cord-000266-xwfptmmv	2010	METHODOLOGY: Data from cross-sectional telephone interviews of 1,001 Hong Kong adults in June, 2009 were tested against theory and data-derived hypothesized associations between trust in (formal/informal) information, understanding, self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility and worry, and hand hygiene and social distancing using Structural Equation Modelling with multigroup comparisons. We report on a theoretical model that incorporated elements of influenza causal knowledge, perceived self-efficacy and also social and affective influences ( Figure 1 ) because these latter variables have been less frequently studied in combination, but have theoretical and logical support for their potential importance in the context of RIDs. We tested this model against data collected in the early phase of the influenza A/H1N1 pandemic (Table S1 ) to examine how levels of trust in formal and informal sources of risk/prevention information associated with hand washing and social distancing.
cord-000280-zyaj90nh	2010	CONCLUSIONS: Similar to previous findings conducted in hospital healthcare workers and nurses, we confirmed that the willingness of community nurses to accept influenza A (H1N1) vaccination is low. In a study conducted of Hong Kong healthcare workers in hospitals, it was found that only 25% of nurses were willing to accept influenza A (H1N1) vaccination, compared with 47% of doctors and 29% of allied professionals [13] . Consistent with findings from previous surveys conducted in hospital healthcare workers and nurses [13, 17] , we have shown that the majority of nurses from community nursing services in Hong Kong were not willing to be vaccinated against H1N1 influenza when the vaccine becomes available. Consistent with previous findings which were conducted in healthcare workers and nurses [13, 17] , we confirm that the acceptance rate of pandemic influenza vaccination is low amongst community nurses.
cord-000336-57es391o	2011	
cord-000617-8m7spnxj	2011	
cord-001521-l36f1gp7	2011	The IC 50 values determined in functional NI assays provide valuable information for detection of resistant viruses, but should not be used to draw direct correlations with drug concentrations needed to inhibit virus replication in the infected human host, as clinical data to support such inferences are inadequate. • Standardized reagents and protocols • Choice of detection technology • Simple instrumentation requirements • High sensitivity for use with low virus concentrations • Compatibility with batch-mode processing and largescale assay throughput • Broad specificity of influenza detection • Flexibility in assay format • Additional NA assay applications -cell-based viral assays, screening for new NIs, detection of NA from other organisms Functional neuraminidase inhibition assays enable detection of any resistance mutation and are extremely important in conjunction with sequence-based screening assays for global monitoring of virus isolates for NI resistance mutations, including known and new mutations. Such new assays need to include methods to measure local antibodies and virus-specific lymphocytes, especially in the case of live attenuated influenza vaccines, because of their potential to induce such broad-based immune responses.
cord-003171-z22ekgtv	2018	
cord-008841-r17qhfsj	2003	
cord-016160-ugc7ce21	2018	At the end of 2002, unknown to anyone in Hong Kong, another deadly virus was circulating in neighboring Guangdong Province, propagating a disease that had no name but which was preliminarily dubbed atypical pneumonia in China and later renamed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, by the World Health Organization. And now it''s been identified by all the other laboratories." 76 Also, just as Hong Kong University publicized its breakthrough before the CDC''s announcement, so the university was able to get its scientific discovery into print first, with the publication of a paper in the online Lancet on April 8, 2003, "Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome." The success was very much the result of a group effort, as the list of authors shows, with Malik Peiris as the lead writer, K.Y. Yuen as the last writer and others, including Guan Yi, Leo Poon, John Nicholls and K.H. Chan, in between.
cord-016551-5vwgg8e6	2016	This chapter shows how nanotechnology-based building materials are playing an important role in green architectural design and construction, which has become a growing trend in many countries. This leads to nanotechnology being rapidly adopted by the construction market in several aspects like coatings, insulation materials, and building materials (steel, cement, asphalt, glass, polymers, etc.). Nanomaterials are currently employed in cements, steel, and even windows to render buildings greener, more cost effective and safer. Another application of nanotechnology in the market involves making Ultra Violet (UV) absorbing, self-cleaning, and depolluting coatings for windows. Although Bioni antimicrobial paints in hospitals are 25 % more cost effective because they decreased the frequent use of biocides, they are more expensive in residential buildings. The growing regulations on the building sector to save energy drive the growth for solar control window films, which is forecast to be an 863 million dollars market by 2018.
cord-017080-erbftqgh	2010	
cord-017995-azqjvxtu	2010	
cord-019032-vdiaexbw	2020	
cord-020756-d9f5fd7x	2007	
cord-020769-elzkwyz0	2004	This paper uses the recent SARS epidemic as a background to highlight the importance of crisis planning, particularly in emerging economies, and suggests how organizations can address these concerns. This paper will start by presenting background information on the SARS epidemic and the impact on organizations, especially those operating in emerging markets. Since emerging markets are increasingly important to the world economy and are at the same time susceptible to outbreaks of infectious diseases, we need to understand how we are linked together on an interdependent global level. If just three of the Asian emerging economies -China, India, and Indonesia -are able to maintain this growth rate of 6 percent per year, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has estimated that by 2010 approximately 700 million people in those countries will have an average income equivalent to that of Spain today.
cord-021375-lca26xum	2019	Taking its cue from the currently accepted germ theory of disease, such mechanisms render a global city like Hong Kong not only pervasively "on alert" and under threat of unpredictable and pathogenic viruses and other microbes, it also gives rise to a hygiene and antimicrobial politics that is never entirely able to control pathogenic circulation. Considering recent advances in gene sequencing in microbiology, through which a "vast diversity of microbial life in, on and around the human body" (Lorimer 2017, 544) has been identified as residing in complex relationality with one another, how befitting is it to fight infectious diseases by indiscriminately eliminating microbes through the use of antimicrobials and practicing urban hygiene as in the case of Hong Kong? Various scholars have noted how, much like Hong Kong in the face of SARS, global public health programs adopt an antimicrobial stance to the control and/or elimination of infectious diseases, however, which might prove to be counterproductive in securing human life (Macphail 2014; Methot and Alizon 2014; Fishel 2015 Fishel , 2017 White 2015; Hinchliffe et al.
cord-022158-32pe8ou0	2018	
cord-023837-kenstpja	2019	
cord-029338-r8vf6pqt	2020	In this chapter, a Rawlsian model is adopted in analysing the dynamics between politics, governance and justice in the land controversy of Hong Kong. Confronting these questions, I will first introduce three conceptual tools found in Rawls'' theory of justice (1972, 1996, 2001) and then show how the Rawlsian model is applicable to the general situation in Hong Kong. From their perspective, the government should not unjustly allow a selected group of stakeholders (i.e. the developers) to unfairly take advantages of the situation when Hong Kong people collectively facing such a serious land problem. This point is important because only by underscoring this minimal moral sense can Rawls fully answer the challenge, such as the one raised by Habermas (1995) , that merely from the self-interested rationality (private reason) one can never yield reasonableness (public reason) in one''s judgement, which is required for the impartial agents in the original position to formulate the two principles of justice, especially the difference principle.
cord-034317-bhzctz87	2020	
cord-253111-n5ywei4t	2018	
cord-254340-e1x0z3rh	2020	
cord-256163-62cc135r	2015	
cord-257698-ed2tqn35	2004	
cord-258307-nsdhvc8w	2011	
cord-260438-oezkz55m	2010	
cord-260503-yq4dtf8n	2004	Objectives The authors trace the emergence of the SARS outbreak from southern China and its spread worldwide, discuss the viral etiology of the infection and its clinical features, and review the infection control guidelines issued during the outbreak by the health authorities in Hong Kong, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization and the American Dental Association. Conclusions and Clinical Implications Researchers believe that a combination of factors, including the universal infection control measures that the dental community has implemented and/or the low degree of viral shedding in the prodromal phase of SARS, may have obviated the spread of the disease in dental settings. Interim domestic infection control precautions for aerosol-generating procedures on C L I N I C A L P R A C T I C E patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
cord-262545-bs8p50ig	2020	From the 2012-2014 National Health Insurance Service database containing 706 physician-reported cases of type 1 diabetes in children aged <15 years in South Korea, Kim and colleagues reported an incidence of 3.2 per 100,000 person-years, which was 2.3-fold higher compared with the rate recorded in the earlier period of 1995-2000 [13] . Based on retrospective retrieval of 255 paediatric cases of newly diagnosed diabetes between 1984 and 1996, Huen and colleagues recorded an incidence of 1.4 per 100,000 person-years for type 1 diabetes in children aged <15 years in Hong Kong, which was considerably lower than our updated estimates of 5.3-6.4 per 100,000 person-years in a comparable age group [14] . In the present study, 60% of incident cases of diabetes in people aged <20 years were type 2 diabetes. In this report on the secular trend of the incidence of diabetes in Hong Kong, we revealed that the incidence of type 1 diabetes increased in people aged <20 years and was stable in other age groups.
cord-263941-afxh7rks	2020	The Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) system in Hong Kong provides a safety net for those aged children and adults below 65 years old who cannot support themselves financially. For Hong Kong, after accounting for government recurrent cash benefits (including various kinds of social security schemes including CSSA), the size of the poor population was reduced from 1.4 million to just over 1 million (14.7% of the population)-a 28% reduction in the size of the poverty population. In this study, we adopt a decomposition analysis to assess the impact of population growth and age structure on the numbers of people moving in and out of the CSSA scheme for the period 2014-2018. The decomposition analysis allows us to examine the impact on the number of CSSA recipients of changes in arrival and removal, population size and age distribution.
cord-268789-9b4quuqx	2011	
cord-269213-tsm6zoe3	2005	This paper provides a description of a methodological framework designed to capture the inter-relationships between the lay publics'' understanding of health-related processes, information gathering behaviors, and actions taken during an outbreak. This methodological framework, based on narrative analysis, is a tool for learning about how laypersons use information to build representations of an epidemic situation and how the results of this process influence their decisions to act. For example, the interview texts also result in a list of information needs expressed by the lay public concerning an outbreak as well as a general list of actions taken for SARS prevention. The arrangement of the interview into time periods (before, during, and upcoming events related to the epidemic) facilitates the data analysis when looking at the interactions and influences between informa-tion received, lay understanding, and actions taken.
cord-269612-pmzdovna	2004	
cord-269623-9pxdeva3	2003	The contrast between recent cases of H5N1 infection, associated with high mortality, and the typically mild, self-limiting nature of human infections with avian H7N7 and H9N2 influenza shows the gaps in our understanding of molecular correlates of pathogenicity and underlines the need for continuing international research into pandemic influenza. We gave priority to randomised controlled trials when available, to larger studies, articles published in high-impact journals that have a wide readership, and the systematic review and economic decision modelling, for the prevention and treatment of influenza, commissioned by the Health Technology Assessment Programme on behalf of the National Institute of Clinical Excellence. A meta-analysis of reports published before 2001 showed that vaccination reduces numbers of cases of influenza-like illness by 35%, hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza by 47%, and all-cause mortality by 50%.
cord-270909-wb7mwklo	2020	BACKGROUND: To describe the infection control strategy to achieve zero nosocomial transmission of symptomatic coronavirus disease (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 during the pre-pandemic phase (the first 72 days after announcement of pneumonia cases in Wuhan) in Hong Kong. Pandemic infection of a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared by World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020, which is 72 days after announcement of a cluster of patients with community acquired pneumonia in Wuhan, Hubei Province by National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China (NHCPRC), on 31 December 2019 (day 1) [1] . Up to 11 March 2020 (day 72 after the official announcement of a cluster of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, Hubei Province, a total of 130 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were confirmed in Hong Kong, while the first 42 patients were reported previously [9] .
cord-272207-jtvf257r	2014	
cord-272526-2fgtjouu	2003	5 5 In general scholarly attention to the growth and development of service activities has evolved as follows: (a) an early interest in the growth of high-rise offices in the CBDs of the largest metropolitan cities, including important theoretical and conceptual contributions (Gottmann, 1961) , (b) a stream of empirical studies of office location, emphasizing regional policy implications and urban planning problems (Daniels, 1975; Goddard, 1975) , (c) growing interest in the social ramifications of services growth (Bell, 1973) , (d) a sharper analytical focus on business, ''producer'' and other intermediate services, and their role in urban and regional development (Noyelle and Stanback, 1984) , and in the operation of ''flexible'' industrial regimes, (e) assessments of the global dimensions of services development, especially in banking and finance, as well as in producer services and communications (Daniels, 1993 ), (f) acknowledgement of the importance of specialized services in the emergence of the ''informational city'' and urban society (Castells, 1989) , and (g) explorations of the intersections between tertiarization, occupational shifts, urban class (re)formation, and community-level impacts, especially in the metropolitan core (Ley, 1996) .
cord-272759-dqkjofw2	2006	
cord-273638-mmlwh87u	2020	
cord-274112-6t0wpiqy	2004	
cord-274306-cxvnv8dy	2004	L''Asie, en particulier la Chine et le Sud-est asiatique, a également connu l''émergence de viroses humaines graves, telles que la dengue hémorragique (les Philippines, 1954) ou plusieurs pandémies grippales, la grippe asiatique (N2H2) en 1957, la grippe de Hong-Kong (H3N2) en 1968, et la grippe russe (H1N1) en 1977. Mais, c''est surtout au cours des dix dernières années que les émergences virales s''y sont multipliées avec l''apparition de la fièvre hémorragique à virus Alkhurma en Arabie Saoudite (1995), de la grippe aviaire H5N1 à Hong-Kong, en 1997, de l''encéphalite à virus Nipah en Malaisie, en 1998, et surtout du SRAS, en Chine du sud en 2002. Depuis l''extermination des porcs infectés, on a plus signalé de cas d''encéphalite à virus Nipah, mais il convient de rester vigilant car les roussettes et les porcs sont très nombreux dans tout le Sud-est asiatique.
cord-275708-17cz3agx	2003	CONCLUSION: In pediatric cases, SARS manifests with nonspecific radiographic features making radiological differentiation difficult, especially from other commonly encountered childhood respiratory viral illnesses causing airspace disease. This article presents the initial chest radiographic findings collated from 62 children diagnosed as probable or suspect SARS cases during the recent SARS outbreak in Toronto, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Keywords Chest AE Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) AE Radiography AE CT AE Children the following signs and symptoms: fever, chills, body ache, cough, sore throat, rhinorrhea, dyspnea, tachypnea, crackles, headache, dizziness, hypoxemia, malaise, myalgia, rigor, lethargy, and gastrointestinal symptoms including vomiting and diarrhea. In general, fever and cough were the most common clinical presentation amongst younger pediatric SARS cases (age<10 years), whereas, in addition to these symptoms, headache, myalgia, sore throat, chills, and/or rigor were reported in older patients (age ‡10 years).
cord-276820-l7bd5y8y	2004	
cord-283537-49ic7p3u	2015	
cord-284028-l0r7f9sr	2004	This phenomenon revealed a loophole in the control mechanisms of international quarantine procedures, letting travelers carrying a highly contagious virus slip by undetected and causing possible multi-country outbreaks of communicable diseases. Reasons for its rapid global spread were the highly contagious nature of the virus with its air-borne route of infection, the busy links between affected countries, and probably inadequacies in international quarantine procedures. As shown in Tables 1 and 2, although none of the six patients were eventually diagnosed wild SARS, this observed phenomenon disclosed a very important loophole in the control aspect of international quarantine procedures: the inability to prevent persons with a highly contagious virus from slipping past undetected and thus preventing the further spread of epidemics like SARS on international travel routes. In this study, we identified that there were loopholes in the international quarantine system for controlling the international spread of contagious disease like SARS, especially when travelers lack a strong motivation to cooperate with national health authorities.
cord-286705-biundkbv	2020	
cord-288219-bwsw9nlr	2008	INTRODUCTION: Inter-facility transport (IFT) is a dynamic process and its quality largely depends on pre-transport preparation, emergency equipment support and recognition of possible en route adverse events. Measured outcomes were defined as (1) relationships between clinical experience and relevant training in IFT with questionnaire results, (2) staff knowledge of the equipment carried routinely in ambulances and (3) the en route adverse events encountered according to the participants'' past experience. IFT with questionnaire results, (2) staff knowledge of the equipment carried routinely in ambulances and (3) the en route adverse events encountered according to the participants'' past experience. The aim of this study is to evaluate knowledge levels of inter-facility transport among registered nurses of the AEDs in the eastern New Territories of Hong Kong, with special emphasis on equipment preparation and management of en route adverse events.
cord-288698-3e44z9p0	2005	Abstract By using a growth accounting framework for the period 1980–2000, this paper estimates Hong Kong''s total factor productivity and unit labor cost of twenty industries classified into three economic sectors of tradable goods, tradable services and non-tradable services. This paper expanded the data used in Imai (2001) and followed the classification of economic sectors used in Wong and Tao (2000) , and extended the empirical analysis by comparing total factor productivity (TFP) with unlit labor cost analysis. With the exception of mining and quarrying that occupied only a small portion of GDP, individual industries that showed a positive geometric percentage growth in unit labor cost belong mainly to the non-tradable services (construction; community, social and personal services; real estate; restaurant and wholesale) and some tradable services (insurance; land transport; other transport services; business services and financing).
cord-289908-7itwc8tm	2020	
cord-290352-0pc5eji4	2005	Since their reemergence in 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses have reached endemic levels among poultry in several southeast Asian countries and have caused a still increasing number of more than 100 reported human infections with high mortality. However, occurrences of direct bird-to-human transmission of avian influenza viruses have increasingly been reported in recent years, culminating in the ongoing outbreak of influenza A (H5N1) among poultry in several Asian countries with associated human infections. The "Asian influenza" pandemic of 1957 was caused by an H2N2 virus that had acquired three genes (H2, N2, and PB1) from avian viruses infecting wild ducks, in a backbone of the circulating H1N1 human influenza strain. Furthermore, these infections were associated with severe hemorrhagic pneumonia and the induction of high levels of macrophage-derived cytokines and chemokines, strikingly reminiscent of clinical observations in humans during the Spanish flu pandemic, as well as of recent in vitro and in vivo observations of infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses (Cheung et al., 2002; Oxford, 2000; Peiris et al., 2004; To et al., 2001) .
cord-290965-7qs4w9xh	2020	
cord-293403-o1i999hy	2004	
cord-293858-dk4snw9r	2019	Annual excess rates of mortality or hospitalization associated with influenza in the older population were estimated for the pre-SARS (reference period), post-SARS and post-pandemic period, respectively. We constructed time series segmented regression models to estimate cause-specific mortality or hospitalization risks associated with influenza in the older population during the pre-SARS, post-SARS, and post-pandemic periods for Hong Kong and Brisbane. Compared to Hong Kong, during the study period Brisbane had higher mortality rates for all-cause (81.7 vs 66.5 per 100,000 population), cardiorespiratory diseases (CRD, 42.1 vs 33.8), stroke (9.5 vs 6.5) and ischemic heart diseases (IHD, 17.0 vs 7.5), but a lower rate for pneumonia and influenza (P&I, 2.8 vs 9.9), and a comparable rate for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, 3.9 vs 4.2) (Additional file 1: Appendix 3). In this study, we estimated excess rates of mortality or hospitalizations attributable to influenza in different periods (pre-SARS, post-SARS, and post-pandemic) for two subtropical cities Hong Kong and Brisbane.
cord-294237-6hovffso	2004	SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) was a new disease in the fall of 2002, which first occurred in Guangdong Province, China and spread to 29 countries with 8422 cases and 916 fatalities (1) (2) (3) . Moreover, cataloging the genome from human cases assisted in the search for the origin of this disease, when viruses related to the SARS-CoV were identified in animals [Himalayan palm civets (Paguma larvata) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides)] in a live animal market in Shenzhen, China (12) . On the one hand, in the initial phases of the spread of SARS in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Toronto, a disproportionate number of health care workers became ill and apparent "superspreader" cases were noted (2-4, 6, 11, 14 -18) . Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) at Amoy Gardens, Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong, main findings of the investigation Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore: clinical features of index patient and initial contacts Severe acute respiratory syndrome in children: experience in a regional hospital in Hong Kong
cord-296573-4c9gch5b	2013	
cord-297326-n0fpu8s3	2015	
cord-297618-9ka3y2y1	2020	
cord-299464-rrxgr909	2010	Building on the wide-ranging applications of the collective interest model (CIM) in explaining political participation and environmental activism, this paper expands its relevance to the arena of housing management. In brief, housing management activism is a function of beliefs about personal and group efficacy, the value of the collective good, and the selective benefits and costs of participation. The phenomenon of homeowner participation in housing management in Hong Kong provides an excellent laboratory for the study of such collective action behaviour. An empirical study is carried out in Hong Kong''s private multi-family residential buildings using the CIM, which was developed based on Olson''s (1965) logic of collective action. In investigating the dilemma of collective action among homeowners, this article uses the CIM to investigate the benefit-cost expectations associated with participation in the management of apartment buildings in Hong Kong.
cord-301418-tj70iv4v	2012	
cord-305421-jaaqvzfd	2007	Respondents were asked their perceptions about anticipated bird-to-human H5N1 outbreak in Hong Kong, including medical-related perceptions (perceived fatality, physical harm to patients, whether symptoms would be similar to those of SARS); preparedness of the local health authorities (adequacy of vaccines, medicine for treatment, and hospital infection control); susceptibility of one''s family members to avian influenza infection; and comparisons between consequences of an anticipated avian influenza epidemic with those of the SARS epidemic (in terms of infectivity, impact on oneself and his/her family, economic impacts, duration of the epidemic, and total number of people affected).
cord-306014-tjnt01ld	2019	Based on permutation entropy, complexity–entropy causality plane and Tsallis complexity–entropy curve, we characterize the complexity of the housing indices-both in terms of size and region-and distinguish the level of informational efficiency. We start our analysis by presenting in Fig. 1, panel (a) and (b), the Shannon Complexity-Entropy Causality Plane (CECP) for all Real Estate indices in Hong Kong, partitioned by size and location. In order to compare the results, derived by the symbolic permutation entropy, with the Hurst exponent h, we generate a time series with the use of the fractional Brownian motion. In all cases but one, the indices, measured in terms of size and region, exhibit lower permutation entropy and higher complexity, meaning that the financial crisis event affected the dynamical structure of the indices, increasing their regularity and predictability. But the Kowloon index quantifiers exhibit higher permutation entropy value denoting greater informational efficiency or less regularity and loss of complexity.
cord-306910-qwaoe5du	2020	title: Quarantine Wristbands, Face Masks, and Personal Freedom in Hong Kong I write to share my perspective on responses to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic as an American emergency physician living in Hong Kong who was recently required to wear a tracker wristband and subjected to mandatory home quarantine. This home quarantine policy was part of a broader infection control system in Hong Kong involving universal hospitalization of all positive COVID-19 cases, exhaustive social contact tracing, and selective quarantining of high-risk individuals. When I arrived in Hong Kong, all adults and children older than age 6 years who had traveled anywhere other than Taiwan, Macau, and mainland China during the standard incubation period were required to undergo a mandatory 14-day home quarantine (this has since been upgraded to include mandatory testing) (3). In Hong Kong, the quarantine wristbands are a sign of a functioning public health system-even if they are merely strips of paper.
cord-307307-b5yl88mh	2010	
cord-307490-b4un4703	2007	title: Improving older adults'' knowledge and practice of preventive measures through a telephone health education during the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: A pilot study Objectives To assess the effectiveness of delivering a telephone health education programme dealing with anxiety levels, and knowledge and practice of measures to prevent transmission of SARS among a group of older adults with low SES. This is the first systematic study to assess the effectiveness of delivering telephone health education to older adults during the outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong. Results of the study supported that telephone health education was effective in relieving anxiety and improving knowledge of the main transmission routes of SARS in older adults, but not fostering practice of preventing SARS. This is the first systematic study to assess the effectiveness of telephone health education in improving older adults'' knowledge and practice of preventive measures during the SARS epidemic.
cord-309268-sig0h723	2015	title: Factors associated with uptake of influenza vaccine in people aged 50 to 64 years in Hong Kong: a case–control study This study investigates the factors associated with the uptake of influenza vaccination among adults in Hong Kong aged 50–64 years. This study aimed to find out which factors were associated with the low uptake of influenza vaccination among people aged 50-64 years in Hong Kong. The hypothesis of this study was there were differences in associated factors (variables) between those Hong Kong residents aged 50-64 years who received the influenza vaccine in 2011/12 and 2012/13, and those who did not. The majority of the cases (80.8 %) and controls (93.9 %) were not aware that they were in a group recommended by the health authority to receive influenza vaccination.
cord-310337-vw4cno4p	2018	title: Improving pedestrian level low wind velocity environment in high-density cities: A general framework and case study To improve the low wind velocity environment at pedestrian level in high-density cities, a general framework and detailed guidelines are needed. This study is the first time to develop such a framework, and provide detailed guidelines for improving pedestrian level low wind velocity environment in high-density cities. A flow chart of the design framework for improving the pedestrian level low wind velocity environment in a high-density city is shown in Fig. 1 . Several studies have investigated the effect of the lift-up design on improving low wind velocity environment in high-density cities. The above mentioned studies confirm that the lift-up design is a promising solution for low wind velocity environments in densely built urban areas, especially at pedestrian level. A general design framework was developed, and detailed guidelines on improving the pedestrian level low wind velocity environment in high-density cities were offered.
cord-310651-pxfwe67t	2004	A total of 1,068 asymptomatic close contacts of patients with severe acute respiratory (SARS) from the 2003 epidemic in Hong Kong were serologically tested, and 2 (0.19%) were positive for SARS coronavirus immunoglobulin G antibody. Serologic surveys can be based on a random sample from the total population with appropriate stratification, on serum collected for other reasons (e.g., blood donors, all hospital admissions), or on surveys of persons who resided in sites of superspreading events or who have had close contact with a confirmed SARS patient. During the epidemic, close contacts were prospectively identified by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government Department of Health through standardized telephone interviews with all 1,755 confirmed SARS patients within 1 week of hospital admission (February 15-June 22, 2003).
cord-311026-mpr3xb2a	2020	Another approach could be to open travel from countries with good surveillance systems, transparent reporting, and few local cases where risk of importing infected cases would be low. Thus, public health capabilities for case identification and isolation must be expanded probably permanently; tools can include physical inspection or use of electronic devices, such as mobile phone-based surveillance and point of care tests as used in Taiwan, Korea and Oman, summarized in table 3. Despite the city state''s strict contact-tracing, quarantining and travel restrictions, a second wave of infections from returning residents and local transmissions saw cases spike from 100 to 1,000 in one month (SCMP 3 rd April). This initial public health response included travel bans from countries with high levels of community transmission and 14-day mandatory quarantine for all returning travelers from those countries; school closures; cancellation of gatherings of more than 100 people; and expanding testing and isolation capacity.
cord-313900-tx3m4gu4	2020	Considering the limited actions that the government has taken against the pandemic, we emphasize the prominent role of Hong Kong''s civil society through highlighting the strong and spontaneous mobilization of its local communities originating from their experiences during the SARS outbreak in 2003 and the social unrest in 2019, as well as their doubts regarding the pandemic assessments and recommendations of the HKSAR and WHO authorities. Paradoxically, the strong and spontaneous mobilization observed in Hong Kong was a consequence of the population''s devastating memories of the SARS outbreak in 2003 and the social unrest in 2019, as well as of their skepticism of the pandemic figures, assessments and recommendations given by the authorities of HKSAR, mainland China, and the World Health Organization (WHO). In the early stages of the pandemic (January to March), the rate of support for the Chief Executive was also recorded below 20 over 100, and less than 30% of the population trusted the government and were satisfied with the police force (Hong Kong Public Opinion Research Institute, 2020d; Ho, 2020).
cord-314381-ltil9hwl	2004	The present paper proposes the influence of psychological factors on people''s cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses during the SARS outbreak. Because SARS affected a number of regions, including people from both Asian and Western cultures, did individuals from different cultures perceive and cope with the crisis in distinct manners? These results suggest a link between general coping strategies and specific health behavior to avoid contracting SARS, which applies to people in areas that were and were not affected by SARS. This commentary, together with the five articles, provides valuable information on the ways in which people from different regions of the world responded affectively, cognitively, and behaviorally to the SARS outbreak. In conclusion, this special issue highlights the role of psychological factors in people''s cognitive and behavioral responses to the SARS outbreak.
cord-314734-ai0hz4uq	2020	Thus, the Diamond Princess cruise ship, which was quarantined because of an onboard outbreak of COVID-19 in February, 2020, provides an opportunity to define the shedding pattern of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and patient antibody responses before and after the onset of symptoms. Participants were prospectively screened by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) of nasopharyngeal and throat swabs, and serum IgG and IgM against internal nucleoprotein and the surface spike receptor-binding protein (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 at baseline (upon entering quarantine) and on days 4, 8, and 12 of quarantine. Evidence before this study We searched PubMed on March 14, 2020, with no date restrictions, for articles in English, using the terms "Covid-19", "coronavirus", "antibody", "viral load", "cruise ship", "quarantine", "shedding", and "seroconversion". By Feb 20, 2020, 76 passengers from Hong Kong were hospitalised in Japan after testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 by throat swab RT-PCR, of whom two individuals died from complications of the infection (appendix).
cord-316860-60mrbgwg	2014	
cord-318119-h0vnfcuq	2013	A parametric study under various ventilation rates indicated that use of desiccant cooling system in wet markets in hot and humid Hong Kong would lead to energy and energy cost savings, as well as CO2 emission reduction amounting from 1% to 13%. Energy simulation based on the site survey results (including occupancy, lighting and small power densities and occupation patterns), average space air-conditions as indoor set-point conditions (25.2 C dry-bulb and 65.8% RH), building envelop details (Table 1) , and physical geometry of the wet-market were input to EnergyPlus for simulating the annual energy use of the major equipments. The study results revealed that use of desiccant cooling system in wet markets in hot and humid Hong Kong would lead to energy, energy cost and CO 2 emission reduction up to 13% when the ventilation rate is 20 L/s/person.
cord-321075-cvlq4i8c	2014	
cord-323190-wisaamn7	2012	title: Temporal patterns of charcoal burning suicides among the working age population in Hong Kong SAR: the influence of economic activity status and sex RESULTS: Our findings revealed pronounced monthly and daily temporal variations in the pattern of charcoal burning suicides in Hong Kong. In addition to economic activity status, sex difference may also influence the temporal pattern of charcoal burning suicides. The present study aims to fill these gaps in the existing research by examining the temporal asymmetries in the monthly and daily distributions of charcoal burning suicides in Hong Kong. In particular, the study will examine the temporal variations of charcoal burning suicides in relation to the economic activity status and sex of victims of usual working age (20-59). Thus, a total of 498 working men, 203 working women, 571 non-working men, and 307 non-working women were included in the analysis of the influence of economic activity status and sex on the temporal variation in charcoal burning suicides.
cord-323643-lu3ngt6r	2004	The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak has almost mandated a re-evaluation of infection control practices in hospitals, clinics, schools and domestic environments, especially for patients with respiratory tract symptoms. PAEDIATRIC Summary The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak has almost mandated a re-evaluation of infection control practices in hospitals, clinics, schools and domestic environments, especially for patients with respiratory tract symptoms. 17 Despite great concerns, compliance to infection control precautions by community general practitioners in Hong Kong lagged behind their hospital counterparts -97.7% had not worn masks at all times, a third did not wash their hands after seeing/examining a patient and half did not wear gowns. In a study looking into factors affecting nosocomial infection in Hong Kong, it was found that all HCWs consistently used N95s or surgical masks and perceived that the inadequacy of personal protective equipment (PPE) supply, infection control training <2 h and inconsistent use of goggles, gowns, gloves and caps were significant independent risk factors for SARS infection.
cord-325722-ixozph19	2020	The results indicate that by tailoring measures to specific subgroups, the overall number of CSSA recipients would be reduced, thereby improving the efficiency of Hong Kong''s social security system, which has accounted for more than 16.5% of Hong Kong government expenditure in 2018, amounting to more than HKD 92 billion. It is important to consider whether the "entering approach" is indeed more effective than the "leaving approach" in reducing the number of CSSA recipients in Hong Kong. From these results, it seems that preventing people aged 20-29 from entering the CSSA system has a larger impact; that is, the "entering" approach would be more effective in reducing the number of CSSA recipients in 2014. The propose model provides empirical evidence to identify the potential target groups of people that would lead to the largest reduction in the number of the CSSA recipients in the Hong Kong Social Security System.
cord-326339-46imi33v	2020	
cord-326749-t727v0zt	2013	This paper proposes a simulation-based method to evaluate the probability of energy saving shortfall taking into account the variations in the influential parameters, including weather conditions, occupancy, operating hours, thermostat set-point, etc., during the contract period. Empirical data is also used to develop the probability distribution functions for the identified parameters to simulate the actual yearly variations in the post-retrofit conditions. This paper aims at developing a simulation-based method to evaluate the probability of energy saving shortfall taking into account the variations in the influential parameters. Monte Carlo simulation is performed to generate a common set of post-retrofit condition data based on the PDF of the selected parameters. A risk analysis tool based on Monte Carlo simulation (@Risk) [44] was utilised to generate 10,000 common data sets of 7 input parameters for two calibrated building energy models.
cord-327819-7p05jk1h	2004	13 The nomenclature of influenza viruses includes the type of virus (A, B, or C), host of origin (excluding humans), geographical site of origin, strain number, and year of isolation, followed in parentheses by the antigenic description of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins, eg, A/chicken/Hong Kong/258/97 (H5N1). 18 Other control measures include continuous surveillance of influenza virus strains in humans and in birds, careful protection of cullers through appropriate personal protective equipment, restrictions on the movement of live poultry, and use of the human influenza vaccine to reduce the risk of coinfection in poultry workers and cullers. In 1997, the first documented direct transmission of an avian influenza virus to humans occurred in Hong Kong, when an H5N1 strain caused a severe respiratory disease in 18 previously healthy young adults, 6 of whom died. On January 23, 2004, authorities in Thailand reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza among poultry, with laboratory-confirmed cases of H5N1 infection in humans.
cord-329124-yetjd5g5	2016	By synthesizing data from literature, policy documents, and empirical evidence, this research develops an evolution map for PH design in Hong Kong that is driven by seven major challenges. After decades of development, how have PH designs evolved against multiple challenges and kept abreast with the present era of sustainability, particularly in the aforementioned Asian economies that still rely considerably on PH to address housing inequity? To fill in this gap, this study is based on Hong Kong being a regional exemplar during its 60 years of PH design progress against a persistent mismatch between the high demand for housing and the intermittent shortage in land supply, among other challenges. The pressing need to decentralize the increasing population in these overcrowded urban regions ushered in a new town development model to practically implement the Ten-year Housing Program by stages.
cord-330206-34vgo3q5	2014	Hence, only Table 1 Import of fossil fuels (primary source of energy) in 1971, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006 the number of hours of reduced visibility at the Hong Kong Observatory will be used to correlate with fuel uses and in multiple regression analysis because this dataset has a much longer history of forty-one years. Bivariate correlation was performed between the visibility data recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory, the imported energy of each fossil fuel, and meteorological variables including the annual mean air temperature in C, annual mean atmospheric pressure in hPa, annual mean relative humidity in percent, annual total rainfall in mm, and the annual mean wind speed in km/hr. The monthly data of mean air temperature, mean atmospheric pressure, mean relative humidity, total rainfall recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory and mean wind speed recorded at Waglan Table 2 Bivariate correlation between visibility and the imported energy of each fossil fuel.
cord-330502-exmk6gmu	2015	title: A nurse-delivered brief health education intervention to improve pneumococcal vaccination rate among older patients with chronic diseases: A cluster randomized controlled trial Objective The aim of this study was to determine if an additional multi-component health education intervention increases the uptake rate of the pneumococcal vaccination among older patients with chronic diseases. Discussion: A nurse-delivered brief health education intervention was effective in increasing uptake of pneumococcal vaccination among older patients with chronic diseases. Discussion: A nurse-delivered brief health education intervention was effective in increasing uptake of pneumococcal vaccination among older patients with chronic diseases. This large cluster randomized controlled trial, therefore, was conducted to test the effectiveness of a nursedelivered multiple component health education intervention on the uptake rate of PPV and awareness of PPV at 3month follow up among older patients with chronic diseases in Hong Kong.
cord-330868-7ocseuz3	2003	Public-health interventions included encouragement to report to hospital rapidly after the onset of clinical symptoms, contact tracing for confirmed and suspected cases, and quarantining, monitoring, and restricting the travel of contacts. Public-health interventions included encouragement to report to hospital rapidly after the onset of clinical symptoms, contact tracing for confirmed and suspected cases, and quarantining, monitoring, and restricting the travel of contacts. Key epidemiological determinants of the magnitude and timescale of the epidemic (figure 1) include the interval between infection and onset of symptoms and between onset and hospital admission, the degree and duration of the infectiousness of the agent, and the extent of contact and mixing between infectious and susceptible people enabling transmission of the virus. If ␥ distribution is assumed, the estimated distributions and case fatality rate varied as a function of patients'' age, but not the time from onset to admission (figure 2).
cord-331244-zaguyxm5	2004	In clinical trials, conventional surfaceantigen influenza virus vaccines produced from avian viruses have proved poorly immunogenic in immunologically naive populations. In clinical trials, conventional surfaceantigen influenza virus vaccines produced from avian viruses have proved poorly immunogenic in immunologically naive populations. The main antigenic determinants of influenza A and B viruses are two surface glycoproteins: the neuraminidase and the haemagglutinin, both capable of eliciting immune responses in human beings. Pandemic influenza viruses arise by this process of "antigenic shift", when a virus with a new haemagglutinin subtype emerges and spreads efficiently in a naive human population. 14 These reassortant viruses have haemagglutinin receptor-binding sequences potentially capable of human infection, suggesting that new viruses may emerge directly from the avian pool. Improved understanding of the antigenic and molecular associations between potential pandemic strains of same subtype Improved understanding of immunogenicity against drifted avian influenza strains is required as the ability to generate broad crossprotective immunity is desirable in vaccine candidate.
cord-331835-nuhrd92z	2018	title: The role of the hotel industry in the response to emerging epidemics: a case study of SARS in 2003 and H1N1 swine flu in 2009 in Hong Kong METHODS: This case study focuses on the epidemic outbreaks of SARS in 2003 and H1N1 swine flu in 2009 in Hong Kong, and the subsequent guidelines published by the health authority in relation to the hotel industry in Hong Kong which provide the backbone for discussion. This case study will use the example of the Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong in the international spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003, and the effect of the government mandated quarantine of the Metropark Hotel during the swine flu 2009 in Hong Kong. After the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong the health authority established the Guidelines for Hotels in Preventing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) [24] 
cord-332563-oo8wler1	2017	BACKGROUND: This study examined the effectiveness of a theoretical framework that integrates self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in explaining the use of facemasks to prevent seasonal influenza among Hong Kong older adults. At Time 1, older adults (N = 141) completed self-report measures of SDT (perceived autonomy support from senior center staff, autonomous motivation for influenza prevention) and TPB (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention for influenza prevention) constructs with respect to facemask used to prevent infection. Building on an integrated model of SDT and TPB [22, 23, 27] , we tested effects among perceived autonomy support, autonomous motivation, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and behavior for facemask wearing during peak influenza season among elderly people in Hong Kong.
cord-334612-lxqcvqca	2006	This paper considers the influence of the SARS epidemic on children''s routines and behaviour when preschools re-opened, after a six-week closure. Items on the survey fell into 6 categories including: Information about the preschool and children (21 questions); Routines before the SARS outbreak (4 questions); Learning during School Closure (2 questions); Preparing the kindergarten for re-opening (2 questions); Students return to kindergartens (18 questions); Lessons from SARS (4 questions); and Demographic information about the observers. The 18 items on Students'' return to kindergartens included questions on Daily routines (3 questions); Health issues (2 questions); Social Interaction among children (6 questions); Preschool Management (3 questions); and School Holidays (4 questions). During the SARS outbreak, the Education and Manpower Bureau of the Hong Kong Government issued a curriculum for children ranging in age from 3-6 years. As mentioned earlier the Education and Manpower Bureau of the Hong Kong Government developed a programme for preschool children on SARS.
cord-335644-gt1ey9wz	2018	This study is devoted to addressing this knowledge gap by cross-comparisons of field measurements, wind tunnel tests, and large-eddy simulations (LES) under neutral and unstable conditions. When thermal conditions, specifically unstable stratification, are considered in ventilation, there will be additional challenges: First, a larger model domain is required to catch the larger turbulent structures in unstable simulations than in the neutral condition, while the grid size has to be kept small to sufficiently resolve the street-level air flows [19] . The objective of this study is to demonstrate the knowledge gap between current practices and reality by comparing wind tunnel test results, field measurements, and a pair of LES experiments in Hong Kong, and to propose possible adaptations for future AVA practices based on the comparative results and knowledge of atmospheric boundaries under various conditions. In this case study, we cross-compare pedestrian-level VR taken from field measurements, wind tunnel tests, and a pair of LES experiments in a high-density area of Hong Kong.
cord-336742-42ebj3gi	2003	The disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), spread quickly and caused numerous deaths, as well as public panic. The first report of the new disease, given the name "severe acute respiratory syndrome" (SARS), was received by WHO on February 11 from the Chinese Ministry of Health, which documented that 305 cases and 5 deaths had occurred in the Guangdon Province. 2, 5 By March 5, secondary probable SARS cases were identified among healthcare workers in Hanoi, and at the urging of Dr. Urbani and his colleagues, Vietnam closed the hospital to new patients and visitors on March 11. A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore: Clinical features of index patient and initial contacts Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome
cord-337546-60xq8dpg	2020	Just as great powers did in history, China has been engaging in the "5M" approach of economic statecraft and social penetration against Taiwan: money, manpower exchange, misinformation, mooching (cultivating compradors), and magnifying (propagating the "Chinese Dream"). For example, although the data shows that in recent years Taiwan''s economic situation has been relatively stable, compared with most of the countries in the region, as well as globally, still a substantial portion of Taiwanese population think that the ruling party Democratic Progressive Party (DDP) and incumbent president Tsai Ing-wen did not handle the economy or cross-Strait relations well. 38 China has launched its social penetration operations through those channels, and two are most influential: religious networks established by local temples and quasiillegal organizations, and various "cross-Strait exchange groups." Traditionally, China used to manipulate these two channels to penetrate the whole Taiwanese society, including both the younger generation and the grassroots.
cord-338054-n2r4pzan	2007	Respondents were asked how likely they would be to adopt the following preventive behaviors if a local human-to-human H5N1 outbreak (defined as "if 2-3 new human-to-human transmission of H5N1 cases were to be reported in Hong Kong") were to occur: face mask use in public venues, increased frequency of handwashing, avoidance of eating poultry, declaration of influenzalike illness (ILI) symptoms at border health checkpoints, the seeking of medical consultation immediately with the onset of a fever, face mask use in public venues when having ILI symptoms and compliance with any quarantine policies. Respondents were asked about perceptions related to human-to-human H5N1 transmission, including perceived modes of transmission (whether human-to-human transmission of the H5N1 virus could occur via respiratory droplets, bodily contact, contaminated objects, eating well-cooked poultry), perceived susceptibility to H5N1 in different groups of people (self, family members, children, adults, older people, health care workers, food handlers, food vendors and the general public), perceived chance of having a major outbreak in Hong Kong in the next 12 months and perceived efficacy of various prevention measures (quarantine of infected people, face mask use in public venues, frequent handwashing, home disinfection, mass extermination of poultry).
cord-339070-jnmogy7s	2011	In this study, we applied a standardized modeling strategy to the mortality and virology data from three Asian cities: subtropical Guangzhou and Hong Kong, and tropical Singapore, to estimate the disease burden of influenza in these cities. Mortality data for each city were obtained from Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department (coded according to the International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision, ICD-10), Guangzhou Department of Health (coded in ICD-10) and Singapore Registry of Births and Deaths (coded in ICD-9), respectively. The present study adopted a standardized modeling approach to show that the overall influenza burden was comparable between the two subtropical cities Guangzhou and Hong Kong, but lower in the tropical Singapore. Annual excess all-cause mortality rates associated with influenza (per 100,000 population) between Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Singapore, all-ages group.
cord-340993-qb9jlt9f	2015	Respondents gave their informed consent and reported personal, social, and economic resource loss since the Umbrella Movement (Conservation of Resources-Evaluation), current anxiety symptoms (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and self-rated health (1=very good, 4=very bad). Multivariable regressions revealed that personal and social resource loss was associated with higher anxiety and depressive symptoms and greater odds of "very poor" health (adjusted odds ratios/incidence rate ratios=5–102%), independent of lower education level and income and being unmarried. Social or political unrest has the power of depleting internal and external resources and contributes to poorer mental and physical health (Hall et al., 2014; Hobfoll, 1998 Hobfoll, , 2009 , but very few studies to date have reported the psychological and health impact Table 2 Adjusted odds ratios/incidence rate ratios for higher anxiety and depressive symptoms and poorer self-rated health by personal, social, and economic resource loss, socioeconomic resources (education, income, employment status, and marital status), and other demographics.
cord-342989-9ie8mx4l	2020	However, what remains largely absent from the literature to date, is an examination of actual pandemic situations and if perceived risk (vulnerability and fear of contracting) and mitigations (effectiveness of face masks and knowledge of COVID-19) are associated with mental health difficulties, such as depression, in physicians and nurses. Among the health beliefs, feeling susceptible and fearful of contracting COVID-19, as well as difficulty obtaining face masks are associated with higher risk of depression ( Table 4) . To our knowledge, we are the first group to report the mental health status, specifically depression, among a large sample of HCWs across both the pandemic and non-pandemic regions of China as well as Hong Kong and to examine the relevance of perceived risk and protection from infection in relation to depression.
cord-343941-nfdplszh	2013	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of a herbal formula in the prevention of influenza or influenza-like syndrome among elderies residing in old-people''s home in Hong Kong. METHODS: In ten old people''s home or community centres in New Territories, Hong Kong, 740 eligible subjects agreed to join the study and were randomized to receive a herbal formula or a placebo on alternate days over 8 weeks. RESULTS: Seventy-two participants developed influenza-like-symptoms but none of them was proven influenza in their nasopharyngeal swabs, 40 of these patients belonged to the herbal group and 32 to the placebo group, without significant differences between groups. The primary objective of the study was to investigate the efficacy of the herbal preparation previously used for the prevention of SARS against endemic influenza among a group of at risk elderly people. In each old-age home or elderly centre the participants were randomized separately within the vaccinated group or non-vaccinated group to receive either herbal preparation or placebo.
cord-348129-tph0d5fl	2020	Based on news reports and official press releases, it is evident that many Asian countries, which have successfully contained the first wave of infections, are now experiencing a second wave of imported cases from abroad and worsening local transmission 2 . After the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) outbreak, Singapore authorities had put in place a multi-ministry taskforce and a Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (DORSCON) framework that enables the whole-of-government to respond immediately to any disease outbreak and guide interventions 5 . While Hong Kong saw her first imported case on 22 January 2020 and had taken similar pre-emptive measures prior to this 6 . The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2 Confirmed imported case of novel coronavirus infection in Singapore; multi-ministry taskforce ramps up precautionary measures
cord-348636-qqcb85uk	2008	This paper analyzes data arising from a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Hong Kong in 2003 involving 1755 cases. Applying the method to SARS data from Hong Kong, a value of 3.88 with a posterior standard deviation of 0.09 was estimated for the basic reproduction number. A reduction in the transmission parameter during the course of the epidemic forced the effective reproduction number to cross the threshold value of one, seven days after control interventions were introduced. These parameters were obtained using maximum likelihood estimation methods assuming a gamma distribution for each period with allowance for censoring due to incomplete observation. A simple model that captures the form of distributions of epidemiological determinants has been introduced to estimate the basic reproduction number and to assess the effect of control interventions introduced during the course of the epidemic.
cord-350031-2c9x55hx	2020	Compliance with social distancing and staying-at-home, stress (Perceived Stress Scale-4), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorders-2), and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-2) were collected. The association of mental health symptoms including stress, anxiety and depression with the number of measures adopted, number of days stayed-at-home and perceived effectiveness and compliance were calculated by multivariable linear (for stress) and logistic (for anxiety and depression) regressions. Effect modifications by age (18-59, 65+ years) and education attainment (primary or below, secondary, and tertiary) on the associations between mental health symptoms, stay-at-home and compliance with social distancing were assessed using the interaction terms. Perceived effectiveness and compliance with social distancing measures were associated with lower stress levels and risks for anxiety and depressive symptoms (all p < 0.001). We have provided the first evidence on compliance with non-pharmaceutical community containment strategies including stay-at-home and social distancing and their associations with mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-350328-wu1ygt6w	2004	The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infection caused by a novel coronavirus which first appeared in southern China at the end of 2002. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly recognized coronavirus infection that emerged in southern China [1] with subsequent global spread to 29 countries [2] [3] [4] [5] . The newly infected individuals traveled onward to their homes or next destinations in the USA, Canada, Singapore, Hong Kong and Ireland sparking off epidemics of varying degrees of severity in each of those countries, mainly in hospitals but also in their respective communities. A directive had gone out from the Hong Kong Department of Health on 21 February 2003 to maintain strict infection control with droplet precautions for all cases of "atypical" community-acquired pneumonia because of concerns that highly pathogenic avian influenza might be easily transmissible from person to person. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore: clinical features of index patient and initial contacts
cord-350861-kxwgpymq	2006	The highly pathogenic H5 virus reassorted its genome with those of other influenza viruses in aquatic birds, and the resulting viruses spread to domestic poultry farms, humans, and occasionally to pigs. Multiple opportunities exist for control of highly pathogenic avian influenza: 1) prevent contact between wild and domestic poultry by use of screened poultry houses and treated water; 2) prevent contact between domestic waterfowl and gallinaceous poultry by use of screened houses and treated water and by exclusion of waterfowl from "wet markets"; 3) eradicate H5/H7 influenza viruses from gallinaceous poultry by culling or the use of vaccines that prevent disease and transmission; 4) prevent contact between poultry, pigs, and humans and make vaccines and antiviral drugs available. After late 2002, when H5N1 viruses had killed waterfowl in Kowloon Park in Hong Kong, most avian H5N1 isolates isolated in Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia were highly pathogenic to chickens and domestic ducks.
cord-351030-jqqxqjzf	2020	title: A Sparse Gaussian Network Model for Prediction the Growth Trend of COVID-19 Overseas Import Case: When can Hong Kong Lift the International Traffic Blockad? This article establishes an epidemic spread relationship network between Hong Kong and various countries and regions around the world and build a regression model based on network information to fit Hong Kong''s COV-19 epidemic growth data. Therefore, this article first uses the SEIJR model to predict the growth curve of the number of local diagnoses in countries and regions related to Hong Kong. This result shows that we can use the data based on the relation network to fit the existing case growth situation in Hong Kong. 13.20099978 doi: medRxiv preprint Finally, we used the SEJIR model to simulate the cumulative case growth data of 23 countries and regions related to Hong Kong.
cord-351225-dq0xu85c	2004	During the outbreak, it was evident that SARS was readily transmissible from person to person, especially in health Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was first recognized in China in November 2002 and was subsequently associated with a worldwide outbreak involving 8098 people, 774 of whom died. Evidence for this includes studies in Hong Kong and Toronto, Canada that show an increased risk for SARS in health care workers who entered the room of a patient with SARS, with increasing risk in those with closer proximity to the patient and those remaining in the room for a longer duration, suggesting that transmission is enhanced by close, prolonged contact [19•,20 •] In addition, an increased risk in household members of patients with SARS has been shown in those who had close, prolonged contact with the index person, and in particular, in those who shared a bed, reported being within 1 meter of the index person, and dined together [21•] .
cord-353308-e4s8el0s	2004	This dramatic chain of transmission brought to the world''s attention this new respiratory disease, called severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and clearly illustrated the potential for SARS to spread extensively from a single infected person and to rapidly disseminate globally through air travel. Diarrhoea has been reported at presentation in approximately 25% of patients, although this symptom was observed in as many as 73% of all patients affected by an outbreak at an apartment complex in Hong Kong that is believed to have resulted from fecal-oral/respiratory transmission of SARS-CoV. [53] [54] [55] [56] Given that profuse watery diarrhoea is seen in a significant proportion of patients and SARS-CoV can be shed in large quantities in stool, faeces remain a possible source of virus and fecal-oral or fecal-respiratory spread are the leading hypotheses for a large outbreak affecting more than 300 people at an apartment complex in Hong Kong. Fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with multiorgan involvement by coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
cord-354832-lps2qbxy	2019	Following the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong, proper hand hygiene has been widely promoted in multiple contexts, focusing on the instances when hands should be washed as well as the duration and technique of handwashing. However, there are few studies that evaluate the compliance of Hong Kong people in this area or the effectiveness of their handwashing after 15 years of health education on this topic. In Hong Kong, the CHP advocates proper handwashing practice to the public aligned with the CDC in the United States, the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom, the Public Health Agency of Canada, and the Global Handwashing Partnership which includes washing one''s hands with water and soap before and after at least eight specific situations; the process comprises six steps over seven areas of both hands for no less than 20 seconds [22] .