id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
cord-349177-8h25qj9y	Khan, Naazneen	Multiple Genomic Events Altering Hominin SIGLEC Biology and Innate Immunity Predated the Common Ancestor of Humans and Archaic Hominins	2020-06-18		.txt	text/plain	5970	303	46	Human-specific pseudogenization of the CMAH gene eliminated the mammalian sialic acid (Sia) Neu5Gc (generating an excess of its precursor Neu5Ac), thus changing ubiquitous cell surface "self-associated molecular patterns" that modulate innate immunity via engagement of CD33-related-Siglec receptors. We found no evidence for strong selection after the Human–Neanderthal/Denisovan common ancestor, and these extinct hominin genomes include almost all major changes found in humans, indicating that these changes in hominin sialobiology predate the Neanderthal–human divergence ∼0.6 Ma. Multiple changes in this genomic cluster may also explain human-specific expression of CD33rSiglecs in unexpected locations such as amnion, placental trophoblast, pancreatic islets, ovarian fibroblasts, microglia, Natural Killer(NK) cells, and epithelia. 2003) , most of the human-specific changes affecting sialic acid biology are found in the SIGLEC gene cluster on chromosome 19, and that although great ape genomes do not show many changes in this cluster, almost all the human changes are also found in archaic genomes of Neanderthals and Denisovans (Reich et al.	./cache/cord-349177-8h25qj9y.txt	./txt/cord-349177-8h25qj9y.txt