# ent

id: cord-016783-8x05oh5q
type: ORG
entity:
  the World Allergy Organization Project Report and Guidelines on Prevention of Allergy and Allergic Asthma


id: cord-016783-8x05oh5q
type: DISEASE
entity:
  asthma Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza viruses Clinical Virology Localization of human rhinovirus replication


id: cord-001601-tsuz3j40
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  low density lipoprotein receptor inflammatory cytokines interleukin IL 6 IL 8 tumor necrosis factor interferon beta


id: cord-001601-tsuz3j40
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ICAM 1 anti low density lipoprotein receptor LDLR antibody rabbit polyclonal


id: cord-000483-zgapjjjw
type: DISEASE
entity:
  human rhinoviruses paramyxoviruses coronaviruses and bocavirus during acute respiratory tract infections


id: cord-002257-30s14h9j
type: DNA
entity:
  VP2 regions 18 CS07 7 A24 A A A CS09 5 A24 A A A CS09 22 A24 A A A CS09 3 A33 A A A CS09 12 A33 A A A CS09 2 A67 A branches


id: cord-002257-30s14h9j
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  HRV89 A A MS07 20 A57 A A A MS07 21 A57 A A A CS09 6 A21 A A A CS09 17 A21 A A A CS09 21 A21 A A A MS06 4 A61 A A A MS06 6 A61 A A A CS09 15 A41 A A A MS08 8 A55 A A A CS09 11 A58 A A A CS09 26 A58 A A A MS06 2 A89 A A A CS09 28 A8 A A A CS07 9 1B A A A CS07 12 1B A A A CS07 13 1B A A A CS07 14 1B A A A CS07 18 1B A A A MS08 6 A43 A A A CS09 4 A43 A A A


id: cord-004694-43yvs52a
type: DNA
entity:
  reverse primers P3 1 ACGGACACCCAAAGTAG nt 536 552 P2 1 TTAGCCACATTCAGGGGC nt 445 462 P2 2 TTAGCCACATTCAGGAGCC nt444 462 and


id: cord-000082-jy7j8sh0
type: DNA
entity:
  Expend High Fidelity PCR kit Roche A mixture of 2 5 ml poly dA tailed cDNA 0 5 ml oligodT anchor primer 37 5 mM 0 62 ml SP2 primers 10 mM Table 1 0 5 ml control neo2 rev primer 12 5 mM 0 5 ml dNTP 0 35 ml enzyme 2 5 ml 106 buffer and 18 ml ddH 2 O


id: cord-252347-vnn4135b
type: ORG
entity:
  A Diverse Group of Previously Unrecognized Human Rhinoviruses Are Common Causes of Respiratory Illnesses in Infants


id: cord-023713-daz2vokz
type: DATE
entity:
  1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 1984 2002


id: cord-023713-daz2vokz
type: ORG
entity:
  National Heart Lung and Blood Institute World Health Organization Global Initiative for Asthma Public Health Service National Institutes of Health NIH


id: cord-023713-daz2vokz
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  vitamin C carotenoids flavonoids polyunsaturated fatty acids vitamin D folate 122 133 foods e g fruits vegetables metals


id: cord-023713-daz2vokz
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Bacillus subtilis papain fungal amylase wood dust or barks e g Western red cedar oak reactive dyes drugs e g penicillin methyldopa metals


id: cord-023298-ysur3sjq
type: CHEBI
entity:
  N BEREND 1 2 3 G KING 1 2 3 4 Background During bronchoconstriction a deep inspiration DI dilates the airways which then re narrow


id: cord-023298-ysur3sjq
type: GGP
entity:
  Pacifi c populations The Church we attend has wide cultural diversity and had no knowledge of the programme and the support provided to make healthy changes within our community Methods Firstly a Health Committee was formed within the Church having sold our vision to the Parish Council We launched the group by undertaking free Blood Pressure checks followed by a Walk the Talk project for the 40 days leading into Easter Baseline observations were taken and pedometers issued Results The parishioners who attend regular exercise sessions are reporting improved quality of life exercise tolerance and reducing waist lines BP parameters are also reducing Conclusions A dedicated Health Committee within a Parish Community supported by the District Health Board can impact on changes in lifestyle by simple interventions The investment by the Pacifi c


id: cord-275275-wy8d6cw3
type: TAXON
entity:
  norovirus astrovirus adenovirus rhinovirus enterovirus parechovirus bocavirus coronavirus sapovirus cosavirus


id: cord-275275-wy8d6cw3
type: DISEASE
entity:
  rotavirus norovirus astrovirus adenovirus rhinovirus enterovirus parechovirus bocavirus coronavirus sapovirus cosavirus


id: cord-307333-n6jc0jy3
type: DNA
entity:
  IFN lambda 1 forward primer 5 0 GGACGCCTTGGAAGAGTCACT 3 0 reverse primer 5 0 AGAAGCCTCAGGTCCCAATTC 3 0 probe 5 0 FAM AGTTGCAGCTCTCCTGTCTTCCCCG 3 TAMRA 27 IFN lambda 2e3 forward primer 5 0 CTGCCACATAGCCCAGTTCA 3 0 reverse primer 5 0 AGAAGCGACTCTTCTAAGGCATCTT 3 pro be 5 0 FAM TCTCCACAGGAGCTGCAGGCCTTTA 3 TAMRA 27 MxA forward primer 5 0 CTGCCTGGCAGAAAAACTTAC 3 reverse primer 5 0 CTCTGTTATTCTCTGGTGAGTCTCCTT 3 0 probe 5 0 FAM CATCACACATATCTGTAAATCTCTGCCCCTGTT 3 TAMRA ISG56 forward primer 5 0 TGAAGAAGCTCTAGC CAACATGTC 3 0 reverse primer 5 0 GAGCTTTATCCACA GAGCCTTTTC 3 0 probe 6 FAM 5 0 TATGTCTTTCGATATG CAGCCAAGTTTTACCG 3 0 TAMRA 28


id: cord-307333-n6jc0jy3
type: DNA
entity:
  primer 5 0 TCTGTCAAGGGCAGTAACCTG 3 reverse primer 5 0 GCCCACGACTTTGTTTTCTG 3 0 probe 5 0 FAM TCAAGTTGGAAGTGCGTCTTTTGGATGC 3 TAMRA


id: cord-307333-n6jc0jy3
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  interferon lambda 1 IFN lambda1 IL 29 Interferon lambda 1 IFN lambda1 IL 29 induces ELR CXC chemokine mRNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear


id: cord-016499-5iqpl23p
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  cytokine protein NK natural killer PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells IL interleukin TNF tissue necrosis factor TSLP


id: cord-270892-ycc3csyh
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Astragali radix Atractylodis lanceae rhizoma Ginseng radix Angelicae radix Bupleuri radix Zizyphi fructus


id: cord-280391-5kiu2pb6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  coronaviruses human enteroviruses HEV human rhinoviruses HRV influenza viruses parainfluenza viruses PIV and respiratory syncytial viruses RSV


id: cord-280391-5kiu2pb6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Netherlands personal communication influenza C L P Nielsen Copenhagen Denmark personal communication bocavirus 21 metapneumovirus 22 and adenovirus 23 Real time RT


id: cord-325137-6c6er06a
type: DNA
entity:
  GGTTAAATGGATGTTAAGAATTATATCAGCTATGGTTATA 3 TaqMan reverse primer 5 CATCCAATCAGTGTTAAAGTGGCAAT 3 TaqMan probe 6 carboxyfluorescein FAM


id: cord-269922-ddpud48b
type: DISEASE
entity:
  allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients in the era of molecular testing A multicenter consortium


id: cord-274943-fn3m14cn
type: DISEASE
entity:
  respiratory syncytial virus human metapneumovirus parainfluenza viruses 1 4 influenza coronavirus bocavirus


id: cord-327344-8gi1wb76
type: GGP
entity:
  herpesviruses HSV EBV CMV HHV 6 and 7 human metapneumovirus human coronavirus human bocavirus parainfluenza viruses


id: cord-327344-8gi1wb76
type: DISEASE
entity:
  metapneumovirus human coronavirus human bocavirus parainfluenza viruses influenza viruses adenoviruses RSV


id: cord-317499-mxt7stat
type: GGP
entity:
  activin A amphiregulin matrix metalloproteinase 9 MMP9 epidermal growth factor EGF fibroblast growth factor FGF


id: cord-022084-hap7flng
type: DISEASE
entity:
  gastrointestinal upset and central nervous system side effects Central nervous system CNS intolerance


id: cord-022084-hap7flng
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza B viruses respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza viruses 1 2 3 and 4 Rational design of potent sialidase based inhibitors of influenza virus replication


id: cord-022084-hap7flng
type: DISEASE
entity:
  human immunodeficiency virus type 1 HIV 1 infected and HIV 1 uninfected African infants Virological features


id: cord-327610-cm3vkpcn
type: ORG
entity:
  Mechanisms and Management of Asthma Exacerbations Precision Medicine and Phenotypes Endotypes Genotypes Regiotypes


id: cord-327610-cm3vkpcn
type: ORG
entity:
  New Molecular Targets for the Treatment of Neutrophilic Diseases Models of Respiratory Infections Virus Induced Asthma Exacerbations


id: cord-327610-cm3vkpcn
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Innate Cytokines Il 25 IL 33 and TSLP Cooperate in the Induction of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Exansion and Mucous Metaplasia


id: cord-327610-cm3vkpcn
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Inhibitory Effects of Resveratrol on Airway Remodeling by Transforming Growth Factor β Smad Signaling Pathway


id: cord-284889-hth8nf5b
type: DISEASE
entity:
  asthma Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus Respiratory syncytial virus in Mandell Douglas


id: cord-328795-rs1sd42z
type: ORG
entity:
  Influenza Pneumonia Respiratory Infections Acute Respiratory Syncytial Virus Viral Infections an Overview


id: cord-351571-gwtkrt5u
type: DNA
entity:
  jis476 sha 476068f3966199a6b182892dfeb8d217a66589c3 doc_id 351571 cord_uid gwtkrt5u Human rhinovirus


id: cord-356027-ckdx56j1
type: DNA
entity:
  human coronaviruses HCoV metapneumovirus MPV parainfluenza virus type 1 to 4 PIV1 4 adenovirus ADV human bocavirus type 1 HBoV1 and human rhinovirus HRV subtypes A and


# bib

id: cord-000082-jy7j8sh0
author: Huang, Ting
date: 2009-07-27
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712091/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006355
title:
  Evidence of Recombination and Genetic Diversity in Human Rhinoviruses in Children with Acute Respiratory Infection

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a highly prevalent cause of acute respiratory infection in children. They are classified into at least three species, HRV-A, HRV-B and HRV-C, which are characterized by sequencing the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) or the VP4/VP2 region of the genome. Given the increased interest for novel HRV strain identification and their worldwide distribution, we have carried out clinical and molecular diagnosis of HRV strains in a 2-year study of children with acute respiratory infection visiting one district hospital in Shanghai. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS: We cloned and sequenced a 924-nt fragment that covered part of the 5′UTR and the VP4/VP2 capsid genes. Sixty-four HRV-infected outpatients were diagnosed amongst 827 children with acute low respiratory tract infection. Two samples were co-infected with HRV-A and HRV-B or HRV-C. By comparative analysis of the VP4/VP2 sequences of the 66 HRVs, we showed a high diversity of strains in HRV-A and HRV-B species, and a prevalence of 51.5% of strains that belonged to the recently identified HRV-C species. When analyzing a fragment of the 5′ UTR, we characterized at least two subspecies of HRV-C: HRV-Cc, which clustered differently from HRV-A and HRV-B, and HRV-Ca, which resulted from previous recombination in this region with sequences related to HRV-A. The full-length sequence of one strain of each HRV-Ca and HRV-Cc subspecies was obtained for comparative analysis. We confirmed the close relationship of their structural proteins but showed apparent additional recombination events in the 2A gene and 3′UTR of the HRV-Ca strain. Double or triple infections with HRV-C and respiratory syncytial virus and/or bocavirus were diagnosed in 33.3% of the HRV-infected patients, but no correlation with severity of clinical outcome was observed. CONCLUSION: Our study showed a high diversity of HRV strains that cause bronchitis and pneumonia in children. A predominance of HRV-C over HRV-A and HRV-B was observed, and two subspecies of HRV-C were identified, the diversity of which seemed to be related to recombination with former HRV-A strains. None of the HRV-C strains appeared to have a higher clinical impact than HRV-A or HRV-B on respiratory compromise.


id: cord-000374-gt2pwc9b
author: Yang, Albert C.
date: 2011-05-04
txt: ./txt/cord-000374-gt2pwc9b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000374-gt2pwc9b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3087751/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019232
summary:
  With these considerations in mind, in the present study, we introduce a bottom-up genotype-phenotype analysis to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms and autonomic control of heart rate dynamics, using three common polymorphisms in genes encoding b-adrenergic receptor (b-AR) as an example. The analyses of the present study were two-fold: 1) a nonrandomness index [17] derived from the IBS method was applied to quantify the nonlinear aspect of HRV according to b-AR genotype and to test the correlation of this index with standard HRV indices; and 2) using agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis, we unsupervisedly categorized these subjects into clusters based on pairwise dissimilarity among heart rate dynamics, and then we investigated the association of these clustering patterns with b-AR gene polymorphisms. The data presented in this study demonstrate a significant association of a common b 2 -AR polymorphism, Arg16Gly, with the non-randomness index, a nonlinear HRV measure derived from the IBS method.

title:
  Clustering Heart Rate Dynamics Is Associated with β-Adrenergic Receptor Polymorphisms: Analysis by Information-Based Similarity Index

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Genetic polymorphisms in the gene encoding the β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) have a pivotal role in the functions of the autonomic nervous system. Using heart rate variability (HRV) as an indicator of autonomic function, we present a bottom-up genotype–phenotype analysis to investigate the association between β-AR gene polymorphisms and heart rate dynamics. METHODS: A total of 221 healthy Han Chinese adults (59 males and 162 females, aged 33.6±10.8 years, range 19 to 63 years) were recruited and genotyped for three common β-AR polymorphisms: β(1)-AR Ser49Gly, β(2)-AR Arg16Gly and β(2)-AR Gln27Glu. Each subject underwent two hours of electrocardiogram monitoring at rest. We applied an information-based similarity (IBS) index to measure the pairwise dissimilarity of heart rate dynamics among study subjects. RESULTS: With the aid of agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis, we categorized subjects into major clusters, which were found to have significantly different distributions of β(2)-AR Arg16Gly genotype. Furthermore, the non-randomness index, a nonlinear HRV measure derived from the IBS method, was significantly lower in Arg16 homozygotes than in Gly16 carriers. The non-randomness index was negatively correlated with parasympathetic-related HRV variables and positively correlated with those HRV indices reflecting a sympathovagal shift toward sympathetic activity. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate a bottom-up categorization approach combining the IBS method and hierarchical cluster analysis to detect subgroups of subjects with HRV phenotypes associated with β-AR polymorphisms. Our results provide evidence that β(2)-AR polymorphisms are significantly associated with the acceleration/deceleration pattern of heart rate oscillation, reflecting the underlying mode of autonomic nervous system control.


id: cord-000483-zgapjjjw
title: Usefulness of Published PCR Primers in Detecting Human Rhinovirus Infection
author: Faux, Cassandra E.
date: 2011-02-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204776/
doi: 10.3201/eid1702.101123
abstract:
  We conducted a preliminary comparison of the relative sensitivity of a cross-section of published human rhinovirus (HRV)–specific PCR primer pairs, varying the oligonucleotides and annealing temperature. None of the pairs could detect all HRVs in 2 panels of genotyped clinical specimens; >1 PCR is required for accurate description of HRV epidemiology.


id: cord-001601-tsuz3j40
author: Ngan, Luong Thi My
date: 2015-04-10
txt: ./txt/cord-001601-tsuz3j40.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001601-tsuz3j40.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4393083/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121629
summary:
  An assessment was made of the antiviral activities and mechanisms of action of paeonol (PA) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (PGG) from Paeonia lactiflora root toward HRV-2 and HRV-4 in MRC5 cells using a tetrazolium method and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These findings suggest that PGG and PA may block or reduce the entry of the viruses into the cells to protect the cells from the virus destruction and abate virus replication, which may play an important role in interfering with expressions of rhinovirus receptors (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and low-density lipoprotein receptor), inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor, interferon beta, and IL-1β), and Toll-like receptor, which resulted in diminishing symptoms induced by HRV. In the presence of 100 μg/mL PA or 20 μg/mL PGG in MRC5 cell cultures infected with HRV-2, the RNA replication levels were reduced by 30.1 and 14.3 fold, respectively, compared to the levels in the cell cultures without the compounds (Fig 4A) .

title:
  Antiviral Activity and Possible Mechanism of Action of Constituents Identified in Paeonia lactiflora Root toward Human Rhinoviruses

abstract:
  Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are responsible for more than half of all cases of the common cold and cost billions of USD annually in medical visits and missed school and work. An assessment was made of the antiviral activities and mechanisms of action of paeonol (PA) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (PGG) from Paeonia lactiflora root toward HRV-2 and HRV-4 in MRC5 cells using a tetrazolium method and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results were compared with those of a reference control ribavirin. Based on 50% inhibitory concentration values, PGG was 13.4 and 18.0 times more active toward HRV-2 (17.89 μM) and HRV-4 (17.33 μM) in MRC5 cells, respectively, than ribavirin. The constituents had relatively high selective index values (3.3–>8.5). The 100 μg/mL PA and 20 μg/mL PGG did not interact with the HRV-4 particles. These constituents inhibited HRV-4 infection only when they were added during the virus inoculation (0 h), the adsorption period of HRVs, but not after 1 h or later. Moreover, the RNA replication levels of HRVs were remarkably reduced in the MRC5 cultures treated with these constituents. These findings suggest that PGG and PA may block or reduce the entry of the viruses into the cells to protect the cells from the virus destruction and abate virus replication, which may play an important role in interfering with expressions of rhinovirus receptors (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and low-density lipoprotein receptor), inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor, interferon beta, and IL-1β), and Toll-like receptor, which resulted in diminishing symptoms induced by HRV. Global efforts to reduce the level of synthetic drugs justify further studies on P. lactiflora root-derived materials as potential anti-HRV products or lead molecules for the prevention or treatment of HRV.


id: cord-002257-30s14h9j
author: Ratnamohan, Vigneswary M.
date: 2016-08-09
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5059946/
doi: 10.1111/irv.12404
title:
  Phylogenetic analysis of human rhinoviruses collected over four successive years in Sydney, Australia

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Human rhinoviruses (HRV) cause a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from a mild influenza‐like illness (ILI) to severe respiratory infection. Molecular epidemiological data are limited for HRV circulating in the Southern Hemisphere. OBJECTIVES: To identify the species and genotypes of HRV from clinical samples collected in Sydney, Australia, from 2006 to 2009. METHODS: Combined nose and throat swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from individuals with ILI were tested for HRV using real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Sequencing data of 5′UTR and VP4/VP2 coding regions on RT‐PCR‐positive specimens were analysed. RESULTS: Human rhinoviruses were detected by real‐time PCR in 20.9% (116/555) of samples tested. Phylogenetic analysis of 5′UTR and VP4/VP2 on HRV‐positive samples was concordant in the grouping of HRV A and B species but not HRV C species. Eighty per cent (16/20) of sequences that grouped as HRV C in the VP4/VP2 tree clustered as HRV A, alongside some previously described C strains as subspecies C/A. Discordant branching was seen within HRV A group: two sequences clustering as A in the VP4/VP2 tree branched within the C/A subspecies in the 5′UTR tree, and one sequence showed identity to different HRV A strains in the two genes. The prevalence of HRV C and C/A species was greater in paediatric compared to adult patients (47.9% vs 25.5%, P = .032). CONCLUSION: Human rhinoviruses are a common cause of respiratory infections, and HRV C is present in the Southern Hemisphere. Sequencing of multiple HRV regions may be necessary to determine exact phylogenetic relationships.


id: cord-004694-43yvs52a
author: Han, Tae-Hee
date: 2009-05-05
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086646/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0383-z
title:
  Detection of human rhinovirus C in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in South Korea

abstract:
  Recently, HRV-C was identified as a new species of HRV, but its spectrum of clinical disease is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of HRVs in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). A total of 54 HRV-positive samples that were negative for other respiratory viruses were sequenced. HRV-A was detected in 33, HRV-B in 4, and HRV-C in 17 of these samples. All HRV-C-positive patients showed favorable clinical outcomes. We confirmed the presence of HRV-C in children with LRTIs, but its association with clinical severity is not clear.


id: cord-004749-wyzb8v4a
title: Rhinovirus detection using probes from the 5′ and 3′ end of the genome
author: Forsyth, M.
date: 1989
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086855/
doi: 10.1007/bf01313878
abstract:
  This study investigated the abilities of cDNA probes from the 5′ and 3′ ends of the genome of human rhinoviruses (HRV-) 14, 9, and 1B to detect RNA from 59 rhinovirus serotypes. The results show that probes from the 5′ end of the genomes of HRV-14, 9, and 1B detected a large number of serotypes but the detection rate was variable and depended on the degree of homology with the particular probe. In contrast, all the 3′ end probes were specific for the homologous virus. However, along HRV-9 probe detected a large number of serotypes. It was concluded that such cDNA probes would not detect all serotypes with equal efficiency. Synthetic oligonucleotides corresponding to short but highly conserved regions in the 5′ non coding region may overcome this problem.


id: cord-005392-0pgcfk6b
author: Sidoti, Francesca
date: 2011-07-05
txt: ./txt/cord-005392-0pgcfk6b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005392-0pgcfk6b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091405/
doi: 10.1007/s12033-011-9432-4
summary:
  title: Development of a Quantitative Real-Time Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification Assay with an Internal Control Using Molecular Beacon Probes for Selective and Sensitive Detection of Human Rhinovirus Serotypes In this study, we developed the first quantitative real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay with an internal control using molecular beacon probes for selective and sensitive detection of human rhinovirus serotypes. Aim of this study was to develop the first quantitative real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay internally controlled using molecular beacon for selective and sensitive detection of HRV serotypes. To estimate the dynamic range of the real-time NASBA assay (range of concentrations over which the method performs in a linear manner with an acceptable level of trueness and precision), we used HRV standard dilutions from 10 8 copies/ll to 1 copy/ll. Evaluation of a real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay using molecular beacons for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

title:
  Development of a Quantitative Real-Time Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification Assay with an Internal Control Using Molecular Beacon Probes for Selective and Sensitive Detection of Human Rhinovirus Serotypes

abstract:
  Evidence demonstrating that human rhinovirus (HRV) disease is not exclusively limited to the upper airways and may cause lower respiratory complications, together with the frequency of HRV infections and the increasing number of immunocompromised patients underline the need for rapid and accurate diagnosis of HRV infections. In this study, we developed the first quantitative real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay with an internal control using molecular beacon probes for selective and sensitive detection of human rhinovirus serotypes. We described a simple method to accurately quantify RNA target by computing the time to positivity (TTP) values for HRV RNA. Quantification capacity was assessed by plotting these TTP values against the starting number of target molecules. By using this simple method, we have significantly increased the diagnostic accuracy, precision, and trueness of real-time NASBA assay. Specificity of the method was verified in both in silico and experimental studies. Moreover, for assessment of clinical reactivity of the assay, NASBA has been validated on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens. Our quantitative NASBA assay was found to be very specific, accurate, and precise with high repeatability and reproducibility.


id: cord-007234-hcpa8ej5
author: Renwick, Neil
date: 2007-12-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7109967/
doi: 10.1086/524312
title:
  A Recently Identified Rhinovirus Genotype Is Associated with Severe Respiratory-Tract Infection in Children in Germany

abstract:
  Acute respiratory infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Accurate identification of causative agents is critical to case management and to prioritization in vaccine development. Sensitive multiplex diagnostics provide us with an opportunity to investigate the relative contributions of individual agents andmayalso facilitate the discovery of new pathogens. Recently, application of MassTag polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to undiagnosed infuenza-like illness in New York State led to the discovery of a novel rhinovirus genotype. Here we report the investigation, by MassTag PCR, of pediatric respiratory-tract infections in Germany, studying 97 cases for which no pathogen was identified through routine laboratory evaluation. Respiratory viruses were identified in 49 cases (51%); of the 55 identified viruses, 41 (75%) were rhinoviruses. The novel genotype represented 73% of rhinoviruses and 55% of all identified viruses. Infections with the novel genotype were associated with upper-respiratory-tract symptoms but, more frequently, with bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia.


id: cord-009773-pbm2vs5h
title: Bronchial inflammation and the common cold: a comparison of atopic and non‐atopic individuals
author: TRIGG, C. J.
date: 2006-04-27
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164830/
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00593.x
abstract:
  Background Cold virus infections are associated with asthma attacks and with increased bronchial responsiveness even in normal subjects. Possible mechanisms include epithelial damage, interaction with adhesion molecules or with T‐helper cell subsets. Objective To determine whether colds increase lower airway inflammation, comparing atopic with non‐atopic normal subjects. Methods Thirty healthy volunteers (15 atopic) took part. Basehne tests included viral serology. microbiological culture and polymerase chain reaction for rhinovirus infection (HRV‐PCR), histamine bronchial provocation and bronchoscopy. Twenty subjects (eight atopic) underwent repeat tests when they developed a cold. Results Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) was significantly lower during colds (‐0.19L [95% confidence mterval ‐0.10, ‐0.29], P= 0,0004) and there was a significant increase in bronchial responsiveness (+0.62 doublings of the dose‐response slope [+0.24, +1.00], P=0.003). Eight subjects (two atopic) had a diagnosed viral infection: two HRV. three coronavirus (HCV), one HRV + HCV, one parainfluenza III(PI) and one respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (also Haemophilus influenzae). In biopsies, during colds, total eosinophils (EG1(+)) increased significantly (geometric mean 6.73‐fold [1.12,40.46], P=O.04). Activated eosinophils (EG2(+)) only increased significantly in the subgroup without diagnosed viral infection and particularly in atopic rhinitics. T‐suppressor (CD8(+)) cells also increased significantly (median +178.3 cells mm(2), P= 0.004). Epithelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) expression increased in four atopic rhinitics during colds. Bronchial washings showed a significant increase in neutrophils (GM 1.53‐fold [1.04,2.25], P= 0.02). Conclusion Lower airway inflammation was present in atopic and non‐atopic normal subjects with colds. Atopic subjects differed in that they were less likely to have positive virological tests and were more likely to show activated eosinophilia in the lower airway, despite a similar spectrum of symptoms.


id: cord-009877-3cyz6o9c
author: Barclay, Wendy S.
date: 2005-12-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166658/
doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890250411
title:
  Evaluation of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay that measures rhinovirus‐specific antibodies in human sera and nasal secretions

abstract:
  Rhinovirus‐specific antibodies have traditionally been detected by their ability to neutralise the homologous rhinovirus serotype in tissue culture. Recently, however, we have described an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay that detects rhinovirus‐specific antibodies in sera and nasal secretions [Barclay and Al‐Nakib, 1987]. Here we describe an evaluation of the ELISA in a study involving 71 adult volunteers inoculated intranasally with human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV‐2). Pre‐and post‐inoculation serum samples and pre‐inoculation nasal washings were tested for the presence of HRV‐2‐specific antibodies by ELISA. Such antibodies were associated with protection against infection when present locally in nasal secretions, but when also present in the serum they were associated with protection against both infection and the development of illness. The antibody concentrations showed strong correlation with each other and with that of antibodies detected by the neutralisation test. Following HRV‐2 infection, rises in HRV‐2‐specific IgA in sera detected by ELISA occurred more frequently than rises in neutralizing antibody. These results suggest that the ELISA is a sensitive and reliable indicator of recent infection, as well as a predictor of homologous immune status.


id: cord-009922-t1hoox6e
title: Direct detection of rhinoviruses by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
author: Dearden, C. J.
date: 2005-12-07
txt: ./txt/cord-009922-t1hoox6e.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166933/
doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890230211
summary:
  This paper describes the first enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of rhinovirus antigens in clinical specimens (nasal washings), either directly or following overnight cell culture amplification. Secondly, a direct ELISA system was developed in which the nasal washings or control antigen (uninfected tissue culture fluid) were added directly to each of a set of duplicate ELISA plate wells coated with either pre-or postchallenge rabbit anti HRV-EL hyperimmune serum. Figure 2 shows the results obtained with nasal washings, collected from three volunteers on consecutive days following HKV-EL or saline challenge, tested in both the cell-culture-amplified (CCA)-ELISA and direct ELISA systems. Although we would like to emphasise that our data are preliminary, both the direct and CCA-ELISAs gave a good correlation with virus isolation when used to detect rhinovirus antigens in nasal washings (obtained from 18 volunteers challenged with either HRV-EL or saline).

abstract:
  This paper describes the first enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of rhinovirus antigens in clinical specimens (nasal washings), either directly or following overnight cell culture amplification. The assay takes approximately 48 hours to perform and utilizes the same rabbit antirhinovirus hyperimmune serum as both the capture and detecting antibody. The latter has been biotin‐labelled and is detected via a streptavidin 3‐galactosidase preformed complex. This new assay has been found to be very sensitive, detecting human rhinovirus (HRV)‐EL and HRV‐2 at titres as low as 10(1.8) TCID(50) 100 μl(−1) and < 10(1) TCID(50) 100 μl(−1), respectively. Furthermore, when 57 different human rhinovirus serotypes were tested in both the HRV‐EL and HRV‐2 ELISA systems a total of 49 (86%) were found to be cross‐reactive. Of 36 clinical specimens tested by virus isolation, cell‐culture‐amplified (CCA) ELISA, and direct ELISA, 15 were positive by isolation, 11 by CCA‐ELISA, and 11 by direct ELISA. The overall correlation of the CCA and direct ELISA techniques with virus isolation was found to be 88.9% and 66.7%, respectively. The present study demonstrates that the ELISA system developed is a sensitive technique for the diagnosis of rhinovirus infections.


id: cord-010075-72jodunj
title: Paediatric SIG: Poster Session
author: nan
date: 2011-03-21
txt: ./txt/cord-010075-72jodunj.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169206/
doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01937_12.x
abstract: nan
summary:
  Expression of MR, CD91 and CD31 were decreased in patients with NEA or COPD, but not signifi cantly changed in EA Conclusion Impaired sputum-macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in NEA is associated with reduced expression of key macrophage recognition molecules. Conclusions Subjects with severe persistent asthma have an eating pattern of lower diet quality with higher intakes of fat and lower intakes of fi bre than healthy controls, which is related to lower lung function and increased airway infl ammation. Support and Confl ict of Interest Nil. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all adult patients who had an ICC over a 24-month period within a tertiary hospital respiratory service. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the point prevalence and identify viruses associated with exacerbations and (2) evaluate clinical and investigational differences between viral infection positive and negative exacerbations in children with non-CF bronchiectasis.


id: cord-010160-wk8k2igu
author: Chandrasekaran, Alamelu
date: 2012-01-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7172171/
doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.12.006
abstract: nan
title:
  Broad reactivity of the Luminex xTAG Respiratory Virus Panel (RVP) assay for the detection of human rhinoviruses


id: cord-015893-e0fofgxq
title: Viral Disease, Air Pollutants, Nanoparticles, and Asthma
author: Ryhal, Bruce
date: 2011-05-03
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119993/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6836-4_11
abstract:
  Health care providers who treat patients with respiratory disease are often asked by their patients, “What caused my asthma? And what causes my asthma suddenly to become worse?” These questions have always been difficult to answer, and moving directly to a discussion of the management of asthma is a much easier road to take. In recent years, though, enough information has accumulated about the causes of asthma that one can weave a story containing useful advice that may help patients participate in the management of their disease. And there are also recent studies that can provide answers to the questions posed by physicians who have watched in puzzlement as their previously well-controlled asthma patients have spiraled rapidly out of control. This story has been growing increasingly complex, with an ever-expanding cast of players that sometimes creates a tangled web of interactions.


id: cord-016499-5iqpl23p
title: Rhinoviruses
author: Mackay, Ian M.
date: 2014-02-27
txt: ./txt/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120790/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_29
summary:
  A convenience population of 15 healthy children (1-9 years old) without asthma were followed during at least three seasons, and picornaviruses were detected in 5 % of 740 specimens (21 % of infections) not associated with symptoms, The impact of HRV typing and of sampling based only on symptoms. Clinical features and complete genome characterization of a distinct human rhinovirus genetic cluster, probably representing a previously undetected HRV species, HRV-C, associated with acute respiratory illness in children Comparison of results of detection of rhinovirus by PCR and viral culture in human nasal wash specimens from subjects with and without clinical symptoms of respiratory illness Detection of human rhinovirus C viral genome in blood among children with severe respiratory infections in the Philippines

abstract:
  Picornaviruses, which include the human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and enteroviruses (EVs), are the most frequent cause of acute human illness worldwide. HRVs are the most prevalent cause of acute respiratory tract illnesses (ARIs) which usually commence in the upper respiratory tract (URT). ARIs are the leading cause of morbidity in children under 5 years and occur in all seasons. ARIs linked to HRV infections are associated with excessive and perhaps inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and with significant direct and indirect healthcare expenditure. ARI incidence is highest in the first 2 years of life, with up to thirteen episodes per year including up to six positive for an HRV, and it is not uncommon to average one infection per child-month.


id: cord-016783-8x05oh5q
title: Early Interventions in Allergic Diseases
author: Arruda, L. Karla
date: 2010
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121172/
doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-99362-9_23
abstract:
  Atopy has been defined as the genetic predisposition to develop IgE antibody responses to a variety of common environmental allergens. Clinically, atopy is expressed by asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis. It has been recognized that the “atopic march” evolves from food allergy and atopic dermatitis in the first 2 years of life, followed by asthma and allergic rhinitis. Over the past 30 years, the prevalence of allergies and asthma has increased significantly in developed countries, and asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. Evidence indicates that environmental factors acting early in life, including respiratory viral infections, exposure to pets and microbial products, day-care attendance, breast feeding, and exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, are key events for establishment of sensitization and development of chronic, persistent symptoms of allergic diseases [1]. It is thought that gene—environment interactions play a crucial role in these processes. Therefore, attempts to successfully prevent development of allergic diseases should be a priority. At present, there are no genetic markers for atopy or asthma which could be used routinely in clinical practice and family history of atopy has been used to identify children genetically at-risk of developing allergic diseases. These children from high-risk families have been the focus of most of the intervention studies.


id: cord-018421-wy3mtafh
author: Waghmare, Alpana
date: 2016-02-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123292/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-28797-3_32
title:
  Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Enterovirus, and Bocavirus After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation or Solid Organ Transplantation

abstract:
  Respiratory viral infections represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts. Newer molecular detection assays have allowed for the characterization of several respiratory viruses not previously recognized as having significant clinical impact in the immunocompromised population. Human rhinoviruses are the most common respiratory viruses detected in the upper respiratory tract of hematopoietic cell transplant and lung transplant recipients, and evidence on the impact on clinical outcomes is mounting. Other respiratory viruses including enteroviruses (EVs), coronaviruses (CoVs), and bocavirus may also contribute to pulmonary disease; however, data is limited in the immunocompromised population. Further studies are needed to define the epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of these infections; this data will help inform decisions regarding development of antiviral therapy and infection prevention strategies.


id: cord-022084-hap7flng
title: Respiratory Tract Viral Infections
author: ARRUDA, EURICO
date: 2009-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-022084-hap7flng.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022084-hap7flng.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152450/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-443-06668-9.50064-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the immunization of persons aged 50 years and older; residents of nursing homes; children and adults with chronic cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, including asthma; persons chronically ill with diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, or hemoglobinopathies; immunosuppressed patients including those with HIV infection; children and adolescents on chronic aspirin therapy who may develop postinfluenza Reye'' s syndrome; women who will be pregnant during the influenza season; children aged 6 to 23 months; those who can transmit influenza to persons at high risk, such as health-care workers and household contacts of those at high risk including children 0 to 23 months of age; crew members of cruise ships; providers of essential services; and unimmunized travelers to areas where influenza may be circulating, including the tropics, the southern hemisphere between April and September, and those traveling in large organized tourist groups.


id: cord-023713-daz2vokz
title: Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases
author: Devereux, Graham
date: 2013-09-06
txt: ./txt/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173512/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-08593-9.00049-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  A systematic review and metaanalysis of the longitudinal studies relating maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy to childhood outcomes concluded that high maternal dietary vitamin D intake is associated with a reduced risk of children wheezing up to the age of 5 years (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.73). The Dutch Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study related symptom data prospectively collected annually from 3863 children up to the age of 8 years to land-use regression estimates of individual NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and soot exposures at their birth addresses. 327 A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective birth cohort studies evaluating the effects of allergen (i.e., HDM or dietary) avoidance during pregnancy concluded that early-life allergen avoidance in isolation does not reduce the likelihood of asthma in children at age 5 years (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.78).


id: cord-023766-qx0qdjmt
title: Rhinovirus RNA Polymerase: Structure, Function, and Inhibitors
author: Nirwan, Sonam
date: 2018-11-02
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173612/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815422-9.00011-5
abstract:
  Human rhinovirus is responsible for causing 50% of common cold infections in infants and adults. It belongs to the picornavirus family of nonenveloped positive-strand RNA viruses. The RNA synthesis of rhinovirus is carried out by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, also known as 3D(Pol). It catalyzes the synthesis of negative-strand RNA using a positive-strand template. The structure of the enzyme consists of three domains: palm, fingers, and thumb domains and Mg(2+) in the active site. These conserved structural features of the enzyme help in catalyzing phosphodiester bond formation between the two consecutive nucleotide units complimentary to the template RNA using a VPg primer. Owing to the presence of over 100 serotypes of the enzyme, designing specific inhibitors targeting the polymerase is a challenging task and until now no clinically approved antirhino viral drug is reported. In this review, we have given detailed information about the structure and function of the enzyme and also discussed some of the inhibitors and their in vivo activity against 3D(Pol).


id: cord-103367-fxvvndic
author: Liu, N.
date: 2020-07-06
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.05.20146571v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.07.05.20146571
title:
  Machine learning dimensionality reduction for heart rate n-variability (HRnV) based risk stratification of chest pain patients in the emergency department

abstract:
  Background: Chest pain is among the most common presenting complaints in the emergency department (ED). Swift and accurate risk stratification of chest pain patients in the ED may improve patient outcomes and reduce unnecessary costs. Traditional logistic regression with stepwise variable selection has been used to build risk prediction models for ED chest pain patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate if machine learning dimensionality reduction methods can achieve superior performance than the stepwise approach in deriving risk stratification models. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of patients >20 years old who presented to the ED of Singapore General Hospital with chest pain between September 2010 and July 2015. Variables used included demographics, medical history, laboratory findings, heart rate variability (HRV), and HRnV parameters calculated from five to six-minute electrocardiograms (ECGs). The primary outcome was 30-day major adverse cardiac events (MACE), which included death, acute myocardial infarction, and revascularization. Candidate variables identified using univariable analysis were then used to generate the stepwise logistic regression model and eight machine learning dimensionality reduction prediction models. A separate set of models was derived by excluding troponin. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and calibration analysis was used to compare model performance. Results: 795 patients were included in the analysis, of which 247 (31%) met the primary outcome of 30-day MACE. Patients with MACE were older and more likely to be male. All eight dimensionality reduction methods marginally but non-significantly outperformed stepwise variable selection; The multidimensional scaling algorithm performed the best with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.901. All HRnV-based models generated in this study outperformed several existing clinical scores in ROC analysis. Conclusions: HRnV-based models using stepwise logistic regression performed better than existing chest pain scores for predicting MACE, with only marginal improvements using machine learning dimensionality reduction. Moreover, traditional stepwise approach benefits from model transparency and interpretability; in comparison, machine learning dimensionality reduction models are black boxes, making them difficult to explain in clinical practice.


id: cord-225218-x32a4sp3
author: Filntisis, Panagiotis P.
date: 2020-10-30
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.02285v1.pdf
doi: nan
title:
  Identifying differences in physical activity and autonomic function patterns between psychotic patients and controls over a long period of continuous monitoring using wearable sensors

abstract:
  Digital phenotyping is a nascent multidisciplinary field that has the potential to revolutionize psychiatry and its clinical practice. In this paper, we present a rigorous statistical analysis of short-time features extracted from wearable data, during long-term continuous monitoring of patients with psychotic disorders and healthy control counterparts. Our novel analysis identifies features that fluctuate significantly between the two groups, and offers insights on several factors that differentiate them, which could be leveraged in the future for relapse prevention and individualized assistance.


id: cord-252347-vnn4135b
author: Lee, Wai-Ming
date: 2007-10-03
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17912345/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000966
title:
  A Diverse Group of Previously Unrecognized Human Rhinoviruses Are Common Causes of Respiratory Illnesses in Infants

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most prevalent human pathogens, and consist of 101 serotypes that are classified into groups A and B according to sequence variations. HRV infections cause a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe lower respiratory symptoms. Defining the role of specific strains in various HRV illnesses has been difficult because traditional serology, which requires viral culture and neutralization tests using 101 serotype-specific antisera, is insensitive and laborious. METHODS AND FINDINGS: To directly type HRVs in nasal secretions of infants with frequent respiratory illnesses, we developed a sensitive molecular typing assay based on phylogenetic comparisons of a 260-bp variable sequence in the 5' noncoding region with homologous sequences of the 101 known serotypes. Nasal samples from 26 infants were first tested with a multiplex PCR assay for respiratory viruses, and HRV was the most common virus found (108 of 181 samples). Typing was completed for 101 samples and 103 HRVs were identified. Surprisingly, 54 (52.4%) HRVs did not match any of the known serotypes and had 12–35% nucleotide divergence from the nearest reference HRVs. Of these novel viruses, 9 strains (17 HRVs) segregated from HRVA, HRVB and human enterovirus into a distinct genetic group (“C”). None of these new strains could be cultured in traditional cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: By molecular analysis, over 50% of HRV detected in sick infants were previously unrecognized strains, including 9 strains that may represent a new HRV group. These findings indicate that the number of HRV strains is considerably larger than the 101 serotypes identified with traditional diagnostic techniques, and provide evidence of a new HRV group.


id: cord-253564-3y1wdepc
title: Viral-associated exacerbations of asthma and COPD
author: Traves, Suzanne L
date: 2007-03-21
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1471489207000495
doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2006.11.010
abstract:
  Exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are major burdens on the healthcare system, and contribute significantly to the mortality and morbidity associated with these diseases. Upper respiratory viral infections are associated with the majority of such disease exacerbations. The past few years have seen advances in the mechanisms by which viral infections induce pro-inflammatory chemokine production, and in our understanding of host antiviral and anti-inflammatory defence pathways that might regulate responses to infection. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of these processes could elucidate new therapeutic approaches to reduce the devastating impact that these exacerbations have on quality of life and healthcare costs.


id: cord-258336-zs04l3s0
author: Leotte, Jaqueline
date: 2017-06-30
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27916571/
doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2016.07.004
title:
  Impact and seasonality of human rhinovirus infection in hospitalized patients for two consecutive years

abstract:
  Abstract Objectives To report epidemiological features, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of human rhinovirus (HRV) infections in comparison with other community acquired respiratory virus (CRV) infections in patients hospitalized for two consecutive years. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. Clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory data of patients hospitalized with acute respiratory syndrome in a tertiary care hospital from 2012 to 2013 were reviewed. Results HRV was the most common CRV observed (36%, 162/444) and was present in the majority of viral co-detections (69%, 88/128), mainly in association with human enterovirus (45%). Most HRV-infected patients were younger than 2 years (57%). Overall, patients infected with HRV had a lower frequency of severe acute respiratory infection than those infected with other CRVs (60% and 84%, respectively, p =0.006), but had more comorbidities (40% and 27%, respectively; p =0.043). However, in the adjusted analysis this association was not significant. The mortality rate within the HRV group was 3%. Detection of HRV was more prevalent during autumn and winter, with a moderately negative correlation between viral infection frequency and temperature (r =−0.636, p <0.001) but no correlation with rainfall (r =−0.036, p =0.866). Conclusion HRV is usually detected in hospitalized children with respiratory infections and is often present in viral co-detections. Comorbidities are closely associated with HRV infections. These infections show seasonal variation, with predominance during colder seasons.


id: cord-259997-8f8di4eu
author: Botti, Chiara
date: 2018-04-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29805499/
doi: 10.3892/etm.2018.6061
title:
  Characterization of respiratory infection viruses in hospitalized children from Naples province in Southern Italy

abstract:
  Most acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children are due to viral etiology, and represent an important cause of mortality and morbidity in children <5 years old in developing countries. The pathogens that cause ARIs vary geographically and by season, and viruses serve a major role. In the present study, the distribution of the seven respiratory viruses that are more prevalent in Southern European countries were retrospectively analyzed in a Southern Italy Hospital, that centralizes pediatric diseases from the Naples province. Viruses were categorized by a FilmArray Respiratory Panel, and demonstrated no substantial differences in sex, age and seasonal viruses distribution. However, all the investigated viruses had a higher detection rate in the surrounding municipalities than in the metropolitan area of Naples. In recent years, the association between air pollution and respiratory infections has become an increasing public health concern. The data in this study support this association in the surrounding areas of Naples extensively contaminated by environmental toxic agents. In these areas, characterization of the epidemiology of ARIs is required to implement a prevention and control program.


id: cord-268093-ta6k0uyz
author: Etemadi, Mohammad Reza
date: 2013-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-268093-ta6k0uyz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268093-ta6k0uyz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1386653213001972
doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.05.017
summary:
  The presence of the new HRV-C strain in severe respiratory disease has further instilled research interest in the clinical impact, molecular biology and epidemiology of HRVs. As research of HRV is limited [8] , especially in Asian developing countries, this study aims to examine the molecular epidemiology, the demographic characteristics and clinical features including the newly discovered HRV-C species, among hospitalized children less than 5 years of age with ALRTI in Malaysia. HRV infected patients were admitted earlier compared to RSV and influenza; children with HRV presented to the hospital after a mean duration of 1.9 days (ranged 1-9 days) as compared with HRV (4.0 days, p = <0.001) and IFV-A (4.8 days, p = 0.002). Our study revealed that HRV infected children were hospitalized earlier in the course of their disease and were less febrile on presentation as compared to RSV and IFV-A infections.

title:
  Biodiversity and clinico-demographic characteristics of human rhinoviruses from hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Malaysia()

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: There is accumulating evidence that human rhinovirus (HRV) causes acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI). Recently, HRV-C was identified as a new species of HRV, but its spectrum of clinical disease is not well understood. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the molecular epidemiology, demographic and clinical characteristics of HRVs among hospitalized children with ALRIs. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred and sixty-five nasopharangeal aspirates taken from children <5 years hospitalized with ALRTIs in Serdang Hospital, Malaysia, were subject to reverse transcriptase-PCR for HRV. Phylogenetic analysis on VP4/VP2 and 5′-NCR regions was used to further characterize HRV. Other respiratory viruses were also investigated using semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR assay. Clinical parameters were analyzed between HRV, RSV and IFV-A mono-infections and between HRV species. RESULTS: HRV was detected in 54 (33%) patients for both single (36 samples) and multiple (18 samples) infections, 61.1% (22/36) represents HRV-A strains while the remaining 14 HRV-C. Strain P51was the first reported representative of HRV98. The majority of the single HRV cases were in the second half of infancy; HRV-C occurred among older children compared with HRV-A. HRV children were admitted significantly earlier and less febrile than RSV and IFV-A infection. HRV-C infected children were more likely to have rhonchi and vomiting as compared to HRV-A. Pneumonia was the most common discharge diagnosis followed by bronchiolitis and post-viral wheeze in HRV patients. CONCLUSION: Our study showed high prevalence of HRVs and detection of HRV-C among hospitalized children with ALRTIs in Malaysia. Analysis of clinical parameters suggested specific features associated with HRVs infections and specific HRV groups.


id: cord-269922-ddpud48b
author: Waghmare, Alpana
date: 2018-12-08
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1083879118308048
doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.12.005
title:
  Human Rhinovirus Infections in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients: Risk Score for Progression to Lower Respiratory Tract Infection

abstract:
  Human rhinovirus lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is associated with mortality after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT); however, risk factors for LRTI are not well characterized. We sought to develop a risk score for progression to LRTI from upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in HCT recipients. Risk factors for LRTI within 90 days were analyzed using Cox regression among HCT recipients with rhinovirus URTI between January 2009 and March 2016. The final multivariable model included factors with a meaningful effect on the bootstrapped optimism corrected concordance statistic. Weighted score contributions based on hazard ratios were determined. Cumulative incidence curves estimated the probability of LRTI at various score cut-offs. Of 588 rhinovirus URTI events, 100 (17%) progressed to LRTI. In a final multivariable model allogeneic grafts, prior rhinovirus URTI, low lymphocyte count, low albumin, positive cytomegalovirus serostatus, recipient statin use, and steroid use ≥2 mg/kg/day were associated with progression to LRTI. A weighted risk score cut-off with the highest sensitivity and specificity was determined. Risk scores above this cut-off were associated with progression to LRTI (cumulative incidence 28% versus 11% below cut-off; P < .001). The weighted risk score for progression to rhinovirus LRTI can help identify and stratify patients for clinical management and for future clinical trials of therapeutics in HCT recipients.


id: cord-270892-ycc3csyh
author: Rollinger, Judith M.
date: 2010-12-13
txt: ./txt/cord-270892-ycc3csyh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270892-ycc3csyh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/med.20176
doi: 10.1002/med.20176
summary:
  [79] [80] [81] [82] Taken together, the results of natural cold studies as well as of experimental infection in human volunteers clearly demonstrate that HRV are able to replicate in the upper as well as in the lower airways. Such an anti-HRV drug would have to be (i) with broad spectrum activity because of the high number of HRV serotypes, (ii) administered very early in infection to demonstrate a good antiviral effect because of the fast infection kinetics, (iii) very safe because of the broad application by millions of people, and (iv) directed against a highly conserved target with low risk of resistance development. The HRV-induced CPE, infectious virus titers, viral protein expression, and RNA synthesis can be chosen as parameters to evaluate the anti-HRV activity of compounds in cell-culture based assays. Due to the lack of a small-animal model for HRV infection until 2008, the experimental human challenge model has to be used to approve effects of potential antiviral drugs under controlled conditions in preclinical studies.

title:
  The human rhinovirus: human‐pathological impact, mechanisms of antirhinoviral agents, and strategies for their discovery

abstract:
  As the major etiological agent of the common cold, human rhinoviruses (HRV) cause millions of lost working and school days annually. Moreover, clinical studies proved an association between harmless upper respiratory tract infections and more severe diseases e.g. sinusitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Both the medicinal and socio‐economic impact of HRV infections and the lack of antiviral drugs substantiate the need for intensive antiviral research. A common structural feature of the approximately 100 HRV serotypes is the icosahedrally shaped capsid formed by 60 identical copies of viral capsid proteins VP1‐4. The capsid protects the single‐stranded, positive sense RNA genome of about 7,400 bases in length. Both structural as well as nonstructural proteins produced during the viral life cycle have been identified as potential targets for blocking viral replication at the step of attachment, entry, uncoating, RNA and protein synthesis by synthetic or natural compounds. Moreover, interferon and phytoceuticals were shown to protect host cells. Most of the known inhibitors of HRV replication were discovered as a result of empirical or semi‐empirical screening in cell culture. Structure–activity relationship studies are used for hit optimization and lead structure discovery. The increasing structural insight and molecular understanding of viral proteins on the one hand and the advent of innovative computer‐assisted technologies on the other hand have facilitated a rationalized access for the discovery of small chemical entities with antirhinoviral (anti‐HRV) activity. This review will (i) summarize existing structural knowledge about HRV, (ii) focus on mechanisms of anti‐HRV agents from synthetic and natural origin, and (iii) demonstrate strategies for efficient lead structure discovery. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 31, No. 1, 42–92, 2010


id: cord-272125-dez1nzg4
author: Jartti, T.
date: 2010-10-26
txt: ./txt/cord-272125-dez1nzg4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272125-dez1nzg4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01059.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01059.x
summary:
  A specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization for common food and aeroallergens and other atopy‐related variables including total IgE, blood and nasal eosinophils, exhaled nitric oxide, eczema and atopic eczema, parental allergy and asthma, number of wheezing episodes, positive asthma predictive index or asthma and use of inhaled corticosteroid were correlated with specific viral etiology. The number of sensitizations was particularly associated with sole rhinovirus etiology (odds ratio 4.59; 95% confidence interval 1.78, 11.8; adjusted to age and sex), followed by aeroallergen sensitization (respectively; 4.18; 2.00, 8.72), total IgE level (2.06; 1.32, 3.21), food allergen sensitization (2.02; 1.08, 3.78), and nasal eosinophil count (1.52; 1.08, 2.13). Log 10 Number of sensitizations were particularly associated with sole HRV etiology (odds ratio 4.59; adjusted to age and sex), followed by aeroallergen sensitization (respectively, 4.18), total IgE level (2.06), food allergen sensitization (2.02), and nasal eosinophil count (1.52) (p < 0.05 for all, Fig. 1b , Table S2 ).

title:
  Allergic sensitization is associated with rhinovirus‐, but not other virus‐, induced wheezing in children

abstract:
  Jartti T, Kuusipalo H, Vuorinen T, Söderlund‐Venermo M, Allander T, Waris M, Hartiala J, Ruuskanen O. Allergic sensitization is associated with rhinovirus‐, but not other virus‐, induced wheezing in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 1008–1014. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background: Data on the link between atopy and viral wheeze are limited. Aim: To evaluate the association between IgE sensitization and viral infection in wheezing children. Methods: This is an observational study in hospitalized wheezing children (n = 247; median age 1.6 ; interquartile range 1.1, 2.9). Eighteen respiratory viral infections were studied using all available methods. A specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization for common food and aeroallergens and other atopy‐related variables including total IgE, blood and nasal eosinophils, exhaled nitric oxide, eczema and atopic eczema, parental allergy and asthma, number of wheezing episodes, positive asthma predictive index or asthma and use of inhaled corticosteroid were correlated with specific viral etiology. Results: Atopy was closely associated with sole rhinovirus etiology (n = 58) but not with sole respiratory syncytial virus, sole enterovirus, sole human bocavirus, sole other virus, mixed viral, or virus negative etiology. The number of sensitizations was particularly associated with sole rhinovirus etiology (odds ratio 4.59; 95% confidence interval 1.78, 11.8; adjusted to age and sex), followed by aeroallergen sensitization (respectively; 4.18; 2.00, 8.72), total IgE level (2.06; 1.32, 3.21), food allergen sensitization (2.02; 1.08, 3.78), and nasal eosinophil count (1.52; 1.08, 2.13). Conclusions: According to our data, allergic sensitization is positively linked to rhinovirus‐, but not other virus‐, associated wheezing and calls attention for studies to test rhinovirus‐associated wheezing as a part of asthma risk indices.


id: cord-274943-fn3m14cn
title: Febrile Rhinovirus Illness During Pregnancy Is Associated With Low Birth Weight in Nepal
author: Philpott, Erin K
date: 2017-04-06
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28584855/
doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofx073
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Adverse birth outcomes, including low birth weight (LBW), defined as <2500 grams, small-for-gestational-age (SGA), and prematurity, contribute to 60%–80% of infant mortality worldwide and may be related to infections during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to assess whether febrile human rhinovirus (HRV) illness is associated with adverse birth outcomes. METHODS: Active household-based weekly surveillance was performed for respiratory illness episodes in pregnant women as part of a community-based, prospective, randomized trial of maternal influenza immunization in rural Nepal. Rhinovirus (HRV) febrile illness episodes were defined as fever plus cough, sore throat, runny nose, and/or myalgia with HRV detected on mid-nasal swab. Multivariate regression analysis evaluated the association between febrile HRV respiratory illness and adverse birth outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, 96 (3%) of 3693 pregnant women had HRV-positive febrile respiratory illnesses. Infants born to pregnant women with HRV febrile illness had a 1.6-fold increased risk of being LBW compared with those with non-HRV febrile illness (28 of 96 [38%] vs 109 of 458 [24%]; relative risk [RR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–2.3). No difference in risk of LBW was observed between infants born to mothers with non-HRV febrile respiratory illness and those without respiratory illness during pregnancy (109 of 458 [24%] vs 552 of 2220 [25%], respectively; RR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.8–1.2). CONCLUSIONS: Febrile illness due to rhinovirus during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of LBW in a rural South Asian population. Interventions to reduce the burden of febrile respiratory illness due to rhinovirus during pregnancy may have a significant impact on LBW and subsequent infant mortality.


id: cord-275275-wy8d6cw3
title: Molecular detection of gastrointestinal viral infections in hospitalized patients
author: Rovida, Francesca
date: 2013-09-12
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24035383/
doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.07.020
abstract:
  Gastrointestinal viral syndromes are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide. Etiological agents include a large number of viruses encompassing several orders, families, and genera. During the period April 2011 to April 2012, 689 stool samples from as many patients hospitalized at the Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo of Pavia exhibiting gastrointestinal syndromes were examined for the presence of rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, parechovirus, bocavirus, coronavirus, sapovirus, cosavirus, and aichi virus using polymerase chain reaction assays. Gastrointestinal viral agents were detected in 246 (36%) patients of the 689 analyzed. Adenovirus and norovirus were the most common viruses in this cohort, while aichi virus was the only gastrointestinal agent not detected. Surprisingly, rhinovirus was one of the most frequently detected viruses. However, a potential association with gastroenteritis remains to be confirmed.


id: cord-278438-bnjkmegh
author: Yuan, Lijuan
date: 2002-09-10
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12072229/
doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00046-6
title:
  Induction of mucosal immune responses and protection against enteric viruses: rotavirus infection of gnotobiotic pigs as a model

abstract:
  Enteric viruses are a major cause of diarrhea in animals and humans. Among them, rotaviruses are one of the most important causes of diarrhea in young animals and human infants. A lack of understanding of mechanisms to induce intestinal immunity and the correlates of protective immunity in neonates has impaired development of safe and effective vaccines against enteric viruses. Studies of candidate vaccines using an adult mouse model of subclinical enteric viral infections often do not predict vaccine efficacy against disease evaluated in neonatal large animals. A series of studies have been conducted using a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model of rotavirus infection and diarrhea to identify correlates of protective immunity and to evaluate traditional and novel vaccine approaches for the induction of mucosal immune responses and protection to enteric viruses. Gnotobiotic pigs recovered from infection with virulent Wa human rotavirus (HRV) (mimic natural infection) had high numbers of intestinal IgA rotavirus-specific primary antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and memory B-cells (to recall antigen) measured by ELISPOT assay, which correlated with complete protection against rotavirus challenge. Most short-term IgA memory B-cells were resident in the ileum, the major site of rotavirus replication. Spleen, not the bone marrow, was the major resident site for longer-term IgG memory B-cells. Candidate rotavirus vaccines evaluated in pigs for their ability to induce intestinal or systemic ASC and protection against rotavirus infection and diarrhea included attenuated live virus, inactivated virus, and baculovirus-expressed double-layered rotavirus-like particles (2/6-VLPs). In combination with those candidate vaccines, various adjuvants, delivery systems, and immunization routes were tested, including incomplete Freund’s adjuvant for i.m. immunization, and a mutant Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin R192G (mLT) for i.n. immunization. It was shown that orally administered replicating vaccines were most effective for priming for intestinal IgA ASC and memory B-cell responses, but i.n. administered non-replicating 2/6-VLPs plus mLT were effective as booster vaccines. We conclude that protective immunity depends on the magnitude, location, viral protein-specificity, and isotype of the antibody responses induced by vaccination. Therefore highly effective enteric viral vaccines should: (i) induce sufficient levels of intestinal IgA antibodies; (ii) include viral antigens that induce neutralizing antibodies; and (iii) require the use of effective mucosal adjuvants or antigen delivery systems for non-replicating oral or i.n. vaccines.


id: cord-280391-5kiu2pb6
title: Specific Viruses Detected in Nigerian Children in Association with Acute Respiratory Disease
author: Akinloye, Oluwabukola M.
date: 2011-10-11
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22007241/
doi: 10.1155/2011/690286
abstract:
  Occurrence of different viruses in acute respiratory tract infections of Nigerian children was examined. Respiratory swabs were collected from 246 children referred to hospital clinics because of acute respiratory symptoms from February through May 2009. Validated real-time RT-PCR techniques revealed nucleic acids of at least one virus group in 189 specimens (77%). Human rhinoviruses and parainfluenza viruses were present each in one third of the children. Adenoviruses, enteroviruses, human metapneumovirus, human bocavirus, and influenza C virus were also relatively common. Possibly due to their seasonal occurrence, influenza A and B virus, and respiratory syncytial virus were detected rarely. We conclude that all major groups of respiratory tract viruses are causing illness in Nigerian children.


id: cord-281162-2pu7x5rj
author: Etemadi, Mohammad Reza
date: 2019-03-22
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166093418305937
doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.03.013
title:
  Diversity of respiratory viruses detected among hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections at Hospital Serdang, Malaysia

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The role of respiratory viruses as the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in children is becoming increasingly evident due to the use of sensitive molecular detection methods. The aim of this study was to use conventional and molecular detection methods to assess the epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in children less than five years of age that were hospitalized with ALRTIs. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the occurrence of respiratory viruses including respiratory syncytisl virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), influenza virus A and B (IFV-A and B), parainfluenzavirus 1, 2, 3 and 4 (PIV 1, 2, 3 and 4), human rhinoviruses (HRV), human enterovirus (HEV), human coronaviruses (HCoV) 229E and OC43, human bocavirus (HBoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in hospitalized children with ALRTIs, at Hospital Serdang, Malaysia, from June 16 to December 21, 2009. The study was also designed in part to assess the performance of the conventional methods against molecular methods. RESULTS: Viral pathogens were detected in 158 (95.8%) of the patients. Single virus infections were detected in 114 (67.9%) patients; 46 (27.9%) were co-infected with different viruses including double-virus infections in 37 (22.4%) and triple-virus infections in 9 (5.5%) cases. Approximately 70% of samples were found to be positive using conventional methods compared with 96% using molecular methods. A wide range of respiratory viruses were detected in the study. There was a high prevalence of RSV (50.3%) infections, particularly group B viruses. Other etiological agents including HAdV, HMPV, IFV-A, PIV 1–3, HBoV, HCoV-OC43 and HEV were detected in 14.5, 9.6, 9.1, 4.8, 3.6, 2.4 and 1.8 percent of the samples, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated the increased sensitivity of molecular detection methods compared with conventional methods for the diagnosis of ARTIs in hospitalized children. This is the first report of HMPV infections in Malaysia.


id: cord-284875-hsa2r7ns
title: Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on heart rate variability
author: Bourdillon, N.
date: 2020-08-01
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.30.20165118
doi: 10.1101/2020.07.30.20165118
abstract:
  Introduction: Strict lockdown rules were imposed to the French population from 17 March to 11 May 2020, which may result in limited possibilities of physical activity, modified psychological and health states. This report is focused on HRV parameters kinetics before, during and after this lockdown period. Methods: 95 participants were included in this study, who underwent regular orthostatic tests (a 5-minute supine followed by a 5-minute standing recording of heart rate (HR)) on a regular basis before, during and after the lockdown (BSL, CFN and RCV, respectively). HR, power in low- and high-frequency bands (LF, HF, respectively) and root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD) were computed for each orthostatic test, and for each positions. Subjective well-being was assessed on a 0-10 visual analogic scale (VAS). Results: Out of the 95 participants, 19 (WB+) reported an improved well-being (i.e., increase >2 in VAS score) during CFN, contradictory to the 76 other participants (WB-). There was an increase in HR and a decrease in RMSSD when measured supine in CFN and RCV, compared to BSL in WB-, whilst opposite results were found in WB+ (i.e. decrease in HR and increase in RMSSD in CFN and RCV; increase in LF and HF in RCV). There was a moderate significant correlation between VAS and HR, RMSSD, HF, respectively, in the supine position; the higher the VAS score (i.e., subjective well-being), the higher the RMSSD and HF and the lower the HR. In standing position, HRV parameters were not modified during CFN. Conclusion: The strict COVID-19 lockdown likely had opposite effects on French population as 20% of participants improved parasympathetic activation (RMSSD, HF) and rated positively this period, whilst 80% showed altered responses and deteriorated well-being. The changes in HRV parameters during and after the lockdown period were in line with subjective well-being responses. These results confirmed the usefulness of HRV as a non-invasive means for monitoring well-being and health in the general population.


id: cord-284889-hth8nf5b
title: Molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses in virus-induced asthma
author: Tsukagoshi, Hiroyuki
date: 2013-09-12
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00278
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00278
abstract:
  Acute respiratory illness (ARI) due to various viruses is not only the most common cause of upper respiratory infection in humans but is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality, leading to diseases such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Previous studies have shown that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), and human enterovirus infections may be associated with virus-induced asthma. For example, it has been suggested that HRV infection is detected in the acute exacerbation of asthma and infection is prolonged. Thus it is believed that the main etiological cause of asthma is ARI viruses. Furthermore, the number of asthma patients in most industrial countries has greatly increased, resulting in a morbidity rate of around 10-15% of the population. However, the relationships between viral infections, host immune response, and host factors in the pathophysiology of asthma remain unclear. To gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of virus-induced asthma, it is important to assess both the characteristics of the viruses and the host defense mechanisms. Molecular epidemiology enables us to understand the pathogenesis of microorganisms by identifying specific pathways, molecules, and genes that influence the risk of developing a disease. However, the epidemiology of various respiratory viruses associated with virus-induced asthma is not fully understood. Therefore, in this article, we review molecular epidemiological studies of RSV, HRV, HPIV, and HMPV infection associated with virus-induced asthma.


id: cord-287063-kheek4lx
title: Influence of maternal asthma on the cause and severity of infant acute respiratory tract infections
author: Carroll, Kecia N.
date: 2012-02-14
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009167491200139X
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.045
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus infections are the most common significant infant respiratory tract illnesses and are associated with increased but differential risks of childhood asthma. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether maternal asthma is associated with higher odds of infant respiratory tract infection with rhinovirus versus RSV and increased infection severity. METHODS: Mother-infant dyads were enrolled from 2004-2008 during an infant respiratory tract infection (104 with rhinovirus and 279 with RSV). Mothers were classified into mutually exclusive groups (atopic asthma, nonatopic asthma, and no asthma). We determined viral cause using PCR and the severity of the infant’s respiratory tract infection using the bronchiolitis severity score. Adjusted relative odds of maternal asthma with viral cause were calculated by using logistic regression. Proportional odds models assessed the association of maternal asthma and infant infection severity. RESULTS: Infants with a mother with atopic asthma compared with infants whose mothers did not have asthma were more likely to have rhinovirus versus RSV infection (adjusted odds ratio, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.19-4.90). Similarly, among infants with rhinovirus, having a mother with atopic asthma was associated with increased infection severity (adjusted odds ratio, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.21-7.98). This relationship was not seen among infants with RSV. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically significant rhinovirus infection during infancy was more strongly associated with having a mother with atopic asthma than clinically significant RSV infection. Having a mother with atopic asthma was associated with increased severity of infant rhinovirus but not RSV infections. Infants with rhinovirus were more likely to have a familial atopic predisposition, which might partly explain the subsequent increased asthma risk.


id: cord-289358-4abypk6o
title: Clinical severity of rhinovirus/enterovirus compared to other respiratory viruses in children
author: Asner, Sandra A.
date: 2014-05-07
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12255
doi: 10.1111/irv.12255
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/ENT) infections are commonly identified in children with acute respiratory infections (ARIs), but data on their clinical severity remain limited. OBJECTIVES: We compared the clinical severity of HRV/ENT to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A/B (FLU), and other common respiratory viruses in children. PATIENTS/METHODS: Retrospective study of children with ARIs and confirmed single positive viral infections on mid‐turbinate swabs by molecular assays. Outcome measures included hospital admission and, for inpatients, a composite endpoint consisting of intensive care admission, hospitalization >5 days, oxygen requirements or death. RESULTS: A total of 116 HRV/ENT, 102 RSV, 99 FLU, and 64 other common respiratory viruses were identified. Children with single HRV/ENT infections presented with significantly higher rates of underlying immunosuppressive conditions compared to those with RSV (37·9% versus 13·6%; P < 0·001), FLU (37·9% versus 22%; P = 0·018) or any other single viral infection (37·9% versus 22·5%; P = 0·024). In multivariable analysis adjusted for underlying conditions and age, children with HRV/ENT infections had increased odds of hospitalization compared to children with RSV infections (OR 2·6; 95% CI 1·4, 4·8; P < 0·003) or FLU infections (OR 3·0; 95% CI 1·6, 5·8; <0·001) and increased odds of severe clinical disease among inpatients (OR 3·0; 95% CI 1·6,5·6; P = 0·001) when compared to those with FLU infections. CONCLUSIONS: Children with HRV/ENT had a more severe clinical course than those with RSV and FLUA/B infections and often had significant comorbidities. These findings emphasize the importance of considering HRV/ENT infection in children presenting with severe acute respiratory tract infections.


id: cord-290773-kgb8r561
author: Ahn, Jong Gyun
date: 2018-07-03
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29969445/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198624
title:
  Clinical characteristics and cytokine profiles of children with acute lower respiratory tract infections caused by human rhinovirus

abstract:
  The clinical profile of human rhinovirus (HRV) with regard to lower respiratory infections remains unclear. We analyzed the clinical features and cytokine responses of HRV isolates in children with respiratory infections. Quantitative analysis and genotyping of the HRV-positive samples from 601 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were performed using VP4/VP2 sequencing. To compare T-helper1 (Th1) type (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and Th2 type (IL-4, IL-10) cytokine responses between HRV-A, B and C, the levels of the four cytokines were measured. The HRV-positive children had shorter fever duration (P = 0.018), and higher frequencies of chest retraction (P = 0.002) and wheezing (P = 0.022) than did the HRV-negative group. HRV-A was identified in 55 cases (58.5%), HRV-B in 8 (8.5%), and HRV-C in 31 (33.0%). There were no significant differences in the clinical data or NPA cytokines levels between patients with HRV-A and HRV-C infections. HRV is an important pathogen of the lower respiratory tract in young children. HRV-A and HRV-C are the dominant species that cause respiratory difficulty in young children.


id: cord-291238-myjyw8ei
title: Rhinovirus Outbreaks in Long-term Care Facilities, Ontario, Canada
author: Longtin, Jean
date: 2010-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-291238-myjyw8ei.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-291238-myjyw8ei.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20735934/
doi: 10.3201/eid1609.100476
summary:
  Although the most commonly identifi ed viruses have been infl uenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (1), human rhinovirus (HRV) is being increasingly associated with severe respiratory disease and outbreaks in these facilities (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) . As a result, the number of outbreaks caused by HRV in long-term care facilities, and the associated illness and death, may be substantially underestimated. During the surveillance period, 297 respiratory disease outbreaks in long-term care facilities were reported to the Ontario Public Health Laboratory; we received samples from 269 facilities (Table 1) . We cautiously assume that HRV was the causative organism for 174 (59%) of the 297 respiratory outbreaks in long-term care facilities in Ontario during the surveillance period. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree of human rhinoviruses (HRV) isolated from 4 respiratory disease outbreaks with associated deaths in long-term care facilities, Ontario, Canada.

abstract:
  Diagnostic difficulties may have led to underestimation of rhinovirus infections in long-term care facilities. Using surveillance data, we found that rhinovirus caused 59% (174/297) of respiratory outbreaks in these facilities during 6 months in 2009. Disease was sometimes severe. Molecular diagnostic testing can differentiate these outbreaks from other infections such as influenza.


id: cord-291486-5h96msv1
author: Kistler, Amy
date: 2007-09-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17703411/
doi: 10.1086/520816
title:
  Pan-Viral Screening of Respiratory Tract Infections in Adults With and Without Asthma Reveals Unexpected Human Coronavirus and Human Rhinovirus Diversity

abstract:
  Background. Between 50% and 80% of asthma exacerbations are associated with viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs), yet the influence of viral pathogen diversity on asthma outcomes is poorly understood because of the limited scope and throughput of conventional viral detection methods. Methods. We investigated the capability of the Virochip, a DNA microarray—based viral detection platform, to characterize viral diversity in RTIs in adults with and without asthma. Results. The Virochip detected viruses in a higher proportion of samples (65%) than did culture isolation (17%) while exhibiting high concordance (98%) with and comparable sensitivity (97%) and specificity (98%) to pathogen-specific polymerase chain reaction. A similar spectrum of viruses was identified in the RTIs of each patient subgroup; however, unexpected diversity among human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and human rhinoviruses (HRVs) was revealed. All but one of the HCoVs corresponded to the newly recognized HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 viruses, and >20 different serotypes of HRVs were detected, including a set of 5 divergent isolates that formed a distinct genetic subgroup. Conclusions. The Virochip can detect both known and novel variants of viral pathogens present in RTIs. Given the diversity detected here, larger-scale studies will be necessary to determine whether particular substrains of viruses confer an elevated risk of asthma exacerbation.


id: cord-299537-lbx1plqx
author: Wang, Wei
date: 2010-09-19
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20855230/
doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.08.005
title:
  Molecular monitoring of causative viruses in child acute respiratory infection in endemo-epidemic situations in Shanghai

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Numerous viruses are responsible for respiratory infections; however, both their distribution and genetic diversity, in a limited area and a population subgroup, have been studied only rarely during a sustained period of time. METHODS: A 2-year surveillance program of children presenting with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) was carried out to characterize the viral etiology and to assess whether using gene amplification and sequencing could be a reliable approach to monitor virus introduction and spread in a population subgroup. RESULTS: Using multiplex RT-PCR, 15 different respiratory viruses were detected within the 486 nasopharyngeal positive samples collected among 817 children aged <9-year old who presented with ARI during October 2006 to September 2008. A single virus was detected in 373 patients (45.7%), and two to four viruses in 113 patients (13.8%). The most frequent causative viruses were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (24.7%), human bocavirus (24.5%), and human rhinovirus (HRV) (15%). RSV was more prevalent in winter and among young infants. Cases of seasonal influenza A and B viruses were reported mainly in January and August. An increase in adenovirus infection was observed during the spring of the second year of the study. Sequence analyses showed multiple introductions of different virus subtypes and identified a high prevalence of the newly defined HRV-C species. A higher viral incidence was observed during the winter of 2008, which was unusually cold. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the usefulness of multiplex RT-PCR for virus detection and co-infection, and for implementation of a molecular monitoring system for endemic and epidemic viral respiratory infections.


id: cord-299672-dq1y1gkc
title: Multiplex Molecular Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Children With Asthma Exacerbation
author: Leung, Ting Fan
date: 2010-02-28
url: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-1250
doi: 10.1378/chest.09-1250
abstract:
  Background Up to 80% of asthma exacerbations in white children are associated with viral upper respiratory infections. The relative importance of different respiratory pathogens and relevant microbiological data in Asian children are unclear. This study elucidated the epidemiology of respiratory infections in Hong Kong children with asthma exacerbation. Methods A total of 209 children aged 3-18 years with asthma exacerbations and 77 controls with stable asthma were recruited. The severity of asthma exacerbations was assessed according to Global Initiative for Asthma guideline, and subjects aged 6 years or older performed exhaled nitric oxide and spirometric measurements. Nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used to detect 20 different respiratory pathogens. Results Respiratory pathogens were detected in 105 (51.0%) subjects. The presence of any respiratory pathogen was associated with asthma exacerbation (odds ratio [OR], 2.77; 95% CI, 1.51–5.11; P < .001). Specifically, human rhinovirus (HRV) infection was more common among children with asthma exacerbation (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.09–5.32; P = .018). All other pathogens or coinfections were not associated with asthmatic attacks. None of these respiratory infections was associated with the severity of asthma exacerbation (P > .15 for all). During peak HRV season in the winter of 2007 to 2008, this virus was detected in 46.4% of children with asthma exacerbations. Conclusions Respiratory viral infections are commonly found in children with asthma exacerbation, with HRV being the most important pathogen in our patients. Respiratory viral infection is a triggering factor for asthma exacerbation but does not correlate with its severity.


id: cord-307333-n6jc0jy3
title: Interferon lambda 1–3 expression in infants hospitalized for RSV or HRV associated bronchiolitis
author: Selvaggi, Carla
date: 2014-01-02
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S016344531300399X
doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.12.010
abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: The airway expression of type III interferons (IFNs) was evaluated in infants hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or rhinovirus (HRV) bronchiolitis. As an additional objective we sought to determine whether a different expression of IFN lambda 1–3 was associated with different harboring viruses, the clinical course of bronchiolitis or with the levels of well established IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), such as mixovirus resistance A (MxA) and ISG56. METHODS: The analysis was undertaken in 118 infants with RSV or HRV bronchiolitis. Nasopharyngeal washes were collected for virological studies and molecular analysis of type III IFN responses. RESULTS: RSV elicited higher levels of IFN lambda subtypes when compared with HRV. A similar expression of type III IFN was found in RSVA or RSVB infected infants and in those infected with HRVA or HRVC viruses. Results also indicate that IFN lambda 1 and IFN lambda 2–3 levels were correlated with each other and with MxA and ISG56-mRNAs. In addition, a positive correlation exists between the IFN lambda1 levels and the clinical score index during RSV infection. In particular, higher IFN lambda 1 levels are associated to an increase of respiratory rate. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that differences in the IFN lambda 1–3 levels in infants with RSV or HRV infections are present and that the expression of IFN lambda 1 correlates with the severity of RSV bronchiolitis.


id: cord-307602-2cmgu7rf
author: McErlean, P.
date: 2007-05-07
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1386653207001278
doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.03.012
title:
  Characterisation of a newly identified human rhinovirus, HRV-QPM, discovered in infants with bronchiolitis

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are some of the earliest identified and most commonly detected viruses associated with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) and yet the molecular epidemiology and genomic variation of individual serotypes remains undefined. OBJECTIVES: To molecularly characterise a novel HRV and determine its prevalence and clinical impact on a predominantly paediatric population. STUDY DESIGN: Nucleotide sequencing was employed to determine the complete HRV-QPM coding sequence. Two novel real-time RT-PCR diagnostic assays were designed and employed to retrospectively screen a well-defined population of 1244 specimen extracts to identify the prevalence of HRV-QPM during 2003. RESULTS: Phylogenetic studies of complete coding sequences defined HRV-QPM as a novel member the genus Rhinovirus residing within the previously described HRV-A2 sub-lineage. Investigation of the relatively short VP1 sequence suggest that the virus is resistant to Pleconaril, setting it apart from the HRV A species. Sixteen additional HRV-QPM strains were detected (1.4% of specimens) often as the sole micro-organism present among infants with suspected bronchiolitis. HRV-QPM was also detected in Europe during 2006, and a closely related virus circulated in the United States during 2004. CONCLUSIONS: We present the molecular characterisation and preliminary clinical impact of a newly identified HRV along with sequences representing additional new HRVs.


id: cord-307990-skrye40w
title: Fatal Respiratory Infections Associated with Rhinovirus Outbreak, Vietnam
author: Hai, Le Thanh
date: 2012-11-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23092635/
doi: 10.3201/eid1811.120607
abstract:
  During an outbreak of severe acute respiratory infections in 2 orphanages, Vietnam, 7/12 hospitalized children died. All hospitalized children and 26/43 children from outbreak orphanages tested positive for rhinovirus versus 9/40 control children (p = 0.0005). Outbreak rhinoviruses formed a distinct genetic cluster. Human rhinovirus is an underappreciated cause of severe pneumonia in vulnerable groups.


id: cord-309497-3v0asfa7
author: Asner, Sandra
date: 2012-02-21
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22353417/
doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00336.x
title:
  Respiratory viral infections in institutions from late stage of the first and second waves of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009, Ontario, Canada

abstract:
  Please cite this paper as: Asner et al. (2012) Respiratory viral infections in institutions from late stage of the first and second waves of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009, Ontario, Canada. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(3), e11–e15. We report the impact of respiratory viruses on various outbreak settings by using surveillance data from the late first and second wave periods of the 2009 pandemic. A total of 278/345(78·5%) outbreaks tested positive for at least one respiratory virus by multiplex PCR. We detected A(H1N1)pdm09 in 20·6% of all reported outbreaks of which 54·9% were reported by camps, schools, and day cares (CSDs) and 29·6% by long‐term care facilities (LCFTs), whereas enterovirus/human rhinovirus (ENT/HRV) accounted for 62% outbreaks of which 83·7% were reported by long‐term care facilities (LCTFs). ENT/HRV was frequently identified in LTCF outbreaks involving elderly residents, whereas in CSDs, A(H1N1)pdm09 was primarily detected.


id: cord-310171-1fmsxx2s
title: Virus and cystic fibrosis: Rhinoviruses are associated with exacerbations in adult patients()
author: Goffard, Anne
date: 2014-02-25
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2014.02.005
doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.02.005
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Few studies have suggested the potential role of respiratory viruses in cystic fibrosis (CF) exacerbation, but their real impact is probably underestimated. METHOD: Sixty-four sputum samples collected from 46 adult patients were included in the study: 33 samples were collected during exacerbation of CF, and 31 during the stable phase. After extraction, nucleic acids were tested for the presence of respiratory viruses. When rhinovirus (HRV) was detected, the 5′UTR and VP4/2 regions were sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed. The characteristics of patients in exacerbation and stable phase were compared. RESULTS: Viruses were found in 25% of samples. The HRV viruses were the most frequently detected followed by coronaviruses. Only the HRV detection was significantly associated with the occurrence of CF pulmonary exacerbation (p < 0.027). Characterization of 5′UTR and VP4/2 regions of the HRV genome specified that HRV-A, -B, -C were detected. All HRV-C were recombinant HRV-Ca. CONCLUSIONS: HRV were the most frequently detected viruses; their detection was significantly associated with the occurrence of an exacerbation. The reality of viral recombination between HRV was demonstrated in CF patients for the first time, raising the role of viruses in lung microbiota. Further studies are now warranted to decipher virus impact in CF.


id: cord-314841-b5l6epy3
title: Respiratory viral infections
author: Falsey, Ann Regina
date: 2019-08-15
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128014967000095
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801496-7.00009-5
abstract:
  Molecular analysis of respiratory viruses and the host response to both infection and vaccination have transformed our understanding of these ubiquitous pathogens. Polymerase chain reaction for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of viral infections has led to a better understanding of the epidemiology and impact of many common respiratory viruses and resulted in better patient care. Over the past decade a number of new respiratory viruses including human metapneumovirus and new coronaviruses have been discovered using molecular techniques such as random primer amplification, pan-viral array and next generation sequencing. Analysis of the host transcriptional response during respiratory viral infection using in-vitro, animal models and natural and experimental human challenge have furthered the understanding of the mechanisms and predictors of severe disease and may identify potential therapeutic targets to prevent and ameliorate illness.


id: cord-316245-n6tmn4ph
author: Cui, Binglin
date: 2015-03-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25884513/
doi: 10.1186/s12879-015-0863-6
title:
  Viral aetiology of acute respiratory infections among children and associated meteorological factors in southern China

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are common in children and mostly caused by viruses, but the significance of the detection of multiple viruses in ARIs is unclear. This study investigated 14 respiratory viruses in ARIs among children and associated meteorological factors in Shantou, southern China. METHODS: Paired nasal/throat-flocked swabs collected from 1,074 children with ARIs, who visited outpatient walk-in clinics in a tertiary hospital between December 2010 and November 2011, were examined for fourteen respiratory viruses - influenza viruses (FluA, FluB), respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV A and B), human coronaviruses (hCoV: 229E, OC43, HKU1, NL63), human metapneumoviruses (hMPV A and B), parainfluenza viruses (PIV1-4), human rhinoviruses (HRV A, B, C), enteroviruses (EV), adenoviruses (ADV), human bocavirus (hBoV), and human parechoviruses (hPeV) - by multiplex real-time PCR. RESULTS: We identified at least one virus in 82.3% (884/1,074) and multiple viruses in 38.6% (415/1,074) of patients. EV and HRV were the most frequently detected single viruses (42.3%, 374/884 and 39.9%, 353/884 respectively) and co-detected pair (23.1%, 96/415). Overlapping seasonal trends of viruses were recorded over the year, with dual peaks for EV and single peaks for the others. By logistic regression analysis, EV was positively associated with the average temperature and humidity, hCoV, and PIV4, but negatively with HRV, PIV3, and hBoV. HRV was inversely associated with EV and PIV3. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports high viral detection and co-detection rates in pediatric ARI cases mainly due to EV and HRV. Many viruses circulated throughout the year with similar seasonal trends in association with temperature, humidity, and wind velocity. Statistically significant associations were present among the viruses. Understanding the polyviral etiology and viral interactions in the cases with multiple viruses warrants further studies. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-0863-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-316319-m6uha1qn
author: Daleno, Cristina
date: 2013-11-19
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080614
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080614
title:
  Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Rhinovirus Isolates Collected from Otherwise Healthy Children with Community-Acquired Pneumonia during Five Successive Years

abstract:
  In order to evaluate the circulation of the different human rhinovirus (HRV) species and genotypes in Italian children with radiographically confirmed community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), a nasopharyngeal swab was obtained from 643 children admitted to hospital because of CAP during five consecutive winter and early spring seasons (2007-2012). Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to identify HRV, and the HRV-positive samples were used for sequencing analysis and to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree. HRV was identified in 198 samples (42.2%), and the VP4/VP2 region was successfully amplified in 151 (76.3%). HRV-A was identified in 78 samples (51.6%), HRV-B in 14 (9.3%) and HRV-C in 59 (39.1%). Forty-seven (31.1%) of the children with HRV infection were aged <1 year, 71 (47.0%) were aged 1-3 years, and 33 (21.9%) were aged ≥4 years. Blast and phylogenetic analyses showed that the HRV strains were closely related to a total of 66 reference genotypes, corresponding to 29 HRV-A, 9 HRV-B and 28 HRV-C strains. Nucleotide variability was 37% between HRV-A and HRV-B, 37.3% between HRV-A and HRV-C, and 39.9% between HRV-B and HRV-C. A number of sequences clustered with known serotypes and, within these clusters, there were strains circulating during several seasons. The most frequently detected genotypes were HRV-A78 (n=17), HRV-A12 (n=9) and HRV-C2 (n=5). This study shows that, although it is mainly associated with HRV-A, pediatric CAP can also be diagnosed in subjects infected by HRV-C and, more rarely, by HRV-B. Moreover, a large number of genotypes may be involved in causing pediatric CAP and can be different from year to year. Although the prolonged circulation of the same genotypes can sometimes be associated with a number of CAP episodes in different years.


id: cord-316932-fia1w9jt
title: Improved detection of rhinoviruses in nasal and throat swabs by seminested RT‐PCR
author: Ireland, D. C.
date: 2005-12-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8395557/
doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890400204
abstract:
  A seminested RT‐PCR (nRT‐PCR) was used to detect picornavirus (PV) RNA in cell cultures inoculated with rhinoviruses (HRVs) and enteroviruses (EVs). PCR tests in which a primary "touchdown" PCR was followed by secondary reactions using PV or HRV specific primers were able to differentiate HRVs of 48 serotypes from EVs. PVnRT‐PCR and HRVnRT‐PCR were then used to test nasal and throat swabs from adult subjects with naturally acquired respiratory virus infections. The swabs were also analysed for respiratory viruses by cell culture techniques and the rates of PV identification by the two methods were compared. PVnRT‐PCR was found to be at least five times more sensitive than cell culture for the detection of PVs in these clinical specimens. Paired acute and convalescent serum samples were tested for complement fixing antibodies to adenovirus, influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3, Myco plasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect rises in antibody level to coronavirus types 229E and OC43. The overall rate of pathogen identification in 159 swabs from adult asthmatics increased from 28% when only cell culture and serology were used to 57% when these methods were supplemented by PVnRT‐PCR. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


id: cord-317198-mean7sj9
author: Giamberardin, Heloisa I.G.
date: 2016-02-09
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26773605/
doi: 10.1002/jmv.24477
title:
  Clinical and epidemiological features of respiratory virus infections in preschool children over two consecutive influenza seasons in southern Brazil

abstract:
  This study reports the results of a systematic screening for respiratory viruses in pediatric outpatients from an emergency department (ED) in southern Brazil during two consecutive influenza seasons. Children eligible for enrollment in this study were aged 24–59 months and presented with acute respiratory symptoms and fever. Naso‐ and oropharyngeal swabs were collected and multiplex reverse transcription PCR (RT‐PCR) was performed to identify the respiratory viruses involved. In total, 492 children were included in this study: 248 in 2010 and 244 in 2011. In 2010, 136 samples (55%) were found to be positive for at least one virus and the most frequently detected viruses were human rhinovirus (HRV) (18%), adenovirus (AdV) (13%), and human coronavirus (CoV) (5%). In 2011, 158 samples (65%) were found to be positive for at least one virus, and the most frequently detected were HRV (29%), AdV (12%), and enterovirus (9%). Further, the presence of asthma (OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.86–5.46) was independently associated with HRV infection, whereas fever was associated with AdV (OR, 3.86; 95% CI, 1.31–16.52) and influenza infections (OR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.26–16.06). Ten patients (2%) were diagnosed with pneumonia, and six of these tested positive for viral infection (4 HRV, 1 RSV, and 1 AdV). Thus, this study identified the most common respiratory viruses found in preschool children in the study region and demonstrated their high frequency, highlighting the need for improved data collection, and case management in order to stimulate preventive measures against these infections. J. Med. Virol. 88:1325–1333, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


id: cord-317499-mxt7stat
author: Saraya, Takeshi
date: 2014-05-26
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904541/
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00226
title:
  Epidemiology of virus-induced asthma exacerbations: with special reference to the role of human rhinovirus

abstract:
  Viral respiratory infections may be associated with the virus-induced asthma in adults as well as children. Particularly, human rhinovirus is strongly suggested a major candidate for the associations of the virus-induced asthma. Thus, in this review, we reviewed and focused on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of virus-induced asthma with special reference on human rhinovirus. Furthermore, we added our preliminary data regarding the clinical and virological findings in the present review.


id: cord-317548-ft7lkpzq
title: Upper airway viral infections
author: Proud, David
date: 2007-07-05
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094553907000521
doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2007.06.004
abstract:
  Upper airway viral infections (URI) are a major cause of absence from school and work. Although morbidity is low in most of the subjects, the complications of URI, including otitis media, sinusitis and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an enormous health impact. Despite the major health care consequences associated with these complications, our understanding of how URI trigger upper airway symptoms and cause exacerbations of lower airway diseases remains limited. This article reviews our current understanding of the pathogenesis of URI, and of viral exacerbations of asthma and COPD, and considers host defense parameters that may regulate susceptibility to disease exacerbations. We will also consider current and potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of URI and their lower airway complications.


id: cord-318016-987w5i6t
title: Rhinovirus C and Respiratory Exacerbations in Children with Cystic Fibrosis
author: de Almeida, Marina B.
date: 2010-06-17
txt: ./txt/cord-318016-987w5i6t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-318016-987w5i6t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1606.100063
doi: 10.3201/eid1606.100063
summary:
  To investigate a possible role for human rhinovirus C in respiratory exacerbations of children with cystic fibrosis, we conducted microbiologic testing on respiratory specimens from 103 such patients in São Paulo, Brazil, during 2006–2007. To investigate a possible role for human rhinovirus C in respiratory exacerbations of children with cystic fi brosis, we conducted microbiologic testing on respiratory specimens from 103 such patients in São Paulo, Brazil, during 2006-2007. In the study reported here, we obtained samples from patients during routine visits and exacerbations, which enabled us to identify a distinct role of different HRV subtypes. (3) , in which they used real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplifi cation in conjunction with molecular markers to investigate the presence of 9 respiratory viruses in children with CF, described an association of viral infections with respiratory exacerbations, particularly those caused by infl uenza A, infl uenza B, and rhinovirus (3).

abstract:
  To investigate a possible role for human rhinovirus C in respiratory exacerbations of children with cystic fibrosis, we conducted microbiologic testing on respiratory specimens from 103 such patients in São Paulo, Brazil, during 2006–2007. A significant association was found between the presence of human rhinovirus C and respiratory exacerbations.


id: cord-319942-ava86u8y
title: Prevalence of Human rhinovirus infection in young children with acute wheezing()
author: Rady, Hanaa I.
date: 2018-05-08
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110663818300314
doi: 10.1016/j.epag.2018.05.001
abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: Recurrent wheezing is one of the leading causes of chronic illness in childhood. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Human Rhinovirus (HRV) infection in the acute attack of wheezy chest which began after a respiratory illness. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted on 200 children aged 2 months to 5 years presenting to the emergency department with an acute wheezy episode either for the first time or recurrent wheeze defined as >2 reports of wheezing in the first 3 years of life. All subjects were subjected to a complete history and clinical examination. Chest X-ray was done to all subjects. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were obtained from all subjects and the presence of HRV was determined by PCR examination. RESULTS: By PCR method, 163 patients (81.5%) were positive for viral infection. Due to viral co-infection, 49.5% (99 cases) were +ve for Respiratory Syncytial virus followed by HRV 43.5% (87 cases). CONCLUSION: HRV was the second common viral infection in children with wheezes. Its prevalence was more in winter with higher incidence of recurrence. Compared to the other respiratory viruses, it had the higher mortality 43.7%.


id: cord-321989-1enjopig
author: Li, Yanpeng
date: 2017-10-31
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163445317303420
doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.10.012
title:
  Metagenomic analysis identified co-infection with human rhinovirus C and bocavirus 1 in an adult suffering from severe pneumonia

abstract:
  • We first present a HRV-C and HBoV1 co-infection in an adult woman with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. • Our study suggests that HBoV1 co-infection might worsen the disease caused by HRV-C infection, and raises a question whether HRV-C-related severe pneumonia is often associated with co-infection of other respiratory viruses such as bocavirus.


id: cord-324216-ce3wa889
author: Wang, Zheng
date: 2008-12-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19046445/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-577
title:
  Resequencing microarray probe design for typing genetically diverse viruses: human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Febrile respiratory illness (FRI) has a high impact on public health and global economics and poses a difficult challenge for differential diagnosis. A particular issue is the detection of genetically diverse pathogens, i.e. human rhinoviruses (HRV) and enteroviruses (HEV) which are frequent causes of FRI. Resequencing Pathogen Microarray technology has demonstrated potential for differential diagnosis of several respiratory pathogens simultaneously, but a high confidence design method to select probes for genetically diverse viruses is lacking. RESULTS: Using HRV and HEV as test cases, we assess a general design strategy for detecting and serotyping genetically diverse viruses. A minimal number of probe sequences (26 for HRV and 13 for HEV), which were potentially capable of detecting all serotypes of HRV and HEV, were determined and implemented on the Resequencing Pathogen Microarray RPM-Flu v.30/31 (Tessarae RPM-Flu). The specificities of designed probes were validated using 34 HRV and 28 HEV strains. All strains were successfully detected and identified at least to species level. 33 HRV strains and 16 HEV strains could be further differentiated to serotype level. CONCLUSION: This study provides a fundamental evaluation of simultaneous detection and differential identification of genetically diverse RNA viruses with a minimal number of prototype sequences. The results demonstrated that the newly designed RPM-Flu v.30/31 can provide comprehensive and specific analysis of HRV and HEV samples which implicates that this design strategy will be applicable for other genetically diverse viruses.


id: cord-325137-6c6er06a
author: Moser, Lindsey A.
date: 2016-06-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27822536/
doi: 10.1128/msystems.00039-15
title:
  A Universal Next-Generation Sequencing Protocol To Generate Noninfectious Barcoded cDNA Libraries from High-Containment RNA Viruses

abstract:
  Several biosafety level 3 and/or 4 (BSL-3/4) pathogens are high-consequence, single-stranded RNA viruses, and their genomes, when introduced into permissive cells, are infectious. Moreover, many of these viruses are select agents (SAs), and their genomes are also considered SAs. For this reason, cDNAs and/or their derivatives must be tested to ensure the absence of infectious virus and/or viral RNA before transfer out of the BSL-3/4 and/or SA laboratory. This tremendously limits the capacity to conduct viral genomic research, particularly the application of next-generation sequencing (NGS). Here, we present a sequence-independent method to rapidly amplify viral genomic RNA while simultaneously abolishing both viral and genomic RNA infectivity across multiple single-stranded positive-sense RNA (ssRNA+) virus families. The process generates barcoded DNA amplicons that range in length from 300 to 1,000 bp, which cannot be used to rescue a virus and are stable to transport at room temperature. Our barcoding approach allows for up to 288 barcoded samples to be pooled into a single library and run across various NGS platforms without potential reconstitution of the viral genome. Our data demonstrate that this approach provides full-length genomic sequence information not only from high-titer virion preparations but it can also recover specific viral sequence from samples with limited starting material in the background of cellular RNA, and it can be used to identify pathogens from unknown samples. In summary, we describe a rapid, universal standard operating procedure that generates high-quality NGS libraries free of infectious virus and infectious viral RNA. IMPORTANCE This report establishes and validates a standard operating procedure (SOP) for select agents (SAs) and other biosafety level 3 and/or 4 (BSL-3/4) RNA viruses to rapidly generate noninfectious, barcoded cDNA amenable for next-generation sequencing (NGS). This eliminates the burden of testing all processed samples derived from high-consequence pathogens prior to transfer from high-containment laboratories to lower-containment facilities for sequencing. Our established protocol can be scaled up for high-throughput sequencing of hundreds of samples simultaneously, which can dramatically reduce the cost and effort required for NGS library construction. NGS data from this SOP can provide complete genome coverage from viral stocks and can also detect virus-specific reads from limited starting material. Our data suggest that the procedure can be implemented and easily validated by institutional biosafety committees across research laboratories.


id: cord-327344-8gi1wb76
title: Development of a RT Real-Time PCR for the Detection and Quantification of Human Rhinoviruses
author: Gambarino, Stefano
date: 2009-03-17
txt: ./txt/cord-327344-8gi1wb76.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327344-8gi1wb76.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-009-9164-x
doi: 10.1007/s12033-009-9164-x
summary:
  This article describes the development and optimization of a reverse transcription (RT) real-time PCR assay for quantification of HRV RNA in clinical samples. Clinical specimens originated from the Virology Unit of the Fig. 1 Standard curve (from 10 2 to 10 5 copies/reaction) and dynamic range (from 10 7 to 10 1 copies/reaction) of the real-time RT-PCR developed in this study Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria San Giovanni Battista, Turin, and included 110 bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) obtained from 84 patients (M/F, 57/27; mean age, 57.8 years; range, . The performance of the RT real-time PCR developed in this study was examined over different concentrations of HRV RNA and it was found to be very sensitive with a minimum cut-off for detection of 10 0 copy/reaction and was linear up to 10 1 copies. In conclusion, the RT real-time PCR assay developed in this study could represent a useful tool for diagnosing HRV infections, quantifying the viral load and could be applicable for routine diagnostic workup of upper as well as lower respiratory tract diseases.

abstract:
  Human Rhinoviruses (HRV) are the most common viral agents, being responsible for upper as well as lower respiratory tract infections. Evidence demonstrating that HRV disease is not exclusively limited to the upper airways and may cause lower respiratory complications, together with the frequency of HRV infections and the increasing number of immunocompromised patients underline the need for including HRV in virological diagnostics of acute lower respiratory tract illness. This article describes the development and optimization of a reverse transcription (RT) real-time PCR assay for quantification of HRV RNA in clinical samples. Efficiency, sensitivity, specificity, inter- and intra-assay variability, and dynamic range have been determined. Subsequently, the assay has been validated on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens obtained from immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients.


id: cord-327610-cm3vkpcn
title: Virus-Induced Asthma Exacerbations: SIRT1 Targeted Approach
author: Fukuda, Yosuke
date: 2020-08-13
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082623
doi: 10.3390/jcm9082623
abstract:
  The prevalence of asthma has increased worldwide. Asthma exacerbations triggered by upper respiratory tract viral infections remain a major clinical problem and account for hospital admissions and time lost from work. Virus-induced asthma exacerbations cause airway inflammation, resulting in worsening asthma and deterioration in the patients’ quality of life, which may require systemic corticosteroid therapy. Despite recent advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying asthma exacerbations, current therapeutic modalities are inadequate for complete prevention and treatment of these episodes. The pathological role of cellular senescence, especially that involving the silent information regulator 2 homolog sirtuin (SIRT) protein family, has recently been demonstrated in stable and exacerbated chronic respiratory disease states. This review discusses the role of SIRT1 in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. It also discusses the role of SIRT1 in inflammatory cells that play an important role in virus-induced asthma exacerbations. Recent studies have hypothesized that SIRT1 is one of major contributors to cellular senescence. SIRT1 levels decrease in Th2 and non-Th2-related airway inflammation, indicating the role of SIRT1 in several endotypes and phenotypes of asthma. Moreover, several models have demonstrated relationships between viral infection and SIRT1. Therefore, targeting SIRT1 is a novel strategy that may be effective for treating virus-induced asthma exacerbations in the future.


id: cord-327701-1qgaxcqq
title: Risk factors and patterns of household clusters of respiratory viruses in rural Nepal
author: Scott, E. M.
date: 2019-10-14
txt: ./txt/cord-327701-1qgaxcqq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327701-1qgaxcqq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31607271/
doi: 10.1017/s0950268819001754
summary:
  In a prospective longitudinal study utilizing intensive weekly home-based active surveillance to evaluate the household transmission of nine respiratory viruses in rural South Asia, initial infection in young children was associated with the greatest risk of symptomatic respiratory virus household transmission with spread to infants occurring in 45% of transmission events. A higher proportion of initial infection among this group resulted in secondary cases compared to other age groups, including school-age children and mothers, a finding confirmed in our multivariable model of transmission incidence. While a model of Kenya transmission data supports immunizing school-age children to diminish transmission of the virus to infants, our study suggests that in rural South Asia, preschool-age children are more likely to transmit respiratory viruses to other household members [38] . Our study of non-influenza respiratory virus transmission within households in rural Nepal highlights the importance of targeting preschool-age children to prevent the spread of respiratory viral illness.

abstract:
  Viral pneumonia is an important cause of death and morbidity among infants worldwide. Transmission of non-influenza respiratory viruses in households can inform preventative interventions and has not been well-characterised in South Asia. From April 2011 to April 2012, household members of pregnant women enrolled in a randomised trial of influenza vaccine in rural Nepal were surveyed weekly for respiratory illness until 180 days after birth. Nasal swabs were tested by polymerase chain reaction for respiratory viruses in symptomatic individuals. A transmission event was defined as a secondary case of the same virus within 14 days of initial infection within a household. From 555 households, 825 initial viral illness episodes occurred, resulting in 79 transmission events. The overall incidence of transmission was 1.14 events per 100 person-weeks. Risk of transmission incidence was associated with an index case age 1–4 years (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 2.35; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40–3.96), coinfection as initial infection (IRR 1.94; 95% CI 1.05–3.61) and no electricity in household (IRR 2.70; 95% CI 1.41–5.00). Preventive interventions targeting preschool-age children in households in resource-limited settings may decrease the risk of transmission to vulnerable household members, such as young infants.


id: cord-328795-rs1sd42z
title: Rhinoviruses
author: Falsey, Ann R.
date: 2016-10-24
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128036785003866
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00386-6
abstract:
  Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are ubiquitous pathogens and the leading cause of the common cold syndrome. HRV are very diverse with more than 100 serotypes identified which cause disease in persons of all ages with the highest incidence documented in young children. Although illness is typically mild and self-limited, lost time from work and school creates a considerable economic burden. Infection of the upper airways is the most common site of infection, although lower airways disease is also well documented, as is the link between HRV infection and exacerbations of asthma. Unfortunately, effective specific antiviral treatments and vaccines remain elusive.


id: cord-333261-knj2rrut
title: An exercise in molecular epidemiology: Human rhinovirus prevalence and genetics
author: Albright, Catherine J.
date: 2011-11-11
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/bmb.20530
doi: 10.1002/bmb.20530
abstract:
  Human rhinovirus (HRV) is one of the most common human respiratory pathogens and is responsible for the majority of upper respiratory illnesses. Recently, a phylogeny was constructed from all known American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) HRV sequences. From this study, three HRV classifications (HRVA, HRVB, and HRVC) were determined and techniques for classifying new isolates of HRV were reported. The genetic change of this virus in specific populations over time is of great interest to understand the evolution and epidemiology of viruses. To facilitate the collections of HRV sequences over a number of years, a virology experiment was designed in which students test nasal lavage samples to look for HRV infection. Students will learn a variety of techniques including RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, qPCR, and agarose gel electrophoresis as well as bioinformatic skills though examination of sequences from the HRV‐field isolates. Furthermore, students can look at symptom data from subjects to investigate correlations between symptom severity and factors such as stress and sleep patterns. Such information can be used to examine hypotheses regarding HRV mutation, symptom severity and epidemiology. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 457–458, 2011


id: cord-336713-if6f58ii
author: Yuan, Lijuan
date: 2001-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-336713-if6f58ii.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336713-if6f58ii.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11412306/
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01229.x
summary:
  To investigate the development and sites of residence of intestinal memory B cells, and their role in protective immunity to reinfection with an enteric virus, we assessed the association between memory B cell and antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses and protection using a gnotobiotic pig model for human rotavirus (HRV) infection and diarrhoea. The isotypes, quantities and tissue distribution of rotavirus-specific memory B cells and ASC were evaluated prechallenge (28 and 83 postinoculation days [PID]) and postchallenge (7 postchallenge days [PCD]), using enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated once with virulent or three times with attenuated HRV and challenged at PID 28 with the corresponding virulent HRV. In previous studies, 3, 4 we reported that the number of rotavirus-speci®c immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody-secreting cells (ASC) present in the intestinal lamina propria of gnotobiotic pigs at the time of challenge (primary ASC) correlates with protection against infection and diarrhoea when challenged with human rotavirus (HRV).

title:
  Short-term immunoglobulin A B-cell memory resides in intestinal lymphoid tissues but not in bone marrow of gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with Wa human rotavirus

abstract:
  Immunological memory is important for protecting the host from reinfection. To investigate the development and sites of residence of intestinal memory B cells, and their role in protective immunity to reinfection with an enteric virus, we assessed the association between memory B cell and antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses and protection using a gnotobiotic pig model for human rotavirus (HRV) infection and diarrhoea. The isotypes, quantities and tissue distribution of rotavirus-specific memory B cells and ASC were evaluated prechallenge (28 and 83 postinoculation days [PID]) and postchallenge (7 postchallenge days [PCD]), using enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated once with virulent or three times with attenuated HRV and challenged at PID 28 with the corresponding virulent HRV. Complete protection against HRV shedding and diarrhoea was associated with significantly higher numbers of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) memory B cells and ASC in the ileum of virulent HRV-inoculated pigs at challenge. In contrast, pigs inoculated with attenuated HRV had lower numbers of IgA and IgG memory B cells and ASC in intestinal lymphoid tissues, but higher numbers in the spleen. The bone marrow had the lowest mean numbers of IgA and IgG memory B cells and ASC prechallenge in both groups of HRV-inoculated pigs. Therefore, bone marrow was not a site for IgA and IgG rotavirus-specific antibody production or for memory B cells after inoculation with live rotavirus, from 28 PID up to at least 83 PID. The effect of in vitro antigen dose was examined and it was determined to play an important role in the development of ASC from memory B cells for the different tissues examined.


id: cord-342993-deuytbml
title: Viruses and atypical bacteria associated with asthma exacerbations in hospitalized children
author: Maffey, Alberto F.
date: 2010-05-06
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.21236
doi: 10.1002/ppul.21236
abstract:
  OBJECTIVES AND WORKING HYPOTHESIS: To evaluate the prevalence of respiratory viruses Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae and gain insight into their seasonal circulation pattern in children with acute asthma exacerbations in a temperate southern hemisphere region. STUDY DESIGN: Patients hospitalized between 3 months and 16 years of age were included in a 1‐year prospective, observational, cross‐sectional study. Respiratory secretions were collected and the presence of different viruses and atypical bacteria analyzed by immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Two hundred nine patients (118 females) aged (mean ± SD) 4.4 ± 4 years were included. A potential causative agent was detected in 78% of the patients. The most frequently detected viruses were respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) (n = 85; 40%) and rhinovirus (HRV) (n = 52; 24.5%); M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae were detected in 4.5% and 2% of the cases, respectively. Patients with HRSV (vs. HRV) were hospitalized for a longer time (6.7 vs. 5.2 days, P = 0.012), required more days of oxygen supply (5.1 vs. 3.4, P = 0.005), had a longer duration of the exacerbation before hospitalization (3.6 vs. 1.9 days, P = 0.001) and were younger (3.7 vs. 5.1 years, P = 0.012). Three peaks of admissions were observed. A first peak (early autumn) caused by HRV, a second peak (winter) caused mainly by HRSV and a third one (spring), caused by HRSV, an increase in HMPV together with a second outbreak of HRV. CONCLUSIONS: Children with an acute asthma exacerbation presented a high prevalence of respiratory viruses. Most hospitalizations corresponded to seasonal increases in prevalence of HRV and HRSV. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:619–625. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


id: cord-345817-rrf3dbnb
title: Persistence of rhinovirus RNA and IP‐10 gene expression after acute asthma
author: WOOD, Lisa G.
date: 2011-01-27
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054674/
doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01897.x
abstract:
  Background and objective: Viral nucleic acid may be detected for up to 6 months after an acute asthma deterioration, but the pattern and consequences of viral persistence after acute asthma are incompletely understood. This study investigates the frequency of viral persistence after acute asthma, assesses viral infectivity and determines the host inflammatory responses to viral persistence. Methods: Adults and children presenting to hospital with acute asthma and a confirmed respiratory virus infection were studied acutely and at recovery 4–6 weeks later by clinical evaluation and induced sputum for viral and inflammatory mediator detection. Results: Viral RNA was detected during both acute asthma and recovery visits in 17 subjects (viral persistence), whereas in 22 subjects viral RNA had cleared by recovery (viral clearance). The following viruses were detected at recovery: human rhinovirus: 16; respiratory syncytial virus: 2; influenza: 2. In subjects with viral persistence, eight isolates were different to the virus detected at Visit 1. Forty‐four per cent of the human rhinovirus isolates were infective at recovery. Asthma and infection severity were similar in the viral clearance and viral persistence groups. Viral persistence was associated with elevated IL‐10 mRNA and inducible protein‐10 gene expression. Conclusions: Respiratory viral detection after acute asthma is common, and most often persistence is with non‐infective human rhinovirus. There is a host inflammatory response with an altered cytokine environment, and the viral RNA can be source of persistent infection. These effects may have longer‐term consequences in asthma.


id: cord-346253-0mnsm6s4
title: Respiratory viral infections in children with asthma: do they matter and can we prevent them?
author: Ahanchian, Hamid
date: 2012-09-13
txt: ./txt/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-12-147
doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-147
summary:
  HRV are the most common viral agents [33] ; Other respiratory tract viruses detected in children with an asthma exacerbation include RSV, influenza, coronavirus, hMPV, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and bocavirus [34] [35] [36] . Beside importance for bone health, vitamin D plays an important role in adequate function of both the innate and adaptive immune systems including development of dendritic cells and regulatory T lymphocytes [151, 152] production of antimicrobial proteins by airway epithelium [153] , modifying the effect of intestinal flora on inflammatory disorders [107] , and modulation of the inflammatory response to viral infections [154] . In a recent study of 48 children from five to 18 years of age, with newly diagnosed asthma, vitamin D supplementation during the northern hemisphere winter months (September to July) prevented declining serum concentrations of 25(OH) D and reduced the risk of asthma exacerbation triggered by acute respiratory tract infections [161] .

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Asthma is a major public health problem with a huge social and economic burden affecting 300 million people worldwide. Viral respiratory infections are the major cause of acute asthma exacerbations and may contribute to asthma inception in high risk young children with susceptible genetic background. Acute exacerbations are associated with decreased lung growth or accelerated loss of lung function and, as such, add substantially to both the cost and morbidity associated with asthma. DISCUSSION: While the importance of preventing viral infection is well established, preventive strategies have not been well explored. Good personal hygiene, hand-washing and avoidance of cigarette smoke are likely to reduce respiratory viral infections. Eating a healthy balanced diet, active probiotic supplements and bacterial-derived products, such as OM-85, may reduce recurrent infections in susceptible children. There are no practical anti-viral therapies currently available that are suitable for widespread use. SUMMARY: Hand hygiene is the best measure to prevent the common cold. A healthy balanced diet, active probiotic supplements and immunostimulant OM-85 may reduce recurrent infections in asthmatic children.


id: cord-351571-gwtkrt5u
author: Mackay, Ian M.
date: 2013-05-01
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis476
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis476
title:
  Community-Wide, Contemporaneous Circulation of a Broad Spectrum of Human Rhinoviruses in Healthy Australian Preschool-Aged Children During a 12-Month Period

abstract:
  Human rhinovirus (HRV) replication triggers exacerbation of asthma and causes most acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs), which may manifest as influenza-like illness. The recent assignment of 60 previously unknown HRV types to a third HRV species, Human rhinovirus C, raised questions about the prevalence of these picornavirus types in the community, the extent of HRV diversity at a single site, and whether the HRVs have an equally diverse clinical impact on their hosts. We quantified HRV diversity, and there was no clinical impact attributable to HRV species and genotypes among a community population of preschool-aged children with ARI who provided respiratory samples during 2003. All HRV species were represented among 138 children with ARI, and 74 distinct HRV types were cocirculating. Fever accompanied 32.8% of HRV-positive ARI cases. HRVs were less likely than DNA viruses to be codetected with another virus, suggesting virus interference at the community level, demonstrated by the inverse correlation between influenza virus detection and HRV detection.


id: cord-352273-sras8r5z
author: Saraya, Takeshi
date: 2017-10-20
url: https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000008204
doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000008204
title:
  The molecular epidemiology of respiratory viruses associated with asthma attacks: A single-center observational study in Japan

abstract:
  Few reports have described the significance of viral respiratory infections (VRIs) in exacerbation of asthma in adult patients. The aim of this study was to elucidate the profiles of VRIs in adult patients with asthma along with their molecular epidemiology. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Kyorin University Hospital from August 2012 to May 2015. To identify respiratory pathogens in inpatients and outpatients suffering from asthma attacks, RT-PCR/sequencing/phylogenetic analysis methods were applied alongside conventional microbiological methods. Phylogenetic and pairwise distance analyses of 10 viruses were performed. A total of 106 asthma attack patients enrolled in this study in both inpatient (n = 49) and outpatient (n = 57) settings. The total 106 respiratory samples were obtained from nasopharyngeal swab (n = 68) or sputum (n = 38). Among these, patients with virus alone (n = 39), virus and bacterial (n = 5), and bacterial alone (n = 5) were identified. The ratio of virus-positive patients in inpatient or outpatient to the total cases were 31.1% (n = 33) and 10.4% (n = 11), respectively. The frequency of virus-positive patients was significantly higher in inpatients (75.3%, n = 33) than in outpatients (19.3%, n = 11). Major VRIs included human rhinovirus (HRV) (n = 24), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (n = 9), influenza virus (Inf-V) (n = 8), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (n = 3) infections with seasonal variations. HRV-A and HRV-C were the most commonly detected viruses, with wide genetic divergence on phylogenetic analysis. Asthmatic exacerbations in adults are highly associated with VRIs such as HRV-A or HRV-C, hMPV, RSV, and Inf-V infections with seasonal variations and genetic divergence, but similar frequencies of VRIs occurred in asthma attack patients throughout the seasons.


id: cord-354011-v9t2b2ca
title: Circulation of Respiratory Viruses Among Pilgrims During the 2012 Hajj Pilgrimage
author: Benkouiten, Samir
date: 2013-10-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23839997/
doi: 10.1093/cid/cit446
abstract:
  Background. The Hajj is the oldest and largest annual mass gathering in the world and may increase the risk of spread of respiratory viruses. Methods. We performed a prospective survey among a cohort of pilgrims departing from Marseille, France, to Mecca in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) for the 2012 Hajj season. Nasal swabs were collected from participants and tested for 11 respiratory viruses by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results. Of 165 participants sampled before departing to the KSA, 8 (4.8%) were positive for at least 1 virus (5 rhinovirus, 1 influenza C, 1 adenovirus, and 1 enterovirus). Seventy symptomatic pilgrims underwent additional nasal swabs during their pilgrimage in the KSA, of which 27 (38.6%) were positive for at least 1 virus (19 rhinovirus, 6 influenza A, 1 influenza C, 1 respiratory syncytial virus B, 1 metapneumovirus, 1 adenovirus, and 1 enterovirus). This was significantly higher than the 4.8% who were positive before departing for the KSA (P < .001). Of 154 pilgrims sampled before leaving the KSA, 17 (11%) were positive for at least 1 virus (13 rhinovirus, 3 adenovirus, 2 influenza B, and 1 enterovirus), which was also significantly higher than the percentage of positive pilgrims (4.8%), before departing for the KSA (P = .040). Conclusions. This study suggests a rapid acquisition of respiratory viruses among pilgrims during their stay in the KSA, most notably rhinovirus, and highlights the potential of spreading these infections in the pilgrims' home countries upon their return.


id: cord-356027-ckdx56j1
title: Association between secondary thrombocytosis and viral respiratory tract infections in children
author: Zheng, Shou-Yan
date: 2016-03-11
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26965460/
doi: 10.1038/srep22964
abstract:
  Secondary thrombocytosis (ST) is frequently observed in children with a variety of clinical conditions. The leading cause of ST is respiratory tract infection (RTI) in children. Nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were collected and assessed for common respiratory viruses. The relationships between virus infections and secondary thrombocytosis were analyzed retrospectively. The blood platelet count and the presence of respiratory viruses were determined for 3156 RTI patients, and 817 (25.9%) cases with platelet ≥500 × 10(9)/L were considered as the thrombocytosis group. Compared with the normal group, the detection rates of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV) were significantly higher in the thrombocytosis group (P = 0.017 and 0.042, respectively). HRV single infection was a risk factor associated with thrombocytosis [odds ratio (OR) = 1.560, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.108–2.197]. Furthermore, ST was more likely to occur in younger patients who had clinical manifestations of wheezing and dyspnea and who had been diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Furthermore, the course of disease lasted longer in these patients. ST is associated with viral respiratory tract infections, especially RSV and HRV infections. HRV single infection is a risk factor associated with thrombocytosis.


