillance • Warning • Evacuation It is of critical importance that emergency planners incorporate the basic elements of mitigation and have the authority and resources to incorporate these changes into their organization/facility/community. • Forming effective community-based partnerships for hazard mitigation purposes • Implementing effective hazard mitigation measures that reduce the potential damage from natural disasters • Ensuring continued functionality of critical services • Leveraging additional nonfederal resources in meeting natural disaster resistance goals • Making commitments to long-term hazard mitigation efforts to be applied to new and existing structures This important legislation sought to identify and assess the risks to states and local governments (including Indian tribes) from natural disasters.
cord-022130-jckfzaf0	2018	Traversing the literature and interviews with a select number of stakeholders shows there that there is a large and diverse number of individuals and organisations that could potentially play a role in either preventing, disrupting or treating future bio-threats and In the biological context, surveillance is the ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to help monitor for pathogens in plants, animals, and humans; food; and the environment. It''s clear that the ''Five Eyes'' intelligence communities have worked extensively with other member states in counter-proliferation institutions such as the BWC and the Australia Group for several decades, but what remains still under developed is how global health security stakeholders and intelligence communities can work more collaboratively for the mutual goal of global health security regardless of whether the risks are natural pandemics or result from a bio-terror attack or theft of a dangerous select agent from a lab.
cord-022161-quns9b84	2018	The crisis turned the global securitization of health issues into unprecedented levels, at the same time, aligned closely with human security frameworks and thus has significant impacts on national foreign and aid policies. After the August/September 2014 announcement by the WHO that Ebola was a ''public health emergency of international concern'' and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) declaration that Ebola was a ''threat to international peace and security,'' many countries as well as international organizations, non-governmental organizations, companies and individuals participated in the fight against this unprecedented challenge to humanity. Of course, in the process of engaging in the global effort to fight Ebola, China did cooperate with many countries and international and regional organizations by providing financial support to the UN, the WHO and the AU, and assisting them in playing leading and coordinating roles.
cord-022266-nezgzovk	2009	Such situations and approaches to their resolution represent the subject of this chapter in which health risks when traveling and on arrival at destinations are considered, with a section devoted to infectious diseases affecting humans and animals and birds. Health is a major public and private concern in general and a key element in destination choice and visitor satisfaction, with individuals and the tourism industry likely to shun environments where there might be a risk to tourist well-being. Some studies have concluded that the health of as many as 50% of participants is impaired by the experience of international tourism (Dawood, 1989) and the rise in foreign travel has been accompanied by an increased incidence of disease, especially that of a tropical nature (Connor, 2005) . Some initiatives to minimize unnecessary dangers and avoid serious injuries in the fi eld of adventure tourism are operator accreditation schemes, strict health and safety rules, codes of conduct, staff training and the education and prior assessment of participants (Bentley and Page, 2001) .
cord-022452-gyuldf4a	2009	Although some have suggested that this outbreak was a natural event related to movement of the organism on sea-currents, a more likely explanation is that it was introduced in ballast released from a ship traveling from a cholera-endemic area. Investigations found that the human and avian outbreaks were linked and the causative agent was identified as West Nile virus, an arbovirus never previously seen in the western hemisphere (Asnis, Conetta, Texeira, Waldman, & Sampson, 2000) . Air travel from Hong Kong caused the spread of disease to locations in Mainland China and Taiwan. The outbreak resulted in severe disruptions to the global economy, to travel, and to commerce (World Health Organization, 2003b) . Avian disease due to H5N1 has now appeared in more than 50 countries in Asia, Europe, and Africa (World Health Organization, 2006a), either killing or requiring the destruction of hundreds of millions of birds.
cord-022506-fkddo12n	2011	Aside from informally "getting to know" cats during their initial acclimation period in a facility, a systematic � The ability to create different functional areas in the living environments for elimination, resting, and eating � The ability to hide in a secure place � The ability to rest/sleep without being disturbed � The ability to change locations within the environment, including using vertical space for perching � The ability to regulate body temperature by moving to warmer or cooler surfaces in the environment � The ability to scratch (which is necessary for claw health and stretching, as well as visual and scent marking) � The ability to play and exercise at will � The ability to acquire mental stimulation Because these needs will vary depending upon such factors as life stage, personality, and prior socialization and experience, facilities should maintain a variety of housing styles in order to meet the individual needs of different cats in the population (Figure 46-11) .
cord-023713-daz2vokz	2013	A systematic review and metaanalysis of the longitudinal studies relating maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy to childhood outcomes concluded that high maternal dietary vitamin D intake is associated with a reduced risk of children wheezing up to the age of 5 years (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.73). The Dutch Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study related symptom data prospectively collected annually from 3863 children up to the age of 8 years to land-use regression estimates of individual NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and soot exposures at their birth addresses. 327 A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective birth cohort studies evaluating the effects of allergen (i.e., HDM or dietary) avoidance during pregnancy concluded that early-life allergen avoidance in isolation does not reduce the likelihood of asthma in children at age 5 years (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.78).
cord-023792-lrgj8gxd	2020	The threat of such a pandemic was to be expected, yet it was ignored, despite repeated warnings by experts, 12 the press 13 and expert groups such as the 2016 Report of the "High-level Panel on the Global Response to Health Crises", which warned about the need to address existing gaps and "enhance global capacity to rapidly detect and respond to health crises"; 14 as well as the 2019 Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (an independent monitoring and accountability body be/professioneel/nieuws-professioneel/ethical-principles-concerning-proportionality-of-critical-care-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-advice-by-the-belgian-society-of-ic-medicine>. A dedicated agencythe European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)was set up in an attempt to strengthen Europe''s response capability and to provide technical support to Member States. With such a support network, the European Commission could create an executive structure that would coordinate emergency responses by identifying the most effective sequence of measures and enable possible redistribution of materials and resources across Member States to ensure the resilience of the whole Union.
cord-023853-y5g4ceq9	2009	Various innovative options for financing wider access to new and underused vaccines in poor countries are explored, including the role of the International Finance Facility for Immunization (IFFIm), the Advanced Market Commitment (AMCs), the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCI) and Multilateral Debt Relief (MDRI) initiatives, and the Debt Buy-Down program of the World Bank. Through this approach, which will be evaluated in 2010, GAVI Alliance partners are working to help countries to be on a trajectory of eventual independence from GAVI support, acknowledging, however, that, for most of the GAVI-eligible countries this is likely to require a very long time Over the next decade, the ability of developing countries to achieve sustainable introduction of new technologies will be largely dependent on how donor funds are provided, particularly whether there is a shift toward long-term, predictable aid and if innovative financing instruments are appropriately aligned and taken to scale.
cord-023913-pnjhi8cu	2011	So while there has been no shortage of effort paid to improving Medicare, the one common theme in all of the recent initiatives is that dental care has been conspicuously 1 A new study by Hedlund, Jeffcoat, Genco and Tanna funded by CIGNA of patients with Type II diabetes and periodontal disease found that medical costs of patients who received maintenance therapy were $2483.51 per year lower than patients who did not. Examples of integrated care models do exist, such as that presented by (Heuer 2007 ) involving school-linked and school-based clinics with an "innovative health infrastructure." According to Heuer, "Neighborhood Outreach Action for Health (NOAH)" is staffed by two nurse practitioners and a part-time physician to provide "primary medical services to more than 3,200 uninsured patients each year" in Scottsdale, Arizona.
cord-023947-uijafp1p	2016	) einige ausgewählte Zugangsmöglichkeiten skizziert und im Anschluss umgekehrt ausgehend von ausgewählten Gastroenteritiden potentielle Zugänge zu einer Geschichte der Seuchen abgeleitet werden . Schließlich danken wir auch den vielen Mitgliedern des Instituts für Geschichte der Medizin, die an Tagung und Tagungsband mitgewirkt haben . 77 Die zweite Sektion "Decameron revisited: Cultural Impact" widmet sich methodisch und inhaltlich den kulturgeschichtlichen Auswirkungen von Seuchen, insbesondere der Rezeptionsgeschichte der Pest . In der engeren Medizingeschichte weichen die Schilderungen von abenteuerlichen Expeditionen und spannenden Experimenten als moderne Heldengeschichte(n) 78 weitgehend zeitgemäßen wissenschaftshistorischen Analysen wie Netzwerk-oder Laborstudien . Auf dem Düsseldorfer Workshop, dem 2012 eine Tagung in Oldenburg folgte, 92 sollten daher Forschungen zur Geschichte der Seuchen und Infektionskrankheiten diskutiert werden, die Forschungslücken schließen und, wie seinerzeit von Martin Dinges gefordert, "neue Wege in der Seuchengeschichte" beschreiten . Colonizing the Body" -State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India Disease, Colonialism, and the State: Malaria in Modern East Asian History
cord-024058-afgvztwo	2015	Examples of innovative leveraging of infrastructure, technologies to enhance existing disease management strategies, engineering approaches to accelerate the rate of discovery and application of scientific, clinical, and public health information, and ethical issues that need to be addressed for implementation are presented. Because engineers contribute to the design and implementation of infrastructure, there are opportunities for innovative solutions to infectious disease response within existing systems that have utility, and therefore resources, before a public health emergency. Moving forward, addressing privacy issues will be critical so that geographic tracking of a phone''s location could be used to help inform an individual of potential contact with infected persons or animals and support automated, anonymous, electronic integration of those data to accelerate the epidemiological detective work of identifying and surveying those same individuals for public health benefit.
cord-024078-d34e31zd	2020	From the social distancing necessary to reduce the speed of transmission and flatten the curve, to buying essential goods for the duration of a communal lockdown, to the suffering endured by not consuming alcohol and tobacco, to reports about the personal and collective economic costs, to the nightly release of case statistics by geographical region, to the biographies of those who have died, we have amassed a hefty repository of pandemic stories that are intended to reveal a shared humanity and promote common cause. The National Department of Health in its COVID-19 Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines for South Africa states an obvious truth about combatting the spread of the virus in our particular situation: "South Africa has a unique challenge of a large vulnerable immunocompromised population living in overcrowded conditions".(13) Over the past 26 years, prior to being hit by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, this is a frank admission that we have been sluggish in our duty to address the needs of the masses.
cord-024087-j6riw1ir	2010	The Republic of Macedonia, with World Health Organization support, has implemented an earlywarning system (ALERT) for priority communicable diseases to complement the routine surveillance system that reports individual confirmed cases. • The emergence of new or newly recognized pathogens such as Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) corona virus, and influenza A/H5N1 virus • The recurrence of well-characterized epidemic-prone diseases such as cholera, dengue, influenza, measles, meningitis, shigellosis, and yellow fever • The accidental release or deliberate use of biological agents such as anthrax [7] In addition to the events described in Table 1 , 10 member states in the European These are reasons for public health-capacity building at the local, national, and international level and strengthening of public health preparedness and response systems around the world [11, 12] .
cord-024088-020rgz5t	2008	Depending on the type of hazard, the three topics, namely, safety, health and the environment, may share the common trait that the proper handling of risks, i.e., how to reduce probabilities and/or consequences of unwanted events is not always possible within a risk management system. A number of new occupational health and safety hazards have already arisen or are foreseen, including problems with the ergonomics of video display units, and musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder-neck and arm-hand systems, information overload, psychological stress, and pressure to learn new skills. Both managers and workers often do not see the need to improve occupational safety and health or ergonomic issues and their possibilities and benefits by reducing or eliminating risks at work. The explanations below present the basic procedure for developing safety-relevant arrangements and solutions, i.e. the thinking and decision-making processes, as well as selecting criteria that are significant for the identification of unwelcome events, the risk of an event, the acceptance limits and the adoption of measures.
cord-024274-jps1j60a	2020	The focus areas include human rabies prevention through preand postexposure prophylaxis, mass dog vaccination, surveillance and epidemiology, laboratory diagnostic capability, public awareness and risk communication, legislation, dog population management, and establishment and protection of rabies-free zones/areas. Asian countries were urged to develop comprehensive national plans with improved access to modern human vaccines and application of new economical postexposure treatments, better disease diagnosis and surveillance, and processing of data at the national, regional, and global levels, intersectoral collaborative efforts for dog rabies control and plans to expand public and health care worker awareness regarding rabies control and prevention. An example of a successful, sustainable community-based integrated rabies control program is the Bohol Rabies elimination program, implemented as a partnership between the provincial government, the national government line agencies (Health, Agriculture, Education, Interior, and Local Government) and a few nonprofit organizations.
cord-024614-6bu3zo01	2020	Based on the transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and the requirements for prevention and control of COVID-19, the authors proposed some concrete measures and practical strategies of managing emergency, limited-term, and elective pediatric surgeries during the epidemic period. Based on the transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and the requirements for prevention and control of COVID-19, the authors proposed some concrete measures and practical strategies of managing emergency, limited-term, and elective pediatric surgeries during the epidemic period. Based on the "Technical Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of New Coronavirus Infection in Medical Institutions (First Edition)," 17 "Diagnosis and Treatment Plan on the New Coronavirus inflicted pneumonia (Sixth trial edition, revised)" 2 (both released by the National Health Commission of China), "Recommendations for the Prevention and Control of General Surgery in the Background of New Coronavirus Outbreak," 6 and other relevant latest reports, we propose the following control measures and practical strategies for pediatric surgery practice during the COVID-19 epidemic.
cord-024673-cl8gydrj	2020	Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), potentially traumatic events disproportionately affecting our most vulnerable children, greatly increase risk for poor physical and emotional health outcomes in adults. Reducing academic and attendance challenges contributes to greater academic success, attenuates the impact of adverse experiences into adulthood, and improves health outcomes across the lifespan.(16) Educational policy has become increasingly reflective of the need to consider the overall wellbeing of the child -physically, socially, and emotionally -with a focus upon systems and programs that support that holistic scope. Access to an integrated, comprehensive, and customizable SEL-based wellness studies program, designed to mitigate ACEs and improve long term health via self-care competency, would greatly benefit students, educators, families, and communities. Notable is a priority -to teach children in preschool and grades K-12 social and emotional skills, including mindful awareness practices.‖ This expressed support of whole health learning programs within schools as effective means to ameliorate the impact of ACEs on education and health is welcome.
cord-024818-ntq02huc	2020	To enhance the resilience of national health systems, including by integrating disaster risk management into primary, secondary and tertiary health care, especially at the local level; developing the capacity of health workers in understanding disaster risk […] and supporting and training community health groups in disaster risk reduction approaches in health programmes, in collaboration with other sectors, as well as in the implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005) Being part of the UN system, the World Health Organization contributed to the lead-into the Sendai Framework and is now an active supporter and implementer of it. • The WHO Strategic Framework for Emergency Preparedness, which lays out the principles and constituents of effective country health emergency preparedness (WHO 2017); • The WHO''s An R&D Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics, a global strategy and preparedness plan that supports the rapid implementation of research and development activities during epidemics (WHO 2016b); and • The IHR (2005) Monitoring and Evaluation Framework that includes annual reporting by states parties, simulation exercises, after action reviews, and voluntary joint external evaluation, which is a collaborative process to assess a country''s capacity to adhere to the IHR requirements (WHO 2016c).
cord-024885-6gsnmegj	2020	In the meantime, we present four claims: first, that the WHO is a distinct legal actor on the international stage capable of incurring responsibility for its actions; second, that the WHO does not merely have the power to declare a PHEIC, but also 11 See ''Foreword'' and Article 2 World Health Organisation, ''International Health Regulations'' (2005) . The first element of this obligation to declare may have been eventually fulfilled but (as we will argue in a moment), the failure to declare the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak a PHEIC in a timely fashion was not, and therefore constitutes an internationally wrongful act, for which responsibility ought to arise on the part of the Organisation. Rather, numerous obligations are identified within the Constitution of the World Health Organisation, in particular Articles 2(v), (a) and (g) of the Functions, and an external agreement with the African Congress, which when taken together would create the legal obligation pursuant upon the WHO to declare the West African Ebola outbreak PHEIC and, secondly, to do so in a timely fashion.
cord-024933-vddwzeew	2015	This qualitative research has revealed differences in the perceptions, experiences, and understandings of evidence-based practice among public health professionals from different backgrounds across different services in health care and local government in England. This has, at times, resulted in tensions between professionals with different backgrounds and frustration on the part of environmental health practitioners, who have a tradition of responding quickly to new challenges and "getting on with the job." There is generally a willingness to develop evidence-based practice in environmental health; however, this will take time and investment. This article presents the findings of empirical research exploring EH practitioners'' perceptions, and the challenges faced, around the adoption and use of evidence-based practice in the new English public health system. The evidence relating to the social determinants of health necessarily comprises a range of factors, including information and analysis, surveillance, research, evaluation, local knowledge, and good practice (i.e., what works, and why), and Rehfuess and Bartram (2014) note the value of systematic reviews here.
cord-024981-yfuuirnw	2020	The World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization define a disaster as "an event that occurs in most cases suddenly and unexpectedly, causing severe disturbances to people or objects affected by it, resulting in the loss of life and harm to the health of the population, the destruction or loss of community property, and/or severe damage to the environment. After the events of 9/11, much attention has been given to the possibility of another mass casualty act of terrorism, especially with weapons of mass destruction, that include chemical, biological, nuclear, radiological, and explosive devices (CBNRE), or other forms of violence such as active shooter incidents and mass shootings (Jacobson and Severin 2012) . Antidote therapy should be given as usual for nerve agents, including atropine, diazepam, and pralidoxime chloride (United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, National Library of Medicine 2019; United States Department of Health and Human Services, Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM) 2019).
cord-024991-9ybyt89r	2020	Le Monde however, sees prima face evidence of systemic problems with neoliberal global capitalism 6 , as does the French President whose March 12 address to the nation proclaimed the need to cross-examine our economic system which has been shown by COVID-19 to be so conspicuously flawed 7 . COVID 19 has served to underline this power, as Mark Grindle 11 points out: " the UK Government''s first response to coronavirus was to allow big US tech companies to centralise and mine confidential UK patients'' health data" and "the Scientific Group for Emergencies (SAGE) advising the UK Government''s response to the pandemic included those with evidenced and significant AI and data mining business interests." Naomi Klein confirms that this power grab is very much an international phenomenon 12 . It''s not." 20 We health educators and social marketers need to help people to care more; to think critically; to exercise their human rights.
cord-025056-geboovve	2020	Furthermore, adequate and necessary attention was required for patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic (Yao, Chen & Xu, 2020) . If the test results are positive, patients will be transferred to Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center for further treatment (one to four psychiatrists are working there during the epidemic, offering psychiatric consultations for patients and psychological services for medics). All these strict measures help us to make sure there is no coronavirus infection in psychiatric hospitals, but also makes the access to mental health services more difficult. Free online lectures are also offered by experts from SMHC and other mental health centers in Shanghai to advise people how to deal with negative emotions during the epidemic. Mental health services are offered to patients and medics both in Shanghai and in Wuhan. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic
cord-025496-lezggdjb	2020	This paper scopes the policy-making potential of polysemic ideas by examining the impact of an ambiguous concept known as ''One Health'' on responses to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Australia and the UK. The cases show that Australian and UK governments both developed strategies against AMR while consulting broad arrays of stakeholders across human and animal health, food production, and the research sector. To scope the role of polysemic ideas in actual policy-making, we next investigate the political implications of ''One Health'', a concept that has become accepted among global and national public health authorities as the key ''approach'' to emerging infectious diseases (One Health 2017). While both countries have responded to AMR with national strategies and more specific policy initiatives, particularly in human health, Australia appears to be making less progress than the UK in critical areas such as surveillance in the veterinary health and food sectors.
cord-025682-b5x2x93f	2020	School-Based Health Centers: At the Intersection of Health and Education School-based health centers (SBHCs) have emerged over the last 50 years as a cost-effective service delivery model that improves health care access and outcomes for youth, particularly those in underserved communities [1, 2] . In fact, minority youth have been found to use SBHC services more frequently than other community health delivery sites, particularly mental health care [5] . These youth also have disproportionate academic experiences [6] because of structural inequalities that are far beyond the scope of what SBHC services can influence, which makes the burden of demonstrating impacts on educational success, in addition to health outcomes, an even greater challenge. Impact of school-based health center use on academic outcomes The influence of school-based health center access on high school graduation: Evidence from Colorado
cord-026999-r8teblhs	2020	Findings To address these pervasive goal and identity conflicts in professional organisations, we translate the results of a multiyear research study examining the US Army''s efforts to transform its mental health support during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. We describe how an intentional organisational design used by the US Army that assigned specific mental health personnel to frontline units helped to mitigate professional goal and identity conflicts by creating personalised relationships and contextualising mental health offerings. We describe how an intentional organisational design used by the US Army that assigned specific mental health personnel to frontline units helped to mitigate professional goal and identity conflicts by creating personalised relationships and contextualising mental health offerings. Third, we discuss the implications of the Army study for healthcare organisations and highlight the potential for skilful organisational design to help address goal and identity conflicts by assigning mental health personnel to support specific frontline units.
cord-027552-6ne9yrc5	2020	We must speak up and elect leaders we can depend on, taking decisive action to protect the needs of those living with mental and addictive disorders. Whatever format, we must exercise our right to vote while prioritizing the needs of the behavioral health community and those we serve. Community mental health and addiction treatment centers are community hubs, places people go to get help. We know that early interventions are imperative and a number of the articles in this issue concentrate on youth, focusing on ways pediatric behavioral health services might intervene to reduce non-urgent emergency departments visits (in the Keefe et al. 3 Additionally, we focus on the importance of diversity by highlighting the nature of mental health needs among an emerging Latino community with limited health care information (in the Bucay-Harari et al. Mental health needs of an emerging Latino community Reducing the treatment gap for LGBT mental health needs: The potential of telepsychiatry
cord-027641-0ufwlw87	2020	In North America, the "apex" of the epidemic curve is still nowhere in sight but people draw solace from the fact that drastic public health measures in China and South Korea appear to have abated the escalation of number of cases and eventually signifi cantly reduced the incidence of new ones. Spurred by these experiences, Canada, like other countries, adopted social distancing as its most visible public health measure. This pandemic demonstrated once more that an essential target of our practices is to rebuild our patients'' positive social connectedness with peer groups, families, worksites, and communities in general. 2 www.canadianjournalofaddiction.org 5 EDITORIAL (2) Isolation and testing-Every pandemic has its own characteristics and predictions can be diffi cult at the onset. In a few short weeks, we experienced a number of changes in the criteria for entering or leaving isolation, but the relative absence of screening tests and results awaiting 5 to 10 days led to a loss of valuable healthcare resources.
cord-027704-zm1nae6h	2020	In the year 2015 ITU and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) gave the definition of smart and sustainable city as "an innovative city that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social, environmental as well as cultural aspects". The project is currently active in eight pilot cities, Barcelona, Birmingham, New York, Paris, Singapore, Pavia, Keelung and Taiwan, following a participatory approach where citizen provide data through personal devices and the PulsAIR app, that are integrated with information from heterogeneous sources: open city data, health systems, urban sensors and satellites. The clinical is on asthma and Type 2 Diabetes in adult populations: the project has been pioneer in the development of dynamic spatiotemporal health impact assessments through exposure-risk simulation model with the support of WebGis for geolocated population-based data.
cord-027756-w44t68tj	2020	We reflect briefly on emerging responses to COVID-19, and raise important questions of ethics and law that must be addressed; including through the lens of legal determinants, and with critical attention to what it means to protect health with justice. Since this special issue of Public Health Ethics went into production, the global pandemic of COVID-19 has led to extraordinary measures being taken in many countries, including those where we each live (the UK and USA, respectively). Available online at www.phe.oxfordjournals.org PUBLIC HEALTH ETHICS 2020 • 1-2 emergency, and it demands coordinated responses and political leadership that take a global outlook. Colleagues in global and public health, including scholars in ethics and law, will therefore rightly be attentive to the implications of this crisis at subnational, national, international, and global levels. Beyond liberty: social values and public health ethics in responses to COVID-19 Responding to COVID-19: How to Navigate a Public Health Emergency Legally and Ethically
cord-027859-citynr6c	2020	No more than six deadly infectious diseases: pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhoeal diseases, malaria, measles and more recently, HIV/AIDS, account for half of all premature deaths, killing mostly children and young adults (Figure 3 .3). 9 In May 2002, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children''s Fund recommended that the formulation of oral rehydration solution (ORS) for treatment of patients with diarrhoea be changed to one with a reduced osmolarity and that safety of the new formulation, particularly development of symptomatic hyponatremia, be monitored. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children all over the world, and an important public health problem, particularly in developing countries where 600 000 deaths each year are associated with this infection. falciparum causes most of the severe disease and deaths attributable to malaria and is most prevalent in Africa south of the Sahara and in certain areas of South-east Asia and the Western Pacifi c (Figure 3.7) .
cord-028590-rw0okd0p	2020	''Many hospitals have had to adapt to become urgent dental care hubs during the peak of the pandemic, with both the hospitals I work in beginning to start to resume some '' According to a new poll by the mental health charity Mind, many people who were previously well will develop mental health problems as a ''direct consequence of the pandemic and all that follows'', with the worst yet to come.'' routine services. '' As always, the impact will be greatest on the most vulnerable of the profession: new graduates, many of whom have lost their part-time jobs; young dentists leaving dental foundation training and potentially struggling to find their first associateship; and dental care professional colleagues who are significantly affected by the closure of practices and the expected lengthy return to the provision of dentistry over the coming months.
cord-029261-6d9cjeec	2020	WHO considers urbanization as one of the key challenges for public health in the twenty-first century, since cities offer significant opportunities to improve public health if health-enhancing policies and actions are promoted. Speaking about urban environment, it is to be underlined that cities around the world face many health challenges, including air, water and soil pollution, traffic congestion and noise, and poor housing conditions, and all these situations are caused and worsened by unsustainable urban development and climate change. It follows that health and environmental issues, like climate change or the growing populations, need to be addressed using "holistic" approaches that require the development of multidisciplinary research synergies focused on urban health, accompanied by multidisciplinary sustainable interventions. Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century
cord-029582-kap3tdiy	2020	During the first two months of Virtual Health roll-out, our Stanford primary care providers conducted over 15,000 video and 3,500 telephone visits. Within four weeks after initiating the Virtual Health program, we conducted more than 80 interviews with staff and providers (physicians, advanced practice providers, medical assistants [MAs] ) in Stanford Primary Care to understand their experiences around Virtual Health. We developed a Virtual Health Patient Engagement model that incorporated principles of the NAM Quintuple Aim,4 which evolved from the NAM Triple Aim (quality of care, cost, patient experience) to include patient equity and inclusion, and prevention of provider burnout.5 Drawing from the WellMD model, 6 we considered factors to support patient engagement in Virtual Health, including system/technology support, support by clinical teams, and customized support for self-care ( Figure 1 ). To help providers achieve meaningful connection with Virtual Health patients, the Stanford Presence group developed and distributed five best practices for telepresence communication4:
cord-029596-tdrhcq7z	2020	An emergency unit of leading health care officials was formed, and a clear strategy was developed to flatten the curve of newly infected individuals to prevent overwhelming the health care services and to reduce mortality rates.13 , 14 Based on reports from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, an early and important measure turned out to be the early and aggressive testing regime.15 It included testing of all people in confirmed contact with confirmed Covid-19 cases, people who recently had been traveling in outbreak areas, such as Italy and China, and screening of people with current airway infections.16 " The information gathered from the test data directly led to the decision on March 12, 2020, to close schools and quarantine everyone entering the country for 14 days, as it was becoming obvious that the virus was spreading freely in communities.17 , 18 As of April 12, Norway had tested 23.21 people per 1,000 population for Covid-19.
cord-029616-hfxal05z	2020	The global flu pandemic of 1918 ignited the development of European national health services, while the Great Depression and World War II fortified the United States'' welfare state.11 In a similar vein, organizational experts observe that leadership actions following crises tend to define organizational culture for decades, leading either to long-term stress injury and illness or to "posttraumatic stress growth."12 Though no blueprint exists for leading organizations to well-being in the tail of a global pandemic, prior research in team leadership and organizational resilience points toward organizational factors that facilitate growth after crisis.10 , 13 As we rebuild and reimagine our health care delivery organizations, we have the opportunity to implement practices associated with workforce engagement and satisfaction as well as improved financial performance.
cord-029633-njeewhv3	2020	Because providers in value-based payment environments are not constrained by the need to maximize the volume of care, they have the freedom to experiment with novel ways to reduce costs and improve outcomes. By design, this thinking is required in value-based payment relationships where providers are financially responsible for the health of their entire panel, or "population," of patients. We must accelerate our efforts to reduce costs while improving care, and value-based payment models are best positioned to do this. The urgency of the current crisis has mobilized the United States to align and cooperate in new and flexible ways that leverage public health principles. The collaboration and ingenuity we have seen during this crisis should give us hope that we can make progress on issues that have seemed intractable, and transitioning to value-based payment models will help to create the conditions and alignment we will need to act.
cord-030018-sabmw7wf	2020	BACKGROUND: The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) current pandemic is an unpreceded global health crisis. COVID-19 pandemic proved rapidly to be a major international medical problem that has many sequences on infants, children, and adolescents. There is an urging challenge of how to provide the required healthcare needed by infants and children in due time and place avoiding the possibility to catch SARS-CoV-2 infection if they go to seek medical advice at hospitals or healthcare facilities. The mandatory lockdown and inevitable social distancing measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic has forced the governments in many countries to close nurseries, child care centers, schools, training centers, and higher education facilities as universities and institutions. So far, the COVID-19 crisis has had a great impact on child health and healthcare all over the world, not only from the medical aspect, but also from the social, psychologic, economic, and educational aspects.
cord-030529-2wkes9nk	2020	In this article, I consider the development, deployment and imagined uses of apps in two countries: Singapore, a pioneer in the field, with its TraceTogether app, and Australia, a country that adapted Singapore''s app, devising its own COVIDSafe, as key to its national public health strategy early in the crisis. The data sets generated by smartphones, computers, apps and people''s use of them, such as that data collected by Apple and Google, were used by public health officials, researchers and journalists to map population or district-level activity and movement, leading to the very interesting charts, graphs and visualisations in news and current affairs reports and features seeking to map and analyse the spread of COVID and its impact on social and economic activity. With much at stake in terms of public health concerns at a critical juncture of the COVID pandemic, the Australian government emphasised that it was keen to adopt a ''consent-based'' model, hence its interest in adapting the Singapore TraceTogether app.
cord-030771-0x0d56fb	2020	The upheaval in the provision of routine health care caused by the Covid-19 pandemic offers an unprecedented opportunity to reduce low-value care significantly with concurrent efforts from providers and health systems, payers, policymakers, employers, and patients. The coming months offer a unique and critical window for providers and health systems, and the stakeholders who support and interact with them, to take short-and long-term steps to reduce waste and build a better system that prioritizes high-quality, high-value care. • Code sets or specifications to measure a range of low-value care services in Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial claims data Leveraging alternative care pathways and care sites, such as telehealth, home-based care, and community-based care, can also help keep patients out of the ED and provide alternatives to lowvalue and wasteful care. Policymakers should create opportunities for providers, health systems, and payers to pilot innovative models that reduce low-value care and reflect the new Covid-19 reality, integrating telehealth and a wider range of health care professionals.
cord-030872-qhyjhk1r	2020	19 Integration continues to face significant barriers, including lack of consensus on how primary care and co-located mental health professionals should share roles, the need for substantial transformation in how practices operate if they are to provide mental health care, 20 financing schemes that do not incentivize treatment in primary care or collaboration with mental health providers, 21 and a lack of mental health practitioners trained to work in primary care settings (especially in linguistically and culturally diverse communities). d. HRSA could expand and institutionalize its support so that all states could have so-called "child psychiatry access programs" that promote interprofessional collaboration and education supporting mental health service delivery in the pediatric primary care. 46, 47 These programs provide informal mental health consultation to primary care providers around specific patient''s problems, and many currently have primary care provider training and practice transformation components which could be expanded to include helping integrated behavioral health providers (including those in schools) adopt and use evidencebased brief interventions or telepsychiatry when necessary.
cord-030886-yirpxgqi	2020	Several studies have described an important psychological impact of these epidemics on the general population, patients, and health workers, proposing different measures to guarantee Mental Health and prevent the progression of psychopathology in these circumstances. 9 During the 2003 SARS epidemic, the affected patients in a Toronto hospital experienced fear, loneliness, anger, the psychological effects resulting from symptoms of infection and concern about quarantine and contagion. 1 These epidemics, caused by other coronaviruses, may offer clues about the possible effects on Mental Health of COVID-19 in the general population, among patients and among health workers. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus Mental health care measures in response to the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Korea
cord-030922-l7xuu9a5	2020	BACKGROUND: The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework was developed two decades ago and conceptualizes successful implementation (SI) as a function (f) of the evidence (E) nature and type, context (C) quality, and the facilitation (F), [SI = f (E,C,F)]. The PARIHS framework is a commonly used conceptual framework [1, 4] that posits successful implementation (SI) as a function (f) of the nature and type of evidence (E) (including research, clinical experience, patient experience, and local information), the qualities of the context (C) of implementation (including culture, leadership, and evaluation), and the way the implementation process is facilitated (F) (internal and/or external person acting as a facilitator to enable the process of implementation); SI = f(E,C,F). Categorical data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, whereas the open-ended items were analyzed qualitatively [16] , including the collated extractions of data to illustrate each of the four types of use (i.e., how the PARIHS framework was depicted in terms of (1) planning and delivering an intervention, (2) analysis, (3) evaluation of study findings, and/or (4) in any other way).
cord-031017-xjnbmah5	2020	METHODS: In May 2019, Belgian public health and healthcare professionals were invited to complete an online survey containing eight main topics including background questions, general attitude towards pathogen genomics for public health practice and main concerns, genomic literacy, current and planned NGS activities, place of NGS in diagnostic microbiology pathways, data sharing obstacles, end-user requirements, and key drivers for the implementation of NGS. The following criteria were included (top to bottom): clinical and/or public health significance, priority with respect to preventing the spread of antimicrobial resistance, local/national/international policy surveillance priorities or obligations, importance of prevention and control programs (e.g. vaccination), utility of WGS for diagnostics and/or treatment decisions (individual patient care), utility of increased resolution to infer relatedness that would not be obtained via conventional methods, availability of high-quality/complete/standardized epidemiological and/or clinical data to provide context to the WGS results, possibility to link genomic data from different sources (food-animalhuman-environment), cost-effectiveness (e.g. replacing multiple tests), time-saving compared to conventional testing methods, impact on outcomes for patients and populations (translation into actionable results), availability of WGS typing schemes and reference databases (e.g. for antimicrobial resistance), availability of validated (quality-controlled) WGS workflows (both wet and dry laboratory), availability of expertise to generate, analyze and interpret WGS data, and availability of the appropriate infrastructure (sequence technology, high-performance computing, data storage, etc.).
cord-031508-1l9dxc16	2020	For some people the isolation of feeling confined to their home had a severe impact on their mental health -too much worry, stress or even boredom can have an effect, and if not recognised and dealt with, could see you suffering way beyond the time a vaccine is found for COVID-19. 8, 10 She was also the lead in a BDA event in February this year, that gathered key stakeholders in UK dentistry to see how they could collaborate on improving the services and support for the mental health and wellbeing of dentists, as it has always been an important consideration, even before the pandemic hit. Bear in mind that the GDC does expect dental professionals to look after their own health in the interests of providing safe care for patients. News release: Depression and anxiety spiked after lockdown announcement, coronavirus mental health study shows
cord-031907-ilhr3iu5	2020	L.M., and the National Institutes of Health (R35GM119623) to T.R.G. The addition of a size exclusion chromatography step to various urinary extracellular vesicle concentrating methods reveals differences in the small RNA profile Introduction: Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their RNA cargo are a novel source of biomarkers for various diseases, however non-vesicular RNA (e.g. associated with proteins) is also present within urine. We then evaluated efficiency of heart targeting for eAAV9 or eAAV6 and standard AAV9 or AAV6 encoding for EGFP, mCherry or firefly luciferase in different human cell lines in vitro, in black mouse and in passive immunity nude mouse model in vivo using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, Langendorff perfusion system and Methods: HLHS patients (n = 3) after Glenn procedure and swine (n = 3) after PAB were given RV injections of allogeneic/xenogeneic MSCs. Donor-specific, HLA-I+, exosomes were isolated from plasma.
cord-032492-2av9kl1c	2020	Results indicated providers whom previously used HIE had more positive perceptions about its benefits in terms of system complexity (p = .001), care delivery (p = .000), population health (p = .003), and provider performance (p = .005); women providers were more positive in terms of system concerns (p = .000); patient care (p = .031), and population health (p = .009); providers age 44–55 were more positive than older and younger groups in terms of patient care (p = .032), population health (p = .021), and provider performance (p = .014); while differences also existed across professional license groups (physician, nurse, other license, admin (no license)) for all five constructs (p < .05); and type of organization setting (hospital, ambulatory clinic, medical office, other) for three constructs including system concerns (p = .017), population health (p = .018), and provider performance (p = .018). The survey had three sections: (1) demographics (age, job, gender) and system usage characteristics; (2) familiarity with technology; and (3) user perceptions across an author generated scale inclusive of the following constructs: system complexity, health information exchange system concerns, provider performance, patient care, and population care.
cord-033287-24zkbi3z	2020	Although increased access to digital media platforms facilitated exponential access to information during the current pandemic, several fabricated stories are shared without quality checking and background (Pan American Healthcare Organization, 2020). As the World Health Organization warned about misinformation due to an independent media usage, today, people are finding it hard to search for a reliable source of information, hindering the response efforts causing severe damage to the struggle for mitigating the outbreak (Article 19 2020). An explicit example can be seen during the Covid-19 pandemic, where different media platforms are found disseminating the myths and false information (Article 19 2020). Furthermore, false information about Covid-19 is not a new phenomenon as many academics, researchers, journalists, and policymakers approached World Health Organization and emphasized that this would cause serious risk to public mental and physical health (Brennen et al. Impact of Rumors or Misinformation on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Social Media
cord-033329-gi0mug1p	2020	A sample of 242 fake news items was collected from the Maldita.es website and analysed according to the criteria of cognitive and affective authority, interactivity, themes and potential danger. The results point to a practical absence of indicators of cognitive authority (53.7%), while the affective authority of these news items is built through mechanisms of discrediting people, ideas or movements (40.7%) and, secondarily, the use of offensive or coarse language (17.7%) and comparison or reference to additional information sources (26.6%). An important part of the research has focused on the analysis of all kinds of information spread via social media (Cinelli et al., 2020; Ferrara, 2020; Singh et al., 2020) , whilst others have suggested interventions for improving news and science literacy as empowering tools for users to identify, consume and share high-quality information (Vraga et al., 2020b) . In this research, a sample of fake news items collected by the Maldita.es project during the Covid-19 health crisis in Spain was classified according to the criteria of authority, interactivity, theme and potential danger.
cord-033331-giku34r9	2020	METHODS/DESIGN: We are pursuing a two-arm, parallel, unblinded, cluster randomized controlled trial to quantify the overall efficacy of TIRS in reducing the burden of laboratory-confirmed ABV clinical disease (primary endpoint). Fitting such entomological information to an agent-based model of Yucatan State, Mexico, showed that high levels of TIRS coverage (75% of houses treated once per year) applied preemptively before the typical dengue season (before July) could reduce DENV infections by 89.7% in year 1 and 78.2% cumulatively over the first 5 years of an annual program [32] . Additionally, our project will access the online ABV database managed by Mexico''s National Center of Preventive Programs and Diseases Control (CENAPRECE) [51] to identify all reported symptomatic cases (including all ages, not only children) residing within study clusters in real time, and to map routine vector control actions performed by SSY.
cord-033401-0o1g1924	2020	62 Effective April 17, 2020, Wisconsin grants immunity to health care providers -for the death of or injury to any individual or any damages caused by actions or omissions‖ that were provided during the COVID-19 state of emergency or up to 60 days after its termination if such acts or omissions are rendered pursuant to the -direction, guidance, recommendation, or other statement made by a federal, state, or local official to address or in response to the emergency or disaster.‖ Wis. Stat. Cuomo of New York, which, among other things, extended immunity to physicians and other health care providers from -civil liability for any injury or death alleged to have been sustained directly as a result of an act or omission by such medical professional in the course of providing medical services in support of the State''s response to the COVID-19 outbreak‖ unless it was
cord-033452-y5tavcjb	2020	Furthermore, because profit-seeking is economically rational in capitalism, capitalist imperatives may be incompatible with public health. Another reason to look closely at markets is the profit motive, a supply-side behavioral force, which provides a different rationale for deindividualizing responsibility for health in capitalist economies. I argue that profit-motivated behaviors keep individuals from accessing necessities and undermine public health and health systems as demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, focusing on individual ''rule-breakers'' elides social and economic context (Roy, 2017)-capitalism incentivizes profit-seeking at significant cost to public health. Antisocial entrepreneurialism occurs at all levels: from a student charging classmates for single-squirts of hand-sanitizer (Harvey, 2020) , to people stockpiling and unapologetically reselling cleaning wipes on Craigslist and Facebook marketplace (Tiffany, 2020) , to drug companies jacking up prices for medications like insulin (Thomas, 2019) . In effect, like (in)ability-to-pay on the demand side, the profit motive is a supply-side force that can render individuals incapable of responsibility for their health (Levy, 2019) .
cord-033736-bsmqqi6j	2020	Eligible studies were: 1) interventions categorised as health promotion (HP) or primary prevention (PP) following the WHO''s definition [1, 2] and addressing behavioural risk factors, injury prevention, physical health, social and mental health, 2) including populations of community-living older people 65+ as of it being the lowest retirement age in the Nordic Countries, hence exclude the risk of missing relevant studies due to the age limitation, 3) implemented in a Nordic country (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Faroe Islands), 4) studies applying a randomized controlled trial design (RCT) for the evaluation of effects (research question six), 5) studies related to the identified RCTs addressing the remaining research question, e.g. experiences of participants, feasibility as well as studies on cost-effectiveness. Five studies had samples consisting only of female participants [32, Table 2 Detailed results concerning intervention content, effects on health outcomes, and feasibility aspects of included studies in the field of health-promoting and preventive interventions for community dwelling older people in the Nordic countries from inception to 2019 (Continued)
cord-033772-uzgya4k9	2020	The EACH-B intervention consists of three linked elements: professional development for teachers including training in communication skills to support health behaviour change; the LifeLab educational module comprising in-school teaching of nine science lessons linked to the English National Curriculum and a practical day visit to the LifeLab facility; and a personalised digital intervention that involves social support and game features that promote eating better and being more active. i) Professional development for teachers including training in communication skills to support health behaviour change, known as ''Healthy Conversation Skills'' (HCS), explained in detail below ii) LifeLab educational module comprising in-school teaching of nine science lessons linked to the English National Curriculum and a hands-on practical day visit to LifeLab, held part way through the module iii) A personalised digital intervention (the ''app'') with social support and game features
cord-033803-79me0615	2020	'' With dental practices and many early years settings closed, Jo described how everyone involved in the programme did what they could to ensure children still got their toothbrushing packs. As in Manchester, programmes are geared to funding GDPs to provide prevention as well as building links between dental practices early years settings and health visitor and social care teams. GDP Mohsan Ahmad, Chair of the Local Dental Network, wrote the foreword to a document 4 setting out the three-year plan, stressing that dental teams would play an essential part, by engaging communities to value good oral health, driving improvement in outcomes. In January of last year, the Greater Manchester Health and Social Care Partnership (GMHSCP) launched 6 a £1.5 million programme to reduce dental decay. A key development was the Green Paper published last year 10 in which the Government committed to put prevention at the heart of all its health and social care decisionmaking.
cord-034133-tx0hciiv	2020	title: The contribution of medical educational system of the College of Medicine, and Health Sciences of the University of Gondar in Ethiopia on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of graduate students of Health Sciences in relation to the prevention and control of nosocomial infections during the academic year of 2018 This study aimed to assess the contribution of the medical education system on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the graduate students of health sciences about the prevention and control of nosocomial infection in the College of Medicine and Health Sciences at the University of Gondar in the Academic Year of 2018. Therefore, the current study intended to determine the impact of the medical education system on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of graduate health sciences students about the prevention and control of nosocomial infections at the University of Gondar.
cord-034169-nkosr3br	2020	Home visiting is an essential preventative social service model that builds on the families'' own strengths J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f and supports them to navigate circumstances and stressors contributing to health inequities in underserved communities. Home visitors provide services that improve health care access and education to participants; they collaborate with families to assist in navigating health and social systems and give dedicated attention that may be more problematic to obtain in the traditional health system (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014) . Nurses and clinically trained technicians are also direct-care providers in some home visiting models, including Nurse Family Partnership, supporting individuals with health education, counseling, and medical services outside of the clinic system.
cord-034243-iz2alys0	2020	One standard menu of approaches to the prevalence of anti-microbial resistance diseases is to enhance surveillance, fund research to develop new antimicrobials, and educate providers and patients to reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use. Moreover, in today''s world of investment in drug discovery, "creating an environment in which data exchange and knowledge sharing are the status quo will be difficult given proprietary concerns and the variety of information types and formats, which may range from historical data to new findings produced as part of this research effort." The Pew consensus is that the following forms of information sharing are needed: a review of what is known about compounds that effectively penetrate gram-negative bacteria, a searchable catalogue of chemical matter including an ongoing list of promising antibacterial compounds, information on screening assays and conditions tested, and an informational database of available biological and physicochemical data. These four aspects of fairness-who is included in the play, what opportunities they have, how these opportunities are balanced, and whether there are elements of reciprocity-can be used to set vector and victim perspectives into context in addressing the gathering and use of information about antimicrobial resistance.
cord-034270-0fcac9aw	2020	title: Perspectives of Migrants and Employers on the National Insurance Policy (Health Insurance Card Scheme) for Migrants: A Case Study in Ranong, Thailand BACKGROUND AND PURPOSES: Thailand has implemented a nationwide insurance policy for migrants, namely the Health Insurance Card Scheme (HICS), for a long time. 15 Migrants who enter the country lawfully and work in the formal sector (like firms, factories or enterprises) need not buy the HICS as they are covered by the Social Security Scheme (SSS), which is the same social insurance for Thai formal workers. Overall, this study provides perspectives from and adaptive behaviour of Myanmar beneficiaries towards the HICS, the main insurance policy for cross-border migrants in Thailand. The migrants'' and employers'' perspectives on and responses to the Health Insurance Card Scheme (HICS) in this study reflect the challenges faced in policy implementation.
cord-034351-5br4faov	2020	(1) Background: Along with an increasing risk caused by migrant workers returning to the urban areas for the resumption of work and production and growing epidemiological evidence of possible transmission during the incubation period, a study of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is warranted among key populations to determine the serum antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 and the carrying status of SARS-CoV-2 to identify potential asymptomatic infection and to explore the risk factors. Three categories of targeted populations (close contacts, migrant workers who return to urban areas for work, and school children) will be included in this study as they are important for case identification in communities. Since the first known case of pneumonia infected with the novel coronavirus was reported in the city of Wuhan in late December of 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 and announced by the World Health Organization on 11 February 2020, unexpectedly and quickly spread in China and many other countries with rapid geographical expansion and a sudden increase in the number of cases [1, 2] .
cord-034373-7v7r44do	2020	As described by Sargut and McGrath, one of the biggest challenges health care leaders face in dealing with complex systems is the "vantage point" problem,1 where the individual actors and leaders are unable to truly see the whole,2 especially in rare events like Covid-19. While these systems primarily create a shared mental model for action, resource demands, and communications, they also bring to the fore additional voices and vantage points for managing health care delivery beyond the bounds of the immediate surge, including which metrics to follow and how to evaluate data. Finally, as health care systems face increasing shifts in the pandemic, we propose identifying forecasting tools that provide opportunities to learn about the complex system of our health care environment and Covid-19 itself, rather than depending on unrealistic assumptions. The result is a forecasting model that leverages the principles of complexity to guide hospital leadership, providing weekly updates to a group of health care leaders about how and when a new surge of infections may arrive.12
cord-034942-ezwt39rq	2020	Climate change and coronavirus pandemic are the twin crises in the Anthropocene, the era in which unsustainable growth of human activities has led to a significant change in the global environment. We suggest three agendas for future climate and sustainability research after the pandemic: (1) focus on health and well-being, (2) moral engagement through empathy, and (3) science of loss for managing grief. While climate change and global pandemic can be equally understood as great challenges in the Anthropocene, their manifestation has been pronounced differently due to a difference in disciplinary concerns between environmental sustainability research and public health research. Both climate change and the coronavirus pandemic attest to the fact that we are now living in the Anthropocene, the era in which unsustainable growth of human activities has caused a significant change in the global environment.
cord-035012-9r8hlwyd	2020	While traditional federal government data such as the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) employment and price data, and Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) GDP and National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) data, do include a health care component, health economists and policymakers most frequently cite and follow the data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services'' (CMS) annual National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA; available at https :// www.cms.gov/Resea rch-Stati stics -Data-and-Syste ms/Stati stics -Trend s-and-Repor ts/Natio nalHe althE xpend Data). To fill the need for more timely tracking of the health economy, we developed (with the assistance of other current and former Altarum experts) the publicly available Health Sector Economic Indicators SM (HSEI; available at https ://altar um.org/solut ion/healt h-secto r-spend ing), a set of metrics and associated data briefs that provide preliminary health spending estimates on a monthly basis, while benchmarking to the CMS NHEA health categories and historical estimates.
cord-035016-ipv8npdy	2020	Touted by many as a major tour de force, the ongoing ''race'' towards a vaccine is also exposing the intrinsic deficiencies of relying on for-profit pharmaceutical companies, that are governed by trade rules, financial speculation and market competition, to ensure the development of essential health technologies. This is antithetical to a collective intelligence effort that would allow scientists all over the world to creatively combine the best elements of our medical knowledge and technological advances into a diverse and innovative portfolio of vaccine candidates with the best chance to achieve our common public health goal (Torreele 2020b) . 5 A milestone resolution on transparency around medical R&D was passed at the 2019 World Health Assembly (Fletcher 2019 ), yet governments so far have failed to implement these commitments, despite huge financial investments in COVID-19 R&D that could have been used as leverage to demand transparency on scientific methods and data, as well as clinical trial costs, and set performance targets for the vaccines.
cord-035030-ig4nwtmi	2020	Conclusion: With this survey Endo-ERN is provided with a large sample of responses from European patients with a rare endocrine condition, and those patients experience unmet needs in research, though these needs differ between the disease groups. Various factors compound the development of treatments for paediatric rare diseases, including the need for new Clinical Outcome Assessments (COAs), as conventional endpoints such as the 6 Minute Walking Test (6MWT) have been shown to not be applicable in all paediatric age subsets, [3] and therefore may not be useful in elucidating patient capabilities. S18 Background: To help inform cross-national development of genomic care pathways, we worked with families of patients with rare diseases and health professionals from two European genetic services
cord-035044-duzoa2v7	2020	In this contribution, we critically engage with existing narratives of global health security and show how the logic of exceptionalism is limiting the current responses to the pandemic. Through the linkage of health to "security against threats" the narrative of health security operates with a logic of exceptionalism: (external, also distant) health issues (i.e. infectious diseases) are perceived as positing severe or extraordinary danger to the physical well-being of individuals or entire societies, a threat to the normal (economic, cultural, financial) way of life in a country. This narrative of securing against infectious diseases is inherent to mainstream framing of health security and has provided the context and repertoire for emplotment regarding the Coronavirus pandemic. COVID-19 is a prime example of how the logic of exceptionalism is shaping and limiting the K The threat of thinking in threats: reframing global health during and after responses to it: The range of policy choices is still primarily focused on emergency measures (see Fig. 3 ).
cord-035133-znbqpwgu	2020	''Since the 1970s, neoliberal health and social welfare policies around the world shifted resources from the public to the private sector''. An increasing number of workers delivering health and social care in public health systems became fixedterm contract staff. There is a pressing need to go beyond the limited and feeble demonstrations of government''s turn to seeming consideration of health as a social common, and only so during emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Services International, the global trade union federation which brings together thirty million workers across the world, about half of which are in the health and social sector has called for ''rapid changes in policies….that put people and planet over profit''. Privatization and Pandemic: A Cross-Country Analysis of COVID-19 Rates and Health-Care Financing Structures
cord-035137-uxtaw02u	2020	But most national authorities outside of East Asia did not take adequate early precautionary measures speedily enough to contain the spread of the outbreak, typically by promoting safe ''physical distancing'', obligatory use of masks in public areas, and other measures to reduce the spread and likelihood of infection. Government capacity to respond depends crucially on system capacity and capabilities-e.g., authorities'' ability to speedily trace, isolate and treat the infected-and available fiscal resources-e.g., to quickly enhance testing capacity and secure personal protective equipment (PPE). Finally, it draws some implications of different policy responses in East Asia, Southeast Asia-especially Vietnam, and India''s Kerala state-Argentina, Brazil and Peru, that are relevant for other countries. And where communities or clusters had significant infection rates, urgent, targeted measures could have helped ''turn the tide'' on COVID-19 with decisive early actions, as in China, Korea and Vietnam, without imposing nationwide ''stay in shelter'' or ''shelter in place'' lockdowns, 16 or restrictions on movements of people within its borders.
cord-035138-7v92aukg	2020	Based on a synthetic overview that embraces the evolution of the ''health'' concept, and its related institutions, from the role of health as the main indicator of fundamental human rights—as envisaged in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—to its qualification as the systems of disease control dependent on criteria of economic sustainability, the paper focuses on the implications and the impact of such evolution in two model scenarios which are centred on the COVID-19 pandemia. 1 Their cumulative experience, derived from the insides of these most diverse scenarios, has provided them with a solid confirmation of what has emerged with a growing consensus also in the most prestigious ''scientific'' literature, in the last 10 years: structural inequality is the direct product and the expected outcome of the mainstream models of development, which trigger a highly visible impact on the rights to health and life, and prove to be a systemic source of in-human levels of inequity (Evans 2020 ).
cord-035163-tqh5wv12	2020	In the present review, we suggest that approaches for infection prevention and control (IPAC) for SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging/re-emerging viruses can be invoked based on pre-existing data on microbicidal and hygiene effectiveness for related and unrelated enveloped viruses. These therefore included coronaviruses, Lassa virus, SFTSV, Hantaan virus, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola virus, influenza H5N1, Nipah virus, EV-D68, particle size, reservoir species, tissue tropism, mode of transmission, transmissibility, virus shedding, minimal infectious dose, infectious dose 50 , mortality, survival on surfaces, persistence on surfaces, stability on surfaces, survival in aerosols, persistence in aerosols, stability in aerosols, microbicidal efficacy, virucidal efficacy, disinfectant efficacy, antiseptic efficacy, emerging/re-emerging enveloped viruses, UVC susceptibility, zoonoses, and personal hygiene for SARS-CoV-2. As mentioned in Table 2 , the most common modes of transmission for the emerging/ re-emerging viruses discussed in this review are contact with infected bodily secretions/ excretions and contaminated fomites, especially high-touch environmental surfaces (HITES), and inhalation of respiratory droplets/aerosols containing infectious virus (Fig. 1) .
cord-035182-ax6v3ak5	2020	To enhance the effect CME may achieve in improving community health the authors suggest a kick-off/keep-on continuum of medical competence, and integration of aspects of public health at all levels from planning to delivery and outcomes measurement in CME. Continuing medical education (CME) should not be an end in itself, but as expressed in Moore''s pyramid [1] , help to improve both individual patient and ultimately community health. Continuing medical education (CME) should not be an end in itself, but as expressed in Moore''s pyramid [1] , help to improve both individual patient and ultimately community health. On the one hand there is some evidence for the impact of this strategy on physician performance and patient outcomes [82] , but on the other hand this is not the appropriate strategy to address gaps in community health, and tends to create an attitude of unbalanced activism. The impact of CME on physician performance and patient health outcomes: an updated synthesis of systematic reviews
cord-035204-64gk4d8p	2020	The Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program (ZFETP) was established by the Ministry of Health (MoH) during 2014, in order to increase the number of trained field epidemiologists who can investigate outbreaks, strengthen disease surveillance, and support data-driven decision making. ZFETP description: ZFETP was established by the Zambia MoH in 2014 as a tripartite arrangement: 1) the MoH launched the program within the Department of Disease Surveillance and Response and provided the trainees with field placement sites; 2) the University of Zambia (UNZA) School of Public Health cultivated epidemiologic and biostatistical knowledge through didactic coursework; and 3) the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provided funding, technical guidance and mentorship. During the field placements, the residents receive handson training and experience in evaluating public health surveillance systems, investigating disease outbreaks, and conducting hypothesis-driven epidemiologic analyses that address priority public health issues at local or national levels.
cord-035290-ungilw9s	2020	The entire world is facing the same acute health emergency of Covid-19 which is already impacting half of the global population, and as the majority of the world now inhabits urban settings, urban dwellers are the most affected. After Covid-19, urban design ought to become a form of spatial medicine, whereby the design of built environments positively contributes and facilitates human and planetary health and wellbeing. During the Covid-19 lockdown, there are changes to the determinants of health, the diverse range of environmental, economic and social factors that impact on human wellbeing, compared to the pre-Covid period. The Covid-19 event is perhaps an appropriate juncture for ''health'' to be considered as a new tenet for the urban design profession? The post-Covid-19 practice of urban design may be described as a form of ''spatial medicine'' (Fig. 1) . Temporal dimension These sub-categories comprise the wide range of issues that impact on humans, the natural world and planetary health.
cord-048449-mzn448zk	2007	Contingency planning should, therefore, be multi-faceted, involving a robust health command structure, the facility to expand critical care provision in terms of space, equipment and staff and cohorting of affected patients in the early stages. Properly constructed plans for the delivery of critical care during an influenza pandemic must include the ability to deal with excessive demand, high and possibly extreme mortality, and the risk to the health of critical care staff. A number of intensive care scoring systems have demonstrated their power in using physiological derangement to predict mortality or higher resource requirements, whatever the presenting diagnosis [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] . Physiological scores have also been demonstrated to be good predictors of requirement for higher level care on hospital wards [50] , in medical assessment units [51, 52] and in the Emergency Department [53] .
cord-048477-ze511t38	2008	The framework identifies four functional domains: clinical care for influenza and other needs, public health responsibilities, the internal environment and the macro-environment of general practice. Although there is little evidence linking specific preparedness activities to effective system-wide responses to pandemic influenza [5, 6] , change management theories point to a need for dynamic partnerships between general practices and other ambulatory care services, hospitals and public health departments [10] . We aimed to develop a framework that will facilitate systematic planning for the general practice response to pandemic influenza and used it to appraise coverage of key elements in publicly available pandemic plans from Australia, England, USA, New Zealand and Canada. This calls for coordination across general practices and other ambulatory care services to ensure primary health care needs within the community are effectively monitored and addressed; with hospitals to avoid/delay hospitalisation and facilitate early discharge; and with public health units to share responsibilities for contact tracing, monitoring and treating people in home isolation or quarantine, dispensing of anti-viral medications, and participation in mass immunisations against pandemic strains of the virus (when these become available).
cord-102296-0zzy8fjf	2020	The goal of this study was to estimate the unobserved burden of malaria missed by routine passive surveillance in a rural district of Madagascar to produce realistic incidence estimates across space and time, less sensitive to heterogeneous health care access. Passive surveillance is especially unsuited to estimate local malaria burdens for remote populations in rural areas, as health centers are sparsely distributed and health care utilization tends to decrease exponentially as distance to a health facility increases [19] [20] [21] [22] . Thus, innovations are needed to improve the use of passive surveillance data in high transmission areas in order to increase the ability of local control programs to track disease dynamics within a health district, efficiently deploy resources, and target interventions to high-risk populations. Using the example of malaria in a poor rural district of Madagascar, we show that adjusted incidence estimates were less biased by differences in financial and geographic access to health care between populations.
cord-102885-5y9nkal3	2020	Between March and June 2020, 400 South Korean residents participated in an online study of depression, anxiety, stress, psychosis-risk and loneliness, as well as indices of social network, physical health and demographics. The major aim of the present study was to survey mental health and social wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population in South Korea where effective public health strategies and high compliance by the residents were able to successfully stop the spread of the virus. Participants were asked to respond to questions about their demographic information (age, sex, education level, occupation, marital status), 4 levels of concern about the COVID-19 pandemic from "not at all concerned" to "extremely concerned", general physical health status, mental health, loneliness and social network. Overall, these findings suggest a significant psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and social wellbeing in South Korean, with high rates of depression, anxiety, stress and psychosis-risk.
cord-104008-luqvw0y8	2019	Systematic reviews of intervention studies that evaluated school-based or school-linked 31 health services delivered by a health provider were included. Systematic reviews of intervention studies that evaluated school-based or school-linked 31 health services delivered by a health provider were included. Through a comprehensive literature search, the 71 overview aimed to identify health areas and specific school health service interventions that 72 have at least some evidence of effectiveness. Finally, 74 the overview aimed to identify the health areas and specific school health services 75 interventions for which no SRs were found, whether because the primary literature does not 76 exist or where there are primary studies but no SR has been conducted. It is difficult to determine overall effectiveness of school health services from this overview because the included SRs do not sufficiently cover the health areas most relevant for children and adolescents.
cord-104288-120uu4dh	2009	Health impacts due to climate change have already been documented, including changes in the range of some vector-borne diseases (28, 29, (31) (32) (33) and an increase in heatwave-related deaths (11, 34, 35) . While the burden of negative health impacts will be disproportionately high in poorer countries, even high-income countries will be vulnerable to morbidity and mortality related to increases in the number and severity of extreme weather events such as storms, heatwaves, and floods (16) . These include: Increased surveillance, particularly of disease vectors, water quality, and air pollutants; Integration of climate projections into emergency planning and disaster preparedness (79) ; Improved access to preventive care and primary physician care to promote early detection of new disease emergence or shifting disease incidence; Integration of climate change considerations into education programming for medical students and primary health care workers; Integration of climate projection parameters into urban planning to increase protection against extreme weather events (55, (90) (91) (92) ; Increased monitoring and evaluation of food production systems and water monitoring safety given climate projections (26, 41, 63, 68) ; Development of heat wave alerts and responses, and mitigation of urban heat islands (41, 52, 53, 91) , and; Increased multi-national support for improved health capacity in low and middle income countries.
cord-104377-ut9uxu3d	2005	As a toxicologist of nearly 30 years, a private consultant, and associate editor of the International Journal of Toxicology, I am concerned that although Silbergeld''s assertions on the risk of arsenic residues in poultry are presented under the cloak of good science, they appear to be her personal opinions and not a scientific conclusion based on sound methodology and evidence. This risk estimate does not include the potential for additional exposures to arsenic from confined animal feeding operation (CAFO) wastes via land disposal, which may reach human populations though soil contact, groundwater contamination, and plant uptake, as noted in my letter . Baltimore, Maryland E-mail: esilberg@jhsph.edu "Sex and Ceruloplasmin Modulate the Response to Copper ..." It is past time for EHP to stop accepting papers whose funding disclosure makes it obvious there is a conflict, yet "The authors declare they have no competing financial interests." stated that "This investigation was funded by the International Copper Association [ICA] in the form of an unrestricted research grant." I fail to see that an unrestricted grant eliminates a conflict of interest.
cord-104419-lzwyaq3y	2019	Improvements in international communications between policy makers and researchers changed this concept to "Global Health Diplomacy", the concept which contains performances of public and private actors in order to improve global health (2) . One of the most comprehensive definitions relates to Adams and Novotny (4) in which global health diplomacy is a political change in order to achieve intrinsic goals of health promotion through strengthening international relationships especially in areas with resource constraints. Health diplomacy was noted as a means to protect you in the global society as well as an opportunity for bridging gap among governments, private sector, and non-governmental organizations in order to improve public health (5). In recent decades, some health policies have succeeded in increasing political reputation or improving relations between states and political actors. Defining health diplomacy: changing demands in the era of globalization The globalization of public health: the first 100 years of international health diplomacy
cord-104450-nb2sxfax	2020	perspective Traditional Healing Practices Involving Psychoactive Plants and the Global Mental Health Agenda: Opportunities, Pitfalls, and Challenges in the "Right to Science" Framework josé carlos bouso and constanza sánchez-avilés Introduction: Global mental health and traditional medicines For example, WHO''s Mental Health Action Plan 2013-2020 acknowledges the value of traditional medical systems only subsidiarily, qualifying them as "informal": "Greater collaboration with ''informal'' mental health care providers, including families, as well as religious leaders, faith healers, traditional healers, school teachers, police officers and local nongovernmental organizations, is also needed." 2 Similarly, the Lancet Commission on Global Mental Health and Sustainable Development''s report mentions traditional healing systems only when stating that "[g]lobal mental health practitioners have shown that integrating understanding of local explanatory models of illness experiences is possible while respecting the complementary role of Western biomedical and local traditional approaches to treatment." 3 Paradoxically, in most parts of the Global South, traditional healers are more numerous than mental health workers, and they constitute the main health resource that local populations use and believe in. Traditional healing practices involving psychoactive plants: Human rights challenges Worldwide interest in ayahuasca and related traditional Amazonian medical systems is typical of contemporary globalization.
cord-104455-bcj2y90n	2020	Community-based and -driven accountability and participation • Local health service and other social accountability measures, such as village health committees and health facility monitors Participatory policymaking • Community-driven health impact assessments for policies, programs, and projects that affect the right to health, whether adversely (such as mines, fossil fuel subsidies, and deforestation) or positively (such as parks, public transportation, and healthy school meals) • Participatory health planning to ensure that urban and other community designs promote health for all and that pandemic preparedness plans protect marginalized populations • Participatory budgeting for health-related budgets • Participatory processes to develop health equity programs of action* Right to health capacity building • Community members'' and civil society organizations'' capacity to participate in health policymaking processes • Right to health literacy and education, including for community members, public officials, health workers, educators, judges, lawyers and paralegals, law enforcement officers, and journalists • Partnerships between legal services organizations and health providers to increase patients'' understanding of their rights and their access to justice • Information exchanges on successful right to health advocacy strategies • Government capacity to enforce standards on quality, non-discriminatory, acceptable, and accessible health care in the private sector and to carry out environmental safety testing and enforcement in marginalized communities • National human rights institutions'' capacity to investigate and resolve complaints about right to health violations Legal empowerment • Access to justice programs to support claims centering on the right to health Monitoring • Right to health monitoring, such as through national human rights institutions, parliamentary right to health investigations, and community platforms • Public expenditure tracking of health-related budgets In addition to funding activities such as these, the R2HCF could have targeted strategic initiatives.
cord-121285-4ni1vv4l	2020	In addition to these changes, students with disabilities/health concerns may face accessibility problems with online learning or communication tools, and their stress may be compounded by additional risks such as financial stress or pre-existing conditions. In this paper, we present data from a survey of 147 students with and without disabilities collected in late March to early April of 2020 to assess the impact of COVID-19 on these students'' education and mental health. We argue that students with disabilities/health concerns in higher education need confidence in the accessibility of the online learning tools that are becoming increasingly prevalent in higher education not only because of COVID-19 but also more generally. At the time our data was collected, just after classes went online and three weeks after it was discovered that community spread of COVID-19 was present in Seattle (Table 1) , we did not find evidence of changes in anxiety, stress, or depression among students with or without disabilities/health concerns.
cord-193856-6vs16mq3	2020	The first component is a deep-learning-based feature engineering procedure, which is designed to learn crucial recommendation contexts in regard to users'' sequential health histories, health-management experiences, preferences, and intrinsic attributes of healthcare interventions. Our evaluation results suggest that each of our proposed model components is effective and that our recommendation framework significantly outperforms a wide range of benchmark models, including UCB, e -greedy, and state-of-the-art conventional recommendation systems, such as context-aware collaborative filtering (CACF), probabilistic matrix factorization (PMF), and content-based filtering (CB). These research gaps motivate us to propose an online-learning scheme, i.e., multi-armed bandit (MAB), to address the dynamics and diversity in individuals'' health behaviors to improve healthcare recommendations. To better adapt an MAB to the healthcare recommendation setting, we then further enhance our framework by synthesizing two model components, that is, deep-learning-based feature engineering and a diversity constraint. To improve the characterization of individuals'' health-management contexts and enhance recommendation personalization, we design a deep-learning model to construct user embeddings.
cord-207920-ekv04pop	2020	This paper considers a simple model where a social planner can influence the spread-intensity of an infection wave, and, consequently, also the economic activity and population health, through a single parameter. The main finding is that if (i) the planner attaches a positive weight on economic activity and (ii) it is more harmful for the economy to be locked down for longer than shorter time periods, then the optimal policy is to (weakly) exceed health care capacity at some time. A lower spread-intensity increases economic activity, but harms population health if the number of infected at the peak of the epidemic exceeds health care capacity. The above two propositions states that if the social planner only values health or if the economy is equally affected independently of when the infection wave peaks, the optimal policy is to never exceed health care capacity.
cord-249166-0w0t631x	2020	We give an overview of the main branches of mathematics that play a role and sketch the most frequent applications, emphasising mathematical pattern analysis in laboratory work and statistical-mathematical models in judging the quality of tests; demographic methods in the collection of data; different ways to model the evolution of the pandemic mathematically; and clinical epidemiology in attempts to develop a vaccine. A few physicians suggested that every epidemic ends because there are finally not enough people left to be infected, which is a naïve predecessor to the mathematical-epidemiologic concept of Herd Immunity (see Sect. Parallel to the entering the scene of these and other epidemics, and partly motivated by them, basically new mathematical tools of public health emerged in the first part of the 20 th Century, preceded by a few studies in the late 19 th . Dealing with large epidemics mathematically was no longer a matter of demography alone, although that continued to be the main tool for estimating number of cases and deaths.
cord-251962-xeue441p	2020	The aim of this paper was to describe (1) the rationale behind the study and the corresponding selection of constructs to be assessed; (2) the study design and methodology; (3) the resultant sociodemographic characteristics of the full sample; (4) how the baseline survey data compares to the UK adult population (using data from the Census) on a variety of sociodemographic variables; (5) the ongoing efforts for weekly and monthly longitudinal assessments of the baseline cohort; and (6) outline future research directions. 2005) , posttraumatic stress symptoms were measured, and, given the nature of the study and prior research having highlighted that quarantined and infected individuals and their family 1 Please note that these figures refer to deaths of people who had a confirmed positive COVID19 test result. In order to assess the representativeness of the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study sample to the UK general population, it was compared to data from the UK Census 2011 for adults aged 18 years + .
cord-251970-r5cbuvcw	2020	This study is to investigate the psychological abnormality in health care workers battling the COVID-19 epidemic and to explore the associations among social support, resilience and mental health. A total of 1521 health care workers, of whom 147 had public health emergency experience while 1374 showed no experience, completed the Symptom Check-List-90 (SCL-90), Chinese version of Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS). The results showed that people without public health emergency treatment experience showed worse performance in mental health, resilience and social support, and tended to suffer from psychological abnormality on interpersonal sensitivity and photic anxiety. The current study further revealed that people without public health emergency experience showed worse mental health, resilience and social support, and tended to get psychological abnormality on interpersonal sensitivity and photic anxiety. On the basis of our findings, health care workers without public health emergency experience showed worse performance in mental health, resilience and social support, and tended to get psychological abnormality on interpersonal sensitivity and photic anxiety.
cord-251979-j3mme15e	2016	METHODS: Syndromic case definitions identified individuals with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) admitted to eight hospitals in Egypt. The aims of this study were to (1) assess the proportion of SARI cases having influenza infection in Egypt; (2) examine the types and subtypes of detected influenza viruses in Egypt; (3) compare demographic and clinical characteristics of influenza-positive SARI cases to those of influenza-negative SARI cases in Egypt; (4) quantify influenza deaths and assess influenza mortality risk factors in Egypt; and (5) establish a defined period of influenza seasonality in Egypt. The odds of death among influenza-positive cases were modeled with logistic regression using different explanatory variables (age group: pediatric <15 years old versus adult 15 years old; sex: male versus female; days from symptom onset to hospitalization: 0-2 versus 3-4 versus 5; chronic conditions: at least one versus none; and influenza type: A versus B).
cord-252111-hllama3i	2005	In order to highlight the importance of strengthening this partnership, this paper reviews the 10-year history of the MPHI, discusses some of the current MPHI activities in three bellwether states (Texas, Florida, and California), as well as internation-ally, and issues recommendations for a renewed partnership between the fields of medicine and public health. What began as a meeting between California Medical Association leadership and local health officials has evolved into a much more inclusive steering committee with attendance by numerous community-based organizations as well as its charter members, medicine and public health. The partners conducted state and local level continuing education programs to focus medicine and public health collaborative efforts on health priorities within Texas.
cord-252161-1ve7heyb	2020	
cord-252691-757mh2mh	2007	Following extensive consultation, they were published in January 2001.1 These guidelines describe the precautions healthcare workers should take in three areas: standard principles for preventing HCAI, which include hospital environmental hygiene, hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment, and the safe use and disposal of sharps; preventing infections associated with the use of short-term indwelling urethral catheters; and preventing infections associated with central venous catheters. epic2: Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals S15 Current evidence-based guidelines conclude that in both outbreak and non-outbreak situations contaminated hands are responsible for crosstransmission of microorganisms and that effective and effective hand decontamination can significantly reduce both cross-transmission and crossinfection rates for the majority of HCAI in all healthcare settings. 1, 85 The decision to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of epic2: Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals S19 the level of risk associated with a specific patient care activity or intervention and take account of current health and safety legislation.
cord-252771-6kwfulqe	2020	Group-based cognitive behavioral therapy, psychological first aid, community-based psychosocial arts program, and other culturally adapted interventions were reported as being effective against the mental health impacts of COVID-19, Ebola, and SARS. Specifically, mental health professionals including psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, and psychologists were deployed to provide psychological counseling and support for vulnerable populations (e.g. frontline healthcare workers, confirmed COVID-19 patients, suspected COVID-19 cases and their families) in China and for people in quarantine in South Korea. For example, group-based CBT (Waterman et al., 2018; Waterman et al., 2019) , PFA, PTL (Decosimo et al., 2019) , culturally adapted interventions such as SMART (Ng et al., 2006) , ultra-brief psychological interventions (Ping et al., 2020) and peer supports (Rastegar Kazerooni et al., 2020) have been reported to effectively mitigate the emotional impacts of COVID-19, EVD, and SARS outbreaks. Culturally-adapted and cost-effective mental health emergency systems based on evidence-based intervention methods integrated into public health emergency responses at the national and global levels are recommended to reduce the psychological impacts of infectious disease outbreaks, especially for COVID-19.
cord-252902-qtfx49qp	2020	A qualitative study focused on improving health in women of childbearing age identified that dietary knowledge, cooking skills and the time and cost of preparing healthy food were significant barriers to adopting a healthier diet [23] . This study aims to develop an understanding of preconception health awareness, potential barriers to adopting a healthier lifestyle, motivations, current behaviours and the practical skills required to change behaviour, for women with overweight or obesity. trying to conceive, or have already had children and trying to conceive again, you know, you''ve got another body to look after, like it''s not just you any more" (Sasha, Obese class II) Many women felt a sense of personal autonomy in choosing to improve their health-recognising that their lifestyle choices were modifiable and to have a healthy life, they had to take stock of their habits and change their mindset.
cord-252947-giijfhbz	2020	title: Electronic Health Information Systems to Improve Disease Diagnosis and Management at Point-of-Care in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Narrative Review This review provides an overview of literature on EHIS''s with a focus on describing the key components of EHIS and presenting evidence on enablers and barriers to implementation of EHISs in LMICs. With guidance from the presented evidence, we proposed EHIS key stakeholders'' roles and responsibilities to ensure efficient utility of EHIS for disease diagnosis and management at POC in LMICs. The health sector is lagging behind in the era of information and technology (IT). There are various factors impeding the successful implementation and scale up of EHIS in LMICs. These include the following: complexity of the intervention and lack of technical consensus; limited human resource, poor leadership, insufficient finances, staff resistance, lack of management, low organizational capability; misapplication of proven diffusion techniques; non engagement of both local users and inadequate use of research findings when implementing [36] .
cord-252984-79jzkdu2	2020	I describe five principal causes of this failure, which I attribute primarily, but not solely, to methodological limitations of RCTs. Lastly, I make the case for why I think AI and the parallel movement of precision medicine embody approaches that are needed to augment, but probably not replace, our current research and development efforts in the field of mental health services. (1) harmonize terminology and specify MBC''s core components; (2) develop criterion standard methods for monitoring fidelity and reporting quality of implementation; (3) develop algorithms for MBC to guide psychotherapy; (4) test putative mechanisms of change, particularly for psychotherapy; (5) develop brief and psychometrically strong measures for use in combination; (6) assess the critical timing of administration needed to optimize patient outcomes; (7) streamline measurement feedback systems to include only key ingredients and enhance electronic health record interoperability; (8) identify discrete strategies to support implementation; (9) make evidence-based policy decisions; and (10) align reimbursement structures.
cord-253035-tijcxtwx	2020	Early in the SARS coronavirus outbreak, frontline health workers became infected, which amplified transmission to patients in hospitals where outbreaks were occurring. 4 Early evidence from the initial MERS outbreaks suggested that health workers were likewise being infected, but that their infections were less severe than those of patients in hospitals who became infected and had comorbidities such as diabetes or chronic respiratory disease. 3 In The Lancet, Chaolin Huang and colleagues 7 report clinical features of the first 41 patients admitted to the designated hospital in Wuhan who were confirmed to be infected with 2019-nCoV by Jan 2, 2020. Considering that substantial numbers of patients with SARS and MERS were infected in health-care settings, precautions need to be taken to prevent nosocomial spread of the virus. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected.
cord-253120-yzb8yo90	2018	This paper builds upon early experiments to empower individuals in this ecosystem by leveraging the value of these public health data assets and trusted communications, illustrating the possibilities for engaging consumers to support reducing the impact of emerging diseases, outbreaks and the next pandemic. If the odds of receiving accurate information during a pandemic are against you in the social media world, consider the opportunity if there were direct public health agency communication channels to individuals -by building on existing immunization networks. It was through these early experiments and the growing data assets in state immunization systems that create a framework and technical platform to accelerate the potential value of engaging individuals in response plans for pandemic preparedness planning and support of today''s outbreak. The next step is to begin to engage individuals to establish those that would be willing to provide ongoing information to public health specific to immunizations and disease occurrences.
cord-253182-s60vzf3q	2020	Major healthcare challenges involved with caring for the elderly in China include the management of chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs), physical frailty, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, with emerging challenges such as providing sufficient dental care, combating the rising prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among nursing home communities, providing support for increased incidences of immune diseases, and the growing necessity to provide palliative care for the elderly. The research agenda in response to rapid population ageing in China has been broad, covering areas including the study of the ageing process itself in laboratory and animal studies, to clinical-level studies of drugs or other treatments for common chronic diseases, and finally policy-level research for the care of the elderly in hospital, community and residential care settings, and its influence on health and social care policies . Major risk factors of the high prevalence of dental diseases in the elderly in China include the scarcity of dental health knowledge in the general population, low frequency of daily oral hygiene practices, insufficiency of dental care services, and unhealthy diet habits.
cord-253580-q13qndic	2020	Public health emergencies have been demonstrated to have an impact on the behavioral health of the affected population as they may experience fear, anxiety, anger and post-traumatic stress disorder as consequences of their experiences. Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has outlined some behavioral health guide for affected individuals, how best to respond to psychological challenges during the crisis is not known. On March 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared 2019-nCoV a pandemic, citing more than 118,000 cases of the coronavirus illness in more than 110 countries and territories around the world and the sustained risk of further global spread. Furthermore, contact tracing and the mandatory quarantine isolation for two weeks, which is a crucial part of the public health responses to the 2019-nCoV pneumonia outbreak, could be a precursor for increased psychological distress such as posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and anger among suspected or confirmed cases [3, 4] .
cord-253853-jocwiafy	2020	METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted by administering a well-structured questionnaire comprising of three sections including knowledge, attitude and practice amongst health care professionals in various hospitals and clinics, over a duration of two months ''Feb-March'' 2020. 11 Health care professionals (HCP) including nurses, doctors, intensivist, paramedics, dentist and other hospital staff are playing a critical role throughout the world in combating, preventing and managing patients affected by However multiple reports of infection and fatalities of HCPs have surfaced in the last few weeks, which are of grave concern. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, awareness and practice towards COVID-19 infection and disease among health care professionals (doctors, dentist, nurses, assistants, technicians and paramedics). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the trends in knowledge, awareness and practices amongst health care professionals towards COVID-19 disease control during the outbreak in 2020.
cord-254559-3kgfwjzd	2017	Abstract This review discusses the utilization of wild or domestic animals as surveillance tools for monitoring naturally occurring environmental and human health hazards. Animals are an excellent channel for monitoring novel and known pathogens with outbreak potential given that more than 60 % of emerging infectious diseases in humans originate as zoonoses. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental health hazards, human health hazards, or bioterrorism. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental and human health hazards, or bioterrorism. Furthermore, animals like domestic dogs and rodents spend more time outdoors and have greater exposure to the environment than humans, making them great surveillance tools for monitoring plague.
cord-254708-3d3abhg5	2020	A feminist economic approach to health requires that all people at all levels of healthcare decision making reorient their notion of wellbeing to include gender equality for women in all their diversities. As international financial institutions and donor groups like the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development embrace gender equality and the UHC agenda, WHO has the opportunity to use its access to these institutions to demonstrate the necessity of a feminist economic approach to build better, more equitable ways to steer sustainable economies that prioritise health and gender equality as mutually inclusive. Clear evidence of increased alcohol consumption and attributable harm in many low-income and middleincome countries (LMICs), 1 and predictions of more harm to come if effective policy is not adopted, 2 led a group of representatives from LMICs to propose a working group "to review and propose the feasibility of developing an international instrument for alcohol control".
cord-254782-fzuasf2o	2020	title: Knowledge, attitude, practice and psychological response toward COVID-19 among nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Ethiopia, 2020 Nurses'' infection control measures are affected by their knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP), and psychological responses towards COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude, practice, and psychological response among nurses toward the COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Ethiopia. Descriptive analysis was reported to describe the demographic, mean knowledge, attitude practice, and psychological response score of nurses. Of the 415 nurses, 307 (74%), 278 (67%), 299 (72%), and 354 (85.3%) had good knowledge, good infection prevention practice, a favorable attitude, and disturbed psychological response towards COVID-19, respectively. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the knowledge, attitude, 68 practice, and psychological response towards the COVID-19 outbreak. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding COVID-19 among health care 260 workers in Henan
cord-254904-4eduslpb	2020	To facilitate mature debate, we needed to help public health, primary care and healthcare professionals see that gambling is not necessarily a harmless pastime, and to understand that gambling harms contribute to many of the social and economic inequalities that are determinants of health and well-being for individuals, their families and the communities in which they live. What we did not discuss was how you present a special issue of Public Health on what some are coming to see as an epidemic of gambling-related harms, when the world is experiencing a global pandemic. If we are to have the sort of mature discussion around building the public health response to gambling harms, this is an important time to start. Competing interests P.M. reports serving as an advisor to the Scottish Chief Medical Officer and the Scottish Government on the public health response to gambling harms.
cord-254981-ztdhgxno	2020	title: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Health-Care Workforce: from Heroes to Zeroes? Job losses will be most extensive and painful among the low-income and minority populations that also have the highest COVID-19-associated infection and mortality rates. The Memorial Sloan Kettering group concludes correctly that in the long run, ''''companies cannot save their way out of a crisis.'''' To succeed, health-care systems need to continue to grow and innovate to support job growth rather than contract. In the interim, because hospitals will be unable to maintain their workforce, governments need to step in to mitigate the devastating job losses in health care. The health-care economy needs a major bailout to ensure that hospitals remain solvent, that low-and medium-income workers are not losing their jobs and insurance, and that high-quality health care can be guaranteed. Hospitals and health systems face unprecedented financial pressures due to COVID-19 05-hospitals-and-health-systems-face-unprecedented-financial-pressures-due
cord-255360-yjn24sja	2020	The most pressing need is to research the negative biopsychosocial impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic to facilitate immediate and longer‐term recovery, not only in relation to mental health, but also in relation to behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness. Specifically, we have identified the shorter-and longerterm priorities around mental health, behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness in order to (1) frame the breadth and scope of potential contributions from across the discipline, (2) assist psychological scientists in focusing their resources on gaps in the literature, and (3) help funders and policymakers make informed decisions about the shorter-and longer-term COVID-19 research priorities to meet the needs of societies as they emerge from the acute phase of the crisis.
cord-256041-k4y6t0i5	2020	The objective of the study is to analyse the psychological distress in a Spanish population sample during the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying the predictive character and role that sociodemographic variables, the presence of physical symptoms, and other health-related variables may have. Our results are in line with those found in most studies, showing that women present significantly higher levels of distress (with low size effect), and this can therefore be understood as an individual risk factor in the face of the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic. However, a study similar to the present one conducted at the beginning of the COVID-19 quarantine identified an increased risk of psychological distress among people over 60 years of age [33] . Among the variables that predict psychological distress are, therefore: being female, age, employment situation, number of symptoms, perception of poor health, having been in close contact with an infected person, as well as having been in contact with people or material suspected of being infected.
cord-256408-bf79lj4f	2015	Systems approach views health inequalities as patterns within the larger rubric of other facets of the human condition, such as educational outcomes and economic development. Novel approaches using computer simulation models (e.g. agent-based models) would shed light on possible mechanisms as to how factors or determinants interact and lead to emergent patterns of health inequalities of populations. The author in a recent paper extended the systems approach to incorporate principles of complexity science and to conceptualize population health outcomes as an emergent property of a dynamic and open, complex adaptive system [2] . The current paper explores these themes further and applies the principles of systems approach and complexity science (i.e. systems science) to conceptualize social determinants of health inequalities (SDHI). Finally, computer simulation models (e.g. agent-based models) would shed light on possible mechanisms as to how factors or determinants interact and lead to emergent patterns of health outcomes of populations.
cord-256537-axbyav1m	2016	In reviewing the new challenges posed by these emergent events, new technologies promise some answers; however, global health security against pandemic threats, particularly given the uneven distribution of global resources for prevention, detection, and response, remains a critical area of challenge. Specifically: (1) it is now well appreciated that influenza can migrate directly from avian sources to humans, and the appreciation of the actual directness of ''species jumping'' has moved forward; (2) new infections have also introduced uncertainty in transmission dynamics with emphasis on super-spreader events as well as nosocomial transmission; (3) infectious particles are not confined to those organisms which contain genetic material; (4) a new paradigm such as ''Planetary Health'' may be necessary for defining these trends; and (5) global preparedness and response is not in place for the next pandemic. To summarize, the recent episodes of respiratory infectious diseases related to influenza, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV have demonstrated increasingly direct links between animal and human infections, agile intercontinental geographic spread, and complex transmission dynamics including ''superspreader'' events.
cord-256635-zz58w3ro	2015	In 1995, in agreement with the German Federal Ministry of Health, the Robert Koch Institute established a public health microbiology system consisting of national reference centers (NRCs) and consultant laboratories (CLs). As part of this concept, the RKI implemented a weekly epidemiological bulletin, formed the Committee for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, trained epidemiologists for surveillance and outbreak investigation and set up a system of national reference laboratories: national reference centers (NRCs) and consultant laboratories (CLs) (Petersen et al., 2000) . In the next step, the Advisory Board for Public Health Microbiology (formerly called the Committee for Infectious Disease Epidemiology) assesses the proposal and provides the RKI with a recommendation on whether to set up a new laboratory. At the end of each appointment period, an evaluation of the laboratories is performed by the RKI in cooperation with the Advisory Board for Public Health Microbiology, which again consults national and international professional societies and experts.
cord-256636-z14anp3h	2020	In this paper, we describe a case study in which leading global experts systematically: (1) developed a conceptual model that outlines the potential pathways through which a social policy influences health, (2) fits outcome measures to this conceptual model, and (3) estimates an optimal time frame for collection of the selected outcome measures. The treatment group is offered three years of employment coaching that uses an explicit methodology for helping participants set and achieve goals across four domains (employment, education/training, financial management, and personal and family wellbeing) with an explicit focus on identifying and addressing "executive function" challenges that get in the way of goal-achievement in these domains [30] . The initial conceptual model for MyGoals for Healthy Aging (Figure 2 ) was simply drawn out by a handful of experts in the social determinants of health. The initial conceptual model for MyGoals for Healthy Aging (Figure 2 ) was simply drawn out by a handful of experts in the social determinants of health.
cord-256691-fn4bnnb9	2020	Pre-and post-wellbeing measures (subjective well-being, perceived stress, diurnal cortisol) were captured over a 2-week data collection period prior to and for at least 3 months after each intervention, with the experiment being repeated over a two-year period, using two sub-populations of residents (i.e. Groups A and B, Fig. 1 ). Data included how residents felt about their lives, well-being, mental and physical health, street, neighbourhood, community, engagement with nature and gardening, attitudes towards the intervention, motivations for participation in the research and expectations regarding the outcomes of the intervention. Thus, the data addresses Q1 and Q2, indicating the intervention reduced perceived stress levels, improved cortisol profiles and thereby had a positive effect on the residents'' health status. The data presented suggests that adding plants and containers to residents'' front gardens was associated with significant reductions in perceived stress (Q1) which was reflected in improved diurnal cortisol patterns (Q2) post-intervention (i.e. steeper diurnal declines, increased daily average concentration and total secretions compared to ''blunted'' levels pre-intervention).
cord-256808-lxlerb13	2004	Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a potentially severe and highly infectious disease to which healthcare workers involved in the management of cases are particularly vulnerable. These guidelines briefly summarise optimal and safe practice for clinicians involved in the emergency care of patients with probable or confirmed SARS. During 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged as an infectious disease with a significant inhospital mortality and posed a considerable occupational risk for healthcare workers. Please discuss the classification of SARS patients with the Health Protection Agency''s Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (CDSC) Duty doctor (Tel.: 0208-200-6868) and complete a standard SARS report form and fax to your local Consultant in Communicable Disease Control (CCDC) and CDSC (details at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/ topics_az/SARS/forms.htm). Inform the local Health Protection Team/CCDC regarding the hospital discharge of patients to ensure follow-up in the community. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): infection control
cord-257069-fs2fkidt	2020	The odds of high psychological distress (AOR=5.43-8.36), poor mental (AOR=1.92-4.53) and physical health (AOR=1.93-3.90) were increased in those reporting fewer social interactions or less financial resources. Conclusion: Losing work during the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with mental and physical health problems, and this relationship is moderated by social interactions and financial resources. This study aimed to determine whether losing work during the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with poorer mental and physical health, and to determine if financial resources and social interactions moderate the relationship between work loss and health. This study demonstrates that in a cohort of people employed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, those experiencing work loss are more likely to report psychological distress, and poor mental and physical health compared to those whose work was unaffected. Those in the job loss group had the greatest odds of reporting high psychological distress, poor mental and physical health than those in the other study groups.
cord-257158-obskf44d	2020	Result: According to this study, Six percent (6%) of antenatal care attendees, 18% of delivery care attendees and nearly half (46.7%) of postnatal care attendees reported inappropriate service delivery due to fear of health care providers, shortage medical supplies and staff work load. The general objective of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 infection on maternal and reproductive health care services among mothers getting service in governmental health institutions of Dessie town, 2020 G.C. All rights reserved. Institution based cross sectional study design using mixed (quantitative supplemented with qualitative) method was employed to identify the impact of COVID-19 infection on maternal and reproductive health care services among women who get service in governmental health institutions of Dessie town. All women who get maternal and reproductive health care services in governmental health institutions of Dessie town during the data collection period were taken as study population.
cord-257571-4ujw0mn1	2017	Training and information systems needed for quality-improvement efforts Mechanisms for facilitating learning through the organization and system which outline the program and service requirements for boards of health and public health units, as well as broad goals and outcomes across each area of public health; (2) accountability agreements between the Ministry and boards of health and their public health units that establish specific performance indicators and targets related to areas of the OPHS; "At this point I feel more confident in our organization'' s capacity to demonstrate success in performance management than I do with the two indicators my team has been given within the accountability agreement system from the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care." -Site-A informant Despite the implied and explicitly stated opportunity cost created by misalignment in local and provincial priorities apparent in interview findings, 74% of survey respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed that an emphasis on provincial performance measurement and target achievement would interfere with the quality of program and service provision at a local public health level.
cord-257622-m6j0us2e	2017	The key elements of pre-travel advice are health risk assessment, health promotion and risk management; this involves advice on prevention of malaria, travellers'' diarrhoea, sexually transmitted infections and accidents, as well as appropriate vaccinations. It also varies according to the health status Key points C There has been an increase in travel to tropical destinations, with subsequent exposure of travellers to malaria, dengue and other tropical and vaccine-preventable infections C The most likely causes of mortality in travellers are accidental injury or a cardiovascular event, rather than an infectious disease C Malaria is one of the most common and serious causes of fever in travellers The key features of a pre-travel consultation are health risk assessment, and health promotion with risk management C Higher risk groups of travellers include those visiting friends and relatives, those with co-morbidities, pregnant women and very young or elderly travellers of the traveller: their medical conditions, current medications, allergies and immunization history.
cord-257717-fbfe5vt4	2020	EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A collaborative narrative review was conducted using literature published through May 2020 (PubMed), which comprised three main topics: reduced in-person interactions arguing for increasing virtual and image-based care, optimisation of the delivery of care, and the effect of COVID-19 in health care facilities on decision-making by patients and their families. Several themes emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic that would be critical or beneficial to genitourinary cancer care in the future ( Fig. 1) : first, reduced in-person interactions argued for increasing virtual and image-based care; second, optimising the delivery of care to include better triage, understanding and addressing mental health implications due to less in-person care, and maintaining high-quality research and education endeavours are necessary; and third, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in health care facilities may affect decision-making by patients and their families.
cord-257821-y3fhubnc	2020	To achieve a more effective medicine–public health relationship in practice, curricula across the continuum of medical education must include explanations of public health systems, the responsibilities of physicians to their local and state governmental public health agencies, and opportunities for collaboration. Recommendations to secure a foundational position in medical education for public health, described by C.-E.A. Winslow as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private communities, and individuals," 2 date back for generations and are included in the 1910 Flexner Report. To achieve a more effective medicinepublic health relationship in practice, curricula across the continuum of medical education must include explanations of public health systems, the responsibilities of physicians to their local and state governmental public health agencies, and opportunities for collaboration. To achieve more effective medicinepublic health relationships in practice, medical education across the continuum must include explanations of public health systems, the responsibilities of physicians to their local and state governmental public health agencies, and opportunities for collaboration.
cord-258033-luk4cme2	2020	authors: Delamater, Alan M; Miller, Suzanne M; Bowen, Deborah J; Diefenbach, Michael A; Tercyak, Kenneth P title: Introduction to the special series: translating behavioral medicine research to prevent and control the spread of COVID-19 Introduction to the special series: translating behavioral medicine research to prevent and control the spread of COVID-19 Based on the evidence and theories of health behavior change accumulated over many decades of research, together we can help provide messages to individuals that do not create fear but also do not create complacency. The previous issue of Translational Behavioral Medicine was headed by an editorial concerning the importance of social support in coping with pandemic stress [1] , as well as a commentary providing recommendations for COVID-19-related research and policy, particularly as it pertains to underserved populations [2] . Controlling the COVID-19 pandemic surely requires both policy-level intervention and individual behavior change alike.
cord-258229-l716wjwn	2020	The COMET trial includes three phases: phase one consists in the dissemination of a survey on the impact of lockdown and its related containment measures on the mental health of the Italian general population; the second phase consists in the development of a new psychosocial online supportive intervention [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] for the management of the consequences on mental health of the pandemic; the last phase consists in the evaluation of the efficacy and feasibility of the experimental psychosocial intervention in a randomized control trial. In order to evaluate factors associated with the severity of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms at DASS-21 (primary outcomes), multivariate linear regression models were performed, including as independent variables: being infected by COVID-19, having a pre-existing mental disorder, being a healthcare professional.
cord-258316-uiusqr59	2020	A key theoretical contribution of this research is the identification of habit as a potential dependent variable for the intention to use wearables and the development of a diffusion model for serious games. We question the actual adoption and effectiveness of wearables and serious games -the principle of revealing and challenge prevailing beliefs and social practices -by making use of the IT adoption model as discussed in the previous section based on insights from innovation and adoption researchers like Davis, Bagozzi, and Warshaw (1989) , DeLone and McLean (1993) , Rogers (1983) and Venkatesh et al. We study how the adoption of serious wearable games can be improved -the principle of taking a value position -in order to help improve health on both an individual and societal level -the principles of individual emancipation and improvements in society -and try to improve diffusion models for serious games by identifying habit as a potential dependent variable for the intention to use wearables -the principle of improvements in social theories.
cord-258570-3n7jp0l0	2016	We argue that CHWs have played critical roles in improving health service delivery and outcomes, including guinea worm eradication, expanded immunisation coverage, maternal and child health, and HIV/AIDS treatment and management. Despite the general consensus about the importance of CHWs among the global health community, health policy interventions to recognise and support optimal delivery of healthcare by CHWs are lacking, especially in LMICs. In Ghana, although a number of studies and reports have highlighted CHWs'' activities, 16 19 20 there is inadequate health policy support for them. Ambiguity further abounds in the mainstream literature on the characterisation of CHWs. 21 However, during the recent United States Agency for International Development (USAID) CHW Evidence Summit, there was some consensus that a CHW is "A health worker who receives standardized training outside the formal nursing or medical curricula to deliver a range of basic health, promotional, educational, and mobilization services and has a defined role within the community system and larger health system".
cord-258792-4lakgpxp	2008	Unless and until the Chinese leadership examines the nationalistic element embedded in their approach towards growing disease Sung-Won Yoon: Sovereign Dignity, Nationalism and the Health of a Nation epidemics and globalising health challenges, China''s ascendance to great power status will actually be harmed rather than helped. A major factor behind the government''s recent change in its attitude towards the AIDS epidemic seemed to be the outbreak of SARS in China in Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism: Vol. 8, No. 1, 2008 2003, which exposed the dangers of not reacting to emerging infectious diseases. It is argued that global health governance may influence the nation''s response to the threats posed by emerging infectious diseases such as SARS or AIDS as a mode of building political compromises but does not considerably alter the nation''s behaviour, at least for China.
cord-258818-ys3ezzzz	2020	While this pandemic was novel in 2020, its population health footprint was established long before the novel coronavirus crossed over into humans, following causes that are influenced by causes at multiple levels of influence, from national and state policies, to local conditions of exposure, to forces that shape risk of other diseases that in turn predispose populations to Covid-19 infection and its consequences. 8 This suggests that age interacts with the other causes of infection (exposure risks due to physical contact for example) as well as with other causes of morbidity (underlying diabetes or heart disease for example) to be a factor as important as the virus itself in determining the scale and consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic. 10 This reflects, rather simply, the central importance of age as an important, even if insufficient, covariate (i.e., age by itself, without SARS-CoV-2 infection does not result in Covid-19), one that changes our understanding of the disease through its intimate interaction with the key exposure, and should accordingly inform our public health action.
cord-258842-vuxzv6eu	2009	Secondly, our understandings of the role of law in responding to pandemics are necessarily informed by relational bonds between individuals in society, and by the meanings of rights and responsibilities for public health laws when dealing with infectious disease. 17, 19 However, while the Federal Government can seek to use its other constitutional powers to achieve health-related objectives, it is important to realize that the power under Section 51(ix) of the Constitution to make laws ''with respect to quarantine'' is the only power relating to communicable diseases directly given to the Federal Government in the Constitution, and that this, in turn, shapes Australian debates about government responses to public health issues and emergencies. 46 The World Health Organization has acknowledged the importance of legal and ethical considerations to pandemic preparedness, noting that public health measures such as quarantine, compulsory vaccination and off-licence use of medicines ''need a legal framework to ensure transparent assessment and justification of the measures that are being considered, and to ensure coherence with international legislation (International Health Regulations)''.
cord-258933-f1i3ufs7	2020	Goal 3 aims to make sure everyone has access to health and health coverage and, in 2019, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the political declaration of the highlevel meeting on universal health coverage reaffirming that "health is a precondition for and an outcome and indicator of the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development".(2) The High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth identified that investments in the health and social workforce can spur inclusive economic growth. In alignment with the priorities set by the Strategy, a special issue of the Pan American Journal of Public Health on "Human resources for Universal Health" was planned at the end of 2019 as a contribution to implementing the vision of the Astana Declaration on primary health care (6) , with the goal of stimulating research on three topics: governance, capacity building, and education and training of health workers.
cord-259121-l02ro31v	2020	The country is experiencing a sustained period of economic contraction resulting from local policy (eg, stay-at-home orders) and spontaneous collective physical distancing responses to the COVID-19 epidemic. The next presidential administration needs to recognise that the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA represents a set of acute derangements overlaid upon a chronic erosion of health and wellbeing. Unprecedented socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in population health decline are occurring in tandem with stagnating economic outcomes as well as spiking income and wealth inequality. More substantive changes to labour and housing markets, immigration policy, and the carceral system will be needed to directly benefit Black, Latin, and American Indian populations, who have long borne the brunt of deeply entrenched structural racism in the USA. But from the perspective of economic wellbeing and population health, both acutely and chronically, none of
cord-259426-qbolo3k3	2020	title: Predictors of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Prevention Practices Using Health Belief Model Among Employees in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020 Therefore, this study investigated the predictors of COVID-19 prevention practice using the Health Belief Model among employees in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. Three hundred ninety-one (62.3%), 337 (53.7%), 312 (49.7), 497 (79.1%), 303 (48.2%) and 299 (52.4%) of the respondents had high perceived susceptibility, severity, benefit, barrier, cues to action and self-efficacy to COVID-19 prevention practice, respectively. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing predictors of COVID-19 prevention practice among Higher Education employees in Addis Ababa Ethiopia using a Health Belief Model. A multicentered cross-sectional study design was used to assess predictors of COVID-19 prevention practices using a Health Belief Model among employees in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. The questionnaire was used to gather employees'' demographic data, knowledge about COVID-19 and its prevention, Health Belief Model constructs (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, and cues to action self-efficacy), and practice of COVID-19 prevention.
cord-259624-alor7ymh	2020	Fortunately, advances in comparative and predictive toxicologyincluding research and regulatory shifts toward in vitro and in silico approaches and the increasing use of alternative animal models (e.g., zebrafish embryos)are helping to address the ethical, economic, and time constraints of traditional toxicology while also advancing mechanistic understanding. In addition, these and other toxicology advances are being leveraged for prospective evaluations of diverse substances-including ingredients in consumer products, industrial chemicals, and pesticides-for human and ecological hazards and during retrospective assessments (e.g., effectdirected analysis) for the identification of pollutants and other stressors in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. 15 When AOPs are conserved across species, comparative and predictive toxicology efforts promise to further develop coupled ecological and human health hazard and risk assessments. Advances in comparative and predictive toxicology are providing mechanistic insights and tools for designing less hazardous chemicals before they enter commerce, identifying problematic substances currently in production, and diagnosing causes of chemical pollution.
cord-259727-u2zj7zf6	2016	These families were then organized by LEW and AP into a tiered public health capacity framework where capacity within each tier builds upon the capacities within the preceding tiers, and moves from the individual to the systems level. Here, we present this framework of public health capacity that identifies individual components and suggests how they relate to and support one another for the purpose of enhancing overall capacity in public health systems. This framework arranges the components of public health capacity from the individual to the systems level. As the Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology noted, "Capacity enhancement is a broad term which encompasses a number of areas: surveillance systems; Fig. 1 e Tiered framework of public health capacity and its components. The framework is based on government and governmentcommissioned SARS reports that reviewed the Canadian and Ontario public health systems with an emphasis on community public health outbreaks and emergencies.
cord-259809-7glw6pir	2020	The COST CARES project aims to support healthcare cost containment and improve healthcare quality across Europe by developing the research and development necessary for person-centred care (PCC) and health promotion. COST Action 15222 ''Cost Cares'' was funded by the EU Commission to create the impetus in both the research and development required to design and test innovative exploratory health laboratories (EHLs) to implement PCC and HP across the EU. Repeated here for clarity the critical enablers are (1) information technology (IT), which describes the use of computers or other computerized devises to store, transmit, and receive data to support PCC planning and care coordination, for handling and communicating health and evaluation data, and for delivering PCC and HP interventions. (4) Incentive systems that reward PCC processes and outcomes, such as personal health goals, PCC plans, improvements in patient self-efficacy and experiences of care, and HP activities.
cord-259907-yqmi0cqy	2009	title: Management guidelines for obstetric patients and neonates born to mothers with suspected or probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) No. 225, April 2009 Labour triage and antenatal hospital admission Actions • Assessment is made as to whether the patient has suspected or probable SARS [1, 14] • Upon arrival in the labour and delivery triage unit, pregnant patients presenting with fever N38°C and respiratory symptoms and one of the associated symptoms (cough, unexplained hypoxia, shortness of breath, or dyspnea) and history of an exposure to an individual with probable SARS are immediately transferred to the designated isolation room, which is equipped with negative pressure ventilation. • Parents and family are counselled to look for symptoms and signs of SARS in the mother and newborn, especially in the first 10 days following delivery, and to report to any findings to the health care team Summary SARS, a life-threatening respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, was responsible for a worldwide outbreak in 2003.
cord-259924-a14svuwu	2020	The aim of the present study was to investigate the buffering role of personal resilience in two aspects of psychological functioning, mental health and stress, among Slovene adults at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak. Within five days after Slovenia declared epidemics, 2722 participants (75% female) completed an on-line survey measuring mental health and perceived stress as outcome variables and demographics, health-related variables, and personal resilience as predictor variables. The crucial factor promoting good psychological functioning during the COVID-19 pandemics was resilience, additionally buffering against detrimental effects of demographic and health-related variables on mental health and perceived stress. The present study investigated the buffering role of personal resilience in two aspects of psychological functioning, stress and mental health, during the outbreak of COVID-19 and subsequent social lockdown, while taking into account individuals'' demographic and healthrelated characteristics.
cord-259960-gejo9xdb	2020	However, the effects of non-standard employment on the disaster preparedness of health systems, particularly on hospitals'' emergency and disaster plans, have not yet been adequately studied. Specifically, the impacts of NSE on the disaster preparedness of health systems, particularly on hospitals'' emergency and disaster plans, have not been adequately studied thus far. Thus, this short communication paper identifies and discusses the neglected issue of NSE in hospital emergency and disaster planning to point out a further research need. In addition to these commonly discussed factors, changes in the work relationships of NSE might complicate the challenges of making hospitals resilient to hazards and prepared for disasters, if they are not considered during the preparedness process. Nevertheless, considering that during the recent pandemic, many countries'' health systems increased their capacity with non-standard employees, new evidence or arguments might emerge regarding the contributions of nonstandard employment to better planning for disasters and response to them.
cord-260407-jf1dnllj	2004	This study aimed to determine factors associating with individuals'' practice of the target SARS preventive behavior (facemask wearing). Three of the five components of the Health Belief Model, namely, perceived susceptibility, cues to action, and perceived benefits, were significant predictors of facemask-wearing even after considering effects of demographic characteristics. Overall, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and perceived susceptibility are the three most powerful components of the Health Belief Model in influencing whether individuals practice different preventive behaviors [21, 29, 30] . A logistic regression with odds ratios was conducted to test the efficacy of the Health Belief Model in predicting the wearing of facemasks to prevent SARS. Similar to previous research [15 -26] , this study found the Health Belief Model useful in identifying major determinants of the wearing of facemasks to prevent contracting and spreading SARS. The remaining two components of the Health Belief Model, perceived severity and perceived barriers, were found to be nonsignificant determinants of the target SARS preventive behavior in this study.
cord-260518-mswb3q67	2016	Since the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is host to millions of pilgrims each year travelling from all continents, 29 tackling the threat of MERS and other infectious diseases with epidemic potential will require enhanced closer cooperation between those who provide human health, animal health, and environmental health services, locally, nationally, regionally, and internationally: the Middle Eastern, European, African, Asian, and American governments, veterinary groups, the WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the African Union, the United Nations International Children''s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), The World Bank, Office International des Epizooties (OIE), CDC, Public Health England, the newly formed Africa CDC, and funding agencies among others. The persistence of MERS-CoV 4 years since its first discovery has created major opportunities for each of the Middle Eastern and African countries to take leadership of the ''One Health'' approach with a view to bringing this under regional and global umbrellas, to tackle new emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases with epidemic potential.
cord-260565-cdthfl5f	2020	While China is seeking to adhere as much as possible to the underlying norms and rules of global institutions," reemphasizing that China after SARS "perhaps [needs] to reframe health as a global public good that is available to each and every individual of the world, rather than merely as an issue of concern to nation-states." 37 In a rare openness, rarely seen before, the normally secretive Xi admitted at a meeting to coordinate the fight against the virus that China must learn from "obvious shortcomings exposed during its response." Yet given the second-guessing that always surfaces in these tragedies, "it cannot be denied that the Chinese government tried to control the narrative, another sign of irrational hubris, and as a result, the contagion was allowed to spread, contributing to equally irrational fear." A China researcher for Human Rights Watch (New York USA) noted: "authorities are as equally, if not more, concerned with silencing criticism as with containing the spread of the coronavirus.
cord-260629-ml1qjipn	2020	These include offering a spectrum of options for remote and in-person care, greater integration of behavioral and physical healthcare, prevention of viral exposure, increased collaborative decision-making related to long-acting injectable and clozapine use, modifying safety plans and psychiatric advance directives to include new technologies and broader support systems, leveraging natural supports, and integration of digital health interventions. Outreach teams should meet outside the residence in well-ventilated areas, to visually assess how the person is doing, present as a familiar and comforting supportive social visit, model and reinforce behaviors, deliver medications, and provide an in-person demonstration of how to use smartphones or other devices to engage in e-mental health. Several targets for assessment and treatment should be prioritized for both new and existing clients, including safety assessment and management, psychological and pharmacotherapeutic strategies to manage psychiatric symptoms and co-occurring substance use disorders, assessment and management of physical health, and augmenting care by enlisting natural supports and employing asynchronous digital health interventions.
cord-260985-ria9v2p6	2019	Given the important implications health services resilience has for the protection and improvement of human life, this scoping review was undertaken to determine how the publicly available body of existing global SimEx materials considers health systems, together with health security functions in the event of disruptive emergencies. Given the important implications health services resilience has for the protection and improvement of human life, this scoping review was undertaken to determine how the publicly available body of existing global SimEx materials considers health systems, together with health security functions in the event of disruptive emergencies. SimEx are also an ideal opportunity to test preparedness of the various functions of the health system, particularly health service delivery, in response to PHEs. This would contribute to the development of strong linkages between health systems and health security sectors supporting an integrated approach towards building resilient health systems.
cord-261011-bcyotwkf	2004	To stimulate discussion, we have selected four major schools of moral values commonly used to justify global health initiatives: humanitarianism, utilitarianism, equity, and rights. At present, whether the 3 by 5 initiative was evaluated according to aggregate utility (increasing the utility of people with HIV/AIDS) or distributional equity (increasing the numbers of people in developing countries who are given antiretroviral treatment), human rights (for health care), or the need www.thelancet.com Vol 364 September 18, 2004 1071 De Cock 21 argued that a public health rather than a human rights approach should frame responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa, but again this analysis is based on a very narrow example of both ethical schools. A common usage of moral values is advocacy, often to rich and powerful leaders, institutions, and nation states with the goal of mobilising resources-finance, political will, human motivations-on behalf of particular health action.
cord-261123-emdlh9d9	2009	Jonna Mazet and colleagues describe their work in the Tanzania-based HALI Project, which adopts the "One Health" approach to address emerging zoonoses and that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. The HALI Project Assessing and reducing the impacts of zoonotic diseases and resource limitation on health and livelihoods requires governments, NGOs, and academic institutions to work with citizens to develop interventions that are cost effective, sustainable, and conservation minded. In 2006, the Health for Animals and Livelihood Improvement (HALI; http:// haliproject.wordpress.com/) project was initiated to test the feasibility of the One Health approach in rural Tanzania and to find creative solutions to these problems by investigating the impact of zoonotic disease on the health and livelihoods of rural Tanzanians living in the water-limited Ruaha ecosystem. The HALI Project''s multilevel approach to assessing the impact of the interactions between water and disease in the Ruaha ecosystem by simultaneously investigating the medical, ecological, socioeconomic, and policy issues driving the system.
cord-261166-ua1qps0r	2020	Despite all resources employed to counteract the spreading of the virus, additional global strategies are needed to handle the related mental health issues (Torales et al., 2020) . This post-COVID landscape will definitely leads to an increase in mental health issues such as chronic stress, anxiety, depression, alcohol dependence and self-harm. The Government of India''s Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (National Adolescent Health Programme) can play a pivotal role in social and behavioural change and enhance adolescent resilience against mental health challenges posed by the pandemic. India can end the lockdown now and additional revenue available from the revival of the economy can be spend on increasing testing, isolation facilities, hospital beds, critical care and comprehensive Information, Education and Communication (IEC) on social distancing and mental health and addressing the mental health issues of vulnerable population post lockdown.
cord-261218-tgbw81ua	2020	Since the majority of the global population lives in cities, it is crucial to identify, evaluate and implement urban interventions (such as such as zero carbon housing, active transport, better urban connectivity, air pollution control, clean household fuels, and protection from heat and flood events) that will improve health and wellbeing and make our natural and built environment more sustainable. Well-planned, sustainable, changes to urban transport, housing, land use, renewable energy generation, and waste management have the potential to lead to improvements in air and water quality and liveability of urban environments providing multiple benefits including improved public health, reduced inequalities and higher productivity in cities . The Healthy-Polis Consortium for Urban Environmental Health and Sustainability (www.healthy-polis.org) aims to contribute to the implementation of the SDGs by identifying and evaluating specific policy initiatives, case studies, evidence gaps, and opportunities for research and translation into environmental public health practice in cities around the world.
cord-261524-nqukwoqz	2020	The quantitative data obtained in second phase showed the faculty member''s perspective about public health courses with sub-specialty needed to be set up in educational institutions to create competent workforce in public health were epidemiology (70.7%), environmental health (58.5%), public health education and promotion (56.1%), food safety (53.7%) and infection control (53.7%) should ( Table 3) . The students showed interest in perceiving the public health in sub-specialty epidemiology (38.5%), public health education and promotion (36.5%) and infection control (35.5%) and this finding shows availability of competent workforce in future (Table 4 ). This assessment of the educational needs of local public health organizations is an important step toward development of appropriate programs at the academic level to improve core competencies for public health professionals. Therefore, approximately 92.7% of Health Science faculty members and 97.5% of students had the opinion that there is a need to establish educational programs in Saudi Universities related to Public Health.
cord-261558-szll3znw	2020	However, their effectiveness in this specific context and population is largely unknown: As observed by a recent review 19 , only 27% of the studies about mental health apps to assist HCW during COVID-19 included empirical evaluation of the reported interventions. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.03.20225102 doi: medRxiv preprint these exceptional circumstances, we received funding to develop and evaluate a CBT and mindfulness-based intervention using an mHealth, to protect mental health of Spanish HCWs attending the COVID-19 emergency. Each section contains multiple modules, covering the following areas: i) monitoring mental health status; ii) educational materials about psychological symptoms (e.g. anxiety, worry, irritability, mood, stress, moral distress, etc.); iii) practical tips to manage pandemic-related stressors (e.g., is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint
cord-261595-c69vfs8q	2008	RESULTS: Religious faith and culture can strongly influence hand hygiene behavior in health care workers and potentially affect compliance with best practices. The Task Force was created to explore the potential influence of transcultural and religious factors on attitudes toward hand hygiene practices among health care workers and to identify some possible solutions for integrating these into strategies for improving hand hygiene. Of the remaining articles, only 27 referred to cultural and/or religious aspects influencing health, in particular hygiene, hand hygiene practices, and alcohol prohibition according to the most important religions; these were retained for review. Otherwise, rubbing the hands with an alcohol-based formulation is recommended as the preferred practice for all other hand hygiene indications during patient care, because it is faster, more effective, and better tolerated by the skin.
cord-261695-2zg3j4x8	2020	Most services (80%) reported having the capacity to use technology instead of face-to-face appointment, and half (52%) reported having palliative care protocols for symptom management and psychological support that could be shared with non-specialist staff in other healthcare settings. CONCLUSION: Our survey suggests that African palliative care services could support the wider health system''s response to the COVID-19 pandemic with greater resources such as basic infection control materials. Three in five palliative care 113 services declared that cleaning staff were included in information sharing and training regarding 114 managing COVID19. Half of services reported having palliative care protocols for symptom management and 160 psychological support that could be shared with non-specialist staff in other healthcare facilities 161 (see Table 7 ). This study provides much-needed evidence on the preparedness and capacity of African palliative 238 care services to respond to COVID19 
cord-261907-y60yra4r	2020	22 While R0 provides theoretical information about an epidemic, practical control ultimately depends on the expected infections generated later in the outbreak prompting epidemiologists to utilize the effective reproduction number Rt (i.e., the average number of secondary cases generated by an infectious individual at time t), which obviates the assumption of a fully susceptible population and allows for the temporal dynamics to be followed in the setting of various interventions. Our next-generation matrix analysis shows that, in a segregated society like the U.S. where SARS-CoV-2 transmission rates are disproportionate across racial groups, small changes in the ratio between bb®b and bw®w can result in large changes in the reproductive ratio for the population (Figure 3a) , due mainly to 1) the effects of high assortative mixing structured by racism on the value of cb®b; and 2) the fact that the expected number of secondary infections generated within high-risk subgroups (i.e., the value gb®b in the next generation matrix-in this case driven by high relative values of cb®b) comes to dominate R0 for a population.
cord-261923-g8r6xi2t	2020	There are many outstanding questions about the meaning of antibody tests, with evidence that they may decline in the weeks following infection in some people (Seow et al., 2020) , although fortunately it now seems that this does not equate to declining immunity as responses by T cells are emerging as equally or more important, albeit more difficult to measure. Given that sampling for PCR testing is not a pleasant experience, requiring swabs to be inserted into the nasopharynx, the research team is to be applauded for achieving a response rate of 66%. It is important to recognise that the responses to this pandemic themselves have consequences for health, for example by reducing access to medical care for those with non-COVID illnesses. Managing COVID-19 spread with voluntary public-health measures: Sweden as a case study for pandemic control
cord-261938-ls363vud	2020	In assessing medical fitness and healthcare mediations for refugees and migrant children, special consideration should be given to certain areas such as their distinct history, whether they are with their family or separated or unaccompanied, and whether they have been peddled or have been left behind. Children''s right to medical care is guaranteed by all the world leaders and Member States of the WHO European Region and is compiled in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), a convention guaranteeing the highest attainable standard of healthcare and treatment of illness and rehabilitation of the refugee, migrant, and asylum-seeking children similar to the children native to the host country [3] . A study reports of unaccompanied refugee and migrant children who were arriving in Germany with multidrug-resistant bacteria colonization at higher rates, and other records of a surge of measles, which is vaccine-preventable, have also been seen in asylum-seeking juveniles [14, 15] .
cord-261957-18uhpkhr	2020	In this report, we summarize health-related social needs and resource use during the first ten weeks of this ongoing survey as an example of how research infrastructure can support public health and social service response during public health emergency by identifying the evolving consequences of disrupted public infrastructure on children and families 14 Through rapid-cycle data collection and analysis, we provided weekly reports of population-level health-related social needs with community partners spanning social services, public health, medical providers, and community organizations to inform local COVID-19 pandemic response. Despite these limitations, this initiative has provided public health, social service, health system, and community organizations with timely data to inform ongoing response to the physical, mental, educational, and social challenges COVID-19 and stay-at-home orders presented to children and families.
cord-262190-velir6gb	2014	The study was conducted during the influenza H1N1 2009 pandemic and included 801 migrant participants living in border areas thought to be high risk by the Thailand Ministry of Public Health. CONCLUSIONS: Negative or ambivalent attitudes towards NPIs combined with other barriers identified suggest that vulnerable migrants in Thailand have a limited capacity to participate in pandemic preparedness efforts. We hope that this information will help us to gauge the capacity of individuals within the vulnerable migrant community to participate in pandemic preparedness and response efforts, and to identify potential barriers to NPI effectiveness. Future research efforts should continue to assess the perceptions and ability of diverse populations relating to implementation of NPIs. These data could provide valuable information to public health agencies with regard to planning for future outbreaks and pandemics and assessing risk communication and public education activities.
cord-262205-ax3i3d7f	2018	The aim of this study is to explore stakeholders'' experiences on the health system''s preparedness and challenges, and to provide suggestions for preventing infectious diseases during the Arbaeen mass gathering. Health infrastructure defects in Iraq has three sub-themes (health abandonment in Iraq, the weaknesses in health culture and problems related to the health system); poor control of the causative factors of infectious diseases has three sub-themes (the underlying factors of the prevalence of contagious diseases, health system response to communicable diseases and ignoring the risks of the Arbaeen ceremony); the low perception of risk in pilgrims has three sub-themes (lack of awareness in pilgrims, fatalism in pilgrims and unhygienic belief in pilgrims); and the ineffectiveness of health education has two sub-themes (training shortage in the targeted group and educational content problems) that shows participant''s experiences of the health system''s challenges for coping with infectious diseases during the Arbaeen ceremony.
cord-262428-erlmyzwn	2020	The search strategy included terms for HCWs (e.g., nurse and doctor), mental health (e.g., wellbeing and psychological), and viral outbreaks (e.g., epidemic and pandemic). In terms of mental health impact of epidemics, HCWs represent a particularly vulnerable group due to the high risk of infection, increased work stress and fear of spreading to their families. The following search terms were used: ''health worker'', ''health care worker'', ''medical'', ''doctor'', ''nursing'', ''nurse'', ''allied health'', ''pandemic'', ''outbreak'', ''mental health'', ''mental illness'', ''psychiatric'', ''psychological'', ''coping'', ''psychosocial'', ''COVID-19'', ''coronavirus'', ''SARS'', ''MERS'' and ''Ebola''. 36, 51 At the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, a Wuhan study 28 found that 34.4% (342 of 994) of medical and nursing staff had mild mental health disturbances while 6.2% (62) had severe disturbances, while in another study 24 of 1,521 Chinese HCWs 14.1% had psychological abnormalities. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study.
cord-262431-0cragfka	2020	In conceptualizing the life course from birth to adulthood in terms of trajectories of healthy growth, learning, and development, there are predictable touch points where investments can be made and progress monitored-growth before age 2 years, readiness for school, developmental and academic milestones in school, and social milestones with respect to family, peer, and dating relationships. This ''contextual'' and ''cumulative'' perspective is important for understanding trajectories of survival, health and development throughout childhood and adolescence and the ''reciprocal'' social and economic contributions that healthy, fulfilled adults can make to inclusive, sustainable societies. In a forthcoming PLOS Medicine special issue [13] , we are inviting impactful research in this important area on strategies to monitor and combat child mortality globally from birth through adolescence, school-age health and welfare, marginalised populations, and the environmental impacts on children''s health.
cord-262544-6q8eg9z4	2009	Free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, such as Internet news and online discussion sites, provide detailed local and near real-time data on disease outbreaks, even in countries that lack traditional public health surveillance. In many countries, free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, including Internet news and online discussion sites (Figure) , could provide detailed local and near real-time data on potential and confi rmed disease outbreaks and other public health events (9, 10, (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) . With a goal of improving public health surveillance and, ultimately, intervention efforts, we (the architects, developers, and methodologists for the information systems described herein) reviewed 3 of the primary active systems that process unstructured (free-text), event-based information on disease outbreaks: The Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), the HealthMap system, and the EpiSPIDER project (Semantic Processing and Integration of Distributed Electronic Resources for Epidemics [and disasters]; www.epispider.net).
cord-262567-gojbccmz	2020	Based on the results of this study, suggestions are presented on how to enhance health perceptions in adolescents who are in a critical period for forming healthy life habits, and to prepare measures to encourage sports participation. In addition, previous studies are limited in that they sporadically report only some of the variables in the relationships among health perceptions, sports participation, and health promoting behavior. In order to overcome these limitations, it is necessary to verify the effects of health perceptions and sports participation on improving health promoting behavior in adolescents, using an appropriate study design. Sixth, bootstrapping was used to verify the mediating effect of sports participation on the relationship between health perceptions and health promoting behavior in adolescents (see Section 3.3). Analyses were performed to verify the model that explains the structural relationship between the individual variables by verifying the mediating effect of sports participation on the relationship between health perceptions and health promoting behavior in adolescents.
cord-262588-pogd199p	2020	It argues that employing social determinants of health, and intersectional and rhetorical frames, can improve life and health outcomes, as measured by morbidity and mortality. To that end, World Medical & Health Policy continuously strives to encourage the examination of issues with the assistance of relevant frameworks such as those that employ social determinants, and intersectional and rhetorical lenses. World Medical & Health Policy Volume 12, Issue 3 is planned as a special issue devoted to understanding the differential impacts of COVID-19, consisting of both empirical and reflective articles considering the complex relationship between social determinants and health disparities in the context of the present-day pandemic.
cord-262613-abvtl0ov	2020	Innovative pedagogical approaches are required to fill gaps in medical education, especially during global health emergencies such as COVID-19. E-learning has been recognised by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an important means of addressing health workers'' educational needs, especially in LMICs. 1 Remotely delivered psychiatry education is particularly necessary for the many regions where the provision of mental health care is sparse. Internet access in Kashmir remains restricted to low-speed 2G services, impacting the general population and health care professionals'' ability to keep up to date with clinical guidelines and research developments. Similarly, telecommunication companies in Croatia are providing free internet access to Innovative pedagogical approaches are required to fill gaps in medical education, especially during global health emergencies such as COVID-19 • We piloted a global mental health e-learning partnership between volunteer medical students in Kashmir and the UK in 2015.
cord-262876-civfvk45	2013	title: Knowledge Levels and Training Needs of Disaster Medicine among Health Professionals, Medical Students, and Local Residents in Shanghai, China Continuing medical education and public education plans on disaster medicine via media should be practice-oriented, and selectively applied to different populations and take the knowledge levels and training needs into consideration. Three groups of participants in Shanghai, China, were enrolled in this cross-sectional epidemiological study: health professionals, medical students, and community residents. Moreover, the knowledge level was also significantly different among clinicians, public health physicians, nurses, and medical technicians, especially in correctly answering 5 questions (Table S2) . Figure 3 presents the key contents concerning disaster medicine training prioritized by health professionals, medical students, and community residents. Figure 4 presents the most interested contents of disaster medicine training prioritized by health professionals, medical students, and community residents. In this study, we evaluated the current knowledge levels and training needs of disaster medicine among health professionals, medical students, and community residents in Shanghai, China.
cord-262927-mehijkzo	2020	This includes using a life-course approach, integrating the rationale of precision public health, applying open science practice, and promoting actionable knowledge translation strategies. This includes using a life-course approach to health literacy [58] , integrating the rationale of precision public health [59] , applying open science practice [60] , and promoting actionable knowledge translation strategies [61] . Based on these new paradigms, we expect a nuanced understanding of how health literacy develops over the life-course, how it influences health behaviour and decision-making, and thus how it informs specific interventional opportunities-especially in the early life stages across educational and healthcare settings-for a precise policy recommendation. We also highlight the importance of applying open science and considering knowledge translation strategies from the beginning of research planning to generate or replicate policy-relevant findings rapidly and cost-effectively across different cultural contexts, and thus facilitate the process of knowledge dissemination.
cord-263261-xhem8l39	2018	Each nation will develop its own unique approach to national health systems, but there are models used by a number of countries based on principles of national responsibility for health, social solidarity for providing funding, and for effective ways of providing care with comprehensiveness, efficiency, quality, and cost containment. Health reform is necessarily a continuing process as all countries must adapt to face challenges of cost constraints, inequalities in access to care, aging populations, emergence of new disease conditions and advancing technology including the growing capacity of medicine, public health and health promotion. Despite rapid increases in health care expenditures during the 1970s and 1980s, despite improved health promotion activities and rapidly developing medical technology, the health status of the American population G Preventive programs strong tradition; screening for cancer; smoking reduction; food fortification, school lunch programs; nutrition support for poor pregnant women and children (WIC); G Hospitals obliged to provide emergency care to all regardless of insurance status, citizenship, legal status or ability to pay has improved less rapidly than that in other western countries and universal coverage has not been achieved.
cord-263391-18x4ann5	2019	S ince the emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 (1), more than 2,250 laboratory-confirmed cases have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO); approximately one third of these cases were fatal. The Ministry of Health, Oman; Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia; and Korea National Institute of Health, South Korea, donated convalescent serum and plasma samples from PCR-confirmed MERS-CoV-infected patients. We included MERS-CoV-negative serum with antibodies against other human coronavirus HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1 (samples 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, and 17) to test specificity of the assays ( Table 2 ). Participants detected pool A, the high-titer MERS-CoV antibody pool (sample 16) in all assays (Table 3) . The low-positive pool (pool C, sample 14) was only detected as positive in a single assay in the study, the Alpha Diagnostic International MERS NP ELISA performed in laboratory 05.
cord-263438-9ra94uda	2008	Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled ''Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases'' in which he declared them ''one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.'' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes.
cord-263659-9i5qws5h	2010	CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve the delivery of basic public health services, it is necessary for Beijing Municipal Government to supply clear and detailed protocols, increase funding and increase the number of skilled practitioners in the community health services. 3 As the centre of politics, economy and culture of China, Beijing Municipal Government attaches extreme importance to and promotes advances in the development of basic public health services delivered in the community. For example, an additional duty hour allowance scheme should be brought forward, under which health workers would be allowed to work extra hours and receive pay to augment their salaries: 17 "Besides payment, of course, some changes in the process and organization of the providers'' work are also part of the solution to the problem of the under-provision of basic public health services.A useful solution to attract more community residents to see general practitioners would be to increase the proportion of medical reimbursement for CHS services."
cord-263667-5g51n27e	2008	Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Billings makes a strong plea for the development of veterinary public health to control the animal diseases that affect man. He was one of the veterinarians who was active in the early years of the American Public Health Association (APHA), during which discussions of trichinosis, tuberculosis and other animal diseases took place at the early annual meetings. The 1908 report Milk and Its Relation to Public Health by Milton Rosenau, issued by the USPHS, brought reform to the dairy industry and support for the Bureau of Animal Industry program to control bovine tuberculosis (Myers and Steele, 1969) . In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has carried on effectively in eliminating those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications, namely bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis.
cord-263719-a9mnjr3s	2020	At this stage, the global spread of COVID-19 acute respiratory disease continues to grow, and the full extent and severity of this outbreak remains to be seen. 7 Once the pathogen has landed in a new country, the likelihood of contagion and spread is dependent on local transmission pathways and the strength of local health protection systems. 8 High-income countries such as the United States and United Kingdom have well-developed health protection systems to detect and respond to communicable disease threats. The other component of well-developed health protection systems are strong infectious disease surveillance systems. The current concerns then regarding the 2019-nCoV outbreak must be for low-and middle-income countries where health protection systems tend to be weaker. In these settings, laboratory resources may be lacking, notification of infectious diseases are often not timely or complete, and their public health infrastructure is often weak. Global infectious disease surveillance and health intelligence
cord-264187-5gy4nkhb	2014	The BCHC includes 20 of the largest local public health departments in the United States and is focused on building partnerships, exchanging ideas and best practices, and facilitating program and policy development by member departments. Just as I have focused locally on establishing my department in Los Angeles as the local voice of reliable health information and data, an important role for the BCHC is to identify and analyze the best science and collectively advocate for policies and programs that can improve health at the population level. Public health departments in large metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles County play a very important role in advancing the goals of the larger public health enterprise. Big cities and counties thus have the opportunity and responsibility to provide leadership for the broader public health community, and the Health Officer is in the best position to communicate how to effectively meet both continuing and new challenges.
cord-264233-0nyzwb44	2020	Not only individuals with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 but several other vulnerable groups (e.g. health care workers, persons with mental illness etc.), despite remaining uninfected, will continue to suffer from psychological infirmity.  Public awarenessproviding the right health information is vital during this time of crisis -(i) to address hand hygiene and safe physical distancing, (ii) to reduce panic J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f shopping and hoarding of medical equipment (e.g. masks, hand-sanitizer, antibiotics), (iii) to follow the national lockdown to avoid widespread community transmission, (iv) to maintain adequate mental and physical wellbeing and (v) misinformation restriction to avoid chaotic and stressed environments in the country (Bhatia, 2020) , (Sharma et al., 2020) . Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals need to step up, utilizing ''all-out'' resources to prevent a post-COVID-19 mental-illness pandemic. The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical Distancing: The Need for Prevention and Early Intervention
cord-264749-m1awr1rm	2020	The biological immune system, an individual''s system of health behaviors, and the social system will be observed as systems that generate maintainable-ease of functioning in cells, selves, and societies respectively (Fig. 2 ). To observe health at the level of the cell, the self, and the society simultaneously, we consider systems that support maintainable-ease of biological, behavioral, and social functioning. Through this philosophy, one can go beyond biological systems to observe how precision (in the form of hostdefense functions, decision-making/executive functions, and values) and variation (in the form of microbiota functions, habits/habitual life functions, and population-wide behaviors) integrate to generate to maintainable-ease of functioning in cells, selves, and societies simultaneously (Fig. 3) . Similarly, when behavioral and social exposures are not tailored to the needs of individuals and groups, populations can become resistant to healthy change, and health is no longer valued at the level of the self and the society.
cord-264974-hspek930	2020	If, despite the explicit warning of the World Health Organization in 2011 that ''The world is ill-prepared to respond to a severe influenza pandemic or to any similarly global, sustained and threatening public-health emergency'' (https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_10en.pdf), it was not apparent to those in charge, and to the general public-i.e., those suffering from COVID-19 infections and the funders of health services (tax/insurance payers)-that existing health systems had inherent vulnerabilities which could prove to be devastating when seriously stressed, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (e.g., see Brüssow, 2020 ) has brutally exposed it now. International benchmarking is mandatory, because it has become clear that there is a wide range of effectiveness in the ability of different countries with developed economies to respond to this crisis (and probably others), and the tax-paying public has no compelling reason to tolerate perpetuation of factors underlying poor responses to crises.
cord-265311-3lp5t9q8	2009	The aim of this paper is to present the design and implementation of training in disease investigation and basic veterinary epidemiology in selected countries using the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Asia strain as a disease detection model. The aim of this paper is to present the design and implementation of training in disease investigation and basic veterinary epidemiology in selected countries using the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Asia strain as a disease detection model. Veterinary professionals throughout the world, mainly through their animal health services, are faced with having to fulfill a crucial role in protecting their country''s animal health status, providing sound surveillance information on the occurrence of diseases within their territories, and conducting scientifically valid risk analyses to establish justified import requirements. This paper presents the value and role of veterinary epidemiology in combating infectious animal diseases on a global scale, emphasizing the importance of training and outreach programs.
cord-265328-83p3sjja	2020	Having into consideration the lockdown and quarantine situation, we decided to do evaluate the current emotional state on the general population with a web-based survey in English and in Spanish, which was considered a useful and fast method that could help us determine how people perceived stress and worry due to the COVID-19. Methods: The survey included a 22 items, gathering information in 3 sections: Sociodemographic data, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) by Cohen and additional queries that assessed the current worry and change of behaviours due to this pandemic. Taking into consideration the lockdown and quarantine situation, the researchers decided to do evaluate the current state on the general population with a web-based survey that was considered at this moment a useful and fast method that can help determine how people perceived stress and worry due to the COVID-19.
cord-265370-mhy4nu7e	2020	Individuals with health anxiety may get dismissed as the "worried well" in this pandemic due to disruption of mental health services and inability of healthcare systems to understand the psychosocial factors in the background. Education of general public, training of healthcare workers in cognitive behavioural model of health anxiety and timely referral to mental health professionals in severe cases is need of the hour. The novel corona virus (SARS-CoV2) which was first reported in Wuhan, China has engulfed the world in fear [1] World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [2] . Individuals who are worried about infection with the virus may not get adequate care due to disruption of mental health services during the pandemic. Some may develop avoidance behaviour and isolate themselves from family members, avoid revealing their symptoms to others, or even skip medical appointments fearing they might test positive for COVID-19 or be put in quarantine.
cord-265424-vbn3vwnn	2020	Anticipating the mental health fallout, the department of Psychiatry (DOP) initiated a pathway to provide rapid, confidential and accessible help to all HCWs during this crisis. The DOP in liaison with human resources department formulated an evidence based pathway (Chen et al., 2020; Liu, 2020; Zhang et al., 2020) to address mental health needs of HCWs. The service was free of cost and built on the existing sparse resources (Ahmad, 2007) , with regular review of process in weekly meetings. The HCWs of AKUH were provided with a hotline number that could be used during work hours, to help with COVID-19 related anxiety (refer figure 1). 1) Resistance to seek help and fear of stigma and confidentiality of HCWs. To address this, the record of the evaluation is maintained in a separate folder in lock and key by the DOP. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak
cord-266051-my2wj1uu	2020	• Effects on people with mental health problems resulting from infection control measures, including potential impacts of social isolation, and lack of access to usual supports, activities and community resources [8] . We aim to begin addressing this by searching for and summarising relevant material in the public domain early in the pandemic, including accounts published by people with relevant lived experience, practitioners, mental health organisations and policy makers, and also by journalists who have investigated experiences and perspectives of service users, carers and service providers. Our aim was to conduct a document analysis to create an initial mapping and synthesis of reports, from a number of perspectives, on the early impacts of and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health care and people with mental health conditions.
cord-266225-mqbud21t	2016	The strength of scaling FOA in developing countries will entail but not limited to: 1) increasing real time and effective knowledge-or evidence-based translation of proven and validated approaches, 2) strategies and tools in strengthening health systems and revamping early and timely access to much needed information by policy-makers, and 3) enhanced guided health financing and capacity development by health institutions and related stakeholders, and strengthening contextual programs and activities planning, transparency and accountability. This paper assesses the values and benefits of open, free of charge data and information access and availability in strengthening health systems policies, financing, promoting knowledge-based programs and targeted interventions directed to forecast, prevent, reduce and/or manage the growing emerging threats and epidemics as well as infectious diseases of poverty in LMICs, especially in Africa.
cord-266501-7jkzbmsf	2020	According to COVID-19 prevention and control policy and requirements, combined with series of diagnosis and treatment plans, pharmacists in the first provincial-level COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment unit in Jilin Province in Northeast China have established the management practices of drug supply and pharmaceutical care from four aspects: personnel, drugs supply management, off-label drug use management and pharmaceutical care. This paper summarized the details and practices of drug supply and pharmaceutical services management to provide experience for the people who involving in COVID-19 prevention and contain in other abroad epidemic areas. 4 The Pharmaceutical Department of THJU has carried out a series of work in terms of drug supply and pharmaceutical service, which has provided effective support for prevention, control and treatments of COVID-19. By implementing the man-management guarantee practice, the pharmacology department of THJU has resolve the problem of insufficient medical staff, ensuring the physical and mental health of pharmacists and deepen understanding COVID -19 prevention and control plans.
cord-266667-6isk8jgj	2019	BACKGROUND: Little is known about health care workers'' (HCW) perceptions of, or experiences using, respiratory protective equipment (RPE). RESULTS: We identified 5 story types surrounding RPE use: 1) policies are known and seen during work routines; 2) during protocol lapses, use is reinforced through social norms; 3) clinical experiences sometimes supersede protocol adherence; 4) when risk perception is high, we found concern regarding accessing RPE; and 5) HCWs in emergency departments were viewed as not following protocol because risk was ever-present. HCW adherence to respiratory infection control guidelines, including vaccinations, are known to be influenced by personal and contextual factors, such as knowledge gaps, perceived risk, ethical and legal concerns, and economic issues 9, 10 Health behavior theories, such as the Health Belief Model, 11 have been used to examine adoption of health-related behaviors.
cord-266974-yrc5qnmr	2020	• Ethnic/racial minority groups in Europe often live in poor social conditions with precarious forms of employment, so they suffer most from the adverse socio-economic consequences of the pandemic. In summary, the pandemic has not only caused a global public health crisis; it has also increased and accentuated longstanding structural social inequalities and ethnic/racial discrimination (Devakumar et al. The amalgamation of different forms of inequalities resulting from racism and socio-economic disadvantages signals an urgent need to protect the health of vulnerable groups. ASPHER, as Europe''s representative organization for Schools of Public Health, accordingly has issued its first statement on COVID-19 impact on Health Inequalities and Vulnerable Populations on 2 June 2020 (ASPHER 2020). 5. ASPHER member schools of public health should be role models for eliminating all forms of racism, discrimination, inequality and disadvantage. Racism and discrimination are public health issues, globally and in Europe.
cord-267061-e3jttmab	2020	RESULTS: The article examines role of mass media in health communication in times of pandemic and the context of infodemic. 3, 4, 5 Media, according to Wallack, "can be a delivery mechanism for getting the right information to the right people in the right way at the right time to promote personal change." 6 That''s why all health communication and disease prevention strategies emphasise on health messaging through mass media. In several reports, the source of information was not mentioned, while in nearly all stories journalists "ignored methodology of the research and rarely discussed design flaws." A study of coverage of H1N1 outbreak in Times of India showed that the newspaper framed H1N1 as a deadly disease and its coverage presented death in such a manner as to produce fear and panic.
cord-267132-nb0j6k3h	2013	
cord-267188-1ldynibm	2014	The expanded model informed a new study approach to document the extent of human exposure to animals and explore the interplay of social and environmental factors that influence risk of transmission at the individual and community level. In this paper we propose an expanded One Health model that highlights the social determinants of human-animal exposure, describe a study approach that operationalizes the model to explore factors that influence the risk of transmission at the individual and community level and present some results that illustrate the effect of social factors on how people interact with animals. Finally, social factors also determine who is at risk from eating different meats: eating rats is an equal source of exposure for adults and children in both ethnic groups; the Hmong are more exposed to nonhuman primates and the Lao-Tai to bats as a result of eating; and men are more intensely exposed as they are more likely to eat raw meat compared to women.
cord-267299-z7ondg3r	2020	OBJECTIVE: To identify all undergraduate minors in global health being offered in the United States during the 2019–20 academic year, categorize the curricula being used by secondary programs of study, evaluate the content of required foundational courses, and examine the types of experiential learning opportunities that are offered. Based on the categories and themes we identified in our analysis of the current content of introductory courses required by existing global health minors in 2019-20, our review of existing educational frameworks related to global health [11, 12, 15] , and expert feedback from CUGH members, we generated a preliminary list of recommended student learning objectives for an introductory global health course. This analysis provides a snapshot in time of the institutions of higher education in the Untied States that were offering global health minors during the 2019-20 academic year along with the content they included in their introductory courses, the curricular models they were using for the remaining courses in the minor, and the types of applied learning experiences they required.
cord-267485-1fu1blu0	2006	All PHI in this system is initially processed within the secured infrastructure of the health care provider that collects and holds the data, using uniform software distributed and supported by the NDP. In the more traditional type of system, individual patient records, often containing potentially identifiable information, such as date of birth and exact or approximate home address, are transferred, usually in electronic form, preferably through some secured method, to a central secured repository, where statistical tools can be used to develop and refine surveillance procedures. These standard line lists are used most often to support requests by public health agencies for additional information about the individual cases that contribute to clusters identified in the aggregate data. In our experience, such requests involve only a tiny fraction of the data that would be transferred in a centralized surveillance model, providing adequate support for public health with minimal risk of inadvertent disclosure of identifiable PHI.
cord-267978-05hxrpi1	2019	METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of the literature to identify recurring themes and capacities needed for health system resiliency to infectious disease outbreaks and natural hazards and any existing implementation frameworks that highlight these capacities. The aim of this scoping review was to draw from existing literature to characterize specific capacities required to build resilient health systems in the face of infectious disease emergencies and natural hazards, with an emphasis on highlighting potential efforts that health system actors (e.g. health facilities and health service delivery organizations that are not always well-integrated in government-led preparedness initiatives) could pursue to achieve desired health outcomes during health crises. We searched the scholarly and grey-literature databases to identify which capacities should be included in a framework for assessing and improving health system resilience to infectious disease outbreaks and natural hazards.
cord-268040-6i0bmnee	2020	Physical therapists need to redouble their efforts to address NCDs by assessing patients for risk factors and manifestations and institute evidence-based health education (smoking cessation, whole-food plant-based nutrition, weight control, physical activity/exercise), and/or support patients'' efforts when these are managed by other professionals. This being the era of NCDs, 46 physical therapists have long been urged to exploit lifestyle and behavioral medicine competencies, 47 to reverse NCDs and their risk factors, eg, atherosclerosis, smoking, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, often within days or weeks, and atherosclerosis within one year or more. Consistent with the recent report of the Lancet EAT Commission, 57 the American College of Lifestyle Medicine advocates a whole-food plant-based nutrition to maximize health, prevent disease particularly NCDs, reverse these conditions, and reduce disability, premature death and socioeconomic burdens associated with them. Prevention and outcome of COVID-19 could be substantially impacted with exploitation of non-invasive strategies including health and lifestyle education and exercise, that are subsumed within contemporary physical therapist practice.
cord-268279-umlqh0q4	2020	These concern Cuba''s visibility and participation in the broader global health security architecture, the social controls exercised by the state in managing disease threats in Cuban territory, and the resource constraints facing the island—in particular, the effects of the US embargo. These concern Cuba''s visibility and participation in the broader global health security architecture, the social controls exercised by the state in managing disease threats in Cuban territory, and the resource constraints facing the island-in particular, the effects of the US embargo. We consider this to be the most apparent embodiment of Cuban health security activities internationally, where the state appears to be supporting response efforts for emerging pathogens by providing human resources and technical expertise within outbreak response, and health systems capacity-building elsewhere in the world, such as the training of international medical professionals.
cord-268324-86a0n0dc	2020	The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (commonly known as SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus (designated as 2019-nCoV), which was isolated for the first time after the Chinese health authorities reported a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The clinical picture of critical patients with severe inflammatory-induced lung disease and with sepsis or septic shock needing intensive care support and mechanical ventilation is characterized by a wide range of signs and symptoms of life-threatening multiorgan dysfunction or failure, including dyspnoea, tachypnoea (respiratory rate of > 30/min), tachycardia, chest pain or tightness, hypoxemia, virus-induced distributive shock, cardiac dysfunction, elevations in multiple inflammatory cytokines, renal impairment with oliguria, altered mental status, functional alterations of organs expressed as laboratory data of hyperbilirubinemia, acidosis [serum lactate level > 2 mmol/L (18 mg/dL)], coagulopathy, and thrombocytopenia.
cord-268331-m4hqxna2	2018	Leading medical professional societies such as the American Medical Association (AMA), American College of Physicians (ACP), the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), and the American Nurses Association (ANA) reaffirm the position that all individuals living in the United States, regardless of their immigration status, should have access to quality health care, including the opportunity to purchase insurance. Several US cities and states with large immigrant populations have attempted to address their health care needs by providing access to primary care. My Health LA (MHLA) is a no-cost health care program that offers comprehensive health care for low-income, uninsured Los Angeles county residents, regardless of immigration status or medical condition. In the United States, cities with large numbers of immigrants have models that provide health care to their uninsured regardless of immigration status, and could potentially be expanded to other areas of the country experiencing increasing growth of their immigrant populations.
cord-268712-rxdw553c	2010	Consequently, this meta-analysis explored the relationship between posttraumatic growth and psychological and physical wellbeing in adults diagnosed with cancer or HIV/AIDS and examined potential moderators of these relationships. As such the aim of the current paper is to present a meta-analysis of the existing literature that will aim to objectively summarize PTG and its relation to adjustment in individuals living with a life threatening illness (cancer or HIV/ AIDS) and to examine potential moderators of this relationship. Primarily it is concerned with estimating the overall effect size of the relationship between PTG following a life threatening illness (cancer or HIV/AIDS) and various indicators of adjustment. This meta-analytic review summarized the findings from 38 studies examining the association between PTG following cancer or HIV/AIDS and positive psychological adjustment, negative psychological adjustment, and subjective physical health.
cord-268799-obeinwyq	2009	Prime Minister Stephen Harper has already signalled four priorities: the global economy, climate change, development, and democratic governance. Canada has many natural advantages to shape its international policyworld-class universities with global ambitions, a history of international policy infl uence (eg, the 1974 Lalonde report, which redrew the boundaries of health), frontrank scientists and intellectuals who have redefi ned what is possible in health, 7-9 and increasing overseas development assistance. The Lancet-UCL Commission on the health eff ects of climate change 13 argued that global warming is the biggest threat to health in the 21st century. Canada has been the leading nation bar none to develop the concept of peace dividends through policies on health. As the birthplace of evidence-based medicine, Canada''s health community should have a strong voice about the way health metrics are used to shape global health policies. Lancet-UCL Institute for Global Health Commission: managing the health eff ects of climate change
cord-268887-ewf5xhqi	2014	To attempt to provide a more comprehensive picture of the global burden of critical illness using "prototypical" illnesses of sepsis, acute lung injury, and mechanical ventilation, the investigators drew incidence and prevalence rates from observational population-based studies in several countries [2e8] and applied them to data on population and deaths from the Global Burden of Disease project by World Bank regions [9] . Low-cost mobile devices have been adapted in resource-limited settings to provide diagnostic testing for HIV and then to synchronize results in real time with electronic medical health records to expand both care and epidemiological data collection [79] . Knowledge gaps stem from differences in acute disease burden depending on geography, such as with Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome, or Middle East respiratory syndrome, as well as from management in resource-limited areas where diagnostics and treatment modalities may not be readily available or patients present in the community and not at more centralized health facilities.
cord-269164-jdgzx1ss	2020	Then, we highlight a few emerging and influential key themes (detailed below) that should be considered and integrated into a broader approach to gender medicine to inform evidence-based, gender-oriented health policy: (1) Incorporating diverse risk factors (ethnicity, socio-demographic variables, minorities, residence, education, lifestyle habits etc.), in addition to gender, in order to better characterize the needs of sub-populations and properly address their needs; (2) Investigating genderspecific medical profiles of related health conditions, rather than a single disease; (3) The dynamics of gender disparities across developmental stages; and (4) The different levels of analysis: Individual, communal, regional, national and global levels.
cord-269245-bp4q4plt	2020	title: Status and influential factors of anxiety depression and insomnia symptoms in the work resumption period of COVID-19 epidemic: A multicenter cross-sectional study Objective: In this study, the authors analyzed the status of anxiety depression and insomnia symptoms and influential factors in the work resumption period of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were used to assess the anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms. An online survey [17] and another study on Chinese web users [18] suggested that one-third of people had anxiety symptoms during the outbreak of COVID-19 and the negative emotion increased. suggested participants aged 35-49 years had more severe anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms during the outbreak of COVID-19 [20] . The outbreak of COVID-19 limited face-to-face counseling and individualized psychological interventions, which was a serious challenge to the mental health service.
cord-269362-pne9qolr	2011	Post-SARS, Canadian occupational health and infection control researchers got together to study how to better protect health workers, and found that training was indeed perceived as key to a positive safety culture. As the H1N1 pandemic struck, the online infection control course was adapted and translated into Spanish, as was a novel skill-building learning tool that permits health workers to practice selecting personal protective equipment. This international collaboration between occupational health and infection control researchers led to the improvement of the research framework and development of tools, guidelines and information systems. The workplace audit tool, developed originally in Canada by the team (comprised of experts in program evaluation, infection control, occupational health, information technology, public health and medicine), and refined from use in Ecuador and South Africa, was again adapted and workshops held to train occupational health and infection control practitioners from 7 countries across the Caribbean.
cord-269402-xzgfwu8a	2017	MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION: A mandatory vaccination backed by criminal sanctions in the service of the eradication of contagious diseases would probably be perceived as infringing on the constitutional right to autonomy to a greater extent than necessary according to Israeli law and case law precedents. Justice Barak-Erez did not positively hold that depriving the additional child allowance from families with an unvaccinated child represents a violation of the right to equality, but agreed with Justice Arbel that the law''s amendment complied with the stipulations provided in the Limitation Clause: The amendment has a proper purpose (to protect unvaccinated children and promote public health); there is high probability that a financial sanction would be effective and promote vaccination compliance; and the intervention is both minimally infringing and proportionate since it has been balanced by the parents'' right to opposition and appeal [28] .
cord-269467-8opv4t7p	2020	The mortality rates of vulnerable and minority populations alone suggest a need to re-evaluate clinical decision making protocols, especially given the recently passed Emergency or Disaster Treatment Protection Act, which grants healthcare institutions full immunity from liability stemming from resource allocation/triage decisions. Disability Rights New York, an advocacy group for persons with disabilities in New York State, has previously filed a complaint against the New York Department of Health for its 2015 ventilator triage policy, which failed to specify that allocation decisions ought exclude disability. The Act grants healthcare workers, including physicians, administrators and hospital managers, immunity from criminal and civil liability for harms and damages resulting from the COVID-19 crisis. Crisis standards of patient care guidance with an emphasis on pandemic influenza: triage and ventilator allocation guideline Crisis standards of care: guidance for the ethical allocation of scarce resources during a community-wide public health emergency
cord-269575-hdqa12es	2010	This paper summarizes the current status of increasing public healthcare demand and public health service capacity in China, especially in less-developed provinces, and introduces the current public health educational system and public health administration structure. It has been recognized that there are insufficient qualified, capable public health workers in the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) and other public health organizations, 3 particularly in less-developed provinces. This is partly a result of the gap between education and practice in public health, 3, 4 with a need to develop capacity in the public health workforce for disease control and health protection, and also to ensure that health systems deliver effective healthcare. There is a considerable gap between education and practice in public health that has been hindering the further development of public health in China.
cord-269770-7hau5yge	2014	title: Respiratory protection for healthcare workers treating Ebola virus disease (EVD): Are facemasks sufficient to meet occupational health and safety obligations? Some diseases exclusively transmit through the airborne route in natural setting (e.g. tuberculosis), while other diseases mainly transmit through the droplet or contact modes but short range respiratory aerosols are generated during high risk procedures which increases the risk of infection transmission (Roy and Milton, 2004) . For example, the primary mode of influenza transmission is thought to be droplet (reflected in guidelines which largely recommend surgical masks), but there is increasing evidence that it is also spread by shortrange respiratory aerosols (Bischoff et al., 2013; Tellier, 2009) . Current evidence suggests that human to human transmission occurs predominantly though direct contact with blood and body secretions, (World Health Organization (WHO), 2014a) and this is the basis of the WHO and the CDC recommendations for facemasks to protect HCWs from EVD.
cord-270113-cdqhs4bg	2020	title: Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent and Young Adult Mental Health Within the Context of COVID-19: A Perspective From Nepal The following are some COVID-19erelated mental health risk factors in Nepalese youths: (1) deficient youth mental health services funding; (2) social media use; (3) a suddenly-imposed lockdown; (4) lack of understanding of lockdown restrictions; (5) sudden work/student life changes; (6) abrupt postponement of the Secondary Education Examination (SSE); and (7) exposure to devastating earthquakes in 2015. Social media use has been correlated with negative mental health outcomes such as stress and depression [11] . Nepalese youths experienced negative post-2015-earthquake mental health outcomes, including post-traumatic stress disorder [18] . COVID-19 pandemic challenges are likely to lead to negative mental health outcomes among youths, especially in Nepal. Chronological order of events related to risk and protective factors for COVID-19erelated negative mental health outcomes among adolescents and youths in Nepal.
cord-270472-tufbqesg	2020	title: Human rights protections are needed alongside PPE for health-care workers responding to COVID-19 5 Absent from this picture were two themes reported elsewhere-the Chinese government failing to protect health-care workers or censoring and detaining them for speaking out. In February, 2020, a nurse from Wuhan Central Hospital posted a devastating picture of neglect of health workers and fear of government reprisal on social media, writing that the actual situation was "not as good as reported. 7 The Chinese government is currently detaining three Beijing-based activists who operated a webpage to collect censored COVID-19 stories, and two citizen journalists after reporting on the pandemic. 8 The message to health-care workers is clear-resilience amid challenges does not include demanding adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) or speaking out about conditions. Censorship and attacks on healthcare workers responding to COVID-19 are not limited to China. The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: a qualitative study
cord-270910-xb746mv5	2020	Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted prevalence rate ratios for the association between demographic characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty level, urban/rural residence, geographic region), health-related variables (receipt of well-child check-up, asthma diagnosis), and influenza vaccination. The strengths of the study include the use of HRSA datasets which are nationally representative of U.S. individuals who receive primary and preventive care from health centers, as well as the analysis of several sociodemographic characteristics to explore potential disparities in influenza vaccine uptake across pediatric subpopulations in underserved communities. Additional research is needed to further explore patient, family, provider, and organizational factors that may influence influenza vaccination among children receiving care at HRSA-funded health centers. Notwithstanding the limitations mentioned above, this study provides the first nationally representative estimates of influenza vaccination rates among pediatric patients receiving care from HRSA-funded health centers, both overall and for subpopulations based on demographic and health-related factors.
cord-270969-zb6ih5dl	2011	Southeast Asia is a region of enormous social, economic, and political diversity, both across and within countries, shaped by its history, geography, and position as a major crossroad of trade and the movement of goods and services. Rapid but inequitable socioeconomic development, coupled with differing rates of demographic and epidemiological transitions, have accentuated health disparities and posed great public health challenges for national health systems, particularly the control of emerging infectious diseases and the rise of non-communicable diseases within ageing populations. • The diversity of geography and history, including social, cultural, and economic diff erences, have contributed to highly divergent health status and health systems across and within countries of southeast Asia. Regional collaboration in standards of data collection and health systems analysis is hampered by WHO''s division of the ASEAN region into two areas under separate regional offi ces: the South-East Asia Regional Offi ce, encompassing Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand, and the Western Pacifi c Regional Offi ce, consisting of the remaining countries.
cord-270970-9gtnsyts	2020	In multivariable analyses, participants who were black, were living below the poverty level, and had low health literacy were more likely to be less worried about COVID-19, to not believe that they would become infected, and to feel less prepared for an outbreak. We did a time-sensitive study among higher-risk, older adults living with 1 or more chronic conditions to determine their current awareness of COVID-19, their perception of the seriousness of its threat, their level of worry and concern related to contracting the virus, whether it is affecting their daily routine or existing plans, how prepared they feel to handle an outbreak, and their confidence in the federal government response. In our study, disparities by race, socioeconomic status, and health literacy were not reflected in ratings of the seriousness of the COVID-19 threat, demonstrated knowledge of its symptom presentation or general means to prevent it, or reported changes to daily routines and plans.
cord-271115-3nhbzybq	2020	Nurses must advocate for research, education, and policies that support disaster-resilient infrastructure and human services that allow communities across the globe to effectively mitigate the impact of climate change on human health. While research continues to emerge, current evidence suggests that a wide range of serious physical and mental health consequences, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicide and/or suicidal thoughts, result from exposure to climate-related disasters Clayton, Manning, Krygsman, & Speiser, 2017) . Some examples of adaptive strategies include providing counseling (Hayes, Blashki, Wiseman, Burke, & Reifels, 2018) , advocating for removal of barriers in access and cost to mental health care in insurance plans (Rowan, McAlpine, & Blewett, 2013) , and conducting more research on existing populations of individuals who have been affected by climate change (Hayes et al., 2018) .
cord-271249-f634kpug	2020	In this Invited Commentary, the authors describe how an MSHS Employee, Faculty, and Trainee Crisis Support Task Force-created in early March 2020 and composed of behavioral health, human resources, and wellbeing leaders from across the health system-used a rapid needs assessment model to capture the concerns of the workforce related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The task force identified 3 priority areas central to promoting and maintaining the well-being of the entire MSHS workforce during the pandemic: meeting basic daily needs; enhancing communications for delivery of current, reliable, and reassuring messages; and developing robust psychosocial and mental health support options. The task force identified 3 priority areas central to promoting and maintaining the well-being of the entire MSHS workforce during the pandemic: meeting basic daily needs; enhancing communications for delivery of current, reliable, and reassuring messages; and developing robust psychosocial and mental health support options.
cord-271330-9mk5c268	2017	Improvements in IPC at the national and facility level are critical for the successful containment of antimicrobial resistance and the prevention of HAI, including outbreaks of highly transmissible diseases through high quality care within the context of universal health coverage. Given the limited availability of IPC evidence-based guidance and standards, the World Health Organization (WHO) decided to prioritize the development of global recommendations on the core components of effective IPC programmes both at the national and acute health care facility level, based on systematic literature reviews and expert consensus. (Strong recommendation, very low quality of evidence) Evaluation of the evidence from two studies (one controlled before-after study [17] and one interrupted time series [18] ) showed that IPC programmes including dedicated, trained professionals are effective in reducing HAI in acute care facilities. The panel recommends that facility-based HAI surveillance should be performed to guide IPC interventions and detect outbreaks, including AMR surveillance, with timely feedback of results to health care workers and stakeholders and through national networks.
cord-271392-u6vme2c8	2017	RESULTS: Based on Gaertner and Dovidio''s Common Ingroup Identity Model, a number of questionnaires were designed and tested; with PROGRESS, the relation between collaboration and common goal was assessed, mediated by decategorization, recategorization, mutual differentiation and knowledge sharing. However, in terms of making room for the bigger collective goal alongside their responsibilities related to the day-to-day care of their own patients, human and veterinary healthcare professionals often see insufficient added value [14] , even though a greater awareness of the added value associated with collaboration would ultimately result in improved care [5, 15, 16] . The current study will not only indicate whether the Common Ingroup Identity Model is useful for the respective groups of healthcare professionals, but it will also quantitatively assess the relationships between the common goal and collaboration in combination with associated mediating factors. One Health as a common goal has a positive effect on collaboration between human and veterinary healthcare professionals.
cord-271679-94h6rcih	2020	Results: After analyzing 12 interviews, extraction resulted in 76 common codes, 28 subcategories, and 8 categories, which are as follow: detection; treatment and infection control; coordination, Resources; training and exercises; communication and information system; construction; and planning and assessment. The common codes derived from these subcategories are as follow: the ability to control infections during deliberate or natural biological outbreaks; the availability of preventive drugs at a predetermined time during an epidemic of communicable diseases; appropriate vaccination of people at risk; and the safety of hospitalized or outpatients patients in the outbreak of infectious diseases; and waste management. In this qualitative study, which was done using content analysis, the effective factors for hospital performance in biological emergencies in IR of Iran were identified as follow: diagnosis; treatment and control of infection; resources; coordination; training and practice; communication and information systems; construction; and planning and assessment.
cord-271765-altqn10l	2020	Therefore, any communication must be understandable and accessible by all types of people, regardless of their technology, language, culture or disability (physical or mental), according to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), taking on special relevance for public health content. Moreover, it is surprising that the average duration of visits has also increased, so it can be said that the WHO website has been and is a reference for consultation on public health on a global level, especially in times of pandemics This search result confirms that the WHO has a social responsibility to provide quality content and information that is accessible to all types of people, since as the network evolves, different challenges are being addressed, resulting in a continuous need for relationships and trust [29] .
cord-271867-n563yqw4	2020	We compare and contrast the learnings of flexibility of time, space, procedures or attendance we acquired in this clinical community setting during regular times, with the new challenges families and therapists face, and the adaptations needed to continue to work with our clients in culturally responsive and empowering ways during the Covid‐19 pandemic. During Covid-19, the SRFC physicians, pharmacy team, medical students, staff, volunteers, mental health team, social workers, and promotoras (experienced community members who are core staff and act as "trust bridges" to the community (Beck, 2005) ) have come together to continue to provide health, mental health care and emotional support through telemedicine and delivery of medications and food to patients'' homes. Relying on our learnings about providing services to under resourced families and communities in regular times, during the Covid-19 pandemic we expand the limits of what appears possible in a variety of new ways.
cord-271887-blwrpf38	2020	Our initial examination of the suitability of the PHC and its associated technologies as a key contributor to public health responses is designed to "flatten the curve", particularly among unreached high-risk NCD populations in developing countries. Portable Health Clinic (PHC) services, which is an RHS, have proven efficacy in providing necessary information and preventive measures for people without access to healthcare facilities [17] [18] [19] . No previous study to date has examined the scopes of designing and developing an RHS based on the general requirements to facilitate primary screening and triaging COVID-19 and primary healthcare services for preventing COVID-19 and controlling NCDs. However, such screening and triaging COVID-19 by an RHS is important for cost-effective check-ups and for reducing the risk of transmission for unreached communities with various needs. In its existing functional form, deploying the PHC and related RHS technologies for socially distanced populations during a public health emergency, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, is beneficial in reducing the risk of transmission to frontline healthcare professionals.
cord-271892-cadjzw9h	2019	Methods: To develop a competent workforce to manage epidemics and improve disease surveillance, Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) established an advanced-level Field Epidemiology Training Program, called Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP); closely modelled after the US CDC''s Epidemic Intelligence Service. The shortage of field epidemiologists in Uganda to address critical aspects of health in the public sector prompted the Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH), with support of key partners including Makerere University School of Public Health (MakSPH) and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to establish the Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP) in 2015. During the two-year fellowship period, fellows are required to attain certain core competencies in domains that include public health emergency response, surveillance data analysis, surveillance system evaluation, applied epidemiologic study, cost analysis of outbreaks, quality improvement science, burden of disease estimation, and leadership skills.
cord-271898-cct702cv	2020	The main aim of this study was to assess the association between HL and eHL with the opinions about vaccinations and the introduction of the ST held by a representative sample of the adult Polish population. According to the systematic review published by Lopez et al., higher acceptance of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was associated most consistently with female gender and younger age of respondent parent, female gender of the adolescent, higher household income and previous childhood vaccinations [35] . Finally, the systematic review with a meta-analysis based on 20 papers reporting the results of 22 studies, published in 2019 by Eykelenboom et al., showed that 42% of the public supported the SSB tax; 39% accepted it as a measure to reduce obesity, and 66% supported it if the revenue is used for some type of health-improving initiative [70] .
cord-271914-idvf47rs	2020	PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the intermediary role of physical health quality of life and ability to participate social roles and activities in the relationship between pain intensity and mental health quality of life in veterans with mental illnesses. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the intermediary role of physical health quality of life and ability to participate in social roles and activities in the relationship between pain intensity and mental health quality of life in veterans with mental illnesses. Although there is a lack of research examining the intermediary role of physical health QOL and ability to participate in social roles and activities for the relationship between pain intensity and mental health QOL among veterans, it is also important to report that our findings are partially consistent with some studies with different populations.
cord-271975-iygxrlxg	2020	However, in times of rapid societal change, novel opinion-based groups can emerge and provide a new basis for partisan identification and divergent collective behaviour. However, as previously seen during the Brexit debate in the United Kingdom, new ''opinion-based groups'' (McGarty, Bliuc, Thomas, & Bongiorno, 2009) can emerge from social processes without clear relations to prior groups or socio-political structures. Using a novel network-based method, we explore whether opposing attitude-based clusters emerge over time and investigate whether factional attitude alignment becomes a basis for divergence in public health behaviour. In two complimentary studies, we investigate (i) the emergence of factional alignment in health attitudes during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, (ii) consequences for maintaining public health behaviour, and (iii) the contribution of pre-existing social categories. These distinct attitudebased factions differed in behavioural compliance, suggesting that trust in science and health officials is a core basis for emerging COVID-19 opinion-based groups.
cord-272001-er7lvhn5	2020	The primary aim of this pilot study was to use mixed-methods to better understand the mental health and well-being effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as sources of resilience, among women during the perinatal period. Thirty-one pregnant and postpartum women participated in phone interviews and were invited to complete an online survey which included validated mental health and well-being measures. 10, 11 Many studies have explored the impacts of disasters, or events that cause disruption exceeding the adjustment capacity of the affected community, 13 on mental health and have found that prenatal and postpartum women may experience significantly higher rates of mood disorders during disasters compared with the general population. 19 The primary aim of this pilot study was to use mixed-methods to better understand mental health and well-being, as well as sources of resilience, for women in the perinatal period during the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-272311-91xjkv6m	2020	METHODS: A rapid systematic review was undertaken, including articles from online databases discussing the roles, willingness and appropriateness of medical student involvement in global health emergencies. Data were extracted using the predefined standardized form and included: article, author, year, journal, country, article type, article design, aim, area studied (role/willingness/appropriateness/preparedness), article population, setting/context, the number of participants, methodology, outcomes, key findings, relation to past global health emergency (if applicable), comments on the role; comments on willingness, comments on appropriateness, and critical appraisal. Future research should be targeted at filling important gaps in the literature discussed above, including evaluating the effectiveness of different roles undertaken by medical students in global health emergencies and the ethical issues regarding the appropriateness of the medical students'' involvement.
cord-272498-s58l65s4	2020	At the same time, our modern, conventional farming systems contribute up to a quarter of global greenhouse emissions and rely on toxic inputs that threaten our health, biodiversity, clean air and water, and our soil''s long-term capacity to produce food-all of which ultimately jeopardize the future of human health and all of which can be mitigated by changing the model. Regenerative organic agriculture, on the other hand, envisions a future in which farming, healthcare, and food production practices inform a prevention and intervention-based approach to human and planetary health. By integrating our food production and healthcare systems, transitioning to a regenerative organic farming model, building in access to food that improves health rather than compromises it and emphasizing nutrition and lifestyle choices that prevent disease, we could radically change the system and take control of our health through farming.
cord-272843-fis10xbi	2020	Whilst current public health measures focused on good hygiene practices and limiting person-to-person transmission contribute effectively in managing the COVID-19 pandemic, they will not prevent all individuals from becoming infected. The value of beneficial health behaviours and a healthy lifestyle to improve immune functioning and lower adverse consequences of COVID-19 are increasingly being emphasized. Here we discuss seven key health behaviours that may assist in reducing unfavourable COVID-19 outcomes whilst having important co-beneficial impacts on non-communicable disease prevention (Figure 1) . Furthermore, smoking is known to be associated with viral infections and severity (e.g., influenza) as smokers are more likely to have poorer lung function/capacity [11] , contract microbial diseases (through structural changes in the respiratory tract, decreased immunity) [12] , and perform repetitive hand-to-mouth movements. While being conscious of implementation challenges, proposed actions provide guidance on health behaviours improving immune and cardiorespiratory function that may reduce adverse COVID-19 outcomes.
cord-272933-b2phq37e	2020	This paper proposes a pandemic-free travel concept based on creating an infectious diseases free zone in the airport terminal building through screening of passengers, crews and airport workers. First, preparing to restart and recover aviation to normal traffic levels; then, being ready for the next health crisis and secure passenger confidence in air travel (IATA, 2020b) . The companies working at the airport terminal building premises (airports, airlines, ground handlers, national agencies, subcontracted personnel, retailers …) are implementing the following measures to continue or resume operations (ACI-Europe, 2020; Changi airport, 2020; U.S. Department of Transportation, 2020), to prevent the spread of COVID-19: -Cleaning and sanitizing: enhancing sanitation of floors, carpets, high-contact areas … also, providing hand sanitizers and wipes for facility users. Its success will depend on technical advances on infectious detection means, acceptance to replace quarantines by testing, build of appropriate industry standards and State regulations, adequate health screening responsibility management, public opinion and support by all the air travel stakeholders.
cord-272965-l0d7rgt0	2020	► King and Koski''s definition of global health may exacerbate inequities by reserving the right to call oneself a global health researcher to those who are privileged and have access to funding that enables them to travel to other settings. Moreover, King and Koski''s 1 definition is not adequate because some global health initiatives are aimed at finding solutions to domestic problems, whether it be in a high, middle or low-income country. 6 7 There are examples of global health research and interventions where countries and communities have worked collaboratively and shared expertise, cultural knowledge and other resources to develop appropriate and effective solutions. 6 11 12 Recognising global health as a field in its own right is crucial to ensure there are dedicated resources for training and forums where the global health community can exchange and share knowledge, so that best practices can be further promoted, especially among students and emerging researchers and practitioners.
cord-272998-jx4xpbjl	2006	This paper investigates the effect of population health on gross inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI). The Effect of Population Health on Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to Low-and Middle-Income Countries To investigate if health status of a population affects FDI inflows, we conduct a panel data analysis of 74 industrialized and developing countries over the period 1980-2000. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents stylized facts regarding FDI and its relationship to developing countries and human capital; Section 3 reviews empirical evidence and theoretical arguments for considering health as a form of human capital; Section 4 describes the theory of FDI inflows and the empirical model used in the analysis; Section 5 details the data used and our sources; Section 6 presents our empirical results; and Section 7 concludes. This paper provides empirical evidence that health is indeed a positive and statistically significant determinant of gross FDI inflows to low-and middle-income countries.
cord-273036-nrc35akc	2020	We aimed to assess the association between Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and hospital mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019, and to compare the predictive ability of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, Age 65 (CURB65) score. Conclusions: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was an effective clinical tool to predict hospital mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 compared with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and CURB65 score. Conclusions: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was an effective clinical tool to predict hospital mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 compared with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and CURB65 score. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score are commonly used to assess disease severity and estimate hospital mortality in general critical illnesses (7, 8) .
cord-273045-ele1cz86	2020	authors: Johnson, Claire D.; Green, Bart N.; Konarski-Hart, Karen K.; Hewitt, Elise G.; Napuli, Jason G.; Foshee, William K.; Brown, Jason W.; Kopansky-Giles, Deborah; Stuber, Kent J.; Lerede, Caterina; Charlton, Scott T.; Field, Jonathan R.; Botelho, Marcelo B.; Da Silva, Kendrah L.; Tønner, Gitte; Yap, Terrence BK.; Gkolfinopoulos, Vasileios S.; Quintero, Gabriel; Agaoglu, Mustafa H. 68 The Texas Board of Chiropractic Examiners issued guidelines on appropriateness of chiropractic care through April 30 that stated, "Licensees should only provide essential chiropractic services for patients with current or recurrent complaints of pain or disability which adversely affects the patient''s ability to engage in the essential activities of daily living or work, or adversely affects the patient''s quality of life, and with anticipation of material improvement under chiropractic care." 69 As of May 1, updated orders included that licensed chiropractors could provide wellness care but, "should continue to adhere to safety and prevention best practices specified in the most current advice from the Centers for Disease Control." 70 William Foshee.
cord-273785-mxehiuq1	2020	Public health policy needs improved methods to encourage people to adhere to COVID-19-preventive behaviors. While multiple biases are identified in the field of behavioral economics, in this paper we focus on six that tend to be particularly relevant to COVID-19-related behaviors: present bias, status quo bias, framing effect, optimism bias, affect heuristic, and herding behavior. It seems that health messages intended to encourage people to engage in COVID-19-preventive behaviors (e.g., social distancing) should be framed in terms of gains, such as "If you wash your hands properly/ follow social distancing policy/adhere to the stay-at-home policy, you will increase the chances of yourself and your family having a long, healthy life." This paper can improve our understanding of the decision-making biases that can be applied as entry points in public health policies and interventions for the prevention of COVID-19.
cord-273805-01b94ids	2020	Based on a critical review of existing data and documents, complemented by the authors'' experience in supporting UHC policy making and implementation in Senegal, we apply the World Health Organisation''s conceptual framework based on six health system building blocks (leadership and governance; financing; health workforce; infrastructure, equipment, pharmaceuticals and medical products; health information; and service delivery) [8] , enhanced by an analysis of the demand-side of the health system (characteristics and expectations of the Senegalese populations) [9] . However, based on our appraisal of the situation, two important issues weaken the governance of the health and social protection sectors in Senegal: on the one hand, severe disparities in the way in which resources are allocated and managed in the sector and across regions [2, 15] ; and on J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f the other hand, the fragmentation of the institutions in charge of managing and implementing the various aspects of the overall UHC policy.
cord-273918-knlc3bxh	2020	1,2 Furthermore, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, might infect the brain or trigger immune responses that have additional adverse effects on brain function and mental health in patients with Research funders and researchers must deploy resources to understand the psychological, social, and neuroscientific effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. We use the term mental health sciences to reflect the many different disciplines, including, but not limited to, psychology, psychiatry, clinical medicine, behavioural and social sciences, and neuroscience, that will need to work together in a multidisciplinary fashion together with people with lived experience of mental health issues or COVID-19 to address these research priorities.
cord-274163-yxl9a9u7	2020	These interactions can affect the physical, emotional, and social well-being of PLWNCDs. In this paper, we discuss the effects of the COVID-19 syndemic on PLWNCDs, particularly how it has exposed them to NCD risk factors and disrupted essential public health services. We argue that, for people living with NCDs (PLWNCDs), COVID-19 is considered a syndemic-a synergistic pandemic that interacts with various pre-existing medical conditions and social, ecological, and political factors and exacerbates existing NCDs. Studies have reported higher proportions of frailty (13, 14) , malnutrition (15) , psychological problems (16) , and coinfections, including antimicrobial resistance pathogens, among PLWNCDs (17) in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs).
cord-274459-781by93r	2020	Our review aims to evaluate strategies of the most affected countries from different continents all over the world (China, Italy, Germany, France, Spain, America, Canada, Brazil, UK, India, Japan, Singapore, Iran, Korea, and Australia) for confronting the epidemic as it explains the best practices that could help other countries to overcome current or any upcoming pandemic. Most countries were forced to announce emergency measures to protect vulnerable people and block ways of transmission due to the continuous increase in confirmed cases by time as reported in Figure 3 [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . Most countries were forced to announce emergency measures to protect vulnerable people and block ways of transmission due to the continuous increase in confirmed cases by time as reported in Figure 3 [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] .
cord-274570-dcewfkmi	2020	As concerns rose over the potential impacts of such NPI measures on children''s health, such as longer exposure to digital screens, irregular sleep pattern, weight gain, and loss of cardiorespiratory fitness [1] , the Chinese Government, experts on public health, educators on school health, and teachers have been making joint and massive efforts to provide distance learning with well-organized online courses to help. How can we cooperate with experts on public health and with educators on school health to perform health communication and to minimize the impact of the pandemic on children''s physical and mental health? In the context of such a crisis, as the National Children''s Medical Center, we launched a special project, the Child Health Initiative for Children and Adolescents (CHI) (https ://erke-he.51tin gyi.com/home/index ), to provide multidisciplinary support and services on physical and mental health, to perform health communication, and to relieve anxiety and stress.
cord-274580-h7sxkqw7	2019	Consistent with its emphasis on promoting global health, China follows the norm of "building a community of shared future for mankind", which operates as a guiding principle for China when it participates in global governance, as proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping, in keeping with the 17 United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by 2030. The first is to advocate the Belt and Road Initiative that seeks to share China''s experience and wisdom with the world, to promote global peace and cooperation, and to engage in joint development endeavors. To improve China-Africa Cooperation in public health, there could be a variety of ways, including regularly communicating and discussing relevant topics, short-term training (10 days) and further study (3 months) programs for the Belt and Road countries in Africa, holding seminars, and sending experts to introduce the international public health development aid and enhance capacity to participate.
cord-274895-rw5keyos	2020	However, much of the early research focused solely on the first 3-year reform after 2009 in China, summary box ► Continued political support is the most important enabling condition for achieving universal health coverage (UHC). 42 43 Under the goal of achieving UHC, China concentrated on establishing the four systems (ie, public health service system, medical service system, health insurance system, and drug supply and security system), based on the eight functional mechanisms that could provide essential supports. There were five reform priorities: (1) accelerating the establishment of a basic health insurance system; (2) establishing a preliminary national essential drug system; (3) improving the primary care delivery system to provide basic healthcare; (4) making basic public health services (BPHS) available and equal for all; and (5) piloting public hospital reforms.
cord-274996-fk510s1v	2020	The participants include stakeholders from the Departments of Health (DoH), Basic Education (DBE), community-based/non-governmental organizations and caregivers of children receiving CAMH care. These multiple stakeholders, particularly teachers and caregivers (parents, grandparents, foster parents and other family members), are perceived to be active gatekeepers to CAMH care, given their vital role in identifying and seeking help for children and adolescents with mental (behavioural, emotional, social and developmental) disorders. Service providers who helped to identify and refer children and adolescents potentially requiring mental health care were situated at different levels of the community, health and education systems, and included nurses in clinics, social workers in the communities, educators, learner support agents and school health nurses in schools. A senior mental health professional highlighted that the psychologists are mostly the first point of contact for children and adolescents with CAMH conditions within the hospital (most of the referrals from the schools are addressed to them) and they refer them to the appropriate specialists for cases in need of more specialized interventions.
cord-275034-tq6tbhsn	2020	Having elementary aged children at home, past month depressive symptoms and loneliness and enacting more COVID-19 protective behaviors were associated with both reduced partnered bonding behaviors, such as hugging, cuddling, holding hands and kissing, as well as reduced partnered sexual behaviors, such as oral sex, partnered genital touching and vaginal sex. 10 Individuals who are well-educated about COVID-19, 9 including transmission and prevention information, may feel empowered to participate in partnered sex particularly if they perceive that knowledge makes them "low risk." 4 Finally, COVID-19 mitigation measures, such as social distancing and recommended hygiene (e.g., hand washing), could impact how people approach sex. 3, 6, 16 The purpose of the current paper is to characterize the past month self-reported sexual changes in solo and partnered sexual behaviors in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, and understand how those changes are associated with structural, mental health, and COVID-associated risk perception and knowledge.
cord-275056-nl4rhvlu	2005	The architecture has been used to build eleven surveillance applications for the Public Health Agency of Canada in the areas of disease surveillance, survey, distributed data collection and inventory management. CONCLUSIONS: We have found that a software architecture that addresses requirements on policies, security and flexibility facilitates the development of configurable public health applications. The purpose of the ALPHA Project is to develop a software application architecture based on the philosophy of configuring and reusing common components to produce services that would be used to enable faster development of robust, maintainable public health applications. At the Public Health Agency of Canada, many different surveillance system applications have been developed using different technologies to collect data for specific diseases. For instance, a Disease Access Service uses the Profiler Component to provide the access control functionality specifically for case information on different diseases.
cord-275660-zdw50gt2	2020	A lack of effective methods for screening potential patients, rapidly diagnosing suspected cases, and accurately monitoring the epidemic in real time to prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19 raises significant difficulties in mitigating the epidemic in many countries. In this communication, we discuss the feasibility of an integrated point-of-care biosensor system with mobile health for wastewater-based epidemiology (iBMW) for early warning of COVID-19, screening and diagnosis of potential infectors, and improving health care and public health. We discuss the feasibility of an integrated POC 55 biosensor system with mobile health for wastewater-based epidemiology (iBMW) for early warning 56 of COVID-19, screening and diagnosis of potential infectors, improving patient health care and 57 monitoring public health. The first crucial step is the rapid and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 to screen potential patients, 62 confirm suspected cases, provide timely health care/treatment, monitor and manage the epidemic 63 (Udugama et al.
cord-275801-cjxuvyh9	2020	Then, we developed a web application where each clinician can fill specific forms to monitor COVID symptoms and their evolution at the time of each phone call. In this case, we needed to be able to integrate quickly the most important data for COVID monitoring despite the lack of interoperability between our different digitized systems. Since our administrative data is fully digitized, we were able to link patients throughout the Both databases are implemented with WINDEV ® , because it allowed us to automatically integrate data from our hospital framework (all of our hospital software rely on Oracle ® database management system). Finally, both COVID databases allow to perform queries using Structured Query Language (SQL) and extract structured data in comma-separated values (CSV) form, which helps us create real-time reports. The electronic health record is an essential tool for COVID-19 management, but even without it, we can still develop alternative solutions that can tremendously help hospitals with limited resources and without state of the-art health IT.
cord-275806-tt7dvhbd	2020	title: The neglected health of international migrant workers in the COVID-19 epidemic Compared with other international migrants (ie, international students), IMWs encounter more barriers in accessing health services in host countries (eg, inadequate health insurance), particularly migrant domestic workers. For instance, some migrant domestic workers in Hong Kong and Macau have lost their jobs because their employers have left the territory. 5 For instance, WeChat (a Chinese social network platform) is used by IMWs in Hong Kong and Macau for sharing key health messages and official information to the community and providing one another with emotional support. For instance, during the epidemic, IMWs should be provided more accessible health care. Public health campaigns should be available in multiple languages and diffused through various communication channels and networks of IMWs as soon as possible. Occupational health outcomes among international migrant workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
cord-276007-fu04n9p3	2020	With the wide use of EHRs, the enlargement of the care team perimeter, the need for data sharing for care continuity, the reuse of data for the sake of research, and the implementation of AI-powered decision support tools, new ethics requirements are necessary to address issues such as threats on privacy, confidentiality breaches, poor security practices, lack of patient information, tension on data sharing and reuse policies, need for more transparency on apps effectiveness, biased algorithms with discriminatory outcomes, guarantee on trustworthy AI, concerns on the re-identification of de-identified data. With the wide use of EHRs, the enlargement of the care team perimeter, the need for data sharing for care continuity, the reuse of data for the sake of research, and the implementation of AI-powered decision support tools, new ethics requirements are necessary to address issues such as threats on privacy, confidentiality breaches, poor security practices, lack of patient information, tension on data sharing and reuse policies, need for more transparency on apps effectiveness, biased algorithms with discriminatory outcomes, guarantee on trustworthy AI, concerns on the re-identification of de-identified data.
cord-276150-hp174yft	2020	In our review, we determined that the key steps taken by Nepal included border control to prevent the importation of cases, strict quarantine in facilities for anyone entering the country, early case detection, and isolation of all infected cases irrespective of symptoms. Towards the end of March, there were five cases that had arrived from China, Europe, and Dubai that tested positive and were placed in isolation in COVID-19-designated hospitals in Kathmandu. On May 7, in order to increase the rate of testing in the limited number of facilities, PCR of pooled samples of individuals in quarantine and low risk for COVID-19 was started at a ratio of 1:5. After the initial cases introduced into Kathmandu by flight in early March as detailed above, there was a cohort of a few dozen Indian nationals adjacent to the border entering Nepal from India by land that tested positive.
cord-276256-gmlsoo2z	2020	All these factorscoupled with biological susceptibility, income, education, access health care, cultural influences on nutrition, health, selfimage, and self-care-influence the development of diabetes in LatAm. We conducted a review of the most current publications on the state of prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes mellitus across LatAm. By laying out a detailed accounting of what is known, we aim to identify population, clinical, and health care needs, and opportunities for future research studies and potential interventions. The number of epidemiological studies published since 2005 indicates greater public health awareness about diabetes mellitus across LatAm. Multiple countries have performed at least one national survey on chronic non-communicable diseases in which self-reported diabetes mellitus and/or elevated glycemia has been included (Table 1) .
cord-276428-oy8e2cpx	2020	This commentary examines the historical arc of the 1918 influenza pandemic, focusing on black Americans and showing the complex and sometimes surprising ways it operated, triggering particular responses both within a minority community and in wider racial, sociopolitical, and public health structures. This commentary examines the historical arc of the 1918 influenza pandemic, focusing on black Americans and showing the complex and sometimes surprising ways it operated, triggering particular re-sponses both within a minority community and in wider racial, sociopolitical, and public health structures. We examine the historical arc of the 1918 influenza pandemic, focusing on black Americans and showing the complex, sometimes surprising ways it triggered particular responses both within a minority community and in wider racial, sociopolitical, and public health structures. Although the influenza pandemic does not reveal ready associations between deleterious social, cultural, and economic conditions and poor outcomes (aside from higher case-fatality rate) for black Americans, the gaps in historical documentation may reflect inherent disparities and consequences of limited racial/ethnic data collection.
cord-276439-5x59kfb3	2017	2 Goal 3 (to ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages), with Target 3.8 on universal health coverage (UHC), emphasize the importance of all people and communities having access to quality health services without risking financial hardship. One way UHC contributes to the SDGs is by promoting global public health security and it does so by increasing the resilience of health systems to respond to health threats that spread within as well as across national borders. Fourth, through the development of health systems that create fair, trustworthy and responsive social institutions, health system strengthening directly contributes to SDG 16 (promote inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions for all). The Lancet Commission on Investing in Health reported that around one quarter of economic growth between 2000 and 2011 in low-and middle-income countries resulted from the value added by improvements in the health of the population.
cord-276445-m5vjo3ym	2017	For the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa from 2014 to 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended securing 42 days (World Health Organization, 2015) , or twice the observed maximum incubation period, from the time at which the last case was found negative for the virus at second testing. WHO reports and other sources were reviewed in an analysis of all known recrudescence events occurring from 2014 to 2016 (World Health Organization, 2016; Sheri, 2015; Farge and Giahyue, 2015; Dahl et al., 2016; Dakaractu, 2016; Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, 2016) . A total of five cases of recrudescence were identified ( Figure 1 ): three occurred in Liberia and one each in Guinea and Sierra Leone (World Health Organization, 2016; Sheri, 2015; Farge and Giahyue, 2015; Dahl et al., 2016; Dakaractu, 2016; Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, 2016) .
cord-276758-k2imddzr	2007	
cord-276855-j10tvmvd	2012	An intersectoral coordination mechanism established between the veterinary and public health sectors has expanded its function to incorporate more work on food safety, emergency management, and effects of climate change on zoonotic diseases. mechanism established between the veterinary and public health sectors has expanded its function to incorporate more work on food safety, emergency management, and effects of climate change on zoonotic diseases. The Coordination Committee has responsibility for developing joint policy on the prevention and control of priority zoonotic diseases; for approving action plans produced by a technical working group; for making recommendations on risk assessment, early warning and response activities during outbreaks; for reviewing and revising zoonotic diseases standard operational procedures (SOPs) and guidelines to reflect intersectoral collaboration; for providing methodological assistance to improve the capacity of professional institutions at the national and subnational level; for coordinating cooperation among different sectors in carrying out early detection and response functions; and for monitoring and evaluating overall zoonotic disease prevention and control.
cord-276934-6t91ao8e	2020	We examine epidemiological evidence for the central role of inequalities (principally economic) in driving the onset of mental disorders, physical ill health and premature mortality. Prevention of mental disorders and adverse outcomes such as premature mortality must begin with efforts to mitigate rising poverty-inequality. Then there is a sixth area, fair access to medical care: current national strategies to improve physical health outcomes in people with SMI and treatment of all mental disorders focus on this. But the antecedents of SMI are complex, and our understanding of why people develop psychosis is changing, building on the seminal work of Jim Van Os on the toxic effects of urbanicity 14 with consistent evidence of the cumulative effects of social disadvantage. 15 Outcomes in adults with first-episode psychosis are complex and improving slowly in our professional lifetimes (with adequately resourced early intervention services); even at 5-year follow-up, Mattsson et al 16 showed financial strain and social networks to be strong, independent predictors of outcomes.
cord-277246-24u9e4wr	2016	A few organizations representing disciplines within public health, such as the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) and the American College of Epidemiology (ACE), have written ethical guidelines specific to their professions and consistent with the APHA Code of Ethics. Common ethics challenges have included the distribution of scarce resources for curing or preventing infection, protection of populations without unnecessarily infringing on individual rights, ensuring that health-care workers fulfill their duties when they and their families are at risk, and ensuring that health-care organizations fulfill their obligations to employees who are taking risks. Three professional perspectives were represented in the drafting of the Public Health Code of Ethics: law, philosophy, and public health practice. For example, the 11th principle in the Code states, "Public health institutions should ensure the professional competence of their employees."
cord-277446-0e6akcjf	2014	China''s health aid deploys medical teams, constructs facilities, donates drugs and equipment, trains personnel, and supports malaria control mainly in Africa and Asia. Regression analysis of African countries with variables of health aid (medical teams, donated facilities, malaria control) and economic interests (petroleum imports, China''s foreign investment, and China''s imports and exports) yielded no signifi cant pattern. 29 International eff orts include active participation and leadership in many international forums that foster cooperation in compliance of disease reporting and control, as shown by the initiation of the UN resolution on enhancement of capacity-building in global public health in 2003, and the joint International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Infl uenza with China, the European Commission, and the World Bank held in Beijing in 2006.
cord-278423-tluo3ztc	2020	METHODS: Latent Class Analysis with covariates was applied to the Mugello Study data to identify health profiles among the 504 nonagenarians residing in the Mugello district (Tuscany, Italy) and to evaluate the association between socioeconomic characteristics and the health profiles resulting from the analysis. RESULTS: This study highlights four groups labeled according to the posterior probability of determining a certain health characteristic: "healthy", "physically healthy with cognitive impairment", "unhealthy", and "severely unhealthy". To capture the heterogeneity of health status and evaluate the social disparities among individuals, researchers suggest the use of latent class analysis (LCA) as a person-centered approach [11] [12] [13] . To capture the heterogeneity of the health status among the oldest-old individuals, we supposed that Mugello''s nonagenarians could belong to unobserved or latent classes according to their health characteristics.
cord-278459-27lppl6x	2020	title: Healthcare worker''s mental health dilemma during COVID-19 pandemic: A reflection on the KSA experience 1, 6 The exponential increase in COVID-19 cases in China caused stress and anxiety among healthcare workers (HCWs). Due to direct exposure to infected patients, and the demanding nature of their duties, frontline HCWs are at higher risk of developing mental health problems than those indirectly involved in managing the pandemic, and they may need psychological intervention. 5, 10, 11 Reports of mental health problems caused by COVID-19 among HCWs are increasing. As the epidemic curve escalated, the anxiety and tension grew among frontline HCWs. Healthcare facilities quickly realised that demanding professional duty in a challenging work atmosphere with an increasing workload would undermine the mental health of frontline HCWs, and mandated the establishment of mental health support programs. Healthcare worker''s mental health dilemma during COVID-19 pandemic: A reflection on the KSA experience
cord-278533-3gpkb8nm	2020	3 Virtual health care solutions are one way we can offer transformative changes to the practice of neurological ambulatory care in Canada, in order to meet some of the unmet needs of this challenging patient population. 11 Physicians were able to assess patients more quickly via eVisit than via an in-person encounter, thus increasing the timely availability of health care. 14 Provided through the Ontario Telemedicine Network, eVisits were used exclusively for follow-up of clinical activities like the review of investigations, symptom management, therapeutic decisions, medication titration, other specialist consultations, patient counselling, and education. The high uptake in these clinics is due to multiple factors including the nature of the disease, patient barriers to accessing outpatient care (lack of driving privileges, physical disability, etc.), as well as the limited requirement for detailed hands-on neurological examination during follow-ups for epilepsy and sleep.
cord-278589-ios3cuxc	2020	We conducted a rapid literature review searching PubMed and MedrXiv with terms considered adequate to find relevant literature on the use of digital technologies in response to COVID-19. Digital technologies are useful also for prevention and surveillance measures, for example through contact-tracing apps or monitoring of internet searches and social media usage. We conducted a rapid review of the scientific literature to include quantitative and qualitative studies using diverse designs to describe which digital solutions have been reported to respond and fight the COVID-19 pandemic. Our literature review suggests that digital technologies can be useful for COVID-19 diagnosis as well as for implementing prevention and surveillance measures. [19] , Authors deploy a Coronavirus Symptom Checker that is a digital patient-facing selftriage and self-scheduling tool in a large academic health system to address the COVID-19 pandemic. In this rapid literature review we describe numerous digital solutions and technologies addressing several healthcare needs, with particular regard to diagnosis, prevention and surveillance.
cord-278672-pxzsntfg	2020	During outbreaks, especially those with a pandemic character, the following key activities [1] which are updated with COVID-19 strategy [2] have been identified whose strict implementation has an impact on the reduction of number of infected people and suppression of the spread of epidemic: 6 . This paper presents the adaptation and extension of existing medical information system (MIS) as an efficient response to the rapid COVID-19 epidemic spread, mostly through influencing the reduction of social contacts and earliest possible identification of potentially infected persons. According to the research findings the integration of patient self-triage tools into electronic health record (EHR) systems has a great potential in improving the triage efficiency and preventing unnecessary visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. The developed subsystem for the use of existing data from MIS MEDIS.NET in the education of students at the Faculty of Medicine and newly employed workers, as well as for medical research [47] , enables tracking and studying the COVID-19 disease at this stage.
cord-279180-xad53zht	2020	The COVID-19 is a respiratory disease that spreads at a maximum rate through droplets of the infected people through the air (World Health Organisation 2020a). • In addition, the incorporation of lockdown with other treatment and prevention measures such as school closures, travel restrictions, and social distancing has had a greater impact on spread prevention, cases requiring critical care beds, and deaths compared with quarantine alone. Machine learning has the potential to support clinicians'' work processing and management of large amounts of medical data contained in electronic health records and used in clinical applications which includes recognizing high-risk patients in need of ICU, the identification of early signs of lung cancer, determination of patient''s respiratory status from X-rays in the chest, such deep learning approaches employ neural networks to predict the input-output data relationship.
cord-279207-azh21npc	2020	In addition, it needs to be more sensitive and responsible in reporting about public health problems like the SARS-CoV-2, and suicide where the focus is on offering information which is helpful for prevention, details the steps to take in times of the health emergency, offers expert opinions from mental health professionals, helpline numbers for support and emergency services in hospitals. The development of such guidelines are crucial as the pattern of epidemics and pandemics changes over time, but the cycle of rumors or fake news or inaccurate media reports continues to revolve around media formats and especially in social media likely due to stress, anxiety and other psychological factors of individuals which requires to be studied in greater detail. Assessing the quality of media reporting of suicide news in India against World Health Organization guidelines: a content analysis study of nine major newspapers in Tamil Nadu
cord-279329-4io0g62p	2020	Efforts to reduce poverty in association with poor health due to major communicable afflictions such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), as well as maternal mortality, preventable deaths of newborns and children less than 5 years old [2] , were already part of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which have now been supplanted by the SDGs. Indeed, poverty is the greatest adversary in relation to health in the developing countries and current evidence illustrates that good health is not only an outcome, but an essential component of poverty reduction [7] . The programme, identified as a priority in the overall framework to roll back poverty, has a five-area focus: (i) improving access to essential health services covered by health insurance and financial assistance schemes; (ii) strengthening health infrastructure and service delivery capacities in poor and rural regions; (iii) providing educational and training opportunities including attractive recruitment and retaining policies for the health workforce; (iv) promoting infectious and endemic disease elimination; and (v) supporting maternal and child health and nutrition in poor regions.
cord-279356-s3iigb0j	2020	Taking care of patients with chronic, terminal diseases presents unique challenges to the mental health of medical oncologists. Delegated to be a national COVID-19 referral centre, the University of the Philippines—Philippine General Hospital faced many challenges, including the increased workload in a perilous and anxiety-inducing national crisis which placed the entire healthcare team in an unprecedented situation. To adapt to these challenges, the Division of Medical Oncology employed the following measures to safeguard the mental health of its faculty and fellows: 1) use of psychological support materials; 2) initiation of a psychological intervention programme and 3) establishment of peer support programmes. To adapt to the situation, the Division of Medical Oncology employed the following measures to safeguard the mental health of its faculty and trainees: Participants reported that the seriousness of the disease and the current situation coupled with the responsibility of taking care of cancer patients contributed to the anxiety felt, especially when on duty at the COVID-19 areas.
cord-279540-dmb416ls	2020	UK National Health Service (NHS) bodies within English community settings had reacted quickly to the pandemic by adopting digital innovations, including the widespread use of video consultations. Widespread prison telemedicine implementation efforts previously struggled to find traction in England, 5 yet were suddenly perceived as one of the most important tools to maintain health-care service continuity throughout the pandemic (appendix). Access to health care and permissions for the introduction of digital technologies must be oper ationalised within the constraints and security policies of Her Majesty''s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS). HMPPS must investigate and approve any digital solution that is to be implemented within prisons to assure security, including health-care technologies. The prison health system was pushed to consider rapid implementation of digital technology to support the pandemic response and maintain essential healthcare services for their vulnerable population.
cord-279640-n391v32y	2008	The increased adoption of EHRs and related Health IT provide a unique opportunity for ICPs and infection diseases specialists to automate manual processes and address the growing challenge of HAI and guidelines for public reporting. 7 Order management, clinical decision support, patient support, and population health functions have the potential for a more direct impact on infectious disease management, surveillance, prevention, and control but are not generally essential components of all present day EHRs. Order management includes functions such as computerized physician order entry (CPOE), which allows electronic entry of laboratory, medications, and radiology orders instead of orders being recorded on paper sheets or prescription pads. Although the benefits of health information, result management, electronic connectivity, and administrative support activities in terms of 24/7 chart access and better availability of the data are apparent and well understood, CPOE and CDS when customized and utilized appropriately can also have a direct and significant impact on patient care.
cord-279699-068kdv9y	2020	In the amended Act, pseudonymized information may be processed without the consent of data subjects for statistical purposes, scientific research, and the preservation of records for the public interest, and so forth. This means that it is also a change to meet the protection standards of the European Union''s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of the United States. The HIPAA by the US government achieves the deidentification of protected health information through the expert determination method and safe harbor method [5] . According to the amended PIPA, pseudonymized information may be processed without the consent of the data subjects for statistical purposes, scientific research, and the preservation of records for the public interest. Guidance Regarding Methods for De-identification of Protected Health Information in Accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule
cord-279991-w2aoogjj	2020	As unmanaged anxiety or fear related to COVID-19 may potentially lead to long-term effects on nurses'' work performance and job satisfaction, leading to frequent absenteeism and eventual turnover (Lee et al., 2020; , it is critically important to examine whether frontline nurses'' fear of COVID-19 contributes to psychological distress, work satisfaction and intent to leave their organisation and the profession. After adjusting for nurse/unit/hospital characteristics, an increased level of fear of COVID-19 was associated with decreased job satisfaction (β = -0.165; p = 0.01), increased psychological distress (β = 0.464; p = 0.001) and increased organisational (β = 0.298; p = 0.001) and professional (β = 0.219; p = 0.001) turnover intentions. This study investigated the influence of fear of COVID-19 on frontline nurses'' job satisfaction, psychological distress, organisational turnover intention and professional turnover intention.
cord-280663-p48teh4a	2020	AIMS: To assess the impact of inadequate safety equipment on the mental health of service personnel deployed on operations in order to better understand the impact on those working under the similarly demanding conditions of the COVID-19 medical response. Analysis found significantly greater odds of reporting symptoms of common mental health disorders (CMD), 2.49 (2.03–3.06), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 2.99 (2.11–4.24), poorer global health 2.09 (1.62–2.70) and emotional problems 1.69 (1.38–2.06) when individuals reported working with inadequate equipment. This study found significant associations between the perception of having inadequate equipment and poorer mental health in personnel operating in an arduous environment, a situation similar to the current COVID-19 response given the tangible threat, persistent pressure and uncomfortable working conditions. • Work-related stress is associated with presenteeism, poorer mental health and increased staff turnover. • The perception of having inadequate equipment has a significant association with poorer mental health within personnel working in demanding environments.
cord-281437-cb3u1s7s	2019	The science of epidemiology has described patterns of disease in human populations, investigated the causes of those diseases, evaluated attempts to control them 7 and has been the foundation for public health responses to epidemic infections for over 100 years. The vulnerability of populations to outbreaks of zoonotic diseases such as Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and Nipah has increased, the rise and spread of drug-resistant infections, marked shifts in the ecology of known vectors (for example, the expanding range of Aedes mosquitoes) and massive amplification of transmission through globally connected, high-density urban areas (particularly relevant to Ebola, dengue, influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus SARS-CoV). Preparing for epidemics, therefore, requires global health, economic and political systems to be integrated just as much as infectious disease epidemiology, translational research and development, and community engagement.
cord-281534-dvdx7ggv	2020	With this background, what are the challenges and opportunities available to influence global health policy to support high-value care for musculoskeletal health conditions and persistent pain? Further, it is important, where feasible, to work towards achieving a This paper highlights why we need to address health policy to ensure that all health systems are fit for the purpose of providing high-value care for MSK conditions and it covers health promotion, prevention, management, rehabilitation and palliation. Examples of other relevant global initiatives supporting system reform for NCDs and ageing include the WHO Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) approach as a component of the Global Strategy and Action Plan on Ageing and Health [79] , the WHO Rehabilitation 2030 agenda [80] and WHO Best Buys'' for NCD prevention and control [81] .
cord-281571-vob1bu9c	2004	The general concepts incorporated into the CPIP may be utilised in the contingency planning for a bioterrorism event or other communicable disease emergencies, including: a national, coordinated approach in planning; an emergency management structure to conduct the response; the use of common terminology to facilitate communication and response coordination, and the establishment of specific technical, communications and operational response groups and networks in advance. After the Hong Kong influenza A/H5N1 incident in 1997, the pandemic plan evolved to include a more comprehensive approach, incorporating the following key components: surveillance, vaccine programs, and use of antivirals, health services, emergency services, public health measures and communications. The general concepts incorporated into the CPIP that may be utilised in the contingency planning for other infectious disease emergencies include: a national, coordinated approach to planning; an emergency management structure to coordinate and conduct the response; the need for common terminology (e.g. using the same response phases), and the need to have specific technical, communications and operational response groups and networks formed in advance.
cord-281596-iv4al4l0	2020	The authors recommend the following: (1) a comprehensive approach to guide health care workforce development, (2) streamlining transitions to the next level of practice, (3) reciprocity among state licensing boards or national licensure, (4) payment reform to support a strengthened health care workforce, and (5) efforts by employers to ensure the ongoing safety and competence of the bolstered workforce. The authors recommend the following: (1) a comprehensive approach to guide health care workforce development, (2) streamlining transitions to the next level of practice, (3) reciprocity among state licensing boards or national licensure, (4) payment reform to support a strengthened health care workforce, and (5) efforts by employers to ensure the ongoing safety and competence of the bolstered workforce.
cord-281836-j1r771nq	2020	Global Health is based on a broad collaborative and transnational approach to establish "health for all humans." In this case, it focuses AR at a general (global) scale, considering that the selection and global spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are a problem that influences the health of human societies with disparate social and economic structures and is linked to many societal and ecological factors (Chokshi et al., 2019) . Although not belonging to the antibiotic resistome, genes frequently associated with resistance to other antimicrobials, such as heavy metals or biocides, as well as the genes of the MGEs backbones, eventually involved in the transmission and selection of ARGs among microbial populations, the mobilome at large, are also relevant to track the emergence and dissemination of AR among different habitats Martinez et al., 2017; Baquero et al., 2019) .
cord-281957-1p54k8it	2009	One Health is a concept that proposes that a paradigm shift in approaching diseases of humans and animals is essential to meet the challenges of the 21 st century. One Health began in the late 19 th and 20 th centuries with physician leaders in medicine like Rudolf Virchow, known as the "Father of comparative medicine, cellular pathology, and veterinary pathology" and William Osler, called the "Father of Modern Medicine." They embraced the concept that human and animal health were inextricably linked. Schwabe at the University of California coined the term "One Medicine" (now commonly referred to as "One Health") which was aimed at unifying human medical and veterinary medical disciplines against zoonotic diseases occurring in the public health arena. Parasitologists, of all the health professional scientists, are generally most familiar with the long list of parasitic zoonoses that affect humans via animals as well as specific details pertaining to each. One Health Initiative will unite human and veterinary medicine
cord-281961-5mdiwzvc	2020	This study examines how social media has affected risk communication in uncertain contexts and its impact on the emotions and sentiments derived from the semantic analysis in Spanish society during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study has allowed for the Some reasons include political parties'' criticism of the government''s management, contradictions of the experts, the constant increase of infected and dead, Spain being among the most affected countries, the state of confinement suffered by society not always in the best conditions, the anxiety of not having financial resources, the population''s insecurity in the face of a public health crisis with global effects that are caused by millions of infected people and hundreds of thousands of deaths in the world.
cord-282147-oq30pax6	2020	There are a number of oft cited barriers to addressing smoking in treatment settings including concerns that 1 agency census levels and completion rates will drop, 2 tobacco users will be less likely to seek addiction treatment, 3 patients are neither interested in tobacco cessation nor able to successfully quit tobacco, 4 patients will relapse to alcohol or drug use if they attempted to quit tobacco, 5 tobacco-free policies will be difficult to enforce, 6 clinicians lack the skills to effectively treat tobacco dependence, and 7 clinicians have too many competing demands preventing attention to smoking cessation. Additionally, regardless of the screening and brief intervention model employed, establishing a SUD patient registry, which includes both opioids and nicotine use, within a practice-based research and/or health care network allows for better data aggregation, patient identification, and stratification to appropriate treatment levels.
cord-282234-yzozbf7p	2020	The American Medical Association''s Education Consortium puts it plainly in a book introducing health systems science: "Over the last decade it has become clearer that trainees require knowledge, attitudes, and skills beyond the scope of, and in addition to, the basic and clinical sciences if they are to be prepared for practice in our current and future health care system." 3 Roiling the profession are disruptions in technology, communications, workforce, payment, and management, all driven by creative innovators sponsored by venture capital, nonprofits, and governments alike. Many changes underway in dentistry today are potentially more disruptive to traditional care models than in the past because they reflect the larger US health care environment and because they enter dentistry through the low-end of the market.
cord-282724-zzkqb0u2	2020	Some key considerations and targets of research include: (1) feature engineering, transforming raw data into features (i.e. variables) that ML can better utilize to represent the problem/target outcome, (2) feature selection, applying expert domain knowledge, statistical methods, and/or ML methods to remove ''irrelevant'' features from consideration and improve downstream modeling, (3) data harmonization, allowing for the integration of data collected at different sites/institutions, (4) handling different outcomes and related challenges, e.g. binary classification, multi-class, quantitative phenotypes, class imbalance, temporal data, multi-labeled data, censored data, and the use of appropriate evaluation metrics, (5) ML algorithm selection for a given problem can be a challenge in itself, thus strategies to integrate the predictions of multiple machine learners as an ensemble are likely to be important, (6) ML modeling pipeline assembly, including critical considerations such as hyper-parameter optimization, accounting for overfitting, and clinical interpretability of trained models, and (7) considering and accounting for covariates as well as sources of bias in data collection, study design, and application of ML tools in order to avoid drawing conclusions based on spurious correlations.
cord-282824-t0i7tf5d	2020	In this retrospective, the authors reflect on challenges and opportunities presented during the AHS PI response related to the coordination of public health, laboratory services, emergency and disaster management, communications, and health services delivery. 4 In this retrospective, the authors draw from these and their own personal recollections and reflect on challenges experienced and opportunities presented during the AHS PI response related particularly to the coordination of public health, emergency and disaster management, communications, and health services delivery. In the absence of an AHS Incident Management System (IMS), an ad hoc AHS Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) was established and co-located with the AHW EOC, to facilitate sharing of information, planning, decision-making, and communication required to support a coordinated, provincial Wave I response. The AHS command and control structure included an Executive Policy Group, AHS provincial Emergency Coordination Centre, five Zone EOCs, and numerous site and service command posts, that provided strong and consistent support to operations and the frontline staff and enabled a more effective, timely and provincially collaborative management of Wave II.
cord-282966-ew8lwmsn	2014	This chapter incorporates the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''s (CDC) best advice for communicating during a public health crisis, including infectious disease outbreaks, bioterrorism, chemical emergencies, natural disasters, nuclear accidents and radiation releases and explosions. From the CDC down to local departments of health, public health, and safety officials are using social media to push out vital and useful information to the public and to monitor and respond to public comments. Engaging with and using emerging social media may well place the emergency-management community, including medical and public health professionals, in a better position to respond to disasters" (Merchant et al., 2011) . DHS is testing whether scanning social media sites to collect and analyze health-related data could help identify infectious disease outbreaks, bioterrorism or other public health and national security risks. The purpose of an official response to a public health crisis is to efficiently and effectively reduce and prevent illness, injury, and death, and return individuals and communities to normal as quickly as possible.
cord-283116-ib5c3lbi	2020	Among the insights gained from the past outbreaks were: outbreaks caused by viruses are hazardous to healthcare workers; the impact of the disease extends beyond the infection; general principles of prevention and control are effective in containing the disease; the disease poses both a public health as well as an occupational health threat; and emerging infectious diseases pose a continuing threat to the world. Among the insights gained from the past outbreaks were: outbreaks caused by viruses are hazardous to healthcare workers; the impact of the disease extends beyond the infection; general principles of prevention and control are effective in containing the disease; the disease poses both a public health as well as an occupational health threat; and emerging infectious diseases pose a continuing threat to the world. coronavirus, COVID-19, health care, occupational health, outbreaks, public health, SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases and over 62 000 deaths spread over 200 countries and territories.
cord-283177-qwinggg4	2020	title: Support Groups and Individual Mental Health Care via Video Conferencing for Frontline Clinicians during the COVID-19 Pandemic METHODS: We developed recurring peer support groups via videoconferencing and telephone for physicians, resident physicians, and nursing staff, focusing on issues and emotions related to their frontline clinical work with COVID patients in our medical center which was designated as a COVID-only hospital by the state. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience suggests that this method of offering telehealth peer support groups and individual counseling is a useful model for other centers to adapt, to emotionally support frontline clinical workers in this ongoing worldwide crisis. From late March 2020, our department of psychiatry began offering support group and individual video-conference sessions to help our frontline attending physicians, resident physicians, nurses and other healthcare professionals, and students. We estimate that about 40 attending physicians, 40 residents, and 50 nurses, all frontline healthcare professionals, have participated in the group sessions, and 57 people have used the individual sessions.
cord-283259-cmim32lx	2020	A February 2020 review [2] identified 24 studies from previous infectious disease outbreaks on psychological outcomes among people quarantined after being exposed to others who had been infected, including studies from severe acute respiratory syndrome in mainland There are important limitations, however, that reduce our ability to easily apply that evidence to decision-making in COVID-19; among them, (1) few studies used validated mental health outcome measures; To this end, in partnership with the Journal of Psychosomatic Research, we are launching a living systematic review [7] to evaluate (1) levels of mental health symptoms, prioritizing studies that assess changes in symptoms from pre-COVID-19 or compare concurrent samples between participants with different experiences with COVID-19 (e.g., those infected versus healthy comparison sample); (2) factors associated with levels or changes in symptoms during COVID-19, and (3) the effect of interventions on mental health symptoms during COVID-19.
cord-283287-073r80s7	2020	People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) are a marginalized and stigmatized group with weaker immunity responses, vulnerability to stress, poor health conditions, high-risk behaviors, and lower access to health care services. In this paper, an international group of experts on addiction medicine, infectious diseases, and disaster psychiatry explore the possible raised concerns in this issue and provide recommendations to manage the comorbidity of COVID-19 and Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Therefore, a group of international experts on addiction medicine, infectious diseases, and disaster management teamed up to explore the comorbidity of COVID-19 infection with substance use disorder and identify the necessary recommendations for health service providers and policymakers in this situation. Health authorities should develop and apply specific strategies for PWUD for early COVID-19 identification and patient isolation, interrupting transmission, providing appropriate care, attending medical issues, and minimizing negative social impact.
cord-283392-hend9ale	2016	Although, basic advice on hygiene and sanitation on board an aircraft is given by the World Health Organization, these guidelines lack details on available and effective substances as well as standardized operating procedures (SOP). Although, basic advice on hygiene and sanitation on board an aircraft is given by the World Health Organization, these guidelines lack details on available and effective substances as well as standardized operating procedures (SOP). The purpose of this paper is to give guidance on the choice of substances that were tested by a laboratory of Lufthansa Technik and found compatible with aircraft components, as well as to describe procedures which ensure a safe and efficient disinfection of civil aircrafts. The purpose of this paper is to give guidance on the choice of substances that were tested by a laboratory of Lufthansa Technik and found compatible with aircraft components, as well as to describe procedures which ensure a safe and efficient disinfection of civil aircrafts.
cord-283398-wplz8o2k	2020	Through this scoping review, we seek to enter into this conversation regarding barriers to obtaining PID by highlighting the ways in which the problems posed by a lack of PID are particularly pronounced for people living in rural, northern, and remote access communities-people whom we already know experience poorer health outcomes than residents in metropolitan and suburban areas, and whom to date have been largely ignored in the scholarship [8] . In Canada, for instance, Indigenous people make up a significant proportion of the population in the rural and provincial north, and further clarity is needed on the unique PID problems facing this population, such as birth registration and the acquisition of birth certificates, as well as the difficulties of obtaining PID in areas with extremely limited access to state social and health services [6] .
cord-283475-28900qlr	2018	Vaccine production was increased and the frequency of campaigns were increased with most provinces conducting at least two or three province-wide campaigns each year; live vaccines in the fall and winter and killed In support of the 1985 United Nations resolution on Universal Childhood Immunization (UCI), ''''85-85" coverage goals were included in China''s ''''7th 5-year Plan for National Social and Economic Development, 1986-1990" setting targets of 85% percent coverage at province-level with BCG, DPT, OPV and measles by 12 months of age by 1988, and 85% coverage at county-level by 1990. In 1989, the National People''s Congress passed a law requiring health authorities at all levels implement a system of planned preventive immunizations that included issuing vaccination certificates to all children and establishing registers to monitor vaccination coverage at township levels and above.
cord-283485-xit6najq	2020	
cord-283824-c7y9zf7o	2015	The first concerns the referent object of governmental practice: the regulatory effort to secure global public health does not focus on human life so much as it does on post-human materialities of global traffic. Most importantly, the key passages of the IHR read like a clear-cut manifestation of the liberal government of circulation: ''The purpose and scope of these Regulations are to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade.'' (IHR, Article 2) The mobility of disease and the mobility of goods and people are conjoined in this problem space. These bodies of transmission belong to a governmental vision that pictures the world as a space of universal traffic and that focuses on routes and material means of global circulation.
cord-284017-1fz90e3k	2020	Although the first case diagnosed with COVID-19 was registered at the end of January, the Spanish health authorities did not undertake measures until one month later, moment when a systematic and exponential increase in registered cases and deceases was observed. To tackle with the outbreak and contain the spread, the management of public health policies were centralized within the Ministry of Health and the authorities undertook exceptional measures based on a generalized lockdown by which the majority of the economic activity ceased for several weeks. Until May, the ISCIII released daily information at regional level regarding confirmed cases (through different testing methods), hospitalizations as well as referrals to Intensive Care Units (ICU), deceased and recovered cases. Despite the measures to tackle with COVID-19 have been centralized by the Ministry of Health and implemented homogeneously across the country, we have shown that the pandemic has had a different impact across Spanish provinces.
cord-284125-35ghtmhu	2013	6 Emerging novel viruses are a major public health concern with the potential of causing high health and socioeconomic impacts, as has occurred with progressive pandemic infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), the recent pandemic caused by the novel quadruple re-assortment strain of influenza A virus (H1N1), and more transient events such as the outbreaks of Nipah virus in 1998/1999 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus in 2003. To minimize the health and socioeconomic impacts of emerging epidemic infectious diseases, major challenges must be overcome in the national and international capacity for early detection, rapid and accurate etiological identification (especially those caused by novel pathogens), rapid response and effective control (Figure 1 ). However, to develop and establish such an effective national public health capacity, especially the laboratory component to support infectious disease surveillance, outbreak investigation and early response, a good understanding of the concepts of emerging infectious diseases and an integrated country and regional public health laboratory system in accordance with the nature and type of emerging pathogens, especially novel ones, are highly recommended.
cord-284201-2ofqm7a0	2017	
cord-284298-tcied4l5	2020	In the present study, twenty one early career psychiatrists (9 females and 12 males) from thirteen countries, comprising at least one from five of the seven continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, North J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f America and South America) were approached without coercion by the lead (MIO) and co-lead (RdF) authors via WhatsApp and emails to share insights and experiences about the challenges and good practices faced in the management of delirium and other psychiatric conditions manifesting in patients with COVID-19 and during the COVID-19 era. Finally, the mental health sector should use the lessons from this pandemic to develop protocols and guidelines for the management of psychiatric conditions in periods of infectious disease outbreaks to increase their level of preparedness globally (Table 4) .
cord-284356-4yjj4xwv	2011	
cord-284376-plwyjhl8	2020	All specimens tested negative by direct examination for PJ, whereas 27 were positive by real-time PCR (BAL, n = 18; sputa, n = 7, and TA, n = 2); Following stringent clinical, microbiological and imaging criteria ( Table 1 ) , PJP was deemed to be the most probable diagnosis in 12 episodes occurring in unique patients. In contrast, corticosteroid use within the month before sampling was not different between The probability of Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJ) pneumonia (PJP) for each patient was retrospectively evaluated by an expert committee including infectious diseases and microbiology specialists at both centers, on the basis of (i) documented PJ presence in respiratory specimens by microscopy; (ii) compatibility of clinical signs and symptoms (at least 2 of the following: subtle onset of progressive dyspnea, pyrexia, nonproductive cough, hypoxaemia and chest pain), (iii) compatible (suggestive) radiological findings (chest radiograph and/or high-resolution computed tomographic scan detection of interstitial opacities and/or diffuse infiltration infiltrates); (iv) complete resolution of symptoms after a full course of anti-PJP treatment; (v) absence of alternative diagnosis.
cord-284519-cufyqv7h	2020	Studying the social determinants of health (SDOH), and how they impact disadvantaged populations during times of crisis, will help governments to better manage health emergencies so that every individual has equal opportunity to staying healthy. The CDC confirmed that individuals with preexisting diagnoses of asthma, cardiovascular (CVD), hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and/or are elderly, immunocompromised, or obese have higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19 (4) . For example, education level of an individual can impact his or her occupation, which determines economic stability and income level, which can impact the type of healthcare the individual is eligible for and what neighborhood the individual lives in, which then impacts the social and community context the individual is surrounded by and those factors played important role in current COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, health literacy was played a major role in whether an individual understands a health emergency situation, such as COVID-19 pandemic, and whether he or she will follow recommendations, such as social distancing.
cord-284528-ebjwkvvj	2016	
cord-284573-w0sk622m	2020	
cord-284636-oio2zsb0	2020	title: Stay home while going out – possible impacts of earthquake co-occurring with COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and vice versa Mental health here seems of crucial importance, as the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is characterized by psychological reactions arising from feelings of uncertainty alongside limited availability and possibility for "healthy" coping. It has been widely reported that such a setting has deleterious effects on mental health in persons (in)directly in contact with the infectious agent; persons that are vulnerable to biological and psychological stressors; frontline professionals and members of general public (Brooks et al., 2020; Fiorillo and Gorwood, 2020; Li et al., 2020; Montemurro, 2020; . Even though most of the population is not directly affected, possibility of infection and unprecedented levels of media coverage and exposure amplify the effects on mental health, further deepening the feelings of uncertainty and the state of overwhelming stress (Galea, et al., 2020; Usher et al., 2020) .
cord-284861-kw0y9fpp	2020	
cord-284883-bkydu285	2020	The historic challenges regarding an insufficient number of health professionals, iniquities in the distribution of human resources (10) , low accessibility to emergency care services (11) , and economic issues create additional pressures to be addressed, aiming is to achieve an adequate COVID-19 response. Taking this point into consideration the present work addresses critical aspects regarding the organization of the emergency network system in Brazil, jointly with the spatial expansion of COVID-19 cases within the country, and to highlight where the efforts currently performed in Brazil were capable of coping with the lack of access to emergency care needed to cope COVID-19 consequences. The result suggests that the use of scarce resources needed to put in order ICU beds are not being directed to municipalities lacking access to emergency care services, despite their high levels of COVID-19 incidence.
cord-284890-s73hljz9	2020	
cord-284895-176djnf5	2005	The resulting conceptual model explicitly visualises that globalisation affects the institutional, economic, social-cultural and ecological determinants of population health, and that the globalisation process mainly operates at the contextual level, while influencing health through its more distal and proximal determinants. In order to focus our conceptual framework, we distinguish-with the broader definition of globalisation in mind-the following important features of the globalisation process: (the need for) new global governance structures, global markets, global communication and diffusion of information, global mobility, cross-cultural interaction, and global environmental changes (Table 2 ) (see Huynen et al. Based on Figure 1 and Table 1 , it can be concluded that these features all operate at the contextual level of health determination and influence distal factors such as health(-related) policies, economic development, trade, social interactions, knowledge, and the provision of ecosystem goods and services.
cord-285083-nkrw2sad	2020	
cord-285277-8w03car3	2020	
cord-285379-ljg475sj	2020	The tools of digital health are facilitating a much needed paradigm shift to a more patient-centric health care delivery system, yet our healthcare infrastructure is firmly rooted in a 20 th Century model which was not designed to receive medical data from outside the traditional medical environment. The tools of digital health are facilitating a much needed paradigm shift to a more patient-centric health care delivery system, yet our healthcare infrastructure is firmly rooted in a 20 th Century model which was not designed to receive medical data from outside the traditional medical environment. In this article, we describe the present state of heart rhythm digital health tools highlighting some of the effects of J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f the COVID-19 pandemic and propose ways to develop innovative workflows and technological solutions that will make it possible for practices to efficiently process and manage information.
cord-285402-x86yw525	2020	
cord-285532-rknygv7u	2017	Similar workforce development investments have allowed ASTHO to convene executive leaders in state and territorial health agencies, including senior deputies, legislative liaisons, and program leads in the areas of public health preparedness, environmental health, informatics, human resources, finance, and several others. ASTHO received federal dollars through cooperative agreements with the CDC and the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response to convene state and territorial public health officers and preparedness directors, support state efforts to build preparedness and response programs, and assist in national disasters and emergencies as a response partner. While the future is unclear, what is certain is the continued need for ASTHO and the work it carries out in the areas of leadership development, advocacy, and capacity building for state and territorial public health officers and teams and agencies they lead.
cord-285557-my16g91c	2004	This strengthened the case for the novel coronavirus being the cause of SARS, but only after it had been shown to cause a similar illness in artificially infected macaques could it be regarded as fulfilling all four of Koch''s postulates ; World Health Organisation Multicentre Collaborative Networks for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Diagnosis, 2003) . Nevertheless, and despite considerable progress in this field, much remains to be done until laboratory tests become a useful tool for the management of SARS cases (World Health Organization Multicentre Collaborative Network for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Diagnosis, 2003) . An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed that detects antibodies in the serum of SARS patients and reliably yields positive results at around day 21 after the onset of illness (World Health Organization Multicentre Collaborative Network for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Diagnosis, 2003).
cord-286006-t5gj0k54	2008	Methods Qualitative interviews were conducted with 23 participants representing key stakeholder groups: (a) pediatric patients with probable or suspected SARS, (b) their parents, and (c) health care professionals providing direct care to SARS patients. Semi-structured, qualitative interviews were conducted with 23 participants from key stakeholder groups affected by pediatric SARS as follows: pediatric patients between the ages of 5 and 17 years (n = 5), their parents (n = 10), and frontline pediatric health care providers (n = 8). The majority of health care providers (88%) recognized the importance of their work, yet grappled with concerns related to personal vulnerability and the impact of SARS policies on patients and families. Accordingly findings speak clearly to the need for: systematic and well-orchestrated information flow; communication strategies in responding and disseminating relevant information; means to ease vulnerability among stakeholders; strategies for ensuring effective and responsive leadership; and the development of practice and policy guidelines for treatment and contingency planning for an unknown patient care path.
cord-286168-019rcbpg	2020	
cord-286361-wh6aaqlu	2009	Hence, although Mill''s discussion of the harm principle shows that he would strongly oppose public health programmes which simply aim to coerce people to lead healthy lives, he is likely to support programmes which seek to ''advise, instruct and persuade'' them so that they can make informed decisions about, for example, what to eat, how to exercise and so on. Building on the harm principle, the Council identified several further issues that are important to public health: individual consent, health inequalities, changing behaviour and community. The Council concluded that vaccination policies that go further than simply providing information and encouragement to take up the vaccine may be justified if they help reduce harm to others, and/or protect children and other vulnerable people.
cord-287304-h6wj7m8u	2007	While there has been much attention in recent years on the significance of global city regions in the new world economy (Brenner and Keil 2006) and while the governance and regulation of these regions has captured the imagination of academics and policymakers alike (Buck et al 2005; Harding 2005; Heinelt and Kübler 2005; Kantor and Savitch 2005; Scott 2001) , little has been said specifically about the growing pressures posed by the potential threat of infectious disease through the global network on urban governance. 2 For the area of urban planning and governance a more or less critical literature has begun to explore the spaces that cities have to maneuver in the rather open field of infectious disease preparedness planning and public health since the onset of the "new normal" after the attacks of 9/11 Malizia 2006; Matthew and Macdonald 2006) .
cord-287684-z3l9tsir	2020	
cord-288068-egq3d0i9	2020	Recognizing that the potential for liability might cause undue psychological stress on health care providers, this essay argues for statutory immunity that protects them from rationing and other health care decisions that are made in good faith, and that are in compliance with documented state, institutional, or professional pandemic-response guidelines. 50 Even when they work for a state hospital, nurses and physicians are typically not protected under the state''s governmental immunity, as they -exercised medical judgment, regardless of whether it related to policy decision.‖ 51 As parties will be looking for someone to hold accountable for the terrible outcomes 58 Other protocols prioritize short-term clinical factors, but then suggest using life-cycle considerations as a tiebreaker, with priority going to younger patients. This article advocates for removing the possibility of a medical malpractice claim for individual physicians and independent health care providers, when they are complying with published state, professional, or institutional COVID-19 policies in good faith.
cord-288184-fa1niz51	2020	
cord-288298-y4242rfj	2020	The study provides unprecedented insights into the stakeholders involved in the application of a One health approach for control of zoonotic sleeping sickness across the most important active human African trypanosomiasis focus in East Africa. The UTCC (multi-stakeholder Institution with veterinary, medical, agriculture, environment, wildlife, lands and political science as key disciplines), vector control division of Ministry of Health (with medical specialist and host of Manager of the Uganda National sleeping sickness control program), leaders in district and sub-counties (technical; veterinary, medical, entomology, social work disciplines and politicians) plus community were purposively selected for engagement. Since the Rapid Impact TIBA Uganda project involved a ''One Health Approach'' on studies related to zoonotic sleeping sickness, the district medical and veterinary officers took technical lead in each district.
cord-288392-khjo6j8u	2020	
cord-288477-dojdlfrv	2020	The case of the Seattle Flu Study highlights the general challenges associated with utilizing research infrastructure for public health response, including the legal and ethical considerations for research data use, the return of the results of public health activities relying upon research resources to unwitting research participants, and the possible impacts of public health reporting mandates on future research participation. Through the consent process, SFS had alerted participants that Washington state law requires reporting of infectious diseases, including influenza, 10 but did not discuss the use of SFS''s research infrastructure, including data or samples, for other public health activities. In the first few days of March, the University of Washington''s ethical review board determined that, given the public health emergency, SFS had an ethical obligation to test all samples for SARS-CoV-2, citing that SFS already had consent from participants to test for another communicable diseases and return those results and, therefore, was already engaged in both research and public health activities.
cord-288518-vsesv99h	2020	Readers could easily make the mistake of concluding that the differences in reported compliance with public health recommendations between the two studies are due to the racial/ethnic differences in the two surveyed populations, one largely White and the other exclusively African American. In reality, however, the different levels of compliance with public health recommendations are far more likely due to differences in education and income levels between the respondents in the two surveys. A recent report from the Pew Research Center (2020) confirms that higher levels of education are associated with higher rates of compliance with public health recommendations among people of all racial/ethnic groups. Based on the above factors, it is reasonable to conclude that the differences in compliance with public health recommendations between the largely White respondents and the exclusive African American respondents were not due to any inherent racial/ethnic characteristics. African American adherence to COVID-19 public health recommendations
cord-288818-6uvb4qsk	2020	From the restrictions on public freedom and burgeoning socio-economic impacts to the rationing of scarce medical resources, the spread of COVID-19 is an extraordinary ethical dilemma for resource constrained nations with less developed health and research systems. International regimes are on high alert to stop its spread, however, as far as the global scenario is concerned, countries and governments are clueless in stopping the expanding pandemic as not much is known about SARS-CoV-2, while left only with implementing nationwide lock downs and curfews which opened new economic fronts and social challenges. COVID-19 has presented itself as a test case for the humanity in terms of global fraternity, decision making, technology and expertise sharing, rapid pandemic response mechanisms, stability, crises management and policy making.
cord-288922-1lry9wkn	2020	In order to ensure that individuals on the road to recovery are not alone and forgotten during the times of coronavirus crisis they should be provided with adequate resources, such as online meetings and group therapy sessions, assessment, treatment and support by telephone and video consultation and getting the medications they need to recover. As social distancing is considered to be the key preventive measure for infection control, mental health rehabilitation day boarding and day care centers, being a non-emergency service have limited new admissions, cancelled programs and have been temporarily closed at some places which in turn is going to significantly deprive people with chronic mental illnesses and intellectual disabilities of these services [7] . In order to ensure that all individuals on the road to recovery and/or admitted to a rehabilitation center are not alone and forgotten during the times of coronavirus crisis they should be provided with adequate resources, such as online meetings and group therapy sessions, assessment, treatment and support by telephone and video consultation and getting the medications they need to recover.
cord-289001-af1r0m4m	2017	
cord-289175-n95j94ck	2020	Scarcity of health resources not only places COVID-19 patients at risk but will also delay care for patients with urgent needs such as for cancer, diabetes, and heart disease-and even affect safe delivery for pregnant women. This concept was encapsulated by the National Academy of Medicine as "crisis standards of care," defined as the "optimal level of care that can be delivered during a catastrophic event, requiring substantial change in usual health care operations." 4 In jurisdictions with declared public health emergencies, 5 crisis standards of care provide a mechanism for reallocating staff, facilities, and supplies to meet population needs. Second, beyond health workers, decisions about who is tested or who receives treatment must center on prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission (public health), protection of individuals at highest risk, meeting societal needs, and promoting social justice. Protecting public health may mean prioritizing resources for people in confined settings (such as homeless shelters, prisons, and nursing homes), where the virus can spread rapidly from person to person.
cord-289205-or60zzjs	2018	Terms analysis indicated that emergency medicine, public health, disaster preparedness, natural disasters, medicine, and management were the research hotspots, whereas Hurricane Katrina, mechanical ventilation, occupational medicine, intensive care, and European journals represented the frontiers of disaster medicine research. Overall, our analysis revealed that disaster medicine studies are closely related to other medical fields and provides researchers and policy-makers in this area with new insight into the hotspots and dynamic directions. Therefore, in this study, a scientometric analysis was conducted on disaster medicine to estimate the productivity of specific journals, countries, institutions, authors, and research areas, and to identify research hotspots and trends in this field. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness also had the greatest number of total citations (n = 151), again followed by Academic Emergency Medicine (n = 134) and American Journal of Preventive Medicine (n = 127) ( Table 1 in the online data supplement).
cord-289369-assu6gue	2020	
cord-289378-ghmqd3yv	2020	
cord-289399-ij23mvma	2020	
cord-290067-fa0mxvc3	2020	
cord-290171-hmzwhrpi	2020	In this editorial, we highlight the continued relevance of culture and health literacy in cancer education, and the promising opportunity that technology may play to advance health equity and social justice. Available literature on healthcare disparities continue to highlight extant issues with cancer prevention, screening and survivorship, clinical trial enrollment, therapy adherence, and treatment modality variations (access and selection) among underserved and racial/ethnic minority populations [10] [11] [12] , suggesting that many inequities stem from the fact that people experience and interpret disease and treatment differently (cultural influences), and many groups have different and unequal access to healthcare services and information (health literacy influences). To keep "CCL" at the forefront of our field, we need to develop guiding research and practice paradigms that integrate culture and literacy, intersectional frameworks, and policy change informed by fresh critical perspectives to bring to light social, historical, economic, and political conditions that give rise to both health and disease.
cord-290257-2u228xe9	2006	
cord-290351-5sct52t4	2020	
cord-290523-pqah68j8	2020	These communities have struggled with limited access to healthcare services and insufficient primary care providers, long standing unemployment, a dearth of businesses in the community, chronic illnesses, and a panoply of health risks and stressors that contribute to the pronounced lifespan gap between white and black Chicago residents (Pratt, 2020) The panel consists of not only the usual business leaders and healthcare experts, but a representative from NAMI and community advocates such as Mr. Anton Seals Jr., whose words are quoted at the beginning of this piece. We hope the work of the panel and these other models will be used as best practice guides to change the economic maps and social injustices that foster these health disparities still, especially for the black and brown racialized populations in this country. The new normal they can create should include better distribution of resources, such as clean water, more primary care providers, telehealth and telecounseling services, to people who need them…wherever they live.
cord-290749-822g6n1d	2008	
cord-290768-w8g9s4ro	2020	Primary care pharmacists, who as employees of the P-NHS work closely with an interdisciplinary team, have launched a pilot service to manage polypharmacy in people living with multimorbidities, involving potential referral to community pharmacy. The scope of practice of community pharmacies has been shifting to service provision, currently supported by law and in some cases, including the needle and syringe exchange program and generic substitution, remunerated. 25 The plan of activities of ANF for 2020 identifies as key intervention areas for investment: the development of new services that meet the healthneeds of the Portuguese population; perusal of the pilot to dispense HIV medication in community pharmacies and investment in developing methodologies for extending to oncology; supporting pharmacies in the implementation of point of care services for HIV and viral hepatitis; implementation of a service to respond to minor health problems, including physician referral when appropriate; promote remuneration of pharmaceutical intervention; developing clinical pathways integrated into a clinical support system for pharmacies. Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Portugal Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Portugal
cord-290901-bfho5w04	2013	International health organisations and western nations are exerting growing pressure on other countries to cooperate in managing health risks such as emerging diseases, as demonstrated during the recent episodes of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian flu (Scoones 2010). I conducted a comprehensive review of all the grey literature documents on avian flu issued by the Vietnamese ministries of health, and agriculture and rural development, of official documents on Vietnam''s strategy for avian flu (known as the ''Red Book'' and the ''Green Book'') and regulations adopted by the Vietnamese government, as well as expert reports from international and foreign organisations (FAO, WHO, Agrifood Consulting International and Agence Franc¸aise de De''veloppement). The authorities adopted the framing of avian flu as a pandemic threat (that is as a risk of second modernity) and cooperated with the international community to manage a global manufactured uncertainty.
cord-290930-438td98a	2005	The principle strategies include: 1) implementation of mechanisms for international epidemiologic surveillance; 2) use of international law to support the control of communicable diseases; 3) international cooperation on health matters; 4) strategies to strengthen primary care services and health systems in general; 5) promotion of the transfer of resources for research and development from the North to the South. The WHO proposal for modernization of the International Health Regulation includes the following: 1) a mission with a stronger focus on control of infectious diseases, 2) emphasis on broader health care coverage and better access to treatment schemes, 3) global surveillance including data from official and non-official sources, 4) strengthening of national public health systems through the establishment of comparable productivity indicators and outcome measurements, 5) giving priority to the protection of human rights, 6) guidelines for good health governance defined as adoption of the principles of impartiality, objectivity and transparency (13).
cord-291036-j6ybcv93	2006	
cord-291382-vo9bemg1	2016	Specifically, the chapter provides details on the Sverdlovsk anthrax incident (1979); the Rajneeshee Salmonella incident (1984); the Surat, India pneumonic plague outbreak (1994); the Fallen Angel ricin incidents (2003–04); Amerithrax (2001); and the outbreak of Ebola virus in West Africa (2014–15). In addition, each case study presented herein shows how confounding these outbreaks can be to public health officials and how fear, panic, and social disruption may ensue. The reports of a possible anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk, linked to an incident at a suspected Soviet biological warfare facility, served to further deepen already worsening US-Soviet relations, which were heading back toward a new Cold War in the wake of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. By the time the first CDC officers began to arrive, the county health department had already confirmed 60 cases of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium from the outbreak.
cord-291528-j4uir8ns	2005	In their article "Meeting the challenge of epidemic infectious diseases outbreaks: an agenda for research", Kai-Lit Phua and Lai Kah Lee clearly demonstrate how social, behavioural and environmental factors, linked to a host of human activities, have accelerated and amplified these natural phenomena. By reviewing published and non-published information about outbreaks of Nipah virus in Malaysia, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza in Asia, and the HIV pandemic, they provide a series of examples that demonstrate the various social, behavioural and environmental factors of these recent infectious disease outbreaks. Although intensive research has failed to disclose the origins of Marburg and Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks, microbes causing both diseases are also thought to be transmitted to humans who encounter animal sources somewhere in the transmission cycle (16) .
cord-291753-9p5ppawn	2020	The CTH intervention seeks to facilitate widespread implementation of three evidence-based practices (EBPs) with the potential to reduce opioid-involved overdose fatalities: overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND), effective delivery of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD), and safer opioid analgesic prescribing. In order to promote OEND, effective delivery of MOUD, and safer opioid prescribing the study team developed an approach to EBP implementation with utility for all participating communities, which vary widely in their current EBP implementation, access to resources including needed workforce, and perceived acceptability of various EBPs. This paper describes the framework developed to guide EBP selection and implementation strategies contained in the Opioid-overdose Reduction Continuum of Care Approach. Telemedicine models for buprenorphine treatment already existed (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018), but guidance from the US Drug Enforcement Agency, SAMHSA, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, and state regulatory agencies changed rapidly ; Opioid Response Network, 2020; Providers Clinical Support System, 2020a; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020c) to allow greater flexibility of MOUD treatment via telemedicine during the pandemic.
cord-291821-ovfqfurf	2011	
cord-291909-x0sfwqnk	2019	
cord-291924-1s1e6457	2018	
cord-292166-nd3ozu9w	2020	So, by moving all these things to telehealth, I think we have to be cognizant that some patients are not going to be able to access those things, and so in some ways, we are taking away barriers from people getting access to mental health care, but I also think we are also highlighting some increased barriers for some individuals. If telehealth is here to stay, which most people say it is, then coupled with the expansion in digital health care monitoring, such as using the Internet of Things in people''s homes to support better monitoring, we can start to see an intensification of the inequities for the communities served by these practices. If you think about it from a policy perspective, I love when you say not just universal health care, but also universal access to the Internet, especially if we are talking about telehealth and telemedicine and some of these other things.
cord-292409-hz5qj1fw	2020	
cord-292502-m76rne1l	2020	Undeniably, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in loss of human life; it has wreaked havoc on healthcare systems worldwide, highlighting inequities in healthcare availability and access; it has resulted in drastic public health measures in most countries of the world. Here, we present data that pose questions on the magnitude of attention that the COVID-19 pandemic has garnered compared to other public health issues that are in dire need of prevention and response. The loss of income is likely to result in an increase of adverse health outcomes for many of the individuals affected, and the overall economic crisis will negatively impact the ability of entire countries to provide effective healthcare to their citizens. Hence, we believe that the mortality and disease burden during and after the COVID-19 pandemic due to the social and economic consequences of the preventive measures and other factors can be substantially high.
cord-292508-unoeicq0	2020	
cord-292559-b21j9sf3	2020	The initial goal of the ABCD Study was to examine risk and resiliency factors associated with the development of substance use, but the project has expanded far beyond this initial set of questions and will also greatly inform our understanding of the contributions of biospecimens (e.g., pubertal hormones), neural alterations, and environmental factors to the development of both healthy behavior and brain function as well as risk for poor mental and physical outcomes. First, the ABCD Study utilized a school-based national recruitment strategy with limited exclusion criteria, helping to overcome challenges to previous general population studies that generally did not include neuroimaging [10] as well as attempts to understand the risk factors associated with negative outcomes that relied on convenience samples [11] . These studies provide important evidence that the ABCD Study sample can be leveraged to conduct rigorous research practices, including examining the psychometric evidence for using existing (or newly created) measures in a middle childhood sample, supporting the use of these measures to better understand the development of risk.
cord-292664-sfbji4mf	2020	
cord-292929-s8pnm9wv	2020	It explores the physical and psychological effects, discusses the role of parenting and education, offering practical advice about how best to provide support as a health care professional. Whilst initial data does not suggest that children with comorbidities are at particularly increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease (12) (13) (14) , the challenge of maintaining a good continuity of care for existing patients and adequate diagnostic care for children presenting for the first time remains. At the start of this pandemic in the UK the advice given to the families with children with many chronic diseases was to shield the whole household to prevent the risk of severe illness. The absence of mental health services during previous pandemics increased the risk of psychological distress to those affected (30) . Large organisations such as UNICEF have provided online documents to help teenagers protect their mental health during the pandemic.
cord-293427-hwkmvo4p	2020	
cord-293903-mvxz7lx7	2005	In broad terms, these health relations encompass a range of interactions with consequences for health, including: membership of global and regional bodies; the negotiation of international agreements; action to counter particular external threats to health; assistance to developing countries; and international trade and investment in health-related goods and services. In 2003 there were continuing developments in all these areas within a wider foreign affairs context overshadowed by official policy concerns about global and regional security, the deployment of the Australian armed forces in various theatres of service, and renewed fears of the human and economic costs of infectious diseases. These developments have furthered Australian foreign policy concerned with establishing trans-Tasman free trade, commenced some two decades ago with the negotiation of the Closer Economic Relations agreement with New Zealand. In a related development, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade promoted aged care expertise as an export service through the Australia Japan Conference.
cord-294115-7t7kubf6	2020	The information collected from the six national reports was pulled together and discussed following the key priorities for action outlined in the UN Policy Brief: (1) Right to health and the participation in the decision-making process; (2) Social inclusion and solidarity under conditions of physical distancing; (3) Necessity of adequate, correctly funded care and support services for older adults; and (4) Need to expand participation by older adults, share good practice and harness knowledge and data [4] . In the Frenchspeaking region, the "Plan d''Urgence Hospitalier" was launched on 14th March and focused on ensuring distribution of hospital equipment, including personal protective equipment (PPE), and human resources (e.g., by reduction/ Impact of COVID-19 on health inequity: On 25th May, Belgium had reported 5734 people with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in long-term care facilities (LTCF).
cord-294209-6i8nu9l2	2020	Rural communities have nuanced risks related to their mobility and interaction patterns coupled with heightened population needs, socio-economic disadvantage, and access and health service infrastructure challenges. Response consists of rural PHC teams adopting new preventative clinics, screening and ambulatory models to protect health workers from exposure whilst maximizing population screening and continuity of healthcare for vulnerable groups. It is imperative that mainstream pandemic policies recognize the nuance of rural settings and address resourcing and support strategies to each level of rural risk, resilience, and response for a strong health system ready for surge events. 28, 29 The focus on strong PHC is essential as most rural towns have small (<10 bed) (minimal high dependency care), or no hospitals and more remote communities rely on community clinics, nursing stations or visiting primary healthcare teams (Table 1) .
cord-294423-3458rek8	2020	Objectives To describe long-term care services and supports (LTSS) in the US, note their limitations in serving older adults post-incarceration, and offer potential solutions – with special consideration for the COVID-19 pandemic. 11 Furthermore, according to a recent systematic review, re-entry planning for 58 older incarcerated persons is "sparse and the outlook is grim, given that many are released to 59 urban communities characterized by health disparities and inadequate health care resources." 12 60 And yet, there is strong evidence that optimal utilization of health-related services is linked to 61 improved health outcomes, lower recidivism (re-incarceration), and improvements in housing, 62 employability, and support provided through families. Recently released older adults, given high rates of health problems and chronic 64 conditions, may simultaneously face both a great need for access to routine and acute health care, 65 as well as an accelerated need for long-term services and supports (LTSS) for their age.
cord-294496-4hhx1mdk	2020	
cord-294784-r84td2i0	2020	► The focus on collective agency broadens the perspective for action: the governance of the health system is not only about the ministry of health doing well certain things, it is about groups of individuals being able to organise their collective action, through the state, but also through other mechanisms. Our proposition is to organise the analysis around four main sets of variables: (1) the set of collective action problems to solve (let us call it P) (2) the group of individuals facing this P (G),(3) the set of possible actions (A) that members of G can take at a time t in order to handle P and (4) the conditions (C) determining the choice set A. The set of possible actions A is itself determined by a set of conditions (C): the size and composition of G, the nature, quantity and distribution of resources (including information and trust) endowed by its members, their preferences, organisations (eg, the ministry of health) and other institutional arrangements in place, as well as external factors such as available technology or security.
cord-294789-07hto8qn	2020	Members of the working group-listed as authors on this paper-included national figures in public health and social science with research, policy, and practice expertise in vaccinology, vaccine hesitancy/confidence, health disparities, infectious disease, bioethics, epidemiology, bioinformatics, public health law, pandemic mitigation, public health preparedness, mass vaccination campaigns, community engagement, and crisis and emergency risk communication. A combination of literature reviews on vaccination, pandemic planning, and health crisis communication; an assessment of current news and social media trends regarding COVID-19 vaccines; and key informant interviews with each working group member focusing on their respective expertise formed the basis of the research presented in this article. To ensure a successful COVID-19 vaccination campaign, it is necessary for sponsors to invest in time-critical investigations on human factors related to vaccine acceptance, and for public health authorities and other stakeholders to act on the social and behavioral findings of this research.
cord-294884-6l25y6fw	2020	
cord-295013-ew9n9i7z	2020	[34] [35] [36] Objective To develop a primary health-care monitoring framework and health outcome indicator list, and field-test and triangulate indicators designed to assess health reforms in Kerala, India, 2018-2019. [34] [35] [36] Objective To develop a primary health-care monitoring framework and health outcome indicator list, and field-test and triangulate indicators designed to assess health reforms in Kerala, India, 2018-2019. As already observed in India and other low-and middle-income countries, 29 our results indicate that any approach to improving or monitoring the quality of health-care must be adaptable to local methods of data production and reporting, while ensuring that emerging concerns of local staff are considered. The Every Newborn-BIRTH study was a triangulation of maternal and newborn healthcare data in low-and middle-income countries, 47 and some smaller-scale primary-care indicator triangulation exercises have been undertaken by India''s National Health Systems Resource Centre.
cord-295399-rj2i3cxy	2011	The persisting need for well-trained epidemiologists to support the public health surveillance, outbreak investigation and response system made the development of the Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (FELTP) a national priority. In keeping with the "One health" concept, to mitigate the increasing threat of outbreaks of zoonotic diseases and to further strengthen the laboratory''s key role in public health surveillance and response in the country, the trainees/residents were selected from serving staff nominated by the Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health (physicians and laboratory scientists) and the Veterinary Service Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture (veterinarians). During the 2-year period of training especially when on field postings, residents of the programme join the staff of the Ghana Health Service and Veterinary Service Directorate to investigate and respond to disease outbreaks and public health emergencies.
cord-295536-dbpt4dhr	2020	This study examined whether individual differences in BIS reactivity (germ aversion, pathogen disgust sensitivity) were associated with concern about COVID-19 and engagement in recommended preventative health behaviors (social distancing, handwashing, cleaning/disinfecting, avoiding touching face, wearing facemasks). Germ aversion and pathogen disgust sensitivity were the two variables most consistently associated with COVID-19 concern and preventative health behaviors, while accounting for demographic, health, and psychosocial covariates. In general, younger age, higher income, more populated location of residence, more recent illness, better perceived health, having/had COVID-19, greater religiosity, greater extraversion, greater conscientiousness, greater perceived infectability, greater germ aversion, and greater pathogen disgust sensitivity were associated with engaging in most (at least three) of the preventative health behaviors more frequently. When demographic, health, social, personality, and BIS variables were considered simultaneously, greater germ aversion and pathogen disgust sensitivity were most consistently associated with COVID-19 concern and preventative behaviors.
cord-295693-45etqt72	2020	In her scholarship on the history of race and medicine, Dr. Dorothy Roberts describes how focusing on "underlying" health conditions and behavioral risk factors allows society "[a] to ignore how disease is caused by political inequality and [b] to justify an unequal system by pointing to the inherent racial difference that disease supposedly reveals" (20) . Under racial capitalism, attention is drawn away from workplace hazards by arguing that workers are inherently at high risk of ill health due to their own racial and behavioral susceptibilities, masking and justifying how labor is structured to concentrate risky, lowwage work among non-White or otherwise marginalized workforces. In the counterfactual scenario of no Black lung function correction but a White hearing correction, industry would owe 31% more in worker''s compensation payouts (this calculation is based on applying the average payout associated with each workers'' compensation award in a typical state (30)). Under racial capitalism, Black workers experience more work-related health damage because they are concentrated in riskier, less protected jobs.
cord-295954-cw5n1tm4	2020	In 2018, a group of academic medicine leaders convened the Innovators, Collaborators, and Leaders conference with faculty at institutions across the state of North Carolina to discuss ways to improve learner preparedness for health professions education and increase numbers of underrepresented students pursuing health careers. The ICL conference was funded by an endowment grant and was designed to bring together faculty at HBCUs, a NASI, and PWIs within the state of North Carolina to (1) discuss the preparation of pre-health majors for health professions education across the state, (2) build camaraderie through candid discussions addressing the effects of historical inequities while highlighting the unique contributions of each institution towards building the health care pathway for URMs, (3) provide meaningful professional development activities for faculty participants, and (4) develop a strategy for North Carolina HBCUs, NASI, and PWIs to work collectively to increase the number of URM students entering health professions and graduate programs.
cord-296226-ugeupo3u	2020	Aedes-borne diseases, in particular, including dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika, are increasing at an alarming rate due to urbanisation, population movement, weak vector control programmes, and climate change. The environmental management put in place to implement this high standard of public cleanliness has greatly benefited Singapore''s efforts to tackle VBDs. Underscoring the view that Aedes-borne diseases are environmental diseases, dengue control in Singapore is led by the National Environment Agency (NEA), a statutory board of the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources (MEWR). In view of the importance of infrastructure maintenance and design, environmental sanitation, people''s behaviours, and use of technologies on dengue prevention, the NEA collaborates closely with other government ministries (e.g., Health, National Development, Education, Finance), town councils (responsible for management and maintenance of the common property of public housing estates, including vector control), community associations, research and academic institutions, and the private sector (Fig 2) .
cord-296422-5lsyh6s5	2020	People living in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) are exposed to a constellation of stressors that make them vulnerable to developing psychological symptoms and/or mental disorders, and a large gap between individuals in need of care and those who actually receive evidence-based interventions still exists (World Health Organization, 2010 , 2015 . This new conceptualisation emphasised the importance of mental health promotion and prevention interventions, aimed at reducing the likelihood of future disorders with the general population or with people who are identified as being at risk of a disorder (Tol et al., 2015) . In addition, treatment interventions may include broader interventions sometimes delivered by PHWs or CWs (and sometimes by specialist psychiatric nurses) such as training in self-help interventions, informal support, transdiagnostic psychosocial support (individualised plan addressing social and emotional functioning and problems) and high-risk individual identification which may be particularly relevant to those who have detectable subthreshold signs and symptoms of mental illness (van Ginneken et al., 2013) .
cord-296445-0spqe4r2	2020	The risk management of the COVID-19-pandemic in the context of global health research and practice not only needs to take into account microbiological and epidemiological knowledge and expertise on the characteristics and spread of SARS-CoV-2, but also social and economic impacts and challenges in different countries and settings. On the one hand, the resumption of temporarily interrupted projects may endanger people by unintended The coronavirus pandemic challenges ongoing and planned global health research and practice activities throughout the world; project planners and responsible persons must cautiously balance out the risks of interruption and resumption of the projects in the respective settings. Clinical data suggest that elderly and immunocompromised persons are at a very high risk of infections and poor outcomes when infected with SARS-CoV-2, the high contagiousness of the virus puts people in densely populated settings, such as refugee camps, at a particular risk [3] .
cord-296863-xu0h92ac	2004	The International Bioethics Committee (IBC) of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) recommended that "PGD be limited to medical indications. The convention includes articles on the rights of the patient, on equitable access to health care, on respect for private life, on non-discrimination on genetic grounds, on transplants, and on prohibition of financial gains "from the human body and his parts as such" (article 21). The main difficulty in practising moral principles concerning human dignity and equity in health is that in the past 15 years a singular ethics (and a singular policy) prevailed in the world, which resulted in overturning the health paradigms that had successfully guided public health and health services for one century. As far as ethics is concerned, the difference is that WHO does have a moral obligation towards people''s health, whereas the WTO, the IMF, and the World Bank do not.
cord-297205-eoqpfa4k	2020	
cord-297216-1b99hm1e	2020	In the Anthropocene, the conditions for microbial evolution have been altered by human interventions, and public health initiatives must recognize both the beneficial (indeed, necessary) interactions of microbes with their hosts as well as their pathogenic interactions. Its website proclaims this to be a big genome, big data approach to public health, whereby "taking into account individual differences in lifestyle, environment, and biology, researchers will uncover paths toward delivering precision medicine..." PPH is getting a shot in the other arm from pharmacogenomics, the study of how responses to drugs are influenced by the genetic makeup of the person receiving the drug. Holobiont public health would do well to recognize both the parasitic and the mutualistic branches of symbiosis [204] It would also recognize the two major changes in our scientific knowledge of microbial evolution that have occurred in this century: (1) organisms are holobionts composed of several species, wherein microbes help maintain healthy physiology and resilience; and (2) bacteria can pass genes through horizontal genetic transmission, thereby facilitating the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance through numerous bacterial species.
cord-297341-c2af59ip	2020	Compared to traditional care, a recent systematic review with meta-analysis (2019, n = 9 RCTs) concluded that telephone-delivered weight management interventions resulted in a significant decrease in BMI for people with overweight or obesity of −0.46 kg/m 2 (95% CI −0.73, −0.19). In an updated search (April 2020, n = 13 RCTs) of telephone-delivered dietetic services, a meta-analysis was performed that showed that telephone-delivered consultations by dietitians was a superior intervention compared to traditional care (including those with ad hoc nutrition care) for improving a range of important dietary intake measures, including fruit, vegetable, fibre and fat intake per day (see Table 1 ). 63 Another systematic review (2015, n = 9 studies) examined the effects of health interventions on weight loss among patients with cardiovascular disease reporting favourable outcomes for trials using web-based platforms(−1.44 kg; 95% CI -2.34 to −0.34; I 2 = 98%; n = 10 studies), telemedicine (−1.04 kg; 95% CI −1.12 to −0.97; I 2 = 0%; n = 3) and text messaging (−1.74 kg; 95% CI −2.51 to −0.98; I 2 = 83%; n = 4).
cord-297412-jxjvimqd	2015	The ability of some poor, resource-limited, developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa to efficiently handle the epidemic within their shores provides some lessons learned for the global health community. In September and October, 2014, the United States (US) and Spain, respectively, became the first two developed countries of the world to record the diagnoses of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in their lands outside West Africa during the current 2014 EVD epidemic. The patient, now deceased, contracted Ebola virus and travelled to US from his native Liberia, one of the West African country at the center of what has become one of the most challenging infectious disease outbreaks and national security threats in modern times. The US has also dispatched a team of public health officials to learn how Africa''s most-populous country, Nigeria, and Senegal, among the world''s poorest nation, were able to mitigate the spread of the virus in their countries.
cord-297711-6zi9xgu4	2020	World Health Organization (WHO), declares as on March 30, 2020, globally 693,282 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 , which includes 33,106 deceased (https://www.who.int/docs/ default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports /20200330-sitrep-70covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=7e0fe3f8_4; Coronavirus Outbreak, 2020a,b) . To reduce the spread of the virus, the Government of India issued the various guidelines include hand hygiene practices, wearing masks, avoiding public gathering, social distancing and quarantines etc. These initiatives are highly informative to the Faculty members and the students to enhance their knowledge either in their fundamentals course (or) in advanced course (or) in preparing for a competitive examination (or) in a specific field of his / her interest. The faculty member can schedule an online class and ask all the students to present. In this situation, as per the direction of Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), India, the faculty member should engage the students academically through online for the benefit of their career.
cord-297734-rp7eoonp	2020	title: Challenges of providing healthcare worker education and training in protracted conflict: a focus on non-government controlled areas in north west Syria As a result of the protracted conflict, targeting of healthcare and demand for trained HCWs in north west Syria, new faculties and institutes have been established in attempts to meet the education and training needs of physician and non-physician HCWs. Established facilities include three public faculties of medicine and three faculties of pharmacy at the Free Aleppo University (FAU), Idlib University and Shahba University; the latter was established in Dana to cover areas that are geographically far from Idlib University''s main campuses. As such, focused and realistic strategies which include key stakeholders and which are led and coordinated by local governing bodies (health directorates) could improve opportunities for HCW education and training in north west Syria.
cord-297803-qtq352w0	2010	This work resulted in a joint CDHA/IWK pandemic influenza contingency plan for public health, primary care, acute care and tertiary care services. One need only consider the impact and aftermath of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 1 or the unfolding story in New Orleans to begin to appreciate the extent of devastation and unprecedented changes in both the types and volumes of services that communities and health care organizations may face while simultaneously dealing with reduced resources. Specific objectives include: description of the command, control and management structure and functions, enhancement of surveillance systems, development of a communications plan, operational procedures for vaccines and anti-viral administration and delivery, and service delivery plans for acute care, emergency services and public health measures during a pandemic. The development of pandemic plans by more than 25 working groups covered clinical services and resource management for major hospital sites providing acute, secondary and tertiary and quaternary care.
cord-298003-6yvcl92q	2020	In addition to knowledge and know-how acquired from biological, ecological, health, medical and veterinary sciences, this pandemic confirms the crucial function and contribution of access to many types of resources when they are needed; in particular, sufficient stocks of medical equipment; hospital wards with specialised infrastructure; replenished supplies of pharmaceutical products; adequate numbers of trained and qualified medical doctors, nursing staff and auxiliary personnel in hospitals, medical centres and nursing homes for elderly persons and coordinated uses of all these resources when the virus is first diagnosed in specific localities. Ironically, many advocates of laissez-faire and neo-liberal economics now expect governments to intervene to support private enterprises that are financially fragile or bankrupt, Fig. 1 1 Effective responses to the complexity, emergence and uncertainty of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the compound nature of health, economic and social impacts of COVID-19 require understanding and implementing the virtuous relations between disciplinary knowledge and professional know-how, several types of resources, coordinated multi-level governance, and individual and collective behaviours that should be combined in transdisciplinary contributions.
cord-298362-j3fe0qu2	2017	We then propose a predictive analytic approach that utilizes both social media and physical sensor data to forecast the next day smog-related health hazard. We then propose a predictive analytic approach that utilizes both social media and physical sensor data to forecast the next day smog-related health hazard. To the best of our knowledge, our research is the first study to systematically model and analyze real-world social media and physical sensor data for smog-related health hazard forecasting. Second, a health hazard prediction model is built using records of public health index, smog severity index, social network diffusion factor and physical observation, and is further utilized to forecast smog-related health hazards. As Fig. 3 shows, we develop an ANN-based prediction model to forecast the next day smog-related health hazard (PHI record) with the inputs including the current and the past air quality observations, meteorology observations and social observations.
cord-298620-4cbnip2a	2020	Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and its biopsychosocial model of functioning, we use the WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO‐FICs) framework to form an expert consensus on the COVID‐19 rehabilitation program, focusing on the diagnosis and evaluation of disease and functioning, and service delivery of rehabilitation, and to establish a standard rehabilitation framework, terminology system, and evaluation and intervention systems based the WHO‐FICs. It is the fundamental system of physical medicine and rehabilitation and is recommended in the fields of diagnosis and coding, evaluation, and interventions of functioning to maximize patients'' functioning at three levels: (1) body function and structure; (2) activity and participation; and (3) environmental factors and personal factors. [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] According to the framework and scope of rehabilitation developed by the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (ISPRM white paper), ICF and ICHI β-2, we develop a personalized intervention plan based on specific unmet needs of patients with COVID-19.
cord-298696-rsifxvtj	2006	Given that air transportation is the one feature that most differentiates present day transmission scenarios from those in 1918, our present inability to prevent spread of influenza by international air travel, as reckoned by the World Health Organization, constitutes a major weakness in the current global preparedness plan against pandemic flu. Alas, the 2005 WHO report Avian influenza: assessing the pandemic has dismally concluded that "If only a few countries are affected, travel-related measures, such as exit screening for persons departing from affected areas, might delay international spread somewhat, but cannot stop it. Against a conservatively estimated US$800 billion a year that a human pandemic of avian influenza could cost the global economy [24] , not to mention the incalculable cost in terms of human lives [25] , it seems incredible that the aviation lessons of SARS have not led to an acceleration of scientific research and health policy evaluation aimed at strengthening public health defenses on the air transportation front.
cord-298708-lvahzj59	2020	RESULTS: Syrian refugee children in Turkey are facing a variety of risks in terms of their health and wellbeing including communicable and non-communicable diseases, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, family violence, child labor, and child marriage. A study on mental health problems and related risk factors in Turkey reported that Syrian refugee children have been exposed to a number of traumatic events during war in Syria prior to arrival to Turkey such as witnessing explosions or gun battles (70 %), to lose someone important to them (56 %), to see dead or wounded people (55 %), or witnessing people being tortured (43 %) (Gormez et al., 2018) . The main commonality of the studies reviewed for this article is that Syrian refugee children in Turkey are faced with higher risks in terms of a variety of health and wellbeing indicators despite the efforts by governmental and non-governmental entities.
cord-299136-rziqtdp0	2020	
cord-299315-s43gw24k	2015	In this paper we propose One Health as a strategy to prevent zoonotic outbreaks as a shared goal: that human and Great Ape vaccine trials could benefit both species. Sure, while OH in this sense creates the grounds for humans to express compassion towards animals and ecosystems and to engage in novel approaches to health problems, overall it often achieves the same goals of prevention and response so far already installed in public health; so OH, in this sense, adds nothing to the ethical debate except by broadening the factors considered in any human cost-benefit analysis. Our proposal is for direct action to administer vaccinations to humans through public health and research paradigms, and additionally to animals to stave off future outbreaks in both populations. Such an approach, aimed at vaccinating animals in the first instance, would be preventative rather than reactive to an outbreak in human populations, by protecting across species and thereby creating a potential barrier to future occurrences of Ebola in the fauna.
cord-299352-9pcb2enl	2015	• Strategies to consider include development of a more precise system to risk stratify geographic settings susceptible to disease outbreaks, reconsideration of the 2005 International Health Regulations Criteria to allow for earlier responses to localized epidemics before they reach epidemic proportions, increasing the flexibility of the World Health Organization director general to characterize epidemics with more granularity, development of guidelines for best practices to promote partnership with local stakeholders and identify locally acceptable response strategies, and, most importantly, making good on international commitments to establish a fund for public health emergency preparedness and response. An International Health Systems fund, through a sustained investment by global partners, would provide much needed preparedness in future cases of outbreaks in LMICs, where local resources are not capable of controlling epidemics [22] .
cord-299613-5ju5fcf4	2020	In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). Thus, a historical perspective allows us to use rich data to look at not only the short-term effects of crises like COVID-19 on health, labor, and human capital, but also the long-term and intergenerational impacts along these dimensions for both individuals and the wider economy. To examine how history can inform our view of the coronavirus pandemic and associated policy responses as they relate to long-run wellbeing, we begin in Section II by reviewing the features of COVID-19 that will determine its potential health and economic impacts, and placing these features in historical context.
cord-299627-nu4typ7j	2011	We used the following search terms: "Asia", "Asia and Pacifi c", "Southeast Asia", "SEA", "Association of Southeast Asian Nations", and "ASEAN" (for geographic location); "Cambodia", "Indonesia", "Lao PDR", "Laos", "Malaysia", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "Thailand", and "Vietnam" (our countries of interest); "(maternal OR child OR neonatal) AND (health OR health care)", "(health OR mortality) AND (pregnancy OR pregnant)", and "(health OR mortality) AND (maternal OR neonatal OR infant OR child OR under 5 years" (for health conditions); "health systems", "health fi nancing", "leadership", "governance", "information systems", "delivery and organization of services", "regulation of health products", "human resources" (for health systems); "maternal mortality ratio", "infant mortality rate", "neonatal mortality rate", "under 5 mortality rate", "skilled birth attendance", "antenatal care", "prenatal care", "immunization", "maternal and child nutrition", and "causes of maternal, infant and child mortality" (for mortality and health programme indicators); and "gross domestic product", "GDP", "GDP per capita", "national health accounts", "NHA", "public and private health expenditures", and "(out-of-pocket OR OOP) health expenditures" (for fi nance).
cord-299745-gv7i8oeh	2012	And the USAID Emerging Pandemic Threats Program (U.S. Agency for International Development 2010) operates globally with specific activities related to four project areas in Southeast Asia: wildlife pathogen detection, risk determination and reduction, outbreak response capacity, and institutionalization of a One Health approach. Ecohealth approaches to the better management of zoonotic emerging infectious diseases in the Southeast Asia Region (EcoZEID) (Gilbert 2011) adopts a learning by doing approach in six countries aiming to demonstrate how capacity for research and disease control can be developed to address specific risks and impacts of EIDs. ILRI also manages the Field Building Leadership Initiative (FBLI): Advancing ecohealth in Southeast Asia (China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam) (Tung DX 2011) . This joint action culminated in a new strategy, The Vietnam Integrated National Operational Program on Avian Influenza, Pandemic Preparedness And Emerging Infectious Diseases (AIPED), 2011-2015: Strengthening responses and improving prevention through a One Health approach (Vietnam Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Ministry of Health 2011).
cord-299797-s1zdmf2u	2020	The present work is a cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the risk perception and evaluating the community outrage linked to environmental factors among a self-selected sample of citizens living in an area characterized by the presence of industrial structures of high emotional impact. The growing awareness of the health impacts caused by the alteration of environmental conditions by anthropic activities, such as industrial expansion near urban areas, atmospheric pollution, and climate change, plays a key role in the judgment and acceptability of the risks related to environmental Owing to its insularity, the region lends itself very well to observational investigations and represents an excellent test case in relation to the reported social dynamics. The full questionnaire is shown in Tables 2 and 3 (Results Section): Table 2 reports 6 questions related to the respondents'' general information; Table 3 shows 8 questions (numbers 7 to 14) related to health concerns and risk perceptions, together with their close-ended answers.
cord-299833-f2q6di3t	2020	Loneliness has been an emerging issue in society in recent years, and has been linked to depression, irritability, and preoccupation with negative self-related thoughts, alongside a 26% increase in risk of premature death. Like social isolation, loneliness has been linked to depression (Cacioppo et al., 2006; Han and Richardson, 2010) , increased cortisol levels (Edwards et al., 2010; Miller, 2011) , lowered immunity (Cole et al., 2011) , and clinical disease, with attendant increases in length and frequency of hospital stays (Thurston and Kubzansky, 2009; Hawker and Romero-Ortuno, 2016) . Unlike the common and ineliminable moments of crisis that characterize the existence of each of us -which, although destabilizing, represent a unique and fundamental opportunity to review personal strategies for problem management -in this period, people are experiencing impotence, vulnerability, and a feeling of loss of control over one''s life as a response to something indeterminate in time and space. An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness
cord-299982-plw0dukq	2020	Twitter provides researchers an information source on public health, in real time and globally. More applications using Twitter and Natural Language Processing are found: monitor H1N1 flu [14] , Dengue in Brazil [15] , covid19 symptomatology in Colombia [16] , covid19 infoveillance in South America countries [17] and monitor City of Mexico [18] Finally, Ear [19] found, Peruvian Internal Agencies have overlapping functions so this can limit collaboration, there is not enough technical capacity and resources outside the capital, Lima. Another point to consider is that, besides the information on COVID 19, the international information related to the situation in other countries is present in every region. A similar scenario is present in all the regions, mass media The Social Network explored is useful to provide data for a exploratory analysis, to know what concerns can have citizens and map the issues per city so Public Policies can be more efficient and located.
cord-300022-2wfo6yql	2016	When studying the resilience of the Lebanese health system we drew on insights from studies of health systems that have faced refugee crises -studies which have considered the ability of a health system to maintain service delivery, prevent major outbreaks and sustain improvements in population level outcome indicators including utilization, service coverage, morbidity and mortality rates, as measures of success [30] [31] [32] [33] . The MOPH information systems and the maternal mortality observatory data sets are designed to incorporate ongoing assessment and reporting related to displaced Syrians, including for immunization coverage, disease surveillance and utilization of health services in addition to maternal and child mortality. Our findings indicate that the health system in Lebanon was able to maintain service delivery for both refugees and Lebanese citizens, prevent communicable diseases and sustain improvements in morbidity and mortality levels in the presence of major external and internal shocks, despite relatively limited increase in system inputs.
cord-300030-s4i0mdqe	2020	CONCLUSION: We propose four key strategies for strengthening the mental health response in order to mitigate the harmful impact of COVID-19 on public mental health in Kenya: (1) preparation of a formal mental health response plan specific to the COVID-19 pandemic with allocation of funding for the response (2) training of community health workers and community health volunteers on psychological first aid to enable access to support for those in need during the pandemic (3) scaling up of mobile health to increase access to care (4) conducting systematic and continuous text message surveys on the mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to inform decision-making. According to the framework, ''preparation and co-ordination'' involves developing a mental health response plan, creating COVID-19 specific mental health services and training of healthcare workers on psychological first aid.
cord-300229-9qh7efs4	2020	The coronavirus COVID-19 and the global pandemic has already had a substantial disruptive impact on society, posing major challenges to the provision of mental health services in a time of crisis, and carrying the spectre of an increased burden to mental health, both in terms of existing psychiatric disorder, and emerging psychological distress from the pandemic. These are (i) healthcare workers engaged in frontline response to the pandemic and their patients; (ii) individuals who will experience the emergence of new mental health distress as a function of being diagnosed with COVID-19, or losing family and loved ones to the illness, or the psychological effects of prolonged social distancing; and (iii) individuals with existing mental health conditions who are either diagnosed with COVID-19 or whose experience of social distancing exacerbates existing vulnerabilities.
cord-300246-fxqseibh	2020	The United States Food and Drug Administration has not approved any drug or vaccine for the treatment of COVID-19; however, reports have emerged from different parts of the world about the potential therapeutic benefits of existing drugs. Chloroquine and phosphate hydroxychloroquine are the drugs currently in the limelight, and recently, the National Task Force for COVID-19 constituted by the Indian Council of Medical Research has recommended the use of antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 infection in selected high-risk individuals. [16] Due to its promising results, chloroquine has been included in guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 (sixth edition) published by the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China. In India, The National Task Force for COVID-19 constituted by the Indian Council of Medical Research has recommended the use of antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in selected high-risk individuals.
cord-300301-7amiljnm	2016	Factors contributing to the emergence of diseases include increasing international travel and commerce, changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and industry, microbial adaptation and the breakdown of public health systems. These include: rapid epidemiologic surveillance and investigations to characterize the disease; transmission prevention through containment and control measures; development and deployment of medical countermeasures; and emergency public information and warning. By April 26, a public health emergency, the first in the history of the United States, was declared to allow for the rapid development of a vaccine, mobilization of antiviral medications through the federally resourced Strategic National Stockpile, and enhanced surveillance through reporting and testing. While it may not be possible to predict which pathogens may emerge or reemerge, it is possible to build infrastructure and take general steps to make populations and public health systems better prepared for the next novel infectious disease outbreak.
cord-300303-d4qmtysd	2020	
cord-300465-19euup51	2020	This study will generate urgently needed data on effective, adoptable, and sustainable interventions and implementation strategies to improve hypertension control in Guatemala and other LMICs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03504124. Specifically, these strategies include team-based care, health coaching sessions, home-based blood pressure (BP) monitoring, clinical decision support, BP audit and feedback, and training of healthcare providers. This study is an implementation-effectiveness, hybrid, type 2, cluster randomized control trial that will evaluate a multilevel and multicomponent hypertension control program within the Guatemalan primary care system [17] . The multicomponent program includes a protocol-based hypertension treatment and five implementation strategies: team-based collaborative care, health provider education, health coaching sessions, home blood pressure monitoring, and blood pressure audit and feedback. The overarching aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and implementation outcomes of a hypertension control multicomponent program within the first and second levels of care in Guatemala, compared to usual care.
cord-300965-ivczo1a7	2017	Some scholars—for example, Peterson and Lupton (1996)—term this model the "new public health." In this essay, I describe how the focus on personal responsibility for infection risk shapes the promotion of hand hygiene and other forms of illness etiquette. Personal responsibility may be a cornerstone of public health, but hand hygiene promotion is an especially persuasive vehicle for popularizing an individualistic conception of infection risk. Even in developed countries, where the assumption of personal responsibility is less likely to be impeded by structural issues, hand hygiene promotion may nevertheless skew perceptions of contextual or social determinants of infection risk. Created by the Florida Department of Health in response to H1N1, the BFifth Guy^campaign illustrates the use of a constitutive, stigmatizing rhetoric to endorse the assumption of personal responsibility for infection risk.
cord-301192-wif0te3w	2020	The current public health emergency necessitates a detailed look at the federal and state telehealth regulations to determine what changes will properly incentivize rapid adoption of the technology while also mitigating concerns related to safety, privacy, cybersecurity, and how best to assist underserved communities and people. Increasing Access to Care: Telehealth During COVID-19 5 CMS also will now provide for reimbursement for RPM services for acute conditions as well as chronic, and that expansion will extend beyond the public health emergency. Further, covered entities (and their business associates) must apply the administrative, physical, and technical safeguards of the HIPAA Security Rule to electronic protected health information." 33 However, in a March 30, 2020, Notification OCR stated: "During the COVID-19 national emergency, which also constitutes a nationwide public health emergency, covered health care providers subject to the HIPAA Rules may seek to communicate with patients, and provide telehealth services, through remote communications technologies.
cord-301328-13adnvav	2016	Emerging infectious diseases arising from livestock and wildlife pose serious threats to global human health, as shown by a series of continuous outbreaks involving highly pathogenic influenza, SARS, Ebola and MERS. To combat diseases like MERS, we must take a holistic approach that involves the development of early biomarkers of infection, a suite of treatment options (vaccines, anti-viral drugs and antibody therapeutics) and appropriate animal models to test the safety and efficacy of candidate treatments. Examples include the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus that has decimated poultry production in Asia and claimed over 350 lives since 2003 with continuing regular outbreaks, the Hendra virus in Australia, the Nipah virus in Malaysia and Bangladesh and hemorrhagic fever viruses (Ebola and Marburg), which have emerged from bats via intermediate hosts, such as horses and pigs, to infect and kill humans over the past two decades.
cord-301423-stod75j2	2020	DESIGN: We reviewed how the pandemic adversely influences many of these behaviors, specifically physical activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep, and dietary intakes, and provided individual level strategies that may be used to mitigate them. Sheltering-in-place has significantly altered health behaviours and the food environment by limiting opportunities for daily physical activities, encouraging screen time and sedentary behaviours, disturbing sleep and promoting consumption of ultraprocessed foods and alcohol. The average American adult spends 7·2-9·5 h/d engaged in sedentary behaviours, such as sitting while working, Higher alcohol intake Fig. 1 (colour online) Interrelationships of behavioural risk factors for weight gain that have been affected by the COVID pandemic; the confluence of these behavioural changes is hypothesised to exacerbate the national prevalence of obesity that is a threat for disease severity and mortality reading, watching television and using computers, smartphones or other devices (9) .
cord-301479-dc1oyftd	2011	This article discusses emergent issues in global health related to noncommunicable diseases and conditions, with focus on defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases, mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. Trying to offer an in-depth discussion on such a wide range of issues in just one article is clearly not possible, and therefore focus and emphasis is given to defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs), mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. 1, 11 Low-income and middle-income countries have developed their health provision and policies according to a primary care or Alma Ata model, focused on meeting the needs of pregnant women and children younger than 5 years, and developing services for a variety of high-impact communicable diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
cord-301521-mpm43aga	2020	2 Despite the disruptions in the normal functioning of psychiatric services, which have limited the ability to provide regular care, especially in outpatient settings, patients with new and existing mental health conditions should be followed up remotely. Telemedicine is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as "the process of providing health care from a distance through technology, often using videoconferencing". Telepsychiatry, a subgroup of telemedicine, involves providing psychiatric care through a range of services including psychiatric evaluations, therapy, patient education and medication management. 3 Early Career Psychiatrists (ECPs) from several regions of the world are optimistic that this pandemic will provide the opportunity to implement and expand telepsychiatry to urgently address the current mental health care needs of the population in times of physical distancing. 4 Indeed, telepsychiatry has already become a powerful tool in the mental health with demonstrated effectiveness in US and Australia for disorders like depression 5 , anxiety 6 , psychosis 7 and PTSD 8 .
cord-301547-d4wt9dqp	2020	Study selection Studies which evaluated health literacy related to novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Data extraction Data on the characteristics of study designs, instruments, participants and level of health literacy were collected. Keywords employed in the search strategy included terms related to health literacy as well as the viruses and syndromes implicated in the three coronavirus pandemics which were namely COVID-19, MERS and SARS. Studies which evaluated health literacy related to COVID-19, SARS or MERS among adult participants aged ≥ 18 years old from the general population, healthcare sectors and infected patients were included. Questions from instruments used across included studies were classified into three main themes, which were 1) knowledge, 2) attitudes and 3) practices, to help guide future development of standardised COVID-19 and pandemic health literacy tools.
cord-301771-43fl2gwp	2020	
cord-302619-3hbbpmnt	2001	TB is the most The increasing number of persons >65 years of age form a special population at risk for nosocomial and other health care-associated infections. TB is the most The increasing number of persons >65 years of age form a special population at risk for nosocomial and other health care-associated infections. As a health care-associated infection in this age group, TB comes to the fore in hospital and nursing home outbreaks (11) . Adult daycare centers and home care services, which have proliferated under medical auspices in recent years, provide additional avenues for geriatric populations to acquire health careassociated infections. For example, in a 2-year serologic study of selected pathogens causing respiratory tract infections and febrile episodes in two Canadian long-term care facilities, Orr and colleagues identified a positive serologic response to Chlamydia pneumoniae in 9.4% of 224 Health care-associated infections caused by antimicrobial drug-resistant bacteria have caused both endemic infections and outbreaks in nursing homes in the United States.
cord-302704-rj4le1qn	2020	Rapid and profound changes anticipated in the future of work will have significant implications for the education and training of occupational safety and health (OSH) professionals and the workforce. It is therefore likely that there will be a need for new disciplines and specialties in OSH or, at a minimum, a broader skill set and expanded training of traditional OSH professions to include occupational health psychology, human resource management, and TWH [18] . It is therefore likely that there will be a need for new disciplines and specialties in OSH or, at a minimum, a broader skill set and expanded training of traditional OSH professions to include occupational health psychology, human resource management, and TWH [18] . It is important to note that the workshop was designed to identify challenges, gaps, and needs facing the future of education and training of OSH professionals and not necessarily to provide concrete answers or next steps in the development of curricula, credentialing of OSH professions, or evaluation of new training methods.
cord-302865-4znh4pja	2020	
cord-302983-3v5bc80z	2020	title: Health literacy in the general population in the context of epidemic or pandemic coronavirus outbreak situations: Rapid scoping review OBJECTIVE: The aim of this rapid scoping review, for which only studies from the general population were considered, was to describe the extent of existing research on HL in the context of previous coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2). METHODS: We searched major databases and included publications of quantitative and qualitative studies in English and German on any type of research on the functional, critical and communicative domains of HL conducted in the context of the three outbreaks in the general population. Therefore, the aim of this rapid scoping review, for which only studies from the general population were considered, was to describe the extent of existing research on HL in the context of previous coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2).
cord-303165-ikepr2p2	2014	
cord-303197-hpbh4o77	2020	There is a growing interest in One Health, reflected by the rising number of publications relating to One Health literature, but also through zoonotic disease outbreaks becoming more frequent, such as Ebola, Zika virus and COVID-19. This paper uses bibliometric analysis to explore the state of One Health in academic literature, to visualise the characteristics and trends within the field through a network analysis of citation patterns and bibliographic links. This paper uses bibliometric analysis to explore the state of One Health in academic literature, to visualise between the disciplines of human medicine, veterinary medicine and environment still persist -even in the face of the One Health approach. Four clusters of authors emerged in the network (green: zoonoses and epidemiology; blue: biodiversity and ecohealth; purple: animal health, public health; red: policy-related disciplines).
cord-303203-1kpw4ru0	2020	title: Coping with COVID-19: Exposure to COVID-19 and Negative Impact on Livelihood Predict Elevated Mental Health Problems in Chinese Adults However, few studies have examined sleep problems, depression, and posttraumatic symptoms among the general adult population during the COVID-19 outbreak, and little is known about coping behaviors. Mental health problems were assessed with the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression inventory, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Perceived negative impact of the pandemic on livelihood showed a large effect size in predicting mental health problems (standardized beta: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.10–0.19). The relationship between coping behavior and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS), depression, insomnia, mental health problems. We found that direct exposure to COVID-19 and the impact on livelihood are important predictors of mental health problems, and that people found cognitive and prosocial ways to cope with the strains and stresses of the lockdown.
cord-303385-2jjg8qw6	2020	This article draws on an analytical framework proposed by Dunlop and Radaelli, whereby they identified four learning modes that can emerge according to the specific characteristics of the policy process: epistemic learning, learning in the shadow of hierarchy, learning through bargaining and reflexive learning. Epistemic learning takes several configurations in our ''collective action for UHC'' in LMICs. Epistemic learning encompasses situations such as (1) reading a policy-brief or even a scientific article, particularly a systematic review or a metaanalysis; (2) attending national, regional or international meetings or training workshops; (3) the release of conceptual or analytical frameworks to better understand the concept of UHC or its linkages with health system pillarsexamples include the health financing functions [50, 51] or the ''UHC cube'' [1] ; or (4) specialist agencies or researchers sharing lessons learned in other countries [3, 52] or developing policy guidance notes on how to move quickly towards UHC [53] [54] [55] .
cord-303700-rrwy3osd	2015	The lack of a universal definition makes it hard to compare different countries and cities in regard to public health and the burden and impact of infectious diseases (4) . Many of the lower income countries are expected to have a major growth among the urban population, which leads to considerable challenges for the governments and health care to keep up to pace and develop their social services and health care as these regions grow. The environment in urban cities has proven to be favourable for the rat population (Rattus spp.) and close encounters between rats and humans can lead to transmission of zoonotic infectious diseases. LF still has its major impact in rural settings, but the increasing urbanization in the developing world has made LF an infectious disease that also has to be considered elsewhere.
cord-303860-jpy373ph	2020	
cord-303933-vb3hygtv	2007	Information communications technology has been a focus of the work of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) since 1970, when this organization was formed in Canada with the goal of helping to improve the health of people in developing countries (http://www.idrc.ca). These efforts were quite typical of activities that focused on health and on information and communica-tions technology (ICT) at the time: overly ambitious, lacking in adequate capacity and planning, but spurred by the drive and determination of project proponents, who went on to use their experiences to become champions of telehealth in their countries. In Indonesia, the Development of ICT-based Telemedicine System for Primary Community Health Care in Indonesia project used existing Internet technology to enhance PC-based medical stations and pilot-tested a telemedicine application. However, the fast pace of innovation in both ICTs and health research means that there is also a need to develop, implement and evaluate new applications, particularly in the area of demographic surveillance of disease incidence and medical compliance, using new technologies such as mobile phones.
cord-304016-4o2bpedp	2020	In this article we assess the impact of missteps by the Federal Government in three specific areas: the introduction of the virus to the US and the establishment of community transmission; the lack of national COVID-19 workplace standards and enforcement, and lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) for workplaces as represented by complaints to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) which we find are correlated with deaths 16 days later (ρ = 0.83); and the total excess deaths in 2020 to date already total more than 230,000, while COVID-19 mortality rates exhibit severe—and rising—inequities in race/ethnicity, including among working age adults. Finally, despite the initial federal failure to report COVID-19 data by race/ethnicity [6] , a combination of specific studies, state reporting, investigative journalism, and data trackers has revealed that a persistent feature of the pandemic has been the existence of racial/ethnic inequities in cases, hospitalizations, and mortality, especially with regard to increased risk among US Black, Latinx, and American Indian/Alaska Native populations compared to the US white non-Hispanic population [3-5, 7, 8, 69, 70] .
cord-304056-2bo0s0hz	2014	▸ To maintain a forum for a constructive dialogue between regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry on the real and perceived differences in the technical requirements for product registration in the EU, US, and Japan in order to ensure a more timely introduction of new medicinal products, and their availability to patients; ▸ To contribute to the protection of public health from an international perspective (added upon revision in 2000); ▸ To monitor and update harmonized technical requirements leading to a greater mutual acceptance of research and development data; ▸ To avoid divergent future requirements through harmonization of selected topics needed as a result of therapeutic advances and the development of new technologies for the production of medicinal products; ▸ To facilitate the adoption of new or improved technical research and development approaches which update or replace current practices, where these permit a more economical use of human, animal, and material resources, without compromising safety; ▸ To facilitate the dissemination and communication of information on harmonized guidelines and their use such as to encourage the implementation and integration of common standards.
cord-304157-u0mlee6u	2020	Our approach advocates for close collaboration between essential services and COVID-19 teams to identify priorities, restructure essential services to accommodate physical distancing, promote task shifting at primary level, optimise the use of mobile/web-based technologies for service delivery/training/monitoring and involve private sector and non-health departments to increase management capacity. Our approach advocates for close collaboration between essential services and COVID-19 teams to identify priorities, restructure essential services to accommodate physical distancing, promote task shifting at primary level, optimise the use of mobile/web-based technologies for service delivery/training/monitoring and involve private sector and nonhealth departments to increase management capacity. 18, 19 This article looks at the possible effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the South African health system and proposes possible solutions to maintain the delivery of essential health services whilst fighting the pandemic, with a specific focus on HIV and EPI. Using the documented existing service delivery gaps, we analysed EPI and HIV programmes as examples of priority essential health services to be maintained by South Africa during this emergency period.
cord-304219-tmlatghe	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Based off data collected from experience in a public health system and literature review, we conclude that although the COVID-19 pandemic has initiated significant innovation to integrate technology for psychiatric care, this innovation is not equally accessible for vulnerable populations suffering from mental health disorders. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 3 Based off data collected from experience in a public health system and literature review, we conclude that although the COVID-19 pandemic has initiated significant innovation to integrate technology for psychiatric care, this innovation is not equally accessible for vulnerable populations suffering from mental health disorders. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the expeditious adoption of telemedicine, telepsychiatry and digital health interventions, but there are existing barriers to continue the utilization of these services.
cord-304280-2a84u4tm	2020	METHODS: We used method of descriptive analysis of the published papers with described studies about Corona virus connected with CVD, and, also, Guidelines proposed by World Health Organization (WHO) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC), and some other international associations which are included in global fighting against COVID-19 infection. Early COVID-19 case reports suggest that patients with underlying conditions are at higher risk for complications or mortality -up to 50% of hospitalized patients have a chronic medical illness (40% cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease). The clinical effects of pneumonia have been linked to increased risk of CVD up to 10-year follow-up (11) and it is likely that cases infected via respiratory virus outbreaks will experience similar adverse outcomes. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has issued a statement advising that patients continue treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), despite widely circulated reports that the agents could worsen coronavirus disease (20) .
cord-304399-7t2mu13s	2020	Many healthcare professionals, emergency services staff and humanitarian workers, as well as organisational leaders and policy-makers are shaken by powerlessness, guilt and fear from witnessing COVID-19 deaths which could have been avoided with better preparation; from being aware of the suffering and loneliness of those who are dying, while all available staff are needed to fight for the lives of those with higher chances of survival; or, with a growing likelihood, from contemplating decisions about withholding or withdrawing critical treatment because of severe resource limitations. Yet until the COVID-19 pandemic, these challenges were not openly discussed in the context of palliative care-including in the WHO guide which is our main focuseven if they were a way of life for many humanitarian and emergency workers and intuitively sensed by individuals external to the sectors.
cord-304455-z5n9ys86	2017	
cord-304510-sfhwaqfr	2020	It has been suggested that vulnerable populations at risk for negative psychological outcomes before implementation of containment strategies, e.g. persons with mental illness, low income, or lack of social network, may be at particular greater risk during and after quarantine or isolation [4] . We, therefore, conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the mental health effects of quarantine and isolation, based on controlled primary study data. For isolated/quarantined individuals, dissatisfaction with containment measures, supply, or the relationship to healthcare-personnel was associated with higher levels of anxiety and anger [13] , stress-related disorders/PTSD (2 studies [8, 14] ) and lower general mental health [8] . Large groups of the general population may be affected, but individuals who are already facing psychosocial adversities before quarantine or isolation (including persons with low income, lack of social networks, or mental health problems) appear to be among those vulnerable groups at greatest risk for negative psychological outcomes.
cord-305338-6sidqomd	2020	2 Besides, the combination of the individual-level "China Migrants Dynamic Survey" (CMDS) data and city-level statistical data facilitates a better understanding of the effects of public health policies on the health welfare of internal migrants, who have enormous difficulties in accessing to those services before the implementation of this program (Gao, Yang, & Li, 2012; Kinnan et al., 2018; Meng, 2012) . In this study, based on the individual-level data from CMDS and the city-level statistical data, we comprehensively evaluate the effects of EHFPSM implementation on the internal migrants'' basic public health service coverage and health status, as well as the spillover effect on their medical service utilization during 2013-2014 by combining the methods of PSM and DID. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of the EHFPSM on internal migrants'' basic public health service coverage, health status and medical service utilization based on CMDS data and city-level statistic indicators.
cord-305660-kvxa6lq0	2020	In the ''''no margin, no mission'''' mindset of America''s health care culture, leaders believe they cannot afford to pay a living wage to all employees, that doing so would decrease their company''s EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization), damage stock prices and risk lowering their bond ratings. Boards of directors of health care companies, including both for-profit and not-for-profit entities, must require that all workers are paid a living wage and treated fairly, regardless of the opinion of the market or bond rating agencies. Each company''s diversity, equity, and inclusion policy should mandate transparent public reporting of direct care workers'' median wages, benefits, and annual turnover rates, along with the proportion of part-time to full-time employees. There is an H word for health care company leaders who call their frontline caregivers heroes, while neglecting to protect their health or pay them a living wage: Hypocrites.
cord-305828-kueqo67y	2020	
cord-305906-a2srympy	2020	We propose a largescale emergency programme to train community health workers (CHWs) to support people in their homes, initially the most vulnerable but with potential to provide a longterm model of care in the UK. Experience from Brazil, Pakistan, Ethiopia, and other nations shows how a coordinated community workforce can provide effective health and social care support at scale. CHWs could undertake regular review of vulnerable people at home in person or virtually, depending on need, and when patients become ill CHWs could undertake simple assessment of the need for more advanced care, reporting to other members of the primary care team, including to the COVID19 Health Management Team that is being commissioned. CHWs in Brazil have been established for many years, are well integrated into their communities, and provide a wide range of health and social care support activities to each of the 100-150 households that they are responsible for.
cord-306112-wqqfpr4g	2020	authors: Yilmaz, Ozge; Gochicoa‐Rangel, Laura; Blau, Hannah; Epaud, Ralph; Lands, Larry C.; Lombardi, Enrico; Moore, Paul E.; Stein, Renato T.; Wong, Gary W. On 31 March 2020 the International Committee of the American Thoracic Society Pediatrics Assembly recorded an online podcast, during which pediatric pulmonologists worldwide shared their experience on the novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) in children. This manuscript summarizes the common themes of the podcast which centered around three main topics: more benign clinical disease and progression in pediatric cases compared to adults, a strong need for strategies to protect health care workers, and social or economic disparities as a barrier to successful pandemic control. The common themes of the podcast centered around three main topics: more benign clinical disease and progression in pediatric cases compared with adults, a strong need for strategies to protect health care workers, and social or economic disparities as a barrier to successful pandemic control. Infection prevention and control during health care when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected
cord-306393-iu4dijsl	2011	
cord-306671-stc3pbj8	2015	
cord-306770-hjzlj8k3	2020	During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, personal protective equipment (PPE) worn by health care workers is critical for reducing transmission of the infection in health care settings, particularly when aerosol-generating medical procedures (AGMP) are being performed. For example, Givi et al and the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [2] call for airborne precautions when performing AGMP on patients for whom the index of suspicion for COVID-19 infection is not high, whereas the World Health Organization, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, and the Public Health Agency of Canada do not [3, 14, 15] . Measuring the level of aerosolized viral particles in rooms where AGMPs are being performed on patients with COVID-19 would provide indirect evidence of the degree to which these procedures put health care workers at risk of aerosolized transmission, and whether exposure concentration affects risk of infection and/or severity of disease.
cord-306844-h1ccksm6	2020	
cord-306865-36v9f1yz	2010	BACKGROUND: Having been overwhelmed by the complexity of the response needed for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic, public health professionals in the small island state of Barbados put various measures in place to improve its response in the event of a pandemic METHODS: Data for this study was collected using Barbados'' National Influenza Surveillance System, which was revitalized in 2007. Data for this study was collected using Barbados'' National Infl uenza Surveillance System which is comprised of ten sentinel sites, responsible for sending weekly notifi cations to the Ministry of Health of ARI and SARI. In April 2009, after the announcement by the WHO that the world had entered pandemic phase fi ve, an enhanced testing strategy was introduced and all primary health care facilities, both private and public, were asked to take nasopharyngeal swabs from all persons who presented with fever (>38ºC) with respiratory symptoms and a travel history to an aff ected area.
cord-307038-c58mzcu9	2020	This review study is an attempt to understand the various modeling approaches used by researchers to analyze diverse barriers related to specific disease types and the various areal distributions in the country. The study introduced a multilevel approach to assess area-level variation in colorectal cancer survival due to causative factors (disease stage, comorbidity, patient characteristics and healthcare access) and analyze their individual contribution to survival. Most of the studies used the line-of-sight method to measure distances to dental care instead of determining travel time as they focused on metropolitan regions with a focus on using geospatial tools to identify accessibility [13, 16] . Current research practice is lacking in various domains ranging from spatial accessibility techniques to the consideration of patient characteristics and the analysis of different disease types as well as studies concerning only rural/remote areas.
cord-307303-9mzs5dl4	2005	However, in practice, public health preparedness requires additional models and tools to provide a framework to better understand and prioritize emergency readiness and response needs, as well as to facilitate solutions; this is particularly true at the local health department level. By breaking a larger problem into smaller, more manageable components, the Haddon matrix provides a practical, efficient decisionmaking and planning tool that health department leaders can use to better understand current and emerging threats, perform vulnerability assessments, prioritize and allocate readiness and response resources, and maintain institutional agility in responding to an array of public health emergencies. Applying the Haddon matrix to the threat of a dirty bomb illustrates the value of this injury prevention model as a public health readiness and response tool, even when focusing exclusively on environmental issues.
cord-307319-wbp2ykwu	2011	
cord-307709-o6biwypo	2020	
cord-308376-un4ztqf4	2020	The 4 COVID-19 articles highlighted in this editorial reflect the 5 domains identified in the health informatics practice analysis: foundational knowledge; enhancing health decision making, processes, and outcomes; health information systems; data governance, management, and analytics; and leadership, professionalism, strategy, and transformation, 8 as well as similar domains in the physician clinical informatics subspecialty practice analysis. This included the design and implementation of electronic health record (EHR)-based rapid screening processes, as well as expansion of system-level EHR documentation templates (eg, urgent care/emergency department screening or testing), clinical decision support (eg, isolation, who should be tested), reporting tools (eg, operational dashboard and tracking system for persons under investigation), and patient-facing technology (eg, video visits for outpatient encounters) related to COVID-19. In a Perspective, Turer et al, 3 from Vanderbilt University Medical Center, describe an approach they call electronic PPE (ePPE) within the context of emergent policy changes related to telemedicine and the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act during the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-308378-qnkqckvm	2016	
cord-308645-5fghudac	2020	In short, the discussion highlights the following: i) health is a human right marching towards universal health care, with research underpinning every advance in health care and quality medical services; ii) evidence-based research is emerging as a critical tool to aid policyand decision-makers; iii) investment necessity in healthcare research/systems to enable responding to a country''s national health priorities and to strengthen public health policies; and iv) need for multi-sectoral involvement of stakeholders to bridge the gap between research and politics. Priority areas include the development of an integrated model of high-quality care and service delivery for the State of Qatar; enhanced health promotion and disease prevention; enhanced health protection; health integrated across the country in all policies; and establishing effective systems of health governance and leadership. Qatar''s National Health Strategy, 2018-2022, highlights the need for creating quality, care delivery infrastructureso-called "high-value health systems"to enable such improvements in patient access, affordability, and outcomes.
cord-308821-j4vylbhy	2009	The individual nation states within Europe are signatories to the International Health Regulations 2005, but the capacity of states to undertake measures to control communicable disease is constrained by their obligations to comply with EU law. To assist in drawing together national responses to pandemic disease, the PHLawFlu project c was funded to develop public health law expertise across Europe, 2 and to examine the legal underpinning of pandemic disease preparedness across the EU and five further European states. In an attempt to identify the extent to which there is variation in public health legal powers and the consequences of such variation for public health in Europe, the PHLawFlu project is examining the role of national laws in the control of and protection against pandemic human influenza across Europe.
cord-309118-810fmd8e	2020	For a large number of health care providers world-wide, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is their first experience in population-based care. Gostin and Katz described wide-spread noncompliance to the IHR detailing multiple needed textual and operational reforms, emphasizing that WHO and the IHR "erred at multiple levels during the Ebola epidemic" and WHO failed "to mobilize adequate fiscal and human resources until the epidemic was spinning out of control." 3 In 2015, after the Ebola epidemic, I wrote "the intent of the legally binding Treaty to improve the capacity of all countries to detect, assess, notify, and respond to public health threats has shamefully lapsed," 4 and that global health security demanded both a stronger WHO and a stronger IHR treaty. The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic experience leads to only one solution: the WHO must be restructured from top to bottom to remove individual countries from health and public health assessment, decisions, and management.
cord-309122-9dfyjpid	2020	
cord-309125-ddgoc5yk	2020	
cord-309436-5qoo3a8i	2020	
cord-309663-h06876ok	2018	
cord-309705-el5rembl	2020	The occurrence of arboviral diseases with COVID-19 in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region presents challenges and opportunities for strengthening health services, surveillance and control programs. The fear of contagion by COVID-19 is constraining people with arboviral diseases to search for care which can lead to an increase in serious cases and could disrupt the operation of vector-control programs due to the reluctance of residents to open their doors to health personnel. Despite having limited information on the direct impact on human health of the interaction of arboviral diseases with COVID-19, (12) it is essential that all efforts be made to protect populations at risk (13) since Aedes-transmitted diseases (ATDs) mainly affect vulnerable populations living in poor urban or rural areas and in houses with limited access to sewerage and drinking water services. Given the emergence of COVID-19, it is essential that countries commit to supporting this Plan of Action and strengthen their surveillance and control programs in an integrated way where new epidemiological circumstances are seen as challenges and opportunities and much less as disbeliefs or limitations.
cord-310197-gwhb2e6q	2014	
cord-310543-2ly18d15	2020	
cord-310555-nhnhst3f	2020	The indelible impacts on our nation from the Coronavirus pandemic along with high fatality rates that disproportionately burden racial and ethnic minorities necessitate long-term coordinated federal, state and local action to improve critical determinants of population health, specifically important health and public health infrastructures as well as emergency and disaster preparedness systems. 22 The 3-year initiative seeks to develop and coordinate a strategic and structured information network of national, state/territorial/tribal and local public and community-based organizations who will mitigate the impacts by 1 : improving the reach of COVID-19-related public health messaging 2 ; increasing connection to healthcare and social services 3 ; decreasing disparities in COVID-19 testing and vaccination rates; and 4 enhancing capacity and infrastructure to support response, recovery, and resilience.
cord-310556-ebh59adi	2020	This work has also resulted in the creation of the first measure of suicide ideation tailored specifically to the needs and lives of older people, the Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale (Heisel and Flett 2006) , which assesses sociocultural and existential factors (i.e., its "Loss of Personal and Social Worth" and "Perceived Meaning in Life" subscales) in addition to thoughts and wishes to die and for suicide.
cord-310557-d33ll0ka	2017	Method: We reviewed documents, including guidelines and reports from the Saudi Ministry of Health''s database, to describe the characteristics of the infectious diseases surveillance systems that were operational during the 2015 Hajj, highlighting best practices and gaps and proposing strategies for strengthening and improvement. During Hajj, enhanced indicator-based notifiable diseases surveillance systems complement the existing surveillance tool to ensure timely reporting of event information for appropriate action by public health officials. 10 The use of appropriate surveillance systems during mass gatherings ensures the timely collection, analysis and interpretation of health data for effective planning and response to infectious diseases threats. 14 Furthermore, there is need to sustain the enhanced surveillance system and other public health interventions at key locations in the Kingdom, including the points of entry, after the Hajj, as a prevention and control strategy for the international spread of diseases during other mass gatherings with international dimensions, principally the Umrah pilgrimage.
cord-311172-4uk2y206	2020	Concretely, it is unclear how the remedial actions proposed will materially alleviate stigma process and impacts, especially given apparent gaps in the issues examined, including essential strategies – for example, reform of drug user criminalization as a fundamental element and driver of structural stigma for action that directly relate to the jurisdictions and privileged mandates of the report sources themselves as health and policy leaders. Luomo notes that research on stigma in the addiction realm is in its "infancy", and that even less is known on "how to reduce stigma in this area." [10] Two pre-eminent ''anti-stigma'' manifests Both above-mentioned reports ascribe fundamental and sweeping cause-effect agency, as well as necessary remedial prescriptions to the phenomenon of ''stigma'' as applied to the current public health crisis of substance/ opioid use in Canada.
cord-311209-dcxp9lb8	2020	
cord-311448-t17g47dj	2020	
cord-311558-1y6z8qso	2020	Developed out of research on the impacts of hospital restructuring on workers, patients, and communities, this paper aims to understand how health care financing, care needs for the ageing, and new geographies of health services are intertwined. I paired this news analysis with a review of secondary literature (primarily from health economics and public health) focusing on studies done since 1982 on the impacts of the prospective payment system on hospital financing and the use and cost effectiveness of hospice. Finally, I apply the idea of palliative space-time to these contradictory J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f changes, to reveal a death-focused logic at work in US health care today and consider what alternative possibilities exist. PST is useful for understanding the implications of those two legislative changes of the early 1980s: the callous palliative state of the health care system, with the care-full service of hospice.
cord-311651-v2ff33jd	2020	
cord-312136-o5xsmg3z	2020	
cord-312293-2h37qxcg	2020	
cord-312647-71jdf5nt	2020	
cord-312918-iof45k1r	2020	
cord-313229-5oc0lisi	2008	ICT has opened new channels of communication, creating the beginnings of a global information society that will facilitate access to isolated areas where health needs are extreme and where nursing can contribute significantly to the achievement of "Health for All." The purpose of this article is to discuss the relationships between globalization, health, and ICT, and to illuminate opportunities for nursing in this flattening and increasingly interconnected world. Nursing leadership, creativity, advocacy, and experience are needed to provide stewardship for health ICT growth and application in the face of a complex, interconnected, and increasingly globalized world. Examples of success stories from a global perspective include: (1) advances in education and collaborative learning, (2) telenursing/ telehealth, (3) movement toward electronic health records (EHRs), (4) nursing knowledge management and knowledge generation. Interoperability from a global perspective requires international standards in many dimensions such as messaging, security, language, ethical information use, ICT management, and other areas-all of which impact nursing and EHRS.
cord-313436-7vtqte8z	2020	
cord-313615-cts45n3j	2012	
cord-313729-mydyc68y	2014	BACKGROUND: Possessing every hazard class, the health care sector poses significant health threats to its workforce in both high-resource settings and lowand middle-income countries (LMICs). 5 Although preventing exposure to infectious agents and musculoskeletal injuries resulting from patient lifting have been the primary focus of employee safety programs, the chemical hazards in health care have been more slowly recognized. 10 Bloodborne pathogens, which include viruses capable of causing hepatitis or HIV infections continue to threaten health workers in both high-resource areas and in LMICs. 17 In developing countries, 40% to 65% of hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV) infections in health care workers were attributed to percutaneous occupational exposure. 29 The basic occupational health approach to minimizing exposure to any workplace hazard uses a combination of protective industrial hygiene control methods that are applied in a specified order or hierarchy.
cord-313754-f4sq45gy	2005	
cord-313989-bc7q8swu	2020	
cord-314104-dkm8396y	2020	
cord-314205-6d5yloxp	2016	
cord-314278-ea73au8c	2015	
cord-314383-1m2xkbok	2020	
cord-314579-4nc4d05v	2003	10, 11 In this paper, we assess the politics, production, financing, and economics of poliomyelitis eradication to identify lessons that might be relevant to the pursuit of other global health goals. Implementation of National Immunisation Days (NIDs) has been a huge challenge; in China and India, for example, about 80 million and 150 million children, respectively, were immunised in a few days-the achievement was repeated 1 month later, and then annually Global health goals: lessons from the worldwide effort to eradicate poliomyelitis The World Health Assembly resolution that launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative stated that eradication should be pursued in ways that strengthened the delivery of primary health-care services in general and immunisation programmes in particular. In this review of the poliomyelitis eradication initiative, we have derived six lessons that could assist the planning and pursuit of worldwide health goals, whether global public goods for health or other health efforts in which international collective action might be warranted.
cord-314699-5b4toeik	2020	
cord-314920-ovp8qrqt	2019	
cord-315170-ykqnbsqe	2020	
cord-315209-xpzqd0wk	2020	
cord-315247-86ibo5gn	2020	
cord-315260-7ay19686	2020	
cord-315364-8eh55yt2	2020	In 2011, job satisfaction, Nurse Participation in Hospital Affairs, Nurse Foundations of Quality Care, Nurse Manager Leadership Support, Staff and Resource Adequacy, and Subscale Composite scores were significantly lower for respondents who indicated they were leaving for PPL reasons. Study Design: We used 2018 survey data with NFP supervisors that assessed agency-level collaboration, as measured by relational coordination and structural integration with nine community provider types (including obstetrics care, substance use treatment, and child welfare). Authors: Jane Bolin, Jodie Gary, Cynthia Weston, Nancy Downing, Allison Pittman, Cherrie Pullium Objective: The goal of this mixed methods study was to conduct both quantitative and qualitative research with dissemination to community partners toward forming a united regional consortium focused on increasing access to opioid use disorder (OUD) prevention, treatment, and recovery, ultimately improving the health and wellbeing of children and families.
cord-315513-jw7131ye	2020	On 23 October, President Sebastián Piñera responded to growing demands with an "agenda social" (social agenda), measures to alleviate concerns about the health system including a ceiling on out-of-pocket spending, an insurance plan to cover drugs, and an agreement between the Central Nacional de Abastecimiento (National Centre for Supply) and the most important private drugstore companies to reduce the price of medicines for those who obtained health care from public providers [26] . Early analyses of implementation of the Plan AUGE, intended to improve access to facilities near peoples'' homes, reduced waiting times, improved quality, and caps on co-payments (maximum 20% of the price and no more than one month''s family income for the family in a year), reported a 30% an increase in use of health services for conditions such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension [33] and improved survival after acute myocardial infarctions [34] .
cord-315681-p3j8kt80	2020	To mitigate the spread of Covid-19, federal, state, and local officials have exercised broad powers available to them under public health statutes and emergency declarations to close businesses and restrict the movement of individuals outside their homes. A court asked to address whether a public health agency has acted reasonably and without abusing its discretion need not simply defer to the expertise of the agency without requiring that the agency to identify and explain the logic the agency deployed to reach its conclusion that quarantine was appropriate." 97 The same is true of officials charged with developing emergency communicable disease control guidelines that, while technically voluntary, are likely to be relied on to enforce involuntary-and highly intrusive-measures by state and local governments.
cord-315730-fzgxuak7	2020	
cord-315801-hurpcc4e	2020	
cord-315826-z32uf37q	2020	
cord-315827-biur1xn4	2020	
cord-315991-uecdbanf	2020	National Principles for Resumption of Sport were used as a guide in the development of ''the AIS Framework for Rebooting Sport in a COVID-19 Environment'' (the AIS Framework); and based on current best evidence, and guidelines from the Australian Federal Government, extrapolated into the sporting context by specialists in sport and exercise medicine, infectious diseases and public health. The Australian Governor-General declared a ''human biosecurity emergency period'' on 18 March 2020 190 in response to the risks posed by This empowered the Australian Government to make 191 a series of decisions including prohibition of cruise ships, travel bans (domestic and international), 192 limiting gatherings to two persons (with exceptions for people of the same household and other select 193 groups), and closing a range of indoor and outdoor public facilities. The detection of a positive COVID-19 case in a sporting or recreation club or organisation will result in a standard public health response, which could include quarantine of a whole team or large group, and close contacts, for the required period.
cord-316461-bxcsa1h2	2020	
cord-316543-1tb2tkis	2020	OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore the expectations and fears faced by doctors during Covid-19 Pandemic. A questionnaire exploring expectations of doctors from administration and seniors as well as their fears while working during pandemic, was developed on Google survey Forms. This study was conducted to assess the perceptions, expectations and fears of doctors during the Covid-19 pandemic and identify the areas which need to be addressed. 16 Our health care workers expected seniors and peers to be more empathetic, cooperative, not to panic, show team work, role modelling and support. Another cross-sectional, survey-based study collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals from January 29, 2020, to February 3, 2020, in China. Impact on Mental Health and Perceptions of Psychological Care among Medical and Nursing Staff in Wuhan during the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Outbreak: A cross-sectional study
cord-316878-zemaygnt	2020	This paper argues that achieving global health equity in the context of COVID-19 will require that notions of reciprocity and relational equity are introduced to the response. Global coordinated efforts in response to COVID-19 led by international organizations such as UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) have attempted to integrate notions of global "solidarity" into practice and policy. It will help countries expand their health-care capacity and mitigate its social impact." Similarly, the WHO publication Addressing Human Rights as Key to the COVID-19 Response sets out that [u] nder international human rights law, the obligations undertaken by State parties beyond their borders, i.e. to International Assistance and Cooperation are akin to their domestic obligations, not subsidiary or secondary in any way.
cord-316943-ef3i96bo	2020	
cord-316972-5jtd5ytz	2020	Mental health variables were assessed via the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Symptom Check List-revised (SCL-90-R), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), which included a 2-item anxiety scale and a 2-item depression scale (PHQ-2). Among medical health workers, having organic disease was an independent factor for insomnia, anxiety, depression, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p < 0.05 or 0.01). Among nonmedical health workers, having organic disease was a risk factor for insomnia, depression, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p < 0.01 or 0.05). Medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic had high prevalence rates of severe insomnia, anxiety, depression, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Our report found potential risk factors for medical health workers to develop insomnia, anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and somatization. Independent factors (i.e., currently having organic disease, living in rural areas, being at risk of contact with COVID-19 patients in hospitals, or being female) were common risk factors for insomnia, anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms among medical health workers.
cord-317441-tnde2jp5	2020	The current pandemic is likely to be associated with similar mental health outcomes, as a result of potential exposure to stressors including loss of loved ones, economic hardship, social isolation, and childcare responsibilities following school and day care closures. Across numerous studies, social isolation has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality, with an increase in coronary heart disease, stroke, and poor mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . The current study examines demographic differences in mental health and well-being outcomes and specific sources of concern that impact these outcomes among a US sample of 1083 adults surveyed between April 7 and June 1, 2020, immediately following business closures and movement restrictions. Based on a review of the limited literature specifically related to the COVID-19 pandemic, Rajkumar [24] found that older adults were at greater risk for mental health concerns [35] .
cord-317602-ftcs7fvq	2020	
cord-317638-ccb36coz	2020	
cord-317734-17lu319z	2020	The NHS has since suffered from government neglect, with funding failing to match needs, and hospitals not being equipped with the same level of technology that should be standard in other advanced countries. It has become regarded all too often as an optional expense, increasingly to be devolved to the individual or the "community", where the financial resources required for work with advanced technology are not available. The research community could benefit from the motivation of work in "advanced technology with a human face". We need a strategic focus for the next stage of development of an infant generation of technology, to the benefit of society in general: a Strategic Health Initiative. A way forward for advanced information technology: SHI-a strategic health initiative A way forward for advanced information technology: SHI-a strategic health initiative
cord-317795-689at1qx	2020	One of the greatest risks to the health-care system is a high rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among health-care workers and the consequent lack of skilled staff to ensure a functioning local or regional response to the pandemic. 5 National and international recommendations for risk assessment and management of hospital health-care staff working with patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 are detailed and publicly available. Can rapidly deplete the workforce, particularly in cases of HCWs infected with SARS-CoV-2 exposing many colleagues or when there is uncontrolled community transmission, with HCWs exposed outside of the hospital; might not be relevant in settings where some level of PPE is universally recommended (eg, wearing surgical mask for all patient contacts) and there is high adherence to other IPC measures Specific recommendations for monitoring health-care workers for potential SARS-CoV-2 infection should be available for all staff who are expecting to see or currently managing patients with COVID-19.
cord-317864-44knig6g	2008	
cord-318004-r08k40ob	2017	At a time when genetic engineering and synthetic biology contribute to increased risk of biological attacks, there is a need for new tools and risk analysis methods to rapidly identify unnatural epidemics. Multi-resistant organisms are emerging at much higher rates than seen previously, with urgent attention needed to mitigate a risk which is predicted in one report to be the greatest global burden of disease (Review on Antimicrobial Resistance 2016). This risk is heightened for megacities in developing countries in which serious gaps exist in public health surveillance for early detection of epidemic threats, together with inadequate critical infrastructure and other preparedness resources. 2014) , and using knowledge of prior bioterrorism attacks and natural disease outbreaks allow for a realistic proactive prediction of future threats before they are detected by the public health system. These examples illustrate the convergence of cybersecurity and health security and the need for more integrated approaches to prevention and mitigation of emerging risks in health care.
cord-318061-xe8lljz0	2020	
cord-318063-bainw3d6	2018	Several studies suggest that simple infection-control procedures such as cleaning hands with an alcohol-based hand rub can help prevent HCAIs and save lives, reduce morbidity, and minimize health care costs. Health care-associated infections and prevention strategy About 68.6% of all bacterial isolates were resistant to cefuroxime used in the management of orthopedic SSIs. This study also found that diabetes mellitus, smoking, operations lasting more than 3 hours, the absence of antibiotic prophylaxis, and a history of previous surgery were positive risk factors associated with a significant upsurge in SSIs. 87 SSIs comprise at least 14%-22.2% of all HCAIs for abdominal surgery [88] [89] [90] and often lead to extended hospitalization and higher antimicrobial costs. Prevalence, incidence burden, and clinical impact of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance: a national prevalent cohort study in acute care hospitals in Greece
cord-318071-9fe96aeb	2020	
cord-318279-byophdo2	2020	
cord-318363-1mv5j4w2	2020	
cord-318407-uy0f7f2o	2008	For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational.
cord-318452-t3aqcvu0	2020	Abstract The pandemic of the severe acute respiratory syndrome disease caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), had profound impact in many countries and their health care systems. The identified limitations of the human, material and organizational resources of the Portuguese National Health Service (Serviço Nacional de Saúde) 12 and the alarming expectation of an eventual National Health Service over-running by a significant number of infected people, implied the suspension of all elective and non-urgent health activity, namely in the primary care level, scheduled hospital interventions and community care, 11 which adds to the decrease of the urgent and emergent activity care due to the fear of contagion felt by the patients. Providing primary eye care from the perspective of proximity and community would minimize the patient travel and waiting time to access the National Health Service, making it safer, more effective, and more efficient.
cord-318475-ixol8k2k	2004	
cord-318565-52ynt4d3	2016	This report reviews the legislative framework and actions taken under this framework in advancing and improving Port Health preparedness in Ireland, in response to the declaration of the Public Health Emergency of International Concern for Ebola Virus Disease in August 2014. CONCLUSIONS: The outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa resulted in significant strengthening of Ireland''s Port Health preparedness, while also highlighting the extent to which preparedness requires ongoing and sustained commitment from all stakeholders, both nationally and internationally, in ensuring that countries are ready when the next threat presents at their borders. Although the IHR are aimed at several areas of public health security they can be broadly summarized into two main areas; Urgent actions to be taken with respect to acutely arising risks to public health and Strengthening of national systems and infrastructure (core capacities) While Ireland has no direct flights from the affected countries in West Africa, a significant number of travelers who leave that area arrive in Ireland as their final destination.
cord-318701-f9j13fsc	2020	On 12 March 2020, when WHO declared the status of a pandemic concerning the novel coronavirus (WHO 2020e), crisis measures were taken by the President of the French Republic (2020a) and his government, to control the epidemic and manage the health situation, namely, the closure of the nurseries, schools and universities for users as of 16 March 2020 ; the introduction of short-time work hours for employees whose companies cannot carry out their activities and of teleworking for all employees who have this possibility of adjusting the exercise of their profession (Ministry of Solidarity & Health 2020c). The health context made it possible to create the first telecare procedure related to the management of patients with COVID-19 by home nurses during the period of the state of health emergency (High Authority of Health 2020; Prime Minister of the French Government 2020c).
cord-319226-yvgvyif0	2020	This paper makes the case for immediate planning for a COVID-19 vaccination uptake strategy in advance of vaccine availability for two reasons: first, the need to build a consensus about the order in which groups of the population will get access to the vaccine; second, to reduce any fear and concerns that exist in relation to vaccination and to create demand for vaccines. The paper explores key issues that relevant organizations must address and summarizes best practices that should be addressed when developing behavioral influence strategies to promote the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines effectively, efficiently, and ethically as they become available. Governments and their public health agencies need to develop a dialogue and joint strategy with social media platform providers to review and action against anti-vaccination misinformation and vaccine hesitancy promotion. Public health authorities need to build a proactive COVID-19 vaccine trust capacity for active engagement in the social media space as part of their overall promotional strategy [56] .
cord-319477-wt948lt5	2020	
cord-319672-su0uibmi	2015	In this article we argue that, despite not being recognized as such, the vast majority of lessons proffered in this literature should be understood as ethical lessons stemming from moral failures, and that any improvements in future global public health emergency preparedness and response are in large part dependent on acknowledging this fact and adjusting priorities, policies and practices accordingly such that they align with values that better ensure these moral failures are not repeated and that new moral failures do not arise. In this article we argue that, despite not being recognized as such, the vast majority of lessons proffered in this literature should be understood as ethical lessons stemming from moral failures, and that any improvements in future global public health emergency preparedness and response are in large part dependent on acknowledging this fact and adjusting priorities, policies and practices accordingly such that they align with values that better ensure these moral failures are not repeated and that new moral failures do not arise.
cord-319704-xzhoa03d	2020	
cord-319853-jr8x5emx	2020	
cord-319998-dkk2motm	2020	
cord-320184-wacoz5t9	2014	
cord-320344-z3l7dvyd	2020	We have already seen evidence of the pandemic having particularly adverse outcomes for people from Black and minority ethnic groupsthese differential effects on mental and physical health need to be better understood. It is unknown whether or how these changes in our lives will affect mental health, and therefore research to monitor self-harm and suicide and the prevalence of mental and substance use disorders in the general population and populations at particular risk is vital. 5 In understanding long-term outcomes for people with severe COVID-19 illness, it will be necessary to resolve whether any effect on mental health arises from the possible neurotropic action of the virus, a more general impact of the ''cytokine storm'' that accompanies severe systemic infection, or the alarming experience of being mortally ill, as related to post-traumatic stress reactions. If research is to address the diverse challenges to mental health of the COVID-19 pandemic, several conditions need to be met. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science
cord-320509-3a40djjm	2020	
cord-320542-ihsr7bhp	2020	Then, the Ministry of Education authorized the replacement of on-going classroom subjects for remote classes in undergraduate courses using information and communication technology platforms. In view of these uncertainties, the organization of commissions of teachers, dental class councils, and the Brazilian Dental Education Association (ABENO), thought of a safe way for students and professors to return to undergraduate and graduate courses in Dentistry. Thus, as professionals of dental teaching institutions, we must be aware of new education models and new VR simulation technologies and consider them as a useful and complementary tool for our students, given the current world pandemic situation and future illnesses that may arise. Its effective and safe use for both students and patients is possibly one of the many changes that will allow remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the years that follow this event. Use of dentistry education web resources during pandemic COVID-19
cord-320610-5ayjudl9	2020	In general, online mental health services being used for the COVID-19 epidemic are facilitating the development of Chinese public emergency interventions, and eventually could improve the quality and effectiveness of emergency interventions. To date, several types of online mental health services have been implemented widely for those in need during the outbreak in China. Firstly, as of Feb 8, 2020, 72 online mental health surveys associated with the COVID-19 outbreak could be searched for via the WeChat-based survey programme Questionnaire Star, which target different populations, including medical staff (23 of the surveys), patients with COVID-19 (one survey), students (18 surveys), the general population (nine surveys), and mixed populations (21 surveys); in Hubei province (five surveys), other provinces (15 surveys), all provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions (36 surveys), and unspecified areas of China (16 surveys). Secondly, online mental health education with communication programmes, such as WeChat, Weibo, and TikTok, has been widely used during the outbreak for medical staff and the public.
cord-320856-hnakpl2a	2020	
cord-320987-wyzmziiy	2020	In a preliminary analysis of 200 Syrian refugee women, we found positive user feedback and uptake of an mhealth application to increase access to preventive maternal and child health services for Syrian refugees under temporary protection in Turkey. We propose that mhealth interventions can provide an innovative, cost-effective, and user-friendly approach to access the dynamic needs of refugees and other displaced populations, particularly during an emerging infectious disease outbreak. We propose that mhealth interventions can provide an innovative, cost-effective, and user-friendly approach to access the dynamic needs of refugees and other displaced populations, particularly during an emerging infectious disease outbreak. As infectious disease outbreaks exacerbate pre-existing health disparities, particularly among maternal, child, and refugee health, mHealth can be used to increase access to education and outreach for these doubly vulnerable populations [33] .
cord-321082-dgkfxkfh	2020	
cord-321211-i6ghp53p	2020	
cord-321299-h6pcatvx	2020	2 The authors suggest that all childbirth care services should be moved to hospitals in all countries, combined with improvements in (1) the quality of care provided in these facilities; (2) transportation from home to hospital; and (3) continuity of care through hub-and-spoke arrangements. First, Roder-DeWan and colleagues propose that the present strategy of promoting childbirth care in primary health facilities may be the primary reason for improvements in maternal and newborn survival being less than anticipated. 19 However, midwifery-led birthing facilities equipped with functioning ambulance able to make transfers to a hospital with caesarean section services may be a less BMJ Global Health complex and more flexible approach; more responsive to the needs of women and their families. Maternal and perinatal outcomes by planned place of birth among women with low-risk pregnancies in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
cord-321411-ybgby2v7	2020	
cord-321436-8ngeaoid	2020	
cord-321447-b58mzk8p	2020	
cord-321482-1v082rdz	2020	
cord-321548-9f77ksxi	2020	As the only developed nation that has failed to provide such protection and where a growing population of 27.9 million are uninsured and roughly an equal number have inadequate coverage that still makes essential care unaffordable, we face greater risks. The American Association of Labor Legislation (AALL) during World War I sponsored state legislation to provide health care to industrial workers supported by matching funds from the state, the employers and the employees that had the muted support of organized medicine''s national leadership. 11 The Clinton Health Security Act of 1994, relying heavily on HMO contracting in the face of rising opposition to such arrangements from those with private insurance never had a chance. Perhaps this can lead organized medicine, a century long laggard in promoting universal care, to finally question the hollow rhetoric that has supported the status quo of Jim Crow healthcare.
cord-321705-6a7avlro	2020	
cord-321749-mf821b1p	2020	
cord-321752-agzb8aac	2019	
cord-321797-2xhusfth	2004	
cord-322123-z43vhxg5	2020	
cord-322235-ttjja4r2	2020	
cord-322511-hnvqvajx	2020	MoCs can support the quadruple aim of value-based care through providing people with musculoskeletal disease improved access to health services, better health outcomes and satisfactory experience of their healthcare; ensure the health professionals involved are experiencing satisfaction in delivering such care and health system resources are better utilised. MoCs can support the quadruple aim of value-based care through providing people with musculoskeletal disease improved access to health services, better health outcomes and satisfactory experience of their healthcare; ensure the health professionals involved are experiencing satisfaction in delivering such care and health system resources are better utilised. Implementing models of care to support value-based care When MoCs are developed as described in this paper and a quality improvement cycle is used, such as an established framework for evaluation [18] , they can provide clear evidence for health systems and policy-makers when making decisions regarding equitable use of resources that will optimise health system outcomes across the quadruple aim for value-based care.
cord-322541-yzum868k	2015	The west African Ebola epidemic that began in 2013 exposed deep inadequacies in the national and international institutions responsible for protecting the public from the far-reaching human, social, economic, and political consequences of infectious disease outbreaks. The 19 members come from academia, think tanks and civil society around the world, with expertise in Ebola, disease outbreaks, public and global health, international law, development and humanitarian assistance, and national and global governance. 64 In view of the severity of Ebola virus disease, rapid cross-border spread, weaknesses of the aff ected national health systems, the post-confl ict setting, 65 and repeated warnings from nongovernmental organisations in the region, 12 the Director-General had ample reason to raise international attention by convening the Emergency Committee or declaring a public health emergency of international concern earlier.
cord-322799-opf1qwgl	2020	Patients undergoing cardiovascular and thoracic procedures are at an accentuated risk of higher morbidity and mortality, which are a consequence of the proliferative nature of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the lung vasculature, which in turn reflects as a cascading effect on the interdependent physiology of the cardiovascular and pulmonary organ systems. A patient with any acute respiratory illness and having been in contact with a confirmed or probable COVID-19 case in the last 14 days prior to symptom onset or C. However, as per Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, all hospital personnel handling COVID-19 cases are advised hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis. Testing recommendation for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients planned for surgery -continuing the service and ''suppressing'' the pandemic COVID-19: elective case triage guidelines for surgical care (thoracic surgery COVID-19: elective cases triage guidelines for surgical care (vascular surgery
cord-323054-m8hkj1dm	2020	In a narrative review of 96 articles addressing clinician mental health in COVID-19 and prior pandemics, 7 themes emerged: 1) the need for resilience and stress reduction training; 2) providing for clinicians'' basic needs (food, drink, adequate rest, quarantine-appropriate housing, transportation, child care, personal protective equipment); 3) the importance of specialized training for pandemic-induced changes in job roles; 4) recognition and clear communication from leadership; 5) acknowledgment of and strategies for addressing moral injury; 6) the need for peer and social support interventions; and 7) normalization and provision of mental health support programs. Seven themes, and associated interventions, emerged from the literature (Figure) : 1) the need for resilience and stress reduction training; 2) providing for clinicians'' basic needs (food, drink, adequate rest, quarantine-appropriate housing, transportation, child care, PPE); 3) the importance of specialized training for pandemic-induced changes in job roles; 4) recognition and clear communication from leadership; 5) acknowledgment of and strategies for addressing moral injury; 6) the need for peer and social support interventions and; 7) normalization and provision of mental health support programs.
cord-323103-55yjl25x	2020	
cord-323273-q53wf6au	2020	These digital innovations include artificial intelligence (AI), 5th generation (5G) telecommunication networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), creating an inter-dependent ecosystem offering opportunities to develop new models of eye care addressing the challenges of COVID-19 and beyond. This article reviews how countries across the world have utilised these digital innovations to tackle diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, refractive error correction, cataract and other anterior segment disorders. Several advanced techniques that assess refractive error accurately have been 1432 developed, and Patients were found to be sufficiently motivated to report their symptoms at least 1598 once a month with a good correlation between the two dry eye questionnaires 1599 (r=0.67), underscoring the potential utility of a tele-health approach for monitoring telemedicine presents different challenges in comparison to screening.
cord-323311-xl2fv0qx	2012	
cord-323466-r0n7448g	2020	The pandemic has shown that in addition to school-based nutrition, we need to think of additional systems to deliver child nutrition to the 20 + million children who live in poverty in the United States, especially in communities of color that have been marginalized and discriminated against for centuries, and experience high rates of poverty. My focus has been on mental health issues and how patients and families might feel abandoned, as well as how poor communication and lack of resources to attend to psychosocial needs are often overlooked in life-threatening illness, especially for marginalized patient populations and families. Although the Family First Coronavirus Response Act is a step forward, we need to engage communities to make it more of a reality for all Americans, because paid sick leave is something that is important not only during this pandemic, but it actually is a human right to be able to take care of one''s health and the health of others during times of crisis and beyond.
cord-323482-kk8iyavj	2020	We performed a rapid systematic review to identify, assess and summarize research on the mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic on HCWs (healthcare workers). Our main aim was to perform an updated and more comprehensive rapid systematic review to identify, assess and summarize available research on the mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers, including a) changes over time, b) prevalence of mental health problems and risk/resilience factors, c) strategies and resources used by healthcare providers to protect their own mental health, d) perceived need and preferences for interventions, and e) healthcare workers'' understandings of their own mental health during the pandemic. show the distribution of anxiety, depression, distress, and sleeping problems among the healthcare workers investigated in the 29 studies, using the authors'' own methods of assessing these outcomes The most commonly reported protective factor associated with reduced risk of mental health problems was having social support 48 ,58 ,69 ,74 .
cord-323507-u28g423o	2020	
cord-323703-fsj736dg	2020	
cord-324056-cvvyf3cb	2011	
cord-324091-nljd2ok1	2020	PURPOSE: To examine the psychological impact of fertility treatment suspensions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and to clarify psychosocial predictors of better or worse mental health. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires assessing depressive symptoms, perceived mental health impact, and change in quality of life related to treatment suspensions. Table 2 depicts the correlation between three personality traits (trait optimism, defensive pessimism, and intolerance of uncertainty) that were considered potentially relevant under the current circumstances, in relation to the overall change in quality of life and the mental health impact attributed to fertility treatment suspensions. The psychological impact of fertility treatment suspensions during the COVID-19 pandemic the final subscales are as follows: 1) avoidance, α = 0.82, 2) active coping, α = 0.71, 3) finding meaning, α = 0.72, 4) defensive pessimism, α = 0.66, 5) optimism, α = 0.80, 6) seek social support, α = 0.77, and 7) behavioural engagement, α = 0.67.
cord-324231-nik7xizn	2016	The following actions with a public health focus are agreed in the Sendai Framework with local, national, regional, and global partners as relevant: ''''Enhancing the resilience of national health systems through training and capacity development; strengthening the design and implementation of inclusive policies and social safety-net mechanisms, including access to basic health care services towards the eradication of poverty; finding durable solutions in the post-disaster phase to empower and assist people disproportionately affected by disasters, including those with life-threatening and chronic disease; enhancing cooperation between health authorities and other relevant stakeholders to strengthen country capacity for disaster risk management for health; the implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005) and the building of resilient health systems; improving the resilience of new and existing critical infrastructure, including hospitals, to ensure that they remain safe, effective and operational during and after disasters, to provide live-saving and essential services; establishing a mechanism of case registry and a database of mortality caused by disaster to improve the prevention of morbidity and mortality and enhancing recovery schemes to provide psychosocial support and mental health services for all people in need''''.
cord-324635-27q3nxte	2020	
cord-325112-7ie23c7f	2018	
cord-325177-7fzbbn99	2020	
cord-325215-302hphhx	2020	
cord-325300-wawui0fd	2000	No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings.
cord-325316-uffxyas1	2020	
cord-325896-vbwo2djw	2020	
cord-325965-kqbeinez	2019	
cord-326256-s9nhzdm3	2020	
cord-326318-wm7y4lts	2020	
cord-326414-kq8gru3c	2020	title: Maternal Mental Health in Nepal and its Prioritization During COVID-19 Pandemic: Missing the Obvious Under-prioritization of womens'' psychiatric issue at these times would be missing the obvious. Mental health in pregnancy and puerperium is not addressed to the extent of its necessity and this pandemic has increased the ever present gap in maternal mental health issues. Nepal has just above 57% institutional deliveries and this pandemic may force women to go back Screening for maternal mental health issues is a low priority in Nepal and addressing this issue should be a priority now than ever before. A liaison plan should be made with the involvement of mental health service providers to identify antenatal and postnatal psychiatric issues during hospital stay. Pregnancy and labor cannot wait and along with this comes mental health care. We need to make sure that these women go through a pleasant birth experience through the integration of physical and mental health.
cord-326574-ke0iktly	2020	In the context of the ongoing pandemic, several potential applications of these tools have emerged, such as predicting outbreaks of COVID-19 based on historic travel data and public health capacity (22) . Direct potential applications of OHCs for patients at-risk of mental health disorders include lowering the barrier to access care and support for stigmatized illnesses such as anxiety and depression, by allowing patients to seek initial medical advice anonymously (43) . The pyramid base catering to the needs of the general population could include screening tools such as big data systems and/or OHCs to actively identify and/or engage at-risk individuals without pre-existing mental health disorders, as well as provide tele-support services to reduce risk of progression in patients with mental health disorders (49) .
cord-326590-ocd9ojnc	2020	
cord-326799-bb27iydc	2015	
cord-326873-11jgusov	2019	
cord-327058-7cnuem33	2020	
cord-327063-ea7a1xfl	2020	The present review presents a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, with emphasis on the role of animals and their jumping the cross-species barriers, experiences learned from SARSand MERS-CoVs, zoonotic links, and spillover events, transmission to humans and rapid spread, and highlights the new advances in diagnosis, vaccine and therapies, preventive and control measures, one health concept along with recent research developments to counter this pandemic disease. Further research exploring the SARS-CoV-2 associated zoonosis and mechanisms accounting for its initial transmission from animals to humans, will lead to sort out the spread of this virus as well as design and develop appropriate prevention and control strategies to counter COVID-19. The present comprehensive manuscript presents an overview on COVID-19, an emerging SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease while focusing mainly on the events and circumstantial evidences with regards to this virus jumping the species barriers, sharing a few lessons learned from SARS-and MERS-CoVs, zoonotic spillover events (zoonosis), acquiring transmission ability to infect humans, and adopting appropriate preventive and control measures [42] .
cord-327106-drwvzw5l	2020	
cord-327129-18693tng	2020	In December, 2019, when the Wellcome Photography Prize was launched, I wrote that I was "hoping for images that will help provide a more nuanced picture of how people live with, or recover from, mental health problems". Here, I will focus on a shortlisted entry that closely links to Wellcome''s Mental Health strategic priority focus on identifying those "active ingredients" that really make a difference in addressing or managing anxiety and depression in young people worldwide. This work brings to life, in ways in which it is hard to do in words, the rich diversity of people''s approaches to managing their own mental health in the context of "trauma, delusion and dreams". Many people shared elements of their mental health kits. We hope that they will help spark further discussion and exploration of what works for whom and why, so that we can all take one step closer to a world where no one is held back by mental health problems.
cord-327180-yw8rzrb7	2009	title: Patterns of perception toward influenza pandemic among the front-line responsible health personnel in southern Thailand: a Q methodology approach Subjects were asked to rank 33 statements about various issues of influenza pandemic according to a pre-designed score sheet having a quasi-normal distribution on a continuous 9-point bipolar scale ranging from -4 for strongly disagree to +4 for strongly agree. The most conflicting area was vulnerability on the possible impacts of an influenza pandemic, having factor scores of high (3), low (-4), and neutral (0) for patterns I, II, and III, respectively. We identified three main patterns of health personnel in southern Thailand based on the perception toward a threat of an influenza pandemic. Perception of low level of severity and vulnerability or low levels of appraised threat of an influenza pandemic may inhibit motivation of health personnel to engage in protective behavior [27, 28] .
cord-327300-dvlb61tw	2020	
cord-327494-7a3szj8x	2018	
cord-327504-4kf9mgy8	2020	
cord-327592-8tqi958n	2012	The purpose of this article is to present an integrative review of literature on the concept of global health diplomacy and to identify implications of this emerging field for nursing education, practice, and research. Novotny and Adams (Novotny & Adams, 2007 ) defined global health diplomacy as "a political change activity that meets the dual goals of improving global health while maintaining and strengthening international relations abroad, particularly in conflict areas and resource-poor environments [and that] health diplomacy is not only the job of diplomats or health leaders in government structures, it is a professional practice that should inform any group or individual with responsibility to conduct research, service, programs, or direct international health assistance between donor and recipient institutions" (p.
cord-327976-pwe95zoi	2020	This paper is aimed at reviewing articles related to mental-health aspects of children and adolescents impacted by COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns. Aims: This paper is aimed at narratively reviewing various articles related to mental-health aspects of children and adolescents impacted by COVID-19 pandemic and enforcement of nationwide or regional lockdowns to prevent further spread of infection. Aims: This paper is aimed at narratively reviewing various articles related to mental-health aspects of children and adolescents impacted by COVID-19 pandemic and enforcement of nationwide or regional lockdowns to prevent further spread of infection. The following sections discuss about findings of studies on mental-health aspects of children and adolescents impacted by COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns being implemented at national or regional levels to prevent further spread of infection. Recommendations for ensuring mental well-being of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown and the role of parents, teachers, pediatricians, community volunteers, the health system and policy makers are being discussed.
cord-328115-tjxt88vd	2020	
cord-328315-idel6l11	2016	
cord-328430-eme58ztj	2020	
cord-328888-qckn3lvx	2011	For example, transboundary zoonotic diseases such as avian infl uenza (H5N1) infections affect animals and humans, thereby threatening health security worldwide because of their high death rates (≈60% in humans) (1) . This concern has provoked governments and international agencies to address health threats through a security rationale, which emphasizes the themes of national security, biosecurity, and human security. A public health security design that impinges on a global approach runs the risk of neglecting cultural, economic, ecologic, and social conditions on the ground. The momentum so far has created an open forum for decisionmakers to collaborate with the leading international agencies to advocate for surveillance, identifi cation, and control of zoonotic diseases to uphold global public health security (6). on their use of a school-based absenteeism surveillance system to compare daily all-causes absenteeism data against a historic baseline to detect outbreaks of infl uenza-like illness (ILI) as an adjunct to traditional disease reporting (1) .
cord-329313-tlbjw5kn	2020	
cord-329412-pzv4dzow	2020	Methods: We inquired Twitter public data to access tweets related to telehealth from March 30, 2020 to April 6, 2020. The most common terms appearing alongside ''telehealth'' were "covid", "health", "care", "services", "patients", and "pandemic". The geographic distribution of tweets related to telehealth and having a specific location within the United States (n=19,367) was significantly associated with the number of confirmed Covid-19 cases reported in each state (p<0.001). Our study aims to analyze the dynamics of social media data related to telehealth and understand the public activity to strategically optimize and accelerate the digital health transformation. The 10 most common words apart from "telehealth" that appeared in these tweets were "COVID", "health", "care", "services", "patients", "pandemic", "coronavirus", "healthcare", "access", "need". In this study, we retrieved and analyzed public data available on Twitter to investigate the rapid shift in telehealth adoption amidst the recent coronavirus Covid-19 pandemics.
cord-329498-nr9k7hf2	2020	To gain a complete understanding of how the COVID-19 pandemic 5 will affect commercial driver stress, health, and safety over time, and to mitigate these impacts, 6 research and prevention efforts must be grounded in theoretical perspectives that contextualize 7 these impacts within the chronic stressors already endemic to profession, the historical and 8 ongoing forces that have induced them, and the potentially reinforcing nature of the resulting 9 afflictions. To gain a complete understanding of how the COVID-19 pandemic 5 will affect commercial driver stress, health, and safety over time, and to mitigate these impacts, 6 research and prevention efforts must be grounded in theoretical perspectives that contextualize 7 these impacts within the chronic stressors already endemic to profession, the historical and 8 ongoing forces that have induced them, and the potentially reinforcing nature of the resulting 9 afflictions.
cord-329653-5nkrrqqw	2011	
cord-330180-lvn4hqk5	2013	In this paper, we aim to explore and provide an overview of influential public health relevant EU-level policy outputs and a summary of policy outputs or actions perceived as an achievement, a failure or a missed opportunity by interviewing key experts in the field. The study was carried out in two consecutive phases: (1) qualitative interviews, suitable to identify expert perceptions, and (2) voting on influential and public health relevant EU policy outputs and actions based on nominal group technique. The third rank is shared by three policy outputs: the "Framework for action in the field of public health" [43] (n = 5) which is the Commission''s first proposal setting out EU-level public health after the introduction of the health mandate in the Maastricht Treaty, the Council conclusions "Towards modern, responsive and sustainable health systems" [44] (n = 5), and the current over-arching European strategy "Europe 2020" [45] (n = 5).
cord-330228-plcdwazu	2012	
cord-330276-qvmhuid3	2020	[1] , trauma and diseases related to stress and mental health that originate in the workplace may have a different pattern of development or require an organization-centered treatment approach, including field and intervention studies. With regard to promoting safe and secure working environments to create a decent work for all, some papers published in this special issue introduce advances in measuring psychosocial risk factors, mental health, and work-related issues. They found that ward type predicted the level of work arduousness beyond other factors such as age or gender, suggesting that trauma and diseases related to stress and mental health that originate in the workplace may have a different pattern of development or require an organizationcentered treatment approach that complements the personcentered approach derived from research conducted in clinical and psychiatric contexts. Addressing risks: mental health, work-related stress, and occupational disease management to enhance wellbeing
cord-330364-ye02hwhy	2019	With a longitudinal study we relate changes in national IHR core capacities to changes in cross‐border infectious disease threat events (IDTE) between 2010 and 2016, collected through epidemic intelligence at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). With respect to specific IHR core capacities, an individual increase in national legislation, policy & financing; coordination and communication with relevant sectors; surveillance; response; preparedness; risk communication; human resource capacity; or laboratory capacity was associated with a significant decrease in cross‐border IDTE incidence. To prevent Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEIC) that can be a threat to global health security, the IHR oblige all ''States Parties'' to establish IHR core capacities (Table 1) to detect, assess, notify and report events, and to respond to public health risks and emergencies.
cord-330454-jmd3wosy	2008	The CGE model is calibrated to a purpose-built Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for the UK for the year 2000 with considerable refinement in terms of sectors (distinguishing health care and its main input suppliers), factors (capital, skilled and unskilled labour) and household types (based on the age and labour market participation of household members). The effects on welfare of higher health provision come through two main channels: (a) the direct gain from increasing the "well-being" of the population, and (b) the indirect effects of an increase in the size of the effective (i.e., "able to work") endowments of skilled and unskilled labour for use in non-health activities. Using an applied CGE model for the UK, which in addition to the labour market effects also incorporates the direct impact of health provision on the "well-being" of the population, we have compared the nominally equivalent policies of increasing the NHS budget under the assumptions of mobile and health care-specific factors and the immigration of foreign skilled workers (doctors and nurses) at the current wage with one another.
cord-330512-nu8q72l9	2013	After the emergence of a novel influenza virus of swine origin in 1976, national, state, and local US public health authorities began planning efforts to respond to future pandemics. Several events have since stimulated progress in public health emergency planning: the 1997 avian influenza A(H5N1) outbreak in Hong Kong, China; the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States; the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome; and the 2003 reemergence of influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in humans. An influential policy review of the "swine flu affair" (i.e., the campaign to immunize the US population against a possible epidemic) identified several critical needs for future planning: 1) a more cautious approach to interpreting limited data and communicating risk to the public, 2) greater investment in research and preparedness, 3) clearer operational responsibilities within the federal government, 4) clear communication between planners at all levels of government, 5) strengthened local capacity for plan implementation, and 6) improved mechanisms for program evaluation (8) .
cord-330737-6khv4kbj	2020	Problems from a dysfunctional costing model in hospital operating systems were magnified by a very large demand shock triggered by acute need in healthcare and panicked marketplace behavior that depleted domestic PPE inventories. Removing the profit motive for purchasing PPE in hospital costing models and pursuing strategic industrial policy to reduce the US dependence on imported PPE will both help to better protect healthcare workers with adequate supplies of PPE. Since early 2020 the US has experienced a severe shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) needed by healthcare workers fighting the COVID-19 pandemic (Emanuel et al., 2020; Livingston, Desai, & Berkwits, 2020) . We now turn to our analysis of PPE shortages, which identifies on four contributing factors: the way that hospitals budget for PPE, domestic demand shocks, federal government failures, and disruptions to the global supply chain (Figure 2 ).
cord-330755-7kvaduoq	2020	
cord-330849-yt44k88m	2020	The purpose of this article, written from the perspective of military medical planners, is to present available data on the prevalence of specific mental health concerns and conditions from previous recent pandemics and COVID-19, as well as to provide data-informed recommendations for meeting the psychological needs of affected individuals. A combination of the following keywords in the title and/or abstract was used in searches of literature on the Southeast Asian Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), H1N1 influenza (H1N1), Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Ebola, and COVID-19 pandemics: mental health OR mental illness OR psychiatry OR psychology OR therapist OR PTSD OR posttraumatic OR post-traumatic stress disorder OR behavioral health OR anxiety [disorder] OR GAD OR depression/depressed OR complex grief AND data analysis OR statistic* OR prevalence OR percentage OR increase OR decrease.
cord-331105-wdkdc0pw	2020	
cord-331374-3gau0vmc	2016	
cord-331401-bhl729up	2015	Risk Table 3 The most important zoonoses in terms of human health impact, livestock impact, amenability to agricultural interventions, severity of disease, and emergence Data from the WHO and authoritative literature: when there are several authoritative estimates, the midpoint is given. -Responsible services to systematically search for potential sources of human infection from animal sources and the environment -Joint efforts and coordination among public health authorities and related professionals, both public and private -Risk communication and information sharing among responsible health services and close coordination to manage risks related to the movement and trade of livestock -Concerted actions for ○ good practices in the efficient implementation of biosecurity measures in farms and at border or territory crossings; ○ continuously reminding and training people, who work with livestock and in slaughterhouses, for the significant importance of personal hygiene practices; ○ the implementation of the One Health concept Zoonotic diseases are strongly influenced by social and economic practices.
cord-331422-288ryhc5	2020	
cord-331563-4yvfdqbq	2013	
cord-331568-h2ukbbom	2020	authors: Correa, Humberto; Malloy-Diniz, Leandro F.; da Silva, Antonio G. As highlighted by Silva et al., 3 these actions include behavioral measures to facilitate social distance, identifying cognitive mechanisms and decision styles that can increase risk exposure, as well as the mental health care of professionals who deal directly with the consequences of the pandemic. They also highlight the need for care and attention to particular groups (e.g., psychiatric patients), as well as actions that institutional health centers can implement to manage mental health during the pandemic. As pointed out by Zhu et al., 5 psychiatric hospitals must have a specific approach for dealing with segments of the population that need additional attention, including hospital resource management strategies, different types of mental health intervention, and guidance for the family members of COVID-19 victims. In this time of crisis, when effort is required in many areas, investing in the mental health of psychiatric patients and the general population is not a luxury.
cord-331601-3w4c40qr	2020	The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in December 2019 [1] , and on 31 December 2019, China informed the World Health Organisation (WHO) of numerous cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, a city of 11 million inhabitants [2] . That said, the goal of this review is to provide a deeper understanding of the factors that have contributed to weakening Cameroon''s health sector over the years and to shed light on socio-economic and political factors that are currently restricting an effective response to the pandemic in the country. An independent local news agency in the country reported that some public health institutions in Douala required COVID-19 patients to cover their health care costs. Using Cameroon as a case study, I have examined the economic, political, and social forces that negatively affect the fight against COVID-19, and argue that the country''s weak health care system makes it challenging to tackle the disease there as well as in other countries.
cord-331619-63qqrn2w	2019	
cord-331715-dg1jg4t9	2020	
cord-332093-iluqwwxs	2016	
cord-332099-d50iu975	2020	
cord-332173-m38sr6oc	2020	Relatedly, a limited body of evidence points to the impact of embedded moral reasoning on attenuated public preference for the young, suggesting that deliberation on a range of ethical principles can influence stated preferences for allocating resources based on age (10) . In keeping with much of the prior literature on age-based resource allocation, we expected that control group participants would display an aggregate mean preference for allocation to children, particularly in scenarios where theoretical QALY gains were largest (i.e. cancer treatment and eating disorders therapy). We further hypothesized that participants in the intervention arm would display stronger aggregate preference for children across all the clinical scenarios tested, regardless of the duration of life years gained, as a result of their access to a varied palette of ethical principles by which to justify preferential allocation to children, including vulnerability, dependency, potential, and social distinction.
cord-332579-7950xjmv	2020	
cord-332625-3rvis2gy	2020	
cord-332673-av2vt54r	2020	
cord-332963-42hc9784	2020	title: Graduate public health education in the post-COVID-19 era The recent Lancet Public Health editorial 1 cites education as the most modifiable social determinant of health, and in line with the Global Education Monitoring Report, is calling for more inclusive and integrated educational systems in the post-COVID-19 era. 1, 2 We agree and see an opportunity to redefine the role of graduate education to prepare the next generation of public health professionals. We previously articulated a vision for graduate public health education that is authentic, inclusive, flexible, ongoing, and reflective of changes in societal needs. New technologies support flexibility with chat functions that allow more reserved students to participate and break-out rooms to promote active learning. The successes of the moment, and the challenges that persist, point to three approaches that could be adopted towards better graduate public health education.
cord-332977-884z6qrq	2020	Barriers to IPC implementation vary with the study design and questions asked, but cover the whole gamut: lack of a national regulatory framework and associated budget; lack of management support; unfamiliarity of staff with IPC guidelines; failure to triage or screen patients; insufficient infrastructure and equipment, such as isolation spaces and personal protective equipment (PPE); deficient ventilation; inadequate staffing and training; poor functioning of infection control committees; and neglect of exposed non-clinical staff. A review across Botswana, Zambia, and South Africa of laws relevant to reduction of TB transmission adopted a systems view by focusing on regulations governing national legal and policy frameworks; facility design, construction, and use; patients'' and health workers'' rights; and research, as well as the monitoring of infection control measures and TB surveillance among health workers. Health Care Worker Perspectives on workplace safety, infection control and drug-resistant tuberculosis in a high burden HIV setting
cord-333299-dmkdsy1r	2020	
cord-333327-r7yqk8tm	2020	
cord-333467-de2aimuj	2011	We conducted a literature review to investigate the systems and tools used by public health to generate PHEPR communications to HCPs, and to identify specific characteristics of message delivery mechanisms and formats that may be associated with effective PHEPR communications. We conducted a systematic literature review to investigate the systems and tools used by public health to generate PHEPR communications to HCPs, and to identify specific characteristics of message delivery mechanisms and formats that may be associated with effective PHEPR communications. Overall, the final 31 articles contained information on the purpose of the system or tool (100%), location of the system (100%), public health organization or agency involved (100%), targeted HCP population (100%), and method(s) used by public health to communicate PHEPR messages to HCPs (100%). After conducting a systematic search, we identified 25 systems or tools currently being used to communicate PHEPR messages from public health to HCPs. Of the 9 systems that reported an evaluation, only 2 provided sufficient detail of methodology used.
cord-333509-dnuakd6h	2020	
cord-333599-hl11ln2r	2014	Planning and management are changing in the era of the New Public Health with advances in prevention and treatment of disease, population health needs, innovative technologies such as genetic engineering, new immunizations that prevent cancers and infectious diseases, prevention of non-communicable diseases, environmental and nutritional health, and health promotion to reduce risk factors and improve healthful living for the individual and the community. Selection of the direction to be taken in organizing health services is usually based on a mix of factors, including the political view of the government, public opinion, and rational assessment of needs as indicated through epidemiological data, cost-benefit analysis, the experience of "good public health practice" from leading countries, and recommendations by expert groups. Health is a knowledge-based service industry, so that knowledge management and information technology are extremely important parts of the New Public Health, not only in patient care systems in hospitals, but also in public health delivery systems in the community, school, place of work, and home.
cord-333868-qrnsmhws	2006	
cord-333943-9d93na7s	2020	
cord-334039-7nwq4vxk	2018	BACKGROUND: Mounting evidence suggests that holding multiple concurrent jobs in public and private (dual practice) is common among health workers in lowas well as high-income countries. Its specific objectives are (1) to map out the existing literature on the subject, determining its prevalence and distribution across geographies, publication types (e.g. peer-reviewed, grey), and specific topics addressed; (2) summarise the evidence, perspectives, and specific contents addressed; and (3) propose an agenda to advance research and development activities to first identify and then mitigate any pervasive effects of nurses'' dual practices to UHC, based on the scoping review results. The evidence available suggests that the consequences of this phenomenon are not negligible, particularly for the health of those nurses ending up working longer hours and hospital shifts because of their multiple commitments [39, 51] , but also for the organisation of public and private health services facing a more ''casual'' and less-committed kind of workforce [21] .
cord-334109-9gv92yfh	2019	key: cord-334109-9gv92yfh authors: Cho, Hae-Wol title: Enemy at the Gate date: 2019-08-17 journal: Osong Public Health Res Perspect DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.4.01 sha: doc_id: 334109 cord_uid: 9gv92yfh nan individuals at a higher risk of transmitting WFB communicable diseases as they may have come from areas where the population is living in a high-density, poor, social environment. In addition, medical care may be minimal, and access to safe drinking water and clean food may be limited. Providing improved essential information on good personal hygiene practices to international travelers from/to Korea maybe a simple and effective measure for minimizing the possibility of spreading WFB communicable diseases. World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality World Health Organization [Internet]. Foodborne diseases Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Joint external evaluation of IHR cope capacities of the Republic of Korea Mission report Risk of Water and Food-Borne Communicable Diseases in Travelers Entering Korea
cord-334353-nc2jhemz	2009	
cord-334705-vclkuink	2020	
cord-334925-csy5fekx	2020	In two complementary Milbank Quarterly Perspectives, Nason Maani and Sandro Galea explore the long-term negative effects of the United States'' failure to invest in the nation''s infrastructure to address both population health and public health. In "COVID-19 and Underinvestment in the Health of the US Population," they identify the underlying conditions of the US population that have made Americans particularly susceptible to the spread of the virus, including inequitable socioeconomic conditions, long-entrenched racial and ethnic divides, poor treatment of marginalized populations, and a mismatch between health care needs and access to care. In a new Milbank Quarterly Perspective, Tsung-Mei Cheng draws upon the work of her late husband and health policy collaborator, Uwe Reinhardt, with particular attention to possible lessons for the United States from Germany''s all-payer health care system. The authors identify multiple measures of context (factors to support effective academic-community collaboration), process (measures of group dynamics and trust), and outcomes (impacts such as benefits and challenges of CEnR participation).
cord-334956-pi8ifpcy	2020	
cord-335141-ag3j8obh	2020	
cord-335166-60lfjfvs	2020	There is increasing support for the engagement of stakeholders in setting the priorities for research as well as in research processes and translation [7, 38, 51, 58, 59] Adopt monitoring and evaluation tools that focus on the objectives of the NHRS, including health system improvement A range of documents, including ones on the NIHR [24] , HRB [60] and Rwandan strategies [14] , and the World Health Report 2013 [1] , demonstrate the importance of adopting monitoring and evaluation approaches that include a focus on assessing the impacts of research on health polices/practice and the economy, e.g. through application of the Payback Framework [60, 61] Develop/participate in partnerships across regions, bilaterally or within the NHRS Examples of progress made by partnerships between countries, sometimes along with international organisations and donors, include the WAHO interventions [5, 37, 53, 54] and the work of WHO regional offices for Africa [11, 26] implemented in practice within research organisations [74] and how evidence is used in decision-making in crisis zones [75] .
cord-335373-17tcikxl	2020	
cord-335549-fzusgbww	2020	
cord-335551-1qc5b8a9	2020	title: Investing in Operational Research Capacity Building for Front-Line Health Workers Strengthens Countries'' Resilience to Tackling the COVID-19 Pandemic "The operational research training I received from TDR and its partners has been invaluable as it has enabled me to transfer the skills I acquired while conducting research on Ebola to my current work on COVID-19"-Dr James Squire, Ministry of Health, Sierra Leone. SORT IT is a global partnership-based initiative led by TDR, The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, and implemented with various partners including ministries of health, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and academic institutions [1] . Of those who responded, 417 from 72 countries were actively involved in the COVID-19 response and 307 (74%) from 60 countries were applying their skills acquired from SORT IT courses to tackle the pandemic ( Figure 2 ).
cord-335720-pfo5oup7	2020	
cord-335839-wgdqu1s1	2016	Availability of totipotent stem cells and developments in transplant technology are likely to revolutionize the management of a variety of hematologic cancers and life-threatening genetic disorders. Availability of totipotent stem cells and developments in transplant technology are likely to revolutionize the management of a variety of hematologic cancers and life-threatening genetic disorders. The availability of newer vaccines by recombinant technology for emerging infective and for non-infective lifestyle diseases is likely to improve survival and quality of life. The availability of newer vaccines by recombinant technology for emerging infective and for non-infective lifestyle diseases is likely to improve survival and quality of life. There is going to be a greater focus on the Bpatient^having the disease rather than Bdisease^per se by practicing holistic pediatrics by effective utilization of alternative or complementary strategies for health care. The concept of functional foods is being increasingly exploited to prevent illness, promote health and improve quality of life.
cord-336142-jmetfa6x	2006	This article compares the Toronto Health Department''s role in controlling the 1918 influenza epidemic with its activities during the SARS outbreak in 2003 and concludes that local health departments are the foundation for successful disease containment, provided that there is effective coordination, communication, and capacity. 3 By comparing and contrasting the way in which public health authorities in Toronto managed the 1918 influenza pandemic and SARS in 2003, we can see how a century of medical advances had conditioned the public and health care professionals to expect prompt control of communicable diseases, speedy development of a prophylactic vaccine, and effective exchange of information at the provincial, national, and international levels. For Toronto''s medical officer and its Local Board of Health (LBH), this presented a challenge, because influenza was not a reportable disease under the 1912 Ontario Public Health Act, and most doctors were hoping that the outbreak would be similar to the one in 1889-90 that had attacked primarily the elderly and apparently provided some immunity to those who survived.
cord-336161-67pumvst	2020	Before the recession caused by the pandemic, tens of millions of Americans were unable to afford care, compromising their physical and financial health; deep-pocketed corporate interests were increasingly dominating the hospital industry and taking over physicians'' practices; and insurers'' profits hit record levels. 14 A new study finds that Veterans Health Administration (VA) patients, relative to Americans with non-VA coverage, are only about half as likely to skip a prescribed medication because of costs (6.1% vs 10.9% of others), despite VA patients having lower average incomes. A recent study indicates why the US advocacy organization Physicians for a National Health Program calls for Improved Medicare for All. Among seriously ill Medicare enrollees (i.e., those who have visited 3 or more physicians and been hospitalized at least twice in the past year), 53% had a serious problem paying a medical bill, 36% had used up all or most of their savings, 27% had been contacted by a collection agency, and 23% were unable to pay for basic necessities.
cord-336912-44hifagu	2020	
cord-337037-xpj17vn4	2020	Universities in the UK and other European countries provide leadership in research and education for global child health to inform related policy and practice, but the German contribution is inadequate. Although this lack of representation is not necessarily a sign of a lack of participation in the international scientific debate, the few opportunities German researchers have to engage in global child health research and education at universities suggest that this is, in fact, the case. Many opportunities exist for paediatricians and other health workers caring for children to engage with the realities of global child health in research and education. The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) has helped to establish 28 cooperations between universities in Germany and low-and middle-income countries with its ''Partnership for Health Care in Developing Countries'' programme [28] , some addressing maternal and child health.
cord-337120-irpm5g7g	2007	Therefore, Internists must understand early warning signs of different bioterrorist and infectious agents, proper reporting channels and measures, various ways that they can assist the public health response, and roles of different local, state, and federal agencies. During the past half decade, well-publicized events, including the anthrax mail attacks, 1 Hurricane Katrina, 2 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 3, 4 have reminded us that epidemics, disease outbreaks, bioterrorist attacks, and natural disasters can occur. Therefore, Internists must understand early warning signs of bioterrorist and infectious agents, proper reporting channels and measures, and ways that they can help contain and treat the consequences of epidemics, outbreaks, and attacks. Internists suspecting an attack or epidemic should immediately inform the local or state health department and contain any possible threat in their clinics, especially if the agent is contagious. Bioterrorist attacks and epidemics require physicians to quickly transmit patient and case information to other health care personnel and appropriate authorities.
cord-337576-0dlthaqv	2017	Public health Emergency Operations Centers (PHEOCs) can be epidemic intelligence hubs by 1) having the capacity to receive, analyze, and visualize multiple data streams, including surveillance and 2) maintaining a trained workforce that can analyze and interpret data from real-time emerging events. Public health Emergency Operations Centers (PHEOCs) can be epidemic intelligence hubs by 1) having the capacity to receive, analyze, and visualize multiple data streams, including surveillance and 2) maintaining a trained workforce that can analyze and interpret data from real-time emerging events. The fragmentary nature of the surveillance data available through diverse reporting sources impedes timely detection of outbreaks, making the creation of integrated data systems critical to the success of these PHEOCs. To help mitigate these challenges, the Vietnam Ministry of Health envisioned a network of PHEOCs that will be an interlinked system of information hubs, one at each regional institute.
cord-337631-w4u6rcnv	2020	
cord-337816-ivj1imsk	2020	
cord-337863-zfctgm6p	2013	
cord-337982-t3zbfvlo	2020	
cord-338212-x0yrnnux	2020	
cord-338282-q2g1vw3y	2020	
cord-338332-msjtncek	2020	
cord-338390-v4ncshav	2009	4 The workshop brought together public health experts, key decision makers, and infectious disease modelers to: (i) identify the strengths and weaknesses of mathematical models, and suggest ways to improve their predictive ability that will ultimately influence policy effectiveness; and (ii) provide an opportunity for the discussion of priority components of a pandemic plan and determine key parameters that affect policy decision making. These included evaluations and model predictions for antiviral strategies and their implications for drug stockpiling; the role of population contact networks in the emergence and spread of drug-resistance; targeting influenza vaccination at specific age groups; optimal control of pandemic outbreaks; and the usefulness of non-pharmaceutical interventions in disease mitigation. There are two major reasons underlying this evaluation: first, data are limited and prior to the emergence of a novel pandemic strain, it is not possible to study the epidemiological impact of disease or interventions in a real world environment; second, public health authorities would need to be prepared for all the likely scenarios that could influence the outcome of preparedness strategies.
cord-338487-jcueu1xh	2020	
cord-338664-wvsc94qv	2020	Not surprisingly, countries ahead of us on the pandemic curve have recognized the need to utilize all available healthcare resources, forging partnerships between public and private healthcare sectors. 15, 16 The present survey was conducted to explore the opinions and preparedness of healthcare workers (HCWs) in the private sector, on public-private partnerships (PPP) to provide a sustained, uninterrupted healthcare response in the face of the current pandemic. An online survey was conducted in April 2020, and a pre-tested, content validated questionnaire was circulated over WhatsApp® groups of healthcare professionals (doctors, nurses, technicians, students and administrators amounting to nearly 2000 individuals) in the private hospitals across India. In our e-survey assessing the opinions and readiness of HCWs in the private healthcare sector, we found that participants felt that they had not contributed enough and were positively inclined to participate in the pandemic response.
cord-338866-d6l0fnb8	2020	
cord-339058-jtj12571	2005	BACKGROUND: Analysis of workers'' compensation data and occupational health and safety trends in healthcare across Canada was conducted to provide insight concerning workplace injuries and prevention measures undertaken in the healthcare sector. While occupational health is a provincial jurisdiction, harmonizing data in addition to sharing data on successful prevention measures and best practices may improve workplace conditions and thereby further reduce injury rates for higher risk healthcare sector occupations. [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] Health Canada commissioned this study to obtain an overview of trends in workers'' compensation claims and provincial-level prevention initiatives in order to gain insight into successful strategies for improving working conditions in healthcare. Timeloss injury and occupational disease data for 1992-2002 were collected from the National Work Injuries Statistics Program (NWISP) compiled by the Association of Workers'' Compensation Boards of Canada (AWCBC).
cord-339111-d6ll48nv	2020	
cord-339147-9v3anfbo	2020	as the dental care of hospital in-patients has long been a concern of mine. A large part of my work included pre-operative assessment and treatment of cardiothoracic patients and dealing with dental emergencies when they arose not just at Guy''s but also at the associated hospitals and care homes in the Guy''s group. Informal seminars were also given to nurses about the importance of the oral health of patients in their care. 2 In this time of enormous pressure on the NHS utilising the expertise of the dental team would help relieve the stresses on the hard-pressed medical and nursing staff engaged currently in their battle against COVID-19 and in the long term improve patient care without adding to the burden on the already over-stretched doctors and nurses. Dental care pathways for adult inpatients in an acute hospital: a five-year service evaluation
cord-339188-apgdzgfz	2020	Validated data on severe respiratory viral diseases and the correlation between mortality, immunocompromised status and existing chronic conditions in infected individuals indicate that a broad set of blood-based biomarkers may best serve to stratify risk and to set policy on containment strategies in populations [7] . What separates bad, good, and great programs is "a combination of good design built on behavior change theory, effective implementation using evidence-based practices, and credible measurement and evaluation." To further support the need for more thorough risk assessment, in a global study of 84 risks, the authors concluded "Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the relative risks for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends [9] .
cord-339218-zobx4rw6	2019	Due to globalization, biological threats have the potential to spread rapidly from one country to many others in a short amount of time, resulting in epidemics/pandemics, psychological trauma and economic and social breakdown [1] . Other epidemics included the emergence/re-emergence of H5N1 influenza (1997, 2003) [5, 6] , Vibrio cholerae in Haiti (2010), pandemic "swine flu" H1N1 (2009), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (2012), Ebola virus disease in West Africa (2014), and Yersinia pestis in Madagascar (2017). Additionally, we also face the impact of emerging plant and animal diseases on agricultural production (the most recent being African Swine Fever virus in China), which have world-wide implications despite not posing a direct threat to human health. The proper and timely sharing of biosafety achievements, including infectious diseases prevention and control, AMR, genome editing, and synthetic biotechnology, will promote the capacity of all the partners to control current and future biological-related threats, guaranteeing human health.
cord-339310-efxh5grs	2016	• Global leaders (e.g., United Nations, World Health Assembly, G7, and G20) should maintain continuous oversight of global health preparedness, and ensure effective implementation of the Ebola commissions'' key recommendations, including sustainable and scalable financing. The IHR-the governing framework for managing infectious disease outbreaks-requires 196 States Parties to develop and maintain core health system capacities to detect, assess, report, and respond to potential public health emergencies of international concern (PHEIC) [9] . The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), a partnership initiated by the United States encompassing nearly 50 countries, which was set up to prevent, detect, and respond to future infectious disease outbreaks, could offer a model for strengthening health systems [12] . The commissions'' reports reflecting on the Ebola epidemic echoed a crucial point made by the IHR Review Committee on the response to the H1N1 pandemic in its 2011 report-"the world is ill-prepared for a severe pandemic or for any similarly global, sustained and threatening public health emergency" [15] .
cord-339339-5i6885uv	2020	
cord-339376-2dczotbh	2012	In that light, CDC'' formal entanglement with global health security and its announcement of the H1N1 pandemic are interpreted, followed by an ethnographically informed focus on various people who were engaged in the H1N1 emergency response and their practices and practical struggles in the face of pandemic anxiety. Investigating CDC''s H1N1 response may also shed light on the implications of a change in public health discourse, a change that made "emerging infectious diseases" a key concern for public health, the kernel of a new age of "pandemic anxiety" (Ingram 2008) . In the following, CDC''s ways to work through the H1N1 pandemic are first contextualised within the emerging global health security regime and second analysed from a practice-based and ethnographic perspective. However, before the actual work that led to detecting H1N1 took place, pandemic anxiety and institutionalised heightened concerns had already worked their way through to CDC experts via global and national public health security recommendations and regulations and the announcements made by respective representatives.
cord-339380-1gq9wy32	2020	
cord-339822-cewpqddk	2007	
cord-339886-th1da1bb	2017	
cord-339907-8qpu8xrb	2020	title: Can a health care worker have sex in the time of COVID-19? Health care workers by virtue of the nature of their work have higher chances of exposure to the virus and them indulging in sex needs risk reduction strategies. [4] Health care workers are by virtue of the very nature of their work, theoretically do get exposed to the virus on a daily basis despite of adequate safety precautions though they could be considered low risk exposures as per CDC norms. So, it is imperative that a health care worker while indulging in sex life during time of COVID-19 to follow strict risk reduction strategies to self and the partner in the best interest of the community at large. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review Clinical characteristics of 2019novel coronavirus infection in China Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men with Coronavirus Disease
cord-340128-qxkopvot	2020	
cord-340222-hdkpzsmm	2020	
cord-340553-vofar32b	2020	
cord-340611-7ftnttm0	2004	
cord-340616-5vtgd46s	2020	National pandemic influenza risk evaluation aims at determining the probability and outcomes of events affecting public health at a global, national, and local level. For an adequate risk assessment and a follow of a probable case, the patients should be provided with disease-preventing messages, health statements should be collected upon entry, and contact information of the passengers should be obtained, which would be much more efficient [18] . The management of ill passengers in the context of present COVID-19 disease pandemic in international airports, harbors, and motorway/road gates should include measures to be implemented according to the priorities and capacities of each country. Crew and ground personnel should be informed on and frequently reminded of measures preventing the spread of COVID-19 including social distancing, hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, environmental cleaning, waste disposal, when and how to wear masks, and avoiding contact with people showing respiratory symptoms.
cord-340676-prp0l5br	2020	
cord-340833-ntmsyum4	2020	
cord-341095-um1iv6pi	2020	
cord-341256-2j0tqmd4	2020	
cord-341616-ts98sfxx	2020	
cord-341624-02bmonj6	2020	
cord-341778-v2n8ez0t	2020	In this biopsychosocial model, disability involves dysfunction in one or more of 3 different levels due to a given health condition: first, impairments (e.g., hemiplegia); second, activity limitations (e.g., inability to walk outside); and third, participation restrictions (e.g., not being able to perform a professional or social community activity). Importantly, the ICF points out how environmental factors (e.g., a wheelchair-accessible area or a dementia-friendly society) can be either facilitators or barriers to the everyday life functioning and social integration of the person. Thus, people living with a disability are used to developing adaptive behaviors to cope and lower the social and physical barriers they encounter in their environment. The present social lockdown context has immersed half of the planet in a disability situation (as defined in the WHO model), thus inverting individuals'' usual perspectives of capacity, growth and performance. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.
cord-341815-of47ogow	2020	
cord-342137-l67pvf73	2012	These cover the policy-making process, intersectoral action for health, equity and access to health services, funding for public goods and externalities, and strengthening resource management and planning. These issues form the basis of an agenda for integrating research and capacity strengthening in the Chinese health system with a view to creating a more positive enabling environment for schistosomiasis control. The debate over the vertical and/or horizontal nature of disease control programmes has occupied an important place in health systems analysis, together with discussions over the nature of integration and the specific circumstances in which integration is or is not appropriate [8] [9] [10] [11] . The paper concludes by analysing four emerging themes; the role and integrity of the public sector, the importance of equity for infectious diseases of poverty, the significance of health systems development, and the importance of advocacy.
cord-342415-j3fv7u2d	2020	
cord-342841-b1rucgmg	2020	Zohu et al (2020) reported that the decrease of hospital visits led to a reduction of routine psychiatric care for many patients with mental disorders in China, during the COVID-19 outbreak. Telemental health services can be particularly useful and appropriate for the support of both patients and health care workers during this pandemic, allowing providing assistance and care to those who need it by reducing the risk of infection. Patients with depressive disorders have been shown to benefit from TP, as reported by several studies in which patients'' symptoms improved more in the telemental health group than in the traditional setting ones. Evidence from several studies has underlined that the use of TP for delivering mental healthcare services can improve symptoms of depression among older adults. During this pandemic period several Authors all over the world underlined the need to promote online mental health care services and encourage their use [13, 63, 64] .
cord-343073-lwbddab2	2020	
cord-343205-zjw4fbfd	2020	Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the American College of Cardiology urgently updated its guidance on "Telehealth: Rapid Implementation for Your Cardiology Clinic, " in which it encouraged remote monitoring and virtual visits of patients with cardiac problems (16) . A program developed in Germany known as TRANSIT-stroke, in which rural hospitals established a telemedicine network, saw an improvement in patient outcomes as neurological assessment was made faster, treatments were issued within the required timeframe, and 24 h neurologist access was enabled (27) . The rapid move by various bodies, associations, and providers to use telemedicine in maintaining patient continuity while limiting COVID-19 risks of exposure to patients and healthcare workers will have a long-term impact well-beyond the current pandemic. Key Strategies for clinical management and improvement of healthcare services for cardiovascular disease and diabetes patients in the coronavirus (COVID-19) settings: recommendations from the REPROGRAM consortium
cord-343295-c3y6rtb7	2020	Objective: The paper aims to analyse the policies implemented by the government and their impact on health and non-health outcomes considering both scaling-up and scaling-down interventions. We investigate the impact of policies on the daily reported number of deaths, case fatality rate, confirmation rate, intensive care unit saturation, and financial and job market indicators across the three major geographical areas of Italy (North, Centre, and South). This section considers various interventions such as measures to contain the spread of the virus, policies for prevention and cure, interventions for economic stimulus, and the introduction of new health technology. This section describes the policy implemented by the government to cope with the limited capacity of the health care system and the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, significant technological interventions seemed to be far from having any impact on the outcomes considered (daily number of reported deaths and ICU saturation) due to delayed implementation (see Figure 10 in the appendix).
cord-343530-3fnfs2e5	2020	
cord-343559-kjuc3nqa	2020	
cord-343601-po9br5zm	2020	
cord-343740-vcys2q2t	2020	
cord-343849-hmii6bvq	2020	
cord-343969-9nec3lj8	2020	
cord-344050-5ulk3euw	2008	title: Gender difference in knowledge of tuberculosis and associated health-care seeking behaviors: a cross-sectional study in a rural area of China BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) detection under the national TB control program in China follows passive case-finding guidelines, which could be influenced by the accessibility of health service and patient''s health-care seeking behaviors. As case detection in the NTP in China follows WHO recommended passive case-finding guidelines, people with TB related symptoms should be identified when they seek care at a general health facility, and referred to the specialized TB dispensary for diagnosis, treatment and case management. A study in rural Inner Mongolia of China also reported that women with less education tended to be less knowledgeable about TB and were less likely to seek care than men though gender difference was not statistically significant in the quantitative survey [22] .
cord-344307-541hu7so	2020	
cord-344408-4ko557n1	2017	Around this time, emerging diseases were identified in a series of well-reported die-offs in wildlife, including canine distemper in African lions (Panthera leo) in the Serengeti, chytridiomycosis in amphibians globally, pilchard herpesvirus disease in Australasia and West Nile virus in corvids and other birds in New York [10 -13] . There are likely to be multiple causes of novel disease emergence, but the human-mediated transport of pathogens (often in infected hosts) or vectors across geographical or ecological boundaries, a process termed ''pathogen pollution'', has been identified as a major driver of this in wildlife [64] and also in plants [65] . salamandrivorans as a novel lethal fungus infecting and killing captive and wild salamanders in Europe [67, 85, 86] Challenges remain to understanding the wildlife origins of zoonotic EIDs. It is often difficult, time-consuming, logistically challenging and very expensive to identify the origins of newly emerged pathogens of humans.
cord-344491-93ggxzxu	2020	
cord-344877-b62w4z78	2020	
cord-345008-3mjimzdt	2020	Our primary hypothesis of this study is that time À since shutdown and under the pandemic À will be associated with increased odds of reporting greater severity in depression and/or anxiety symptoms in the past two weeks, at a population level. This study examines both time under shutdown/pandemic and exposure to partner and sexual violence ever as risk factors for severity in depression and/or anxiety symptoms in the past two weeks, with a state representative sample in California. Findings from this study demonstrate that approximately one in five people in this representative sample of California adults recruited during the first two weeks of pandemic shutdown report moderate to severe symptoms of depression and/or anxiety in the past two weeks, a higher prevalence than that seen in prior research with both general and patient populations under non-COVID-19 conditions [9, 14, 15] .
cord-345045-nlui9d6e	2019	
cord-345064-it26ygo6	2020	
cord-345370-44z28cm8	2020	
cord-345417-0rxhkg7a	2013	The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a health literacy model at an individual level that could best explain the determinants of health literacy and the associations between health literacy and health behaviors even health status. The framework is organized into four primary elements: (1) health-related stimulus; (2) factors that influence the development and use of health literacy skills, including socio-demographic characteristics, resources , prior knowledge and capabilities; (3) health literacy skills needed to comprehend the stimulus and perform the task; and (4) mediators between health literacy and health outcomes including motivation, attitudes, emotions, and self-efficacy. Although all these models or frameworks have given the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics, prior knowledge, health literacy, health behavior/action and health outcomes, they are all theoretical explanations. Table 2 also shows the differences among age groups, education levels and income levels on prior knowledge about infectious respiratory diseases, health literacy, health behavior and health status.
cord-345811-f0yt2a32	2007	Lochner, like most important Supreme Court cases, was about many things and many themes can be dissected the rise of the labor movement;t2 the Supreme Court majority''s antipathy to progressive labor legi~lation;~~ and the struggle between courts and legislature^.^^ Legal scholars, however, seldom discuss the public health context, although the statute at issue was presented by the State of New York as a public health measure and bakeshop workers did experience numerous diseases, including a high prevalence of infectious tubercul~sis.~~ In fact, Justice Peckhani, writing for the majority of the Supreme Court, recognized that the statute would have been constitutional if it were indeed, truly, a public health measure.26 Thus, one of the key questions implicit in Lochnerwas the meaning of public health and whether worker protection issues could be seen as a valid concern for public health.27 Examined in this manner, Lochner provides an interesting insight into the contested nature of public health and the government''s role in protecting it.
cord-345843-yz0buegp	2010	The thesis that human population mobility is itself a major determinant of global public health is supported in this article by review of the published literature from the perspective of determinants of health (such as genetics/biology, behavior, environment, and socioeconomics), population-based disease prevalence differences, existing national and international health policies and regulations, as well as inter-regional shifts in population demographics and health outcomes. In migration health, threat and risk identification, assessment and management rarely occur ''pre-event.'' Examples of poorly studied health threats of potential societal and public health importance include domestic violence against migrant women in destination locations, 42,43 long-term impact of dietary changes 44,45 on the incidence of cardiovascular disease, 46 diabetes, 47 and certain forms of cancer in foreignborn migrants and their locally born offspring, 48 or the importation of health services or pharmaceutical products 49 from less-regulated environments, representing traditional but often unregulated or unmonitored patterns of self-care.
cord-345883-ncot7tvn	2018	
cord-346310-venpta28	2020	
cord-346498-m1v9q7gk	2014	
cord-346515-8wqpvf68	2014	Based on the abovementioned findings, several important conclusions were made, which includes: 1) the designation of the PoEs should be based on consensus; 2) the stakeholders with the responsibility of implementing the core capacities should be brought together, not only from the health sector, but also from other public and private sectors; 3) the successful implementation of this program requires strong support from the cabinet and its subordinate organizations; 4) a coordination mechanism, with clear functions and structure, is necessary; 5) an agreed protocol, which clarifies the strategies, timeline, and multidisciplinary/multisectoral duties, is essential, and 6) all strategies should be harmonized with the currently available resources, national administrative structure, and consensus made by the participants.
cord-346751-x3gd19kq	2020	
cord-346894-iy35298o	2020	
cord-346908-21hahh03	2010	
cord-347126-hvrly37e	2020	title: Depression, Anxiety and Stress during COVID-19: Associations with Changes in Physical Activity, Sleep, Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Australian Adults The combined effect of changes in lifestyle behaviors; confinement to the home through government restrictions in travel; and elevated depression, anxiety and stress associated with the current COVID-19 pandemic, may have significant negative impacts on sleep [14] . Therefore, the present study aims to examine associations between depression, anxiety and stress and changes in health behaviors, including physical activity, sleep, smoking and alcohol use subsequent to the onset of COVID-19 and the implementation of social isolation rules in Australia. The present study examined the association between depression, anxiety and stress and the change in health behaviors of physical activity, sleep, smoking and alcohol use subsequent to the onset of COVID-19, as individual health behaviors and as a health behavior change index composite score.
cord-347284-q1rhbroy	2020	
cord-347410-6muxz6c5	2004	Agencies within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) have been working to address readiness and response capabilities, but private organizations and professional associations also have a role to play. In keeping with the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002, HHS developed a department-wide strategic plan to delineate its priorities. htm) have strategic activities in education, training, licensure, and credentialing for the public health care workforce and for hospital readiness. Under the directive, HHS established the Healthcare Sector Coordinating Council, which has responsibility for activities such as communicating potential risks, threats, and vulnerabilities to private organizations. A coordinating group comprising nurses from university, public health, and response settings, with a secure system that would allow collaboration on issues like identifying and providing a roster of volunteers, would be a good national, consistent approach to identifying and addressing vulnerabilities.
cord-347488-th07jo7u	2020	Although there has been focus on rising rates of childhood wasting in the short term, maternal and child undernutrition rates are also likely to increase as a consequence of COVID-19 and its impacts on poverty, coverage of essential interventions, and access to appropriate nutritious foods. Key sectors at particular risk of collapse or reduced efficiency in the wake of COVID-19 include food systems, incomes, and social protection, health care services for women and children, and services and access to clean water and sanitation. A recent modelling exercise of various estimates of the potential impact of COVID-19-related economic deterioration, food insecurity, and interruption of programs of community-based detection and management of malnutrition suggests that the prevalence of wasting could increase by 10-50% with an excess of ∼40,000-2,000,000 child deaths (4) . In today''s COVID-19 environment, such systems in Peru, Kyrgyz Republic, and many other countries can be leveraged to build on and enhance social and economic protection for vulnerable families, and consequently prevent ill health and chronic undernutrition in children.
cord-347519-aowxr873	2020	
cord-347605-6db4gwhk	2020	Verbal and physical violence against healthcare workers (HCWs) have reached considerable levels worldwide, and the World Medical Association has most recently defined violence against health personnel "an international emergency that undermines the very foundations of health systems and impacts critically on patient''s health" (1) . Two systematic reviews and meta-analyses published at the end of 2019 found a high prevalence of workplace violence by patients and visitors against nurses and physicians (2) , and show that occupational violence against HCWs in dental healthcare centers is not uncommon (3) . The recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses and the World Health Organization condemnation of the attacks against HCWs treating patients with COVID-19 have confirmed the seriousness of the situation regarding violence against doctors and nurses worldwide. Working in remote health care areas, understaffing, emotional or mental stress of patients or visitors, insufficient security, and lack of preventative measures have been identified as underlying factors of violence against physicians in a 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis (26) .
cord-347651-tny4bn01	2020	title: Three further ways that the COVID-19 pandemic will affect health outcomes In general, health outcomes improve during recessions, mostly driven by fewer cardiovascularrelated deaths possibly as a result of more active lifestyles (Strumpf et al. If countries respond with austerity measures that lead to a real-terms decline in public health and social care spending, we could see hundreds of thousands of ''excess'' deaths or more. To address the economic response challenge, governments need to be prepared to maintain health and care spending in line with demand. Governments can prevent or mitigate this effect by: (1) planning and communicating an exit strategy early to avoid needlessly protracted lockdowns and/or illprepared exits and (2) seeking to maintain public health and social care spending levels. Economic downturns, universal health coverage, and cancer mortality in high-income and middle-income countries, 1990-2010: a longitudinal analysis Effects of health and social care spending constraints on mortality in England: a time trend analysis
cord-347727-wka9q98s	2016	
cord-347872-naz24vct	2012	
cord-347877-px8e0hhi	2020	
cord-347884-zpzncgiv	2020	
cord-347960-vl5zhxyh	2020	
cord-348012-idflfwpb	2020	Our results show that identity-resources (membership continuity/new group memberships, and personal identity strength) are positively related to process-resources (social support and perceived personal control), and that both are related to better perceived mental health, lower levels of anxiety and depression, and higher well-being (life satisfaction and resilience) during confinement. Based on this model, our study explores whether: (1) group memberships (specifically, membership continuity and new memberships) and personal identity strength, considered as identity-resources derived from group social identities, and (2) social support (received and provided) and perceived personal control, considered as process-resources derived from the identity-resources, are related to well-being and psychological health in the confinement experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on this model, our study explores whether: (1) group memberships (specifically, membership continuity and new memberships) and personal identity strength, considered as identity-resources derived from group social identities, and (2) social support (received and provided) and perceived personal control, considered as process-resources derived from the identity-resources, are related to well-being and psychological health in the confinement experience during the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-348298-rtm8dn43	2020	
cord-348411-nrhe8aek	2020	It is essential and obligatory for the scientific community and healthcare workers to assess and analyze the psychological impact caused by the coronavirus pandemic on children and adolescents, as several mental health disorders begin during childhood. Children exposed to stressors such as separation through isolation from their families and friends, seeing or being aware of critically ill members affected with coronavirus, or the passing of loved ones or even thinking of their own death from the virus can cause them to develop anxiety, panic attacks, depression, and other mental illnesses [11] [12] . The conducted literature search was through Medline, PubMed, PubMed Central, and Embase using the keywords, ''coronavirus,'' ''COVID-19,'' ''mental health,'' ''child and adolescent,'' ''behavioral impact,'' ''psychological conditions,'' ''quarantine,'' and ''online education.'' The indexed search aimed to identify literature and articles relevant to our focused topic.
cord-348717-qgny6f6y	2020	
cord-348964-1x3nmwwt	2020	In addition to ethical dilemmas, another concern among health care providers and health systems are legal issues they may face during and after crisis situations. 13 Conversely, law can be used to hold hospitals and health care workers accountable for patient injuries and harms, or for failing to plan for disasters. Currently, the program has expanded its reach to bring together professionals with wideranging perspectives throughout the health system to ensure that our process for ethical decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic includes the concerns of small and large facilities, and shares resources in a way that all the communities we serve can understand and support. Hospitalists, intensivists, ED physicians, medical staff leaders, and nurses are working closely with ethics specialists, administration and legal counsel, and preparing as a team for the worst case scenario. Ethical Guidance for Disaster Response, Specifically Around Crisis Standards of Care: A Systematic Review
cord-349057-u7u39jho	2020	We hope these "PACTS Principles" complement existing PPI approaches and provide a useful foundation for health economists considering patient involvement. A "task-based" approach to patient involvement can help with the more technical aspects of health economics research. The Health Economics and MS (HEMS) patient involvement group was initially established to inform a specific aspect of a study that aimed to develop a preference-based measure of health-related quality of life for use with people with MS [13] . Where the research activity is more directed towards shedding light on "known unknowns", we have found that a task-based approach provides a useful framework for guiding detailed work on highly specific aspects of a study to generate "focused" impacts. We hope the PACTS Principles complement existing PPI approaches and frameworks and provide useful foundations for health economists when considering patient involvement, and will ultimately build towards the development of practical guidance for patient involvement in HE research.
cord-349348-9rnvawfa	2012	Thus, genomic databases will constitute an important source of information, on the one hand, in order to pursue research aiming to understand better the genetic susceptibility to a disease regarding certain individuals within a population, and on the other, to implement eventually public health interventions. Following an overview of the essential roles of public health and an analysis of relevant Quebec legislation, the precautionary principle is examined as another possible avenue to justify State access to and use of genomic databases for research purposes or, for the management of a pandemic. Ongoing surveillance does not apply "to research and knowledge development activities carried out in the sector of health or social services in particular, by the Institut national de santé publique du Québec" (art. Our analysis of the pandemic influenza recommendations proposed by the World Health Organization, Canada and Quebec, all of which are important planning instruments, centers on the four principal functions of public health: monitoring, promotion, prevention and protection.
cord-349426-9fuiind8	2010	The experience from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong has shown that general practitioners (GPs) were willing to discharge their duties despite risks of getting infected themselves. GPs could also assist in the development of protocols for primary care management of patients with flu-like illnesses and conduct clinical audits on the standards of preventive and treatment measures. Responce of health services with increasing number of possible flu cases and the existing care of other patients, risk communication, data collection and surveillance, and basic respiratory hygiene practices are all important public health measures. A study in Hong Kong amongst 2,255 health care workers showed that the overall willingness to accept pre-pandemic H5N1 vaccine was only 28.4% during a WHO influenza pandemic alert phase 3 [16] . GPs can also assist in the development of protocols for primary care management of patients with flu-like illnesses in accordance to national guidelines to avoid missing cases while at the same time preventing panics in the community.
cord-349489-8ldkbl2g	2008	
cord-349911-dx8wvqkm	2015	Ten pathogens in the highest priority group (Borrelia, calicivirus, Campylobacter, Echinococcus multilocularis, hepatitis C virus, HIV, respiratory syncytial virus, SARSand MERS coronavirus, tick-borne encephalitis virus and varicella-zoster virus) did not have any surveillance of typing results. The Public Health Agency of Sweden identified the need to use a structured method that takes relevant aspects into account in order to rationally prioritize between different pathogens when allocating resources for surveillance. The Robert Koch Institute invited ten senior external experts and ten internal experts and asked them to score the pathogens with -1, 0 or 1 for ten variables"Incidence", "Work and school absenteeism", "Health care utilization", "Chronicity of illness or sequelae", "Case fatality rate", "Proportion of events requiring public health actions", "Trend", "Public attention", "Prevention and Treatment possibilities") ( Table 1 ). We used a standardized procedure developed at the Robert Koch Institute to generate a list of pathogens prioritized for surveillance to be used by the Public Health Agency of Sweden.
cord-350000-eqn3kl5p	2020	
cord-350293-a09r0gjc	2020	
cord-350380-4yardtss	2017	title: Facility-based surveillance for emerging infectious diseases; diagnostic practices in rural West African hospital settings: observations from Ghana The aim of this study was to better understand the effectiveness of Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) facility-based surveillance in detecting newly emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) in rural West African settings. While participants routinely used hospital treatment when confronted with enduring or severe illness, the diagnostic process within clinical settings meant that an unusual diagnosis, such as an EID, was unlikely to be considered. Facility-based surveillance is unlikely to be effective in detecting EIDs due to a combination of clinical care practices and the time constraints associated with individual episodes of illness, particularly in the resource-limited settings of rural West Africa, where febrile illness due to malaria is common and specific diagnostic assays are largely unavailable.
cord-350430-hadtwybp	2020	
cord-350498-jwweg06f	2020	
cord-350521-jfd5gd2p	2020	
cord-351204-5m1ch7ls	2010	The existing burden of ill-health increases the sensitivity of Indigenous peoples to the adverse impacts of climate change, which combined with a proportionally higher dependence of many Indigenous Climate change Health Adaptation Vulnerability Aboriginal Inuit Mé tis First nations Canada Social determinants of health Inequality Indigenous A B S T R A C T Climate change has been identified as potentially the biggest health threat of the 21st century. However, there remains a significant deficit in information required to inform and guide adaptation among Aboriginal peoples-part of what we broadly term an Indigenous peoples ''vulnerability deficit.'' Major Canadian assessments of climate change, for example, identify research on Aboriginal health a priority for action , and while Furgal and Prowse (2008) focus on the health of mostly Inuit inhabitants in the north, other Aboriginal populations have been less studied (Healey and Meadows, 2007; Wilson and Young, 2008) .
cord-351205-0n5n7p4b	2020	
cord-351411-q9kqjvvf	2015	
cord-351454-mc7pifep	2017	
cord-351892-rmf0azon	2020	For instance, protection of personal data is a major concern of mental health users that might lead people to feel unsteady when talking about intimate issues Ethical principles like justice, integrity, beneficence, nonmaleficence and autonomy must be incorporated in a new ethical framework to regulate the use of digital technologies related to health services. Culture practices are been transformed after the COVID-19 and new ethical controversies on mental health digital services are yet to be identified (Bauer et al., 2017) . To accomplish this challenge, professionals need to discuss, and review topics related to informed consent, data protection, patient privacy, identity confirmation or digital medical J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f prescription in order to incorporate these subjects when developing contemporary mental health programs. As a psychologist, I think there is an opportunity to adapt to a new social digital complexity by developing new codes of conduct aimed at psychologist, psychiatrist and other mental health professionals.
cord-351912-xuiswu2l	2020	
cord-352293-ha7xts89	2020	This paper highlights key issues and offers practical solutions to address the mental health of adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic, from a high school student''s (HSS) perspective. Social distancing and school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic can worsen existing mental health problems in adolescents and increases the risk of future mental health issues. 2 An increase in domestic violence and abuse during this pandemic further exposes adolescents to risks of developing mental health problems. However, closure of schools during COVID-19 pandemic have taken away the protective layer of school-based mental health support. Within a pandemic environment of furloughs and job cuts, families may struggle to purchase technology for high schoolers who can benefit from school-based counseling support for mental health problems. 3 Quarantine, trauma and grief during the COVID-19 pandemic further increase the risk of mental health problems. Potential effects of "social" distancing measures and school lockdown on child and adolescent mental health.
cord-352460-ql0eogzz	2020	
cord-352546-w3catjj3	2015	The effective control and prevention of EIDs therefore requires: (i) social science research to improve understanding of how EID threats and responses play out; (ii) the development of an analytic framework that catalogues case experiences with EIDs, reflects their dynamic nature and promotes inter-sectoral collaboration and knowledge synthesis; (iii) genuine public engagement processes that promote transparency, education and capture people''s preferences; (iv) a set of practical principles and values that integrate ethics into decision-making procedures, against which policies and public health responses can be assessed; (v) integration of the analytic framework and the statement of principles and values outlined above; and (vi) a focus on genuine reform rather than rhetoric. In particular we focused on materials pertaining to the social, political and ethical consequences of responses to the risks posed to human health and wellbeing by Hendra virus [HeV], Nipah virus [NiV] and Rabies virus [RbV] in Australasia, and compared them with international responses to canonical examples of pandemic and food borne zoonoses severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [17] and bovine spongiform encephalitis/variant Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (BSE/vCJD), respectively.
cord-352665-ik67gpxf	2020	
cord-352862-2q4h3bwj	2020	
cord-352962-burm9nxm	2019	
cord-353185-aapg75af	2019	Building the value of China-Africa "One Health" strategy partnerships, frameworks and capacity development and implementation through leveraging on current and innovative China-Africa health initiatives, but also, mobilizing efforts on climatic changes and disasters mitigation and lifestyle adaptations strategies against emerging and current infectious diseases threats are essential to establish epidemic surveillance-response system under the concept of global collaborative coordination and lasting financing mechanisms. Africa CDC focus on strategic priority areas and innovative programs aiming at improving evidence-based decision making and practice in event-based capacity development for surveillance, disease prediction, and improved functional clinical and public health laboratory networks and actions in minimizing health inequalities, and promoting quality care delivery, public health emergency preparedness and response best practices in achieving regional [1, 4, 10] .
cord-353340-l0icku0i	2020	
cord-353401-y1mxnth7	2020	
cord-353718-8a5pq57e	2020	
cord-353866-0r1b44id	2011	Stratified analyses revealed significant subpopulation disparities in rate ratios for 2008/2003 in the presence of chronic disease, with greater increases among women, elderly, the Han nationality, unmarried and widow, illiterate, rural, and regions east of China than other groups. This study aimed to describe the male and female adult Chinese population health status in multiple dimensions, including overall morbidity, presence of illness in the last 2 weeks and chronic disease in the last 6 months, and healthy behavior as regards smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity, using data from the most recent National Health Services Surveys by the Chinese government in 2003 and 2008. However, overall Chinese adult population health status has not been improved due to short time and small proportion of residents performing frequent exercise; hence it seems that the prevalence and burden of chronic diseases will continue to grow.
cord-354111-rj6te7fz	2020	
cord-354371-321vd28d	2020	
cord-354434-bi409a6o	2020	The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly stressed public health systems around the world and exposed the gaps in health care for underserved and vulnerable populations. Faced with old threats (e.g., re-emergence of measles), disruptive new technologies (e.g., electronic cigarettes), increased challenges (e.g. drug-resistant organisms), and new threats (e.g., the current pandemic, climate change, politicized misinformation), our health systems must be robust and resilient. Health care infrastructure can be better prepared and more equitable if systems are strengthened by building on core competencies and following the recommendations made for leadership, stakeholder involvement, accreditation, data collection, and funding resources. The current pandemic demonstrates the challenges that we must overcome as a global community to ensure equitable health care access, economic security, and public health protections for vulnerable communities. A well-resourced and properly-structured public health system that is accountable, properly resourced, and able to perform the 10 core competencies can meet the needs of vulnerable populations and ensure equity is achieved across the lifespan in all communities.
cord-354677-duxm9u8v	2020	
cord-354855-vwxbo01b	2020	Amid frenzied national responses to COVID-19, the world could soon reach a critical juncture to revisit and strengthen the International Health Regulations (IHR), the multilateral instrument that governs how 196 states and WHO collectively address the global spread of disease. 4 The concrete links between infectious disease control and global security provide a compelling rationale for an inspection mechanism that encourages states to be more forthright and accountable in reporting a potential PHEIC. Following more than a decade under the revised IHR, only a third of countries meet the core capacities of public health systems required therein, 2 impacting countries'' abilities to prevent, detect, and respond to disease outbreaks and putting "the whole world at risk". To ensure accountability for national capacity building, states should integrate an effective reporting mechanism to monitor implementation of IHR obligations. AP reports grants and personal fees as past and current consultant to WHO on global and public health law matters, including the IHR.
cord-354892-24wvly9f	2020	A manually chosen LDA model with 10 topics was then applied to all posts across all subreddits (mental health and non-mental health) to assess the distribution of topics, allowing for comparison between the distribution of posts prepandemic vs midpandemic. A manually chosen LDA model created on midpandemic data was applied to posts from r/COVID19_support to assess any change in topic distribution. We analyzed whether the subreddits that most increased in their Health Anxiety topic correlated with the ones that most increased in negative semantic change as measured by the trend analysis, but this was not significant (ρ = -0.046, P = 0.819). Figure S11: Prepandemic LDA model over non-mental health subreddits. Distribution of prepandemic LDA topics for posts in non-mental health subreddits prepandemic (left) and midpandemic (right).
cord-355471-vt7qovf7	2020	The Health Opportunity Index (HOI) is a multivariate tool that can be more efficiently used to identify and understand the interplay of complex social determinants of health (SDH) at the census tract level that influences the ability to achieve optimal health. The Health Opportunity Index (HOI) is the primary outcome variable in this study and is comprised of 13 indices: affordability, income inequality, Townsend Deprivation, job participation, employment access, education, population churning, population-weighted density, segregation, food accessibility, walkability, access to care, and environmental quality index. The thematic mapping of HOI composite scores provides a visual breakdown of health opportunity disparities across census tracts in an area. The thematic mapping of HOI composite scores provides a visual breakdown of health opportunity disparities across census tracts in an area. Similar to the map from Figure 3 The thematic mapping of HOI composite scores provides a visual breakdown of health opportunity disparities across census tracts in an area.
cord-355488-ajlmyjoe	2020	This crisis has brought attention to the need to address the shortage of more broadly trained personnel and generalist physicians, which is largely attributed to the high costs Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. The widespread, immediate implications of the acute shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic have highlighted the need for systems strengthening in both HIC and LMIC and haveforced us to re-examine our approach to healthcare delivery.Telemedicine is being optimized globally more than ever before to prevent surges through forward triage, minimize healthcare worker exposures and address workforce shortages. These lessonshave highlighted the need for long-term investment to build flexible, resilient health systems and are sure to help providers in both HIC and LMIC care for more patients safely and effectively both during this pandemic and long after it ends. Learning how LMIC providers manage resource limitations through global surgery collaborations can give surgeons working in HIC valuable perspective that has become increasingly relevant during the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-355523-zol0k94p	2019	
cord-355583-wzracd7t	2020	
cord-355726-44x0idzn	2017	This book also provides knowledge and understanding about social and administrative aspects of pharmacy in healthcare in lowand middle-income countries. On the other hand, there are growing problems with medicines, the health system, and human resources, especially in the LMICs. There are countries with high prices of medicines, a wide prevalence of nonquality medicines (i.e., substandard and counterfeit), lack of access to medicines, and absence of a national medicines policy (NMP) even with strong encouragement from World Health Organization (WHO). Further according to Frieden and Henning (2009) , a progress of public health in developing countries is possible but will require sufficient funding and human resources; improved physical infrastructure and information systems; effective program implementation and regulatory capacity; and, most importantly, political will at the highest levels of government. Social pharmacy scientists utilize both sciences to improve clinical practice, enhance the effectiveness of pharmaceutical regulations and policy, advocate political awareness, and promote improvements in pharmaceutical health services and healthcare delivery.
cord-355776-f8u66hbt	2020	
cord-355869-r68fccx0	2020	
cord-355919-e8fhlo37	2020	► In addition to lack of healthcare worker protection, staffing shortages, heightened risk of nosocomial transmission and decreased healthcare use described in previous infectious disease outbreaks, maternal and newborn care during the COVID19 pandemic has also been affected by large-scale lockdowns/curfews. This online survey is part of a larger study seeking to: (1) understand how health professionals and health facilities prepare and respond to COVID-19 in regard to the care provided to women and their babies; and (2) document and analyse the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the services available to pregnant, labouring and ► Healthcare providers are worried about the impact of rapidly changing care practices on health outcomes: reduced access to antenatal care, fewer outpatient visits, shorter length of stay in facilities after birth, banning birth companions, separating newborns from COVID-19 positive mothers and postponing routine immunisations.