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M.; Noerder, Miriam; Huntington, Nicholas D.; Lim, Annick; Yasuda, Etsuko; Diehl, Sean A.; Scheeren, Ferenc A.; Ott, Michael; Weijer, Kees; Wedemeyer, Heiner; Di Santo, James P.; Beaumont, Tim; Guzman, Carlos A.; Spits, Hergen title: Generation of Human Antigen-Specific Monoclonal IgM Antibodies Using Vaccinated “Human Immune System” Mice date: 2010-10-04 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013137 sha: doc_id: 261 cord_uid: ip32y0j5 file: cache/cord-005080-r01ii1bu.json key: cord-005080-r01ii1bu authors: Butler, Colin D.; Corvalan, Carlos F.; Koren, Hillel S. title: Human Health, Well-Being, and Global Ecological Scenarios date: 2005-02-22 journal: Ecosystems DOI: 10.1007/s10021-004-0076-0 sha: doc_id: 5080 cord_uid: r01ii1bu file: cache/cord-002728-6oyw5sqv.json key: cord-002728-6oyw5sqv authors: Carding, S. 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RISK, RIGHTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES date: 2009-05-08 journal: Med Law Rev DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/fwp007 sha: doc_id: 334353 cord_uid: nc2jhemz file: cache/cord-339382-ii4xurmr.json key: cord-339382-ii4xurmr authors: Bachofen, Claudia title: Selected Viruses Detected on and in our Food date: 2018-03-21 journal: Curr Clin Microbiol Rep DOI: 10.1007/s40588-018-0087-9 sha: doc_id: 339382 cord_uid: ii4xurmr file: cache/cord-340101-n9zqc1gm.json key: cord-340101-n9zqc1gm authors: Bzdok, Danilo; Dunbar, Robin I.M. title: The Neurobiology of Social Distance date: 2020-06-03 journal: Trends Cogn Sci DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.016 sha: doc_id: 340101 cord_uid: n9zqc1gm file: cache/cord-335311-l73hsik0.json key: cord-335311-l73hsik0 authors: Chan, Conrad E. Z.; Lim, Angeline P. C.; MacAry, Paul A.; Hanson, Brendon J. title: The role of phage display in therapeutic antibody discovery date: 2014-08-18 journal: Int Immunol DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu082 sha: doc_id: 335311 cord_uid: l73hsik0 file: cache/cord-341701-zropd3mo.json key: cord-341701-zropd3mo authors: Adhikari, Subash; Nice, Edouard C.; Deutsch, Eric W.; Lane, Lydie; Omenn, Gilbert S.; Pennington, Stephen R.; Paik, Young-Ki; Overall, Christopher M.; Corrales, Fernando J.; Cristea, Ileana M.; Van Eyk, Jennifer E.; Uhlén, Mathias; Lindskog, Cecilia; Chan, Daniel W.; Bairoch, Amos; Waddington, James C.; Justice, Joshua L.; LaBaer, Joshua; Rodriguez, Henry; He, Fuchu; Kostrzewa, Markus; Ping, Peipei; Gundry, Rebekah L.; Stewart, Peter; Srivastava, Sanjeeva; Srivastava, Sudhir; Nogueira, Fabio C. S.; Domont, Gilberto B.; Vandenbrouck, Yves; Lam, Maggie P. Y.; Wennersten, Sara; Vizcaino, Juan Antonio; Wilkins, Marc; Schwenk, Jochen M.; Lundberg, Emma; Bandeira, Nuno; Marko-Varga, Gyorgy; Weintraub, Susan T.; Pineau, Charles; Kusebauch, Ulrike; Moritz, Robert L.; Ahn, Seong Beom; Palmblad, Magnus; Snyder, Michael P.; Aebersold, Ruedi; Baker, Mark S. title: A high-stringency blueprint of the human proteome date: 2020-10-16 journal: Nat Commun DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19045-9 sha: doc_id: 341701 cord_uid: zropd3mo file: cache/cord-337218-risqto89.json key: cord-337218-risqto89 authors: Chu, Ellen W.; Karr, James R. title: Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of date: 2013-02-05 journal: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00253-7 sha: doc_id: 337218 cord_uid: risqto89 file: cache/cord-348301-bk80pps9.json key: cord-348301-bk80pps9 authors: Wahl, Angela; Gralinski, Lisa; Johnson, Claire; Yao, Wenbo; Kovarova, Martina; Dinnon, Kenneth; Liu, Hongwei; Madden, Victoria; Krzystek, Halina; De, Chandrav; White, Kristen; Schäfer, Alexandra; Zaman, Tanzila; Leist, Sarah; Grant, Paul; Gully, Kendra; Askin, Frederic; Browne, Edward; Jones, Corbin; Pickles, Raymond; Baric, Ralph; Garcia, J Victor title: Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection is Highly Cytopathic, Elicits a Robust Innate Immune Response and is Efficiently Prevented by EIDD-2801 date: 2020-09-24 journal: Res Sq DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-80404/v1 sha: doc_id: 348301 cord_uid: bk80pps9 file: cache/cord-337659-x4oywbrj.json key: cord-337659-x4oywbrj authors: Wilson, Brenda A. title: Global biosecurity in a complex, dynamic world date: 2008-07-31 journal: Complexity DOI: 10.1002/cplx.20246 sha: doc_id: 337659 cord_uid: x4oywbrj file: cache/cord-340629-1fle5fpz.json key: cord-340629-1fle5fpz authors: O’Shea, Helen; Blacklaws, Barbara A.; Collins, Patrick J.; McKillen, John; Fitzgerald, Rose title: Viruses Associated With Foodborne Infections date: 2019-05-21 journal: Reference Module in Life Sciences DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.90273-5 sha: doc_id: 340629 cord_uid: 1fle5fpz file: cache/cord-335567-ssnvr6nj.json key: cord-335567-ssnvr6nj authors: Berry, Michael; Gamieldien, Junaid; Fielding, Burtram C. title: Identification of New Respiratory Viruses in the New Millennium date: 2015-03-06 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v7030996 sha: doc_id: 335567 cord_uid: ssnvr6nj file: cache/cord-338889-7hd3iibk.json key: cord-338889-7hd3iibk authors: Solbakk, Jan Helge; Bentzen, Heidi Beate; Holm, Søren; Heggestad, Anne Kari Tolo; Hofmann, Bjørn; Robertsen, Annette; Alnæs, Anne Hambro; Cox, Shereen; Pedersen, Reidar; Bernabe, Rose title: Back to WHAT? The role of research ethics in pandemic times date: 2020-11-03 journal: Med Health Care Philos DOI: 10.1007/s11019-020-09984-x sha: doc_id: 338889 cord_uid: 7hd3iibk file: cache/cord-346308-9h2fk9qt.json key: cord-346308-9h2fk9qt authors: Kaur, Rajwinder; Yadav, Bhoomika; Tyagi, R.D. title: Microbiology of hospital wastewater date: 2020-05-01 journal: Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819722-6.00004-3 sha: doc_id: 346308 cord_uid: 9h2fk9qt file: cache/cord-349163-q52upndx.json key: cord-349163-q52upndx authors: Luo, Guangxiang (George); Gao, Shou‐Jiang title: Global health concerns stirred by emerging viral infections date: 2020-02-14 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25683 sha: doc_id: 349163 cord_uid: q52upndx file: cache/cord-346331-d0s028wl.json key: cord-346331-d0s028wl authors: Lackey, Kimberly A.; Pace, Ryan M.; Williams, Janet E.; Bode, Lars; Donovan, Sharon M.; Järvinen, Kirsi M.; Seppo, Antti E.; Raiten, Daniel J.; Meehan, Courtney L.; McGuire, Mark A.; McGuire, Michelle K. title: SARS‐CoV‐2 and human milk: What is the evidence? date: 2020-05-30 journal: Matern Child Nutr DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13032 sha: doc_id: 346331 cord_uid: d0s028wl file: cache/cord-349168-ec5p9b2f.json key: cord-349168-ec5p9b2f authors: Domingues, Célia P. F.; Rebelo, João S.; Dionisio, Francisco; Botelho, Ana; Nogueira, Teresa title: The Social Distancing Imposed To Contain COVID-19 Can Affect Our Microbiome: a Double-Edged Sword in Human Health date: 2020-09-16 journal: mSphere DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00716-20 sha: doc_id: 349168 cord_uid: ec5p9b2f file: cache/cord-341155-3d64mso0.json key: cord-341155-3d64mso0 authors: Slots, Jørgen; Slots, Henrik title: Bacterial and viral pathogens in saliva: disease relationship and infectious risk date: 2010-12-07 journal: Periodontol 2000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00361.x sha: doc_id: 341155 cord_uid: 3d64mso0 file: cache/cord-349177-8h25qj9y.json key: cord-349177-8h25qj9y authors: Khan, Naazneen; de Manuel, Marc; Peyregne, Stephane; Do, Raymond; Prufer, Kay; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Varki, Nissi; Gagneux, Pascal; Varki, Ajit title: Multiple Genomic Events Altering Hominin SIGLEC Biology and Innate Immunity Predated the Common Ancestor of Humans and Archaic Hominins date: 2020-06-18 journal: Genome Biol Evol DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa125 sha: doc_id: 349177 cord_uid: 8h25qj9y file: cache/cord-347884-zpzncgiv.json key: cord-347884-zpzncgiv authors: Galimberti, Andrea; Cena, Hellas; Campone, Luca; Ferri, Emanuele; Dell'Agli, Mario; Sangiovanni, Enrico; Belingheri, Michael; Riva, Michele Augusto; Casiraghi, Maurizio; Labra, Massimo title: Rethinking Urban and Food Policies to Improve Citizens Safety After COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-10-08 journal: Front Nutr DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.569542 sha: doc_id: 347884 cord_uid: zpzncgiv file: cache/cord-351905-tjcyvkcv.json key: cord-351905-tjcyvkcv authors: Mummah, Riley O.; Hoff, Nicole A.; Rimoin, Anne W.; Lloyd-Smith, James O. title: Controlling emerging zoonoses at the animal-human interface date: 2020-09-18 journal: One Health Outlook DOI: 10.1186/s42522-020-00024-5 sha: doc_id: 351905 cord_uid: tjcyvkcv file: cache/cord-339386-sxyeuiw1.json key: cord-339386-sxyeuiw1 authors: McIntosh, Kenneth; Perlman, Stanley title: 157 Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) date: 2015-12-31 journal: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00157-0 sha: doc_id: 339386 cord_uid: sxyeuiw1 file: cache/cord-352832-uih7alib.json key: cord-352832-uih7alib authors: Khoury, Bassam title: The Root Causes of COVID-19 Screech for Compassion date: 2020-06-03 journal: Mindfulness (N Y) DOI: 10.1007/s12671-020-01412-8 sha: doc_id: 352832 cord_uid: uih7alib file: cache/cord-348100-jr923fcu.json key: cord-348100-jr923fcu authors: Giseke, Undine title: COVID-19—does social distancing include species distancing? date: 2020-06-08 journal: Agric Human Values DOI: 10.1007/s10460-020-10066-0 sha: doc_id: 348100 cord_uid: jr923fcu file: cache/cord-351665-6gwb900b.json key: cord-351665-6gwb900b authors: Sarkar, Priyanka; Debnath, Nirmal; Reang, Demsai title: Coupled human-environment system amid COVID-19 crisis: A conceptual model to understand the nexus date: 2020-08-18 journal: Sci Total Environ DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141757 sha: doc_id: 351665 cord_uid: 6gwb900b file: cache/cord-350286-n7ylgqfu.json key: cord-350286-n7ylgqfu authors: Giri, Rajanish; Bhardwaj, Taniya; Shegane, Meenakshi; Gehi, Bhuvaneshwari R.; Kumar, Prateek; Gadhave, Kundlik; Oldfield, Christopher J.; Uversky, Vladimir N. title: When Darkness Becomes a Ray of Light in the Dark Times: Understanding the COVID-19 via the Comparative Analysis of the Dark Proteomes of SARS-CoV-2, Human SARS and Bat SARS-Like Coronaviruses date: 2020-04-03 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.13.990598 sha: doc_id: 350286 cord_uid: n7ylgqfu file: cache/cord-350569-dtxtjtfo.json key: cord-350569-dtxtjtfo authors: Kasoka, Kasoka title: Autonomy in HIV testing: a call for a rethink of personal autonomy in the HIV response in sub-Saharan Africa date: 2020-06-13 journal: Med Health Care Philos DOI: 10.1007/s11019-020-09959-y sha: doc_id: 350569 cord_uid: dtxtjtfo file: cache/cord-352798-rb2ggonx.json key: cord-352798-rb2ggonx authors: Chaber, Anne-Lise title: The Era of Human-Induced Diseases date: 2017-11-21 journal: Ecohealth DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1299-9 sha: doc_id: 352798 cord_uid: rb2ggonx file: cache/cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.json key: cord-352348-2wtyk3r5 authors: Sabroe, Ian; Dockrell, David H.; Vogel, Stefanie N.; Renshaw, Stephen A.; Whyte, Moira K. B.; Dower, Steven K. title: Identifying and hurdling obstacles to translational research date: 2007 journal: Nat Rev Immunol DOI: 10.1038/nri1999 sha: doc_id: 352348 cord_uid: 2wtyk3r5 file: cache/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.json key: cord-353609-no3mbg5d authors: Vandegrift, Kurt J.; Wale, Nina; Epstein, Jonathan H. title: An Ecological and Conservation Perspective on Advances in the Applied Virology of Zoonoses date: 2011-04-15 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v3040379 sha: doc_id: 353609 cord_uid: no3mbg5d file: cache/cord-354592-vqws942c.json key: cord-354592-vqws942c authors: Cauvin, Annick J.; Peters, Christopher; Brennan, Frank title: Advantages and Limitations of Commonly Used Nonhuman Primate Species in Research and Development of Biopharmaceuticals date: 2015-03-20 journal: The Nonhuman Primate in Nonclinical Drug Development and Safety Assessment DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417144-2.00019-6 sha: doc_id: 354592 cord_uid: vqws942c file: cache/cord-354325-r73datur.json key: cord-354325-r73datur authors: Berger, Mitchell; Shankar, Vidya; Vafai, Abbas title: Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies date: 2002-07-31 journal: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences DOI: 10.1097/00000441-200207000-00004 sha: doc_id: 354325 cord_uid: r73datur file: cache/cord-356062-7q5n4t97.json key: cord-356062-7q5n4t97 authors: nan title: Cumulative pharmacological activity index volumes 1-30 date: 2005-12-31 journal: Studies in Natural Products Chemistry DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80101-2 sha: doc_id: 356062 cord_uid: 7q5n4t97 file: cache/cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.json key: cord-354651-bxm9yxjm authors: Zeng, Yawen; Pu, Xiaoying; Du, Juan; Yang, Xiaomeng; Li, Xia; Mandal, Md. Siddikun Nabi; Yang, Tao; Yang, Jiazhen title: Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases date: 2020-03-30 journal: Oxid Med Cell Longev DOI: 10.1155/2020/3836172 sha: doc_id: 354651 cord_uid: bxm9yxjm file: cache/cord-346245-o9hvuwvq.json key: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq authors: Harvey, David J. title: Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2009–2010 date: 2014-05-26 journal: Mass Spectrom Rev DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411 sha: doc_id: 346245 cord_uid: o9hvuwvq file: cache/cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.json key: cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 authors: nan title: ISEV2020 Abstract Book date: 2020-07-15 journal: nan DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1784511 sha: doc_id: 31907 cord_uid: ilhr3iu5 file: cache/cord-015394-uj7fe5y6.json key: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6 authors: nan title: Scientific Abstracts date: 2008-12-23 journal: Reprod Sci DOI: 10.1177/19337191080150020102 sha: doc_id: 15394 cord_uid: uj7fe5y6 Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-human-cord === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006257-rnskg79a author: Majer, M. title: Diarrhea in newborn cynomolgus monkeys infected with human rotavirus date: 1978 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006257-rnskg79a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006257-rnskg79a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-006257-rnskg79a.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 84944 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 85277 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005262-pi8nkuc3 author: nan title: Program Schedule date: 1983 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005262-pi8nkuc3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005262-pi8nkuc3.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005262-pi8nkuc3.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 85424 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 85090 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 84113 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 85418 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007843-yqdqm4rh author: Shader, Richard I. title: Zoonotic Viruses: The Mysterious Leap From Animals to Man date: 2018-07-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007843-yqdqm4rh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007843-yqdqm4rh.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-007843-yqdqm4rh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005789-jngjusk2 author: Selden, Richard F title: Regulation of human insulin gene expression in transgenic mice date: 1986 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005789-jngjusk2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005789-jngjusk2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-005789-jngjusk2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003629-xogzl1lv author: Alsuheel, Ali Mohammed title: Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia date: 2019-04-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003629-xogzl1lv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003629-xogzl1lv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003629-xogzl1lv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000366-u4649rtx author: Shan, Tongling title: Genomic Characterization and High Prevalence of Bocaviruses in Swine date: 2011-04-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000366-u4649rtx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000366-u4649rtx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000366-u4649rtx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-008881-579ronfq author: Nicholson, KarlG title: MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine date: 1981-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-008881-579ronfq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-008881-579ronfq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-008881-579ronfq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016657-w30hed7w author: Blatt, Amy J. title: Geographic Medicine date: 2014-09-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016657-w30hed7w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016657-w30hed7w.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016657-w30hed7w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016070-e9ix35x3 author: Perret Pérez, Cecilia title: Pneumonia Caused by Emerging Viral Agents date: 2020-02-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016070-e9ix35x3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016070-e9ix35x3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016070-e9ix35x3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004222-z4butywi author: Joyce, Collin title: Comparisons of the antibody repertoires of a humanized rodent and humans by high throughput sequencing date: 2020-01-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004222-z4butywi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004222-z4butywi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004222-z4butywi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002728-6oyw5sqv author: Carding, S. R. title: Review article: the human intestinal virome in health and disease date: 2017-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002728-6oyw5sqv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002728-6oyw5sqv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002728-6oyw5sqv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016292-o4cw5ufy author: Horby, Peter W. title: Drivers of Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date: 2014-07-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017537-ztdz4a2s author: Bologna, Mauro title: Biological Agents and Bioterrorism date: 2014-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016782-aods92rf author: Lessenger, James E. title: Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016782-aods92rf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009792-e2vvi8qo author: Pandit, SB title: Structural and Functional Characterization of Gene Products Encoded in the Human Genome by Homology Detection date: 2008-01-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009792-e2vvi8qo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009792-e2vvi8qo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-009792-e2vvi8qo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005080-r01ii1bu author: Butler, Colin D. title: Human Health, Well-Being, and Global Ecological Scenarios date: 2005-02-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005080-r01ii1bu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005080-r01ii1bu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-005080-r01ii1bu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007101-m0fs2f2a author: Wang, Mei title: Human Microbiota-Associated Swine: Current Progress and Future Opportunities date: 2015-05-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007101-m0fs2f2a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007101-m0fs2f2a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007101-m0fs2f2a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000235-782iew86 author: Kapoor, A title: Human bocaviruses are highly diverse, dispersed, recombination prone, and prevalent enteric infections date: 2010-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000235-782iew86.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000235-782iew86.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000235-782iew86.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015613-ls9qus8y author: Macdonald, David W. title: Infectious disease: Inextricable linkages between human and ecosystem health date: 2006-06-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015613-ls9qus8y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015613-ls9qus8y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-015613-ls9qus8y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005159-6agnsbyd author: Turner, Bryan Stanley title: Vulnerability, diversity and scarcity: on universal rights date: 2013-07-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005159-6agnsbyd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005159-6agnsbyd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-005159-6agnsbyd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023647-dlqs8ay9 author: nan title: Sequences and topology date: 2003-03-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023647-dlqs8ay9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023647-dlqs8ay9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023647-dlqs8ay9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016364-80l5mua2 author: Menotti-Raymond, Marilyn title: The Domestic Cat, Felis catus, as a Model of Hereditary and Infectious Disease date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016364-80l5mua2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016364-80l5mua2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016364-80l5mua2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001427-qw1e5cof author: Cantas, Leon title: Review: The Important Bacterial Zoonoses in “One Health” Concept date: 2014-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016839-cqtpj3m0 author: Ramcharan, Robin title: Intellectual Property and Human Security date: 2012-08-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016839-cqtpj3m0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016839-cqtpj3m0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016839-cqtpj3m0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022381-x15ki4xv author: Goldblum, Randall M. title: Immunological Components of Milk: Formation and Function date: 2012-12-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022381-x15ki4xv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022381-x15ki4xv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022381-x15ki4xv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254265-8i86c8kt author: Camps, Marta title: Prevalence of human metapneumovirus among hospitalized children younger than 1 year in Catalonia, Spain date: 2008-06-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254265-8i86c8kt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254265-8i86c8kt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-254265-8i86c8kt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253548-izya7nws author: Catchpole, Ken title: Frontiers in Human Factors: Embedding Specialists in Multi-disciplinary efforts to Improve Healthcare. date: 2020-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253548-izya7nws.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253548-izya7nws.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253548-izya7nws.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018613-83r6lhpo author: Norman, Robert A. title: The Last Natural Brain date: 2017-03-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018613-83r6lhpo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018613-83r6lhpo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018613-83r6lhpo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-196608-k4f79dr4 author: Saha, Sovan title: Computational modeling of Human-nCoV protein-protein interaction network date: 2020-05-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-196608-k4f79dr4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-196608-k4f79dr4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-196608-k4f79dr4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000261-ip32y0j5 author: Becker, Pablo D. title: Generation of Human Antigen-Specific Monoclonal IgM Antibodies Using Vaccinated “Human Immune System” Mice date: 2010-10-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000261-ip32y0j5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000261-ip32y0j5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000261-ip32y0j5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021552-6jbm869r author: HURST, CHRISTON J. title: Relationship Between Humans and Their Viruses date: 2007-05-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-035138-7v92aukg author: Tognoni, Gianni title: Health as a Human Right: A Fake News in a Post-human World? date: 2020-11-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-035138-7v92aukg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-035138-7v92aukg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-035138-7v92aukg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017686-127xfkse author: Bindenagel Šehović, Annamarie title: Human Rights and State Responsibilities date: 2018-01-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017686-127xfkse.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017686-127xfkse.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017686-127xfkse.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018151-5su98uan author: Lynteris, Christos title: Introduction: Infectious Animals and Epidemic Blame date: 2019-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018151-5su98uan.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016403-id6fjgye author: Djikeng, Appolinaire title: Implications of Human Microbiome Research for the Developing World date: 2011-10-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016403-id6fjgye.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016403-id6fjgye.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016403-id6fjgye.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006127-rl7rur2j author: Brown, Nik title: Regulating Hybrids: ‘Making a Mess’ and ‘Cleaning Up’ in Tissue Engineering and Transpecies Transplantation date: 2006-02-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006127-rl7rur2j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006127-rl7rur2j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006127-rl7rur2j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019040-lj1r8ptb author: Xiao, Ren title: Human Security in Practice: The Chinese Experience date: 2018-12-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019040-lj1r8ptb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019040-lj1r8ptb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-019040-lj1r8ptb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007726-bqlf72fe author: Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina title: The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease date: 2018-11-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018354-o6pmuhd8 author: Mine, Yoichi title: Human Security in East Asia: Assembling a Puzzle date: 2018-12-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018354-o6pmuhd8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018354-o6pmuhd8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018354-o6pmuhd8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253844-y6xdcf20 author: Yesudhas, Dhanusha title: COVID-19 outbreak: history, mechanism, transmission, structural studies and therapeutics date: 2020-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253844-y6xdcf20.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253844-y6xdcf20.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253844-y6xdcf20.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009614-lbjesv8y author: Durmuş Tekir, Saliha D. title: Systems biology of pathogen‐host interaction: Networks of protein‐protein interaction within pathogens and pathogen‐human interactions in the post‐genomic era date: 2012-11-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009614-lbjesv8y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009614-lbjesv8y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-009614-lbjesv8y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017112-5men6dfk author: Gupta, Varsha title: Biosafety and Bioethics date: 2016-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017112-5men6dfk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017112-5men6dfk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017112-5men6dfk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010570-ytv7dwr0 author: Casadevall, Arturo title: Return to the Past: The Case for Antibody-Based Therapies in Infectious Diseases date: 1995-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010570-ytv7dwr0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010570-ytv7dwr0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-010570-ytv7dwr0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005068-3ddb38de author: Meslin, Eric M. title: Biobanking and public health: is a human rights approach the tie that binds? date: 2011-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005068-3ddb38de.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005068-3ddb38de.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-005068-3ddb38de.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018834-4ligp4ak author: Farag, Ehab title: The Perioperative Use of Albumin date: 2016-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018834-4ligp4ak.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018834-4ligp4ak.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018834-4ligp4ak.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254559-3kgfwjzd author: Neo, Jacqueline Pei Shan title: The use of animals as a surveillance tool for monitoring environmental health hazards, human health hazards and bioterrorism date: 2017-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254559-3kgfwjzd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254559-3kgfwjzd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-254559-3kgfwjzd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005872-w1x1i0im author: Volk, T. title: Endothelium function in sepsis date: 2000 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005872-w1x1i0im.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005872-w1x1i0im.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-005872-w1x1i0im.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-027885-ua8miwes author: Das, Sujata title: Impact of Human Microbiome on Health date: 2020-03-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-027885-ua8miwes.txt cache: ./cache/cord-027885-ua8miwes.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-027885-ua8miwes.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254592-wa5il5go author: Brierley, Liam title: Tissue tropism and transmission ecology predict virulence of human RNA viruses date: 2019-11-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254592-wa5il5go.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254592-wa5il5go.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-254592-wa5il5go.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021375-lca26xum author: Voelkner, Nadine title: Riding the Shi: From Infection Barriers to the Microbial City date: 2019-08-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021375-lca26xum.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021375-lca26xum.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021375-lca26xum.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016743-k5plq0ja author: Mohammed, Yousuf H. title: Efficacy, Safety and Targets in Topical and Transdermal Active and Excipient Delivery date: 2017-01-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016743-k5plq0ja.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016743-k5plq0ja.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016743-k5plq0ja.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023488-jf2xl3vl author: Le Duc, James W. title: Emerging Viral Diseases: Why We Need to Worry about Bats, Camels, and Airplanes date: 2016-02-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023488-jf2xl3vl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023488-jf2xl3vl.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-023488-jf2xl3vl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018437-yjvwa1ot author: Mitchell, Michael title: Taxonomy date: 2013-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018437-yjvwa1ot.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018437-yjvwa1ot.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018437-yjvwa1ot.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021113-e4ya7llm author: Elliott, David title: Divine omniscience, privacy, and the state date: 2017-02-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021113-e4ya7llm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021113-e4ya7llm.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021113-e4ya7llm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256543-7kfi2yvu author: de Graaf, Miranda title: Sustained fecal-oral human-to-human transmission following a zoonotic event date: 2016-11-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256543-7kfi2yvu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256543-7kfi2yvu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-256543-7kfi2yvu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017225-6ofi6mg5 author: Wei, Yuwa title: Human Rights Issues date: 2018-12-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017225-6ofi6mg5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017225-6ofi6mg5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017225-6ofi6mg5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017527-ylng1us2 author: Herman, Philippe title: Biosafety Recommendations on the Handling of Animal Cell Cultures date: 2014-11-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017527-ylng1us2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017527-ylng1us2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017527-ylng1us2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-104317-t30dg6oj author: Parker, Michael T. title: An Ecological Framework of the Human Virome Provides Classification of Current Knowledge and Identifies Areas of Forthcoming Discovery date: 2016-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-030748-780dcjo1 author: Sahu, Sounak title: Translating embryogenesis to generate organoids: novel approaches to personalized medicine date: 2020-08-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-030748-780dcjo1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-030748-780dcjo1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-030748-780dcjo1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-211735-qqm4fbor author: Gulec, Fatih title: Mobile Human Ad Hoc Networks: A Communication Engineering Viewpoint on Interhuman Airborne Pathogen Transmission date: 2020-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-211735-qqm4fbor.txt cache: ./cache/cord-211735-qqm4fbor.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-211735-qqm4fbor.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002933-zmx4k46v author: Stabell, Alex C title: Dengue viruses cleave STING in humans but not in nonhuman primates, their presumed natural reservoir date: 2018-03-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002933-zmx4k46v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002933-zmx4k46v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002933-zmx4k46v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265857-fs6dj3dp author: Liu, Yu-Tsueng title: Infectious Disease Genomics date: 2010-12-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265857-fs6dj3dp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265857-fs6dj3dp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265857-fs6dj3dp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018017-c8myq6bi author: Iversen, Patrick L. title: The Threat from Viruses date: 2018-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-031482-atltc10d author: Arkow, Phil title: Human–Animal Relationships and Social Work: Opportunities Beyond the Veterinary Environment date: 2020-09-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-031482-atltc10d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-031482-atltc10d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-031482-atltc10d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264255-q5izs39f author: Chieochansin, Thaweesak title: Human bocavirus (HBoV) in Thailand: Clinical manifestations in a hospitalized pediatric patient and molecular virus characterization date: 2007-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264255-q5izs39f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264255-q5izs39f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-264255-q5izs39f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253111-n5ywei4t author: Keck, Frédéric title: Avian preparedness: simulations of bird diseases and reverse scenarios of extinction in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore date: 2018-04-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253111-n5ywei4t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253111-n5ywei4t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253111-n5ywei4t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010977-fwz7chzf author: Myserlis, Pavlos title: Translational Genomics in Neurocritical Care: a Review date: 2020-02-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010977-fwz7chzf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010977-fwz7chzf.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-010977-fwz7chzf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-270911-z637eh2z author: Zhou, Jie title: Differentiated human airway organoids to assess infectivity of emerging influenza virus date: 2018-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-270911-z637eh2z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-270911-z637eh2z.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-270911-z637eh2z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029209-v2w0i2ex author: Gilder, Alexander title: International law and human security in a kaleidoscopic world date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029209-v2w0i2ex.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029209-v2w0i2ex.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-029209-v2w0i2ex.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029480-3md13om6 author: Meix-Cereceda, Pablo title: Educational Values in Human Rights Treaties: UN, European, and African International Law date: 2020-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029480-3md13om6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029480-3md13om6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-029480-3md13om6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018639-0g1ov96t author: Kurpiers, Laura A. title: Bushmeat and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Lessons from Africa date: 2015-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018639-0g1ov96t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018639-0g1ov96t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018639-0g1ov96t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007735-ejvv2lxv author: Bowdish, D. M. E. title: Immunomodulatory Properties of Defensins and Cathelicidins date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007735-ejvv2lxv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007735-ejvv2lxv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007735-ejvv2lxv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264031-0y7xbgun author: Wierbowski, Shayne D. title: A 3D Structural Interactome to Explore the Impact of Evolutionary Divergence, Population Variation, and Small-molecule Drugs on SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interactions date: 2020-10-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264031-0y7xbgun.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264031-0y7xbgun.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-264031-0y7xbgun.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281957-1p54k8it author: Kaplan, Bruce title: 'ONE HEALTH' and parasitology date: 2009-08-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281957-1p54k8it.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281957-1p54k8it.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-281957-1p54k8it.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017752-ofzm3x3a author: nan title: Theories of Carcinogenesis date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017752-ofzm3x3a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017752-ofzm3x3a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017752-ofzm3x3a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256537-axbyav1m author: Kimball, Ann Marie title: Emergence of Novel Human Infections: New Insights and New Challenges date: 2016-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256537-axbyav1m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256537-axbyav1m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-256537-axbyav1m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284711-l1za83w1 author: Anand, Sudhir title: Human security and universal health insurance date: 2011-08-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284711-l1za83w1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284711-l1za83w1.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-284711-l1za83w1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253223-us0ey8dq author: Chow, Brian D.W. title: The Human Bocaviruses: A Review and Discussion of Their Role in Infection date: 2009-11-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253223-us0ey8dq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253223-us0ey8dq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253223-us0ey8dq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021770-zn7na974 author: Slifka, Mark K. title: Passive Immunization date: 2017-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021770-zn7na974.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021770-zn7na974.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021770-zn7na974.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261466-b9r4cyp7 author: Maritz, Julia M. title: What is the importance of zoonotic trichomonads for human health? date: 2014-06-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261466-b9r4cyp7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261466-b9r4cyp7.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-261466-b9r4cyp7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272829-i4jh6bcn author: ZANETTI, A. R. title: Emerging and re‐emerging infections at the turn of the millennium date: 2010-01-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256903-8lyw27gh author: Guzman, Efrain title: Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology date: 2018-12-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257597-jy4a8al8 author: von Essen, Erica title: Instagranimal: Animal Welfare and Animal Ethics Challenges of Animal-Based Tourism date: 2020-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257597-jy4a8al8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257597-jy4a8al8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257597-jy4a8al8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283339-pbgeoxdu author: Jonsdottir, Hulda R. title: Characterization of Human Coronaviruses on Well-Differentiated Human Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures date: 2014-12-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283339-pbgeoxdu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283339-pbgeoxdu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283339-pbgeoxdu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017188-d3xg05ty author: Swartz, H.M. title: Free Radicals and Medicine date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017188-d3xg05ty.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017188-d3xg05ty.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017188-d3xg05ty.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272955-kkkrkgg1 author: Belsy, Acosta title: Molecular characterization of adenoviral infections in Cuba: report of an unusual association of species D adenoviruses with different clinical syndromes date: 2009-03-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272955-kkkrkgg1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272955-kkkrkgg1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-272955-kkkrkgg1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274241-biqbsggu author: Shaw, Timothy I. title: Transcriptome Sequencing and Annotation for the Jamaican Fruit Bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) date: 2012-11-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274241-biqbsggu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274241-biqbsggu.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-274241-biqbsggu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271979-a9u494tr author: Wolfe, Nathan D. title: Bushmeat Hunting, Deforestation, and Prediction of Zoonotic Disease date: 2005-12-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271979-a9u494tr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271979-a9u494tr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-271979-a9u494tr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288119-3zq8l5z0 author: Dijkman, Ronald title: Human Coronaviruses 229E and NL63: Close Yet Still So Far date: 2009-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288119-3zq8l5z0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288119-3zq8l5z0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-288119-3zq8l5z0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284795-0eoyxz78 author: Khetan, Aditya K. title: COVID-19: Why Declining Biodiversity Puts Us at Greater Risk for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and What We Can Do date: 2020-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284795-0eoyxz78.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284795-0eoyxz78.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-284795-0eoyxz78.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268378-tcuv255v author: Hood, Ernie title: Evolutionary Medicine: A Powerful Tool for Improving Human Health date: 2008-02-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268378-tcuv255v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268378-tcuv255v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-268378-tcuv255v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272405-jmwn8pdn author: Parvez, Mohammad K. title: Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic Viruses: Past, Present, and Future date: 2017-08-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272405-jmwn8pdn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272405-jmwn8pdn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-272405-jmwn8pdn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277076-yvsyo4l9 author: Berger, A. title: SARS date: 2019-09-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277076-yvsyo4l9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277076-yvsyo4l9.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-277076-yvsyo4l9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279694-25rblhwb author: Mahy, B.W.J title: Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates date: 2014-11-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279694-25rblhwb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279694-25rblhwb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-279694-25rblhwb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277309-kelebqr6 author: Wang, Lin-Fa title: Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans date: 2019-01-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277309-kelebqr6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277309-kelebqr6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-277309-kelebqr6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276039-nqqwnmwc author: Rua, Rejane title: Origin, evolution and innate immune control of simian foamy viruses in humans date: 2015-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276039-nqqwnmwc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276039-nqqwnmwc.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-276039-nqqwnmwc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267149-5twx9y5c author: Abraham, Jonathan title: Host-Species Transferrin Receptor 1 Orthologs Are Cellular Receptors for Nonpathogenic New World Clade B Arenaviruses date: 2009-04-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267149-5twx9y5c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267149-5twx9y5c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-267149-5twx9y5c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017675-in9r33ww author: nan title: The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275796-4560i8cx author: Kumar, Prashant title: Prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for human metapneumovirus date: 2018-10-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275796-4560i8cx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275796-4560i8cx.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-275796-4560i8cx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256615-gvq8uyfk author: Rosenberg, Ronald title: Detecting the emergence of novel, zoonotic viruses pathogenic to humans date: 2014-11-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256615-gvq8uyfk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256615-gvq8uyfk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-256615-gvq8uyfk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002337-8v907g24 author: Lipsitch, Marc title: Viral factors in influenza pandemic risk assessment date: 2016-11-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002337-8v907g24.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002337-8v907g24.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002337-8v907g24.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282965-xguotf4m author: O’Callaghan-Gordo, Cristina title: COVID-19: The Disease of the Anthropocene date: 2020-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282965-xguotf4m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282965-xguotf4m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-282965-xguotf4m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292075-t9z7zqz4 author: Gessain, Antoine title: Mécanismes d’émergence virale et transmission interespèces : l’exemple des rétrovirus Foamy simiens chezl’Homme en Afrique Centrale date: 2013-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292075-t9z7zqz4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292075-t9z7zqz4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-292075-t9z7zqz4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-186405-f9m3e31q author: Ortenzi, Valerio title: Object Handovers: a Review for Robotics date: 2020-07-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-186405-f9m3e31q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-186405-f9m3e31q.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-186405-f9m3e31q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282925-efkb8hc7 author: Braidotti, R. title: “We” Are In This Together, But We Are Not One and the Same date: 2020-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282925-efkb8hc7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282925-efkb8hc7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-282925-efkb8hc7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022393-s26d54ew author: E. Newcomer, Christian title: Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301328-13adnvav author: Lowenthal, John title: Overview of the CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory date: 2016-04-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301328-13adnvav.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301328-13adnvav.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-301328-13adnvav.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286749-si83t03j author: Lu, Q.-B. title: Epidemic and molecular evolution of human bocavirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection date: 2014-07-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286749-si83t03j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286749-si83t03j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-286749-si83t03j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262868-wanbz1et author: Varki, Ajit title: Loss of N‐glycolylneuraminic acid in humans: Mechanisms, consequences, and implications for hominid evolution date: 2002-01-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262868-wanbz1et.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262868-wanbz1et.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-262868-wanbz1et.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283709-y59h5bw8 author: Chan, Renee W Y title: Tropism and replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from dromedary camels in the human respiratory tract: an in-vitro and ex-vivo study date: 2014-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283709-y59h5bw8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283709-y59h5bw8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-283709-y59h5bw8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022226-qxp0gfp3 author: Meager, Anthony title: Interferons Alpha, Beta, and Omega date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022226-qxp0gfp3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022226-qxp0gfp3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-022226-qxp0gfp3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280107-tulne0v3 author: Rabaa, Maia A. title: The Vietnam Initiative on Zoonotic Infections (VIZIONS): A Strategic Approach to Studying Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date: 2015-09-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280107-tulne0v3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280107-tulne0v3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-280107-tulne0v3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274520-c674wkmt author: Moelling, Karin title: Air Microbiome and Pollution: Composition and Potential Effects on Human Health, Including SARS Coronavirus Infection date: 2020-05-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274520-c674wkmt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274520-c674wkmt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-274520-c674wkmt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285656-7o7ofk1e author: Dawson, Harry D. title: The porcine translational research database: a manually curated, genomics and proteomics-based research resource date: 2017-08-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285656-7o7ofk1e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285656-7o7ofk1e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-285656-7o7ofk1e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016990-ot1wi3xi author: Zaki, Sherif R. title: Viral Infections of the Lung date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293143-1k170shh author: Dieninghoff, Doris title: Fatal HBoV-1 infection in adult female cystic fibrosis patient date: 2016-07-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293143-1k170shh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293143-1k170shh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-293143-1k170shh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278647-krh63hqp author: Carter, Robert W title: A new look at an old virus: patterns of mutation accumulation in the human H1N1 influenza virus since 1918 date: 2012-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278647-krh63hqp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278647-krh63hqp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-278647-krh63hqp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286368-kdwh4hgf author: Hui, David S.C. title: A clinical approach to the threat of emerging influenza viruses in the Asia‐Pacific region date: 2017-07-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296863-xu0h92ac author: Berlinguer, Giovanni title: Bioethics, health, and inequality date: 2004-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296863-xu0h92ac.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296863-xu0h92ac.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-296863-xu0h92ac.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016313-n4ewq0pt author: Baranyi, Lajos title: Advances in Lentiviral Vector-based Cell Therapy with Mesenchymal Stem Cells date: 2012-09-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016313-n4ewq0pt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016313-n4ewq0pt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016313-n4ewq0pt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282878-8qgsq2km author: Fignani, Daniela title: SARS-CoV-2 receptor Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme type 2 (ACE2) is expressed in human pancreatic β-cells and in the human pancreas microvasculature date: 2020-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282878-8qgsq2km.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282878-8qgsq2km.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-282878-8qgsq2km.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283152-wav0d0ws author: Patel, Sanjay K. S. title: Deploying Biomolecules as Anti-COVID-19 Agents date: 2020-06-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283152-wav0d0ws.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283152-wav0d0ws.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283152-wav0d0ws.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252810-rko3e5va author: Basil, Maria C. title: The Cellular and Physiological Basis for Lung Repair and Regeneration: Past, Present, and Future date: 2020-04-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252810-rko3e5va.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252810-rko3e5va.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-252810-rko3e5va.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278195-1sle0d1j author: Castillo-Huitrón, Nathalia M. title: The Importance of Human Emotions for Wildlife Conservation date: 2020-06-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298301-p1zj6jg9 author: Dey, Lopamudra title: Machine Learning Techniques for Sequence-based Prediction of Viral-Host Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and Human Proteins date: 2020-09-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298301-p1zj6jg9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298301-p1zj6jg9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-298301-p1zj6jg9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290548-0wezrr1b author: Watanabe, Tokiko title: Villains or heroes? The raison d'être of viruses date: 2020-02-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290548-0wezrr1b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290548-0wezrr1b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-290548-0wezrr1b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276110-zztp61pj author: Sætra (Sætra is the family name), Henrik Skaug title: A shallow defence of a technocracy of artificial intelligence: Examining the political harms of algorithmic governance in the domain of government date: 2020-06-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276110-zztp61pj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276110-zztp61pj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-276110-zztp61pj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016293-pyb00pt5 author: Newell-McGloughlin, Martina title: The flowering of the age of Biotechnology 1990–2000 date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017364-d9zmdm23 author: Crowe, James E. title: Paramyxoviruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus date: 2014-02-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017364-d9zmdm23.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017364-d9zmdm23.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017364-d9zmdm23.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293938-40zyv1h8 author: Jonsdottir, Hulda R. title: Coronaviruses and the human airway: a universal system for virus-host interaction studies date: 2016-02-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293938-40zyv1h8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293938-40zyv1h8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293938-40zyv1h8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-270940-acwkh6ed author: Kallio-Kokko, Hannimari title: Viral zoonoses in Europe date: 2005-06-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-270940-acwkh6ed.txt cache: ./cache/cord-270940-acwkh6ed.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-270940-acwkh6ed.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310371-pylrg91h author: Bishop, R.F. title: Enteric Viruses date: 2008-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310371-pylrg91h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310371-pylrg91h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-310371-pylrg91h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294812-nnlzwaf1 author: Desforges, Marc title: Neuroinvasive and Neurotropic Human Respiratory Coronaviruses: Potential Neurovirulent Agents in Humans date: 2014-03-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294812-nnlzwaf1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294812-nnlzwaf1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-294812-nnlzwaf1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306671-stc3pbj8 author: Cardona, Carol title: Advancing One Health Policy and Implementation Through the Concept of One Medicine One Science date: 2015-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306671-stc3pbj8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306671-stc3pbj8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-306671-stc3pbj8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305302-go87uu06 author: Gessain, Antoine title: Editorial overview: Emerging viruses: interspecies transmission date: 2015-02-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305302-go87uu06.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305302-go87uu06.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-305302-go87uu06.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291909-x0sfwqnk author: Butler, Colin D. title: Environmental Health, Planetary Boundaries and Limits to Growth date: 2019-09-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291909-x0sfwqnk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291909-x0sfwqnk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-291909-x0sfwqnk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297579-ohpm5ys0 author: Netzler, Natalie E. title: Norovirus antivirals: Where are we now? date: 2018-12-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297579-ohpm5ys0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297579-ohpm5ys0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-297579-ohpm5ys0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282628-6uoberfu author: Tiwari, Bhagyashree title: Future impacts and trends in treatment of hospital wastewater date: 2020-05-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282628-6uoberfu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282628-6uoberfu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-282628-6uoberfu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300301-7amiljnm author: Clements, Bruce W. title: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats date: 2016-03-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300301-7amiljnm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300301-7amiljnm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-300301-7amiljnm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300793-tuq8z6gm author: Weiss, Robin A title: Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases date: 2004 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 6620 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302918-0nk7zyod author: Broor, S. title: Human metapneumovirus: a new respiratory pathogen date: 2008-11-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302918-0nk7zyod.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302918-0nk7zyod.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-302918-0nk7zyod.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274219-nh2t1qsl author: Harwood, Stephen title: Conceptualising technology, its development and future: The six genres of technology date: 2020-08-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274219-nh2t1qsl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274219-nh2t1qsl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-274219-nh2t1qsl.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 4854 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 8608 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 9471 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 9950 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289003-vov6o1jx author: Burdet, C. title: Need for integrative thinking to fight against emerging infectious diseases. Proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, March 22, 2016 – current trends and proposals date: 2018-02-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 8516 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 7901 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 8759 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016499-5iqpl23p author: Mackay, Ian M. title: Rhinoviruses date: 2014-02-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276218-dcg9oq6y author: Kim, Jihoon title: Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine date: 2020-07-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276218-dcg9oq6y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276218-dcg9oq6y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-276218-dcg9oq6y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-311601-w2jqmpww author: Muzemil, Abdulazeez title: African perspectives: modern complexities of emerging, re-emerging, and endemic zoonoses date: 2018-10-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-311601-w2jqmpww.txt cache: ./cache/cord-311601-w2jqmpww.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-311601-w2jqmpww.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 5390 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307803-rlvk6bcx author: Balloux, Francois title: Q&A: What are pathogens, and what have they done to and for us? date: 2017-10-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-295194-xbla6tu7 author: Stripecke, Renata title: Innovations, challenges, and minimal information for standardization of humanized mice date: 2020-06-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-295194-xbla6tu7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-295194-xbla6tu7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-295194-xbla6tu7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257494-242k58ll author: Bastos, Paulo title: Human Antimicrobial Peptides in Bodily Fluids: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives in the Postantibiotic Era date: 2017-01-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257494-242k58ll.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257494-242k58ll.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-257494-242k58ll.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289626-8oldaa8i author: Murray, Kris A. title: Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management date: 2018-04-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 11736 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 11424 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304073-f3iwclkm author: Mullick, Jhinuk Basu title: Animal Models to Study Emerging Technologies Against SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-07-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304073-f3iwclkm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304073-f3iwclkm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-304073-f3iwclkm.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 11616 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 9686 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320283-nkb9nzyt author: Wiebers, David O. title: What the COVID-19 Crisis Is Telling Humanity date: 2020-06-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320283-nkb9nzyt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320283-nkb9nzyt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-320283-nkb9nzyt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310509-c8wp2m69 author: Morens, David M. title: Emerging Infectious Diseases: Threats to Human Health and Global Stability date: 2013-07-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310509-c8wp2m69.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310509-c8wp2m69.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-310509-c8wp2m69.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 12145 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310905-1oqfh8of author: Gill, Karamjit S. title: Strange affair of man with the machine date: 2020-10-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310905-1oqfh8of.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310905-1oqfh8of.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-310905-1oqfh8of.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299733-4mpz5l9e author: Mitchell, William M. title: Discordant Biological and Toxicological Species Responses to TLR3 Activation date: 2014-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299733-4mpz5l9e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299733-4mpz5l9e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-299733-4mpz5l9e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313529-xm76ae08 author: Liu, Wen-Kuan title: Detection of human bocavirus from children and adults with acute respiratory tract illness in Guangzhou, southern China date: 2011-12-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313529-xm76ae08.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313529-xm76ae08.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-313529-xm76ae08.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022544-7jn4ns6x author: Lawrence, Robert M. title: Host-Resistance Factors and Immunologic Significance of Human Milk date: 2010-12-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022544-7jn4ns6x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022544-7jn4ns6x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022544-7jn4ns6x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282059-sdumq61z author: Nesse, Randolph M title: The great opportunity: Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health date: 2008-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282059-sdumq61z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282059-sdumq61z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-282059-sdumq61z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313173-0u4s5y20 author: ten Have, H.A.M.J. title: Sheltering at Our Common Home date: 2020-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313173-0u4s5y20.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313173-0u4s5y20.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-313173-0u4s5y20.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281836-j1r771nq author: Hernando-Amado, Sara title: Antibiotic Resistance: Moving From Individual Health Norms to Social Norms in One Health and Global Health date: 2020-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281836-j1r771nq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281836-j1r771nq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-281836-j1r771nq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310882-t73xwpaw author: Axin Liang, A. title: An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection and determination of Human IgG date: 2020-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310882-t73xwpaw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310882-t73xwpaw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-310882-t73xwpaw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319044-5otz2w9v author: Walsh, Michael G. title: Whence the next pandemic? The intersecting global geography of the animal-human interface, poor health systems and air transit centrality reveals conduits for high-impact spillover date: 2020-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319044-5otz2w9v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319044-5otz2w9v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-319044-5otz2w9v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-270892-ycc3csyh author: Rollinger, Judith M. title: The human rhinovirus: human‐pathological impact, mechanisms of antirhinoviral agents, and strategies for their discovery date: 2010-12-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-270892-ycc3csyh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-270892-ycc3csyh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-270892-ycc3csyh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312807-8v4r9jij author: Recht, Judith title: Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315164-nidgnvvi author: Medkour, Hacène title: Adenovirus Infections in African Humans and Wild Non-Human Primates: Great Diversity and Cross-Species Transmission date: 2020-06-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315164-nidgnvvi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315164-nidgnvvi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315164-nidgnvvi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320005-i30t7cvr author: Pardo, A. title: The Human Genome and Advances in Medicine: Limits and Future Prospects date: 2004-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320005-i30t7cvr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320005-i30t7cvr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-320005-i30t7cvr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297216-1b99hm1e author: Sariola, Salla title: Toward a Symbiotic Perspective on Public Health: Recognizing the Ambivalence of Microbes in the Anthropocene date: 2020-05-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297216-1b99hm1e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297216-1b99hm1e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-297216-1b99hm1e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301856-71syce4n author: Domínguez-Andrés, Jorge title: Impact of Historic Migrations and Evolutionary Processes on Human Immunity date: 2019-11-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301856-71syce4n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301856-71syce4n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-301856-71syce4n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314372-knhkdlq7 author: Kanduc, Darja title: Massive peptide sharing between viral and human proteomes date: 2008-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314372-knhkdlq7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314372-knhkdlq7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-314372-knhkdlq7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299315-s43gw24k author: Capps, Benjamin title: One Health, Vaccines and Ebola: The Opportunities for Shared Benefits date: 2015-09-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 13595 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301935-0qjo94ty author: Varma, Ratna title: Current strategies and opportunities to manufacture cells for modeling human lungs date: 2020-08-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301935-0qjo94ty.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301935-0qjo94ty.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-301935-0qjo94ty.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312434-yx24golq author: Deng, Ziqin title: Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis of Human Coronaviruses: Prospects and Implications for COVID-19 Research date: 2020-09-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312434-yx24golq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312434-yx24golq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312434-yx24golq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-025998-1qawjquv author: Lara, R.J. title: Aquatic Ecosystems, Human Health, and Ecohydrology date: 2012-03-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312247-cza4qsv5 author: Würdinger, T title: Targeting non-human coronaviruses to human cancer cells using a bispecific single-chain antibody date: 2005-04-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312247-cza4qsv5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312247-cza4qsv5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-312247-cza4qsv5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321835-qn33sx8x author: Bailey, Emily S. title: A Mini Review of the Zoonotic Threat Potential of Influenza Viruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses, and Enteroviruses date: 2018-04-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308201-lavcsqov author: Desforges, Marc title: Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? date: 2019-12-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282610-zim7nond author: Proal, Amy title: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity date: 2018-12-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282610-zim7nond.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282610-zim7nond.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-282610-zim7nond.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274756-nnm1n09a author: Varadé, Jezabel title: Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges date: 2020-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274756-nnm1n09a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274756-nnm1n09a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-274756-nnm1n09a.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 15964 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 15760 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321993-uazc3lyg author: Hedrick, Stephen M. title: The Imperative to Vaccinate date: 2018-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279406-wwdqh9qs author: Guzman, Norberto A. title: A Two-Dimensional Affinity Capture and Separation Mini-Platform for the Isolation, Enrichment, and Quantification of Biomarkers and Its Potential Use for Liquid Biopsy date: 2020-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279406-wwdqh9qs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279406-wwdqh9qs.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-279406-wwdqh9qs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310844-7i92mk4x author: Hryhorowicz, Magdalena title: Application of Genetically Engineered Pigs in Biomedical Research date: 2020-06-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310844-7i92mk4x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310844-7i92mk4x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-310844-7i92mk4x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312438-zr9zx7pv author: Hoo, Regina title: Innate Immune Mechanisms to Protect Against Infection at the Human Decidual-Placental Interface date: 2020-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331288-elnwn7l5 author: Grützmacher, Kim title: Human quarantine: Toward reducing infectious pressure on chimpanzees at the Taï Chimpanzee Project, Côte d'Ivoire date: 2017-01-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331288-elnwn7l5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331288-elnwn7l5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331288-elnwn7l5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306056-4jx0u7js author: Sulmasy, Daniel P. title: “Diseases and Natural Kinds” date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306056-4jx0u7js.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306056-4jx0u7js.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-306056-4jx0u7js.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307320-fxs31d66 author: Ubah, Obinna title: Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody Like Fragments Derived from Immunised Phage Display Libraries date: 2018-03-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307320-fxs31d66.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307320-fxs31d66.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-307320-fxs31d66.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308857-otsrexqu author: Goel, Saurav title: Resilient and Agile Engineering Solutions to Address Societal Challenges such as Coronavirus Pandemic date: 2020-05-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308857-otsrexqu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308857-otsrexqu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-308857-otsrexqu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312461-5qzpo6l1 author: Adalja, Amesh A. title: Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes date: 2019-08-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300969-a3zcggf2 author: Antolin, Michael F. title: EVOLUTION AND MEDICINE IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION: A PRESCRIPTION FOR ALL BIOLOGY STUDENTS date: 2012-02-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300969-a3zcggf2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300969-a3zcggf2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 11 resourceName b'cord-300969-a3zcggf2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317900-05y9re12 author: Senanayake, Nari title: Geographies of uncertainty date: 2020-08-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317900-05y9re12.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317900-05y9re12.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317900-05y9re12.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298369-66ifwtlp author: Smith, Sherri A. title: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations for Drugs Binding to Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein date: 2018-12-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298369-66ifwtlp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298369-66ifwtlp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-298369-66ifwtlp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335302-6wsx0jby author: Mahy, Brian W.J. title: The diversity of viruses infecting humans date: 2011-12-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335302-6wsx0jby.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335302-6wsx0jby.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-335302-6wsx0jby.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324295-9c1zxjng author: Bonilla-Aldana, D. Katterine title: Bats in Ecosystems and their Wide Spectrum of Viral Infectious Threats: SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging viruses date: 2020-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324295-9c1zxjng.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324295-9c1zxjng.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-324295-9c1zxjng.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305318-cont592g author: Lancaster, Madeline A. title: Disease modelling in human organoids date: 2019-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305318-cont592g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305318-cont592g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-305318-cont592g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337646-gkcm6ds0 author: nan title: The Federation’s Pages: WFPHA: World Federation of Public Health Associations www.wfpha.org Bettina Borisch and Marta Lomazzi, Federation’s Pages Editors date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337646-gkcm6ds0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337646-gkcm6ds0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-337646-gkcm6ds0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331343-qzvwwca9 author: Mason, Andrew L. title: Metagenomics and the case of the deadly hamster date: 2008-06-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331343-qzvwwca9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331343-qzvwwca9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331343-qzvwwca9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336117-hit4kza8 author: Heymann, D.L. title: Emerging Infections, the International Health Regulations, and Macro-Economy date: 2014-02-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336117-hit4kza8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336117-hit4kza8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-336117-hit4kza8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349163-q52upndx author: Luo, Guangxiang (George) title: Global health concerns stirred by emerging viral infections date: 2020-02-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349163-q52upndx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349163-q52upndx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-349163-q52upndx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336157-aqc9zrrm author: Liang, Guodong title: Factors responsible for the emergence of arboviruses; strategies, challenges and limitations for their control date: 2015-03-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336157-aqc9zrrm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336157-aqc9zrrm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-336157-aqc9zrrm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333405-ji58jbct author: Morens, David M. title: The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date: 2004-07-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276954-6m74kejh author: Dubé, Simon title: Foundations of Erobotics date: 2020-10-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276954-6m74kejh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276954-6m74kejh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-276954-6m74kejh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332569-af8oq2d6 author: Friedman, Henry title: The Critical Role of Nonhuman Primates in Medical Research date: 2017-08-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332569-af8oq2d6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332569-af8oq2d6.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-332569-af8oq2d6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349168-ec5p9b2f author: Domingues, Célia P. F. title: The Social Distancing Imposed To Contain COVID-19 Can Affect Our Microbiome: a Double-Edged Sword in Human Health date: 2020-09-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349168-ec5p9b2f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349168-ec5p9b2f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-349168-ec5p9b2f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302222-9ad0fw6z author: Monath, Thomas P. title: Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm date: 2013-11-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-338468-c0jv3i1t author: Kanduc, Darja title: From Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immune Responses to COVID-19 via Molecular Mimicry date: 2020-07-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-338468-c0jv3i1t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-338468-c0jv3i1t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-338468-c0jv3i1t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348100-jr923fcu author: Giseke, Undine title: COVID-19—does social distancing include species distancing? date: 2020-06-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348100-jr923fcu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348100-jr923fcu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-348100-jr923fcu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336464-eslgz1ka author: Chomel, Bruno B. title: Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date: 2007-01-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339341-c2o42b5j author: Matibag, Gino C. title: Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date: 2005-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348301-bk80pps9 author: Wahl, Angela title: Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection is Highly Cytopathic, Elicits a Robust Innate Immune Response and is Efficiently Prevented by EIDD-2801 date: 2020-09-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348301-bk80pps9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348301-bk80pps9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-348301-bk80pps9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342054-1u2fkwx3 author: Funaro, Ada title: Generation of potent neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against cytomegalovirus infection from immune B cells date: 2008-11-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342054-1u2fkwx3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342054-1u2fkwx3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-342054-1u2fkwx3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306535-j26eqmxt author: Robertson, Matthew J. title: Large-scale discovery of male reproductive tract-specific genes through analysis of RNA-seq datasets date: 2020-08-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306535-j26eqmxt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306535-j26eqmxt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-306535-j26eqmxt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352798-rb2ggonx author: Chaber, Anne-Lise title: The Era of Human-Induced Diseases date: 2017-11-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352798-rb2ggonx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352798-rb2ggonx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-352798-rb2ggonx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339382-ii4xurmr author: Bachofen, Claudia title: Selected Viruses Detected on and in our Food date: 2018-03-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339382-ii4xurmr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339382-ii4xurmr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339382-ii4xurmr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323380-hm9wd817 author: Helmy, Yosra A. title: A Comprehensive Review of Common Bacterial, Parasitic and Viral Zoonoses at the Human-Animal Interface in Egypt date: 2017-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323380-hm9wd817.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323380-hm9wd817.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-323380-hm9wd817.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335311-l73hsik0 author: Chan, Conrad E. Z. title: The role of phage display in therapeutic antibody discovery date: 2014-08-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335311-l73hsik0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335311-l73hsik0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-335311-l73hsik0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324953-3sacf4wu author: Childs, James E. title: Introduction: Conceptualizing and Partitioning the Emergence Process of Zoonotic Viruses from Wildlife to Humans date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324953-3sacf4wu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324953-3sacf4wu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324953-3sacf4wu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327063-ea7a1xfl author: Dhama, Kuldeep title: SARS-CoV-2 jumping the species barrier: zoonotic lessons from SARS, MERS and recent advances to combat this pandemic virus date: 2020-08-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327063-ea7a1xfl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327063-ea7a1xfl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-327063-ea7a1xfl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347884-zpzncgiv author: Galimberti, Andrea title: Rethinking Urban and Food Policies to Improve Citizens Safety After COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347884-zpzncgiv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347884-zpzncgiv.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-347884-zpzncgiv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349177-8h25qj9y author: Khan, Naazneen title: Multiple Genomic Events Altering Hominin SIGLEC Biology and Innate Immunity Predated the Common Ancestor of Humans and Archaic Hominins date: 2020-06-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349177-8h25qj9y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349177-8h25qj9y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-349177-8h25qj9y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337058-rhu5hp9t author: Snyder, Brian F. title: The genetic and cultural evolution of unsustainability date: 2020-04-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337058-rhu5hp9t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337058-rhu5hp9t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-337058-rhu5hp9t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351665-6gwb900b author: Sarkar, Priyanka title: Coupled human-environment system amid COVID-19 crisis: A conceptual model to understand the nexus date: 2020-08-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351665-6gwb900b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351665-6gwb900b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-351665-6gwb900b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352348-2wtyk3r5 author: Sabroe, Ian title: Identifying and hurdling obstacles to translational research date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022955-vy0qgtll author: nan title: Proteases date: 2005-06-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022955-vy0qgtll.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022955-vy0qgtll.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-022955-vy0qgtll.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340629-1fle5fpz author: O’Shea, Helen title: Viruses Associated With Foodborne Infections date: 2019-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340629-1fle5fpz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340629-1fle5fpz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-340629-1fle5fpz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-316792-89f8g0m8 author: Herzig, Volker title: Animal toxins — Nature’s evolutionary-refined toolkit for basic research and drug discovery date: 2020-06-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-316792-89f8g0m8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-316792-89f8g0m8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-316792-89f8g0m8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335567-ssnvr6nj author: Berry, Michael title: Identification of New Respiratory Viruses in the New Millennium date: 2015-03-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335567-ssnvr6nj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335567-ssnvr6nj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-335567-ssnvr6nj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351905-tjcyvkcv author: Mummah, Riley O. title: Controlling emerging zoonoses at the animal-human interface date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351905-tjcyvkcv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351905-tjcyvkcv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-351905-tjcyvkcv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340101-n9zqc1gm author: Bzdok, Danilo title: The Neurobiology of Social Distance date: 2020-06-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340101-n9zqc1gm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340101-n9zqc1gm.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-340101-n9zqc1gm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340971-e42g37la author: Lehrer, Robert I. title: Defensins and Other Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins date: 2007-05-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340971-e42g37la.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340971-e42g37la.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-340971-e42g37la.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341701-zropd3mo author: Adhikari, Subash title: A high-stringency blueprint of the human proteome date: 2020-10-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341701-zropd3mo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341701-zropd3mo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-341701-zropd3mo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339386-sxyeuiw1 author: McIntosh, Kenneth title: 157 Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) date: 2015-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339386-sxyeuiw1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339386-sxyeuiw1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-339386-sxyeuiw1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353609-no3mbg5d author: Vandegrift, Kurt J. title: An Ecological and Conservation Perspective on Advances in the Applied Virology of Zoonoses date: 2011-04-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024088-020rgz5t author: Radandt, Siegfried title: Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-356062-7q5n4t97 author: nan title: Cumulative pharmacological activity index volumes 1-30 date: 2005-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-356062-7q5n4t97.txt cache: ./cache/cord-356062-7q5n4t97.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-356062-7q5n4t97.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332379-340wczmq author: Pennington, Matthew R. title: Disparate Entry of Adenoviruses Dictates Differential Innate Immune Responses on the Ocular Surface date: 2019-09-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332379-340wczmq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332379-340wczmq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-332379-340wczmq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354592-vqws942c author: Cauvin, Annick J. title: Advantages and Limitations of Commonly Used Nonhuman Primate Species in Research and Development of Biopharmaceuticals date: 2015-03-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354592-vqws942c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354592-vqws942c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-354592-vqws942c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309301-ai84el0j author: Li, Yaqi title: Organoid based personalized medicine: from bench to bedside date: 2020-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309301-ai84el0j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309301-ai84el0j.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309301-ai84el0j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337659-x4oywbrj author: Wilson, Brenda A. title: Global biosecurity in a complex, dynamic world date: 2008-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337659-x4oywbrj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337659-x4oywbrj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-337659-x4oywbrj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341155-3d64mso0 author: Slots, Jørgen title: Bacterial and viral pathogens in saliva: disease relationship and infectious risk date: 2010-12-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341155-3d64mso0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341155-3d64mso0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-341155-3d64mso0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337464-otwps68u author: Parray, Hilal Ahmed title: Hybridoma technology a versatile method for isolation of monoclonal antibodies, its applicability across species, limitations, advancement and future perspectives date: 2020-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337464-otwps68u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337464-otwps68u.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-337464-otwps68u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-338889-7hd3iibk author: Solbakk, Jan Helge title: Back to WHAT? The role of research ethics in pandemic times date: 2020-11-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-338889-7hd3iibk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-338889-7hd3iibk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-338889-7hd3iibk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010046-7hlgjiqp author: Harvey, David J. title: Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003–2004 date: 2008-09-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010046-7hlgjiqp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010046-7hlgjiqp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-010046-7hlgjiqp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016095-jop2rx61 author: Vignais, Pierre V. title: Challenges for Experimentation on Living Beings at the Dawn of the 21(st) Century date: 2010-06-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016095-jop2rx61.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016095-jop2rx61.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-016095-jop2rx61.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301537-uu2aykoy author: Johnston Largen, Kristin title: Two things can be true at once: Surviving Covid‐19 date: 2020-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301537-uu2aykoy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301537-uu2aykoy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-301537-uu2aykoy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author: Kahn, R. E. title: 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date: 2012-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319646-6cex9gid author: Wu, Guoyao title: Important roles of dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine and 4-hydroxyproline in human nutrition and health date: 2020-02-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319646-6cex9gid.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319646-6cex9gid.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-319646-6cex9gid.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350569-dtxtjtfo author: Kasoka, Kasoka title: Autonomy in HIV testing: a call for a rethink of personal autonomy in the HIV response in sub-Saharan Africa date: 2020-06-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350569-dtxtjtfo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350569-dtxtjtfo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-350569-dtxtjtfo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346308-9h2fk9qt author: Kaur, Rajwinder title: Microbiology of hospital wastewater date: 2020-05-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346308-9h2fk9qt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346308-9h2fk9qt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-346308-9h2fk9qt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354325-r73datur author: Berger, Mitchell title: Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies date: 2002-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354325-r73datur.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354325-r73datur.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354325-r73datur.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337218-risqto89 author: Chu, Ellen W. title: Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of date: 2013-02-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337218-risqto89.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337218-risqto89.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-337218-risqto89.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-146850-5x6qs2i4 author: Gupta, Abhishek title: The State of AI Ethics Report (June 2020) date: 2020-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-146850-5x6qs2i4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-146850-5x6qs2i4.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-146850-5x6qs2i4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350286-n7ylgqfu author: Giri, Rajanish title: When Darkness Becomes a Ray of Light in the Dark Times: Understanding the COVID-19 via the Comparative Analysis of the Dark Proteomes of SARS-CoV-2, Human SARS and Bat SARS-Like Coronaviruses date: 2020-04-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350286-n7ylgqfu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350286-n7ylgqfu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-350286-n7ylgqfu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author: O’Ryan, Miguel L. title: Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date: 2009-05-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279255-v861kk0i author: Dhama, Kuldeep title: Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date: 2020-06-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354651-bxm9yxjm author: Zeng, Yawen title: Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases date: 2020-03-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2013-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264408-vk4lt83x author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp author: nan title: Programmed cell death date: 1994 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6 author: Dávalos, Alberto title: Literature review of baseline information on non‐coding RNA (ncRNA) to support the risk assessment of ncRNA‐based genetically modified plants for food and feed date: 2019-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022889-lv6fy6e6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022889-lv6fy6e6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-022889-lv6fy6e6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005147-mvoq9vln author: nan title: Autorenregister date: 2017-02-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005147-mvoq9vln.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005147-mvoq9vln.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'cord-005147-mvoq9vln.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq author: Harvey, David J. title: Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2009–2010 date: 2014-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346245-o9hvuwvq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346245-o9hvuwvq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-346245-o9hvuwvq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-028721-x6f26ahr author: Nistal, Manuel title: Non-neoplastic diseases of the testis date: 2020-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-028721-x6f26ahr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-028721-x6f26ahr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 10 resourceName b'cord-028721-x6f26ahr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006229-7yoilsho author: nan title: Abstracts of the 82(nd) Annual Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) and the 18(th) Annual Meeting of the Network Clinical Pharmacology Germany (VKliPha) in cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Angewandte Humanpharmakologie e.V. (AGAH) date: 2016-02-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006229-7yoilsho.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006229-7yoilsho.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 11 resourceName b'cord-006229-7yoilsho.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006230-xta38e7j author: nan title: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie e.V. date: 2012-02-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006230-xta38e7j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006230-xta38e7j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 13 resourceName b'cord-006230-xta38e7j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 author: nan title: ISEV2020 Abstract Book date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 16 resourceName b'cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6 author: nan title: Scientific Abstracts date: 2008-12-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015394-uj7fe5y6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015394-uj7fe5y6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 17 resourceName b'cord-015394-uj7fe5y6.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-human-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000235-782iew86 author = Kapoor, A title = Human bocaviruses are highly diverse, dispersed, recombination prone, and prevalent enteric infections date = 2010-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4182 sentences = 228 flesch = 54 summary = The multiple species and high degree of genetic diversity seen among the human bocaviruses found in feces relative to the highly homogeneous HBoV1 suggest that this world-wide distributed respiratory pathogen may have recently evolved from an enteric bocavirus, perhaps after acquiring an expanded tropism favoring the respiratory track. Most PCR-positive stool samples contained HBoV2B (76 of 101), making this genotype the most commonly detected enteric human bocavirus (Table 1) . Based on the phylogenetic clustering observed for a large number of partial VP1 sequences ( Figure 1 ) and the distances among full genomes (Table 2) , we propose for future classification that HBoV strains showing 18% protein and 110% nucleotide difference in the complete VP1 gene should be considered different species, whereas those showing 11.5% protein and 15% nucleotide difference should be considered different genotypes. cache = ./cache/cord-000235-782iew86.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000235-782iew86.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003629-xogzl1lv author = Alsuheel, Ali Mohammed title = Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia date = 2019-04-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2817 sentences = 174 flesch = 44 summary = title: Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to determine the presence of hMPV antigens in the nasopharyngeal secretions of pediatric patients hospitalized with respiratory tract infections in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, serological hospital-based study included all pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained indicated that hMPV is a potential etiologic factor for the commonly occurring acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children from the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. This prospective, serological study included pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. cache = ./cache/cord-003629-xogzl1lv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003629-xogzl1lv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000366-u4649rtx author = Shan, Tongling title = Genomic Characterization and High Prevalence of Bocaviruses in Swine date = 2011-04-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2887 sentences = 161 flesch = 55 summary = Using random PCR amplification followed by plasmid subcloning and DNA sequencing, we detected bocavirus related sequences in 9 out of 17 porcine stool samples. Using primer walking, we sequenced the nearly complete genomes of two highly divergent bocaviruses we provisionally named porcine bocavirus 1 isolate H18 (PBoV1-H18) and porcine bocavirus 2 isolate A6 (PBoV2-A6) which differed by 51.8% in their NS1 protein. Presently, the bocavirus genus contains eight members: bovine parvovirus, canine minute virus (CnMV), human bocavirus 1-4 (HBoV1-4), a gorilla bocavirus and a partially sequenced chimpanzee bocavirus [1, 6, 7] . In 2009, a porcine bocalike virus (PBo-likeV) was reported in swine feces with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Sweden and 1854 bp of its partial genome sequenced [27] . Finally, partial genome sequences of 2.4 Kb from another clade of porcine bocaviruses labeled 6V and 7V where also identified yielding three major bocavirus groups in swine (PBo-likeV, PBoV1/PBoV2, and 6V/7V). cache = ./cache/cord-000366-u4649rtx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000366-u4649rtx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002337-8v907g24 author = Lipsitch, Marc title = Viral factors in influenza pandemic risk assessment date = 2016-11-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18953 sentences = 845 flesch = 40 summary = Preference for a2,6-linked mammalian sialic acid receptors over a2,3-linked avian ones HA pH of activation HA avoids extracellular inactivation and undergoes conformational changes leading to membrane fusion at appropriate pH for human cells (5.0-5.4 or perhaps 5.5) (Russell, 2014) Polymerase complex efficiency Efficient replication in human cells (Cauldwell et al., 2014; Naffakh et al., 2008) Virus morphology Filamentous morphology associated with several adaptations to mammals (Seladi-Schulman et al., 2014; Seladi-Schulman et al., 2013; Campbell et al., 2014; Beale et al., 2014) Length of NA stalk Longer stalk of NA required to penetrate human mucus and deaggregate virions (Blumenkrantz et al., 2013) Antagonism of interferon production Species-specific binding of the NS1 protein to host factors (Rajsbaum et al., 2012) HA-NA "balance" Substrate selectivity and catalytic rate of NA are calibrated to "balance" avidity of HA for the cell-surface glycan receptor (Zanin et al., 2015; Baum and Paulson, 1991; Yen et al., 2011; Handel et al., 2014) DOI: 10.7554/eLife.18491.006 Glaser et al., 2005) ; most human H2 and H3 seasonal isolates (Connor et al., 1994; Matrosovich et al., 2000) *These anomalous results are speculated by the authors to be possibly, or even probably the result of laboratory adaptation to egg passage and may not reflect the properties of the primary isolate. cache = ./cache/cord-002337-8v907g24.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002337-8v907g24.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000261-ip32y0j5 author = Becker, Pablo D. title = Generation of Human Antigen-Specific Monoclonal IgM Antibodies Using Vaccinated “Human Immune System” Mice date = 2010-10-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5816 sentences = 270 flesch = 48 summary = Following immunization, human CD19 + B cells were sorted based on surface CD27 expression, as a marker of memory phenotype, and the isotype of surface Igs. The sorted B cell populations were immortalized in vitro by retroviral transduction with human B cell lymphoma (BCL)-6 and BCL-XL genes and antigen-specific B cell clones were established and characterized. The obtained results provided the proof-of-concept for the usefulness of this generic approach based on HIS mice combined with immortalization of human B cells for the rapid and inexpensive development of human mAbs against a wide range of antigens. Since HIS mice contained broad naïve B cell repertoires, we analyzed the induction of human antigen-specific B cell responses after immunization with commercially available human vaccines. So far, humanized mouse models based on the transplantation of human HSC only -i.e. without additional human tissues -share these limitations, and immunization strategies result in the limited generation of class-switched antigen-specific B cell responses [14, 31, 32] . cache = ./cache/cord-000261-ip32y0j5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000261-ip32y0j5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005080-r01ii1bu author = Butler, Colin D. title = Human Health, Well-Being, and Global Ecological Scenarios date = 2005-02-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5041 sentences = 255 flesch = 45 summary = This article categorizes four kinds of adverse effects to human health caused by ecosystem change: direct, mediated, modulated, and systems failure. For example, O'Reilly and others (2003) concludes, in discussing the potential for further reduction in the ecosystem provisioning service of Lake Tanganyika, that ''the human implications of such subtle, but progressive, environmental changes are potentially dire in this densely populated region of the world, where large lakes are essential natural resources for regional economies.'' Ecosystem services as a significant element in state failure may be underrecognized due to our tendency to discount the future possibility of thresholds or emergence. We have explored how ecosystem services impact human health and have proposed that adverse ecological changes can interact and feedback with dysfunctional social responses, leading to the development of states that we have termed mediated and systems failure. cache = ./cache/cord-005080-r01ii1bu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005080-r01ii1bu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002728-6oyw5sqv author = Carding, S. R. title = Review article: the human intestinal virome in health and disease date = 2017-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4362 sentences = 250 flesch = 40 summary = 2 With the advent of new, sequence-based technologies that do not rely on the ability to isolate viruses for their identification, it is now possible to define and characterise viruses in different environmental samples in greater detail than ever before, which has resulted in an increased interest in the role the viral assemblage of the human gut microbiota plays in health and disease. The genetic content of VLPs comprising bacteriophages (phages) that infect bacteria and archaea and, to a much lesser extent, human-, plant-, amoebae-and animal-infecting viruses found along the GI tract constitute the human intestinal virome (Figure 1 ). Analyses of metagenomic sequence data provide detailed information on phage-host and phage-phage competition within the human faecal microbiome, implying CRISPR spacers are actively and continuously acquired by prokaryotes in response to the presence of phages in the GI tract. cache = ./cache/cord-002728-6oyw5sqv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002728-6oyw5sqv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001427-qw1e5cof author = Cantas, Leon title = Review: The Important Bacterial Zoonoses in “One Health” Concept date = 2014-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5812 sentences = 313 flesch = 41 summary = Bacterial zoonotic diseases can be transferred from animals to humans in many ways (4): (i) The transfer may occur through animal bites and scratches (5) ; (ii) zoonotic bacteria originating from food animals can reach people through direct fecal oral route, contaminated animal food products, improper food handling, and inadequate cooking (6) (7) (8) ; (iii) farmers and animal health workers (i.e., veterinarians) are at increased risk of exposure to certain zoonotic pathogens and they may catch zoonotic bacteria; they could also become carriers of the zoonotic bacteria that can be spread to other humans in the community (9) ; (iv) vectors, frequently arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and lice can actively or passively transmit bacterial zoonotic diseases to humans. Almost 100 years ago, prior to application of hygiene rules and discovery of neither vaccines nor antibiotics, some bacterial zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis, bubonic plague, and glanders caused millions of human deaths. cache = ./cache/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007101-m0fs2f2a author = Wang, Mei title = Human Microbiota-Associated Swine: Current Progress and Future Opportunities date = 2015-05-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6496 sentences = 331 flesch = 37 summary = Due to the high degree of similarity in anatomy, physiology, immunology and brain growth, the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) is considered a clinically relevant model to study factors influencing human gastrointestinal, immune, and brain development. Thus, the HMA pig model has the potential to be a valuable model for investigating how the gut microbiota composition changes in response to environmental factors, such as age, diet, vaccination, antibiotic use and infection. While differences between mother-fed or FF neonates of both species can be appreciated, marked differences in the gut microbiota Table 1 Advantages of the swine model • Omnivorousnutritional requirement and physiology similar to human • High genome and protein sequence similarities with human • Immune system more closely resembles human • Brain growth and development patterns similar to human ○ The major brain growth spurt similar to human ○ Gross anatomical features of the brain are comparable to that of human infants • Body sizeallowing various surgical manipulation and collection of adequate quantity of samples. cache = ./cache/cord-007101-m0fs2f2a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007101-m0fs2f2a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005068-3ddb38de author = Meslin, Eric M. title = Biobanking and public health: is a human rights approach the tie that binds? date = 2011-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8777 sentences = 374 flesch = 38 summary = One definition of public health illustrates its breadth and focus: the promotion of health and the prevention of disease and disability; the collection and use of epidemiological data, population surveillance, and other forms of empirical quantitative assessment; a recognition of the multidimensional nature of the determinants of health; and a focus on the complex interactions of many factors -biological, behavioral, social, and environmental -in developing effective interventions (Childress et al. These developments notwithstanding, commentators have been quick to point out the limitations of adopting human rights approach for public health and genome-based medicine. Adopting human rights as a public health ethic is not an ideal guide for drafting specific rules governing individual focused biobanking issues such as consent, privacy and secondary uses. We have taken the view that one of the ethical challenges raised by genomic medicine reflects an enduring problem in public health: the appropriate balancing of individual and collective values, rights and interests. cache = ./cache/cord-005068-3ddb38de.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005068-3ddb38de.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004222-z4butywi author = Joyce, Collin title = Comparisons of the antibody repertoires of a humanized rodent and humans by high throughput sequencing date = 2020-01-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3718 sentences = 187 flesch = 46 summary = We characterized the heavy chain and kappa light chain antibody repertoires of a model animal, the OmniRat, by high throughput antibody sequencing and made use of two novel datasets for comparison to human repertoires. Multiple differences were found in both the heavy and kappa chain repertoires between OmniRats and humans including gene segment usage, CDR3 length distributions, class switch recombination, somatic hypermutation levels and in features of V(D)J recombination. We individually separated total RNA from spleens and lymph nodes of three unimmunized OmniRats and PCR amplified the heavy and kappa chain antibody V gene segments. We started by making intra-animal comparisons, intra-species comparisons and inter-species comparisons of the immunoglobulin gene segment usage frequencies for each antibody repertoire by performing hierarchical clustering ( Fig. 1 ) and linear regression analysis (Figs. cache = ./cache/cord-004222-z4butywi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004222-z4butywi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005789-jngjusk2 author = Selden, Richard F title = Regulation of human insulin gene expression in transgenic mice date = 1986 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3092 sentences = 149 flesch = 48 summary = We report here that the human insulin gene is expressed in a tissue-specific manner in the islets of these transgenic mice, and that serum human insulin levels are properly regulated by glucose, amino acids and tolbutamide, an oral hypoglycaemic agent. We report here that the human insulin gene is expressed in a tissue-specific manner in the islets of these transgenic mice, and that serum human insulin levels are properly regulated by glucose, amino acids and tolbutamide, an oral hypoglycaemic agent. The tissue specificity of human insulin gene expression in these transgenic mice was examined by both RNA analyses and pancreatic islet function studies. Glucose and human C-peptide levels in the transgenic mice were studied under a variety of physiological conditions to determine whether normal glucose homeostasis was being preserved and whether expression of the human insulin gene was being regulated appropriately in these mice. cache = ./cache/cord-005789-jngjusk2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005789-jngjusk2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009614-lbjesv8y author = Durmuş Tekir, Saliha D. title = Systems biology of pathogen‐host interaction: Networks of protein‐protein interaction within pathogens and pathogen‐human interactions in the post‐genomic era date = 2012-11-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7117 sentences = 394 flesch = 39 summary = [20] , resulting in the identification of known and novel PPIs. Interactions among structural and non-structural proteins were revealed in the study, leading to the conclusion that almost all of the viral proteins encoded by the genome function in the HCV life-cycle, as in the cases of other members of the flaviviridae [43] . The genome-wide intraviral protein interaction maps for three members of this family, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were generated by two-hybrid and analyzed comprehensively to reveal viral network properties [38, 39] . Insights gained into molecular mechanisms and topological network properties provided by the genome-wide analyses of intraviral PPI maps (Table 1 ) may be used as a basis for further characterization of the functions and mechanisms of viral proteins, especially for other members of the same virus families. cache = ./cache/cord-009614-lbjesv8y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009614-lbjesv8y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002933-zmx4k46v author = Stabell, Alex C title = Dengue viruses cleave STING in humans but not in nonhuman primates, their presumed natural reservoir date = 2018-03-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9265 sentences = 506 flesch = 55 summary = The dengue virus 2 (DENV2) encoded protease cleaves human STING, reducing type I interferon production and boosting viral titers in humans. We show that an 'RG' motif at positions 78/79 of STING is critical for susceptibility to cleavage, and conversion of these residues to 'RG' renders all nonhuman primate STING proteins tested, as well as mouse STING, sensitive to dengue virus proteases. Out of the entire Genbank database, along with our sequencing of STING from 16 additional primate species, we identify only a small number of apes (gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons), and three small rodent species (chinchillas, naked mole rats, and desert woodrats) as encoding a functional dengue virus cleavage determinant in STING. Further, the restoration of the 'RG' motif at positions 78/79 again renders all of these STING proteins susceptible to cleavage ( Figure 5B) , indicating that the sylvatic protease is targeting (i.e. binding or cleaving) the same cleavage determinant as the proteases from human dengue viruses. cache = ./cache/cord-002933-zmx4k46v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002933-zmx4k46v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005159-6agnsbyd author = Turner, Bryan Stanley title = Vulnerability, diversity and scarcity: on universal rights date = 2013-07-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5734 sentences = 272 flesch = 41 summary = We argue that bioethics has a universal range because it relates to three shared human characteristics,—human vulnerability, institutional precariousness and scarcity of resources. The generic concepts of 'ethics of rights' and 'ethics of duties' (Patrão Neves 2009)-found implicitly in most official bioethics documents-can be viewed as two relevant ideas for a sociological study of human rights and global health policy. We argue that bioethics has a universal range because it relates to three shared human characteristics,-human vulnerability, institutional precariousness and scarcity of resources. We defend the idea some conditions such as human vulnerability, precariousness institutions and scarcity of resources, are common to human societies and can serve as a grounding for future research in bioethics. In its report on the Principle of respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity, the International Bioethics Committee notably indicates that the 'most significant worldwide barrier to improving the levels of attainment of health through health care interventions is the scarcity of resources' (UNESCO 2011: 29) . cache = ./cache/cord-005159-6agnsbyd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005159-6agnsbyd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005262-pi8nkuc3 author = nan title = Program Schedule date = 1983 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1029 sentences = 116 flesch = 41 summary = Cape/Volusia SESSION-IN-DEPTH Mutants and Variants from Plant Cultures Convener: R. Genetic Characterization of Mutants from Cell Culture: Cosegregation of Altered Enzymatic Phenotype with Selected Culture Traits in Progeny of Regenerated Plants Rat Kidney Epithelial Cell Culture to Study Metal Toxicity. Coffee Break Altered Regulation of Proliferation and Differentiated Function in Cultured Human Epidermal Cells by Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons Palm Beaeh/Broward CONTRIBUTED PAPERS Differentiation in Cultured Cells Convener * Regulation of Differentiation of Adult Human and Rat Hepatocytes Cultured in a Serum-free Medium by Interaction with Another Liver Cell Coffee Break Intrinsic and Acquired Resistance to BCNU Correlates with the Near-Diploid Cells in 4 Freshly Resected Human Gliomas Trypanosoma cruzi Infection of Human Muscle Cells is Inhibited by Antibodies to Parasite Surface Antigens Preparative Density-Gradient Electrophoresis of Cultured Human Embryonic Kidney Cells Coffee Break In Vitro Plant Transformation by Bacterial Co-cultivation and Expression of Foreign Genes in Plant Cells cache = ./cache/cord-005262-pi8nkuc3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005262-pi8nkuc3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006127-rl7rur2j author = Brown, Nik title = Regulating Hybrids: ‘Making a Mess’ and ‘Cleaning Up’ in Tissue Engineering and Transpecies Transplantation date = 2006-02-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8926 sentences = 417 flesch = 40 summary = Developing a conceptual vocabulary for understanding the relationship between material and institutional hybrids, the paper compares human tissue engineering (TE) and xenotransplantation (XT), areas of innovation which regulators have sought to govern separately and in isolation from one another. Human and animal matters, cell cultures and tissue products have much greater corporeal connection than has been institutionally recognized, and are therefore a source of acute instability in the regulation of implants and transplants. While the troubled nature of transplantation has been relatively well documented (eg Swazey, 1978, 1992) , less well understood are new forms of innovation that cut across machines, humans and animals raising regulatory concerns about material and cultural risk (Brown and Michael, 2004; Faulkner et al., 2004; Kent et al., 2005) . The previous definition used by the FDA and the British regulatory body for XT (the United Kingdom Xenotransplantation Interim Regulatory Authority, 2003) did not account for production methods whereby human and animal tissues may be subject to 'ex-vivo contact' as is the case with Epicelt. cache = ./cache/cord-006127-rl7rur2j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006127-rl7rur2j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-008881-579ronfq author = Nicholson, KarlG title = MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine date = 1981-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2885 sentences = 141 flesch = 47 summary = title: MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. This resounding success has been repeated in trials in Germany and the U.S.A. using 5 or 6 doses of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine and human rabies immune globulin.', Thus, almost a century after the post exposure treatment of man began, effective antirabies prophylaxis appears to have been achieved. cache = ./cache/cord-008881-579ronfq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-008881-579ronfq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006257-rnskg79a author = Majer, M. title = Diarrhea in newborn cynomolgus monkeys infected with human rotavirus date = 1978 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 768 sentences = 62 flesch = 45 summary = title: Diarrhea in newborn cynomolgus monkeys infected with human rotavirus Of six newborn cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) naturally delivered and normally nursed five developed diarrhea after oral administration of human rotavirus. Stool samples were collected before inoculation and during the ten following days, and were examined by electron microscopy for the presence of rotavirus. The method has been described in detail (8); Serum samples were collected before and 14 days after inoculation and they were assayed for complement-fixing antibodies using the calf diarrhea virus as described previously (9) . Virus-containing stool of the animal No. 3257 (see Tablel) was used to inoculate six other newborn monkeys. However, newborn cynomolgus monkeys which were naturally delivered and normally nursed, seem to be a promising animal model for the study of human rotavirus infection. Diarrhea in gnotobiotic calves caused by the reovirus-like agent of human infantile gastroenteritis Induction of diarrhea in colostrum-deprived newborn rhesus monkeys with the human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis cache = ./cache/cord-006257-rnskg79a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006257-rnskg79a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007726-bqlf72fe author = Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina title = The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease date = 2018-11-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7985 sentences = 308 flesch = 35 summary = The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. This chapter will provide an overview of the important similarities and differences between Mus musculus and Homo sapiens and their relevance to the use of the mouse as a model organism and provide specific examples of the quality of mouse models used to investigate the mechanisms, pathology, and treatment of human lung diseases. Overall, these studies showed that although gene expression is fairly similar between mice and humans, considerable differences were observed in the regulatory networks controlling the activity of the immune system, metabolic functions, and responses to stress, all of which have important implications when using mice to model human disease. cache = ./cache/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005872-w1x1i0im author = Volk, T. title = Endothelium function in sepsis date = 2000 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8871 sentences = 463 flesch = 29 summary = Defects in endothelium dependent vasoregulation in animal models are well known and again human studies are largely missing.¶An imbalanced production of reactive oxygen species including nitric oxide has been found to be involved in all endothelial functions and may provide a common link which at present can be supported only in animal studies. S. aureus has been reported to directly infect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) thereby inducing secretion of cytokines and functional upregulation of adhesion molecules [2] . Infection and activation of endothelial cells by Listeria monocytogenes is believed to be a critical component of the pathogenesis of this disease and includes ceramide generation, transcription factor activation and increases in adhesion molecule expression on HUVEC [11] . E-selectin expression in human endothelial cells by TNF-alpha-induced oxidant generation and NF-kappaB activation cache = ./cache/cord-005872-w1x1i0im.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005872-w1x1i0im.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007735-ejvv2lxv author = Bowdish, D. M. E. title = Immunomodulatory Properties of Defensins and Cathelicidins date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13907 sentences = 643 flesch = 41 summary = The expression of certain β-defensins is inducible upon stimulation with bacterial components or pro-inflammatory cytokines and thus these peptides are presumed to be an important component of host defence to infection or inflammation. The difficulties in assessing the role of host defence peptides in vivo are profound, as it is almost impossible to account for synergistic interactions between peptides and other factors, to assess the actual concentrations at the sites of infection and to discriminate the direct antimicrobial activity of peptides from other less direct effects such as enhancement of inflammatory mechanisms (chemotaxis and recruitment of effector cells, enhancement of nonopsonic phagocytosis, etc.). It appears that host defence peptides induce chemotaxis in two ways: first through direct chemotactic activity of PMNs and mononuclear cells mediated through CCR6 and other as yet to be identified receptors and second through inducing chemokine production which would hypothetically increase the numbers of neutrophils and monocytes at sites of infection. cache = ./cache/cord-007735-ejvv2lxv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007735-ejvv2lxv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009792-e2vvi8qo author = Pandit, SB title = Structural and Functional Characterization of Gene Products Encoded in the Human Genome by Homology Detection date = 2008-01-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5198 sentences = 290 flesch = 39 summary = Using sensitive profile-matching procedures, we could make a comprehensive compilation of functional/structural domains to gene protein encoded in human genome. With a view to enhance structural information present in human genome, we have used structural information as in PALI profiles that is generated using structure-dependent sequence alignments of a large number of protein domain families, since the incorporation of 3-D structural information could aid in effective detection of remotely related proteins. The list of bacterial and viral specific families, identified in human, along with associated gene products in human genome are listed in Table 1A and 1B respectively The complete list of proteins with the region of Pfam domain assignment is made available at http:// hodgkin.mbu.iisc.ernet.in/*human. The 18 sequence superfamilies identified in human genome consist of 25 Pfam families, with no known 3-D structure for any of their members. cache = ./cache/cord-009792-e2vvi8qo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009792-e2vvi8qo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010977-fwz7chzf author = Myserlis, Pavlos title = Translational Genomics in Neurocritical Care: a Review date = 2020-02-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11990 sentences = 519 flesch = 31 summary = In this review, we describe some of the approaches being taken to apply translational genomics to the study of diseases commonly encountered in the neurocritical care setting, including hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and status epilepticus, utilizing both forward and reverse genomic translational techniques. Termed "reverse translation," this approach starts with humans as the model system, utilizing genomic associations to derive new information about biological mechanisms that can be in turn studied further in vitro and in animal models for target refinement (Fig. 1) . These results highlight the value of reverse genomic translation in first identifying human-relevant genetic risk factors for disease, and using model systems to understand the pathways impacted by their introduction to select rationally-informed modalities for potential treatment. These observations provide vital information about cellular mechanisms impacted by human disease-associated genetic risk factors without requiring the expense and time investment of creating, validating, and studying animal models. cache = ./cache/cord-010977-fwz7chzf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010977-fwz7chzf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016364-80l5mua2 author = Menotti-Raymond, Marilyn title = The Domestic Cat, Felis catus, as a Model of Hereditary and Infectious Disease date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6905 sentences = 380 flesch = 40 summary = Genomics tools developed in the cat, including the recent completion of the 2-fold whole genome sequence of the cat and genome browser, radiation hybrid map of 1793 integrated coding and microsatellite loci, a 5-cM genetic linkage map, arrayed BAC libraries, and flow sorted chromosomes, are providing resources that are being utilized in mapping and characterization of genes of interest. 8 Ninety-six percent of the 1793 cat markers have identifi able orthologues in the canine and human genome sequences, providing a rich comparative tool, which is critical in linkage mapping exercises for the identification of genes controlling feline phenotypes. However, with the availability of a detailed comparative map, and integration with developing GL and RH maps, and the cat 2X whole genome sequence, linkage and association-based mapping techniques have recently identified causative mutations for hereditary disease genes, 33, 34 as well as several feline phenotypes (Table 25-1) . cache = ./cache/cord-016364-80l5mua2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016364-80l5mua2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007843-yqdqm4rh author = Shader, Richard I. title = Zoonotic Viruses: The Mysterious Leap From Animals to Man date = 2018-07-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 980 sentences = 88 flesch = 58 summary = Nipah and Hendra viruses are both members of the Paramyxoviridae family; neither virus is known to cause disease in their host bats. Similarly, although infrequent, the H1N1 influenza virus can be transmitted from infected pigs to humans, hence its common name of swine flu. 8 Even more uncommon is for a virus to be transmitted from an infected human to an animal. In theory, infected humans could transmit the rabies virus to animals; no cases have been documented. For this issue of Clinical Therapeutics, our Infectious Diseases Topic Editor Dr Ravi Jhaveri has assembled a collection of articles entitled "Hot Topics in Viral Diseases." The collection highlights recent controversies in vaccine licensure and recommendation, as well as advances in antiviral therapies for herpesvirus, hepatitis B and C, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza, with an emphasis on pediatric patients. A review of therapeutics in clinical development for respiratory syncytial virus and influenza in children cache = ./cache/cord-007843-yqdqm4rh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007843-yqdqm4rh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010570-ytv7dwr0 author = Casadevall, Arturo title = Return to the Past: The Case for Antibody-Based Therapies in Infectious Diseases date = 1995-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7469 sentences = 454 flesch = 31 summary = In the preantibiotic era, passive antibody administration (serum therapy) was useful for the treatment of many infectious diseases. We briefly review the use of antibody-based therapy in the early 20th century and make the case for reintroducing passive antibody administration for the treatment ofinfectious diseases. Given the diminishing efficacy of existing antimicrobials because of widespread resistance and the difficulties of treating infections in immunosuppressed individuals, the reintroduction of antibody-based therapies is an option that should be given serious consideration. Thus, antibody therapy is still widely used in medicine, but its role in the treatment of infections is limited largely to viral and toxin neutralization and replacement therapy in patients with immunoglobulin deficiencies. In the past, serum therapy was effective against various pathogens despite the fact that immune sera contained only small amounts of specific antibody. Antibody-based therapies have traditionally been most effective in infections where viral and toxin neutralization modifies the course of the disease. cache = ./cache/cord-010570-ytv7dwr0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010570-ytv7dwr0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016657-w30hed7w author = Blatt, Amy J. title = Geographic Medicine date = 2014-09-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3208 sentences = 151 flesch = 44 summary = By examining of the role of human movement across different scales, this chapter examines how public health communities can use information on pathogen transmission to increase the effectiveness of disease prevention programs and clinical care. Studies have shown that the ability to identify the sources (origins) and sinks (destinations) of imported infections due to human travel and locating the high-risk sites of parasite importation could greatly improve the control and prevention programs [ 3 , 4 ] . Indeed, vector-borne diseases place an enormous burden on public health and require effi cient control strategies that are developed through an understanding of the origin (or sources) of infections and the relative importance of human movement at different scales. By examining of the role of human movement across different scales, public health communities can use this valuable information on pathogen transmission to increase the effectiveness of disease prevention programs. cache = ./cache/cord-016657-w30hed7w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016657-w30hed7w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017225-6ofi6mg5 author = Wei, Yuwa title = Human Rights Issues date = 2018-12-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11350 sentences = 630 flesch = 51 summary = In addition to those arising in the areas of religious toleration, judicial practice, treatment of labor and forced abortion, which were extensively reported by the media in the past, some newly emerged problems concerning human rights violation are much more alarming, due to the size of population affected and the degree of challenge caused to the public's psychological endurance and confidence in the social ethnics and administration of the nation. In addition to those arising in the areas of religious toleration, judicial practice, treatment of labor and forced abortion, which were extensively reported by the media in the past, some newly emerged problems concerning human rights violation are much more alarming, due to the size of population affected and the degree of challenge caused to the public's psychological endurance and confidence in the social ethnics and administration of the nation. cache = ./cache/cord-017225-6ofi6mg5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017225-6ofi6mg5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016070-e9ix35x3 author = Perret Pérez, Cecilia title = Pneumonia Caused by Emerging Viral Agents date = 2020-02-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3645 sentences = 174 flesch = 44 summary = The SARS coronavirus and MERS-CoV are two pathogens from the coronavirus family that predominantly cause serious lower tract respiratory infections with a high mortality rate, but they are genetically different viruses. This observation suggests that camels are the reservoirs of the virus, which can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with these animals or through consumption of their milk: 1599 cases had been diagnosed by July 2015, with 574 deaths [World Health Organization (WHO)]. HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 are viruses that tend to manifest as a common cold, just as the usual coronaviruses HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43; nevertheless, in small children, elderly patients, and immunosuppressed patients, they can cause serious respiratory disease with a high mortality rate. Isolated cases of avian origin in humans caused by the influenza H10N8 virus and H6N1 have been observed in China. cache = ./cache/cord-016070-e9ix35x3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016070-e9ix35x3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016743-k5plq0ja author = Mohammed, Yousuf H. title = Efficacy, Safety and Targets in Topical and Transdermal Active and Excipient Delivery date = 2017-01-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10095 sentences = 524 flesch = 44 summary = (2005) assessed the safety of five sunscreens by determining their in vitro toxicity to human keratinocytes in culture then estimated the equivalent concentration to inhibit 50 % of cells in viable epidermis, after adjustment for the differences in protein binding in the two media ( Fig. 23.1 ). Our own work supports this, suggesting that, firstly, uptake by the blood in the dermal capillaries located just below the viable epidermis is likely to be the rate limiting determinant of clearance in vivo and secondly, carriage of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) to deeper tissues below that application site is also dependent on blood flow for highly plasma protein-bound drugs (Dancik et al. Hence, this report emphasizes the need to relate the in vivo dosimetry of sensitizers that penetrate into the viable epidermis via the stratum corneum of human skin to the concentrations used in in vitro applications. cache = ./cache/cord-016743-k5plq0ja.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016743-k5plq0ja.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015613-ls9qus8y author = Macdonald, David W. title = Infectious disease: Inextricable linkages between human and ecosystem health date = 2006-06-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6157 sentences = 300 flesch = 47 summary = Several papers, including those on rabies in Ethiopian wolves, Canis simensis (Randall et al., 2006) , and African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus (Vial et al., 2006) , disease in Island foxes, Urocyon littoralis (Clifford et al., 2006) , squirrel parapox virus (SQPV) in red squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris (Gurnell et al., 2006) , and devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) in Tasmanian devils, Sarcophilus harrisii (Hawkins et al., 2006) examine this theme. The importance of reservoir identification is classically illustrated by a range of papers in this Special Issue, for example the ongoing dilemma facing bovine tuberculosis control , the diseases emerging from bats (Breed et al., 2006) , phocine distemper virus (PDV) in northern seal population (Hall et al., 2006) and the canid pathogens threatening Island foxes (Clifford et al., 2006) . cache = ./cache/cord-015613-ls9qus8y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015613-ls9qus8y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016782-aods92rf author = Lessenger, James E. title = Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4986 sentences = 304 flesch = 49 summary = Workers, visitors, inspectors, veterinarians, and people who live on or adjacent to farms, ranches, feedlots, processing plants, and other agricultural endeavors are at risk for contracting diseases from animals, poultry, or fish. Methods of preventing the transmission of infectious material from animals and poultry to agricultural workers mirror in many ways the safety techniques for protection from chemicals, trauma and other hazards (see Chapter 6) . Key to the prevention of the transmission of animal disease to humans is the proper processing of food products. Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish 369 Protective physical barriers in farm, ranch, or plant design allow for the raising or processing of food products without actual contact of humans with the animals or products. Production animals include cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, dogs, deer, and other animals grown in small to large farms and ranches for human consumption. cache = ./cache/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016293-pyb00pt5 author = Newell-McGloughlin, Martina title = The flowering of the age of Biotechnology 1990–2000 date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22402 sentences = 943 flesch = 47 summary = In the course of the project, especially in the early years, the plan stated that "much new technology will be developed that will facilitate biomedical and a broad range of biological research, bring down the cost of many experiments (mapping and sequencing), and finding applications in numerous other fields." The plan built upon the 1988 reports of the Office of Technology Assessment and the National Research Council on mapping and sequencing the human genome. These DNA chips have broad commercial applications and are now used in many areas of basic and clinical research including the detection of drug resistance mutations in infectious organisms, direct DNA sequence comparison of large segments of the human genome, the monitoring of multiple human genes for disease associated mutations, the quantitative and parallel measurement of mRNA expression for thousands of human genes, and the physical and genetic mapping of genomes. cache = ./cache/cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016292-o4cw5ufy author = Horby, Peter W. title = Drivers of Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date = 2014-07-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4012 sentences = 187 flesch = 43 summary = However, it would be too simplistic to present the extensive changes in Asia as inevitably increasing the risk of EIDs. Some aspects of socio-economic change might serve to reduce the overall risk of infectious disease emergence, but all ecosystem changes have the potential to provide new opportunities for microorganisms to spill-over into human populations. Whilst high animal host and pathogen species diversity may be associated with a high burden of infectious diseases and an increased risk of disease emergence, biodiversity loss may, perhaps counter-intuitively, be associated with increased disease transmission. Whilst there remains some debate about the overall impact of these findings on human health, it is clear that the continued use of non-therapeutic antibiotics in an agriculture industry that is rapidly increasing in scale and intensity, has potential for becoming a very real threat through the inability to prevent/cure disease in production animals and the consequences for human food security as well as the transmission, for example, of resistant food-borne bacterial pathogens to humans. cache = ./cache/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016403-id6fjgye author = Djikeng, Appolinaire title = Implications of Human Microbiome Research for the Developing World date = 2011-10-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8148 sentences = 350 flesch = 38 summary = New high-throughput sequencing and data analysis approaches (Costello et al., 2009; Turnbaugh et al., 2009) , along with novel diversity screens and even more intrinsic single cell approaches to isolating new species (Lasken, 2009) , have presented the sciences with a unique opportunity to investigate and interrogate the microorganisms that are associated with the human body, all at a greater depth than previously appreciated. Global human microbiome studies using metagenomics analysis of known and unknown microorganisms provide unique but powerful opportunities to uncover the near-complete composition of the microbial content of an individual or a population at any given time, thus setting the stage for a comprehensive inventory of the genetic characteristics of potential human pathogens. Another example of the potential to come from using human metagenomic research and approaches in the developing world relates to another emerging infectious pathogen that causes Leptospirosis. cache = ./cache/cord-016403-id6fjgye.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016403-id6fjgye.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016095-jop2rx61 author = Vignais, Pierre V. title = Challenges for Experimentation on Living Beings at the Dawn of the 21(st) Century date = 2010-06-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 42843 sentences = 1503 flesch = 43 summary = Instead of setting out to discover unknown mechanisms by analyzing effects that are dependent on specific causes, with some uncertainty as to the possible success of the enterprise being undertaken, which is the foundation stone of the Bernardian paradigm of the experimental method, many current research projects give themselves achievable and programmable objectives that depend upon the means available to them: sequencing of genomes with a view to comparing them, recognition of sequence similarities in proteins coded for by genes belonging to different species, with the aim of putting together phylogenetic trees, synthesis of interesting proteins in transgenic animals and plants, analysis of the three-dimensional structure of proteins, in order to find sites that are likely to fix medicinal substances, and synthesis of molecular species able to recognize pathogenic targets. cache = ./cache/cord-016095-jop2rx61.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016095-jop2rx61.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005147-mvoq9vln author = nan title = Autorenregister date = 2017-02-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 86573 sentences = 4356 flesch = 45 summary = Using whole-exome sequencing and trio-based de novo analysis, we identified a novel heterozygous de novo frameshift variant in the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) gene causing instability of the mRNA in a patient presenting with bilateral CAKUT and requiring kidney transplantation at one year of age. Loss of cdkl5 associated with deficient mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in mice and human cells We and other groups have shown that mutations in the X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene cause a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with clinical features including intellectual disability, early-onset intractable seizures and autism, that are closely related to those present in Rett syndrome (RTT) patients. Functional characterization of novel GNB1 mutations as a rare cause of global developmental delay Over the past years, prioritization strategies that combined the molecular predictors of sequence variants from exomes and genomes of patients with rare Mendelian disorders with computer-readable phenotype information became a highly effective method for detecting disease-causing mutations. cache = ./cache/cord-005147-mvoq9vln.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005147-mvoq9vln.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017686-127xfkse author = Bindenagel Šehović, Annamarie title = Human Rights and State Responsibilities date = 2018-01-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5341 sentences = 237 flesch = 44 summary = The post-Cold War reordering of the world proffers a multitude of examples of this progress: from emergent multipolarity (Flockhart 2016) to the rise of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and NSAs, from the human rights debates to gain access to HIV treatment to those to usher in the R2P (ICISS 2001), reconceptualizations of internal and external State responsibility have been pitted against each other. Although State sovereignty continues to be the building block of local, national, and international relations and global governance, its real power to enact responsibilities and assume accountability for the provision of the rights of its citizens has arguably waned-not uniformly but almost regardless of whether the State in question is considered consolidated, fragile, or failing/failed. cache = ./cache/cord-017686-127xfkse.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017686-127xfkse.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016499-5iqpl23p author = Mackay, Ian M. title = Rhinoviruses date = 2014-02-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 23394 sentences = 1156 flesch = 45 summary = A convenience population of 15 healthy children (1-9 years old) without asthma were followed during at least three seasons, and picornaviruses were detected in 5 % of 740 specimens (21 % of infections) not associated with symptoms, The impact of HRV typing and of sampling based only on symptoms. Clinical features and complete genome characterization of a distinct human rhinovirus genetic cluster, probably representing a previously undetected HRV species, HRV-C, associated with acute respiratory illness in children Comparison of results of detection of rhinovirus by PCR and viral culture in human nasal wash specimens from subjects with and without clinical symptoms of respiratory illness Detection of human rhinovirus C viral genome in blood among children with severe respiratory infections in the Philippines cache = ./cache/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018613-83r6lhpo author = Norman, Robert A. title = The Last Natural Brain date = 2017-03-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5474 sentences = 317 flesch = 64 summary = Scientists working in this space of artificial intelligence now realize that storing memory as varying threads of information, rather than as binary digits is the key to making computers 'more human. However, there exist some significant hurdles -when it comes to memory, speed alone isn't the problem -artificial intelligence (AI) will need to come up with new ways to match the 2C's of brain function -complexity and consciousness. In his book, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (Viking Press, 2005) Kurzweil creates a vision of intelligent nano-robots integrated into our bodies, our brains, and our environment, with a capability to eradicate pollution and poverty, offering the new artificial man extended longevity, while enjoying the sensory stimulation of a full-immersion virtual reality (think movies like "The Matrix" or "Being John Malkovich"). "Technologically, in terms of computers and techniques to acquire data, it will be possible to build a model of the human brain within 10 years," Markram has been quoted saying. cache = ./cache/cord-018613-83r6lhpo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018613-83r6lhpo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016839-cqtpj3m0 author = Ramcharan, Robin title = Intellectual Property and Human Security date = 2012-08-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5915 sentences = 303 flesch = 47 summary = Article 27 (1) of the TRIPS Agreement stipulates that "patents shall be available for any inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application." According to para 2: Members may exclude from patentability inventions, the prevention within their territory of the commercial exploitation of which is necessary to protect ordre public or morality, including to protect human, animal or plant life or health or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment, provided that such exclusion is not made merely because the exploitation is prohibited by their law. cache = ./cache/cord-016839-cqtpj3m0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016839-cqtpj3m0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010046-7hlgjiqp author = Harvey, David J. title = Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003–2004 date = 2008-09-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 39059 sentences = 2668 flesch = 47 summary = More specific reviews include those on the glycosylation of Caenorhabditis elegans , characterization of substituent distribution in starch and cellulose derivatives (Richardson & Gorton, 2003) , derivatization of carbohydrates for chromatographic, electrophoretic, and mass spectral structural analysis (Lamari, Kuhn, & Karamanos, 2003) , structure of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (Caroff & Karibian, 2003) , analysis of post-translational modifications (Cantin & Yates, 2004; Jensen, 2004; Seo & Lee, 2004) , the use of MALDI MS to detect enantioselectivity in gas-phase ion-molecule reactions with carbohydrates such as cyclodextrins (Speranza, 2004) , synthesis of heparan and heparin sulfate fragments , analysis of protein glycation products (Horvat & Jakas, 2004; Kislinger, Humeny, & Pischetsrieder, 2004) , carbohydrate biosensors (Jelinek & Kolusheva, 2004) , synthesis and discovery of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates for the treatment of disease (Macmillan & Daines, 2003) , dendrimers in drug research (Boas & Heegaard, 2004) , combinatorial carbohydrate synthesis (Baytas & Linhardt, 2004) , chemical tagging strategies for proteome analysis (Leitner & Lindner, 2004) , capillary electrophoresis of biopharmaceutical products (Kakehi, Kinoshita, & Nakano, 2002) and the use of mass spectrometry to study congenital disorders of glycosylation type IIx (Mills et al., 2003b) . cache = ./cache/cord-010046-7hlgjiqp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010046-7hlgjiqp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017675-in9r33ww author = nan title = The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18417 sentences = 816 flesch = 53 summary = The United Nations International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights recommend that criminal law not be an impediment to measures taken by States to reduce the risk of HIV transmission among injecting drug users and to provide them with HIV-related care and treatment. Visitors entering the United States on the Visa Waiver Program (which waives the requirement to apply for a visa prior to traveling to the United 9 The Way Forward Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights government policy has been that people living with HIV/AIDS do not represent a and therefore denied a visa or entry at the border, if: (1) they are likely to be a 338 would add to existing waiting lists for those services and would increase the rate US Immigration and Nationality Act, applicants for a visa or for admission to the health significance", which includes HIV infection, although waivers are available ces by Canadian citizens or permanent residents. cache = ./cache/cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017752-ofzm3x3a author = nan title = Theories of Carcinogenesis date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12289 sentences = 692 flesch = 47 summary = Others attributed the simplified enzyme patterns of cancerous cells to a regression of the tumor tissues to early embryonal stages of development. Viral DNA is frequently integrated into the cancer cells, but additional agents or factors may be involved at various stages of the progression to invasive carcinoma. The encounter with a family, in which many members developed breast or liver cancer, led Pierre Paul Broca to hypothesize, in 1866, that an inherited abnormality within the affected tissue caused the tumor development [Broca 1866 Theodor Boveri (1862 Boveri ( -1915 then proposed that defects in chromosomes lead to malignancy [Boveri 1914 ]. Any mutation of cancer associated genes can be handed on to following generations and predispose the affected cells to malignant transformation in the case of additional DNA damage. Further developments in tumor immunology have led to models of selection and evolution of cancer cells. cache = ./cache/cord-017752-ofzm3x3a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017752-ofzm3x3a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017364-d9zmdm23 author = Crowe, James E. title = Paramyxoviruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus date = 2014-02-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18331 sentences = 897 flesch = 37 summary = A virus causing a similar cytopathic effect in cultured cells was recovered from infants with respiratory illness shortly after, and studies of human antibodies in the serum of infants and children indicated that infection was common early in life [ 1 , 2 ] . Higher titers of virus in respiratory secretions usually are associated with increased severity of disease, in prospective studies of natural infection [ 114 ] or of clinical vaccine trials [ 115 ] . Most epidemiologic studies of MPV in children show that the virus is the second leading cause of lower respiratory infection after RSV. Acute lower respiratory tract infections by human metapneumovirus in children in Southwest China: a 2-year study The impact of infection with human metapneumovirus and other respiratory viruses in young infants and children at high risk for severe pulmonary disease Comparison of risk factors for human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus disease severity in young children cache = ./cache/cord-017364-d9zmdm23.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017364-d9zmdm23.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018354-o6pmuhd8 author = Mine, Yoichi title = Human Security in East Asia: Assembling a Puzzle date = 2018-12-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7428 sentences = 355 flesch = 47 summary = The researchers agreed to ask questions about the following three topics in the interviews: first, local perceptions of threats (the ranking of human security issues that are considered important in each country and in the East Asian region); second, the ways of (selective) acceptance of the concept of human security (the understanding of freedoms from fear, from want and to live in dignity, the strategy for combining protection and empowerment, and the understanding of preparedness for calamities, and so on); and third, the question of national sovereignty (whether to allow foreign actors to operate within the country in case of natural disasters and violent conflict, as well as whether to take action in territories of other countries in such a case). cache = ./cache/cord-018354-o6pmuhd8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018354-o6pmuhd8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021552-6jbm869r author = HURST, CHRISTON J. title = Relationship Between Humans and Their Viruses date = 2007-05-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7828 sentences = 395 flesch = 43 summary = Viral replication ~ at the individual host level, the primary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the cervix, conjunctiva, pharynx, small intestine, and urethra; the secondary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the brain, kidney, lungs, and lymph nodes; at the host population level, these viruses generally are endemic and initially acquired at a very early age, with the infections very often asymptomatic in young children. ~ral replication ~ at the individual host level, primary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the small intestine; secondary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the liver; at the host population level, these tend to be epidemic within human populations; for the hepatitis E virus it seems that acquisition occurs from swine, with the result being epidemics (often very widespread) of human disease; some acquisition from animals may come from eating infected animals; subsequent transmission of all caliciviruses within human populations is by fecally contaminated waste and thus can be very widespread. Alternate hosts: One species of viral family Hepadnaviridae (hepatitis B virus) is known to infect humans, and it seems naturally limited to humans. cache = ./cache/cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021113-e4ya7llm author = Elliott, David title = Divine omniscience, privacy, and the state date = 2017-02-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11118 sentences = 515 flesch = 59 summary = If so, it seems that these traditional theologies face a moral problem: God's total observation violates human privacy in a way that seems wrong in most human contexts. We shall begin our discussion by developing further the problem of human privacy posed by traditional Jewish, Islamic, and Christian conceptions of God. As we have just mentioned, theologians in these traditions hold that God engages in a seemingly relentless form of total observation. So while omniscience may excuse God's total observation, it simply does not follow without any further argument that human privacy has not been violated, that something morally bad has not occurred. He or she could (i) accept that one or both of (1) and (2) are correct, and hence hold that total observation is always-even for God-prima facie morally wrong or bad, but then argue that some set of higher principles justifies the infringement of human privacy. cache = ./cache/cord-021113-e4ya7llm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021113-e4ya7llm.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004879-pgyzluwp author = nan title = Programmed cell death date = 1994 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 81677 sentences = 4465 flesch = 51 summary = Furthermore kinetic experiments after complementation of HIV=RT p66 with KIV-RT pSl indicated that HIV-RT pSl can restore rate and extent of strand displacement activity by HIV-RT p66 compared to the HIV-RT heterodimer D66/D51, suggesting a function of the 51 kDa polypeptide, The mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA contains an open reading frame in the 3' long terminal repeat which can code for a 36 kDa polypeptide with a putative transmembrane sequence and five N-linked glycosylation sites. To this end we used constructs encoding the c-fos (and c-jun) genes fused to the hormone-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor, designated c-FosER (and c-JunER), We could show that short-term activation (30 mins.) of c-FosER by estradiole (E2) led to the disruption of epithelial cell polarity within 24 hours, as characterized by the expression of apical and basolateral marker proteins. cache = ./cache/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017527-ylng1us2 author = Herman, Philippe title = Biosafety Recommendations on the Handling of Animal Cell Cultures date = 2014-11-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10237 sentences = 453 flesch = 38 summary = While biosafety recommendations (as outlined hereafter) are principally aimed at providing maximal protection of human health (including laboratory workers) and the environment, it is recognised that many of the precautionary measures will also directly benefit the quality of research activities involving animal cell cultures. The methodology of biological risk assessment of contained use activities involving pathogenic and/or genetically modified organisms (GMO) identifies and takes into account the probability of occurrence and the severity of a potential negative effect on public health (including the exposed workers) and/or the environment. The risk assessment applied to animal cell cultures relies on a thorough evaluation of both the intrinsic properties of the cell culture -including subsequent properties acquired as a result of genetic modification(s) -and the possibility that the cell culture may inadvertently be contaminated or deliberately infected with pathogenic micro-organisms. cache = ./cache/cord-017527-ylng1us2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017527-ylng1us2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016313-n4ewq0pt author = Baranyi, Lajos title = Advances in Lentiviral Vector-based Cell Therapy with Mesenchymal Stem Cells date = 2012-09-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20575 sentences = 824 flesch = 39 summary = The field of possible application of mesenchymal stem cells in medicine and research expanded tremendously with the advent of improved Lentiviral-vectors capable of inserting stable copies of genes of interest and expressing proteins or biologically active RNA species ad libitum, performing delicate gene editing or active gene silencing or serving as advanced drug delivery systems utilized in ex vivo cell therapy. Implantation of Lentiviral vector-transduced human bone marrow mesenchymal cells using collagen scaffolds into immunode fi cient mice resulted in ef fi cient engraftment of gene-engineered cells and provided sites for transgene-expression in vivo. Moreover, it did not alter the differentiation potential of either HSCs or MSCs. In addition, the therapeutic potential of CD133+ and MSC progenitor cells transduced ex vivo with Lentiviral vector encoding the mature form of vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D ) or the enhanced green fl uorescent protein (eGFP) marker gene achieved permanent gene expression. cache = ./cache/cord-016313-n4ewq0pt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016313-n4ewq0pt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017537-ztdz4a2s author = Bologna, Mauro title = Biological Agents and Bioterrorism date = 2014-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3324 sentences = 198 flesch = 51 summary = For this very stimulating course, I want to share with you some of my studies and even some of my scientific and phylosophical considerations on biological agents living in the environment and their relations with humans, in the very wide concepts of ecological relationships, parasitism, immunolgical defenses and infectious disease mechanisms. All these concepts must be studied and considered in the event of criminal use of biological agents (bioterrorism) aimed at harming human populations in time and in geographical space. In the light of recent concern and interest about the potential for biological terrorism (biofarware) there are several diseases and bacterial toxins that must be considered in particular, like anthrax [ 1 , 2 ] , smallpox [ 3 , 4 ] , plague [ 5 ] , botulinum toxin [ 6 ] , and tularemia [ 7 ] . cache = ./cache/cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018437-yjvwa1ot author = Mitchell, Michael title = Taxonomy date = 2013-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9283 sentences = 561 flesch = 48 summary = Classifi cation is based on the genomic nucleic acid used by the virus (DNA or RNA), strandedness (single or double stranded), and method of replication. The nucleocapsids of some viruses are surrounded by envelopes composed of lipid bilayers and host-or viral-encoded proteins. The sequence of negative-sense ssRNA is complementary to the coding sequence for translation, so mRNA must be synthesized by RNA polymerase, typically carried within the virion, before translation into viral proteins. Among the families of viruses able to infect humans and other vertebrate hosts, there are many species that target and cause disease in the lung. The nucleocapsid is surrounded by an envelope derived from host-cell membrane and viral envelope proteins, including hepatitis B surface antigen. The genome of human parainfl uenza viruses is ~15 kb in length with an organization and six reading frames (N, P, M, F, HN, L) typical of the Paramyxoviridae (Karron and Collins 2007 ) . cache = ./cache/cord-018437-yjvwa1ot.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018437-yjvwa1ot.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021375-lca26xum author = Voelkner, Nadine title = Riding the Shi: From Infection Barriers to the Microbial City date = 2019-08-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9599 sentences = 443 flesch = 49 summary = Taking its cue from the currently accepted germ theory of disease, such mechanisms render a global city like Hong Kong not only pervasively "on alert" and under threat of unpredictable and pathogenic viruses and other microbes, it also gives rise to a hygiene and antimicrobial politics that is never entirely able to control pathogenic circulation. Considering recent advances in gene sequencing in microbiology, through which a "vast diversity of microbial life in, on and around the human body" (Lorimer 2017, 544) has been identified as residing in complex relationality with one another, how befitting is it to fight infectious diseases by indiscriminately eliminating microbes through the use of antimicrobials and practicing urban hygiene as in the case of Hong Kong? Various scholars have noted how, much like Hong Kong in the face of SARS, global public health programs adopt an antimicrobial stance to the control and/or elimination of infectious diseases, however, which might prove to be counterproductive in securing human life (Macphail 2014; Methot and Alizon 2014; Fishel 2015 Fishel , 2017 White 2015; Hinchliffe et al. cache = ./cache/cord-021375-lca26xum.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021375-lca26xum.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017188-d3xg05ty author = Swartz, H.M. title = Free Radicals and Medicine date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15533 sentences = 799 flesch = 45 summary = Examples described include pulmonary free radical damage, free radicals and sickle cell disease, free radicals in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, melanin and free radicals and the potential role of oxidative stress in the induction of cancer. The potential limiting factors for such studies include the technical problems of carrying out EPR measurements in human subjects and‚ for techniques that involve the administration of spin traps or other substances‚ the complex and difficult process for obtaining permission to administer substances to human subjects (Swartz‚ 2003) . The first in vivo spin trapping evidence for increased free radical formation was provided using the SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse model for FALS (Gurney et al.‚ 1998) . In conclusion‚ in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that nitrone spin traps can potentially mitigate oxidative stress in FALS mutant overexpressing cells and mice and protect against progressive motor neuron death. cache = ./cache/cord-017188-d3xg05ty.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017188-d3xg05ty.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018151-5su98uan author = Lynteris, Christos title = Introduction: Infectious Animals and Epidemic Blame date = 2019-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8567 sentences = 354 flesch = 43 summary = Providing original studies of rats, mosquitoes, marmots, dogs and 'bushmeat', which at different points in the history of modern medicine and public health have come to embody social and scientific concerns about infection, this volume aims to elucidate the impact of framing non-human animals as epidemic villains. Whether it is stray dogs as spreaders of rabies in colonial and contemporary India, bushmeat as the source of Ebola in West Africa, mosquitoes as vectors of malaria, dengue, Zika and yellow fever in the Global South, or rats and marmots as hosts of plague during the third pandemic, this volume shows framings of non-human animals to be entangled in local webs of signification and, at the same time, to be global agents of modern epidemic imaginaries. cache = ./cache/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024088-020rgz5t author = Radandt, Siegfried title = Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 39337 sentences = 2132 flesch = 47 summary = Depending on the type of hazard, the three topics, namely, safety, health and the environment, may share the common trait that the proper handling of risks, i.e., how to reduce probabilities and/or consequences of unwanted events is not always possible within a risk management system. A number of new occupational health and safety hazards have already arisen or are foreseen, including problems with the ergonomics of video display units, and musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder-neck and arm-hand systems, information overload, psychological stress, and pressure to learn new skills. Both managers and workers often do not see the need to improve occupational safety and health or ergonomic issues and their possibilities and benefits by reducing or eliminating risks at work. The explanations below present the basic procedure for developing safety-relevant arrangements and solutions, i.e. the thinking and decision-making processes, as well as selecting criteria that are significant for the identification of unwelcome events, the risk of an event, the acceptance limits and the adoption of measures. cache = ./cache/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018017-c8myq6bi author = Iversen, Patrick L. title = The Threat from Viruses date = 2018-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11563 sentences = 615 flesch = 51 summary = Numerous emerging infections caused by viral agents have imposed high impact on human survival (Table 3 .3). The apparent success of these viruses is that as they move from reservoir hosts to humans and as humans become immune to the initial infection, the population of diverse genomes offers multiple chances to adapt by finding a "fit" genome version which can propagate until the next transition requiring adaption. Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-1) HTLV-1 is a single-stranded RNA retrovirus, defined by their use of reverse transcriptase, a polymerase, that makes a DNA copy of the RNA 7 kb viral genome. If we combine cardiovascular events and neoplasia caused by infection, then infectious disease is the most significant threat to human life and qualifies as the area of greatest impact. Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) is a single stranded DNA virus that infects humans but are not known to cause disease. is a 5229 base double-stranded DNA virus infecting less than 5 percent of the human population. cache = ./cache/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016990-ot1wi3xi author = Zaki, Sherif R. title = Viral Infections of the Lung date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19585 sentences = 1132 flesch = 36 summary = 105, [181] [182] [183] [184] [185] [186] [187] [188] [189] [190] [191] The pathology is more prominent in larger bronchi, and inflammation may vary in intensity in individual patients, Viral inclusions cannot be identified by light microscopy (Fig, 11 .8D), Secondary bacterial infections with organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (group A streptococcus [GAS]), Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae may occur as a complication in about 50% to 75% of fatal cases and make it difficult to recognize the pathologic changes associated with the primary viral infec-445 tion ,190,192,193 The histopathologic features in other organs may include myocarditis, cerebral edema, rhabdomyolysis, and hemophagocytosis (Figs, 11.8H and 11.9E,F), Immunohistochemistry and ISH assays demonstrate that viral antigens and nucleic acids are usually sparse and are primarily seen in the bronchioepithelial cells of larger bronchioles (Figs. cache = ./cache/cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017112-5men6dfk author = Gupta, Varsha title = Biosafety and Bioethics date = 2016-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7056 sentences = 456 flesch = 51 summary = Raising transgenic animals and plants has fueled ethical concerns, and the scientists have faced a lot of resistance where genetically modifi ed crop plants or reproductive cloning research of human beings is involved. Raising transgenic animals and plants has fueled ethical concerns, and the scientists have faced a lot of resistance where genetically modifi ed crop plants or reproductive cloning research of human beings is involved. Present-day biotechnology opens many opportunities in research and development, addressing medical issues and new ways to explore things; improving human health conditions, fi ght food, and feed problems; and so on. Bioethics addresses the ethical issues in all the streams of life sciences like health care, genetics, and medical research by applying the principles of morality and philosophy [ 37 ] . The study of the social and moral responses arising due to scientifi c invention or experimentation is "bioethics." Thus it led to granting of ethical clearance for any proposed research projects requiring animal or human experimenta-tions. cache = ./cache/cord-017112-5men6dfk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017112-5men6dfk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018639-0g1ov96t author = Kurpiers, Laura A. title = Bushmeat and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Lessons from Africa date = 2015-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14563 sentences = 713 flesch = 51 summary = Here we review the literature on bushmeat and EIDs for sub-Saharan Africa, summarizing pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria, helminths, protozoan, and prions) by bushmeat taxonomic group to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge concerning zoonotic disease transmission from bushmeat into humans. In this review, we explore the links between bushmeat-related activities and EIDs in sub-Saharan Africa, where the vast majority of African emerging infectious zoonotic diseases occur (Jones et al. Although research has focused largely on mammals and, to a lesser extent, birds, theoretically any wildlife species harvested for bushmeat could be a potential source of zoonotic disease that can spillover during the hunting, butchering, and preparation process (Wolfe et al. With the increasing prevalence of zoonotic disease emergence and the associated risk for public health, we have to improve our understanding of the dynamics of spillover events of pathogens from animal to human hosts (Rostal et al. cache = ./cache/cord-018639-0g1ov96t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018639-0g1ov96t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023488-jf2xl3vl author = Le Duc, James W. title = Emerging Viral Diseases: Why We Need to Worry about Bats, Camels, and Airplanes date = 2016-02-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9385 sentences = 464 flesch = 49 summary = On occasion, a virus that is already widespread in a population can emerge as a cause of epidemic or endemic disease, due to an increase in the ratio of cases to infections. Although many zoonotic viruses can be transmitted to humans on occasion, their relative ability to spread from human to human determines whether or not they emerge as significant new virus diseases of mankind (Table 2 ). In the history of modern virology (the last 50 years) there are very few documented instances where zoonotic viruses have established themselves in the human population and emerged as new viral diseases of mankind (Table 2 ). Rarely, as in the case of HIV, SARS coronavirus, and Ebola filovirus, a zoonotic virus becomes established in humans, causing a disease that is truly new to the human species. cache = ./cache/cord-023488-jf2xl3vl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023488-jf2xl3vl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022226-qxp0gfp3 author = Meager, Anthony title = Interferons Alpha, Beta, and Omega date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16375 sentences = 813 flesch = 46 summary = PRDI and PRDIII act as binding sites for a nuclear transcription factor, designated "interferon regulatory factor-l" (IRF-1) , whose expression is transiently increased by virus infection and which appears to mediate the activation of transcription of the IFNB gene (Fujita et al., 1988; Harada et al., 1989; Xanthoudakis et al., 1989) . For example, the IFN-inducible Mx proteins block the replication of influenza virus, probably by inhibiting the nuclear phase of viral transcription (mouse cells) or later cytoplasmic phases (human cells), without affecting the replication of many other viruses (Staeheli, 1990; Mel6n et al., 1992; Ronni et al., 1993) . A number of other negative regulatory factors, including IRF2 (Harada et al., 1989) and the ISGF2 (IRF1)/ISGF3yrelated "human interferon consensus sequence binding protein" (ICSBP) (Weisz et al., 1992; Bovolenta et al., 1994) , which also bind to ISRE, are also probably involved in the regulation of transcription of IFN-inducible genes. cache = ./cache/cord-022226-qxp0gfp3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022226-qxp0gfp3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018834-4ligp4ak author = Farag, Ehab title = The Perioperative Use of Albumin date = 2016-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7554 sentences = 379 flesch = 43 summary = HSA is the most important antioxidant capacity of human plasma, in addition to its ability to protect the body from the harmful effects of heavy metals such as iron and copper and reduce their ability to produce reactive oxygen radicals. Recently, its use has been questioned following a widely publicized meta-analysis in 1998 that reported increased mortality in patients who received albumin solutions; the role of albumin administration in critically ill patients became highly controversial. However, the results of this meta-analysis have been challenged by several metaanalyses, randomized controlled trials that not only proved the safety of HSA but its benefi t especially in patients with sepsis, liver failure, hypoalbuminemia, and burns [ 1 -4 ] . HSA administration favorably infl uences plasma thiol-dependent antioxidant status, as well as levels of protein oxidative damage in patients with sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [ 21 , 22 ] . cache = ./cache/cord-018834-4ligp4ak.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018834-4ligp4ak.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022381-x15ki4xv author = Goldblum, Randall M. title = Immunological Components of Milk: Formation and Function date = 2012-12-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5886 sentences = 323 flesch = 49 summary = Although the array and mechanisms of production of inflammatory mediators in the lactating mammary gland are not well understood, several cytokines that may be involved in leukocyte migration have been detected in human milk, as described in later sections of this chapter. Although the concentration of lymphocytes in human milk is small relative to that in peripheral blood, these cells are consistently present in milk obtained during the first few months of lactation. The demonstration of a very high density of IgAland IgA2-producing cells in the lactating mammary gland (Brandtzaeg, 1983) helps explain why human colostrum and milk contain the highest concentrations of SIgA of any secretions. The high proportion of SIgA in human milk of the IgA2 isotype (-40%) relative to plasma (10%) also must be related to the isotype distribution of these cells in the mammary gland. cache = ./cache/cord-022381-x15ki4xv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022381-x15ki4xv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022955-vy0qgtll author = nan title = Proteases date = 2005-06-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 36388 sentences = 1759 flesch = 43 summary = In order to understand the molecular basis of the enzyme-substrate binding mechanism, we employ the synthetic peptide and mass spectrometry-based approaches to investigate the significance of selected amino acid residues that are flanking both sides of the SARS-CoV 3CL pro cleavage site. To contribute to the assignment of a physiological role to genomic-derived peptidases and to make them more accessible for the drug discovery process, we have undertaken a program consisting of mRNA expression profiling, full-length recombinant expression in insect cells, purification and determination of the catalytic activity for the human proteolytic enzymes. This comprehensive analysis of the local backbone properties of SGTI in the free and in the complex form made possible to identify conformational similarities and differences responsible for its efficient binding to the enzyme, and provides a good basis for further studying the structural aspects of protease inhibitor specificity. cache = ./cache/cord-022955-vy0qgtll.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022955-vy0qgtll.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019040-lj1r8ptb author = Xiao, Ren title = Human Security in Practice: The Chinese Experience date = 2018-12-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7567 sentences = 378 flesch = 52 summary = As one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, China has long been supportive of the UN, the most important international organization in today's world, and the country has played a proactive role in various UN activities such as peacebuilding, development, and global governance (Breslin and Ren 2018) . In fact, as Cui Shunji of Zhejiang University points out, since the initiation of reform, at the highest levels, attention has been placed on poverty reduction, the pursuit of a sustainable development model, and China's proposals for constructing a "harmonious society" and a "harmonious world." These goals indicate that China regards the guaranteeing of basic human needs, social justice, and harmony as well as sustainable development as important parts of a continuum of national security (S. "Letting people live a happier life with more dignity" has become the goal of national development, which indicates that China's recognition of human security has been elevated to the political level. cache = ./cache/cord-019040-lj1r8ptb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019040-lj1r8ptb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023647-dlqs8ay9 author = nan title = Sequences and topology date = 2003-03-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4505 sentences = 747 flesch = 69 summary = Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of the L G~ne of Vesicular Stomafltia Virus (New Jersey Serotype) --Identification of Conserved Domai~L~ in L Proteins of Nonsegmented Negative-Strand RNA Viruses DERSE I~ Equine Infectious Anemia Virus tat--Insights into the Structure, Function, and Evolution of Lentivtrus tran.~Activator Proteins Ho~tu~ ~ s71 is a Ehylngcueticellly Distinct Human Endogenous Reteovtgal 1Rlement with Structural mad Sequence Homology to Simian Sarcoma Virus (SSV). Distinct Fercedoxins from Rhodobacter-Capsulstus -Complete Amino Acid Sequences and Molecular Evolution Complete Amino Acid Sequence and Homologies of Human Erythrocyte Membrane Protein Band 4.2. Identification of Two Highly Conserved Amino Acid Sequences Amon~ the ~x-subunits and Molecular ~ The Predicted Amino Acid Sequence of ct-lnternexin is that of a novel Neuronal lntegmedla~ ~ent Protein Inttaspecific Evolution of a Gene Family Coding for Urinary Proteins Attalysi~ of CDNA for Human ~ AJudgyrin I~dicltes a Repeated Structure with Homology to Tissue-Differentiation a~td Cell-Cycle Control Protein cache = ./cache/cord-023647-dlqs8ay9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023647-dlqs8ay9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-030748-780dcjo1 author = Sahu, Sounak title = Translating embryogenesis to generate organoids: novel approaches to personalized medicine date = 2020-08-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10011 sentences = 543 flesch = 38 summary = Recent innovations in generating embryo-like structures (including blastoids and gastruloids) from PSCs have advanced the experimental accessibility to understand embryogenesis with immense potential to model human development. Organoids can be generated from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients, that can be used for studying organ development, modeling human diseases, and for autologous organ replacement. While many reviews have addressed the principles of bioengineering to develop 3D cell culture models and protocols to generate organoids from adult tissues, here we present insights to the state-of-the-art knowledge on the self-organization property of PSCs to generate embryo-like structures and organoids, its advantage to model human diseases and challenges for optimum clinical management. cache = ./cache/cord-030748-780dcjo1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-030748-780dcjo1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021770-zn7na974 author = Slifka, Mark K. title = Passive Immunization date = 2017-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12134 sentences = 610 flesch = 31 summary = [26] [27] [28] [29] Recent studies verify these earlier results, demonstrating a 90% to 91% vaccine efficacy against whooping cough among infants younger than 2 months of nonlymphoid tissues and to penetrate mucosal sites of infection is likely to explain why it is often considered the best immunoglobulin isotype for routine passive immunization and has shown clinical benefit ranging from reduced clinical symptoms to nearly complete protection from lethal infection in a number of infectious disease models (Table 8 .3). 118 With the recent development of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that show protective efficacy against tularemia in animal models, [119] [120] [121] it may be possible to incorporate both passive immunotherapy and antibiotic treatment into clinical practice not only for tularemia, but for other bacterial diseases, especially in cases in which antibiotic resistance is becoming more widespread. cache = ./cache/cord-021770-zn7na974.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021770-zn7na974.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-031482-atltc10d author = Arkow, Phil title = Human–Animal Relationships and Social Work: Opportunities Beyond the Veterinary Environment date = 2020-09-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9862 sentences = 434 flesch = 35 summary = These venues include: agencies working in child protection and child sexual abuse; children's advocacy centers and courthouse facility dogs; animal shelters; domestic violence shelters; public policy advocacy; clinical practice; agencies working with older and disabled populations; veterinary sentinels for intimate partner violence; and pet support services for homeless populations. Other untapped social work opportunities in animal shelters might include: strengthening collaborations with domestic violence shelters and mobile meals programs; directing and expanding pet visitation programs for long-term care facilities and animal-assisted interventions for at-risk populations; developing pet loss grief support groups; developing safety net supportive programming for individuals who experience a medical, economic or housing crisis that temporarily makes it difficult to keep an animal; defusing contentious confrontations with shelter clients; resolving customers' complaints and needs for services; and connecting pet owners with community resources, such as low-cost pet and veterinary services, animal behavioral counselors, pet food banks, and social services agencies. cache = ./cache/cord-031482-atltc10d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-031482-atltc10d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022544-7jn4ns6x author = Lawrence, Robert M. title = Host-Resistance Factors and Immunologic Significance of Human Milk date = 2010-12-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22268 sentences = 1177 flesch = 45 summary = The immunologically active components of breast milk make up an important aspect of the host defenses of the mammary gland in the mother; at the same time, they complement, supplement, and stimulate the ongoing development of the infant' s immune system. A number of other long-term studies demonstrated greater protection from infection with increased exclusivity of breastfeeding and durations of at least 3 months.* A couple papers demonstrated a "dose" effect relative to decreased occurrence of late onset sepsis in very low-birth-weight infants 73 and premature infants 245 associated with the infants receiving at least 50 mL/kg per day of mother' s milk compared with receiving other nutrition. Evidence shows that neutrophils found in human milk demonstrate signs of activation, including increased expression of CD11b (an adherence glycoprotein), decreased expression of L-selectin, spontaneous production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and the ability to transform into CD1 + dendritic cells (DCs). cache = ./cache/cord-022544-7jn4ns6x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022544-7jn4ns6x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022393-s26d54ew author = E. Newcomer, Christian title = Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17040 sentences = 872 flesch = 42 summary = Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated implications in the New World serocomplex group are present among the wild rodents endemic to the United States such as Neotoma spp. Many published reports of human LCM infection are associated with laboratory animal and pet contact, particularly mice and hamsters, and these studies now span many decades (Armstrong and Lillie 1934; Bowen et al. The apparent ease with which LCMV is transmitted to humans also occurs in a variety of other laboratory animal species; hamsters, guinea pigs, swine, dogs, and nonhuman primates, especially callitrichids, which readily sustain natural infections. akari infections depend on the prevention of wild mice and the mite vector from entering laboratory animal facilities and human dwellings. cache = ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-196608-k4f79dr4 author = Saha, Sovan title = Computational modeling of Human-nCoV protein-protein interaction network date = 2020-05-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4387 sentences = 262 flesch = 51 summary = Our developed computational model of nCoV-Human PPIN contains high quality interactions (HQI) and proteins identified by Fuzzy affinity thresholding and spreadability index validated by SIS model respectively. With the gradual progress of the work, it has been observed that the selected human spreader nodes, identified by our proposed model, emerge as the potential protein targets of the FDA approved drugs for COVID-19. Target proteins of the potential FDA drugs for COVID-19 are found to overlap with the spreader nodes of the proposed computational nCoV-Human protein interaction model. Target proteins of seven potential FDA drugs: Lopinavir 30 , Ritonavir 31 , Hydroxychloroquine 32, 33 , Azithromycin 33 , Remdesivir 34-36 , Favipiravir 37, 38 and Darunavir 39 for COVID-19 as mentioned in the DrugBank white paper 26 overlap with the spreader nodes of the proposed in silico nCoV-Human protein interaction model (see Figure 5 ). cache = ./cache/cord-196608-k4f79dr4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-196608-k4f79dr4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-035138-7v92aukg author = Tognoni, Gianni title = Health as a Human Right: A Fake News in a Post-human World? date = 2020-11-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5060 sentences = 229 flesch = 47 summary = Based on a synthetic overview that embraces the evolution of the 'health' concept, and its related institutions, from the role of health as the main indicator of fundamental human rights—as envisaged in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—to its qualification as the systems of disease control dependent on criteria of economic sustainability, the paper focuses on the implications and the impact of such evolution in two model scenarios which are centred on the COVID-19 pandemia. 1 Their cumulative experience, derived from the insides of these most diverse scenarios, has provided them with a solid confirmation of what has emerged with a growing consensus also in the most prestigious 'scientific' literature, in the last 10 years: structural inequality is the direct product and the expected outcome of the mainstream models of development, which trigger a highly visible impact on the rights to health and life, and prove to be a systemic source of in-human levels of inequity (Evans 2020 ). cache = ./cache/cord-035138-7v92aukg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-035138-7v92aukg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254265-8i86c8kt author = Camps, Marta title = Prevalence of human metapneumovirus among hospitalized children younger than 1 year in Catalonia, Spain date = 2008-06-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4567 sentences = 227 flesch = 42 summary = In 67/99 children (67%) at least one viral pathogen was identified, the viruses detected most frequently were respiratory syncytial virus (35%), human metapneumovirus (25%) and rhinovirus (19%). The aim of the present study was to describe the role of human metapneumovirus and other common respiratory viruses including: influenza virus A, B, and C, parainfluenza 1-4 viruses, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, rhinovirus, coronavirus 229E and OC43 and enterovirus as bronchiolitis, and bronchopneumonia pathogens among hospitalized children younger than 1 year, taking into account that in this age group respiratory viruses are the main etiological agents of lower respiratory tract infections [Shay et al., 1999; Smyth and Openshaw, 2006; Bush and Thomson, 2007] . Detection of human metapneumovirus RNA sequences in nasopharyngeal aspirates of young French children with acute bronchiolitis by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and phylogenetic analysis cache = ./cache/cord-254265-8i86c8kt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254265-8i86c8kt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253844-y6xdcf20 author = Yesudhas, Dhanusha title = COVID-19 outbreak: history, mechanism, transmission, structural studies and therapeutics date = 2020-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7165 sentences = 422 flesch = 51 summary = In SARS-CoV-2 infection, intrinsically disordered regions are observed at the interface of the spike protein and ACE2 receptor, providing a shape complementarity to the complex. SUMMARY: The overall history and mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 along with structural study of spike-ACE2 complex provide insights to understand disease pathogenesis and development of vaccines and drugs. The sequence similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV spike proteins explains the possibility of binding to the same receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the host cell [14] . In this review, we discuss the history of coronaviruses in both humans and animals, their transmissions, mechanism of host cell entry and the structural studies, explaining active and inactive receptor binding of spike protein and the key residues playing an important role in the receptor binding. During viral infection, spike protein (~ 1300 amino acid residues) is cleaved by host proteases into receptor binding subunit S1 and membrane fusion subunit S2. cache = ./cache/cord-253844-y6xdcf20.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253844-y6xdcf20.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-104317-t30dg6oj author = Parker, Michael T. title = An Ecological Framework of the Human Virome Provides Classification of Current Knowledge and Identifies Areas of Forthcoming Discovery date = 2016-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7986 sentences = 408 flesch = 40 summary = However, the obvious importance of viruses in the composition of all biomes has not (yet) been met with an appropriate fervor for the characterization of the viral REVIEW Recent advances in sequencing technologies have opened the door for the classification of the human virome. The discovery of intimate interactions of viruses with humans, like the role of endogenous retrovirus (ERV †) syncytins in placentation [27] , are categorically dissimilar to the classical view of viruses only as parasites and brings to issue how scientists are approaching the study of the virome. The application of this scaffold will not only deepen the understanding of known virus-host interactions in the ecological context of the virome, but will also identify logical next steps and gaps in current knowledge that are tantalizing areas for future exploration. Additionally, further characterization of the human virome is likely to uncover more viruses that persistently infect humans [31] , and such discoveries could pave the way for the treatment of diseases of currently unknown etiology. cache = ./cache/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029480-3md13om6 author = Meix-Cereceda, Pablo title = Educational Values in Human Rights Treaties: UN, European, and African International Law date = 2020-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10800 sentences = 545 flesch = 51 summary = -The original conception of law perceived not as a tool for personal defense, but as an opportunity given to all to survive under the protection of the order of the communal entity -Communalism which emphasizes group solidarity and interests generally, and all rules which sustain it, as opposed to individual interests, with its likely utility in building a sense of national unity among South Africans -The conciliatory character of the adjudication process which aims to restore peace and harmony between members rather than the adversarial approach which emphasizes retribution and seems repressive. 59 So far, it may be concluded that African instruments on human rights consider the very accessibility to school education as a key element for the first value that should guide education: the full development of the child's personality. cache = ./cache/cord-029480-3md13om6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029480-3md13om6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-025998-1qawjquv author = Lara, R.J. title = Aquatic Ecosystems, Human Health, and Ecohydrology date = 2012-03-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 27055 sentences = 1228 flesch = 46 summary = The effects of increasing water use and scarcity on human health are discussed considering historical and contemporary incidence of diarrheal diseases in European and South Asian megacities, relationships between dams and on waterborne diseases in Asia and Africa, and intensive agriand aquaculture resulting in man-made ecotones, fragmented aquatic ecosystems, and pathogen mutations. It is emphasized that the comprehension of the multiple interactions among changes in environmental settings, land use, and human health requires a new synthesis of ecohydrology, biomedical sciences, and water management for surveillance and control of waterborne diseases in basin-based, transboundary health systems. • natural biological cycles in which humans can act as hosts of pathogenic microorganisms (protozoans, bacteria, etc.); • consequences of the management of aquatic resources (e.g., wetlands drainage or creation, aquaculture, and dam construction); • effects of water pollution (chemical, microbiological, radio active, and thermal) on man and on the physiology of individual organisms; and • the impact of global changes affecting climate and hydrolo gical cycles (e.g., habitat degradation, warming, increased rainfall, and storms). cache = ./cache/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029209-v2w0i2ex author = Gilder, Alexander title = International law and human security in a kaleidoscopic world date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8871 sentences = 428 flesch = 44 summary = 3 The concept of 'human security' can be used as a conceptual framework to allow international law to better focus its attention on the individual and be responsive to the needs of persons affected by insecurity. 49 It is suggested here that human security is based upon five principles, namely, (1) existing rights and norms, (2) a focus on the vital core identified in a bottom-up manner, (3) a concern for vulnerability and building resilience, (4) preventative protection, and (5) the empowerment of people to act on their own behalf and implement solutions to security threats. cache = ./cache/cord-029209-v2w0i2ex.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029209-v2w0i2ex.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-186405-f9m3e31q author = Ortenzi, Valerio title = Object Handovers: a Review for Robotics date = 2020-07-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14176 sentences = 711 flesch = 48 summary = While focusing our review on the cognitive level (e.g., prediction, perception, motion planning, learning) and the physical level (e.g., motion, grasping, grip release) of the handover, we briefly discuss also the concepts of safety, social context, and ergonomics. In Section III we focus on the reasoning and actions of the giver and receiver before the physical exchange of the object, analysing aspects such as communication, grasping, and motion planning and control. For each paper we report: the paradigm (robot-to-human or human-to-robot); what the authors investigated (communication, grasping, motion planning and control, and perception during the prehandover phase; grip force and error handling during the physical handover); whether the handover location was fixed, pre-planned accounting for aspects such as the ergonomics, or adapted online to the human partner; whether the experimental protocol included a post-handover task for the receiver; the metrics used to assess the task performance and the user experience; and finally the number of different objects used in the real robot experiments. cache = ./cache/cord-186405-f9m3e31q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-186405-f9m3e31q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253548-izya7nws author = Catchpole, Ken title = Frontiers in Human Factors: Embedding Specialists in Multi-disciplinary efforts to Improve Healthcare. date = 2020-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4220 sentences = 202 flesch = 43 summary = Despite the application of a huge range of human factors (HF) principles in a growing range of care contexts, there is much more that could be done to realize this expertise for patient benefit, staff wellbeing and organizational performance. While healthcare also contains many different groups who have a strong interest in improving human work (e.g. HR professionals, organisational development specialists, clinical risk, patient safety and quality improvement advisors), the HF professional can provide much-needed 'added-value' to multidisciplinary team efforts to jointly optimise overall organisational performance and human wellbeing. Despite a growing recognition of the need and value of HF in clinical work across the world, one consequence of the persistent misunderstanding of systems safety science is that few opportunities exist in clinical settings for qualified HF professionals, limiting the availability of appropriately sophisticated HF expertise 27 . Human factors systems approach to healthcare quality and patient safety cache = ./cache/cord-253548-izya7nws.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253548-izya7nws.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author = O’Ryan, Miguel L. title = Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date = 2009-05-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 45685 sentences = 2892 flesch = 44 summary = coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related. cache = ./cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-027885-ua8miwes author = Das, Sujata title = Impact of Human Microbiome on Health date = 2020-03-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6589 sentences = 333 flesch = 33 summary = There has been an immense leap from the culture-based surveys of various tissues or organs, for example, of gut and oral cavity, to molecular profiling of the microbial communities and their biochemical products like enzymes, proteins, and amino acids in all the different ecological niches of the human body (Eckburg et al. Since the time of birth of an individual, when the sterile gut of the neonate gets exposed to the biota of mother's vagina during the vaginal delivery or hospital microbiota in case of caesarean section (which may even include the multidrug-resistant species), the microbes starts their colonisation with an eventual change by the age of 3-5 years, by when an individual starts resembling bacterial community to that of an adult both structurally and functionally (Bull and Plummer 2014) . Microbiome-based approaches involving antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics, faecal microbiota transplantation and nutritional modulators correlate directly with the alteration of immune status of an individual focusing on the innate immunity. cache = ./cache/cord-027885-ua8miwes.txt txt = ./txt/cord-027885-ua8miwes.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254559-3kgfwjzd author = Neo, Jacqueline Pei Shan title = The use of animals as a surveillance tool for monitoring environmental health hazards, human health hazards and bioterrorism date = 2017-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6296 sentences = 314 flesch = 43 summary = Abstract This review discusses the utilization of wild or domestic animals as surveillance tools for monitoring naturally occurring environmental and human health hazards. Animals are an excellent channel for monitoring novel and known pathogens with outbreak potential given that more than 60 % of emerging infectious diseases in humans originate as zoonoses. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental health hazards, human health hazards, or bioterrorism. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental and human health hazards, or bioterrorism. Furthermore, animals like domestic dogs and rodents spend more time outdoors and have greater exposure to the environment than humans, making them great surveillance tools for monitoring plague. cache = ./cache/cord-254559-3kgfwjzd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254559-3kgfwjzd.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-146850-5x6qs2i4 author = Gupta, Abhishek title = The State of AI Ethics Report (June 2020) date = 2020-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 47077 sentences = 1634 flesch = 48 summary = Another point brought up in the article is that social media companies might themselves be unwilling to tolerate scraping of their users' data to do this sort of vetting which against their terms of use for access to the APIs. Borrowing from the credit reporting world, the Fair Credit Reporting Act in the US offers some insights when it mentions that people need to be provided with a recourse to correct information that is used about them in making a decision and that due consent needs to be obtained prior to utilizing such tools to do a background check. Given that AI systems operate in a larger socio-technical ecosystem, we need to tap into fields like law and policy making to come up with effective ways of integrating ethics into AI systems, part of which can involve creating binding legal agreements that tie in with economic incentives.While policy making and law are often seen as slow to adapt to fast changing technology, there are a variety of benefits to be had, for example higher customer trust for services that have adherence to stringent regulations regarding privacy and data protection. cache = ./cache/cord-146850-5x6qs2i4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-146850-5x6qs2i4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254592-wa5il5go author = Brierley, Liam title = Tissue tropism and transmission ecology predict virulence of human RNA viruses date = 2019-11-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5887 sentences = 269 flesch = 37 summary = To quantify the effects of the most informative risk factors, averaged partial dependence was extracted from the random forests, describing the marginal predicted probabilities of severe virulence associated with each virus trait (Fig 4, S2 Table) . Predicted probability of classifying virulence as 'severe' for each of the most informative risk factors in random forest models applied to all known human RNA viruses and zoonotic viruses only (primary tissue tropism, any known neural tropism, any known renal tropism, level of human-to-human transmissibility, primary transmission route, and any known vector-borne transmission). In both classification tree and random forest models, viruses were more likely to be predicted to cause severe disease if they caused systemic infections, had neural or renal tropism, transmitted via direct contact or respiratory routes, or had limited capability to transmit between humans (0 < R 0 � 1). cache = ./cache/cord-254592-wa5il5go.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254592-wa5il5go.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253111-n5ywei4t author = Keck, Frédéric title = Avian preparedness: simulations of bird diseases and reverse scenarios of extinction in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore date = 2018-04-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9695 sentences = 407 flesch = 49 summary = title: Avian preparedness: simulations of bird diseases and reverse scenarios of extinction in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore This article describes relations between humans, animals, artefacts, and pathogens in simulations of disasters, taking bird diseases in three Chinese sentinel posts as ethnographic cases. Borrowing from the anthropology of hunting societies, it argues that simulations of bird diseases, considered as signs of future species extinction, rely on cynegetic techniques of power, in which humans and animals symmetrically shift perspectives, and not only on pastoralist techniques, in which humans are above the population they monitor and sometimes sacrifice. While public health relies on pastoral techniques of power combining sacrifice and surveillance to contain the threats coming from outside in a population (Foucault 1981) , the 'One World, One Health' approach uses techniques from birdwatchers and wildlife managers to monitor data about changing relations between humans and animals. cache = ./cache/cord-253111-n5ywei4t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253111-n5ywei4t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256543-7kfi2yvu author = de Graaf, Miranda title = Sustained fecal-oral human-to-human transmission following a zoonotic event date = 2016-11-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3323 sentences = 145 flesch = 35 summary = Using a comparative approach including parasites, bacteria and viruses that transmit via the fecal-oral route, the meeting aimed at identifying the key drivers of sustained human-to-human transmission after a zoonotic event, taking into account the host, the pathogen and the interface (transmission amplifiers). Enteric pathogens can be transmitted between humans by the fecal-oral route via direct contact or indirect contact via contaminated fluids, including surface water, food, and carriers such as fomites ( Figure 1 ). After shedding from the host enteric pathogens can be transmitted between humans by the fecal-oral route via direct contact between humans, or via indirect contact via contaminated fluids, including surface water, food, and carriers such as fomites. A human reservoir for non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) transmission of multiple serotypes was demonstrated in a study of NTS-infected patients who continued to shed NTS for months up to years, and strains of these patients acquired antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes that possibly affected host-pathogen interactions [34 ] . cache = ./cache/cord-256543-7kfi2yvu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256543-7kfi2yvu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-028721-x6f26ahr author = Nistal, Manuel title = Non-neoplastic diseases of the testis date = 2020-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 78172 sentences = 5138 flesch = 41 summary = Congenital decrease of germ cells occurs in numerous conditions, including trisomies 13, 18, and 21, some forms of primary hypogonadism such as Klinefelter's syndrome, anencephaly, many cryptorchid testes, and in patients with posterior urethral valves and severe obstruction of the urinary ducts. 728, 729 Leydig cell hypoplasia This variant of male pseudohermaphroditism is defi ned by insuffi cient testosterone secretion 422 and the following characteristics: predominance of female external genitalia; absence of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty; absence of uterus and fallopian tubes and the presence of epididymis and vas deferens; 46XY karyotype; lack of response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation; absence of an enzymatic defect in testosterone synthesis; and small undescended testes that are gray and mucous on section. cache = ./cache/cord-028721-x6f26ahr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-028721-x6f26ahr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-211735-qqm4fbor author = Gulec, Fatih title = Mobile Human Ad Hoc Networks: A Communication Engineering Viewpoint on Interhuman Airborne Pathogen Transmission date = 2020-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4641 sentences = 263 flesch = 48 summary = To this end, we propose a communication engineering approach that melts different disciplines such as epidemiology, biology, medicine, and fluid dynamics in the same pot to model airborne pathogen transmission among humans. The aim of this article is to present a unified framework using communication engineering, and to highlight future research directions for modeling the spread of infectious diseases among humans through airborne pathogen transmission. By utilizing this analogy, we propose an approach to modeling interhuman airborne pathogen transmission with communication engineering perspective where mobile humans forming a group are considered as a mobile human ad hoc network (MoHANET). In this section, we present a framework with communication engineering perspective to model the spread of infectious diseases through airborne pathogen transmission. In the networking layer, the details of the MoHANET architecture are presented in order to model the spread of infectious diseases in a large scale (km) within the communication engineering framework as shown in Fig. 2. cache = ./cache/cord-211735-qqm4fbor.txt txt = ./txt/cord-211735-qqm4fbor.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022889-lv6fy6e6 author = Dávalos, Alberto title = Literature review of baseline information on non‐coding RNA (ncRNA) to support the risk assessment of ncRNA‐based genetically modified plants for food and feed date = 2019-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 96011 sentences = 5041 flesch = 51 summary = This report suggests that some plant ncRNAs (e.g miRNAs and siRNAs) show higher stability as compared to other ncRNAs due to peculiar chemical characteristics (2'‐O‐methylation at 3' end).However, ingested or administered ncRNA must overcome many extracellular and cellular barriers to reach the intended target tissue or functional location in sufficient amount to exert any biological effect. Finally, the publications reporting the outcome of two EFSA procurements aiming respectively at investigating and summarising the state of knowledge on the mode-of-action of dsRNA and miRNA pathways, the potential for non-target gene regulation by dsRNA-derived siRNAs or miRNAs, the determination of siRNA pools in plant tissues and the importance of individual siRNAs for silencing 6 ; and reviewing relevant scientific information on RNA interference that could serve as baseline information for the environmental risk assessment of RNAi-based GM plants ) 7 were also used. cache = ./cache/cord-022889-lv6fy6e6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022889-lv6fy6e6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252810-rko3e5va author = Basil, Maria C. title = The Cellular and Physiological Basis for Lung Repair and Regeneration: Past, Present, and Future date = 2020-04-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14828 sentences = 678 flesch = 40 summary = Recent transcriptional interrogation of the distal epithelium in IPF identified activation of cell stress and senescence pathways, and murine modeling of AT2 cell dysfunction from expression of either mutant SFTPC, loss of telomere function, and increased mechanical tension have provided in vivo proof of concept that disruption of AT2 cell homeostasis is a driver of lung fibrosis (Katzen et An emerging hypothesis of IPF pathogenesis is that the dysfunctional AT2 cell loses its facultative progenitor capacity creating a regenerative void for lung repair. Importantly, these cellular trajectory models require experimental validation either in the form of cell-type-specific genetic lineage tracing in mice or the use of cellular barcoding strategies in non-murine systems such as was performed in a recent study to predict the differentiation of lung epithelial progenitors from pluripotent stem cells (Hurley et al., 2020) . cache = ./cache/cord-252810-rko3e5va.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252810-rko3e5va.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257597-jy4a8al8 author = von Essen, Erica title = Instagranimal: Animal Welfare and Animal Ethics Challenges of Animal-Based Tourism date = 2020-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8260 sentences = 399 flesch = 42 summary = It discusses macrolevel drivers to animal-based tourism as an industry, the problem of cultural relativism and the role of technology in enhancing or promoting the experience. Develop, review and ensure implementation of animal welfare legislation and "best practice" guidelines in animal-based tourism among travel retailers, tour operators and animal users, emphasising the benefits from a sustainability and human perspective as well. Be a responsible tourist-inform yourself, contact travel retailers and tour operators, demand animal-friendly and ethically justifiable approaches (compassion-do no harm) to animals, humans and the environment in tourism (One Welfare). Summary of workshop conclusions on legislation and policy, guidelines to tourists and calls for further research on the role of digital technology in animal-based tourism. Summary of workshop conclusions on legislation and policy, guidelines to tourists and calls for further research on compassionate animal-based tourism. cache = ./cache/cord-257597-jy4a8al8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257597-jy4a8al8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-270911-z637eh2z author = Zhou, Jie title = Differentiated human airway organoids to assess infectivity of emerging influenza virus date = 2018-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5003 sentences = 274 flesch = 47 summary = title: Differentiated human airway organoids to assess infectivity of emerging influenza virus airway organoid | proximal differentiation | influenza virus | infectivity I nfluenza A viruses (IAVs) can infect a diversity of avian and mammalian species, including humans, and have the remarkable capacity to evolve and adapt to new hosts (1) . Current in vitro models for studying influenza infection in the human respiratory tract involve shortterm cultures of human lung explants and primary airway epithelial cells. We chose to compare the infectivity of H7N2 with that of H7N9/Ah in the PD organoids as a proof of concept, to verify that the differentiated AOs can indeed simulate human airway epithelium in the context of influenza virus infection. Fig. 4 shows that viral loads in the cell lysate and medium of H7N9/ Ah-infected organoids increased gradually after inoculation; the viral titer increased more than 3 log 10 units within 24 h, indicating a robust viral replication. cache = ./cache/cord-270911-z637eh2z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-270911-z637eh2z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265857-fs6dj3dp author = Liu, Yu-Tsueng title = Infectious Disease Genomics date = 2010-12-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4341 sentences = 233 flesch = 45 summary = The completed or ongoing genome projects will provide enormous opportunities for the discovery of novel vaccines and drug targets against human pathogens as well as the improvement of diagnosis and discovery of infectious agents and the development of new strategies for invertebrate vector control. The genomes of human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and its major mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae were published in 2002 (Gardner et al., 2002; Holt et al., 2002) . Genome sequencing projects for other important human disease vectors are in progress Megy et al., 2009 ). One of the similar efforts for human pathogens is the NIH Influenza Genome Sequencing Project. The completed or ongoing genome projects (Table 10 .1) will provide enormous opportunities for the discovery of novel vaccines and drug targets against human pathogens as well as the improvement of diagnosis and discovery of infectious agents and the development of new strategies for invertebrate vector control. cache = ./cache/cord-265857-fs6dj3dp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265857-fs6dj3dp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262868-wanbz1et author = Varki, Ajit title = Loss of N‐glycolylneuraminic acid in humans: Mechanisms, consequences, and implications for hominid evolution date = 2002-01-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10931 sentences = 514 flesch = 47 summary = This review discusses one of the few known apehuman genetic differences with a clear-cut biochemical consequence, the selective inactivation of the CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) hydroxylase gene in the human lineage Irie et al., 1998; Chou et al., 1998) . A microbial organism approaching a mammalian cell surface would likely first encounter members of a family of sugars called sialic acids, which tend to be the outermost units on the glycan chains attached to the proteins and lipids below (Fig. 1) . However, based on current knowledge of the functions of sialic acids (see above), one can propose some possible scenarios to explain the human loss of Neu5Gc. The most likely one is selection of a randomly occurring CMAH gene mutation by a lethal microbial pathogen that required cell-surface Neu5Gc for effective infection (see below for some examples of such current-day pathogens). cache = ./cache/cord-262868-wanbz1et.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262868-wanbz1et.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-270940-acwkh6ed author = Kallio-Kokko, Hannimari title = Viral zoonoses in Europe date = 2005-06-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14695 sentences = 733 flesch = 46 summary = Recently, during an outbreak in Finland in 2002, the causative agent of Pogosta disease was isolated for the first time in Europe from skin biopsies and a blood sample of patients [115] ; the virus strains were most closely related to SINV strains isolated from mosquitoes in Sweden and Russia 20 years previously. The genus Nairovirus (family Bunyaviridae) is composed of 34 predominantly tick-borne viruses that have been divided into seven serogroups [154] including several associated with severe human and livestock diseases (especially Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and Nairobi sheep disease virus). Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which is the type species of the genus and is transmitted by mosquitoes, causing an influenza-like disease that affects domestic animals and humans. cache = ./cache/cord-270940-acwkh6ed.txt txt = ./txt/cord-270940-acwkh6ed.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264031-0y7xbgun author = Wierbowski, Shayne D. title = A 3D Structural Interactome to Explore the Impact of Evolutionary Divergence, Population Variation, and Small-molecule Drugs on SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interactions date = 2020-10-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5066 sentences = 291 flesch = 42 summary = title: A 3D Structural Interactome to Explore the Impact of Evolutionary Divergence, Population Variation, and Small-molecule Drugs on SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interactions This resource includes docked structures for all interactions with protein structures, enrichment analysis of variation along interfaces, predicted ΔΔG between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 variants for each interaction, predicted impact of natural human population variation on binding affinity, and a further prioritized set of drug repurposing candidates predicted to overlap with protein interfaces†. Further, we explore the utility of our interactome modeling approach in identifying key 99 interactions undergoing evolution along viral protein interfaces, highlighting population variants on 100 human interfaces that could modulate the strength of viral-host interactions to confer protection from or 101 susceptibility to COVID-19, and prioritizing drug candidates predicted to bind competitively at viral-102 human interaction interfaces. cache = ./cache/cord-264031-0y7xbgun.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264031-0y7xbgun.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253223-us0ey8dq author = Chow, Brian D.W. title = The Human Bocaviruses: A Review and Discussion of Their Role in Infection date = 2009-11-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5912 sentences = 401 flesch = 49 summary = [38] [39] [40] [42] [43] [44] In a recent casecontrol study on acute gastroenteritis, Arthur and colleagues 13 examined stool specimens for potential pathogens, including all three species of human bocavirus. The large percentage of coinfections associated with human bocavirus infections suggests that evaluation for further pathogens should be undertaken for any patient diagnosed with HBoV-1. Human bocavirus infection in children with respiratory tract disease Human bocavirus detection in nasopharyngeal aspirates of children without clinical symptoms of respiratory infection Detection of human bocavirus in Japanese children with lower respiratory tract infections High prevalence of human bocavirus detected in young children with severe acute lower respiratory tract disease by use of a standard PCR protocol and a novel real-time PCR protocol Human bocavirus DNA detected by quantitative real-time PCR in two children hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection cache = ./cache/cord-253223-us0ey8dq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253223-us0ey8dq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256903-8lyw27gh author = Guzman, Efrain title = Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology date = 2018-12-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6514 sentences = 297 flesch = 42 summary = Dendritic cells (DC) as such, and their role in immunity were first described in the 1970s and in 1995 Ralph Steinman published a series of papers describing that a cellular receptor called "DEC-205" (now CD205) was expressed on mouse DC, was involved in antigen processing (58, 59) and was detected by the monoclonal antibody NLDC-145. Studies in mice, for example, have shown the efficacy of vaccines against FMDV, however these efficacy studies have failed to be translated to the target species (cattle and pigs), presumably due to fundamental differences in the immune systems of model organisms and target species and the ability of the virus to mutate in these animals (112) . The role of bovine γδ T cells and their WC1 co-receptor in response to bacterial pathogens and promoting vaccine efficacy: a model for cattle and humans cache = ./cache/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264255-q5izs39f author = Chieochansin, Thaweesak title = Human bocavirus (HBoV) in Thailand: Clinical manifestations in a hospitalized pediatric patient and molecular virus characterization date = 2007-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2677 sentences = 175 flesch = 51 summary = title: Human bocavirus (HBoV) in Thailand: Clinical manifestations in a hospitalized pediatric patient and molecular virus characterization OBJECTIVE: Human bocavirus (HBoV), a novel virus, which based on molecular analysis has been associated with respiratory tract diseases in infants and children have recently been studied worldwide. METHODS: HBoV was detected from 302 nasopharyngeal (NP) suctions of pediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract illness and sequenced applying molecular techniques. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that HBoV can be detected in nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from infants and children with acute lower respiratory tract illness. Therefore, in the present study we applied polymerase chain reaction to detect HBoV from NP suctions collected from infants or children who had been admitted with respiratory tract illness. Detection of human bocavirus in Japanese children with lower respiratory tract infection Human bocavirus DNA detected by quantitative real-time PCR in two children hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection cache = ./cache/cord-264255-q5izs39f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264255-q5izs39f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257494-242k58ll author = Bastos, Paulo title = Human Antimicrobial Peptides in Bodily Fluids: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives in the Postantibiotic Era date = 2017-01-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17366 sentences = 871 flesch = 35 summary = 1 Human host defense peptides are an intrinsic part of the innate immune system and exhibit a broad activity spectrum against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites While AMPs can be antibacterial (ABPs), antifungal, antiprotist, antiviral, anticancer, antiparasitic, insecticidal, spermicidal, chemotactic, antioxidant, protease inhibitors, or even exhibit wound healing properties (Supporting Information Table S1), their scope of action overlaps considerably and some peptides show activity at several levels (Fig. 2 ). 75 Moreover, when stabilizing disulfide bridges between conserved cysteine residues in human AMPs with β-hairpin or β-sheet conformations are disrupted, the resulting linear peptides still maintain their antimicrobial properties despite losing membranolytic activity. 212, 213 However, it should be noted that the antimicrobial effects of encephalins and their derived peptides result mostly from animal studies and have not been adequately studied in human secretions, despite the high conservation of their sequences across species, which most likely contribute for the similar activity spectrum. cache = ./cache/cord-257494-242k58ll.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257494-242k58ll.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261466-b9r4cyp7 author = Maritz, Julia M. title = What is the importance of zoonotic trichomonads for human health? date = 2014-06-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6133 sentences = 304 flesch = 36 summary = Four species of trichomonad are considered human parasites: Trichomonas vaginalis (found in the urogenital tract) [6] , Trichomonas tenax (localized to the oral cavity) [7] , and Pentatrichomonas hominis and Dientamoeba fragilis (located in the digestive tract) [8, 9] . In addition, several trichomonad species are of veterinary importance, such as the avian pathogens Trichomonas gallinae, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, and Histomonas meleagridis [16] [17] [18] [19] , and Tritrichomonas foetus, the causative agent of a venereal disease in cattle [20] . Thus, the presence of an increasing number of distinct trichomonads in a broader range of clinical samples from patients with diverse diseases, such as AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, prostate cancer, pulmonary infections (empyema and pneumonia in addition to PcP and ARDS), and digestive conditions such as diarrhea and IBS [33] [34] [35] , is becoming increasingly apparent. cache = ./cache/cord-261466-b9r4cyp7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261466-b9r4cyp7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256537-axbyav1m author = Kimball, Ann Marie title = Emergence of Novel Human Infections: New Insights and New Challenges date = 2016-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4979 sentences = 283 flesch = 50 summary = In reviewing the new challenges posed by these emergent events, new technologies promise some answers; however, global health security against pandemic threats, particularly given the uneven distribution of global resources for prevention, detection, and response, remains a critical area of challenge. Specifically: (1) it is now well appreciated that influenza can migrate directly from avian sources to humans, and the appreciation of the actual directness of 'species jumping' has moved forward; (2) new infections have also introduced uncertainty in transmission dynamics with emphasis on super-spreader events as well as nosocomial transmission; (3) infectious particles are not confined to those organisms which contain genetic material; (4) a new paradigm such as 'Planetary Health' may be necessary for defining these trends; and (5) global preparedness and response is not in place for the next pandemic. To summarize, the recent episodes of respiratory infectious diseases related to influenza, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV have demonstrated increasingly direct links between animal and human infections, agile intercontinental geographic spread, and complex transmission dynamics including 'superspreader' events. cache = ./cache/cord-256537-axbyav1m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256537-axbyav1m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-270892-ycc3csyh author = Rollinger, Judith M. title = The human rhinovirus: human‐pathological impact, mechanisms of antirhinoviral agents, and strategies for their discovery date = 2010-12-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19628 sentences = 1166 flesch = 41 summary = [79] [80] [81] [82] Taken together, the results of natural cold studies as well as of experimental infection in human volunteers clearly demonstrate that HRV are able to replicate in the upper as well as in the lower airways. Such an anti-HRV drug would have to be (i) with broad spectrum activity because of the high number of HRV serotypes, (ii) administered very early in infection to demonstrate a good antiviral effect because of the fast infection kinetics, (iii) very safe because of the broad application by millions of people, and (iv) directed against a highly conserved target with low risk of resistance development. The HRV-induced CPE, infectious virus titers, viral protein expression, and RNA synthesis can be chosen as parameters to evaluate the anti-HRV activity of compounds in cell-culture based assays. Due to the lack of a small-animal model for HRV infection until 2008, the experimental human challenge model has to be used to approve effects of potential antiviral drugs under controlled conditions in preclinical studies. cache = ./cache/cord-270892-ycc3csyh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-270892-ycc3csyh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256615-gvq8uyfk author = Rosenberg, Ronald title = Detecting the emergence of novel, zoonotic viruses pathogenic to humans date = 2014-11-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6688 sentences = 306 flesch = 45 summary = RNA viruses, with their high potential for mutation and epidemic spread, are the most common class of pathogens found as new causes of human illness. An analysis of virus discovery indicates that the small number of novel viruses discovered annually is an artifact of inadequate surveillance in tropical and subtropical countries, where even established endemic pathogens are often misdiagnosed. Many of the emerging viruses of the future are already infecting humans but remain to be uncovered by a strategy of disease surveillance in selected populations. Despite the differences in clinical presentation and geographical location, these three pathogens share three characteristics: all were unknown before found infecting humans, all are RNA viruses, and all have proven or putative non-human, animal sources. A single subtropical bat species hardly represents all mammal species and indeed many viruses are known to infect more than one species; they tested for only 9 of the 25 virus families pathogenic to humans. cache = ./cache/cord-256615-gvq8uyfk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256615-gvq8uyfk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274241-biqbsggu author = Shaw, Timothy I. title = Transcriptome Sequencing and Annotation for the Jamaican Fruit Bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) date = 2012-11-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6003 sentences = 339 flesch = 52 summary = Annotated genes are involved in a broad range of activities ranging from cellular metabolism to genome regulation through ncRNAs. Reciprocal BLAST best hits yielded 8,785 sequences that are orthologous to mouse, rat, cattle, horse and human. Species tree analysis of sequences from 2,378 loci was used to achieve 95% bootstrap support for the placement of bat as sister to the clade containing horse, dog, and cattle. Through substitution rate estimation between bat and human, 32 genes were identified with evidence for positive selection. To address some of these deficiencies, we have performed transcriptome sequencing and analysis of spleen, lung, kidney and poly-IC-stimulated primary kidney cells to identify genes of interest for assessing the host response to TCRV infection. There were 20,145 contigs that mapped to Pteropus alecto, Australian flying fruit bat, and 18,359 that overlapped between genomic and transcriptome sequences for all three datasets ( Figure 5 ). cache = ./cache/cord-274241-biqbsggu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274241-biqbsggu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267149-5twx9y5c author = Abraham, Jonathan title = Host-Species Transferrin Receptor 1 Orthologs Are Cellular Receptors for Nonpathogenic New World Clade B Arenaviruses date = 2009-04-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5396 sentences = 287 flesch = 55 summary = The ability of a New World (NW) clade B arenavirus to enter cells using human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) strictly correlates with its ability to cause hemorrhagic fever. Here we show that pseudotyped viruses bearing the surface glycoprotein (GP) of AMAV or TCRV can infect cells using the TfR1 orthologs of several mammalian species, including those of their respective natural hosts, the small rodent Neacomys spinosus and the fruit bat Artibeus jamaicensis. In order to determine the ability of the AMAV and TCRV GP1 proteins to bind these TfR1 orthologs, HEK293T cells were transfected with plasmids expressing human, Ns, or AjTfR1. As the pathogenic NW arenaviruses efficiently enter HEK293T cells using endogenous human TfR1 [32] , CHO cells were transfected with plasmids expressing human TfR1, AjTfR1, NsTfR1, ZbTfR1, or vector alone, and subsequently infected with MACV, JUNV, or GTOV pseudoviruses. cache = ./cache/cord-267149-5twx9y5c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267149-5twx9y5c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277309-kelebqr6 author = Wang, Lin-Fa title = Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans date = 2019-01-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6080 sentences = 299 flesch = 49 summary = While it is not easy to assess the spillover potential of many SARS-CoV related bat CoVs due to unsuccessful attempts to isolate the viruses, it should be noted that a 'consensus' virus constructed via reverse genetics pointed to a high probability of human infection [19] . Further study is required to determine the true zoonotic potential of SADS-CoV and closely related bat CoVs. For unknown reasons, despite of the wide presence of CoVs in bats of different locations and species with relative high viral genome levels, multiple attempts by different international groups to isolate bat CoVs have been largely unsuccessful. The genetic and functional Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans Wang and Anderson 81 Aside from MenPV and TioPV, other paramyxoviruses from the genus Rubulavirus have been isolated from or detected in bats without evidence of zoonotic transmission. cache = ./cache/cord-277309-kelebqr6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277309-kelebqr6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276110-zztp61pj author = Sætra (Sætra is the family name), Henrik Skaug title = A shallow defence of a technocracy of artificial intelligence: Examining the political harms of algorithmic governance in the domain of government date = 2020-06-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10940 sentences = 545 flesch = 55 summary = These are objections based on the ideas of 'political man' and participation as a prerequisite for legitimacy, the non-morality of machines and the value of transparency and accountability. Such a technocracy, if the AI capabilities of policy formation here assumed becomes reality, may, in theory, provide us with better means of participation, fair and impartial political outcomes, and more efficient government resulting in benefits for most individuals and society in general. They are: a) people might need politics, b) legitimacy is linked to democracy, c) AI is not capable of morality, d) we have an issue with transparency related to AI and e) AI decision-making involves problems assigning responsibility. If politics is really about deciding which moral values are important, and what we see as the good society, having a policy process whereby human beings take part in the formulation of these issues is compatible with a technocracy. cache = ./cache/cord-276110-zztp61pj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276110-zztp61pj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274219-nh2t1qsl author = Harwood, Stephen title = Conceptualising technology, its development and future: The six genres of technology date = 2020-08-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14667 sentences = 751 flesch = 43 summary = Since possibilities for what happens emerge from the relationship between the artefact and human, then this raises the question of whether the notion of artefact-creature relationship can be developed to forecast a technology development trajectory leading to some ultimate end-point such as envisaged by Stephen Hawking. Consequently, the six Genres explain how technology might unfold with growing autonomy and connectivity into some ultimate form -'an autopoietic technological being' existing in communities of similar beings -and the consequent implications for the relationship between humans and artefacts. This can be viewed in terms of the convergence of existing technologies, for example, for perception (sensors), data storage (cloud), processing (high performance computing), calculation and sense-making (AI, Machine Learning), authentication (blockchain) and action (autonomous vehicles, robotics, drones). cache = ./cache/cord-274219-nh2t1qsl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274219-nh2t1qsl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272955-kkkrkgg1 author = Belsy, Acosta title = Molecular characterization of adenoviral infections in Cuba: report of an unusual association of species D adenoviruses with different clinical syndromes date = 2009-03-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4219 sentences = 233 flesch = 39 summary = title: Molecular characterization of adenoviral infections in Cuba: report of an unusual association of species D adenoviruses with different clinical syndromes The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize members of different adenovirus species at the molecular level and to describe the correlation between viruses and clinical syndromes during a period of 4 years. Four isolates from clinical materials obtained from patients with encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and meningoencephalitis were identified as belonging to the species Human adenovirus D. In the present report, the nested PCR method used was able to detect different HAdVs in clinical samples and supernatant culture with a sensitive internal control system to assure the quality of reaction conditions in each individual tube. Human adenovirus DNA was detected in the supernatant of a cell culture infected with viruses obtained from fecal specimens taken from a patient with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), as well as in two cases of meningoencephalitis. cache = ./cache/cord-272955-kkkrkgg1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272955-kkkrkgg1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275796-4560i8cx author = Kumar, Prashant title = Prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for human metapneumovirus date = 2018-10-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6555 sentences = 311 flesch = 37 summary = Recently, 54G10, a human monoclonal antibody directed to a conserved epitope of HMPV fusion protein, was shown to be highly neutralizing and effective in decreasing the viral titre in lungs and nasal aspirates of infected HMPV permissive mice model. Prior to this, Fab DS7, a recombinant human monoclonal antibody fragment generated using phage display technology against a fusion protein epitope was evaluated and found to be significantly effective in restricting the propagation of HMPV in the lungs of cotton rats [106] . In past few years, nanoemulsion based inactivation of virus like RSV was demonstrated to yield safe vaccines which could induce effective humoral immune response and enhanced viral clearance from the host body [59] . demonstrated that recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guerin (rBCG) carrying the gene encoding HMPV P protein could successfully express the viral protein and immunization with the rBCG strain could induce a protective Th1 immunity in mice model by activation of virus specific T cells producing IFNc and IL-2 [72] . cache = ./cache/cord-275796-4560i8cx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275796-4560i8cx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272829-i4jh6bcn author = ZANETTI, A. R. title = Emerging and re‐emerging infections at the turn of the millennium date = 2010-01-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4100 sentences = 180 flesch = 50 summary = Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man‐induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. What is more, a number of other factors promote not only the dissemination but also the emergence of new infectious diseases: intensive farming and breeding associated with crowding promote the development of foci of infection; global warming has modified the climate, making insects, a major vector of pathogens, able to thrive in countries where the climate was previously hostile; the exploitation of natural resources has produced environmental changes that create opportunities for new contacts between species leading to emergence of infections in new hosts. cache = ./cache/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268378-tcuv255v author = Hood, Ernie title = Evolutionary Medicine: A Powerful Tool for Improving Human Health date = 2008-02-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4588 sentences = 231 flesch = 45 summary = Evolution has not traditionally been considered to be an important aspect of medicine, and medical practitioners and researchers have not traditionally approached their work from the perspective offered by evolutionary biology. An evolutionary viewpoint pushes the focus out farther to look at long-term ecological relationships, including symbiotic bacteria, parasites and pathogens, historical lifestyles, and the genetics of populations. Evolution is providing clues about puzzling medical results, and studies of human health are giving us new information about the rate and driving forces of evolution. The group proposes to look for microevolutionary changes in the study population and to use the extensive medical data to correlate differences in genomic inheritance and phenotypic outcomes. Combined with the development of new technologies that have given us entire genomes and the tools with which to study them, these vast data sets have the potential to launch an evolutionary medicine revolution. cache = ./cache/cord-268378-tcuv255v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268378-tcuv255v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281957-1p54k8it author = Kaplan, Bruce title = 'ONE HEALTH' and parasitology date = 2009-08-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1312 sentences = 67 flesch = 34 summary = One Health is a concept that proposes that a paradigm shift in approaching diseases of humans and animals is essential to meet the challenges of the 21 st century. One Health began in the late 19 th and 20 th centuries with physician leaders in medicine like Rudolf Virchow, known as the "Father of comparative medicine, cellular pathology, and veterinary pathology" and William Osler, called the "Father of Modern Medicine." They embraced the concept that human and animal health were inextricably linked. Schwabe at the University of California coined the term "One Medicine" (now commonly referred to as "One Health") which was aimed at unifying human medical and veterinary medical disciplines against zoonotic diseases occurring in the public health arena. Parasitologists, of all the health professional scientists, are generally most familiar with the long list of parasitic zoonoses that affect humans via animals as well as specific details pertaining to each. One Health Initiative will unite human and veterinary medicine cache = ./cache/cord-281957-1p54k8it.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281957-1p54k8it.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271979-a9u494tr author = Wolfe, Nathan D. title = Bushmeat Hunting, Deforestation, and Prediction of Zoonotic Disease date = 2005-12-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3314 sentences = 152 flesch = 44 summary = Many new zoonoses are viruses that emerge as human and domestic animal populations come into increasing con-tact with wildlife hosts of potentially zoonotic pathogens (1) . The risk for emergence of new zoonotic agents from wildlife depends largely on 3 factors: 1) the diversity of wildlife microbes in a region (the "zoonotic pool" [5] ); 2) the effects of environmental change on the prevalence of pathogens in wild populations; and 3) the frequency of human and domestic animal contact with wildlife reservoirs of potential zoonoses. Despite the discovery of cooking ≈1.9 million years ago (9), the risk of zoonotic diseases emerging from hunting and eating wildlife is still of global importance because of increases in human population density, globalized trade, and consequent increased contact between humans and animals. Research in medical anthropology has begun to examine indigenous theories of infectious disease (15) and the cultural contexts within which diseases emerge (16), but little data exist on local perceptions of health or other risks associated with hunting and eating bushmeat. cache = ./cache/cord-271979-a9u494tr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271979-a9u494tr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288119-3zq8l5z0 author = Dijkman, Ronald title = Human Coronaviruses 229E and NL63: Close Yet Still So Far date = 2009-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4237 sentences = 301 flesch = 55 summary = HCoV-NL63 is associated with croup in children, whereas all signs suggest that the virus probably causes the common cold in healthy adults. HCoV-229E is a proven common cold virus in healthy adults, so it is probable that both viruses induce comparable symptoms in adults, even though their mode of infection differs. 20 Almost two decades later, one research group located in the UK identified a human respiratory tract pathogen from nasal washings of persons with the common cold. 6, 64, 65 Studies with HCoV-229E infection of volunteers have shown that reinfection with common cold symptoms occurs when the level of antibodies directed against the virus is low. New human coronavirus, HCoV-NL63, associated with severe lower respiratory tract disease in Australia Lack of association between infection with a novel human coronavirus (HCoV), HCoV-NH, and Kawasaki Disease in Taiwan Human coronavirus-NL63 infection is not associated with acute Kawasaki disease cache = ./cache/cord-288119-3zq8l5z0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288119-3zq8l5z0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277076-yvsyo4l9 author = Berger, A. title = SARS date = 2019-09-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4349 sentences = 215 flesch = 45 summary = Measures including source isolation of patientswho only became infectious after onset of clinical symptomsstrict infection control in health care facilities, timely identification and quarantining of exposed contacts, and perhaps also measures to increase social distance, such as travel warnings and screening of travelers, had led to this remarkable and remarkably rapid success. A further, small SARS outbreak occurred again in Guangdong in late 2003/early 2004; molecular analysis of virus isolates from human cases and animals sampled at the same place and time confirmed that this was zoonotically acquired from Paguma larvata. The laboratory diagnosis of SARS remains a challenge; in fact, despite the rapid identification of SARS-CoV as the etiological agent, testing contributed little to the successful control of the 2003 outbreak. A negative antibody test result later than 21 days after the onset of illness is likely to indicate that no infection with SARS-CoV has taken place. cache = ./cache/cord-277076-yvsyo4l9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277076-yvsyo4l9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272405-jmwn8pdn author = Parvez, Mohammad K. title = Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic Viruses: Past, Present, and Future date = 2017-08-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4192 sentences = 210 flesch = 43 summary = Despite substantial advancements in the understanding of the biology of pathogens, the breakthroughs in prevention, and their effects on public health and the global economy, the emergence of novel pandemic viruses remains an enduring puzzle. This review presents an update on the knowledge of important emerging/re-emerging viral infections worldwide, discussing their possible origin, evolution, natural reservoirs, human adaptations, and risk factors ( Fig. 1 ). To understand this further, a recently isolated HEV genotype 3 from a chronic hepatitis E patient containing a recombinant virus-host RNA genome was shown to infect cultured human, pig, and deer hepatocytes [39] . The field of phylodynamics, combining a modeling framework for host, epidemiological, and molecular data, especially for RNA viruses, shows particular promise for Parvez understanding the patterns of viral evolution during epidemics [40, 41] . Despite landmark advances in understanding the nature and biology of many pathogenic viruses, there is limited knowledge on emerging novel viruses, their potential reservoirs, and their modes of transmission. cache = ./cache/cord-272405-jmwn8pdn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272405-jmwn8pdn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278195-1sle0d1j author = Castillo-Huitrón, Nathalia M. title = The Importance of Human Emotions for Wildlife Conservation date = 2020-06-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8075 sentences = 396 flesch = 44 summary = The very diverse and continuous human-wildlife interactions can be seen from three main perspectives: (1) Utilitarian, in which wild species provide goods for human well-being, such as food, clothing, transport, tools, raw materials, and companionship, among others; (2) Affective, where human beings feel sympathy, admiration, and respect for animals because of religious, mystical, or philosophical reasons (Kellert et al., 1996) , which has greatly contributed to cultural development worldwide (Herzog and Galvin, 1992; Alves, 2012) ; and (3) Conflictive, because of the real or potential damage that wild species may inflict on people and their interests (e.g., attacks on humans, livestock predation, damage on crops, and infrastructure, among others; Lescureux and Linnell, 2010) . Emotions such as fear and anger may be induced by predators that are bigger and heavier than persons, as in the case of large carnivores (e.g., bears, wolves, and big cats) (Røskaft et al., 2003) or by those species unattractive for most people, like worms, small carnivores, bats, and reptiles, which are often perceived as harmful (Knight, 2008; Prokop and Tunnicliffe, 2008; Prokop et al., 2009) . cache = ./cache/cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284711-l1za83w1 author = Anand, Sudhir title = Human security and universal health insurance date = 2011-08-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1230 sentences = 82 flesch = 51 summary = title: Human security and universal health insurance Here the concern is to insure against falling below an adequate threshold of human capabilities-in the case of a person's health, a minimum acceptable level. Without health insurance, a severe medical crisis that threatens survival, for example, can have disastrous fi nancial implications-that can aff ect human security in many other dimensions. Universal health insurance thus contributes directly to furthering human security. 3, [8] [9] [10] [11] Indeed, universal health coverage in Japan, now in existence for 50 years, is indicative of the priority that Japan accords to human security. Over the decades, Japan has also undertaken policies to advance human security in other dimensions, such as basic education, social protection, and economic safety nets. Internationally, Japan has used the concept of human security to guide assistance to developing countries through bilateral aid and multilateral policies. A central manifestation of these actions is the country's commitment to universal health insurance. cache = ./cache/cord-284711-l1za83w1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284711-l1za83w1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274520-c674wkmt author = Moelling, Karin title = Air Microbiome and Pollution: Composition and Potential Effects on Human Health, Including SARS Coronavirus Infection date = 2020-05-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6725 sentences = 370 flesch = 47 summary = title: Air Microbiome and Pollution: Composition and Potential Effects on Human Health, Including SARS Coronavirus Infection e authors concluded that there was likely no risk for contracting infectious diseases from pollutant-associated microbes, but they recommended fixing soil by vegetation to reduce the amount of airborne microbes originating from fecal and terrestrial sources, including potential allergens [31] . As observed in the New York City subway, bacterial communities showed significant similarities with those of outdoor air samples, with some human skin-associated bacteria also being present. ere is evidence that people exposed to severe air pollution are more susceptible to infection with the present SARS-CoV-2 pandemic virus and experience stronger symptoms, not only in large cities of China but also in other parts of the world [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] . Potential human pathogens are typically below the detection limit in air samples even from closed environments such as subway systems, which means that there is not likely a significant risk for infection [31, 32, [34] [35] [36] [37] . cache = ./cache/cord-274520-c674wkmt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274520-c674wkmt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276039-nqqwnmwc author = Rua, Rejane title = Origin, evolution and innate immune control of simian foamy viruses in humans date = 2015-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4070 sentences = 229 flesch = 52 summary = In this review, we present current data on the discovery, cross-species transmission, and molecular evolution of SFV in human populations initially infected and thus at risk for zoonotic emergence. In this brief review, we will present the current available data on the discovery, cross-species transmission and molecular evolution of the simian foamy viruses (SFV) present in different human populations at risk for zoonotic emergence. They were mostly hunters who reported direct contacts with blood and/or body fluids from wild NHPs. We extended such studies into different areas and populations of this Central African country and found the presence of SFV infection in at least 50 persons [12 ] . Origin, evolution and innate immune control of simian foamy viruses in humans Rua and Gessain 51 Table 1 SFV tropism and viral load in the blood of SFV-infected humans and NHPs. The proportion of SFV DNA positive samples among leukocyte populations in SFV-infected NHP and SFVinfected humans is indicated. cache = ./cache/cord-276039-nqqwnmwc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276039-nqqwnmwc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278647-krh63hqp author = Carter, Robert W title = A new look at an old virus: patterns of mutation accumulation in the human H1N1 influenza virus since 1918 date = 2012-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8413 sentences = 425 flesch = 52 summary = At the time of its disappearance in 2009, the human H1N1 lineage had accumulated over 1400 point mutations (more than 10% of the genome), including approximately 330 non-synonymous changes (7.4% of all codons). This process may play a role in natural pandemic cessation and has apparently contributed to the exponential decline in mortality rates over time, as seen in all major human influenza strains. Given this large body of data, it becomes feasible to test the attenuation model using mutation accumulation rates, non-synonymous amino acid changes, changing dN/dS ratios, changing transition/transversions ratios, and changes in codon specificity over time. Using the amended 1918 Brevig Mission virus as a reference and including all human and porcine viruses in the database, we calculated SNPs, indels, transitions, transversions, non-synonymous amino acid changes, dN/dS ratios, predicted protein lengths (for all 11 proteins), the normalized codon scores (NCS) and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) [51] score for each predicted protein of each genome. cache = ./cache/cord-278647-krh63hqp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278647-krh63hqp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279694-25rblhwb author = Mahy, B.W.J title = Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates date = 2014-11-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4322 sentences = 177 flesch = 50 summary = Although it is still important to isolate viruses in cell culture for their complete characterization, it is now possible directly to detect viruses in diseased tissues by PCR, then, by sequencing the amplicon, to determine whether a new virus has emerged to cause the disease. For example, when hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, caused by a bunyavirus of rodents, Sin Nombre virus, was initially detected in 1993 in the Four Corners region of Western USA, it was found that rodents inside a house where people had been infected carried a virus identical in sequence to virus isolated from human cases. Then, in 1993, a new hantavirus emerged in the Four Corners region of Southwestern USA as the cause of a severe acute respiratory disease syndrome, with a fatality rate close to 40%, and named Sin Nombre virus. It will be important in the future to detect new viruses before they can emerge to cause disease in the population. cache = ./cache/cord-279694-25rblhwb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279694-25rblhwb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282878-8qgsq2km author = Fignani, Daniela title = SARS-CoV-2 receptor Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme type 2 (ACE2) is expressed in human pancreatic β-cells and in the human pancreas microvasculature date = 2020-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7565 sentences = 359 flesch = 43 summary = Finally, using RT-qPCR, RNA-seq and High-Content imaging screening analysis, we demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines, but not palmitate, increases ACE2 expression in the β-cell line EndoC-βH1 and in primary human pancreatic islets. To address this question, we screened the ACE2 expression pattern in human pancreata obtained from adult non-diabetic multiorgan donors and in the insulin-producing human β-cell line EndoC-βH1, using different methodologies, multiple reagents, and publicly available or in-house generated RNA sequencing datasets. Here, we adopted multiple technologies and reagents to thoroughly analyse presence of ACE2, both at mRNA and protein level, in order to evaluate its expression and localization in pancreatic tissue samples obtained from adult non-diabetic multiorgan donors from the INNODIA EUnPOD biobank collection, in enzymatic-and LCM-isolated primary adult human pancreatic islets and in human β-cell line EndoC-βH1. Importantly, a recent report showed that human pancreatic islets can be infected in vitro by SARS-CoV-2 (23), supporting our observations of a specific tropism of the virus due to ACE2 expression. cache = ./cache/cord-282878-8qgsq2km.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282878-8qgsq2km.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283339-pbgeoxdu author = Jonsdottir, Hulda R. title = Characterization of Human Coronaviruses on Well-Differentiated Human Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures date = 2014-12-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2482 sentences = 207 flesch = 63 summary = Additionally, we outline methods for immunofluorescence staining of these cultures for virus detection, characterization of cell tropism, and how to perform antiviral assays and quantify viral replication. Primary human bronchial epithelial cells cultured in an air-liquid interface (ALI) system serve as a universal platform to study human respiratory viruses [ 4 -6 ] . Additionally, we outline methods for immunofl uorescence staining of these cultures for virus detection, characterization of cell tropism and how to perform antiviral assays and quantify viral replication. The inserts need to be coated overnight with collagen type IV, necessary for development and long-term maintenance of differentiated primary airway epithelial cell cultures. 4. Apply 50 µl of HBSS to the apical side and mix with equal volume of reconstituted CellTiter-Glo enzyme solution (optimized for 24-well inserts, for other insert sizes adjust buffer amount accordingly) and incubate for 5 min at room temperature on a gyro-rocker to induce cell lysis. cache = ./cache/cord-283339-pbgeoxdu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283339-pbgeoxdu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264408-vk4lt83x author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2017-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 34464 sentences = 1865 flesch = 47 summary = Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . cache = ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286368-kdwh4hgf author = Hui, David S.C. title = A clinical approach to the threat of emerging influenza viruses in the Asia‐Pacific region date = 2017-07-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7703 sentences = 432 flesch = 44 summary = Observational studies have shown that treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) for adults hospitalized with severe influenza is associated with lower mortality and better clinical outcomes, especially when administered early in the course of illness. The global circulation of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza, the emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 2009 followed by its continual circulation, 6 the rising number of A(H7N9) infections in humans 2 and the ongoing spread of A(H5N8) in recent months in the poultry populations in many countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and Middle East with pandemic potential 7 all point to an urgent need for developing more effective antiviral therapies to reduce morbidity and mortality. Human infections with a novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus were first reported in China in March 2013 in patients hospitalized with severe pneumonia. cache = ./cache/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006229-7yoilsho author = nan title = Abstracts of the 82(nd) Annual Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) and the 18(th) Annual Meeting of the Network Clinical Pharmacology Germany (VKliPha) in cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Angewandte Humanpharmakologie e.V. (AGAH) date = 2016-02-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 133493 sentences = 6804 flesch = 42 summary = It directly activates Protein Kinase A (PKA) or the Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) which is a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for the small monomeric GTPase Rap. As Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) express both cAMP effectors (Epac1 and PKA), we investigated the role of cAMP-signaling using a spheroid based sprouting assay as an in vitro model for angiogenesis. After activation, S1P receptors regulate important processes in the progression of renal diseases, such as mesangial cell migration Methods and Results: Here we demonstrate that dexamethasone treatment lowered S1P 1 mRNA and protein expression levels in rat mesangial cells measured by TaqMan® and Western blot analyses. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of IGFBP5 in cardiogenesis and cardiac remodeling and its role as a potential target for ameliorating stress-induced cardiac remodeling Methods and Results: We investigated the expression of Igfbp5 in murine cardiac tissue at different developmental stages by qPCR normalized to Tpt1 (Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1). cache = ./cache/cord-006229-7yoilsho.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006229-7yoilsho.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274756-nnm1n09a author = Varadé, Jezabel title = Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges date = 2020-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19144 sentences = 920 flesch = 38 summary = The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer. In addition to those showing the essential role of LTi cells in the formation of secondary lymphoid organs during embryogenesis and the postnatal development of intestinal lymphoid clusters, recent studies also provide evidence that subsets of ILCs express multiple factors that modulate the adaptive immune response in health and disease 27, 28 . Autoimmunity: In the case of therapeutic vaccines for autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, Myasthenia gravis or Guillain Barré syndrome, the intention is to induce tolerance to self-antigens through the activation of regulatory cells (Tregs and Bregs) and tolerogenic dendritic cells, thus avoiding the immune response to self-components 211 . cache = ./cache/cord-274756-nnm1n09a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274756-nnm1n09a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281836-j1r771nq author = Hernando-Amado, Sara title = Antibiotic Resistance: Moving From Individual Health Norms to Social Norms in One Health and Global Health date = 2020-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14097 sentences = 630 flesch = 35 summary = Global Health is based on a broad collaborative and transnational approach to establish "health for all humans." In this case, it focuses AR at a general (global) scale, considering that the selection and global spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are a problem that influences the health of human societies with disparate social and economic structures and is linked to many societal and ecological factors (Chokshi et al., 2019) . Although not belonging to the antibiotic resistome, genes frequently associated with resistance to other antimicrobials, such as heavy metals or biocides, as well as the genes of the MGEs backbones, eventually involved in the transmission and selection of ARGs among microbial populations, the mobilome at large, are also relevant to track the emergence and dissemination of AR among different habitats Martinez et al., 2017; Baquero et al., 2019) . cache = ./cache/cord-281836-j1r771nq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281836-j1r771nq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291909-x0sfwqnk author = Butler, Colin D. title = Environmental Health, Planetary Boundaries and Limits to Growth date = 2019-09-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7949 sentences = 365 flesch = 46 summary = To be more than reactive, it is necessary to understand the complexity and interactions of integrated environmental health risks, including the possibility of significant global population decline within the current century. This contribution provides an overview to the Limits to Growth, linking it especially to the "planetary boundaries" of climate change, biodiversity loss and novel entities (including artificial substances and genetically modified organisms). On one hand, it estimates the ecological assets required to produce the resources consumed by any discrete population; this includes food and fiber plants, livestock and fish, timber and other forest products, space for urban infrastructure and whatever "sinks" are needed to absorb the waste produced, especially carbon dioxide emissions. Although the environmental health literature has long identified links between health and indicators used in the LTG model, such as food, services, and pollution, there has been little recognition among the health community, including within public health, of the possibility of a reduction in population this century. cache = ./cache/cord-291909-x0sfwqnk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291909-x0sfwqnk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280107-tulne0v3 author = Rabaa, Maia A. title = The Vietnam Initiative on Zoonotic Infections (VIZIONS): A Strategic Approach to Studying Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date = 2015-09-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4418 sentences = 185 flesch = 31 summary = This infrastructure will facilitate systematic investigations of pathogen ecology and evolution, enhance understanding of viral cross-species transmission events, and identify relevant risk factors and drivers of zoonotic disease emergence. Here, we describe a project that is currently underway in communities across Vietnam in which we are collecting clinical samples and associated clinical, epidemiological, and demographic data, which will be combined with high-throughput viral genome sequences and qualitative social sciences data to address key onehealth questions with the aim of better understanding the origins, risks, and emergence of zoonotic infections. To estimate the burden of disease (focusing on viral and zoonotic diseases), and investigate the disease epidemiology in patients hospitalized with specified clinical syndromes and infections in a cohort of high-risk individuals occupationally exposed to animals; with targeted sampling from domestic animals and wildlife in association with these individuals 3. This infrastructure will facilitate systematic investigations of pathogen ecology and evolution, enhance the understanding of viral cross-species transmission events, and allow us to identify the relevant risk factors and drivers of zoonotic disease emergence. cache = ./cache/cord-280107-tulne0v3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280107-tulne0v3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283709-y59h5bw8 author = Chan, Renee W Y title = Tropism and replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from dromedary camels in the human respiratory tract: an in-vitro and ex-vivo study date = 2014-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4858 sentences = 225 flesch = 53 summary = We aimed to compare MERS-CoV isolates from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with a prototype human MERS-CoV to assess virus replication competence and cell tropism in ex-vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung. INTERPRETATION: The similarity of virus tropism and replication competence of human and dromedary MERS-CoV from the Arabian peninsula, and genetically diverse dromedary viruses from Egypt, in ex-vivo cultures of the human respiratory tract suggests that dromedary viruses from Saudi Arabia and Egypt are probably infectious to human beings. We aimed to compare MERS-CoV isolates from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with the prototype human MERS-CoV EMC strain to assess virus replication competence and cell tropism in ex-vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung. To assess the infection potential of dromedary camel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) strains for humans, genetic analysis should be complemented with phenotypic characterisation in physiologically relevant invitro cell cultures. cache = ./cache/cord-283709-y59h5bw8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283709-y59h5bw8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279406-wwdqh9qs author = Guzman, Norberto A. title = A Two-Dimensional Affinity Capture and Separation Mini-Platform for the Isolation, Enrichment, and Quantification of Biomarkers and Its Potential Use for Liquid Biopsy date = 2020-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17172 sentences = 835 flesch = 33 summary = To address these limitations, we have developed a prototype of a portable, miniaturized instrument that uses immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis (IACE) to isolate, concentrate, and analyze cell-free biomarkers and/or tissue or cell extracts present in biological fluids. In this review, we therefore discuss applications and limitations of liquid biopsy and hope to introduce the idea that our affinity capture-separation device could be used as a form of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technology to isolate, concentrate, and analyze circulating cells, extracellular vesicles, and viruses. It would be beneficial to have a sample processing method before separation, to isolate and concentrate the intended viruses or EVs. Immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis has already been proven to be a useful technology to isolate, separate, and quantify cell-free molecules of biological interest based on the specificity and selectivity not only of antibody reagents, but also of lectin and aptamer reagents, quantifying molecules ranging from microgram/milliliter to femtogram/milliliter [25, 54, 55, 57, 75] . cache = ./cache/cord-279406-wwdqh9qs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279406-wwdqh9qs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285656-7o7ofk1e author = Dawson, Harry D. title = The porcine translational research database: a manually curated, genomics and proteomics-based research resource date = 2017-08-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5697 sentences = 295 flesch = 48 summary = The data in the Porcine Translational Research Database ((http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=6065) is supported by >5800 references, and contains 65 data fields for each entry, including >9700 full length (5′ and 3′) unambiguous pig sequences, >2400 real time PCR assays and reactivity information on >1700 antibodies. This database provides the first comprehensive description of three major Super-families or functionally related groups of proteins (Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Marker genes, Solute Carrier Superfamily, ATP binding Cassette Superfamily), and a comparative description of porcine microRNAs. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4009-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Five of these genes are present in other porcine genomes, but missing from Ensembl build 10.2, 21 are truncated, and 18 of these genes are duplicated gene artifacts, Eleven full-length mRNA sequences, assembled from macrophage RNA-Seq reads, have been deposited in Genbank and an additional 24 in silico constructs are provided. cache = ./cache/cord-285656-7o7ofk1e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285656-7o7ofk1e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282059-sdumq61z author = Nesse, Randolph M title = The great opportunity: Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health date = 2008-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13522 sentences = 780 flesch = 49 summary = Understanding the body as a product of natural selection, not design, offers new research questions and a framework for making medical education more coherent. Much of the recent work in evolutionary medicine asks questions about why natural selection has left the body vulnerable to disease (Williams and Nesse 1991; Ewald 1994; Nesse and Williams 1994; Stearns 1998; Trevathan et al. Whatever the answer turns out to be, these Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health Nesse and Stearns ª 2008 The Authors studies have called our attention to the importance of the physiological state of mother and infant for the prevalence of lifestyle diseases later in life, with some well-documented effects delayed by several decades. This research ranges from well-established applications of population genetics and phylogeny to new applications of evolution to specific medical problems such as infectious disease and aging. cache = ./cache/cord-282059-sdumq61z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282059-sdumq61z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284795-0eoyxz78 author = Khetan, Aditya K. title = COVID-19: Why Declining Biodiversity Puts Us at Greater Risk for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and What We Can Do date = 2020-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 719 sentences = 48 flesch = 58 summary = For Nipah, the fruit bats contaminated date palm sap, which was then consumed by humans who thus got infected. While public health measures, including surveillance of emerging disease hotspots, can be helpful as near-term strategies, they cannot substitute for a long-term solution that conserves biodiversity. Human activities that drive loss of biodiversity are also directly tied to climate change and increasing water scarcity. This agricultural land expansion has mostly been for farming animals (for meat and other animal products such as dairy), soybean production, and palm oil production. 5 Given the significant contribution of human meat consumption to loss of biodiversity, decreasing such consumption must be recognized as a major priority for decreasing the incidence of EID over the medium to long term. It is estimated that 25% of global GHG emissions are the result of agriculture, most of it from the farming of animals for human consumption. Evolution in action: climate change, biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease cache = ./cache/cord-284795-0eoyxz78.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284795-0eoyxz78.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286749-si83t03j author = Lu, Q.-B. title = Epidemic and molecular evolution of human bocavirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection date = 2014-07-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3307 sentences = 192 flesch = 48 summary = title: Epidemic and molecular evolution of human bocavirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a novel parvovirus, often associated with respiratory tract diseases in children. This study was aimed to explore the epidemiology pattern and clinical characteristics of HBoV-1 infection in Chinese children, as well as the molecular evolutionary pattern, for HBoV-1, by performing a 4-year laboratory surveillance of ARTI cases. According to our results, the prevalence of HBoV-1 in pediatric ARTI patients is higher than those from other hospital-based studies [2, 6, 21, 22] , whereas it was lower than that previously detected in persistently wheezing children [16] . Human bocavirus in children: mono-detection, high viral load and viraemia are associated with respiratory tract infection Detection and clinical characteristics analysis of human bocavirus 1-3 in children for acute respiratory infection in Lanzhou area cache = ./cache/cord-286749-si83t03j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286749-si83t03j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276954-6m74kejh author = Dubé, Simon title = Foundations of Erobotics date = 2020-10-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19564 sentences = 894 flesch = 39 summary = Erobots, such as virtual or augmented partners, erotic chatbots, and sex robots, increasingly expose humans to the possibility of intimacy and sexuality with artificial agents. In fact, to fully grasp the extent of current and future human-machine interaction and their socio-technological co-evolution, it is essential to understand that erobots are not just their perceived characters (e.g., Harmony's VR character or robotic-headed doll), but are composed of vast interconnected, multi-layered, and (increasingly adaptative) multi-agent systems that enable their (emerging) capabilities [161, 228] . Since a plethora of variables are implied in the study of human-machine erotic co-evolution, our model is not deterministic, but probabilistic: it rests upon the way humans and erobots are likely to influence each other's erotic cognition [217] through interactions (e.g., experiences of social and sexual rewards that motivate individuals to engage or not in erotic behaviours; [234, 288] ) and their potential impacts on each other's ecological niche-ranging from micro to macrosystems (e.g., technological to sociocultural environments; [42] ). cache = ./cache/cord-276954-6m74kejh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276954-6m74kejh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276218-dcg9oq6y author = Kim, Jihoon title = Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine date = 2020-07-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10681 sentences = 496 flesch = 38 summary = The use of classical cell line and animal model systems in biomedical research during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries has been successful in many areas, such as improving our understanding of cellular signalling pathways, identifying potential drug targets and guiding the design of candidate drugs for pathologies including cancer and infectious disease. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and diverse human AdSC culture methods has made it possible, for the first time, to generate laboratory models specific to an individual 32 . A number of studies have used 3D human stem cell-derived systems, including neurosphere culture and brain organoid models, to reveal the effect of ZIKV infection on human brain development 80, 81 . cache = ./cache/cord-276218-dcg9oq6y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276218-dcg9oq6y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294812-nnlzwaf1 author = Desforges, Marc title = Neuroinvasive and Neurotropic Human Respiratory Coronaviruses: Potential Neurovirulent Agents in Humans date = 2014-03-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7096 sentences = 318 flesch = 36 summary = However, in some circumstances, viruses can avoid the immune response and cause more severe respiratory diseases [1] or even spread to other tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS), where they could induce other types of pathologies [7] . Coronaviruses, a family of enveloped positive-stranded RNA viruses with a characteristic crown-shaped appearance, are widespread in nature and can infect several different species [44] , in which they cause mainly respiratory and enteric pathologies, with neurotropic and neuroinvasive properties in various hosts including humans, cats, pigs, rodents, and fowl [45] [46] [47] [48] . Furthermore, we have shown that these viruses are able to establish a persistent infection in human cells representative of the CNS [64, 65] and that HCoV-OC43 RNA could be detected for at least a year in the CNS of infected mice that survived the virus-induced acute encephalitis [71] . cache = ./cache/cord-294812-nnlzwaf1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294812-nnlzwaf1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298301-p1zj6jg9 author = Dey, Lopamudra title = Machine Learning Techniques for Sequence-based Prediction of Viral-Host Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and Human Proteins date = 2020-09-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6298 sentences = 387 flesch = 49 summary = title: Machine Learning Techniques for Sequence-based Prediction of Viral-Host Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and Human Proteins A total of 1326 potential human target proteins of SARS-CoV-2 have been predicted by the proposed ensemble model and validated using gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. In this article, we have tried to predict the target human proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus based on their protein sequences combining amino acid composition, pseudo amino acid composition, and conjoint triad features using machine learning techniques. Subsequently, after feature reduction, we have used some popular supervised learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), Random Forest (RF) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) along with a deep multi-layer perceptron model and ensemble techniques (Voting classifier, XGBoost, AdaBoost) for classification and prediction. A total of 3 sets of sequence-based features, namely, amino acid composition, conjoint triad, and pseudo amino acid composition of the human proteins are considered to train the machine learning models. cache = ./cache/cord-298301-p1zj6jg9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298301-p1zj6jg9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296863-xu0h92ac author = Berlinguer, Giovanni title = Bioethics, health, and inequality date = 2004-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4325 sentences = 191 flesch = 49 summary = The International Bioethics Committee (IBC) of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) recommended that "PGD be limited to medical indications. The convention includes articles on the rights of the patient, on equitable access to health care, on respect for private life, on non-discrimination on genetic grounds, on transplants, and on prohibition of financial gains "from the human body and his parts as such" (article 21). The main difficulty in practising moral principles concerning human dignity and equity in health is that in the past 15 years a singular ethics (and a singular policy) prevailed in the world, which resulted in overturning the health paradigms that had successfully guided public health and health services for one century. As far as ethics is concerned, the difference is that WHO does have a moral obligation towards people's health, whereas the WTO, the IMF, and the World Bank do not. cache = ./cache/cord-296863-xu0h92ac.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296863-xu0h92ac.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282965-xguotf4m author = O’Callaghan-Gordo, Cristina title = COVID-19: The Disease of the Anthropocene date = 2020-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1585 sentences = 66 flesch = 47 summary = Since the emergence of AIDS, many other epidemic infectious diseases, such as Ebola, SARS and MERS to name the most recent, have been caused by the transmission of viruses from wild animal species to humans as shown in 2008 by Jones et al. The complete causal sequences and impacts of these ecological changes are still poorly understood, but frequently these emerging zoonosis appear and spread in circumstances that denote the effects of an economic and commercial practices that destroys natural habitats and animal populations, including those of humans living there, in the absence of effective protection and regulatory policies. The destruction of natural habitats and the extinction of species, the poorly regulated capture, marketing and consumption of non-human animals, the influence of lobbies to nullify or delay measures to protect natural and social systems, the limitation of current scientific knowledge and the contempt by governments and companies of the available evidence, have all worked in an orchestrated sequence to facilitate the current COVID-19 pandemic. cache = ./cache/cord-282965-xguotf4m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282965-xguotf4m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006230-xta38e7j author = nan title = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie e.V. date = 2012-02-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 135419 sentences = 7042 flesch = 43 summary = Here, we will present our analysis of Ca 2+ signaling following stimulation of the FcεRI receptor and application of secretagogues that are supposed to affect Ca 2+ -dependent mast cell activation such as adenosine, endothelin-1, substance P and compound 48/80 in BMMCs and PMCs derived from mouse lines with inactivation of TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5 or TRPC6 since specific antagonists are still lacking for these TRP channels. These data indicate that increased PP2A activity is associated with modified gene expression in TG hearts possibly affecting stress response and regulation of cell signalling. As demonstrated by qPCR and Western blot experiments, mesangial cells showed a marked time-and dose-dependent upregulation of CSE mRNA and protein levels after treatment with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB). The transcription factor cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) plays a critical role in regulating gene expression in response to activation of the cAMPdependent signaling pathway, which is implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure. cache = ./cache/cord-006230-xta38e7j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006230-xta38e7j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282925-efkb8hc7 author = Braidotti, R. title = “We” Are In This Together, But We Are Not One and the Same date = 2020-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3276 sentences = 156 flesch = 50 summary = There is so much that we need to both embrace and resist: the wave of collective and personal despair at the loss of lives, the hardship of the socio-economic consequences of this man-made disaster, the awareness of all that was wrong with the old world and which has now become manifest. The power of viral formations has become manifest in the pandemic, stressing the agency of non-human forces and the overall importance of Gaia as a living, symbiotic planet. Fifth insight: feminist theory is of great assistance to think equality with difference, multiple belongings and power rifts, because it stresses the embodied, embedded, and sexed roots of all material entities, humans included, and their unexplored resources. This transformative energy is the core of affirmative ethics, which stresses the inexhaustible potential of all living organisms-humans and non-humans-to generate multiple and yet unexplored interconnections. cache = ./cache/cord-282925-efkb8hc7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282925-efkb8hc7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289626-8oldaa8i author = Murray, Kris A. title = Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management date = 2018-04-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10517 sentences = 527 flesch = 40 summary = Indeed, distributional patterns of human infectious diseases are generally far more poorly compiled and characterized (e.g. often at only country or regional level and as coarse presence vs absence data) than many plant and animal species, for which numerous global stock takes, status assessments, occurrence databases and detailed distribution maps exist following a long tradition of biogeographic study (Wallace 1876 , Murray et al. We may represent the challenge of simultaneously understanding patterns and processes of infectious disease systems with respect to a series of interacting elements; including G, the physical geography context (e.g. topography) and E, the abiotic (e.g. climate) and biotic (e.g. habitat) environment; R n and V n , the single or multiple (denoted by superscript n) species of reservoir hosts or vectors; P, the pathogen being transmitted; H, the human population itself; O, the observation effort that may apply to each of the other elements (e.g. surveillance and data collation from existing sources); and M, the management landscape (e.g. interventions). cache = ./cache/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292075-t9z7zqz4 author = Gessain, Antoine title = Mécanismes d’émergence virale et transmission interespèces : l’exemple des rétrovirus Foamy simiens chezl’Homme en Afrique Centrale date = 2013-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2159 sentences = 133 flesch = 52 summary = After reviewing the current available data on the discovery, cross-species transmission from monkeys and apes to humans of the simian foamy retroviruses, we will report the results of our study. These populations are living nearby the habitats of several monkeys and apes, often naturally infected by different retroviruses including SIV, STLV and simian foamy virus. These populations are living nearby the habitats of several monkeys and apes, often naturally infected by different retroviruses including SIV, STLV and simian foamy virus. After reviewing the current available data on the discovery, cross-species transmission from monkeys and apes to humans of the simian foamy INTRODUCTION L'espèce humaine est en contact permanent avec l'environnement qui contient une multitude d'agents infectieux (virus, bactéries, parasites, champignons). Cross-species transmission of simian retroviruses, how and why they could lead to the emergence of new diseases in the human population Two distinct variants of simian foamy virus in naturally infected mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and cross-species transmission to humans cache = ./cache/cord-292075-t9z7zqz4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292075-t9z7zqz4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289003-vov6o1jx author = Burdet, C. title = Need for integrative thinking to fight against emerging infectious diseases. Proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, March 22, 2016 – current trends and proposals date = 2018-02-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8327 sentences = 327 flesch = 46 summary = Abstract We present here the proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, held in Paris on March 22nd, 2016, with seven priority proposals that can be outlined as follows: encourage research on the prediction, screening and early detection of new risks of infection; develop research and surveillance concerning transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, with their reinforcement in particular in intertropical areas ("hot-spots") via public support; pursue aid development and support in these areas of prevention and training for local health personnel, and foster risk awareness in the population; ensure adapted patient care in order to promote adherence to treatment and to epidemic propagation reduction measures; develop greater awareness and better education among politicians and healthcare providers, in order to ensure more adapted response to new types of crises; modify the logic of governance, drawing from all available modes of communication and incorporating new information-sharing tools; develop economic research on the fight against emerging infectious diseases, taking into account specific driving factors in order to create a balance between preventive and curative approaches. cache = ./cache/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282610-zim7nond author = Proal, Amy title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity date = 2018-12-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12428 sentences = 723 flesch = 38 summary = title: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity Intracellular pathogens, including many associated with ME/CFS, drive microbiome dysbiosis by directly interfering with human transcription, translation, and DNA repair processes. The gut microbiome can initiate and promote colorectal cancer at all stages of tumorigenesis by acting as an inducer of DNA damage, generating epigenetic changes, regulating cell growth, and modulating host immune responses (80) . If ME/CFS is driven by successive infection, treatments that support or activate the human immune system could improve microbiome health by allowing patients to better target persistent pathogens. Antibodies and/or clonal T cells identified in patients with ME/CFS are likely activated in response to many of these persistent microbiome pathogens. In ME/CFS, the immune response, metabolism, central nervous system, and human gene expression are all linked by the activity of the microbiome and its associated proteins/metabolites. cache = ./cache/cord-282610-zim7nond.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282610-zim7nond.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-295194-xbla6tu7 author = Stripecke, Renata title = Innovations, challenges, and minimal information for standardization of humanized mice date = 2020-06-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9889 sentences = 432 flesch = 40 summary = antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, is an immune defense mechanism whereby effector cells such as NK cells lyses target cells that have been bound by specific antibodies AML acute myeloid leukemia ART anti-retroviral therapy BDBV Bundibugyo ebolavirus BiTE bispecific T-cell engagers is a registered trademark for a class of recombinant bispecific monoclonal antibodies which bind to the CD3 receptor and to a tumor-specific antigen BLT bone marrow-liver-thymus BM bone marrow bNAbs broadly neutralizing antibodies are antibodies capable of neutralizing different types of viral strains BRGF Balb/c Rag2 À/À Il2rg À/À Flt3 À/À mouse strain expressing macrophage colonystimulating factors (M-CSF), IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF, and thrombopoietin (TPO) MSCs mesenchymal stromal cells Myelo-ablated mice are mice treated with irradiation or chemotherapy in order to decrease the bone marrow activity in order to improve the engraftment of transplanted stem cells Myelodysplasia is an abnormal accumulation of immature blood cells in the bone marrow Myelofibrosis is the replacement of the bone marrow with scar tissue due to proliferation of immature blood cells NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NIH National Institutes of Health NK natural killer NOD Non-obese diabetic NOG NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Sug /Jic NRGF NOD-Rag1 À/À Il2rg À/À Flk2 À/À NRG NOD-Rag1 tm1Mom Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ NSG NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells PD-1 programmed death receptor 1 PD-L1 PD-1 ligand 1 PDX-MI PDX Model Minimal Information standard PDX patient-derived xenograft PIRF POR À/À /Il2rg À/À /Rag2 À/À /FAH À/À Rag1 recombination activating gene Studies of human stem cell engraftment, hematopoiesis, and immunity cache = ./cache/cord-295194-xbla6tu7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-295194-xbla6tu7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301328-13adnvav author = Lowenthal, John title = Overview of the CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory date = 2016-04-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1656 sentences = 76 flesch = 45 summary = Emerging infectious diseases arising from livestock and wildlife pose serious threats to global human health, as shown by a series of continuous outbreaks involving highly pathogenic influenza, SARS, Ebola and MERS. To combat diseases like MERS, we must take a holistic approach that involves the development of early biomarkers of infection, a suite of treatment options (vaccines, anti-viral drugs and antibody therapeutics) and appropriate animal models to test the safety and efficacy of candidate treatments. Examples include the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus that has decimated poultry production in Asia and claimed over 350 lives since 2003 with continuing regular outbreaks, the Hendra virus in Australia, the Nipah virus in Malaysia and Bangladesh and hemorrhagic fever viruses (Ebola and Marburg), which have emerged from bats via intermediate hosts, such as horses and pigs, to infect and kill humans over the past two decades. cache = ./cache/cord-301328-13adnvav.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301328-13adnvav.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283152-wav0d0ws author = Patel, Sanjay K. S. title = Deploying Biomolecules as Anti-COVID-19 Agents date = 2020-06-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3094 sentences = 166 flesch = 50 summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) known as COVID-19 has emerged as a major threat to human existence. The emergence of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, renamed as COVID19) in 2019 from Wuhan, China has led to a global crisis and it has been declared as a pandemic emergency by World Health Organization (WHO) due to its fast rate of transmission among human beings [1, 2] . Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of genetically distinct viruses, which originated from broad ranges of hosts, including animal and bird species, and primarily cause respiratory and intestinal infections to humans and animals [1, [5] [6] [7] [8] . Transmission of COVID-19 possibly involved an adaptive evolution through an intermediate host (bat) before infecting humans. Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective cache = ./cache/cord-283152-wav0d0ws.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283152-wav0d0ws.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293938-40zyv1h8 author = Jonsdottir, Hulda R. title = Coronaviruses and the human airway: a universal system for virus-host interaction studies date = 2016-02-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5533 sentences = 288 flesch = 41 summary = The emergence of both Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory syndrome CoVs as well as the yearly circulation of four common CoVs highlights the importance of elucidating the different mechanisms employed by these viruses to evade the host immune response, determine their tropism and identify antiviral compounds. Tracheobronchial HAE cultures recapitulate the primary entry point of human respiratory viruses while the alveolar model allows for elucidation of mechanisms involved in viral infection and pathogenesis in the alveoli. Given the documented history of coronaviruses overcoming the species barrier and causing severe disease in humans, it is important to investigate the zoonotic potential of close evolutionary relatives of common HCoVs in a culture model that recapitulates the aspects of the human airway, e.g. morphology and receptor distribution. The establishment of transgenic animal models for human disease is attainable when either the virus receptor has been identified, which is not the case for all HCoVs, or when viruses can be adapted to a different host. cache = ./cache/cord-293938-40zyv1h8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293938-40zyv1h8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297579-ohpm5ys0 author = Netzler, Natalie E. title = Norovirus antivirals: Where are we now? date = 2018-12-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6471 sentences = 375 flesch = 37 summary = Despite the clinical significance of norovirus infection, antiviral studies have been hindered, because until recently, human norovirus could not be successfully propagated in cell culture. The cross-genotypic activity displayed by Nbs illustrates that these molecules have the potential to overcome the narrow antigenic spectrum typically displayed by conventional mAbs. However, despite these findings, mAb and Nb studies have been based mostly on VLP-binding and structural analysis of that binding (Table 1 ) and thus the effects of such compounds against norovirus in cell culture or in vivo need to be explored further before continued development toward clinical application. Most recently NTZ was shown to potently inhibit FCV replication in cell culture with an EC 50 of 0.6 µM, 189 and the GI norovirus replicon at a clinically relevant concentration (5 μg/mL), 190 which was later shown to result in a broad antiviral response. The viral polymerase inhibitor 2′-C-methylcytidine inhibits Norwalk virus replication and protects against norovirus-induced diarrhea and mortality in a mouse model cache = ./cache/cord-297579-ohpm5ys0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297579-ohpm5ys0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282628-6uoberfu author = Tiwari, Bhagyashree title = Future impacts and trends in treatment of hospital wastewater date = 2020-05-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5920 sentences = 286 flesch = 35 summary = The causative agent of most emerging infectious diseases is viruses; every year approximately more than two novel viral pathogens are identified, which can cause illness in a human. Factors for emergence include natural process (evolution of pathogen), infectious agents transfer from vertebrate to mammals, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and climate change. The factors responsible for the emergence of infectious diseases such as (1) the evolution of new strain, (2) the introduction of a host to enzootic, (3) translocation of infected wildlife, (4) farming practices, and (5) others were provided. Due to emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and unavoidable use of antibiotics, concomitant environmental perturbation caused by climate change might make the earth is not suitable for humans and other livings. Increasing resistance to antibiotics and the emergence of "superbugs" that are resistant to drugs of last resort have highlighted the great need for alternative treatments of bacterial disease. Furthermore, development of drug-resistant organisms and increased pathogen survival rate, only raising panic about the human, animal, and environmental health. cache = ./cache/cord-282628-6uoberfu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282628-6uoberfu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293143-1k170shh author = Dieninghoff, Doris title = Fatal HBoV-1 infection in adult female cystic fibrosis patient date = 2016-07-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1752 sentences = 90 flesch = 47 summary = A clinical case of fatal HBoV infection in an adult cystic-fibrosis patient awaiting lung transplantation is reported. A clinical case of fatal HBoV infection in an adult cystic-fibrosis patient awaiting lung transplantation is reported. The human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus that is associated with acute and chronic infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, persists in some tissues and solid cancers and putatively may play an aetiologic role in the development of idiopathic lung fibrosis [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . To date, no animal model exists, thus studies on the pathology of HBoV infections are limited to clinical studies, case descriptions, and air-liquid interface cell culture models that have been shown to mimic some important steps of the infection cycle [1, 7, [10] [11] [12] . cache = ./cache/cord-293143-1k170shh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293143-1k170shh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300301-7amiljnm author = Clements, Bruce W. title = Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats date = 2016-03-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6536 sentences = 383 flesch = 50 summary = Factors contributing to the emergence of diseases include increasing international travel and commerce, changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and industry, microbial adaptation and the breakdown of public health systems. These include: rapid epidemiologic surveillance and investigations to characterize the disease; transmission prevention through containment and control measures; development and deployment of medical countermeasures; and emergency public information and warning. By April 26, a public health emergency, the first in the history of the United States, was declared to allow for the rapid development of a vaccine, mobilization of antiviral medications through the federally resourced Strategic National Stockpile, and enhanced surveillance through reporting and testing. While it may not be possible to predict which pathogens may emerge or reemerge, it is possible to build infrastructure and take general steps to make populations and public health systems better prepared for the next novel infectious disease outbreak. cache = ./cache/cord-300301-7amiljnm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300301-7amiljnm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302222-9ad0fw6z author = Monath, Thomas P. title = Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm date = 2013-11-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15722 sentences = 669 flesch = 39 summary = A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherischia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Overall, it remains to be seen which of the many Rift Valley fever vaccines in development progress to regulatory approval and whether an integrated veterinary and human health policy based on the immunization of livestock in Africa together with predictive surveillance, can abort impending outbreaks, and lead to long range control of this important disease. The increasing problem of emerging infections, the majority of which are the result of spill-over from animals to humans, is a compelling reason to consider novel vaccine interventions, and the collaborations between veterinary and human health institutions in the development of the Hendra, West Nile, VEE and Rift Valley fever vaccines described in this review serve as examples of the power of this approach. cache = ./cache/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310371-pylrg91h author = Bishop, R.F. title = Enteric Viruses date = 2008-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4467 sentences = 253 flesch = 41 summary = The onset of acute enteritis is associated with infection by viruses that replicate at or near the site of entry into the intestinal mucosa, including caliciviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses, and coronaviruses. . viruses causing localized inflammation at any level of the intestinal tract, predominantly in small intestinal mucosa, resulting in acute gastroenteritis, for example, rotaviruses, caliciviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses; . The family Caliciviridae contain small RNA viruses that cause enteric disease in a wide variety of hosts including cattle, pigs, rabbits, and humans. Caliciviruses causing enteric infections (in humans and other animals) are classified as belonging to the family Caliciviridae, which is divided into four genera. The recent demonstration that human noroviruses can infect and replicate in a three-dimensional cell culture model of human intestinal epithelium, should improve our understanding of the pathogenesis, and antigenic diversity of this important group of enteric viruses. cache = ./cache/cord-310371-pylrg91h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310371-pylrg91h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300793-tuq8z6gm author = Weiss, Robin A title = Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases date = 2004 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5853 sentences = 273 flesch = 47 summary = About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. Emerging infectious diseases in humans comprise the following: first, established diseases undergoing increased incidence or geographic spread, for example, Tuberculosis and Dengue fever; second, newly discovered infections causing known diseases, for example, hepatitis C and Helicobacter pylori; and third, newly emerged diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS and SARS. Although some of the apparent increase in infectious disease may be attributable to better diagnostic methods and surveillance, there seems little doubt that more incidents are occurring, and have the potential to spread more widely than 50 years ago, as outbreaks and spread of infections like Nipah virus and SARS would not have passed unnoticed. cache = ./cache/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290548-0wezrr1b author = Watanabe, Tokiko title = Villains or heroes? The raison d'être of viruses date = 2020-02-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2919 sentences = 171 flesch = 42 summary = For example, Ebola virus disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome emerged in 1976 and 1981, respectively, 5-9 and more recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have appeared in human society. In traditional virology, most viruses found in humans are considered to be pathogenic to their hosts; however, recent studies have shown that there are some viruses that have symbiotic relationships with their hosts and do not cause disease. 44 In the last a few decades, emerging infectious diseases caused by newly identified viruses, such as Ebola virus, 5-8 SARS and MERS coronaviruses, [10] [11] [12] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 9 Nipah virus and Hendra virus, [45] [46] [47] [48] have appeared in human society. To date, the PREDICT programme has found over 1100 viruses in animals and humans, including a new Ebola virus and MERSand SARS-like coronaviruses. cache = ./cache/cord-290548-0wezrr1b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290548-0wezrr1b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302918-0nk7zyod author = Broor, S. title = Human metapneumovirus: a new respiratory pathogen date = 2008-11-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6062 sentences = 282 flesch = 44 summary = Human metapneumovirus is a recently recognized pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) in children as well as elderly and immunocompromised adults. Recent experimental work using primates (chimpanzees, cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, African green monkeys) and small animals (hamsters, cotton rats, mice and ferrets) has been performed to characterize the pathogenesis associated with this viral infection; hMPV replicates to a various extent in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of these experimental animals, although clinical symptoms after intranasal challenge have only been observed in chimpanzees, Cynomolgus macaques and BALB/c mice so far (van den Hoogen et al 2001; Alvarez et al 2004; Kuiken et al 2004; Skiadopoulos et al 2004; . Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: a new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups First Detection of Human Metapneumovirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Infection in India: a Preliminary Report cache = ./cache/cord-302918-0nk7zyod.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302918-0nk7zyod.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301935-0qjo94ty author = Varma, Ratna title = Current strategies and opportunities to manufacture cells for modeling human lungs date = 2020-08-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10320 sentences = 515 flesch = 35 summary = Current lung directed differentiation protocols are limited as they do not 1) recapitulate the diversity of respiratory epithelium, 2) generate consistent or sufficient cell numbers for drug discovery platforms, and 3) establish the histologic tissue-level organization critical for modeling lung function. We then discuss the evolution of directed differentiation protocols to find opportunities for creating specific populations of airway and lung epithelia through targeted manipulation of key signaling pathways in 2D and 3D models. While the cell fate of early proximal and distal lineages is directed through chemical signals, the lung epithelium itself undergoes marked changes in architecture, a process known as branching morphogenesis [79, 92] . In the future, human PSC-derived lung tissue models have the potential to enable exploration of infection, disease and regeneration mechanisms of action to impact drug discovery and drug development, and further inform patient-specific drug selection. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into mature airway epithelia expressing functional CFTR protein cache = ./cache/cord-301935-0qjo94ty.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301935-0qjo94ty.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299315-s43gw24k author = Capps, Benjamin title = One Health, Vaccines and Ebola: The Opportunities for Shared Benefits date = 2015-09-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10082 sentences = 485 flesch = 48 summary = In this paper we propose One Health as a strategy to prevent zoonotic outbreaks as a shared goal: that human and Great Ape vaccine trials could benefit both species. Sure, while OH in this sense creates the grounds for humans to express compassion towards animals and ecosystems and to engage in novel approaches to health problems, overall it often achieves the same goals of prevention and response so far already installed in public health; so OH, in this sense, adds nothing to the ethical debate except by broadening the factors considered in any human cost-benefit analysis. Our proposal is for direct action to administer vaccinations to humans through public health and research paradigms, and additionally to animals to stave off future outbreaks in both populations. Such an approach, aimed at vaccinating animals in the first instance, would be preventative rather than reactive to an outbreak in human populations, by protecting across species and thereby creating a potential barrier to future occurrences of Ebola in the fauna. cache = ./cache/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305302-go87uu06 author = Gessain, Antoine title = Editorial overview: Emerging viruses: interspecies transmission date = 2015-02-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2482 sentences = 112 flesch = 45 summary = Furthermore, some of these diseases, associated with emerging viruses, had recent major public health impact, as exemplified in humans by the AIDS [1] , hepatitis C pandemics [2] , or the current Ebola disease epidemic, or in crops by cassava mosaic disease, which seriously compromises food security in East Africa [3] . The emergence of a new viral associated disease or of a new virus is indeed the result of a sequence of successive steps, sometimes complex, and is often related to the entanglement of several factors: socioeconomic or particular cultural activities, increased mobility of human, animal and plant mobility ('the world is a global village'), human exploitation of the environment as deforestation or increase of agricultural or otherwise human managed land, resulting in loss of biodiversity or ecosystem simplification, disruption of human, animal and plant health systems in armed conflict, urbanization with development of huge slums of great poverty and basic hygiene, decreased interest in the surveillance and control of infectious diseases, use of unsterile medical equipment as part of therapeutic and/or mass vaccination and, finally, the ability of certain viruses to adapt quickly to a changing environment. cache = ./cache/cord-305302-go87uu06.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305302-go87uu06.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301537-uu2aykoy author = Johnston Largen, Kristin title = Two things can be true at once: Surviving Covid‐19 date = 2020-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 24005 sentences = 1219 flesch = 65 summary = One thing that must be addressed before reflecting on particular issue is to define worship from a theological perspective or, to use John Witvliet's (2006) modes of liturgical discourse, in terms of "deep meaning and purpose." For Lutherans the primary theological understanding of worship is as a dialogue between God and humans, or as Luther says in his Torgau sermon, "where our dear [God] may speak to us through [the] holy Word and we respond to [God] through prayer and praise" (Luther, 1959, p. In the Lord's Supper those are (a) "the social and concurrently naturalcultural moment" of shared eating and drinking; (b) the actualization of a "definitive communal relationship between God and humanity" taking place within a physical assembly; (c) convened by and "through the performative Word that has been addressed" to the assembly through bread and wine; (d) the whole action of which is empowered by the presence of the resurrected crucified Jesus (Bayer, pp. cache = ./cache/cord-301537-uu2aykoy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301537-uu2aykoy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304073-f3iwclkm author = Mullick, Jhinuk Basu title = Animal Models to Study Emerging Technologies Against SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-07-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5315 sentences = 322 flesch = 50 summary = Animal models are indispensable to understand these processes and develop and test emerging technologies; however, the mechanism of infection for SARS-CoV-2 requires certain similarities to humans that do not exist in common laboratory rodents. Here, we review important elements of viral infection, transmission, and clinical presentation reflected by various animal models readily available or being developed and studied for SARS-CoV-2 to help bioengineers evaluate appropriate preclinical models for their emerging technologies. Non-human primates, Syrian hamsters, ferrets, cats, and engineered chimeras mimic the human infection more closely and hold strong potential as animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and progression of resulting human disease. Overall, the studies show that the Syrian hamster is a useful animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection especially to study viral replication, shedding, and transmission through the respiratory tract. In all studies, animals developed NAbs. Overall, the rhesus macaque model has been similar in many aspects to the human COVID-19 pathogenesis. cache = ./cache/cord-304073-f3iwclkm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304073-f3iwclkm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306535-j26eqmxt author = Robertson, Matthew J. title = Large-scale discovery of male reproductive tract-specific genes through analysis of RNA-seq datasets date = 2020-08-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16758 sentences = 846 flesch = 49 summary = The majority of candidate genes identified in our screen that were testis-specific were already identified by the Human Protein Atlas [9] and/or our reanalysis of (See figure on previous page.) Fig. 1 Summary of the human and mouse RNA-seq samples used in the identification of novel male reproductive tract-specific drug targets. Additional file 14: Fig. S6 shows the complete list of male reproductive tract-specific human genes for which a previously generated mouse model shows male infertility phenotype, as identified in each of the respective cell and/or tissue datasets. Through the integration of hundreds of published and newly acquired human and mouse reproductive and non-reproductive tissue and cell RNA-seq datasets, we have generated a list of novel genes expressed predominantly or exclusively in the male reproductive tract that are worthy of consideration for functional validation in an animal model and potential targeting for a male contraceptive. cache = ./cache/cord-306535-j26eqmxt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306535-j26eqmxt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297216-1b99hm1e author = Sariola, Salla title = Toward a Symbiotic Perspective on Public Health: Recognizing the Ambivalence of Microbes in the Anthropocene date = 2020-05-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9371 sentences = 552 flesch = 43 summary = In the Anthropocene, the conditions for microbial evolution have been altered by human interventions, and public health initiatives must recognize both the beneficial (indeed, necessary) interactions of microbes with their hosts as well as their pathogenic interactions. Its website proclaims this to be a big genome, big data approach to public health, whereby "taking into account individual differences in lifestyle, environment, and biology, researchers will uncover paths toward delivering precision medicine..." PPH is getting a shot in the other arm from pharmacogenomics, the study of how responses to drugs are influenced by the genetic makeup of the person receiving the drug. Holobiont public health would do well to recognize both the parasitic and the mutualistic branches of symbiosis [204] It would also recognize the two major changes in our scientific knowledge of microbial evolution that have occurred in this century: (1) organisms are holobionts composed of several species, wherein microbes help maintain healthy physiology and resilience; and (2) bacteria can pass genes through horizontal genetic transmission, thereby facilitating the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance through numerous bacterial species. cache = ./cache/cord-297216-1b99hm1e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297216-1b99hm1e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306671-stc3pbj8 author = Cardona, Carol title = Advancing One Health Policy and Implementation Through the Concept of One Medicine One Science date = 2015-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3456 sentences = 149 flesch = 36 summary = Numerous interspecies disease transmission events, Ebola virus being a recent and cogent example, highlight the complex interactions between human, animal, and environmental health and the importance of addressing medicine and health in a comprehensive scientific manner. Numerous interspecies disease transmission events, Ebola virus being a recent and cogent example, highlight the complex interactions between human, animal, and environmental health and the importance of addressing medicine and health in a comprehensive scientific manner. Much dialogue on one health has focused on emerging disease surveillance, public health preparedness, and policy issues without connecting these issues to the scientific foundations that underlie pathogen emergence, global health threats, food security, environmental health, social organization, communication, and implementation of health, security, and safety measures. The rapid growth and persistence of the ongoing outbreak of Ebola virus in West Africa presents an unfortunate but perfect opportunity for implementing science-based policy at the crossroads of emerging infectious disease ecology and sustainable food security. cache = ./cache/cord-306671-stc3pbj8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306671-stc3pbj8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298369-66ifwtlp author = Smith, Sherri A. title = Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations for Drugs Binding to Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein date = 2018-12-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10621 sentences = 491 flesch = 46 summary = The importance of plasma protein binding primarily resides in its impact on pharmacokinetic properties such as clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V ss ), with serum albumin, lipoproteins and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AAG) being the major proteins involved in sequestering drugs in plasma (1) . While AAG represents a relatively small portion (~1-3%) of the total plasma proteins, compared to~60% composition of albumin, it can play a significant role in drug binding and pharmacokinetics (PK) (43) . Since AAG levels increase in most disease states (46) , drugs with a high affinity may demonstrate higher binding (lower fraction unbound, f u ) and altered PK properties (e.g. lower total CL), lower V ss . Effect of the plasticizer DEHP in blood collection bags on human plasma fraction unbound determination for Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein (AAG) binding drugs cache = ./cache/cord-298369-66ifwtlp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298369-66ifwtlp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299733-4mpz5l9e author = Mitchell, William M. title = Discordant Biological and Toxicological Species Responses to TLR3 Activation date = 2014-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6164 sentences = 343 flesch = 45 summary = The mechanism of this differential response is consistent with a relative down-regulation of the NF-κB inflammatory cytokine induction pathway in the cynomolgus monkey and humans, but not observed systemically in rat. Primary protein sequences for the human (GenBank U88879); monkey species, including Macaca mulatta (Gen-Bank BAG55034.1 and AY864735), Macaca fasicularis ajp.amjpathol.org -The American Journal of Pathology (GenBank BAG55033.1), Papio anubis (XP_003899477), Callithrix jacchus (JAB01765.1), and Saimiri boliviensis (XP_003899477); and rodents, including the house mouse (GenBank AF355152/Mus musculus) and rat (GenBank AB116229/Rattus norvegicus), dog (GenBank XP_ 005630024/Canis lupus familiaris), and rabbit (GenBank ABB76310/Oryctolagus cuniculus) were aligned using Crystal W software version 10.1.2 provided by DNAStar (Madison, WI). The unexpected differential toxicities observed between the rat and a nonhuman primate prompted an examination of inflammatory cytokines (g-IFN, TNF-a, and IL-12p70) associated with infusion of a TLR3 agonist, rintatolimod. cache = ./cache/cord-299733-4mpz5l9e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299733-4mpz5l9e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310905-1oqfh8of author = Gill, Karamjit S. title = Strange affair of man with the machine date = 2020-10-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4399 sentences = 179 flesch = 48 summary = We have now gone way past the era of human-machine collaboration and heuristics of problem solving of the earlier AIs, we now live in the era of the prediction AIs. Whist the academic community may be overjoyed with their work on prediction and affective computing to solve societal problems, the same prediction paradigm is being appropriated by high-tech companies and security agencies for automating mass surveillance of people and communities. (Cooley 2013) Whilst the medical and health professionals and data science researchers see COVID-19 data as a guide to predict scenarios of infection, fatality, and develop guidelines for safety, the same data are being appropriated by surveillance proponents to promote machine leaning algorithms and apps as instrumental tools for locating, facial recognition, monitoring and tracing people under the cloak of cloak of public safety, national security, fraud detection, and even disease control and diagnosis. cache = ./cache/cord-310905-1oqfh8of.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310905-1oqfh8of.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305318-cont592g author = Lancaster, Madeline A. title = Disease modelling in human organoids date = 2019-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10865 sentences = 484 flesch = 39 summary = Thus, more recent approaches have focused on in vitro models derived from stem cells, which allow for a broader array of tissue identities, long-term expansion, better genomic integrity and improved modelling of healthy biology. established the first adult murine-tissue-derived liver organoid culture that sustains the long-term expansion of liver cells in vitro (Huch et al., 2013b) . Addition of an activator of cyclic adenosyl monophosphate (cAMP) signalling and inhibition of TGFβ signalling adapted this culture system to the expansion of adult human liver cells as self-renewing organoids that recapitulate some function of ex vivo liver tissue . (2014) was instrumental in characterizing the early stages of metanephric kidney development, particularly the formation of metanephric mesenchyme (MM), then applying the identified signalling factors to direct differentiation of mouse and human PSCs specifically towards MM cells that could form 3D structures when cocultured with mouse tissues. cache = ./cache/cord-305318-cont592g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305318-cont592g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307803-rlvk6bcx author = Balloux, Francois title = Q&A: What are pathogens, and what have they done to and for us? date = 2017-10-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3847 sentences = 183 flesch = 46 summary = Infectious diseases have historically represented the most common cause of death in humans until recently, exceeding by far the toll taken by wars or famines. Conversely, Yersinia pestis, another intracellular obligate bacterium and the agent of plague, has a natural life cycle involving alternating infections of rodents and fleas, but can infect essentially any mammalian host. Apart from a few putative ancestral pathogens, including Helicobacter pylori [15] , that might have co-speciated with their human host, the infectious diseases afflicting us were acquired through host jumps from other wild or domesticated animal hosts or sometimes from the wider environment. We might also speculate that the evolutionary potential and high genetic diversity of most pathogens limits our ability to detect protective variants in the human genome, particularly so if these were only effective against a subset of lineages within a pathogenic species. cache = ./cache/cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308857-otsrexqu author = Goel, Saurav title = Resilient and Agile Engineering Solutions to Address Societal Challenges such as Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-05-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10608 sentences = 526 flesch = 47 summary = This newly identified disease is caused by a new strain of the virus being referred to as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS CoV-2; formerly called 2019-nCoV). We review the current medical and manufacturing response to COVID-19, including advances in instrumentation, sensing, use of lasers, fumigation chambers and development of novel tools such as lab-on-the-chip using combinatorial additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques and use of molecular modelling and molecular docking in drug and vaccine discovery. However, the coronavirus isolated from pangolins is 99% similar in a specific region of the Spike protein, which corresponds to the 74 amino acids involved in the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptor binding domain, which allows the virus to enter human cells to infect them as shown in Figure 2 (b). (figures reprinted with permission) Our nasal lining tissue contains a rich number of cell receptors called angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which are favourable sites for the SARS CoV-2 to attach its spiked protein to, thus paving way for the entrance of the virus inside the body. cache = ./cache/cord-308857-otsrexqu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308857-otsrexqu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301856-71syce4n author = Domínguez-Andrés, Jorge title = Impact of Historic Migrations and Evolutionary Processes on Human Immunity date = 2019-11-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8191 sentences = 335 flesch = 33 summary = With the burst of next-generation sequencing and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and systems biology, we are starting to witness the great impact of evolutionary processes on human immunity and how the interactions between microorganisms and humans that took place millennia ago might play a fundamental role not only in the response against modern pathogenic threats, but also in the emergence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases observed in modern populations worldwide. Specific genetic variants selected throughout different periods of human history may have influenced immune responses of present-day populations against pathogenic microorganisms and may have played a role in the development of certain inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Patients with African ancestry present a higher frequency of MTB-related genetic variants than individuals from other populations, including variants in the gene encoding for Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6), mediating cellular responses to bacterial Malaria is one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in the history of humanity. cache = ./cache/cord-301856-71syce4n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301856-71syce4n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310844-7i92mk4x author = Hryhorowicz, Magdalena title = Application of Genetically Engineered Pigs in Biomedical Research date = 2020-06-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9011 sentences = 475 flesch = 37 summary = Animal studies are conducted to develop models used in gene function and regulation research and the genetic determinants of certain human diseases. Short pregnancy, short generation interval, and high litter size make the production of transgenic pigs less time-consuming in comparison with other livestock species This review describes genetically modified pigs used for biomedical research and the future challenges and perspectives for the use of the swine animal models. It was demonstrated that precise integration of the human CFTR gene at a porcine safe harbor locus through CRISPR/Cas9-induced HDR-mediated knock-in allowed the achievement of persistent in vitro expression of the transgene in transduced cells. The study showed that multiple genetically modified porcine hearts were protected from complement activation and myocardial natural killer cell infiltration in an ex vivo perfusion model with human blood [86] . Biomedical applications for which genetically engineered pigs are generated include modeling human diseases, production of pharmaceutical proteins, and xenotransplantation. cache = ./cache/cord-310844-7i92mk4x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310844-7i92mk4x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310882-t73xwpaw author = Axin Liang, A. title = An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection and determination of Human IgG date = 2020-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5771 sentences = 335 flesch = 48 summary = obtained a layered MoS 2 -Graphene composite modified electrode with good electrochemical performance, and it was able to detect paracetamol with high sensitivity and selectivity by L-cysteine assisted liquid phase method [40] . An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of Human IgG: Bioelectrochemistry 5 The UV-1800 (Shimadzu, Japan) was adopted to obtain the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra. An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of Human IgG: Bioelectrochemistry Schematic 1 Synthesis reaction of MoS 2 @N-GQDs-IL. An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of Human IgG: Bioelectrochemistry 8 GQDs had the average diameter of 3.75 nm, which was verified by analyzing the images of 100 individual particles. An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of Human IgG: Bioelectrochemistry of relative standard deviation (RSD%) were compared between 2% and 5%, and the results suggested acceptable reproducibility of those electrodes. cache = ./cache/cord-310882-t73xwpaw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310882-t73xwpaw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308201-lavcsqov author = Desforges, Marc title = Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? date = 2019-12-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8470 sentences = 473 flesch = 36 summary = Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Even though no clear cause and effect link has ever been made with the onset of human neurological diseases, their neuropathogenicity is being increasingly recognized in humans, as several recent reports associated cases of encephalitis [244] , acute flaccid paralysis [271] and other neurological symptoms, including possible complications of HCoV infection such as Guillain-Barré syndrome or ADEM [249, [272] [273] [274] [275] [276] [277] [278] [279] . Like for several other respiratory viruses, accumulating evidence now indicate that HCoV are neuroinvasive in humans and we hypothesize that these recognized respiratory pathogens are potentially neurovirulent as well, as they could participate in short-and long-term neurological disorders either as a result of inadequate host immune responses and/or viral propagation in the CNS, which directly induces damage to resident cells. cache = ./cache/cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300969-a3zcggf2 author = Antolin, Michael F. title = EVOLUTION AND MEDICINE IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION: A PRESCRIPTION FOR ALL BIOLOGY STUDENTS date = 2012-02-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10212 sentences = 470 flesch = 37 summary = The interface between evolutionary biology and the biomedical sciences promises to advance understanding of the origins of genetic and infectious diseases in humans, potentially leading to improved medical diagnostics, therapies, and public health practices. Williams' writings on the evolution of senescence and life histories provided fundamental conceptual developments in evolutionary biology (Williams 1957) , as did his thoughts on the role of natural selection in adaptive evolution on multiple levels from genes to individuals to groups of organisms (Williams 1966) . This dynamic view of disease accounts for the variability in human-adapted pathogens such as influenza viruses and malaria, where evolutionary escape hinders development of vaccines with long-lasting protection and results in multidrug resistance. Currently, few medical schools teach evolutionary topics beyond human genetic variation, drug resistance, pathogen virulence, and adaptation by natural selection (Nesse and Schiffman 2003; Downie 2004; Childs et al. cache = ./cache/cord-300969-a3zcggf2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300969-a3zcggf2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309301-ai84el0j author = Li, Yaqi title = Organoid based personalized medicine: from bench to bedside date = 2020-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17467 sentences = 934 flesch = 41 summary = The mini-gut culture approach has been applied to the generation of organoids derived from the epithelial compartments of a variety of murine and human tissues of ecto-, meso-and endodermal origin, and promotes the study of stem cell biology of other tissues except for intestine. For translational research, tumorderived organoids can be used for biobanking, genetic repair and drug screening studies, both for personalized medicine (to choose the most effective treatment for a specific patient) and drug development (to test a compound library on a specific set of tumor organoids), as well as immunotherapy research similar in liver, small intestine, and colon stem cells, regardless of the large variation in cancer incidence of these organs. Ductal pancreatic cancer modeling and drug screening using human pluripotent stem cell-and patient-derived tumor organoids cache = ./cache/cord-309301-ai84el0j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309301-ai84el0j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306056-4jx0u7js author = Sulmasy, Daniel P. title = “Diseases and Natural Kinds” date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9602 sentences = 523 flesch = 54 summary = (3) The aim of this classification must be to provide at least a provisional basis for explaining the causes and/or natural history of a disturbance in the internal biological relations of the affected members of X (and, if X is a self-reflective natural kind, can serve as an explanation of the illness of those so affected), (4) and at least some individuals of whom (or which) this class of states of affairs can be predicated are, by virtue of that state, inhibited from flourishing as Xs. I must further explicate this fairly dense definition. H. Setting as the telos the flourishing of the individual as the kind of thing that it is also explains why it can be controversial to classify as diseases certain patterns of variation in the law-like biological principles that determine the characteristic development and typical history of a living natural kind. cache = ./cache/cord-306056-4jx0u7js.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306056-4jx0u7js.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-311601-w2jqmpww author = Muzemil, Abdulazeez title = African perspectives: modern complexities of emerging, re-emerging, and endemic zoonoses date = 2018-10-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1766 sentences = 93 flesch = 39 summary = Specifically, land use change cum agricultural practices, surging human demographic, pathogen evolution (antimicrobial resistance), failure of public health systems, global travel and more global interconnectedness in spatial and temporal dimensions have driven these threats [2] . Consequently, new challenges have emerged, including: border-related conflicts, food security risk due to declines agricultural production, vectorand water-borne diseases, (especially in areas with inadequate health infrastructure), flooding and exacerbation of desertification by changes in rainfall and intensified land use [2] . It is suggested that, as long as Africa (or any other continent) does not address complex interactions -such as those that involve agriculture, the environment, economics, sociology, as well as zoonotic pathogens, disease outbreaks may follow human-driven disruptions, as those observed after major changes in land use, eg, those related with the construction of dams, mines, and intensive agriculture. cache = ./cache/cord-311601-w2jqmpww.txt txt = ./txt/cord-311601-w2jqmpww.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312807-8v4r9jij author = Recht, Judith title = Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5840 sentences = 250 flesch = 39 summary = ABSTRACT: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. This disease is an example of human and domestic animal paleopathology studies suggesting brucellosis in ancient bone remains, with most cases involving adult male skeletal individuals showing lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joints involved [44] , evidence which combined with ancient DNA analysis by PCR have confirmed the presence of Brucella DNA (reviewed in [45] ). Yellow fever (Table S2) , a reemerging viral zoonotic disease endemic in Africa and South America transmitted from vector mosquitoes, often causes outbreaks in both humans and nonhuman primates in Brazil. cache = ./cache/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315164-nidgnvvi author = Medkour, Hacène title = Adenovirus Infections in African Humans and Wild Non-Human Primates: Great Diversity and Cross-Species Transmission date = 2020-06-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6818 sentences = 359 flesch = 58 summary = Non-human primates (NHPs) are known hosts for adenoviruses (AdVs), so there is the possibility of the zoonotic or cross-species transmission of AdVs. As with humans, AdV infections in animals can cause diseases that range from asymptomatic to fatal. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and diversity of AdVs in: (i) fecal samples of apes and monkeys from different African countries (Republic of Congo, Senegal, Djibouti and Algeria), (ii) stool of humans living near gorillas in the Republic of Congo, in order to explore the potential zoonotic risks. Samples were screened by real-time and standard PCRs, followed by the sequencing of the partial DNA polymerase gene in order to identify the AdV species. In the present study, we sought to investigate the presence and molecular diversity of AdVs in wild African NHPs, including great apes (gorillas and chimpanzees), macaques and other monkeys (baboons, green monkeys), living in close proximity to or outside human settlements. cache = ./cache/cord-315164-nidgnvvi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315164-nidgnvvi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312438-zr9zx7pv author = Hoo, Regina title = Innate Immune Mechanisms to Protect Against Infection at the Human Decidual-Placental Interface date = 2020-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7551 sentences = 382 flesch = 40 summary = Here, we outline the anatomy of the human placenta and uterine lining, the decidua, and discuss the potential capacity of pathogen pattern recognition and other host defense strategies present in the innate immune cells at the placental-decidual interface. Pathogen recognition is not only an essential component of the innate immune response against infection, but also plays an important role in bridging the innate and adaptive systems by Toll-like receptors (TLR) activation of antigen presenting cells by up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and co-stimulatory molecules (75) . Current evidence is only limited to in vitro TLR2/4 stimulation studies using placental explants and primary first trimester trophoblast cells, which drives the expression of FIGURE 3 | Toll-like receptors and potential inflammatory response at the decidua. In the mouse model of ZIKV infection, type I IFN-mediated signaling is essential for the control of viral replication in the placenta, but can also lead to significant placental pathology and fetal mortality (116, 117) . cache = ./cache/cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312434-yx24golq author = Deng, Ziqin title = Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis of Human Coronaviruses: Prospects and Implications for COVID-19 Research date = 2020-09-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6219 sentences = 294 flesch = 49 summary = Here, we apply bibliometric analysis along with visualization tools to analyze 15,207 publications related to human coronavirus from the Scopus database, using indicators on publication and citation, journal, country or territory, affiliation and international cooperation, author, and keyword co-occurrence cluster. Therefore, in order to accurately, effectively and systematically reveal connections within the human coronavirus field, our study applied bibliometrics and visualization methods to analyze human coronaviruses-related publications and citations, countries and affiliations, as well as journal performance, author impact and keyword cooccurrence cluster. According to these keywords, human coronavirus diseases like "SARS, " "MERS" and COVID-19 may have something worthwhile for comparison with other "infectious diseases" like "influenza" in their epidemiological characteristics; "healthcare workers, " "transmission, " "surveillance, " "quarantine, " or "isolation" may be the focuses of these studies, which can help to promote current disease control and prevention measures. cache = ./cache/cord-312434-yx24golq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312434-yx24golq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312247-cza4qsv5 author = Würdinger, T title = Targeting non-human coronaviruses to human cancer cells using a bispecific single-chain antibody date = 2005-04-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6601 sentences = 307 flesch = 47 summary = Next, we investigated whether FIPV and fMHV could be targeted to human cancer cells by constructing a bispecific single-chain antibody directed on the one hand against the feline coronavirus spike protein – responsible for receptor binding and subsequent cell entry through virus–cell membrane fusion – and on the other hand against the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). To investigate whether scFv 23F-425 could serve as an adapter molecule for FIPV and fMHV infection via human EGFR, cultures of human cancer cell lines of different tissue origin with confirmed expression of EGFR ( Figure 4 ) were inoculated with similar amounts of FIPV or fMHV in the presence or absence of the bispecific antibody. Inoculation of Targeting non-human coronaviruses to human cancer cells T Würdinger et al FIPV and fMHV onto a number of different EGFRexpressing human cancer cell lines of various tissue origins in the presence of scFv 23F-425 resulted in infection, replication, and subsequent formation of syncytia. cache = ./cache/cord-312247-cza4qsv5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312247-cza4qsv5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307320-fxs31d66 author = Ubah, Obinna title = Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody Like Fragments Derived from Immunised Phage Display Libraries date = 2018-03-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8292 sentences = 365 flesch = 30 summary = However, by combining the power of immunisation with phage display, several high affinity monoclonal antibodies against "difficult" antigenic targets have been isolated from relative small antibody libraries and where traditional approaches have failed [33, 98] . The above study demonstrates the power of animal immunisation and phage display based selection strategies to isolate high affinity monoclonal antibodies towards non-antigenic targets which inherently lack properties like aromaticity and charge. Spleen samples from mice immunised with gamma inactivated Brucella melitensis strain 16 M bacteria was used to construct a phage display library and isolate monoclonal antibody fragments that specifically recognise Brucella species. Similarly high affinity neutralising antibody fragments against the protective antigen (PA) of anthrax toxin was isolated from a Macaca immunised phage display library. Lymphocytes from the bone marrow cells of two chimpanzees immunised with anthrax toxin PA, LF and Edema factor (EF) were used to construct scFv phage display libraries and neutralising antibodies were isolated against PA and LF proteins. cache = ./cache/cord-307320-fxs31d66.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307320-fxs31d66.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313529-xm76ae08 author = Liu, Wen-Kuan title = Detection of human bocavirus from children and adults with acute respiratory tract illness in Guangzhou, southern China date = 2011-12-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2960 sentences = 180 flesch = 56 summary = title: Detection of human bocavirus from children and adults with acute respiratory tract illness in Guangzhou, southern China Our study is the first to analyze the characteristics of HBoV-positive samples from ARTI patients with a wide age distribution from Guangzhou, southern China. HBoV DNA positive samples were tested for 16 other potential pathogens, including influenza A virus, influenza B virus, parainfluenza virus (1, 2, 3, 4), respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, human metapneumovirus, human coronavirus (229E, OC43, NL63, HKU1), Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae by Taqman real-time PCR, in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol (Guangzhou HuYanSuo Medical Technology Co., Ltd). Our study successfully analyzed the characteristics of HBoV-positive samples from ARTI-infected patients with a wide age distribution from Guangzhou, southern China for the first reported time. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that HBoV-GU338055 from an elderly patient is in a single lineage with other HBoVs. Osterhaus ADME: A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease cache = ./cache/cord-313529-xm76ae08.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313529-xm76ae08.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319044-5otz2w9v author = Walsh, Michael G. title = Whence the next pandemic? The intersecting global geography of the animal-human interface, poor health systems and air transit centrality reveals conduits for high-impact spillover date = 2020-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3873 sentences = 163 flesch = 39 summary = Consequently, in order to block emerging zoonoses with pandemic potential (high-impact spillovers), biosurveillance systems must simultaneously consider critical animal-human interfaces, the performance and reach of the health systems, and the biosecurity of proximate transportation hubs that can serve as conduits for rapid global dissemination. The aims of the current work were therefore to (1) describe and quantify the global geography of the interfaces between mammalian and bird wildlife and humans and their domestic livestock; and (2) to synthesize the geography of the wildlifelivestock/poultry-human interface, poor health system performance , and the global network of air travel to identify cities whose global connectedness and proximity to animal-human interfaces indicate significant potential to serve as conduits for high-impact spillover. Raster data for mammalian and bird species richness, livestock and poultry densities, and human population density were acquired to describe the intersection of their geographic distributions as landscapes of potential animal-human interface. cache = ./cache/cord-319044-5otz2w9v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319044-5otz2w9v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310509-c8wp2m69 author = Morens, David M. title = Emerging Infectious Diseases: Threats to Human Health and Global Stability date = 2013-07-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2121 sentences = 98 flesch = 40 summary = The most salient modern example of an emerging infectious disease is HIV/AIDS, which likely emerged a century ago after multiple independent events in which the virus jumped from one primate host to another (chimpanzees to humans) and subsequently, as a result of a complex array of social and demographic factors, spread readily within the human population. It was soon apparent, however, that the disease was not restricted to these groups, and indeed, the bulk of HIV infections globally has resulted from heterosexual transmission that has been heavily weighted within the developing world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa where a number of factors were responsible for this rapid spread; chief among these were human movement along truck routes accompanied by a high level of commercial sex work, inadequate public health infrastructures, poverty, and social inequality. cache = ./cache/cord-310509-c8wp2m69.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310509-c8wp2m69.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320283-nkb9nzyt author = Wiebers, David O. title = What the COVID-19 Crisis Is Telling Humanity date = 2020-06-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2220 sentences = 93 flesch = 44 summary = The SARS-CoV-2 that has caused the current COVID-19 pandemic is thought to have originated in bats and, via an intermediary such as the pangolin, to have found its way from a "wet market" where live wildlife species were being sold for human consumption in Wuhan, China, to one or more humans at that location [1] . As is likely with COVID-19, the outbreak of SARS (an earlier severe acute respiratory syndrome) in 2003 was the result of a coronavirus that originated in bats with subsequent infection of wild animals sold in live-animal street markets in China. The large-scale confinement of animals for human consumption has also played a major direct role in another ongoing health crisis in the USA and around the world -antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic-resistant infections constitute a major and growing global health threat and now kill an estimated 35,000 people in the USA and 700,000 people worldwide per year [20] . cache = ./cache/cord-320283-nkb9nzyt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320283-nkb9nzyt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319646-6cex9gid author = Wu, Guoyao title = Important roles of dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine and 4-hydroxyproline in human nutrition and health date = 2020-02-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 21395 sentences = 998 flesch = 44 summary = It is now recognized that taurine plays major roles in human physiology and nutrition, including serving as: (1) a nutrient to conjugate bile acids to form bile salts in the liver that facilitate intestinal absorption of dietary lipids (including lipid-soluble vitamins) and eliminate cholesterol in bile via the fecal route; (2) a major antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-apoptotic factor in the body; (3) a physiological stabilizer of cell membranes; (4) a regulator of modulation of Ca 2+ signaling, fluid homeostasis in cells, and retinal photoreceptor activity; (5) a contributor Fig. 1 Absorption of taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine, and 4-hydroxyproline by the human small intestine and the transport of the nutrients in blood. Dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine, and 4-hydroxyproline (which are all abundant in beef) play an important role in inhibiting oxidative stress (a common trigger of chronic diseases) and inflammation, ameliorating tissue (e.g., brain, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver, and gut) injury, and improving metabolic profiles in animals and humans. cache = ./cache/cord-319646-6cex9gid.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319646-6cex9gid.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320005-i30t7cvr author = Pardo, A. title = The Human Genome and Advances in Medicine: Limits and Future Prospects date = 2004-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4919 sentences = 211 flesch = 49 summary = The HGP's initial objectives were fulfilled 2 years ahead of schedule, and, in addition to compiling a highly accurate sequence of the human genome which has been made freely available and accessible to everyone, the Consortium has developed a set of new technologies and has constructed genetic maps of the genomes of various organisms. Around the same time, the public consortium known as the Human Genome Project was formed, and this organization announced a 15-year plan (from 1990 to 2005) with the following objectives: a) to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of human DNA and identify all the genes in human DNA (estimated to number between 50 000 and 100 000); b) to build physical and genetic maps; c) to analyze the genomes of selected organisms used in research as model systems (eg, the mouse); d) to develop new technologies; and e) to analyze and debate the ethical and legal implications for individuals and for society as a whole. cache = ./cache/cord-320005-i30t7cvr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320005-i30t7cvr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313173-0u4s5y20 author = ten Have, H.A.M.J. title = Sheltering at Our Common Home date = 2020-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2527 sentences = 178 flesch = 53 summary = The current COVID-19 pandemic has reactivated ancient metaphors (especially military ones) but also initiated a new vocabulary: social distancing, lockdown, self-isolation, and sheltering in place. The global threat of pandemics therefore does not emerge spontaneously as a natural event but is the product of human behaviour. What is missing in the pandemic management responses so far is the ecological perspective that pandemics are related to the current economic global order which assumes a separation of humans and nature and regards nature as a resource to be exploited and commodified. This shift has been advocated by many environmental ethicists as well as in indigenous worldviews (Rolston 1988; Johnson 2020) .The ecological perspective implies that the military language of the pandemic is distorting the human embeddedness in the natural world. In an ecological perspective, vulnerability to infectious diseases is not confined to specific individuals, populations, or nations. cache = ./cache/cord-313173-0u4s5y20.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313173-0u4s5y20.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312461-5qzpo6l1 author = Adalja, Amesh A. title = Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes date = 2019-08-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6830 sentences = 290 flesch = 40 summary = A substantial proportion of pandemic and biological threat preparedness activities have focused on list-based approaches that were in part based on pandemic influenzas of the past, historical biological weapon development programs, or recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (e.g., SARS, MERS, Ebola) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017; Casadevall and Relman 2010) . Cultivating and maintaining expertise in the epidemiology, surveillance, and pathogenicity of all classes of microbes, with explicit incorporation of a One Health approach-which incorporates and integrates information from infectious diseases of plants, amphibians, and reptiles-will help foster the broad capacities needed for emerging pandemic and global catastrophic biological risks. Pathogen-based lists, both USA and global, based on influenza precedents, historical biological weapon programs, and emerging infectious diseases were responsible for galvanizing early activities in the field of pandemic preparedness and have helped drive many important contributions. cache = ./cache/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317900-05y9re12 author = Senanayake, Nari title = Geographies of uncertainty date = 2020-08-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6465 sentences = 250 flesch = 27 summary = Specifically, we discuss how geographers engage with uncertainties produced through and reconfigured by some of the most formidable issues of our contemporary moment, including neoliberal transformation, disease and illness, resource conflict, global climate change, and ongoing struggles around knowledge, power, and justice. In conversation with debates in cognate fields, this special issue brings together contributions that grapple with uncertainty through key geographic concepts such as scale, power, spatiality, place, and human-environment relations. Attending to the ways that uncertainty is experienced as a spatiotemporal condition, and how it frequently compounds across scales of knowledge production, enables the special issue's contributors to demonstrate how forms of incertitude work through geographic relationships. In doing so, this special issue develops a critical human geography of uncertainty, which not only articulates how the concept is useful for geographers, but also, argues that geography can enrich existing transdisciplinary work on the subject with its perspectives on scale, spatiality, power, place, and human-environment relations. cache = ./cache/cord-317900-05y9re12.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317900-05y9re12.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314372-knhkdlq7 author = Kanduc, Darja title = Massive peptide sharing between viral and human proteomes date = 2008-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4343 sentences = 213 flesch = 48 summary = The widespread and ample distribution of viral amino acid sequences through the human proteome indicates that viral and human proteins are formed of common peptide backbone units and suggests a fluid compositional chimerism in phylogenetic entities canonically classified distantly as viruses and Homo sapiens. Importantly, the massive viral to human peptide overlapping calls into question the possibility of a direct causal association between virus–host sharing of amino acid sequences and incitement to autoimmune reactions through molecular recognition of common motifs. The second set of data illustrates the overlapping at npeptide level (with n from 5 to 16 amino acids) from the 30 viral proteomes versus the 30 human sub-proteomes (Table 8, columns 7 and 8) . A similar observation holds in considering the viral peptide overlapping to the 30 human sub-proteomes at higher n-mer level (Table 8, columns 7 and 8) . cache = ./cache/cord-314372-knhkdlq7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314372-knhkdlq7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279255-v861kk0i author = Dhama, Kuldeep title = Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 23862 sentences = 1164 flesch = 44 summary = Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Recently, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , emerged in late 2019, and it has posed a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories (1) . Health workers worldwide are currently making efforts to control further disease outbreaks caused by the novel CoV (originally named 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019. cache = ./cache/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321835-qn33sx8x author = Bailey, Emily S. title = A Mini Review of the Zoonotic Threat Potential of Influenza Viruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses, and Enteroviruses date = 2018-04-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3717 sentences = 181 flesch = 44 summary = In particular, respiratory infections are problematic; in early 2003, World Health Organization issued a worldwide alert for a previously unrecognized illness that was subsequently found to be caused by a novel coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus]. Influenza A virus H3N2 subtypes are frequently reported in swine, avian, and canine hosts that are responsible for highly infectious respiratory diseases in pigs and have been examined as a potential cause of influenza in humans. In a recent review of the risks of potential outbreaks associated with zoonotic Ad (48) , it was noted that intense human-animal interaction is likely to increase the probability of emergent cross-species Ad infection. This suggests that strategies for novel virus detection should incorporate global surveillance at the human-animal interface to detect potentially emerging zoonotic viruses. Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome cache = ./cache/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321993-uazc3lyg author = Hedrick, Stephen M. title = The Imperative to Vaccinate date = 2018-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4188 sentences = 239 flesch = 54 summary = A simplified version is that diffuse or small host populations cannot sustain an acutely infectious agent, meaning one in which infection is followed by clearance and long-term immunity. So, in addition to the endless parade of cold viruses that circulate among us, we acquired a great many deadly infectious agents, such as those that cause diphtheria, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, plague, rubella, smallpox, typhus, whooping cough, and others. Smallpox eradication was our first and thus far only complete victory over a human disease-causing agent, made possible by universal, global vaccination, and intensive surveillance. Vaccination effectively reduces the number and density of the disease-susceptible people, making acutely infectious agents unsustainable in the population. The risk of disease for any individual is thus most importantly dependent on the collective immunity of the population, especially those most susceptible to infection, usually the youngest children and oldest adults. cache = ./cache/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-316792-89f8g0m8 author = Herzig, Volker title = Animal toxins — Nature’s evolutionary-refined toolkit for basic research and drug discovery date = 2020-06-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12747 sentences = 631 flesch = 42 summary = Over the course of evolution, toxins with exceptional specificity and high potency for their intended molecular targets have prevailed, making venoms an invaluable and almost inexhaustible source of bioactive molecules, some of which have found use as pharmacological tools, human therapeutics, and bioinsecticides. Current biomedically-focused research on venoms is directed towards their use in delineating the physiological role of toxin molecular targets such as ion channels and receptors, studying or treating human diseases, targeting vectors of human diseases, and treating microbial and parasitic infections. Since many venoms and toxins exert these biological effects through actions on cell membranes, receptors and ion channels, high-throughput techniques assessing changes in cellular signalling have proven particularly insightful. Spider-venom peptides have been crucial for uncovering the key role of ASICs in stroke-induced brain damage, and validating these channels as a target for neuroprotective drugs [134] [135] [136] [137] . cache = ./cache/cord-316792-89f8g0m8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-316792-89f8g0m8.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323380-hm9wd817 author = Helmy, Yosra A. title = A Comprehensive Review of Common Bacterial, Parasitic and Viral Zoonoses at the Human-Animal Interface in Egypt date = 2017-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9796 sentences = 591 flesch = 46 summary = This review summarizes the prevalence, reservoirs, sources of human infection and control regimes of common bacterial, parasitic and viral zoonoses in animals and humans in Egypt. In animals, from 1999 to 2016 the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium infection ranged between 2% and 69% among different species including cattle, buffalo calves, camels, sheep, goats, lambs, dogs, wild rats and quails. In humans, between 1989 and 2016 Cryptosporidium infection has been reported in almost all Egyptian governorates with prevalence rates ranged between 3% and 50% or up to 91% in immunocompromised patients and diarrheic children [169] [170] [171] [181] [182] [183] [184] [185] [186] [187] [188] [189] [190] [191] [192] [193] [194] [195] [196] [197] . The virus was isolated from various species of domestic animals (e.g., sheep, cows, buffaloes, camels, goats, horses, and rats) as well as humans [288, 289] .The epizootics of RVF in Egypt were reported every year round. cache = ./cache/cord-323380-hm9wd817.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323380-hm9wd817.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2013-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28834 sentences = 1797 flesch = 46 summary = An experimental study with cell culture-adapted hepatitis Avirus in guinea pigs challenged by oral or intraperitoneal routes did not result in clinical disease, increase in liver enzymes, or seroconversion. 32 NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus can be monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. 66, 67 Intracerebral and intranasal routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose, while intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus. A mouse-adapted (MA) strain of Dengue virus 2 introduced into AG129 mice developed vascular leak syndrome similar to the severe disease seen in humans. [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] Inoculation of WNV into NHPs intracerebrally resulted in the development of either encephalitis, febrile disease, or an asymptomatic infection, depending on the virus strain and dose. cache = ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327063-ea7a1xfl author = Dhama, Kuldeep title = SARS-CoV-2 jumping the species barrier: zoonotic lessons from SARS, MERS and recent advances to combat this pandemic virus date = 2020-08-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11048 sentences = 600 flesch = 48 summary = The present review presents a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, with emphasis on the role of animals and their jumping the cross-species barriers, experiences learned from SARSand MERS-CoVs, zoonotic links, and spillover events, transmission to humans and rapid spread, and highlights the new advances in diagnosis, vaccine and therapies, preventive and control measures, one health concept along with recent research developments to counter this pandemic disease. Further research exploring the SARS-CoV-2 associated zoonosis and mechanisms accounting for its initial transmission from animals to humans, will lead to sort out the spread of this virus as well as design and develop appropriate prevention and control strategies to counter COVID-19. The present comprehensive manuscript presents an overview on COVID-19, an emerging SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease while focusing mainly on the events and circumstantial evidences with regards to this virus jumping the species barriers, sharing a few lessons learned from SARS-and MERS-CoVs, zoonotic spillover events (zoonosis), acquiring transmission ability to infect humans, and adopting appropriate preventive and control measures [42] . cache = ./cache/cord-327063-ea7a1xfl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327063-ea7a1xfl.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author = Kahn, R. E. title = 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date = 2012-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19161 sentences = 802 flesch = 41 summary = The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp. cache = ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333405-ji58jbct author = Morens, David M. title = The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date = 2004-07-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6421 sentences = 315 flesch = 41 summary = Of the 'newly emerging' and 're-emerging/resurging' diseases that have followed the appearance of AIDS (Fig. 1) , some have been minor curiosities, such as the 2003 cases of monkeypox imported into the United States 4 , whereas others, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in the same year 5 , have had a worldwide impact. The impact of both new and re-emerging infectious diseases on human populations is affected by the rate and degree to which they spread across geographical areas, depending on the movement of human hosts or of the vectors or reservoirs of infections. Immune deficiency associated with AIDS, and with chemotherapy for cancer, immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, has contributed to an enormous global increase in the numbers of immunosuppressed people over the past few decades (probably more than 1% of the world's population), setting the stage for the re-emergence of many opportunistic infections. cache = ./cache/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331288-elnwn7l5 author = Grützmacher, Kim title = Human quarantine: Toward reducing infectious pressure on chimpanzees at the Taï Chimpanzee Project, Côte d'Ivoire date = 2017-01-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3690 sentences = 171 flesch = 44 summary = This study investigates the incidence of respiratory symptoms and human respiratory viruses in humans at a human‐great ape interface, the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) in Côte d'Ivoire, and consequently, the effectiveness of a 5‐day quarantine designed to reduce the risk of potential exposure to human respiratory pathogens. This study investigates the incidence of respiratory symptoms and human respiratory viruses in humans at a human-great ape interface, the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) in Côte d'Ivoire, and consequently, the effectiveness of a 5-day quarantine designed to reduce the risk of potential exposure to human respiratory pathogens. Furthermore, the risk of potential exposure to human pathogens is assessed by testing sick humans to detect common human respiratory viruses they brought to the habituation site, and by randomly testing apparently healthy humans in the beginning and at the end of quarantine to assess the possibility of excreting HRSV and HMPV, the two most relevant viruses for wild great apes. cache = ./cache/cord-331288-elnwn7l5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331288-elnwn7l5.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324295-9c1zxjng author = Bonilla-Aldana, D. Katterine title = Bats in Ecosystems and their Wide Spectrum of Viral Infectious Threats: SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging viruses date = 2020-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3770 sentences = 212 flesch = 51 summary = Examples of such viruses include Marburg, Ebola, Nipah, Hendra, Influenza A, Dengue, Equine Encephalitis viruses, Lyssaviruses, Madariaga and Coronaviruses, involving the now pandemic Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since there is no effective treatment or vaccine for COVID-19 to date, strong regulations---including isolation, quarantine and social distancing---have been established by many countries in an effort to reduce expansion of the disease given the high person-to-person transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, either directly by respiratory droplets with infective particles or indirectly by fluid-contaminated objects. Fruit bats (genus Pteropus) are the main natural reservoir for Nipah virus (NiV), while pigs serve as intermediate hosts ( Table 3 ). Influenza A viruses (IAV) are one of the leading causes of disease in humans, with important animal reservoirs including birds, pigs, and horses that can potentially produce new zoonotic variants (Table 2) . cache = ./cache/cord-324295-9c1zxjng.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324295-9c1zxjng.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324953-3sacf4wu author = Childs, James E. title = Introduction: Conceptualizing and Partitioning the Emergence Process of Zoonotic Viruses from Wildlife to Humans date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9017 sentences = 379 flesch = 40 summary = The process of zoonotic disease emergence can be understood by coupling knowledge of how zoonotic viruses have evolved and are maintained among their wildlife hosts, transmitted across a species barrier to cause productive infection in a taxonomically distinct secondary host, initiate a pathologic process causing disease, and, by repetitive infection within the secondary host species, result in incident morbidity or mortality of sufficient magnitude to be detected and characterized as a novel health concern of local, regional, or global significance (see the chapter by Childs, this volume). The ecologic process of zoonotic disease emergence can be schematized by four transition stages (Fig. 1 ) , of which only the first two are prerequisites for emergence: (1) contact between infectious propagules originating from the wildlife H R with individuals of a susceptible H S and (2) cross-species transmission, a transition subsuming the complex interactions of the virus infectious cycle within the H S (Nayak 2000; Childs 2004 ). cache = ./cache/cord-324953-3sacf4wu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324953-3sacf4wu.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335302-6wsx0jby author = Mahy, Brian W.J. title = The diversity of viruses infecting humans date = 2011-12-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2865 sentences = 123 flesch = 48 summary = Other new viruses have been recognized because of a new disease they caused in humans, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus . Studies on the origin of the SARS coronavirus are still ongoing: there is recent evidence of a zoonotic origin of the human disease, perhaps from palm civets, but the true natural reservoir of the virus seems most likely to be in a bat species, probably Chinese horseshoe bats (Lau et al. This was the only known human parvovirus until very recently, when a new parvovirus was discovered to be the cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. 2006 ) and elsewhere (unpublished) have revealed a significant number of children whose lower respiratory tract disease appears to be caused by human bocavirus infection. New human coronavirus, HCoV-NL63, associated with severe lower respiratory tract disease in Australia Evidence of a novel human coronavirus that is associated with respiratory tract disease in infants and young children cache = ./cache/cord-335302-6wsx0jby.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335302-6wsx0jby.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337646-gkcm6ds0 author = nan title = The Federation’s Pages: WFPHA: World Federation of Public Health Associations www.wfpha.org Bettina Borisch and Marta Lomazzi, Federation’s Pages Editors date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2529 sentences = 140 flesch = 45 summary = The next coronavirus to generate a global public health crisis was the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) that emerged in Saudi Arabia in 2012 among people working closely with camels. During the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), held on 30 January 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic was underway. The association between Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) and environmental destruction is widely recognized: deforestation destroys natural habitats, increases the density of remaining wild animal populations, increases their movements to look for food accompanied by the probability of human contact-all induce stress that impairs immune systems and increases viral shedding [16] . Environment preservation is urgent for many reasons: conservation of biodiversity, the fight against climate change, reduction of air, water and food pollution, and improvement of human health and quality of life [18] . cache = ./cache/cord-337646-gkcm6ds0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337646-gkcm6ds0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331343-qzvwwca9 author = Mason, Andrew L. title = Metagenomics and the case of the deadly hamster date = 2008-06-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2836 sentences = 172 flesch = 49 summary = 1 The authors then tried panmicrobial microarray analysis with 29,455 oligonucleotide probes reactive to known vertebrate viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, 5 and after drawing a blank with all these studies, they resorted to brute sequencing of all RNA in the infected tissue to discover the new virus. 8 In humans, metagenomic analysis has been used to study viral communities in blood and respiratory secretions, 6 to differentiate bacterial species in gut flora, 9 and to catalog the collective DNA and RNA viral species in stool samples of healthy subjects 10, 11 and patients with diarrhea. 16 They would have saved a considerable amount of time and effort if they could have sequenced RNA from a few "non-A non-B virus" infected livers (assuming that they could have had access to human genome data that were not available at the time). cache = ./cache/cord-331343-qzvwwca9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331343-qzvwwca9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336157-aqc9zrrm author = Liang, Guodong title = Factors responsible for the emergence of arboviruses; strategies, challenges and limitations for their control date = 2015-03-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4111 sentences = 221 flesch = 42 summary = Slave trading of Africans to the Americas, during the 16th to the 19th century was responsible for the first recorded emergence in the New World of two arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), yellow fever virus and dengue virus. [2] [3] Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV) are three of a large number of neglected human pathogenic arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) whose combined figures for morbidity and mortality far exceed those for Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome viruses. However, many other arthropod species, in which viruses have been identified, may be involved in perpetuating the virus life cycle without having been associated with overt disease in humans or animals. 55 However, implementation of temporary localized arthropod control measures during epidemics, for example in high density urbanized areas, can still play an important but transient role in reducing the impact on humans and animals of emerging arboviruses. cache = ./cache/cord-336157-aqc9zrrm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336157-aqc9zrrm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337464-otwps68u author = Parray, Hilal Ahmed title = Hybridoma technology a versatile method for isolation of monoclonal antibodies, its applicability across species, limitations, advancement and future perspectives date = 2020-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12204 sentences = 606 flesch = 38 summary = Even with the recent development of high throughput mAb generation technologies, hybridoma is the most favoured method due to its indigenous nature to preserve natural cognate antibody pairing information and preserves innate functions of immune cells. This review also summarizes the challenges and recent progress associated with hybridoma development, and how it has been overcome in these years to provide new insights for the isolation of mAbs. Antibodies are the glycoproteins produced by the B-cells also known as immunoglobulins, which are present in higher eukaryotes. The mice hybridoma technology is a multi-step process that takes advantage of a host animal's natural ability to produce highly specific, high-affinity and fully functional mAbs. It involves the development and optimization of specific immunogenic antigen (Ag). cache = ./cache/cord-337464-otwps68u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337464-otwps68u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332569-af8oq2d6 author = Friedman, Henry title = The Critical Role of Nonhuman Primates in Medical Research date = 2017-08-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4631 sentences = 306 flesch = 57 summary = While NHPs account for just one-half of one percent of animals in current medical research, it is no exaggeration to say they are essential to our ability to find cures for cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, obesity/diabetes, and dozens of other diseases that cause human suffering and death. This research is also helping scientists to uncover information that makes human organ transplants easier and more accessible, literally giving new life to those whose kidneys, hearts, and lungs are failing. The islets in mice, rats, pigs, and other animals share some similarities with humans, but there are important differences, making monkeys a critical model for developing treatment and prevention methods, and for testing new therapies for people with diabetes. â�¢ NHPs shown to naturally develop diabetes, which is the same disease as in humans, thus opening the path to research for new treatments. cache = ./cache/cord-332569-af8oq2d6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332569-af8oq2d6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332379-340wczmq author = Pennington, Matthew R. title = Disparate Entry of Adenoviruses Dictates Differential Innate Immune Responses on the Ocular Surface date = 2019-09-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11584 sentences = 604 flesch = 36 summary = These findings suggest that adenoviruses may stimulate specific pattern recognition receptors in an entry/trafficking-dependent manner, leading to distinct immune responses dependent on the virus/cell type combination. Additional work is needed to understand the specific connections between adenoviral entry and the stimulation of innate immune responses by the various cell types present on the ocular surface. Innate immune responses to adenoviruses rely on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): distinct ligands present on the external surfaces, and nucleic acids of pathogens (but absent in the host) that feature molecular signatures able to be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on or in infected host cells [43] [44] [45] [46] . Innate immune responses to adenoviruses rely on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): distinct ligands present on the external surfaces, and nucleic acids of pathogens (but absent in the host) that feature molecular signatures able to be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on or in infected host cells [43] [44] [45] [46] . cache = ./cache/cord-332379-340wczmq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332379-340wczmq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337058-rhu5hp9t author = Snyder, Brian F. title = The genetic and cultural evolution of unsustainability date = 2020-04-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8605 sentences = 409 flesch = 40 summary = Here, we integrate this theory with Lotka's Maximum Power Principle and propose a model linking energy extraction from the environment with genetic, technological and cultural evolution to increase human ecosystem carrying capacity. Lotka argued that natural selection acted so that organisms sought to maximize the rate at which it extracted energy from the environment; H.T. Odum later named this hypothesis the maximum power principle (Sciubba 2011) . Phrased in the language of the present paper, Malthus argued that the rate of increase of energy extraction from the environment was principally resource (rather than technology) limited and that this resulted in socio-ecological crisis when the rate of population growth exceeded the rate of energy extraction growth. We propose that human societies are prone to unsustainability, because they have evolved to maximize their rate of energy extraction from the environment through a multi-level selective process acting on both genetic and cultural heritable variation. cache = ./cache/cord-337058-rhu5hp9t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337058-rhu5hp9t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340971-e42g37la author = Lehrer, Robert I. title = Defensins and Other Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins date = 2007-05-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10442 sentences = 579 flesch = 40 summary = In humans (and other mammals), defensins and cathelicidins are the principal antimicrobial peptides of neutrophils and epithelial cells. Defensins also induce the synthesis of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a C-X-C cytokine, by human airway epithelial cells, possibly providing a mechanism to recruit additional neutrophils to sites of inflammation (Van Wetering et al. In mice with a targeted disruption of the intestinal prodefensin-processing protease, matrilysin, Paneth cell defensin precursors were not processed to active mature peptides. Airway epithelial cells are the site of expression of a mammalian antimicrobial peptide gene Human beta-defensin 4: A novel inducible peptide with a specific salt-sensitive spectrum of antimicrobial activity Paneth cells of the human small intestine express an antimicrobial peptide gene In vitro activity of the antimicrobial peptides human and rabbit defensins and porcine leukocyte protegrin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Purification, primary structures, and antibacterial activities of beta-defensins, a new family of antimicrobial peptides from bovine neutrophils cache = ./cache/cord-340971-e42g37la.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340971-e42g37la.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-338468-c0jv3i1t author = Kanduc, Darja title = From Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immune Responses to COVID-19 via Molecular Mimicry date = 2020-07-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4143 sentences = 234 flesch = 41 summary = Results: Immunoreactive epitopes present in SARS-CoV-2 were mostly composed of peptide sequences present in human proteins that—when altered, mutated, deficient or, however, improperly functioning—may associate with a wide range of disorders, from respiratory distress to multiple organ failure. In the wake of such results, in order to validate (or, as well, invalidate) the cross-reactivity hypothesis, investigation was expanded here by analyzing the peptide sharing between the human host and immunoreactive epitopes that are also present in SARS-CoV-2. Table 2 documents that numerous immunoreactive SARS-CoV-2 epitopes are composed mostly or, in many instances, uniquely of peptide sequences shared with human proteins. This study shows that hexapeptides from immunoreactive epitopes present in SARS-CoV-2 are widespread among a high number of human proteins. Table S2 : Hexapeptide sharing between 233 epitopes present in SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins. Table S3 : List and short description of 460 human proteins that share hexapeptides with the 233 SARS-CoV-2 epitopes. cache = ./cache/cord-338468-c0jv3i1t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-338468-c0jv3i1t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339341-c2o42b5j author = Matibag, Gino C. title = Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date = 2005-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5855 sentences = 317 flesch = 44 summary = This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The overall goal of the "Supercourse for Zoonosis" is to show the most recent development in the knowledge of SARS and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), inter alia, which have significant global impact not only on health but also on the economy. The specific objectives of "Supercourse for Zoonosis" are to develop a set of educational materials for the control of zoonotic diseases, to disseminate them effectively via the Internet, to facilitate their use in the prevention and control of the diseases, and to promote human health while minimizing their economic impact. cache = ./cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342054-1u2fkwx3 author = Funaro, Ada title = Generation of potent neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against cytomegalovirus infection from immune B cells date = 2008-11-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5484 sentences = 277 flesch = 42 summary = The available therapeutic armamentarium (e.g. HCMV hyperimmune globulins or antivirals) is associated with severe side effects and the emergence of drug-resistant strains; therefore, neutralizing human mAb may be a decisive alternative in the prevention of primary and re-activated HCMV infections in these patients. The strengths of this approach are: i) it allows the selection of human monoclonal IgG to a variety of antigens, from a small sample of fresh or frozen peripheral blood, ii) it is rapid, iii) screening can be performed using a variety of assays, including functional assays, iv) the mAbs of interest can be easily produced from the original clone as recombinant proteins suitable for clinical applications, and v) the generation of IgGsecreting polyclonal populations can be considered as a library of antibody-secreting cells that can be used to select mAbs with specificities not considered when cells were immortalized. cache = ./cache/cord-342054-1u2fkwx3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342054-1u2fkwx3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336117-hit4kza8 author = Heymann, D.L. title = Emerging Infections, the International Health Regulations, and Macro-Economy date = 2014-02-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3357 sentences = 130 flesch = 46 summary = Under the IHR, countries are able to work transparently with WHO and its scientific experts and collaborating laboratories to conduct joint risk assessments of public health events such as outbreaks of infectious diseases; to make evidence-based recommendations to help prevent or control their international spread; and, by providing valid and transparent information to national focal points, to help prevent unnecessary panic and misunderstanding about risk. Precautionary measures to prevent international spread of the infection were immediately recommended by the WHO -it was first recommended that persons who were ill with similar symptoms and contact with geographic areas where outbreaks were occurring defer their travel until they were well. The IHR 1969 were revised in 2005, incorporating many of the lessons learned during the SARS outbreak, and now ensure broader disease coverage, and in addition require countries to develop core capacities in public health laboratory and epidemiology in order to detect and respond to diseases where and when it occurs, and before it spreads internationally (Box 1). cache = ./cache/cord-336117-hit4kza8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336117-hit4kza8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336464-eslgz1ka author = Chomel, Bruno B. title = Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date = 2007-01-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3475 sentences = 166 flesch = 43 summary = The outbreak of Nipah virus infection in Malaysia during 1998-1999, which caused 265 human cases of viral encephalitis and a 38% mortality rate, was also the result of several major ecologic and environmental changes associated with deforestation and expansion of nonindustrial pig farming in association with production of fruit-bearing trees (16) . Wildlife may become new reservoirs of infection and may recontaminate domestic animals; examples include bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom associated with Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers (Meles meles) (18) and brucellosis in outdoor-reared swine in Europe that resulted from spillover from the wild boar brucellosis (Brucella suis biovar 2) reservoir (19) . Another risk factor related to the emergence of zoonotic diseases from wildlife has been the considerable increase in consumption of bushmeat in many parts of the world, especially Central Africa and the Amazon Basin, where 1-3.4 million tons and 67-164 million kilograms, respectively, are consumed each year (7) . cache = ./cache/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339382-ii4xurmr author = Bachofen, Claudia title = Selected Viruses Detected on and in our Food date = 2018-03-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6537 sentences = 337 flesch = 46 summary = Two groups of viruses were selected: (a) the most important viruses contaminating food, based on numbers of publications in the last 5 years and (b) viruses infecting sources of food that might have an impact on human health. RECENT FINDINGS: Important foodborne viruses such as norovirus, hepatitis A and rotavirus are usually "only" contaminating food and are detected on the surface of foodstuffs. Furthermore, some plant viruses are known to infect and persist in insect-vectors and one of them, Tomato spotted wilt virus, a member of the genus Tospovirus of the Bunyaviridae family, was even shown to replicate in human cell lines [71] . HEV-3 and 4 strains infect humans, but the reservoir is thought to be in several animal species, whereof the pig plays the most important role for foodborne transmission. While foodborne HEV and TBEV clearly represent a threat for human public health, the role of several other viruses of animal origin detected in food still needs to be assessed. cache = ./cache/cord-339382-ii4xurmr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339382-ii4xurmr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340101-n9zqc1gm author = Bzdok, Danilo title = The Neurobiology of Social Distance date = 2020-06-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9246 sentences = 490 flesch = 45 summary = These authors conducted a follow-up analysis of 70 studies of longevity in older people, which followed ~3.5 million people over an average of ~7 years [16] : social isolation, living alone and feeling lonely increased the chances of dying by about 30%, even after accounting for age, sex and health status. There is now a wealth of evidence from long-term field studies of wild baboons that socially wellconnected females experience less harassment by other monkeys [7, 23] , have lower levels of cortisol stress hormones [25, 26] , faster wound healing [27] , produce more offspring and live longer [28] [29] [30] [31] . The perspective of brain network integration in loneliness was investigated in a seminal neuroimaging study of intrinsic functional connectivity in ~1,000 humans [124] . In humans, a longitudinal neuroimaging study indeed showed that social support from the mother promotes volume growth trajectories in the hippocampus, and predicts socioemotional development and emotion regulation in early adolescence [141] . cache = ./cache/cord-340101-n9zqc1gm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340101-n9zqc1gm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335311-l73hsik0 author = Chan, Conrad E. Z. title = The role of phage display in therapeutic antibody discovery date = 2014-08-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7044 sentences = 286 flesch = 31 summary = The defining attribute of all phage display libraries is the physical linking of antibody phenotype (specificity and affinity) with genotype (sequence) via the phage particle-this allows for in vitro selection on immobilized antigen or whole cells (Fig. 2) . In particular, a phage library constructed with the heavy chain CDR3 enriched for basic residues to improve binding to negatively charged carbohydrates produced anti-carbohydrate antibodies that had relatively high affinity (K D ≈ 50 nM) and excellent specificity (40) . Phage display is also likely to remain useful for discovery of antibodies against non-protein targets, evolution of dual-binding antibodies and for affinity maturation, due to the limitations of the natural immune system. Comparison of the efficiency of antibody selection from semi-synthetic scFv and non-immune Fab phage display libraries against protein targets for rapid development of diagnostic immunoassays The human combinatorial antibody library HuCAL GOLD combines diversification of all six CDRs according to the natural immune system with a novel display method for efficient selection of high-affinity antibodies cache = ./cache/cord-335311-l73hsik0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335311-l73hsik0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341701-zropd3mo author = Adhikari, Subash title = A high-stringency blueprint of the human proteome date = 2020-10-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10138 sentences = 533 flesch = 33 summary = During the subsequent decade, the HPP established collaborations, developed guidelines and metrics, and undertook reanalysis of previously deposited community data, continuously increasing the coverage of the human proteome. • Be a focal point for life sciences researchers, pathologists, clinicians and industry communities seeking to translate and leverage proteomic and proteogenomic data to improve human health through: (i) greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms of common and rare diseases, (ii) identification of pathophysiological changes to generate disease and wellness diagnostic biomarkers, and (iii) development of new effective and safe personalized therapeutics. The HPP Ab Resource Pillar, ostensibly led by the Human Protein Atlas (HPA; www.proteinatlas.org), was initiated in 2003 and uses Ab-based strategies to analyse spatio-temporal aspects of the proteome 39 . Community encouragement to identify biological data that complement high-stringency MS strategies to accelerate discovery and understanding of human proteome PE2,3,4 missing proteins. cache = ./cache/cord-341701-zropd3mo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341701-zropd3mo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337218-risqto89 author = Chu, Ellen W. title = Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of date = 2013-02-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16635 sentences = 718 flesch = 46 summary = 107 ) sums up what he calls the hazards of human progress this way: ''Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.'' Indeed, as the second decade of the 21st century begins, humans are ecosystem engineers on a planetary scale, and our global civilization threatens the life-sustaining capacity of all of Earth's environmental ''spheres'': But with nearly 7 billion people occupying or using resources from every place on Earth, humans are overwhelming the ability of other life-forms to make a living and depleting the planet's natural wealth. Chemicals -as varied as prescription drugs flowing out of sewage plants, pesticides, heavy metals, and cancer-causing by-products of countless manufacturing processes -now lace the world's water, soil, and air and the bodies of all living things, including humans. The list of chemicals' effects on living things is so long that chemical pollution equals humans' environmental impact in most people's minds, yet it is just one form of biotic impoverishment. cache = ./cache/cord-337218-risqto89.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337218-risqto89.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348301-bk80pps9 author = Wahl, Angela title = Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection is Highly Cytopathic, Elicits a Robust Innate Immune Response and is Efficiently Prevented by EIDD-2801 date = 2020-09-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4279 sentences = 238 flesch = 47 summary = Here, we used a single experimental platform based on human lung-only mice (LoM) to demonstrate efficient in vivo replication of all recently emerged human coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) and two highly relevant endogenous pre-pandemic SARS-like bat coronaviruses. Further detailed analysis of pandemic SARS-CoV-2 in vivo infection of LoM human lung tissue showed predominant infection of human lung epithelial cells, including type II pneumocytes present in alveoli and ciliated airway cells. Human lung tissues of LoM were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 and titers of replication competent virus determined 2, 6, and 14 days post-exposure (Fig. 1c , Extended Data Table 2 ). Collectively, our results indicate that LoM re ect the pathogenic effects in icted by SARS-CoV-2 on the human lung and demonstrate their utility as a single in vivo platform to evaluate and compare the replication and pathogenesis of past, present, and future pre-emergent, epidemic, and pandemic coronaviruses accelerating the development and testing of pre-exposure prophylaxis agents such as EIDD-2801. cache = ./cache/cord-348301-bk80pps9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348301-bk80pps9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337659-x4oywbrj author = Wilson, Brenda A. title = Global biosecurity in a complex, dynamic world date = 2008-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10626 sentences = 469 flesch = 45 summary = Although one might argue that the principal difference in the infectious disease threat today versus say 10, 25, or 50 years ago is bioterrorism, the resources spend on preparing for a bioterror attack is viewed by most scientists as grossly exorbitant [6] , particularly considering the small numbers of individuals who have been or could be affected by this type of attack and considering the relatively low medical relevance or prevalence of the diseases caused by the limited number of highpriority bioterror bioagents, the socalled ''category A select agents.'' And, while admittedly the preparedness and surveillance measures put in place for one has certainly helped to protect against the other (the improved global response to and curtailment of SARS coming after the anthrax bioterrorist attacks is a prime example of this), most scientists feel that the limited resources available from an already overburdened system should instead be used for studying and preparing against the looming and potentially more devastating infectious disease threats from natural or accidental exposure [7] , which could affect millions of people and animals and could have huge health and economic consequences. cache = ./cache/cord-337659-x4oywbrj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337659-x4oywbrj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340629-1fle5fpz author = O’Shea, Helen title = Viruses Associated With Foodborne Infections date = 2019-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9409 sentences = 500 flesch = 46 summary = In infants, prior to the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, RVAs could be detected in up to 50%-60% of all childhood hospitalisations due to acute gastroenteritis each year, were estimated to cause 138 million cases of gastroenteritis annually, and 527,000 deaths in children o5 years of age living in developing countries. Recent emerging epidemic and pandemic virus infections that cause severe disease in humans and that are associated with food production, preparation and food contamination include the coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Nipah virus, Ebola virus and some of the highly pathogenic influenza virus strains, such as the H5N1 subtype. Infections by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus, Nipah virus (NiV), H5N1 virus, Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Adenovirus, Astrovirus, Norovirus (NoV) and Rotavirus (RVA) in humans and animals are detected by nucleic acid amplification tests and serologic tests. cache = ./cache/cord-340629-1fle5fpz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340629-1fle5fpz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335567-ssnvr6nj author = Berry, Michael title = Identification of New Respiratory Viruses in the New Millennium date = 2015-03-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7477 sentences = 379 flesch = 40 summary = In 2001, this led to the discovery of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and soon following that the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) promoted an increased interest in coronavirology and the latter discovery of human coronavirus (HCoV) NL63 and HCoV-HKU1. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) represents the most recent outbreak of a completely novel respiratory virus, which occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and presents a significant threat to human health. In recent years six new human respiratory viruses have been reported including human metapneumovirus (hMPV) [16] , bocavirus and four new human coronaviruses including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), HCoV-HKU1 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Evidence of a novel human coronavirus that is associated with respiratory tract disease in infants and young children Genetic variability of human coronavirus OC43-, 229E-, and NL63-like strains and their association with lower respiratory tract infections of hospitalized infants and immunocompromised patients cache = ./cache/cord-335567-ssnvr6nj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335567-ssnvr6nj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-338889-7hd3iibk author = Solbakk, Jan Helge title = Back to WHAT? The role of research ethics in pandemic times date = 2020-11-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11689 sentences = 709 flesch = 53 summary = 10 Of the 10 standards laid down in this Code, and with which physician-researchers must comply when carrying out experiments on human subjects, standard 5, in particular, has become highly relevant these days due to pressure from influential medical stakeholders, agencies and bioethicists to permit the conduct of controlled human infection studies (CHIs), also labeled human challenge trials (HCTs), or challenge studies (CSs) to possibly shorten the development time of vaccines to protect against Covid-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. cache = ./cache/cord-338889-7hd3iibk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-338889-7hd3iibk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349163-q52upndx author = Luo, Guangxiang (George) title = Global health concerns stirred by emerging viral infections date = 2020-02-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 434 sentences = 38 flesch = 49 summary = In 1997, a highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus was found to directly spread from poultry to humans unlike previously reported transmission routs of human-to-human and livestock-to-human, stirring a grave concern for a possible influenza pandemic. In 1997, a highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus was found to directly spread from poultry to humans unlike previously reported transmission routs of human-to-human and livestock-to-human, stirring a grave concern for a possible influenza pandemic. 1 Several other avian influenza A virus subtypes (H7N9, H9N2, and H7N3) were also associated with human disease, raising an alarm that all subtypes of influenza A virus circulating in domestic and wild birds and livestock can potentially spill over to humans, resulting in pandemics. [2] [3] [4] In 1999, a newly emerged paramyxovirus termed Nipah virus was identified as the cause of a severe encephalitis outbreak occurred in Malaysia and Singapore. Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus Recent advances in the detection of respiratory virus infection in humans cache = ./cache/cord-349163-q52upndx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349163-q52upndx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346308-9h2fk9qt author = Kaur, Rajwinder title = Microbiology of hospital wastewater date = 2020-05-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14673 sentences = 648 flesch = 34 summary = The study of hospital wastewater (HWW) microbiology is important to understand the pollution load, growth of particular pathogenic microbes, shift and drift in microbial community, development and spread of antibiotic resistance in microbes, and subsequent change in treatment efficiencies. Within past years, pieces of evidence have shown mobilization of these resistance genes from the environment into pathogenic bacteria causing health risks to humans and animals and also, demonstrating a link between environmental and clinical resistance [123] . The HWW has been reported to have two overexpressed β-lactam-resistance genes (bla GES and bla OXA ) as compared with the water collected from other aquatic bodies, which could be correlated with antibiotic usage over the time in hospitals and discharge of the residues of antibiotics in the wastewater [176] . Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review cache = ./cache/cord-346308-9h2fk9qt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346308-9h2fk9qt.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349168-ec5p9b2f author = Domingues, Célia P. F. title = The Social Distancing Imposed To Contain COVID-19 Can Affect Our Microbiome: a Double-Edged Sword in Human Health date = 2020-09-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2146 sentences = 99 flesch = 35 summary = Interrupting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between individuals in a social network through confinement and adherence to rules of hygiene and social distancing has been important to contain COVID-19 spread, yet it also decreases the likelihood of sharing other microorganisms of the human microbiota. We also argue that these measures could have two opposite consequences for COVID-19: (i) the loss of biodiversity, if not effectively restored, could be perennial and persist from one generation to the next, potentially driving to disease and a poorer prognostic of COVID-19, in a perverse and negative effect; (ii) social isolation and imposed hygiene rules can also lead to a decrease in the transmission of microorganisms and their genes from one individual to another, which might result in the dissociation of the correlation between the diversity of bacterial antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes (29, 30) . cache = ./cache/cord-349168-ec5p9b2f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349168-ec5p9b2f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341155-3d64mso0 author = Slots, Jørgen title = Bacterial and viral pathogens in saliva: disease relationship and infectious risk date = 2010-12-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9332 sentences = 447 flesch = 36 summary = Human viruses are also frequent inhabitants of the human mouth, and their presence in saliva may be caused by the direct transfer of saliva from infected individuals, a bloodborne infection of the salivary glands, infection of the oral mucosa, or serumal exudates from diseased periodontal sites. Caries risk is assessed by the levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in stimulated saliva (94, 96) , and salivary transmission of cariogenic bacteria frequently occurs from the mother to her child (92, 100) . As high quantities of salivary Epstein-Barr virus DNA can be recovered from fully edentulous patients (155) , the occurrence of the virus in saliva may not be a reliable indicator of its subgingival level or of the periodontitis disease status. Taken together, the saliva of HIV-infected persons is a risk factor for the transmission of several virulent herpesvirus species, and patients receiving HAART cannot be assumed to be less infectious for herpesviruses than individuals not receiving HAART. cache = ./cache/cord-341155-3d64mso0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341155-3d64mso0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349177-8h25qj9y author = Khan, Naazneen title = Multiple Genomic Events Altering Hominin SIGLEC Biology and Innate Immunity Predated the Common Ancestor of Humans and Archaic Hominins date = 2020-06-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5970 sentences = 303 flesch = 46 summary = Human-specific pseudogenization of the CMAH gene eliminated the mammalian sialic acid (Sia) Neu5Gc (generating an excess of its precursor Neu5Ac), thus changing ubiquitous cell surface "self-associated molecular patterns" that modulate innate immunity via engagement of CD33-related-Siglec receptors. We found no evidence for strong selection after the Human–Neanderthal/Denisovan common ancestor, and these extinct hominin genomes include almost all major changes found in humans, indicating that these changes in hominin sialobiology predate the Neanderthal–human divergence ∼0.6 Ma. Multiple changes in this genomic cluster may also explain human-specific expression of CD33rSiglecs in unexpected locations such as amnion, placental trophoblast, pancreatic islets, ovarian fibroblasts, microglia, Natural Killer(NK) cells, and epithelia. 2003) , most of the human-specific changes affecting sialic acid biology are found in the SIGLEC gene cluster on chromosome 19, and that although great ape genomes do not show many changes in this cluster, almost all the human changes are also found in archaic genomes of Neanderthals and Denisovans (Reich et al. cache = ./cache/cord-349177-8h25qj9y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349177-8h25qj9y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347884-zpzncgiv author = Galimberti, Andrea title = Rethinking Urban and Food Policies to Improve Citizens Safety After COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5473 sentences = 234 flesch = 39 summary = Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. cache = ./cache/cord-347884-zpzncgiv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347884-zpzncgiv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351905-tjcyvkcv author = Mummah, Riley O. title = Controlling emerging zoonoses at the animal-human interface date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7774 sentences = 350 flesch = 45 summary = The three green lines show the total incidence resulting when control is shifted after one, two, or three generations of transmission among humans, respectively from top to bottom be the factor by which control measures reduce spillover rates in the high-risk group. Among strategies that only reduce spillover transmission (red and orange lines in Fig. 7) , targeted control shows considerable benefits at low resource levels, particularly for high risk ratios and higher values of R. A similar pattern is found for mixed strategies, where targeted joint or reactive approaches (i.e. high-risk spillover reduction followed by a switch to reducing human-to-human transmission once an outbreak is underway) are the most effective control policies at low resource levels, particularly when R > 0.5 and the risk ratio is high, but are incapable of reducing incidence to zero even at high levels of investment. cache = ./cache/cord-351905-tjcyvkcv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351905-tjcyvkcv.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339386-sxyeuiw1 author = McIntosh, Kenneth title = 157 Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) date = 2015-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8499 sentences = 482 flesch = 49 summary = The virus was quickly identified as a new CoV most closely related to several bat CoVs. 6 This report was followed by a number of other reports identifying a total of 537 infected individuals, all of whom had acute respiratory symptoms, severe in most, and fatal in 145 (as of May 11, 2014) . 6 Between then and May 2014, a total of 537 cases occurred, all infected by this virus, now termed the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In response to the global spread and associated severe disease, the World Health Organization coordinated a rapid and effective control program that included isolation of cases, careful attention to contact, droplet and airborne infection control procedures, quarantine of exposed persons in some settings, and efforts to control spread between countries through travel advisories and travel alerts. cache = ./cache/cord-339386-sxyeuiw1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339386-sxyeuiw1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348100-jr923fcu author = Giseke, Undine title = COVID-19—does social distancing include species distancing? date = 2020-06-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1440 sentences = 84 flesch = 55 summary = While in the Anthropocene discourse a shift in the centrality of humans to the deep evolutionary processes of the earth's history, i.e. deep time, and the depth of the geological layers of the earth, i.e. geomorphology or deep ground (Wieck and Giseke 2018) , has already begun, COVID-19 has forced us to significantly broaden our focus. COVID-19 also ultimately reminds us of the manifold unsolved challenges of the porosity and closure of borders between different species, humans, animals and viruses, and of the organisation of space associated with them. In questions of nutrition, everyday each of us is, in dependence on the global food system, a contributor and decision maker regarding our direct links to non-human species. This virus makes it clear to us that the times of uninhibited consumption are finally over, and that more space, both mentally and physically, must be given to questions of co-existence. cache = ./cache/cord-348100-jr923fcu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348100-jr923fcu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351665-6gwb900b author = Sarkar, Priyanka title = Coupled human-environment system amid COVID-19 crisis: A conceptual model to understand the nexus date = 2020-08-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5722 sentences = 294 flesch = 48 summary = The specific objectives of the study were to (i) perform a meta-analysis of existing literature reporting various impacts of COVID-19 on human society and the natural environment, and (ii) develop a conceptual model to illustrate and understand the complex nexus of CHES amid the pandemic. In addition to the impact of COVID-19 in terms of infection and death as discussed in section 4.1, extended lockdown and stay-at-home regulations against the pandemic has associated human health risks such as weight gains due to sedentary lifestyle, psychological/behavioral changes, etc. The main purpose of the study was to propose a conceptual model to portray and address how the interaction of the existing elements of both sub-components of CHES -human society and natural environment -are impacted by the various governmental interventions i.e., lockdown, social distancing, quarantine, etc. cache = ./cache/cord-351665-6gwb900b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351665-6gwb900b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350286-n7ylgqfu author = Giri, Rajanish title = When Darkness Becomes a Ray of Light in the Dark Times: Understanding the COVID-19 via the Comparative Analysis of the Dark Proteomes of SARS-CoV-2, Human SARS and Bat SARS-Like Coronaviruses date = 2020-04-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15827 sentences = 874 flesch = 56 summary = The results of this analysis are summarized in Table 2 , which clearly shows that most of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins contain at least one MoRF, indicating that disorder does play an important role in the functionality of these viral proteins. As it follows from Figure 3 , these cleavage sites are located within the IDPRs. In Human SARS CoV S protein, fusion peptide (residues 770-788) is located within a flexible region, is characterized by the mean disorder score of 0.232±0.053. Global analysis of intrinsic disorder in the replicase polyprotein 1ab Table 3 represents the PPID mean scores of 15 non-structural proteins (Nsps) derived from the Replicase polyprotein 1ab in SARS-CoV-2, Human SARS CoV, and Bat CoV. Similar to many other non-structural proteins of coronaviruses, Nsp15s from SARS-CoV-2, Human SARS, and Bat CoV are predicted to possess multiple flexible regions but contain virtually no IDPRs (see Figures 32A, 32B, and 32C) . cache = ./cache/cord-350286-n7ylgqfu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350286-n7ylgqfu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350569-dtxtjtfo author = Kasoka, Kasoka title = Autonomy in HIV testing: a call for a rethink of personal autonomy in the HIV response in sub-Saharan Africa date = 2020-06-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13925 sentences = 639 flesch = 51 summary = In most SSA countries the ethic or value of personal autonomy or self-determination is promoted as primary in HIV testing decision-making. Without rethinking the value of autonomy in HIV testing decision-making, the article cautions that attainment of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 and the UNAIDS fast-track strategy that explicitly call to end the epidemic by 2030 will not be feasible for SSA. 9 My article interrogates the personal autonomy arguments and reaches a conclusion that the philosophy surrounding the value is problematic, as well as, it is silent on the ethics of the actual implications of an autonomous decision in HIV testing (Selemogo 2010) . HIV testing ethics, in particular informed consent requirements that are now premised on personal autonomy, should reflect a human being who is unique and yet a creature of the inescapable inculcating environment that makes her the 'I That Is We'. cache = ./cache/cord-350569-dtxtjtfo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350569-dtxtjtfo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352798-rb2ggonx author = Chaber, Anne-Lise title = The Era of Human-Induced Diseases date = 2017-11-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1995 sentences = 103 flesch = 41 summary = Human-Induced Disease as the label for diseases-both infectious and non-infectious-caused by human activities and their environmental impact emphasizes the role of the human in disease transmission and could serve reshaping our approach to disease management and prevention. Humans share most of the viruses, bacteria, and fungus with the rest of the animal kingdom, and thus it should come as no surprise that zoonotic pathogens were the cause of more than 65% of emergent infectious disease events in the last 60 years, with 75% of these originating in wild fauna (Keusch et al. Anthropogenic environmental change leads to the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife (Daszak et al. It estimated that the annual economic cost of illness and premature mortality linked to air pollution is $3600 billion (OECD 2014)-a figure that is 85% of the world's annual public budget for human health. Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife cache = ./cache/cord-352798-rb2ggonx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352798-rb2ggonx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352348-2wtyk3r5 author = Sabroe, Ian title = Identifying and hurdling obstacles to translational research date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5307 sentences = 229 flesch = 39 summary = The quality of our scientific output (perceived as a change in disease incidence and/or the development of a therapy) is largely dependent on the quality of the input data and the methods for their processing and interpretation, although the process of generating effective translational science is not as linear (that is, from molecules to models to humans) as is often thought. These revolve around our understanding of the nature of the translational process, the integration of the outputs of different technological approaches to disease, the use of models, access to tissues and appropriate materials, and the need for support in increasingly complex areas such as ethics and bioinformatics. Such debates might facilitate the comparison of data between laboratories and between species, and might highlight the components of specific diseases that are ripe for the development of new in vivo models and protocols (for example, there remains a great need to more effectively model the role of the innate immune system in acute and chronic asthma), broadening the number of disease processes or phenotypes that are modelled in pathology. cache = ./cache/cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353609-no3mbg5d author = Vandegrift, Kurt J. title = An Ecological and Conservation Perspective on Advances in the Applied Virology of Zoonoses date = 2011-04-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6925 sentences = 350 flesch = 42 summary = Conducting viral surveillance in animal reservoirs and invertebrate vectors can help explain circulation within host species; observed patterns of zoonotic transmission; and even allow for the prediction of periods of increased risk of zoonotic transmission (e.g., Rift valley fever and rainfall [25] ; West Nile virus (WNV) and American robin (Turdus turdus) migration [26] ; as well as hantavirus in mice [27, 28] ). Globalization, host ecology, host-virus dynamics, climate change, and anthropogenic landscape changes all contribute to the complexity of zoonotic viral emergence and disease, and create significant conservation and public health challenges. While the lasting efficacy of wildlife vaccination efforts has yet to be demonstrated with either endangered species or in breaking the transmission cycle of human pathogens, an increasing number of researchers are drawing attention to systems where it seems feasible [99, 103] ; demonstrating that intricate knowledge of host and virus ecology can greatly reduce the amount of vaccine coverage that is necessary to control these viruses. cache = ./cache/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354325-r73datur author = Berger, Mitchell title = Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies date = 2002-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12331 sentences = 666 flesch = 41 summary = Attempts to use mouse myeloma cells to create hybrids and derive human MAbs led to the loss of human chromosomes and the inability to make human Igs. 13 Unfortunately, in vitro immunization is limited by its inability to produce a secondary response and by the absence of the affinity maturation process that occurs in vivo. In these transgenic mouse models, human antibodies with high affinity to an immunized antigen are naturally selected by the murine immune system via an affinity maturation process, and thereby show increased diversity of the MAbs. Transgenic mice may be a suitable alternative to chimeric or humanized antibody production or the use of phage display systems to create less immunogenic or novel antibodies. [43] [44] [45] Humanizing Monoclonal Antibodies Rodent MAbs with excellent affinities and specificities have been generated using conventional hybridoma technology, but their use in clinical medicine is limited due to the immune responses they elicit in humans. cache = ./cache/cord-354325-r73datur.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354325-r73datur.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354592-vqws942c author = Cauvin, Annick J. title = Advantages and Limitations of Commonly Used Nonhuman Primate Species in Research and Development of Biopharmaceuticals date = 2015-03-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7293 sentences = 317 flesch = 34 summary = The marmoset also has been used as a nonrodent second species in drug safety assessment of new chemical entities (NCEs) and, more recently, of biopharmaceuticals based on side effects, findings of given drugs, and metabolizing enzymes or receptors found to be similar to humans [16] [17] [18] [19] ; because of the closer phylogenetic relationship to humans than other second species such as the dog, common marmosets may be more suitable for certain types of PART 7 NHP-SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF STANDARD TOXICOLOGY STUDIES pharmacokinetic and toxicological screening. Conversely, study designs for use with NHPs do not cover all aspects of reproduction (e.g., direct fertility assessment through mating or egg implantation-pregnancy cannot be confirmed until day 20 of gestation) and so may not allow a full evaluation of the specific risks in humans. The cynomolgus monkey has been used as a relevant toxicology species for immunostimulatory agents such as Toll-like receptor agonists; however, while special recognition regarding the clinical risk of systemic cytokine release for certain targets is warranted, the NHP is not always predictive of this potential toxicity in humans. cache = ./cache/cord-354592-vqws942c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354592-vqws942c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-356062-7q5n4t97 author = nan title = Cumulative pharmacological activity index volumes 1-30 date = 2005-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6346 sentences = 501 flesch = 44 summary = cache = ./cache/cord-356062-7q5n4t97.txt txt = ./txt/cord-356062-7q5n4t97.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346245-o9hvuwvq author = Harvey, David J. title = Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2009–2010 date = 2014-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 62449 sentences = 3625 flesch = 40 summary = Advantages and drawbacks of this approach are critically (Song et al., 2009d) Bacillus anthracis tetrasaccharide with thiol linker MALDI For attachment to a maleimide functionalized Microarray to study of carbohydrate-antibody interactions (Oberli et al., 2010) Glycodendrimers with N 3 group terminating in α-Man, β-GlcNAc or β-Gal TOF Immobilized on an acetylenyl-terminated gold substrate via click chemistry High-mannose glycans -Oxime linked TOF Used to probe binding to malectin MUC1 Glycopeptides TOF Synthesis on an amine-reactive hydrogelcoated microarray glass surface. The non-commercial CGE-on-a-chip assay allowed electrophoretic separation of proteins in the MW range from 14 kDa to 1 MDa. MW assignment was limited to 500 kDa in the case of SDS-PAGE but with the proper matrix (THAP for most glycoproteins, sinapinic acid for a2-macroglobulin) and sample preparation, analysis with a standard MALDI-TOF-MS provided accurate MWs for all high MW proteins up to 1 MDa. Three methods for N-glycan characterization, namely MALDI-MS of glycopeptides from tryptic digestion, negativeion ESI-MS/MS of released N-glycans, and normal-phase HPLC of fluorescently labeled glycans, in combination with exoglycosidase sequencing, have been evaluated for glycan identification using monoclonal antibodies expressed in tobacco plants as model compounds (Triguero et al., 2010) . cache = ./cache/cord-346245-o9hvuwvq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346245-o9hvuwvq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354651-bxm9yxjm author = Zeng, Yawen title = Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases date = 2020-03-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15969 sentences = 788 flesch = 42 summary = Chronic consumption of barley β-glucans can decrease fatty liver by increasing small intestinal contents viscosity and improving glucose, lower glycated hemoglobin and relative kidney weights [129] , strengthen the angiogenic ability of ROS-exposed endothelial cells for preventive heart disease [123] , and accelerate the wound closure by promoting the migration and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts [133] . Therefore, functional ingredients in barley grass and grains are essential for the health contribution of modern human (Homo sapiens), Neanderthals, and early hominids staple food to prevent and treat human chronic diseases. In particular, the healthy effects of functional components of barley grains and grass are the result of longterm continuous evolution of early hominids (fruits/vegetables and leaves rich in polyphenols, K-Ca, and vitamins), Neanderthals (mushrooms and nuts rich in polysaccharides, phytosterols, and linoleic acids), and Homo sapiens (grasses and seeds rich in GABA, enzymes, and resistant starch), which associate with modern humans originating in the progenitor of African Homo sapiens with cognitive hominin, especially after interbreeding between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals that took place in the Middle East. cache = ./cache/cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 author = nan title = ISEV2020 Abstract Book date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 200999 sentences = 11528 flesch = 44 summary = L.M., and the National Institutes of Health (R35GM119623) to T.R.G. The addition of a size exclusion chromatography step to various urinary extracellular vesicle concentrating methods reveals differences in the small RNA profile Introduction: Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their RNA cargo are a novel source of biomarkers for various diseases, however non-vesicular RNA (e.g. associated with proteins) is also present within urine. We then evaluated efficiency of heart targeting for eAAV9 or eAAV6 and standard AAV9 or AAV6 encoding for EGFP, mCherry or firefly luciferase in different human cell lines in vitro, in black mouse and in passive immunity nude mouse model in vivo using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, Langendorff perfusion system and Methods: HLHS patients (n = 3) after Glenn procedure and swine (n = 3) after PAB were given RV injections of allogeneic/xenogeneic MSCs. Donor-specific, HLA-I+, exosomes were isolated from plasma. cache = ./cache/cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015394-uj7fe5y6 author = nan title = Scientific Abstracts date = 2008-12-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 242330 sentences = 15267 flesch = 52 summary = Studies involving immunohistochemical analysis of normal ovaries have shown that granulosa cells express significantly higher levels of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor, cFos compared to theca cells, where cFos expression is virtually absent. Following acute hypoxia (0.5% O2) for one to six hours, RhoA mRNA, total protein and activation (RhoA-GTP) levels were analysed, using semi-quantitative PCRs and western blot, and compared to normoxic non-pregnant human uterine smooth muscle control cells. Since there is an urgent need for non-invasive methods for determination of fetal (F) and placental (P) function, this study was designed to evaluate the genes differently and commonly expressed in P tissue and leukocytes in maternal (M) and F circulation.Material and Methods. The current study: 1) localized IL-6 mRNA levels in preeclamptic versus normal decidual sections; 2) evaluated mechanisms regulating IL-6 synthesis by targeting intracellular signaling pathways with specific inhibitors; 3) identified potential IL-6 targets by immunolocalizing the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) to specific cell types in placental bed biopsies. cache = ./cache/cord-015394-uj7fe5y6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015394-uj7fe5y6.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-022955-vy0qgtll cord-196608-k4f79dr4 cord-103108-vmze2mdx cord-265857-fs6dj3dp cord-284711-l1za83w1 cord-301537-uu2aykoy cord-307803-rlvk6bcx cord-307320-fxs31d66 Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-000235-782iew86 cord-003629-xogzl1lv cord-000366-u4649rtx cord-002337-8v907g24 cord-000261-ip32y0j5 cord-005080-r01ii1bu cord-002728-6oyw5sqv cord-001427-qw1e5cof cord-007101-m0fs2f2a cord-005068-3ddb38de cord-004222-z4butywi cord-005789-jngjusk2 cord-009614-lbjesv8y cord-002933-zmx4k46v cord-005159-6agnsbyd cord-005262-pi8nkuc3 cord-006127-rl7rur2j cord-008881-579ronfq cord-006257-rnskg79a cord-005872-w1x1i0im cord-007726-bqlf72fe cord-009792-e2vvi8qo cord-007735-ejvv2lxv cord-010977-fwz7chzf cord-016364-80l5mua2 cord-007843-yqdqm4rh cord-010570-ytv7dwr0 cord-016657-w30hed7w cord-017225-6ofi6mg5 cord-016070-e9ix35x3 cord-016743-k5plq0ja cord-015613-ls9qus8y cord-016782-aods92rf cord-016293-pyb00pt5 cord-016292-o4cw5ufy cord-016403-id6fjgye cord-016095-jop2rx61 cord-005147-mvoq9vln cord-017686-127xfkse cord-016499-5iqpl23p cord-016839-cqtpj3m0 cord-018613-83r6lhpo cord-010046-7hlgjiqp cord-017675-in9r33ww cord-017752-ofzm3x3a cord-018354-o6pmuhd8 cord-017364-d9zmdm23 cord-021552-6jbm869r cord-021113-e4ya7llm cord-020756-d9f5fd7x cord-017527-ylng1us2 cord-004879-pgyzluwp cord-018437-yjvwa1ot cord-016313-n4ewq0pt cord-017537-ztdz4a2s cord-021375-lca26xum cord-017188-d3xg05ty cord-018151-5su98uan cord-018017-c8myq6bi cord-024088-020rgz5t cord-017112-5men6dfk cord-016990-ot1wi3xi cord-018639-0g1ov96t cord-023488-jf2xl3vl cord-022226-qxp0gfp3 cord-018834-4ligp4ak cord-022381-x15ki4xv cord-022955-vy0qgtll cord-019040-lj1r8ptb cord-023647-dlqs8ay9 cord-030748-780dcjo1 cord-021770-zn7na974 cord-022544-7jn4ns6x cord-031482-atltc10d cord-022393-s26d54ew cord-020764-5tq9cr7o cord-196608-k4f79dr4 cord-035138-7v92aukg cord-254265-8i86c8kt cord-253844-y6xdcf20 cord-104317-t30dg6oj cord-029480-3md13om6 cord-025998-1qawjquv cord-030279-pv770doe cord-029209-v2w0i2ex cord-186405-f9m3e31q cord-253548-izya7nws cord-023767-rcv4pl0d cord-027885-ua8miwes cord-103108-vmze2mdx cord-254559-3kgfwjzd cord-255137-utg8k7qs cord-256543-7kfi2yvu cord-255181-du6rqc6i cord-146850-5x6qs2i4 cord-254592-wa5il5go cord-253111-n5ywei4t cord-028721-x6f26ahr cord-211735-qqm4fbor cord-022889-lv6fy6e6 cord-252810-rko3e5va cord-257597-jy4a8al8 cord-270911-z637eh2z cord-265857-fs6dj3dp cord-262868-wanbz1et cord-270940-acwkh6ed cord-264031-0y7xbgun cord-253223-us0ey8dq cord-256903-8lyw27gh cord-257494-242k58ll cord-270892-ycc3csyh cord-264255-q5izs39f cord-256615-gvq8uyfk cord-261466-b9r4cyp7 cord-256537-axbyav1m cord-267149-5twx9y5c cord-274241-biqbsggu cord-277309-kelebqr6 cord-276110-zztp61pj cord-274219-nh2t1qsl cord-275796-4560i8cx cord-272955-kkkrkgg1 cord-272829-i4jh6bcn cord-268378-tcuv255v cord-281957-1p54k8it cord-271979-a9u494tr cord-288119-3zq8l5z0 cord-277076-yvsyo4l9 cord-278195-1sle0d1j cord-272405-jmwn8pdn cord-274520-c674wkmt cord-284711-l1za83w1 cord-278647-krh63hqp cord-276039-nqqwnmwc cord-279694-25rblhwb cord-282878-8qgsq2km cord-264408-vk4lt83x cord-283339-pbgeoxdu cord-286368-kdwh4hgf cord-006229-7yoilsho cord-274756-nnm1n09a cord-281836-j1r771nq cord-291909-x0sfwqnk cord-283709-y59h5bw8 cord-280107-tulne0v3 cord-282059-sdumq61z cord-279406-wwdqh9qs cord-285656-7o7ofk1e cord-284795-0eoyxz78 cord-286749-si83t03j cord-294812-nnlzwaf1 cord-276954-6m74kejh cord-276218-dcg9oq6y cord-298301-p1zj6jg9 cord-296863-xu0h92ac cord-282965-xguotf4m cord-006230-xta38e7j cord-282925-efkb8hc7 cord-289626-8oldaa8i cord-289003-vov6o1jx cord-292075-t9z7zqz4 cord-295194-xbla6tu7 cord-282610-zim7nond cord-301328-13adnvav cord-283152-wav0d0ws cord-297579-ohpm5ys0 cord-293938-40zyv1h8 cord-282628-6uoberfu cord-293143-1k170shh cord-300793-tuq8z6gm cord-302222-9ad0fw6z cord-300301-7amiljnm cord-310371-pylrg91h cord-301935-0qjo94ty cord-302918-0nk7zyod cord-290548-0wezrr1b cord-304073-f3iwclkm cord-305302-go87uu06 cord-301537-uu2aykoy cord-299315-s43gw24k cord-306671-stc3pbj8 cord-306535-j26eqmxt cord-297216-1b99hm1e cord-298369-66ifwtlp cord-305318-cont592g cord-310905-1oqfh8of cord-299733-4mpz5l9e cord-310882-t73xwpaw cord-308857-otsrexqu cord-307803-rlvk6bcx cord-308201-lavcsqov cord-301856-71syce4n cord-311601-w2jqmpww cord-300969-a3zcggf2 cord-310844-7i92mk4x cord-306904-8iteddug cord-306056-4jx0u7js cord-307046-ko3bdvo0 cord-309301-ai84el0j cord-312807-8v4r9jij cord-315164-nidgnvvi cord-312438-zr9zx7pv cord-312434-yx24golq cord-312247-cza4qsv5 cord-307320-fxs31d66 cord-313529-xm76ae08 cord-317501-yblzopc3 cord-319044-5otz2w9v cord-310509-c8wp2m69 cord-320283-nkb9nzyt cord-319646-6cex9gid cord-320005-i30t7cvr cord-313173-0u4s5y20 cord-312461-5qzpo6l1 cord-317900-05y9re12 cord-318061-xe8lljz0 cord-314372-knhkdlq7 cord-320988-yjxbm4tn cord-279255-v861kk0i cord-321835-qn33sx8x cord-321993-uazc3lyg cord-324369-zizyxb6y cord-331255-t85yioyl cord-327432-ogw27tob cord-316792-89f8g0m8 cord-329149-1giy1fow cord-328403-139ejlgo cord-323380-hm9wd817 cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 cord-327063-ea7a1xfl cord-323311-xl2fv0qx cord-318407-uy0f7f2o cord-333405-ji58jbct cord-330312-1pjolkql cord-331288-elnwn7l5 cord-324295-9c1zxjng cord-324953-3sacf4wu cord-330970-6kkqoh7f cord-331584-z43ifmr3 cord-335302-6wsx0jby cord-337646-gkcm6ds0 cord-336157-aqc9zrrm cord-331343-qzvwwca9 cord-337464-otwps68u cord-332569-af8oq2d6 cord-337058-rhu5hp9t cord-332379-340wczmq cord-338468-c0jv3i1t cord-340971-e42g37la cord-339341-c2o42b5j cord-342054-1u2fkwx3 cord-336117-hit4kza8 cord-336464-eslgz1ka cord-334353-nc2jhemz cord-339382-ii4xurmr cord-340101-n9zqc1gm cord-335311-l73hsik0 cord-348301-bk80pps9 cord-337218-risqto89 cord-340629-1fle5fpz cord-341701-zropd3mo cord-337659-x4oywbrj cord-338889-7hd3iibk cord-335567-ssnvr6nj cord-346331-d0s028wl cord-346308-9h2fk9qt cord-349163-q52upndx cord-349168-ec5p9b2f cord-349177-8h25qj9y cord-341155-3d64mso0 cord-351905-tjcyvkcv cord-347884-zpzncgiv cord-339386-sxyeuiw1 cord-352832-uih7alib cord-348100-jr923fcu cord-351665-6gwb900b cord-350286-n7ylgqfu cord-350569-dtxtjtfo cord-352798-rb2ggonx cord-352348-2wtyk3r5 cord-353609-no3mbg5d cord-354592-vqws942c cord-354325-r73datur cord-356062-7q5n4t97 cord-354651-bxm9yxjm cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 cord-346245-o9hvuwvq cord-015394-uj7fe5y6 Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-000366-u4649rtx cord-002337-8v907g24 cord-001427-qw1e5cof cord-005068-3ddb38de cord-002933-zmx4k46v cord-004222-z4butywi cord-009792-e2vvi8qo cord-010977-fwz7chzf cord-016364-80l5mua2 cord-017225-6ofi6mg5 cord-016403-id6fjgye cord-005147-mvoq9vln cord-016499-5iqpl23p cord-010046-7hlgjiqp cord-018613-83r6lhpo cord-017675-in9r33ww cord-016313-n4ewq0pt cord-196608-k4f79dr4 cord-186405-f9m3e31q cord-029480-3md13om6 cord-025998-1qawjquv cord-029209-v2w0i2ex cord-253548-izya7nws cord-103108-vmze2mdx cord-255137-utg8k7qs cord-254592-wa5il5go cord-253111-n5ywei4t cord-146850-5x6qs2i4 cord-022889-lv6fy6e6 cord-252810-rko3e5va cord-264031-0y7xbgun cord-270940-acwkh6ed cord-261466-b9r4cyp7 cord-264255-q5izs39f cord-274241-biqbsggu cord-006229-7yoilsho cord-274756-nnm1n09a cord-285656-7o7ofk1e cord-286749-si83t03j cord-282059-sdumq61z cord-298301-p1zj6jg9 cord-282925-efkb8hc7 cord-006230-xta38e7j cord-295194-xbla6tu7 cord-301328-13adnvav cord-283152-wav0d0ws cord-290548-0wezrr1b cord-299315-s43gw24k cord-301537-uu2aykoy cord-306535-j26eqmxt cord-299733-4mpz5l9e cord-308857-otsrexqu cord-308201-lavcsqov cord-306904-8iteddug cord-301856-71syce4n cord-300969-a3zcggf2 cord-315164-nidgnvvi cord-312807-8v4r9jij cord-312434-yx24golq cord-313529-xm76ae08 cord-317501-yblzopc3 cord-319646-6cex9gid cord-320988-yjxbm4tn cord-314372-knhkdlq7 cord-279255-v861kk0i cord-324369-zizyxb6y cord-331255-t85yioyl cord-318407-uy0f7f2o cord-336157-aqc9zrrm cord-337464-otwps68u cord-338468-c0jv3i1t cord-339382-ii4xurmr cord-341701-zropd3mo cord-338889-7hd3iibk cord-349177-8h25qj9y cord-351905-tjcyvkcv cord-347884-zpzncgiv cord-348100-jr923fcu cord-351665-6gwb900b cord-352348-2wtyk3r5 cord-346245-o9hvuwvq cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-000235-782iew86 cord-003629-xogzl1lv cord-000366-u4649rtx cord-002337-8v907g24 cord-000261-ip32y0j5 cord-005080-r01ii1bu cord-002728-6oyw5sqv cord-001427-qw1e5cof cord-007101-m0fs2f2a cord-005068-3ddb38de cord-004222-z4butywi cord-005789-jngjusk2 cord-009614-lbjesv8y cord-005159-6agnsbyd cord-002933-zmx4k46v cord-005262-pi8nkuc3 cord-006127-rl7rur2j cord-008881-579ronfq cord-006257-rnskg79a cord-007726-bqlf72fe cord-005872-w1x1i0im cord-007735-ejvv2lxv cord-009792-e2vvi8qo cord-010977-fwz7chzf cord-016364-80l5mua2 cord-010570-ytv7dwr0 cord-007843-yqdqm4rh cord-016657-w30hed7w cord-017225-6ofi6mg5 cord-016070-e9ix35x3 cord-016743-k5plq0ja cord-015613-ls9qus8y cord-016782-aods92rf cord-016292-o4cw5ufy cord-016293-pyb00pt5 cord-016403-id6fjgye cord-017686-127xfkse cord-016095-jop2rx61 cord-016499-5iqpl23p cord-016839-cqtpj3m0 cord-017675-in9r33ww cord-018613-83r6lhpo cord-017752-ofzm3x3a cord-018354-o6pmuhd8 cord-010046-7hlgjiqp cord-017364-d9zmdm23 cord-021552-6jbm869r cord-005147-mvoq9vln cord-021113-e4ya7llm cord-020756-d9f5fd7x cord-017527-ylng1us2 cord-018437-yjvwa1ot cord-016313-n4ewq0pt cord-021375-lca26xum cord-017537-ztdz4a2s cord-018151-5su98uan cord-017188-d3xg05ty cord-004879-pgyzluwp cord-018017-c8myq6bi cord-024088-020rgz5t cord-016990-ot1wi3xi 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cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 cord-028721-x6f26ahr cord-015394-uj7fe5y6 cord-005068-3ddb38de cord-289626-8oldaa8i cord-297216-1b99hm1e number of items: 288 sum of words: 3,418,847 average size in words: 12,901 average readability score: 44 nouns: cells; virus; cell; disease; infection; protein; viruses; humans; expression; patients; analysis; studies; study; gene; proteins; mice; health; results; diseases; species; development; animal; risk; activity; data; animals; host; genes; role; effects; system; treatment; model; levels; time; infections; transmission; evs; use; receptor; methods; influenza; cancer; cases; type; response; research; control; antibodies; mouse verbs: used; show; including; increased; associated; identified; cause; found; based; developing; induced; suggest; provided; compared; following; led; reduce; derived; contain; known; making; reported; involve; binding; resulting; expressing; occurring; produced; isolated; detected; infected; require; related; demonstrated; emerging; observed; determined; considered; gave; seen; reveals; affect; indicating; mediated; described; performed; study; become; generated; takes adjectives: human; different; high; specific; respiratory; new; viral; clinical; many; immune; non; important; several; present; genetic; first; novel; infectious; severe; small; potential; acute; molecular; similar; low; common; large; major; higher; significant; single; natural; social; possible; early; public; normal; positive; recent; functional; biological; various; global; primary; multiple; cellular; dependent; like; anti; therapeutic adverbs: also; however; well; even; highly; significantly; therefore; often; recently; previously; respectively; now; especially; still; furthermore; particularly; first; currently; usually; directly; moreover; less; rather; together; potentially; mainly; yet; far; approximately; already; generally; just; indeed; much; frequently; rapidly; finally; relatively; specifically; probably; additionally; later; hence; fully; interestingly; genetically; widely; almost; newly; worldwide pronouns: we; it; their; its; they; our; i; them; us; his; he; itself; one; her; themselves; you; she; my; your; me; ourselves; him; himself; oneself; herself; myself; 's; ashcs; yourself; em; s; il-2rcc; o139; mutationtaster3; mrnas; mg; igfbp2; iga1; fmhv; a1-antitrypsin; thy; srnas; p450scc; mine; ifnyr-/-mice; ifn-[3; covid-19; ccrcc; adrb1; a129 proper nouns: SARS; RNA; Human; HIV; CoV-2; C; Health; PCR; CoV; TOF; Fig; A; China; MS; Authority; University; miRNAs; United; T; B; EV; Africa; COVID-19; II; MERS; M; •; USA; Summary; N; Food; HRV; European; States; Table; Ebola; MALDI; C.; IFN; miRNA; H5N1; AI; S.; mRNA; E.; mg; World; Safety; AIDS; DNA keywords: human; virus; disease; cell; sars; infection; health; animal; rna; protein; dna; gene; mouse; covid-19; model; hiv; study; respiratory; pcr; mers; university; host; antibody; risk; patient; pathogen; effect; cov-2; united; table; system; right; result; research; increase; ebola; china; technology; social; security; receptor; influenza; infectious; high; expression; africa; activity; states; sequence; peptide one topic; one dimension: human file(s): https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-pdf/201/11/1633/18059675/201-11-1633.pdf titles(s): Human bocaviruses are highly diverse, dispersed, recombination prone, and prevalent enteric infections three topics; one dimension: cells; human; human file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7104449/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271162/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33133302/ titles(s): Scientific Abstracts | Aquatic Ecosystems, Human Health, and Ecohydrology | Foundations of Erobotics five topics; three dimensions: human virus disease; cells cell expression; cells evs cell; human sars cov; human cells antibodies file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122313/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7104449/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7480431/, https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.14662v1.pdf, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24863367/ titles(s): The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights | Scientific Abstracts | ISEV2020 Abstract Book | The State of AI Ethics Report (June 2020) | Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2009–2010 Type: cord title: keyword-human-cord date: 2021-05-25 time: 00:26 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:human ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-267149-5twx9y5c author: Abraham, Jonathan title: Host-Species Transferrin Receptor 1 Orthologs Are Cellular Receptors for Nonpathogenic New World Clade B Arenaviruses date: 2009-04-03 words: 5396.0 sentences: 287.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267149-5twx9y5c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267149-5twx9y5c.txt summary: The ability of a New World (NW) clade B arenavirus to enter cells using human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) strictly correlates with its ability to cause hemorrhagic fever. Here we show that pseudotyped viruses bearing the surface glycoprotein (GP) of AMAV or TCRV can infect cells using the TfR1 orthologs of several mammalian species, including those of their respective natural hosts, the small rodent Neacomys spinosus and the fruit bat Artibeus jamaicensis. In order to determine the ability of the AMAV and TCRV GP1 proteins to bind these TfR1 orthologs, HEK293T cells were transfected with plasmids expressing human, Ns, or AjTfR1. As the pathogenic NW arenaviruses efficiently enter HEK293T cells using endogenous human TfR1 [32] , CHO cells were transfected with plasmids expressing human TfR1, AjTfR1, NsTfR1, ZbTfR1, or vector alone, and subsequently infected with MACV, JUNV, or GTOV pseudoviruses. abstract: The ability of a New World (NW) clade B arenavirus to enter cells using human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) strictly correlates with its ability to cause hemorrhagic fever. Amapari (AMAV) and Tacaribe (TCRV), two nonpathogenic NW clade B arenaviruses that do not use human TfR1, are closely related to the NW arenaviruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers. Here we show that pseudotyped viruses bearing the surface glycoprotein (GP) of AMAV or TCRV can infect cells using the TfR1 orthologs of several mammalian species, including those of their respective natural hosts, the small rodent Neacomys spinosus and the fruit bat Artibeus jamaicensis. Mutation of one residue in human TfR1 makes it a functional receptor for TCRV, and mutation of four residues makes it a functional receptor for AMAV. Our data support an in vivo role for TfR1 in the replication of most, if not all, NW clade B arenaviruses, and suggest that with modest changes in their GPs the nonpathogenic arenaviruses could use human TfR1 and emerge as human pathogens. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000358 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000358 id: cord-312461-5qzpo6l1 author: Adalja, Amesh A. title: Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes date: 2019-08-30 words: 6830.0 sentences: 290.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt summary: A substantial proportion of pandemic and biological threat preparedness activities have focused on list-based approaches that were in part based on pandemic influenzas of the past, historical biological weapon development programs, or recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (e.g., SARS, MERS, Ebola) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017; Casadevall and Relman 2010) . Cultivating and maintaining expertise in the epidemiology, surveillance, and pathogenicity of all classes of microbes, with explicit incorporation of a One Health approach-which incorporates and integrates information from infectious diseases of plants, amphibians, and reptiles-will help foster the broad capacities needed for emerging pandemic and global catastrophic biological risks. Pathogen-based lists, both USA and global, based on influenza precedents, historical biological weapon programs, and emerging infectious diseases were responsible for galvanizing early activities in the field of pandemic preparedness and have helped drive many important contributions. abstract: Predicting which pathogen will confer the highest global catastrophic biological risk (GCBR) of a pandemic is a difficult task. Many approaches are retrospective and premised on prior pandemics; however, such an approach may fail to appreciate novel threats that do not have exact historical precedent. In this paper, based on a study and project we undertook, a new paradigm for pandemic preparedness is presented. This paradigm seeks to root pandemic risk in actual attributes possessed by specific classes of microbial organisms and leads to specific recommendations to augment preparedness activities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31463536/ doi: 10.1007/82_2019_176 id: cord-341701-zropd3mo author: Adhikari, Subash title: A high-stringency blueprint of the human proteome date: 2020-10-16 words: 10138.0 sentences: 533.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-341701-zropd3mo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341701-zropd3mo.txt summary: During the subsequent decade, the HPP established collaborations, developed guidelines and metrics, and undertook reanalysis of previously deposited community data, continuously increasing the coverage of the human proteome. • Be a focal point for life sciences researchers, pathologists, clinicians and industry communities seeking to translate and leverage proteomic and proteogenomic data to improve human health through: (i) greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms of common and rare diseases, (ii) identification of pathophysiological changes to generate disease and wellness diagnostic biomarkers, and (iii) development of new effective and safe personalized therapeutics. The HPP Ab Resource Pillar, ostensibly led by the Human Protein Atlas (HPA; www.proteinatlas.org), was initiated in 2003 and uses Ab-based strategies to analyse spatio-temporal aspects of the proteome 39 . Community encouragement to identify biological data that complement high-stringency MS strategies to accelerate discovery and understanding of human proteome PE2,3,4 missing proteins. abstract: The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) launched the Human Proteome Project (HPP) in 2010, creating an international framework for global collaboration, data sharing, quality assurance and enhancing accurate annotation of the genome-encoded proteome. During the subsequent decade, the HPP established collaborations, developed guidelines and metrics, and undertook reanalysis of previously deposited community data, continuously increasing the coverage of the human proteome. On the occasion of the HPP’s tenth anniversary, we here report a 90.4% complete high-stringency human proteome blueprint. This knowledge is essential for discerning molecular processes in health and disease, as we demonstrate by highlighting potential roles the human proteome plays in our understanding, diagnosis and treatment of cancers, cardiovascular and infectious diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19045-9 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19045-9 id: cord-003629-xogzl1lv author: Alsuheel, Ali Mohammed title: Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia date: 2019-04-12 words: 2817.0 sentences: 174.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003629-xogzl1lv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003629-xogzl1lv.txt summary: title: Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to determine the presence of hMPV antigens in the nasopharyngeal secretions of pediatric patients hospitalized with respiratory tract infections in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, serological hospital-based study included all pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained indicated that hMPV is a potential etiologic factor for the commonly occurring acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children from the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. This prospective, serological study included pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. abstract: BACKGROUND: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a Paramyxovirus known to cause acute respiratory tract infections in children and young adults. To date, there is no study from the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia determining the proportion and severity of hMPV infection among pediatric hospitalized patients with respiratory infections. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to determine the presence of hMPV antigens in the nasopharyngeal secretions of pediatric patients hospitalized with respiratory tract infections in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, serological hospital-based study included all pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. Basic demographics of patients and their clinical data on and after admission were recorded. Direct fluorescent antibody assay was used to detect the presence of hMPV antigens in the obtained nasopharyngeal secretion specimens. RESULTS: During the study, 91 pediatric patients were hospitalized due to upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections, of which 9.9% were positive for hMPV. These patients were aged 9 months to 16 years, were from Abha city or its surrounding localities and were mostly (77.8%) hospitalized during autumn or winter. The most common diagnosis on admission was bronchopneumonia (55.5%) and aspiration pneumonia (22.2%), and some patients also had underlying chronic conditions such as chronic heart disease (22.2%) and bronchial asthma (11.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained indicated that hMPV is a potential etiologic factor for the commonly occurring acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children from the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. hMPV infection was also found to be associated with complicated respiratory conditions such as bronchopneumonia, chronic heart disease and bronchial asthma. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6503696/ doi: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_72_18 id: cord-284711-l1za83w1 author: Anand, Sudhir title: Human security and universal health insurance date: 2011-08-30 words: 1230.0 sentences: 82.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-284711-l1za83w1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284711-l1za83w1.txt summary: title: Human security and universal health insurance Here the concern is to insure against falling below an adequate threshold of human capabilities-in the case of a person''s health, a minimum acceptable level. Without health insurance, a severe medical crisis that threatens survival, for example, can have disastrous fi nancial implications-that can aff ect human security in many other dimensions. Universal health insurance thus contributes directly to furthering human security. 3, [8] [9] [10] [11] Indeed, universal health coverage in Japan, now in existence for 50 years, is indicative of the priority that Japan accords to human security. Over the decades, Japan has also undertaken policies to advance human security in other dimensions, such as basic education, social protection, and economic safety nets. Internationally, Japan has used the concept of human security to guide assistance to developing countries through bilateral aid and multilateral policies. A central manifestation of these actions is the country''s commitment to universal health insurance. abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673611611483 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61148-3 id: cord-300969-a3zcggf2 author: Antolin, Michael F. title: EVOLUTION AND MEDICINE IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION: A PRESCRIPTION FOR ALL BIOLOGY STUDENTS date: 2012-02-06 words: 10212.0 sentences: 470.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300969-a3zcggf2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300969-a3zcggf2.txt summary: The interface between evolutionary biology and the biomedical sciences promises to advance understanding of the origins of genetic and infectious diseases in humans, potentially leading to improved medical diagnostics, therapies, and public health practices. Williams'' writings on the evolution of senescence and life histories provided fundamental conceptual developments in evolutionary biology (Williams 1957) , as did his thoughts on the role of natural selection in adaptive evolution on multiple levels from genes to individuals to groups of organisms (Williams 1966) . This dynamic view of disease accounts for the variability in human-adapted pathogens such as influenza viruses and malaria, where evolutionary escape hinders development of vaccines with long-lasting protection and results in multidrug resistance. Currently, few medical schools teach evolutionary topics beyond human genetic variation, drug resistance, pathogen virulence, and adaptation by natural selection (Nesse and Schiffman 2003; Downie 2004; Childs et al. abstract: The interface between evolutionary biology and the biomedical sciences promises to advance understanding of the origins of genetic and infectious diseases in humans, potentially leading to improved medical diagnostics, therapies, and public health practices. The biomedical sciences also provide unparalleled examples for evolutionary biologists to explore. However, gaps persist between evolution and medicine, for historical reasons and because they are often perceived as having disparate goals. Evolutionary biologists have a role in building a bridge between the disciplines by presenting evolutionary biology in the context of human health and medical practice to undergraduates, including premedical and preprofessional students. We suggest that students will find medical examples of evolution engaging. By making the connections between evolution and medicine clear at the undergraduate level, the stage is set for future health providers and biomedical scientists to work productively in this synthetic area. Here, we frame key evolutionary concepts in terms of human health, so that biomedical examples may be more easily incorporated into evolution courses or more specialized courses on evolutionary medicine. Our goal is to aid in building the scientific foundation in evolutionary biology for all students, and to encourage evolutionary biologists to join in the integration of evolution and medicine. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22671563/ doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01552.x id: cord-031482-atltc10d author: Arkow, Phil title: Human–Animal Relationships and Social Work: Opportunities Beyond the Veterinary Environment date: 2020-09-05 words: 9862.0 sentences: 434.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-031482-atltc10d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-031482-atltc10d.txt summary: These venues include: agencies working in child protection and child sexual abuse; children''s advocacy centers and courthouse facility dogs; animal shelters; domestic violence shelters; public policy advocacy; clinical practice; agencies working with older and disabled populations; veterinary sentinels for intimate partner violence; and pet support services for homeless populations. Other untapped social work opportunities in animal shelters might include: strengthening collaborations with domestic violence shelters and mobile meals programs; directing and expanding pet visitation programs for long-term care facilities and animal-assisted interventions for at-risk populations; developing pet loss grief support groups; developing safety net supportive programming for individuals who experience a medical, economic or housing crisis that temporarily makes it difficult to keep an animal; defusing contentious confrontations with shelter clients; resolving customers'' complaints and needs for services; and connecting pet owners with community resources, such as low-cost pet and veterinary services, animal behavioral counselors, pet food banks, and social services agencies. abstract: A species-spanning approach that incorporates clients’ relationships with their companion animals into family genograms, schools of social work curricula, continuing education, interviews, assessments, and interventions offers increased career opportunities, professional and personal growth and development, and a more comprehensive resolution of clients’ issues, social justice concerns, and the prevention of family violence. This article identifies six reasons why social workers should be cognizant of human–animal relationships and introduces nine ways, with action steps, in which social workers can include these relationships into training and practice outside the more developed field of veterinary social work. These venues include: agencies working in child protection and child sexual abuse; children’s advocacy centers and courthouse facility dogs; animal shelters; domestic violence shelters; public policy advocacy; clinical practice; agencies working with older and disabled populations; veterinary sentinels for intimate partner violence; and pet support services for homeless populations. Such attention to the human–animal bond can utilize social workers’ problem-solving skills to improve delivery of services, identify clients’ risk and resiliency factors, enhance social and environmental justice, expand academic inquiry, and increase attention to all of the vulnerable members of families and communities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7474507/ doi: 10.1007/s10560-020-00697-x id: cord-310882-t73xwpaw author: Axin Liang, A. title: An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection and determination of Human IgG date: 2020-09-09 words: 5771.0 sentences: 335.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310882-t73xwpaw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310882-t73xwpaw.txt summary: obtained a layered MoS 2 -Graphene composite modified electrode with good electrochemical performance, and it was able to detect paracetamol with high sensitivity and selectivity by L-cysteine assisted liquid phase method [40] . An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of Human IgG: Bioelectrochemistry 5 The UV-1800 (Shimadzu, Japan) was adopted to obtain the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra. An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of Human IgG: Bioelectrochemistry Schematic 1 Synthesis reaction of MoS 2 @N-GQDs-IL. An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of Human IgG: Bioelectrochemistry 8 GQDs had the average diameter of 3.75 nm, which was verified by analyzing the images of 100 individual particles. An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of Human IgG: Bioelectrochemistry of relative standard deviation (RSD%) were compared between 2% and 5%, and the results suggested acceptable reproducibility of those electrodes. abstract: An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) was successfully constructed. With acrylamide imprinting systems, surface imprinting on the nanoparticles CuFe(2)O(4) targeted at IgG was employed to prepare molecularly imprinted polymer, which served as recognition element for the electrochemical sensor. Furthermore, the sensor harnessed a molybdenum disulfide (MoS(2))@nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) with ionic liquid (IL) nanocomposite for signal amplification. Under optimized experimental conditions, the sensor shortened the response time to less than 8 min, and the response was linear at the IgG concentration of 0.1–50 ng·mL(−1) with a low detection limit of 0.02 ng·mL(−1) (S/N = 3). Our findings suggested that, the sensor exhibited high detectability and long-time stability. The satisfactory results of human serum sample analysis showed that the developed IgG sensor had promising potential clinical applications in detecting IgG content. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107671 doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107671 id: cord-339382-ii4xurmr author: Bachofen, Claudia title: Selected Viruses Detected on and in our Food date: 2018-03-21 words: 6537.0 sentences: 337.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339382-ii4xurmr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339382-ii4xurmr.txt summary: Two groups of viruses were selected: (a) the most important viruses contaminating food, based on numbers of publications in the last 5 years and (b) viruses infecting sources of food that might have an impact on human health. RECENT FINDINGS: Important foodborne viruses such as norovirus, hepatitis A and rotavirus are usually "only" contaminating food and are detected on the surface of foodstuffs. Furthermore, some plant viruses are known to infect and persist in insect-vectors and one of them, Tomato spotted wilt virus, a member of the genus Tospovirus of the Bunyaviridae family, was even shown to replicate in human cell lines [71] . HEV-3 and 4 strains infect humans, but the reservoir is thought to be in several animal species, whereof the pig plays the most important role for foodborne transmission. While foodborne HEV and TBEV clearly represent a threat for human public health, the role of several other viruses of animal origin detected in food still needs to be assessed. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to provide an update on recent literature and findings concerning selected foodborne viruses. Two groups of viruses were selected: (a) the most important viruses contaminating food, based on numbers of publications in the last 5 years and (b) viruses infecting sources of food that might have an impact on human health. RECENT FINDINGS: Important foodborne viruses such as norovirus, hepatitis A and rotavirus are usually “only” contaminating food and are detected on the surface of foodstuffs. However, they are threats to human public health and make up for the majority of cases. In contrast, the meaning of viruses born from within the food such as natural animal and plant viruses is still in many cases unknown. An exception is Hepatitis E virus that is endemic in pigs, transmitted via pork meat and is recognised as an emerging zoonosis in industrialised countries. SUMMARY: Even though the clinical meaning of “new” foodborne viruses, often detected by next generation sequencing, still needs clarification, the method has great potential to enhance surveillance and detection particularly in view of an increasingly globalised food trade. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-018-0087-9 doi: 10.1007/s40588-018-0087-9 id: cord-321835-qn33sx8x author: Bailey, Emily S. title: A Mini Review of the Zoonotic Threat Potential of Influenza Viruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses, and Enteroviruses date: 2018-04-09 words: 3717.0 sentences: 181.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt summary: In particular, respiratory infections are problematic; in early 2003, World Health Organization issued a worldwide alert for a previously unrecognized illness that was subsequently found to be caused by a novel coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus]. Influenza A virus H3N2 subtypes are frequently reported in swine, avian, and canine hosts that are responsible for highly infectious respiratory diseases in pigs and have been examined as a potential cause of influenza in humans. In a recent review of the risks of potential outbreaks associated with zoonotic Ad (48) , it was noted that intense human-animal interaction is likely to increase the probability of emergent cross-species Ad infection. This suggests that strategies for novel virus detection should incorporate global surveillance at the human-animal interface to detect potentially emerging zoonotic viruses. Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome abstract: During the last two decades, scientists have grown increasingly aware that viruses are emerging from the human–animal interface. In particular, respiratory infections are problematic; in early 2003, World Health Organization issued a worldwide alert for a previously unrecognized illness that was subsequently found to be caused by a novel coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus]. In addition to SARS, other respiratory pathogens have also emerged recently, contributing to the high burden of respiratory tract infection-related morbidity and mortality. Among the recently emerged respiratory pathogens are influenza viruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses. As the genesis of these emerging viruses is not well understood and their detection normally occurs after they have crossed over and adapted to man, ideally, strategies for such novel virus detection should include intensive surveillance at the human–animal interface, particularly if one believes the paradigm that many novel emerging zoonotic viruses first circulate in animal populations and occasionally infect man before they fully adapt to man; early detection at the human–animal interface will provide earlier warning. Here, we review recent emerging virus treats for these four groups of viruses. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00104 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00104 id: cord-307803-rlvk6bcx author: Balloux, Francois title: Q&A: What are pathogens, and what have they done to and for us? date: 2017-10-19 words: 3847.0 sentences: 183.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt summary: Infectious diseases have historically represented the most common cause of death in humans until recently, exceeding by far the toll taken by wars or famines. Conversely, Yersinia pestis, another intracellular obligate bacterium and the agent of plague, has a natural life cycle involving alternating infections of rodents and fleas, but can infect essentially any mammalian host. Apart from a few putative ancestral pathogens, including Helicobacter pylori [15] , that might have co-speciated with their human host, the infectious diseases afflicting us were acquired through host jumps from other wild or domesticated animal hosts or sometimes from the wider environment. We might also speculate that the evolutionary potential and high genetic diversity of most pathogens limits our ability to detect protective variants in the human genome, particularly so if these were only effective against a subset of lineages within a pathogenic species. abstract: Microbes are found on us, within us and around us. They inhabit virtually every environment on the planet and the bacteria carried by an average human, mostly in their gut, outnumber human cells. The vast majority of microbes are harmless to us, and many play essential roles in plant, animal and human health. Others, however, are either obligate or facultative pathogens exerting a spectrum of deleterious effects on their hosts. Infectious diseases have historically represented the most common cause of death in humans until recently, exceeding by far the toll taken by wars or famines. From the dawn of humanity and throughout history, infectious diseases have shaped human evolution, demography, migrations and history. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0433-z doi: 10.1186/s12915-017-0433-z id: cord-324369-zizyxb6y author: Baptista, João title: Digital work and organisational transformation: Emergent digital/human work configurations in modern organisations date: 2020-06-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Workplace technologies are more central to working in organisations than ever before. These technologies began as instrumental aids to support office work of individuals but have since also become the basis for social interactions and community building in organisations and more recently become able to perform managerial roles with the use of advanced AI capabilities. Our call for papers to this special issue invited original studies to go further and advance our thinking on the strategic implications of this layered evolution of workplace technologies on work and the structure of organisations. In this introduction, we synthesise the main themes from the special issue, and also ongoing dialogues with the growing community at the regular AIS / IFIP 9.1 workshop on the Changing Nature of Work. A key observation is that the work involved in configuring emergent Digital/Human configurations, is vastly under-reported and poorly understood. Paradoxically, this configuring work is the most demanding and critical in the shaping of modern organisations. We suggest that this type of largely invisible work requires engagement beyond the level of execution or even the meaning of work, it requires intervening with third order effects that get to the core of what an organisation is. We highlight the challenges for organisations in dealing with third order change, particularly because these effects are beyond existing frames of reference and require more dynamic and supple responses based on the values, purpose andintent dominantin the organisation – we describe this as structural digital work. Leaders that are unable or unwilling to engage with effects at this level, and this type of work, will miss identifying core opportunities and risks associated with digital transformation emerging in organisations. We also reflect on the value of current theories and methods used to research this important and emergent phenomenon. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963868720300263 doi: 10.1016/j.jsis.2020.101618 id: cord-016313-n4ewq0pt author: Baranyi, Lajos title: Advances in Lentiviral Vector-based Cell Therapy with Mesenchymal Stem Cells date: 2012-09-27 words: 20575.0 sentences: 824.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016313-n4ewq0pt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016313-n4ewq0pt.txt summary: The field of possible application of mesenchymal stem cells in medicine and research expanded tremendously with the advent of improved Lentiviral-vectors capable of inserting stable copies of genes of interest and expressing proteins or biologically active RNA species ad libitum, performing delicate gene editing or active gene silencing or serving as advanced drug delivery systems utilized in ex vivo cell therapy. Implantation of Lentiviral vector-transduced human bone marrow mesenchymal cells using collagen scaffolds into immunode fi cient mice resulted in ef fi cient engraftment of gene-engineered cells and provided sites for transgene-expression in vivo. Moreover, it did not alter the differentiation potential of either HSCs or MSCs. In addition, the therapeutic potential of CD133+ and MSC progenitor cells transduced ex vivo with Lentiviral vector encoding the mature form of vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D ) or the enhanced green fl uorescent protein (eGFP) marker gene achieved permanent gene expression. abstract: The field of possible application of mesenchymal stem cells in medicine and research expanded tremendously with the advent of improved Lentiviral-vectors capable of inserting stable copies of genes of interest and expressing proteins or biologically active RNA species ad libitum, performing delicate gene editing or active gene silencing or serving as advanced drug delivery systems utilized in ex vivo cell therapy. The combination of these two fields has created a number of new areas of research in the landscape of modern medicine which are now extensively studied and discussed here. These areas include tissue engineering, tissue repair, wound healing and tissue implants, anticancer therapies, angiogenesis, myocardial infarction and repair as well as understanding and treating acute lung damage and injury. In addition, genetically modified, tagged MSCs are being intensively deployed in research and therapeutic attempts of the various ailments of the central nervous system including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, various phases of acute ischemia and trauma. The emergence of new and important data for type II diabetes research is being followed with treatment suggestions and studies of senescence to find novel applications for genetically engineered MSCs. We find in ­general that genetically modified MSCs are at the cusp of breaking through from basic research into the next phase of clinical trials. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120558/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-200-1_14 id: cord-252810-rko3e5va author: Basil, Maria C. title: The Cellular and Physiological Basis for Lung Repair and Regeneration: Past, Present, and Future date: 2020-04-02 words: 14828.0 sentences: 678.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-252810-rko3e5va.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252810-rko3e5va.txt summary: Recent transcriptional interrogation of the distal epithelium in IPF identified activation of cell stress and senescence pathways, and murine modeling of AT2 cell dysfunction from expression of either mutant SFTPC, loss of telomere function, and increased mechanical tension have provided in vivo proof of concept that disruption of AT2 cell homeostasis is a driver of lung fibrosis (Katzen et An emerging hypothesis of IPF pathogenesis is that the dysfunctional AT2 cell loses its facultative progenitor capacity creating a regenerative void for lung repair. Importantly, these cellular trajectory models require experimental validation either in the form of cell-type-specific genetic lineage tracing in mice or the use of cellular barcoding strategies in non-murine systems such as was performed in a recent study to predict the differentiation of lung epithelial progenitors from pluripotent stem cells (Hurley et al., 2020) . abstract: The respiratory system, which includes the trachea, airways, and distal alveoli, is a complex multi-cellular organ that intimately links with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange. In this review and as members of the NIH/NHLBI-supported Progenitor Cell Translational Consortium, we discuss key aspects of lung repair and regeneration. We focus on the cellular compositions within functional niches, cell-cell signaling in homeostatic health, the responses to injury, and new methods to study lung repair and regeneration. We also provide future directions for an improved understanding of the cell biology of the respiratory system, as well as new therapeutic avenues. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1934590920301016 doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.03.009 id: cord-257494-242k58ll author: Bastos, Paulo title: Human Antimicrobial Peptides in Bodily Fluids: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives in the Postantibiotic Era date: 2017-01-17 words: 17366.0 sentences: 871.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257494-242k58ll.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257494-242k58ll.txt summary: 1 Human host defense peptides are an intrinsic part of the innate immune system and exhibit a broad activity spectrum against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites While AMPs can be antibacterial (ABPs), antifungal, antiprotist, antiviral, anticancer, antiparasitic, insecticidal, spermicidal, chemotactic, antioxidant, protease inhibitors, or even exhibit wound healing properties (Supporting Information Table S1), their scope of action overlaps considerably and some peptides show activity at several levels (Fig. 2 ). 75 Moreover, when stabilizing disulfide bridges between conserved cysteine residues in human AMPs with β-hairpin or β-sheet conformations are disrupted, the resulting linear peptides still maintain their antimicrobial properties despite losing membranolytic activity. 212, 213 However, it should be noted that the antimicrobial effects of encephalins and their derived peptides result mostly from animal studies and have not been adequately studied in human secretions, despite the high conservation of their sequences across species, which most likely contribute for the similar activity spectrum. abstract: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an integral part of the innate immune defense mechanism of many organisms. Due to the alarming increase of resistance to antimicrobial therapeutics, a growing interest in alternative antimicrobial agents has led to the exploitation of AMPs, both synthetic and isolated from natural sources. Thus, many peptide‐based drugs have been the focus of increasing attention by many researchers not only in identifying novel AMPs, but in defining mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide activity as well. Herein, we review the available strategies for the identification of AMPs in human body fluids and their mechanism(s) of action. In addition, an overview of the distribution of AMPs across different human body fluids is provided, as well as its relation with microorganisms and infectious conditions. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/med.21435 doi: 10.1002/med.21435 id: cord-000261-ip32y0j5 author: Becker, Pablo D. title: Generation of Human Antigen-Specific Monoclonal IgM Antibodies Using Vaccinated “Human Immune System” Mice date: 2010-10-04 words: 5816.0 sentences: 270.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000261-ip32y0j5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000261-ip32y0j5.txt summary: Following immunization, human CD19 + B cells were sorted based on surface CD27 expression, as a marker of memory phenotype, and the isotype of surface Igs. The sorted B cell populations were immortalized in vitro by retroviral transduction with human B cell lymphoma (BCL)-6 and BCL-XL genes and antigen-specific B cell clones were established and characterized. The obtained results provided the proof-of-concept for the usefulness of this generic approach based on HIS mice combined with immortalization of human B cells for the rapid and inexpensive development of human mAbs against a wide range of antigens. Since HIS mice contained broad naïve B cell repertoires, we analyzed the induction of human antigen-specific B cell responses after immunization with commercially available human vaccines. So far, humanized mouse models based on the transplantation of human HSC only -i.e. without additional human tissues -share these limitations, and immunization strategies result in the limited generation of class-switched antigen-specific B cell responses [14, 31, 32] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Passive transfer of antibodies not only provides immediate short-term protection against disease, but also can be exploited as a therapeutic tool. However, the ‘humanization’ of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a time-consuming and expensive process that has the inherent drawback of potentially altering antigenic specificity and/or affinity. The immortalization of human B cells represents an alternative for obtaining human mAbs, but relies on the availability of biological samples from vaccinated individuals or convalescent patients. In this work we describe a novel approach to generate fully human mAbs by combining a humanized mouse model with a new B cell immortalization technique. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: After transplantation with CD34(+)CD38(−) human hematopoietic progenitor cells, BALB/c Rag2(−/−)IL-2Rγc(−/−) mice acquire a human immune system and harbor B cells with a diverse IgM repertoire. “Human Immune System” mice were then immunized with two commercial vaccine antigens, tetanus toxoid and hepatitis B surface antigen. Sorted human CD19(+)CD27(+) B cells were retrovirally transduced with the human B cell lymphoma (BCL)-6 and BCL-XL genes, and subsequently cultured in the presence of CD40-ligand and IL-21. This procedure allows generating stable B cell receptor-positive B cells that secrete immunoglobulins. We recovered stable B cell clones that produced IgM specific for tetanus toxoid and the hepatitis B surface antigen, respectively. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This work provides the proof-of-concept for the usefulness of this novel method based on the immunization of humanized mice for the rapid generation of human mAbs against a wide range of antigens. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2949385/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013137 id: cord-272955-kkkrkgg1 author: Belsy, Acosta title: Molecular characterization of adenoviral infections in Cuba: report of an unusual association of species D adenoviruses with different clinical syndromes date: 2009-03-12 words: 4219.0 sentences: 233.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272955-kkkrkgg1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272955-kkkrkgg1.txt summary: title: Molecular characterization of adenoviral infections in Cuba: report of an unusual association of species D adenoviruses with different clinical syndromes The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize members of different adenovirus species at the molecular level and to describe the correlation between viruses and clinical syndromes during a period of 4 years. Four isolates from clinical materials obtained from patients with encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and meningoencephalitis were identified as belonging to the species Human adenovirus D. In the present report, the nested PCR method used was able to detect different HAdVs in clinical samples and supernatant culture with a sensitive internal control system to assure the quality of reaction conditions in each individual tube. Human adenovirus DNA was detected in the supernatant of a cell culture infected with viruses obtained from fecal specimens taken from a patient with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), as well as in two cases of meningoencephalitis. abstract: Adenoviruses are common pathogens that are responsible for a wide variety of infectious syndromes. The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize members of different adenovirus species at the molecular level and to describe the correlation between viruses and clinical syndromes during a period of 4 years. Between 2002 and 2006, 45 of 512 respiratory specimens (8%) from patients with acute respiratory tract infection tested positive for adenovirus. Four adenovirus isolates from samples sent for enterovirus isolation were also analyzed. This research identified 49 confirmed cases of human adenovirus infection by PCR and/or viral culture. The most common diagnosis was upper respiratory infection (44%). Human adenovirus D was the major species found (59%), followed by Human adenovirus C (36%) and Human adenovirus B (4%). Human adenovirus 5 was the major serotype found producing bronchiolitis, followed by human adenovirus 6. In patients with upper respiratory infection, the major serotype found was human adenovirus 17. Viruses of the species Human adenovirus D were identified in seven (77%) cases of acute febrile syndrome. Four isolates from clinical materials obtained from patients with encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and meningoencephalitis were identified as belonging to the species Human adenovirus D. Our data demonstrate a surprising result about the identification of an unusual association of viruses of the species Human adenovirus D with different clinical syndromes. This observation could be evaluated as a possible indicator of the emergence of a novel strain but further studies are required. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19280320/ doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0338-4 id: cord-277076-yvsyo4l9 author: Berger, A. title: SARS date: 2019-09-12 words: 4349.0 sentences: 215.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277076-yvsyo4l9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277076-yvsyo4l9.txt summary: Measures including source isolation of patientswho only became infectious after onset of clinical symptomsstrict infection control in health care facilities, timely identification and quarantining of exposed contacts, and perhaps also measures to increase social distance, such as travel warnings and screening of travelers, had led to this remarkable and remarkably rapid success. A further, small SARS outbreak occurred again in Guangdong in late 2003/early 2004; molecular analysis of virus isolates from human cases and animals sampled at the same place and time confirmed that this was zoonotically acquired from Paguma larvata. The laboratory diagnosis of SARS remains a challenge; in fact, despite the rapid identification of SARS-CoV as the etiological agent, testing contributed little to the successful control of the 2003 outbreak. A negative antibody test result later than 21 days after the onset of illness is likely to indicate that no infection with SARS-CoV has taken place. abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged in southern China in late 2002. It first spread within Guangdong Province and then to other parts of China. Via air travelers, it quickly reached various countries around the globe, causing several major hospital outbreaks. Within weeks, the causative agent, a previously unknown coronavirus (SARS-CoV), was identified, thanks to an unprecedented international effort led by the World Health Organization (WHO). Its origin was quickly traced to wild animals traded locally for culinary purposes. Masked palm civet and some other species seem to have acted as intermediate hosts. Since then, SARS-like coronaviruses were found in different bat species in China and elsewhere, and bats are now regarded as the wildlife reservoir for SARS-CoV. Fortunately, the SARS outbreak could be contained within months. Until July 2003, it had caused 8096 cases, with 774 deaths. Once adequate measures such as isolating patients and quarantining their contacts were strictly adhered to, further transmission between human beings could be interrupted. SARS is an example of how rapidly an infectious agent can spread in the modern world. At the same time, it should serve as a showcase of how international cooperation and modern science can help to combat the spread of infectious diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780444639516006240 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63951-6.00624-0 id: cord-354325-r73datur author: Berger, Mitchell title: Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies date: 2002-07-31 words: 12331.0 sentences: 666.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354325-r73datur.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354325-r73datur.txt summary: Attempts to use mouse myeloma cells to create hybrids and derive human MAbs led to the loss of human chromosomes and the inability to make human Igs. 13 Unfortunately, in vitro immunization is limited by its inability to produce a secondary response and by the absence of the affinity maturation process that occurs in vivo. In these transgenic mouse models, human antibodies with high affinity to an immunized antigen are naturally selected by the murine immune system via an affinity maturation process, and thereby show increased diversity of the MAbs. Transgenic mice may be a suitable alternative to chimeric or humanized antibody production or the use of phage display systems to create less immunogenic or novel antibodies. [43] [44] [45] Humanizing Monoclonal Antibodies Rodent MAbs with excellent affinities and specificities have been generated using conventional hybridoma technology, but their use in clinical medicine is limited due to the immune responses they elicit in humans. abstract: ABSTRACT Researchers have sought therapeutic applications for monoclonal antibodies since their development in 1975. However, murine-derived monoclonal antibodies may cause an immunogenic response in human patients, reducing their therapeutic efficacy. Chimeric and humanized antibodies have been developed that are less likely to provoke an immune reaction in human patients than are murine-derived antibodies. Antibody fragments, bispecific antibodies, and antibodies produced through the use of phage display systems and genetically modified plants and animals may aid researchers in developing new uses for monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of disease. Monoclonal antibodies may have a number of promising potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of asthma, autoimmune diseases, cancer, poisoning, septicemia, substance abuse, viral infections, and other diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12120821/ doi: 10.1097/00000441-200207000-00004 id: cord-296863-xu0h92ac author: Berlinguer, Giovanni title: Bioethics, health, and inequality date: 2004-09-17 words: 4325.0 sentences: 191.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296863-xu0h92ac.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296863-xu0h92ac.txt summary: The International Bioethics Committee (IBC) of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) recommended that "PGD be limited to medical indications. The convention includes articles on the rights of the patient, on equitable access to health care, on respect for private life, on non-discrimination on genetic grounds, on transplants, and on prohibition of financial gains "from the human body and his parts as such" (article 21). The main difficulty in practising moral principles concerning human dignity and equity in health is that in the past 15 years a singular ethics (and a singular policy) prevailed in the world, which resulted in overturning the health paradigms that had successfully guided public health and health services for one century. As far as ethics is concerned, the difference is that WHO does have a moral obligation towards people''s health, whereas the WTO, the IMF, and the World Bank do not. abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673604170669 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17066-9 id: cord-335567-ssnvr6nj author: Berry, Michael title: Identification of New Respiratory Viruses in the New Millennium date: 2015-03-06 words: 7477.0 sentences: 379.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335567-ssnvr6nj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335567-ssnvr6nj.txt summary: In 2001, this led to the discovery of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and soon following that the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) promoted an increased interest in coronavirology and the latter discovery of human coronavirus (HCoV) NL63 and HCoV-HKU1. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) represents the most recent outbreak of a completely novel respiratory virus, which occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and presents a significant threat to human health. In recent years six new human respiratory viruses have been reported including human metapneumovirus (hMPV) [16] , bocavirus and four new human coronaviruses including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), HCoV-HKU1 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Evidence of a novel human coronavirus that is associated with respiratory tract disease in infants and young children Genetic variability of human coronavirus OC43-, 229E-, and NL63-like strains and their association with lower respiratory tract infections of hospitalized infants and immunocompromised patients abstract: The rapid advancement of molecular tools in the past 15 years has allowed for the retrospective discovery of several new respiratory viruses as well as the characterization of novel emergent strains. The inability to characterize the etiological origins of respiratory conditions, particularly in children, led several researchers to pursue the discovery of the underlying etiology of disease. In 2001, this led to the discovery of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and soon following that the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) promoted an increased interest in coronavirology and the latter discovery of human coronavirus (HCoV) NL63 and HCoV-HKU1. Human bocavirus, with its four separate lineages, discovered in 2005, has been linked to acute respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal complications. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) represents the most recent outbreak of a completely novel respiratory virus, which occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and presents a significant threat to human health. This review will detail the most current clinical and epidemiological findings to all respiratory viruses discovered since 2001. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v7030996 doi: 10.3390/v7030996 id: cord-017686-127xfkse author: Bindenagel Šehović, Annamarie title: Human Rights and State Responsibilities date: 2018-01-14 words: 5341.0 sentences: 237.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017686-127xfkse.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017686-127xfkse.txt summary: The post-Cold War reordering of the world proffers a multitude of examples of this progress: from emergent multipolarity (Flockhart 2016) to the rise of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and NSAs, from the human rights debates to gain access to HIV treatment to those to usher in the R2P (ICISS 2001), reconceptualizations of internal and external State responsibility have been pitted against each other. Although State sovereignty continues to be the building block of local, national, and international relations and global governance, its real power to enact responsibilities and assume accountability for the provision of the rights of its citizens has arguably waned-not uniformly but almost regardless of whether the State in question is considered consolidated, fragile, or failing/failed. abstract: This chapter lays out an argument that citizens’ human rights are the responsibility of the corresponding State, meaning that citizens of a territorial State claim particular rights that State is obliged to deliver. In return, in an aspect which is often neglected in analyses of human security, citizens also owe allegiance to the State. Citizens’ rights have been expanded to encompass not only physical protection within a territory but also a host of economic and welfare provisions. Despite the increasingly international discourse on human security rights, their legal home remains with the national State vis-à-vis its citizens. The chapter argues that the rules of the State-based order are shifting, with no clear loci of responsibility and accountability for human security. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122324/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-72068-5_2 id: cord-310371-pylrg91h author: Bishop, R.F. title: Enteric Viruses date: 2008-07-30 words: 4467.0 sentences: 253.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310371-pylrg91h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310371-pylrg91h.txt summary: The onset of acute enteritis is associated with infection by viruses that replicate at or near the site of entry into the intestinal mucosa, including caliciviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses, and coronaviruses. . viruses causing localized inflammation at any level of the intestinal tract, predominantly in small intestinal mucosa, resulting in acute gastroenteritis, for example, rotaviruses, caliciviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses; . The family Caliciviridae contain small RNA viruses that cause enteric disease in a wide variety of hosts including cattle, pigs, rabbits, and humans. Caliciviruses causing enteric infections (in humans and other animals) are classified as belonging to the family Caliciviridae, which is divided into four genera. The recent demonstration that human noroviruses can infect and replicate in a three-dimensional cell culture model of human intestinal epithelium, should improve our understanding of the pathogenesis, and antigenic diversity of this important group of enteric viruses. abstract: Many viruses use the enteric tract as a route of entry to the human, animal, or avian host. The onset of acute enteritis is associated with infection by viruses that replicate at or near the site of entry into the intestinal mucosa, including caliciviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses, and coronaviruses. These ‘enteric’ viruses occur globally and share similar features. Most are RNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of mature absorptive epithelial cells lining the villi of the small intestine, leading to inflammation and villus atrophy. Vomiting and diarrhea can result in dehydration and death if untreated. Despite abundant growth in vivo, they initially proved difficult or impossible to grow in vitro. Most are genetically diverse, species specific, highly infectious within species and transmitted by the fecal–oral route. Severe symptoms are most commonly associated with primary infections of young animals, and are followed by short-lived immunity. Reinfections are common throughout life, but are often only mildly symptomatic. Safe and effective vaccines have been developed to prevent severe rotavirus disease in young children. In addition to these enterotropic viruses, enteric disease can also result from spread to the intestine of HIV or cytomegaloviruses during the later stages of systemic disease in immunocompromised hosts. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123744104003861 doi: 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00386-1 id: cord-016657-w30hed7w author: Blatt, Amy J. title: Geographic Medicine date: 2014-09-29 words: 3208.0 sentences: 151.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016657-w30hed7w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016657-w30hed7w.txt summary: By examining of the role of human movement across different scales, this chapter examines how public health communities can use information on pathogen transmission to increase the effectiveness of disease prevention programs and clinical care. Studies have shown that the ability to identify the sources (origins) and sinks (destinations) of imported infections due to human travel and locating the high-risk sites of parasite importation could greatly improve the control and prevention programs [ 3 , 4 ] . Indeed, vector-borne diseases place an enormous burden on public health and require effi cient control strategies that are developed through an understanding of the origin (or sources) of infections and the relative importance of human movement at different scales. By examining of the role of human movement across different scales, public health communities can use this valuable information on pathogen transmission to increase the effectiveness of disease prevention programs. abstract: This chapter uses a sub-discipline of medicine, known as geographic medicine, to describe how human movements contribute to the transmission of parasites on spatial scales that exceed the limits of its natural habitat. Traditionally, public health programs have focused on the health of populations, whereas the practice of medicine has focused on the health of individuals. It should be noted, however, that the population health management owes much to the effective delivery of clinical care. This chapter demonstrates how public health is intimately linked to patient care through human movement. Nearly a century ago, people typically did not develop a disease where it is contracted or even close to that place. Today, daily travel is a common way of life in modern metropolitan areas. Large, localized mosquito populations in areas that people visit regularly may be both reservoirs and hubs of infection, even if people only pass through those locations briefly. By examining of the role of human movement across different scales, this chapter examines how public health communities can use information on pathogen transmission to increase the effectiveness of disease prevention programs and clinical care. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121014/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-12003-4_8 id: cord-017537-ztdz4a2s author: Bologna, Mauro title: Biological Agents and Bioterrorism date: 2014-09-18 words: 3324.0 sentences: 198.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017537-ztdz4a2s.txt summary: For this very stimulating course, I want to share with you some of my studies and even some of my scientific and phylosophical considerations on biological agents living in the environment and their relations with humans, in the very wide concepts of ecological relationships, parasitism, immunolgical defenses and infectious disease mechanisms. All these concepts must be studied and considered in the event of criminal use of biological agents (bioterrorism) aimed at harming human populations in time and in geographical space. In the light of recent concern and interest about the potential for biological terrorism (biofarware) there are several diseases and bacterial toxins that must be considered in particular, like anthrax [ 1 , 2 ] , smallpox [ 3 , 4 ] , plague [ 5 ] , botulinum toxin [ 6 ] , and tularemia [ 7 ] . abstract: For this very stimulating course, I want to share with you some of my studies and even some of my scientific and phylosophical considerations on biological agents living in the environment and their relations with humans, in the very wide concepts of ecological relationships, parasitism, immunolgical defenses and infectious disease mechanisms. All these concepts must be studied and considered in the event of criminal use of biological agents (bioterrorism) aimed at harming human populations in time and in geographical space. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122122/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9238-7_1 id: cord-324295-9c1zxjng author: Bonilla-Aldana, D. Katterine title: Bats in Ecosystems and their Wide Spectrum of Viral Infectious Threats: SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging viruses date: 2020-08-20 words: 3770.0 sentences: 212.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324295-9c1zxjng.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324295-9c1zxjng.txt summary: Examples of such viruses include Marburg, Ebola, Nipah, Hendra, Influenza A, Dengue, Equine Encephalitis viruses, Lyssaviruses, Madariaga and Coronaviruses, involving the now pandemic Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since there is no effective treatment or vaccine for COVID-19 to date, strong regulations---including isolation, quarantine and social distancing---have been established by many countries in an effort to reduce expansion of the disease given the high person-to-person transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, either directly by respiratory droplets with infective particles or indirectly by fluid-contaminated objects. Fruit bats (genus Pteropus) are the main natural reservoir for Nipah virus (NiV), while pigs serve as intermediate hosts ( Table 3 ). Influenza A viruses (IAV) are one of the leading causes of disease in humans, with important animal reservoirs including birds, pigs, and horses that can potentially produce new zoonotic variants (Table 2) . abstract: Bats have populated earth for approximately 52 million years, serving as natural reservoirs for a variety of viruses through the course of evolution. Transmission of highly pathogenic viruses from bats has been suspected and linked to a spectrum of emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Examples of such viruses include Marburg, Ebola, Nipah, Hendra, Influenza A, Dengue, Equine Encephalitis viruses, Lyssaviruses, Madariaga and Coronaviruses, involving the now pandemic Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the diversity, reservoirs, and geographical distribution of the main bat viruses and their potential for cross-species transmission. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220306809?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.050 id: cord-007735-ejvv2lxv author: Bowdish, D. M. E. title: Immunomodulatory Properties of Defensins and Cathelicidins date: 2006 words: 13907.0 sentences: 643.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007735-ejvv2lxv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007735-ejvv2lxv.txt summary: The expression of certain β-defensins is inducible upon stimulation with bacterial components or pro-inflammatory cytokines and thus these peptides are presumed to be an important component of host defence to infection or inflammation. The difficulties in assessing the role of host defence peptides in vivo are profound, as it is almost impossible to account for synergistic interactions between peptides and other factors, to assess the actual concentrations at the sites of infection and to discriminate the direct antimicrobial activity of peptides from other less direct effects such as enhancement of inflammatory mechanisms (chemotaxis and recruitment of effector cells, enhancement of nonopsonic phagocytosis, etc.). It appears that host defence peptides induce chemotaxis in two ways: first through direct chemotactic activity of PMNs and mononuclear cells mediated through CCR6 and other as yet to be identified receptors and second through inducing chemokine production which would hypothetically increase the numbers of neutrophils and monocytes at sites of infection. abstract: Host defence peptides are a conserved component of the innate immune response in all complex life forms. In humans, the major classes of host defence peptides include the α- and β-defensins and the cathelicidin, hCAP-18/LL-37. These peptides are expressed in the granules of neutrophils and by a wide variety of tissue types. They have many roles in the immune response including both indirect and direct antimicrobial activity, the ability to act as chemokines as well as induce chemokine production leading to recruitment of leukocytes to the site of infection, the promotion of wound healing and an ability to modulate adaptive immunity. It appears that many of these properties are mediated though direct interaction of peptides with the cells of the innate immune response including monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells and epithelial cells. The importance of these peptides in immune responses has been demonstrated since animals defective in the expression of certain host defence peptides showgreater susceptibility to bacterial infections. In the very few instances in which human patients have been demonstrated to have defective host defence peptide expression, these individuals suffer from frequent infections. Although studies of the immunomodulatory properties of these peptides are in their infancy, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the immunomodulatory properties of these small, naturally occurring molecules might be harnessed for development as novel therapeutic agents. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121507/ doi: 10.1007/3-540-29916-5_2 id: cord-282925-efkb8hc7 author: Braidotti, R. title: “We” Are In This Together, But We Are Not One and the Same date: 2020-08-25 words: 3276.0 sentences: 156.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282925-efkb8hc7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282925-efkb8hc7.txt summary: There is so much that we need to both embrace and resist: the wave of collective and personal despair at the loss of lives, the hardship of the socio-economic consequences of this man-made disaster, the awareness of all that was wrong with the old world and which has now become manifest. The power of viral formations has become manifest in the pandemic, stressing the agency of non-human forces and the overall importance of Gaia as a living, symbiotic planet. Fifth insight: feminist theory is of great assistance to think equality with difference, multiple belongings and power rifts, because it stresses the embodied, embedded, and sexed roots of all material entities, humans included, and their unexplored resources. This transformative energy is the core of affirmative ethics, which stresses the inexhaustible potential of all living organisms-humans and non-humans-to generate multiple and yet unexplored interconnections. abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic is a man-made disaster, caused by undue interference in the ecological balance and the lives of multiple species. Paradoxically, the contagion has resulted in increased use of technology and digital mediation, as well as enhanced hopes for vaccines and biomedical solutions. It has thereby intensified humans’ reliance on the very high-tech economy of cognitive capitalism that caused the problems in the first place. This combination of ambivalent elements in relation to the Fourth Industrial revolution and the Sixth Extinction is the trademark of the posthuman condition. This essay explores this condition further, offering both critical and affirmative propositions for moving forward. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-10017-8 doi: 10.1007/s11673-020-10017-8 id: cord-254592-wa5il5go author: Brierley, Liam title: Tissue tropism and transmission ecology predict virulence of human RNA viruses date: 2019-11-26 words: 5887.0 sentences: 269.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254592-wa5il5go.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254592-wa5il5go.txt summary: To quantify the effects of the most informative risk factors, averaged partial dependence was extracted from the random forests, describing the marginal predicted probabilities of severe virulence associated with each virus trait (Fig 4, S2 Table) . Predicted probability of classifying virulence as ''severe'' for each of the most informative risk factors in random forest models applied to all known human RNA viruses and zoonotic viruses only (primary tissue tropism, any known neural tropism, any known renal tropism, level of human-to-human transmissibility, primary transmission route, and any known vector-borne transmission). In both classification tree and random forest models, viruses were more likely to be predicted to cause severe disease if they caused systemic infections, had neural or renal tropism, transmitted via direct contact or respiratory routes, or had limited capability to transmit between humans (0 < R 0 � 1). abstract: Novel infectious diseases continue to emerge within human populations. Predictive studies have begun to identify pathogen traits associated with emergence. However, emerging pathogens vary widely in virulence, a key determinant of their ultimate risk to public health. Here, we use structured literature searches to review the virulence of each of the 214 known human-infective RNA virus species. We then use a machine learning framework to determine whether viral virulence can be predicted by ecological traits, including human-to-human transmissibility, transmission routes, tissue tropisms, and host range. Using severity of clinical disease as a measurement of virulence, we identified potential risk factors using predictive classification tree and random forest ensemble models. The random forest approach predicted literature-assigned disease severity of test data with mean accuracy of 89.4% compared to a null accuracy of 74.2%. In addition to viral taxonomy, the ability to cause systemic infection was the strongest predictor of severe disease. Further notable predictors of severe disease included having neural and/or renal tropism, direct contact or respiratory transmission, and limited (0 < R(0) ≤ 1) human-to-human transmissibility. We present a novel, to our knowledge, comparative perspective on the virulence of all currently known human RNA virus species. The risk factors identified may provide novel perspectives in understanding the evolution of virulence and elucidating molecular virulence mechanisms. These risk factors could also improve planning and preparedness in public health strategies as part of a predictive framework for novel human infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000206 doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000206 id: cord-302918-0nk7zyod author: Broor, S. title: Human metapneumovirus: a new respiratory pathogen date: 2008-11-01 words: 6062.0 sentences: 282.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302918-0nk7zyod.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302918-0nk7zyod.txt summary: Human metapneumovirus is a recently recognized pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) in children as well as elderly and immunocompromised adults. Recent experimental work using primates (chimpanzees, cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, African green monkeys) and small animals (hamsters, cotton rats, mice and ferrets) has been performed to characterize the pathogenesis associated with this viral infection; hMPV replicates to a various extent in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of these experimental animals, although clinical symptoms after intranasal challenge have only been observed in chimpanzees, Cynomolgus macaques and BALB/c mice so far (van den Hoogen et al 2001; Alvarez et al 2004; Kuiken et al 2004; Skiadopoulos et al 2004; . Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: a new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups First Detection of Human Metapneumovirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Infection in India: a Preliminary Report abstract: Human metapneumovirus is a recently recognized pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) in children as well as elderly and immunocompromised adults. The virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, sub family Pneumovirinae and genus Metapneumovirus. Through genetic analysis it has been characterized into two groups A and B which are further divided into four sub-lineages. The virus is difficult to grow in tissue culture and hence reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for N and L gene is the method of choice for diagnosis. The virus has been seen in all countries with seasonal distribution in winter months for temperate and spring/summer for tropical countries. F gene is the most conserved among different lineages and efforts are underway to design recombination vaccine using F gene. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19208974/ doi: 10.1007/s12038-008-0067-y id: cord-006127-rl7rur2j author: Brown, Nik title: Regulating Hybrids: ‘Making a Mess’ and ‘Cleaning Up’ in Tissue Engineering and Transpecies Transplantation date: 2006-02-08 words: 8926.0 sentences: 417.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006127-rl7rur2j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006127-rl7rur2j.txt summary: Developing a conceptual vocabulary for understanding the relationship between material and institutional hybrids, the paper compares human tissue engineering (TE) and xenotransplantation (XT), areas of innovation which regulators have sought to govern separately and in isolation from one another. Human and animal matters, cell cultures and tissue products have much greater corporeal connection than has been institutionally recognized, and are therefore a source of acute instability in the regulation of implants and transplants. While the troubled nature of transplantation has been relatively well documented (eg Swazey, 1978, 1992) , less well understood are new forms of innovation that cut across machines, humans and animals raising regulatory concerns about material and cultural risk (Brown and Michael, 2004; Faulkner et al., 2004; Kent et al., 2005) . The previous definition used by the FDA and the British regulatory body for XT (the United Kingdom Xenotransplantation Interim Regulatory Authority, 2003) did not account for production methods whereby human and animal tissues may be subject to ''ex-vivo contact'' as is the case with Epicelt. abstract: This paper explores the institutional regulation of novel biosciences, hybrid technologies that often disturb and challenge existing regulatory frameworks. Developing a conceptual vocabulary for understanding the relationship between material and institutional hybrids, the paper compares human tissue engineering (TE) and xenotransplantation (XT), areas of innovation which regulators have sought to govern separately and in isolation from one another. Contrasting definitional boundaries and regulatory mechanisms partition them socio-institutionally. But despite these attempts at purification, TE and XT have proven increasingly difficult to tell apart in practical and material terms. Human and animal matters, cell cultures and tissue products have much greater corporeal connection than has been institutionally recognized, and are therefore a source of acute instability in the regulation of implants and transplants. This paper tells the story of how the messy worlds of TE and XT have leaked into one another, calling into question the abilities of regulation to adequately control hybrid innovations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7099299/ doi: 10.1057/palgrave.sth.8700062 id: cord-289003-vov6o1jx author: Burdet, C. title: Need for integrative thinking to fight against emerging infectious diseases. Proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, March 22, 2016 – current trends and proposals date: 2018-02-28 words: 8327.0 sentences: 327.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289003-vov6o1jx.txt summary: Abstract We present here the proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, held in Paris on March 22nd, 2016, with seven priority proposals that can be outlined as follows: encourage research on the prediction, screening and early detection of new risks of infection; develop research and surveillance concerning transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, with their reinforcement in particular in intertropical areas ("hot-spots") via public support; pursue aid development and support in these areas of prevention and training for local health personnel, and foster risk awareness in the population; ensure adapted patient care in order to promote adherence to treatment and to epidemic propagation reduction measures; develop greater awareness and better education among politicians and healthcare providers, in order to ensure more adapted response to new types of crises; modify the logic of governance, drawing from all available modes of communication and incorporating new information-sharing tools; develop economic research on the fight against emerging infectious diseases, taking into account specific driving factors in order to create a balance between preventive and curative approaches. abstract: Abstract We present here the proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, held in Paris on March 22nd, 2016, with seven priority proposals that can be outlined as follows: encourage research on the prediction, screening and early detection of new risks of infection; develop research and surveillance concerning transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, with their reinforcement in particular in intertropical areas (“hot-spots”) via public support; pursue aid development and support in these areas of prevention and training for local health personnel, and foster risk awareness in the population; ensure adapted patient care in order to promote adherence to treatment and to epidemic propagation reduction measures; develop greater awareness and better education among politicians and healthcare providers, in order to ensure more adapted response to new types of crises; modify the logic of governance, drawing from all available modes of communication and incorporating new information-sharing tools; develop economic research on the fight against emerging infectious diseases, taking into account specific driving factors in order to create a balance between preventive and curative approaches. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2017.08.001 doi: 10.1016/j.respe.2017.08.001 id: cord-005080-r01ii1bu author: Butler, Colin D. title: Human Health, Well-Being, and Global Ecological Scenarios date: 2005-02-22 words: 5041.0 sentences: 255.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005080-r01ii1bu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005080-r01ii1bu.txt summary: This article categorizes four kinds of adverse effects to human health caused by ecosystem change: direct, mediated, modulated, and systems failure. For example, O''Reilly and others (2003) concludes, in discussing the potential for further reduction in the ecosystem provisioning service of Lake Tanganyika, that ''''the human implications of such subtle, but progressive, environmental changes are potentially dire in this densely populated region of the world, where large lakes are essential natural resources for regional economies.'''' Ecosystem services as a significant element in state failure may be underrecognized due to our tendency to discount the future possibility of thresholds or emergence. We have explored how ecosystem services impact human health and have proposed that adverse ecological changes can interact and feedback with dysfunctional social responses, leading to the development of states that we have termed mediated and systems failure. abstract: This article categorizes four kinds of adverse effects to human health caused by ecosystem change: direct, mediated, modulated, and systems failure. The effects are categorized on their scale, complexity, and lag-time. Some but not all of these can be classified as resulting from reduced ecosystem services. The articles also explores the impacts that different socioeconomic–ecologic scenarios are likely to have on human health and how changes to human health may, in turn, influence the unfolding of four different plausible future scenarios. We provide examples to show that our categorization is a useful taxonomy for understanding the complex relationships between ecosystems and human well-being and for predicting how future ecosystem changes may affect human health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088287/ doi: 10.1007/s10021-004-0076-0 id: cord-291909-x0sfwqnk author: Butler, Colin D. title: Environmental Health, Planetary Boundaries and Limits to Growth date: 2019-09-12 words: 7949.0 sentences: 365.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291909-x0sfwqnk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291909-x0sfwqnk.txt summary: To be more than reactive, it is necessary to understand the complexity and interactions of integrated environmental health risks, including the possibility of significant global population decline within the current century. This contribution provides an overview to the Limits to Growth, linking it especially to the "planetary boundaries" of climate change, biodiversity loss and novel entities (including artificial substances and genetically modified organisms). On one hand, it estimates the ecological assets required to produce the resources consumed by any discrete population; this includes food and fiber plants, livestock and fish, timber and other forest products, space for urban infrastructure and whatever "sinks" are needed to absorb the waste produced, especially carbon dioxide emissions. Although the environmental health literature has long identified links between health and indicators used in the LTG model, such as food, services, and pollution, there has been little recognition among the health community, including within public health, of the possibility of a reduction in population this century. abstract: Published almost 50 years ago, the Limits to Growth remains relevant to contemporary environmental health, though, paradoxically, this relevance is scarcely recognized. The seminal ideas it presented provide a useful background, as do the later Planetary Boundaries analyses, with which to consider key issues in contemporary environmental health. To be more than reactive, it is necessary to understand the complexity and interactions of integrated environmental health risks, including the possibility of significant global population decline within the current century. This contribution provides an overview to the Limits to Growth, linking it especially to the “planetary boundaries” of climate change, biodiversity loss and novel entities (including artificial substances and genetically modified organisms). The gradual increase in the amount of primary energy required to generate useable energy is also argued to be an under-recognized contributing factor to the decline in real wages growth for much of the world’s population since then, although this aspect may be improving. These elements have positive and negative health effects, which we discuss. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489106517 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10651-7 id: cord-340101-n9zqc1gm author: Bzdok, Danilo title: The Neurobiology of Social Distance date: 2020-06-03 words: 9246.0 sentences: 490.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-340101-n9zqc1gm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340101-n9zqc1gm.txt summary: These authors conducted a follow-up analysis of 70 studies of longevity in older people, which followed ~3.5 million people over an average of ~7 years [16] : social isolation, living alone and feeling lonely increased the chances of dying by about 30%, even after accounting for age, sex and health status. There is now a wealth of evidence from long-term field studies of wild baboons that socially wellconnected females experience less harassment by other monkeys [7, 23] , have lower levels of cortisol stress hormones [25, 26] , faster wound healing [27] , produce more offspring and live longer [28] [29] [30] [31] . The perspective of brain network integration in loneliness was investigated in a seminal neuroimaging study of intrinsic functional connectivity in ~1,000 humans [124] . In humans, a longitudinal neuroimaging study indeed showed that social support from the mother promotes volume growth trajectories in the hippocampus, and predicts socioemotional development and emotion regulation in early adolescence [141] . abstract: Abstract Never before have we experienced social isolation on such a massive scale as we have in response to COVID-19. Yet we know that the social environment has a dramatic impact on our sense of life satisfaction and well-being. In times of distress, crisis, or disaster, human resilience depends on the richness and strength of social connections, as well as active engagement in groups and communities. Over recent years, evidence emerging from various disciplines has made it abundantly clear: loneliness may be the most potent threat to survival and longevity. Here, we highlight the benefits of social bonds, choreographies of bond creation and maintenance, as well as the neurocognitive basis of social isolation and its deep consequences for mental and physical health. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1364661320301406 doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.016 id: cord-254265-8i86c8kt author: Camps, Marta title: Prevalence of human metapneumovirus among hospitalized children younger than 1 year in Catalonia, Spain date: 2008-06-12 words: 4567.0 sentences: 227.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254265-8i86c8kt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254265-8i86c8kt.txt summary: In 67/99 children (67%) at least one viral pathogen was identified, the viruses detected most frequently were respiratory syncytial virus (35%), human metapneumovirus (25%) and rhinovirus (19%). The aim of the present study was to describe the role of human metapneumovirus and other common respiratory viruses including: influenza virus A, B, and C, parainfluenza 1-4 viruses, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, rhinovirus, coronavirus 229E and OC43 and enterovirus as bronchiolitis, and bronchopneumonia pathogens among hospitalized children younger than 1 year, taking into account that in this age group respiratory viruses are the main etiological agents of lower respiratory tract infections [Shay et al., 1999; Smyth and Openshaw, 2006; Bush and Thomson, 2007] . Detection of human metapneumovirus RNA sequences in nasopharyngeal aspirates of young French children with acute bronchiolitis by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and phylogenetic analysis abstract: Human metapneumovirus was discovered recently respiratory virus implicated in both upper and lower respiratory tract infection. In children, the clinical symptoms of human metapneumovirus are similar to those produced by respiratory syncytial virus, ranging from mild to severe diseases such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence of human metapneumovirus and other common respiratory viruses among admitted to hospital infants. From January 2006 to June 2006, 99 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from hospitalized children younger than 12 months in order to study respiratory viruses. Human metapneumovirus detection was performed by cell culture and two RT‐PCR targeting on polymerase and fusion genes. The latter gene was used for phylogenetic analysis. In 67/99 children (67%) at least one viral pathogen was identified, the viruses detected most frequently were respiratory syncytial virus (35%), human metapneumovirus (25%) and rhinovirus (19%). The results obtained in this study, show that: (1) human metapneumovirus is one of the most important viruses among children less than 12 months; (2) children infected with human metapneumovirus were significantly older than those infected by respiratory syncytial virus; (3) human metapneumovirus was associated more frequently with pneumonia whereas respiratory syncytial virus was only detected in patients with bronchiolitis; (4) there was a clear epidemiological succession pattern with only a small overlap among the viruses detected most frequently; (5) all human metapneumovirus samples were clustered within sublineage A2. J. Med. Virol. 80:1452–1460, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18551601/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.21209 id: cord-001427-qw1e5cof author: Cantas, Leon title: Review: The Important Bacterial Zoonoses in “One Health” Concept date: 2014-10-14 words: 5812.0 sentences: 313.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt summary: Bacterial zoonotic diseases can be transferred from animals to humans in many ways (4): (i) The transfer may occur through animal bites and scratches (5) ; (ii) zoonotic bacteria originating from food animals can reach people through direct fecal oral route, contaminated animal food products, improper food handling, and inadequate cooking (6) (7) (8) ; (iii) farmers and animal health workers (i.e., veterinarians) are at increased risk of exposure to certain zoonotic pathogens and they may catch zoonotic bacteria; they could also become carriers of the zoonotic bacteria that can be spread to other humans in the community (9) ; (iv) vectors, frequently arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and lice can actively or passively transmit bacterial zoonotic diseases to humans. Almost 100 years ago, prior to application of hygiene rules and discovery of neither vaccines nor antibiotics, some bacterial zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis, bubonic plague, and glanders caused millions of human deaths. abstract: An infectious disease that is transmitted from animals to humans, sometimes by a vector, is called zoonosis. The focus of this review article is on the most common emerging and re-emerging bacterial zoonotic diseases. The role of “One Health” approach, public health education, and some measures that can be taken to prevent zoonotic bacterial infections are discussed. Key points: A zoonotic bacterial disease is a disease that can be very commonly transmitted between animals and humans. Global climate changes, overuse of antimicrobials in medicine, more intensified farm settings, and closer interactions with animals facilitate emergence or re-emergence of bacterial zoonotic infections. The global “One Health” approach, which requires interdisciplinary collaborations and communications in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment, will support public health in general. New strategies for continuous dissemination of multidisciplinary research findings related to zoonotic bacterial diseases are hence needed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4196475/ doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00144 id: cord-299315-s43gw24k author: Capps, Benjamin title: One Health, Vaccines and Ebola: The Opportunities for Shared Benefits date: 2015-09-16 words: 10082.0 sentences: 485.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt summary: In this paper we propose One Health as a strategy to prevent zoonotic outbreaks as a shared goal: that human and Great Ape vaccine trials could benefit both species. Sure, while OH in this sense creates the grounds for humans to express compassion towards animals and ecosystems and to engage in novel approaches to health problems, overall it often achieves the same goals of prevention and response so far already installed in public health; so OH, in this sense, adds nothing to the ethical debate except by broadening the factors considered in any human cost-benefit analysis. Our proposal is for direct action to administer vaccinations to humans through public health and research paradigms, and additionally to animals to stave off future outbreaks in both populations. Such an approach, aimed at vaccinating animals in the first instance, would be preventative rather than reactive to an outbreak in human populations, by protecting across species and thereby creating a potential barrier to future occurrences of Ebola in the fauna. abstract: The 2013 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, as of writing, is declining in reported human cases and mortalities. The resulting devastation caused highlights how health systems, in particular in West Africa, and in terms of global pandemic planning, are ill prepared to react to zoonotic pathogens. In this paper we propose One Health as a strategy to prevent zoonotic outbreaks as a shared goal: that human and Great Ape vaccine trials could benefit both species. Only recently have two phase 2/3 Ebola human vaccine trials been started in West Africa. This paper argues for a conceptual change in pandemic preparedness. We first discuss the ethics of One Health. Next, we focus on the current Ebola outbreak and defines its victims. Third, we present the notion of a ‘shared benefit’ approach, grounded in One Health, and argue for the vaccination of wild apes in order to protect both apes and humans. We believe that a creation of such inter-species immunity is an exemplar of One Health, and that it is worth pursuing as a coextensive public health approach. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32214867/ doi: 10.1007/s10806-015-9574-7 id: cord-002728-6oyw5sqv author: Carding, S. R. title: Review article: the human intestinal virome in health and disease date: 2017-09-04 words: 4362.0 sentences: 250.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002728-6oyw5sqv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002728-6oyw5sqv.txt summary: 2 With the advent of new, sequence-based technologies that do not rely on the ability to isolate viruses for their identification, it is now possible to define and characterise viruses in different environmental samples in greater detail than ever before, which has resulted in an increased interest in the role the viral assemblage of the human gut microbiota plays in health and disease. The genetic content of VLPs comprising bacteriophages (phages) that infect bacteria and archaea and, to a much lesser extent, human-, plant-, amoebae-and animal-infecting viruses found along the GI tract constitute the human intestinal virome (Figure 1 ). Analyses of metagenomic sequence data provide detailed information on phage-host and phage-phage competition within the human faecal microbiome, implying CRISPR spacers are actively and continuously acquired by prokaryotes in response to the presence of phages in the GI tract. abstract: BACKGROUND: The human virome consists of animal‐cell viruses causing transient infections, bacteriophage (phage) predators of bacteria and archaea, endogenous retroviruses and viruses causing persistent and latent infections. High‐throughput, inexpensive, sensitive sequencing methods and metagenomics now make it possible to study the contribution dsDNA, ssDNA and RNA virus‐like particles make to the human virome, and in particular the intestinal virome. AIM: To review and evaluate the pioneering studies that have attempted to characterise the human virome and generated an increased interest in understanding how the intestinal virome might contribute to maintaining health, and the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. METHODS: Relevant virome‐related articles were selected for review following extensive language‐ and date‐unrestricted, electronic searches of the literature. RESULTS: The human intestinal virome is personalised and stable, and dominated by phages. It develops soon after birth in parallel with prokaryotic communities of the microbiota, becoming established during the first few years of life. By infecting specific populations of bacteria, phages can alter microbiota structure by killing host cells or altering their phenotype, enabling phages to contribute to maintaining intestinal homeostasis or microbial imbalance (dysbiosis), and the development of chronic infectious and autoimmune diseases including HIV infection and Crohn's disease, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our understanding of the intestinal virome is fragmented and requires standardised methods for virus isolation and sequencing to provide a more complete picture of the virome, which is key to explaining the basis of virome‐disease associations, and how enteric viruses can contribute to disease aetiologies and be rationalised as targets for interventions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5656937/ doi: 10.1111/apt.14280 id: cord-306671-stc3pbj8 author: Cardona, Carol title: Advancing One Health Policy and Implementation Through the Concept of One Medicine One Science date: 2015-09-01 words: 3456.0 sentences: 149.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306671-stc3pbj8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306671-stc3pbj8.txt summary: Numerous interspecies disease transmission events, Ebola virus being a recent and cogent example, highlight the complex interactions between human, animal, and environmental health and the importance of addressing medicine and health in a comprehensive scientific manner. Numerous interspecies disease transmission events, Ebola virus being a recent and cogent example, highlight the complex interactions between human, animal, and environmental health and the importance of addressing medicine and health in a comprehensive scientific manner. Much dialogue on one health has focused on emerging disease surveillance, public health preparedness, and policy issues without connecting these issues to the scientific foundations that underlie pathogen emergence, global health threats, food security, environmental health, social organization, communication, and implementation of health, security, and safety measures. The rapid growth and persistence of the ongoing outbreak of Ebola virus in West Africa presents an unfortunate but perfect opportunity for implementing science-based policy at the crossroads of emerging infectious disease ecology and sustainable food security. abstract: Numerous interspecies disease transmission events, Ebola virus being a recent and cogent example, highlight the complex interactions between human, animal, and environmental health and the importance of addressing medicine and health in a comprehensive scientific manner. The diversity of information gained from the natural, social, behavioral, and systems sciences is critical to developing and sustainably promoting integrated health approaches that can be implemented at the local, national, and international levels to meet grand challenges. The Concept of One Medicine One Science (COMOS) as outlined herein describes the interplay between scientific knowledge that underpins health and medicine and efforts toward stabilizing local systems using 2 linked case studies: the food system and emerging infectious disease. Forums such as the International Conference of One Medicine One Science (iCOMOS), where science and policy can be debated together, missing pieces identified, and science-based collaborations formed among industry, governmental, and nongovernmental policy makers and funders, is an essential step in addressing global health. The expertise of multiple disciplines and research foci to support policy development is critical to the implementation of one health and the successful achievement of global health security goals. url: https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2015.053 doi: 10.7453/gahmj.2015.053 id: cord-278647-krh63hqp author: Carter, Robert W title: A new look at an old virus: patterns of mutation accumulation in the human H1N1 influenza virus since 1918 date: 2012-10-12 words: 8413.0 sentences: 425.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-278647-krh63hqp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278647-krh63hqp.txt summary: At the time of its disappearance in 2009, the human H1N1 lineage had accumulated over 1400 point mutations (more than 10% of the genome), including approximately 330 non-synonymous changes (7.4% of all codons). This process may play a role in natural pandemic cessation and has apparently contributed to the exponential decline in mortality rates over time, as seen in all major human influenza strains. Given this large body of data, it becomes feasible to test the attenuation model using mutation accumulation rates, non-synonymous amino acid changes, changing dN/dS ratios, changing transition/transversions ratios, and changes in codon specificity over time. Using the amended 1918 Brevig Mission virus as a reference and including all human and porcine viruses in the database, we calculated SNPs, indels, transitions, transversions, non-synonymous amino acid changes, dN/dS ratios, predicted protein lengths (for all 11 proteins), the normalized codon scores (NCS) and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) [51] score for each predicted protein of each genome. abstract: BACKGROUND: The H1N1 influenza A virus has been circulating in the human population for over 95 years, first manifesting itself in the pandemic of 1917–1918. Initial mortality was extremely high, but dropped exponentially over time. Influenza viruses have high mutation rates, and H1N1 has undergone significant genetic changes since 1918. The exact nature of H1N1 mutation accumulation over time has not been fully explored. METHODS: We have made a comprehensive historical analysis of mutational changes within H1N1 by examining over 4100 fully-sequenced H1N1 genomes. This has allowed us to examine the genetic changes arising within H1N1 from 1918 to the present. RESULTS: We document multiple extinction events, including the previously known extinction of the human H1N1 lineage in the 1950s, and an apparent second extinction of the human H1N1 lineage in 2009. These extinctions appear to be due to a continuous accumulation of mutations. At the time of its disappearance in 2009, the human H1N1 lineage had accumulated over 1400 point mutations (more than 10% of the genome), including approximately 330 non-synonymous changes (7.4% of all codons). The accumulation of both point mutations and non-synonymous amino acid changes occurred at constant rates (μ = 14.4 and 2.4 new mutations/year, respectively), and mutations accumulated uniformly across the entire influenza genome. We observed a continuous erosion over time of codon-specificity in H1N1, including a shift away from host (human, swine, and bird [duck]) codon preference patterns. CONCLUSIONS: While there have been numerous adaptations within the H1N1 genome, most of the genetic changes we document here appear to be non-adaptive, and much of the change appears to be degenerative. We suggest H1N1 has been undergoing natural genetic attenuation, and that significant attenuation may even occur during a single pandemic. This process may play a role in natural pandemic cessation and has apparently contributed to the exponential decline in mortality rates over time, as seen in all major human influenza strains. These findings may be relevant to the development of strategies for managing influenza pandemics and strain evolution. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062055/ doi: 10.1186/1742-4682-9-42 id: cord-010570-ytv7dwr0 author: Casadevall, Arturo title: Return to the Past: The Case for Antibody-Based Therapies in Infectious Diseases date: 1995-07-17 words: 7469.0 sentences: 454.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010570-ytv7dwr0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010570-ytv7dwr0.txt summary: In the preantibiotic era, passive antibody administration (serum therapy) was useful for the treatment of many infectious diseases. We briefly review the use of antibody-based therapy in the early 20th century and make the case for reintroducing passive antibody administration for the treatment ofinfectious diseases. Given the diminishing efficacy of existing antimicrobials because of widespread resistance and the difficulties of treating infections in immunosuppressed individuals, the reintroduction of antibody-based therapies is an option that should be given serious consideration. Thus, antibody therapy is still widely used in medicine, but its role in the treatment of infections is limited largely to viral and toxin neutralization and replacement therapy in patients with immunoglobulin deficiencies. In the past, serum therapy was effective against various pathogens despite the fact that immune sera contained only small amounts of specific antibody. Antibody-based therapies have traditionally been most effective in infections where viral and toxin neutralization modifies the course of the disease. abstract: In the preantibiotic era, passive antibody administration (serum therapy) was useful for the treatment of many infectious diseases. The introduction of antimicrobial chemotherapy in the 1940s led to the rapid abandonment of many forms of passive antibody therapy. Chemotherapy was more effective and less toxic than antibody therapy. In this last decade of the 20th century the efficacy of antimicrobial chemotherapy is diminishing because of the rapidly escalating number of immunocompromised individuals, the emergence of new pathogens, the reemergence of old pathogens, and widespread development of resistance to antimicrobial drugs. This diminishment in the effectiveness of chemotherapy has been paralleled by advances in monoclonal antibody technology that have made feasible the generation of human antibodies. This combination of factors makes passive antibody therapy an option worthy of serious consideration. We propose that for every pathogen there exists an antibody that will modify the infection to the benefit of the host. Such antibodies are potential antimicrobial agents. Antibody-based therapies have significant advantages and disadvantages relative to standard chemotherapy. The reintroduction of antibody-based therapy would require major changes in the practices of infectious disease specialists. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7197598/ doi: 10.1093/clinids/21.1.150 id: cord-278195-1sle0d1j author: Castillo-Huitrón, Nathalia M. title: The Importance of Human Emotions for Wildlife Conservation date: 2020-06-24 words: 8075.0 sentences: 396.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt summary: The very diverse and continuous human-wildlife interactions can be seen from three main perspectives: (1) Utilitarian, in which wild species provide goods for human well-being, such as food, clothing, transport, tools, raw materials, and companionship, among others; (2) Affective, where human beings feel sympathy, admiration, and respect for animals because of religious, mystical, or philosophical reasons (Kellert et al., 1996) , which has greatly contributed to cultural development worldwide (Herzog and Galvin, 1992; Alves, 2012) ; and (3) Conflictive, because of the real or potential damage that wild species may inflict on people and their interests (e.g., attacks on humans, livestock predation, damage on crops, and infrastructure, among others; Lescureux and Linnell, 2010) . Emotions such as fear and anger may be induced by predators that are bigger and heavier than persons, as in the case of large carnivores (e.g., bears, wolves, and big cats) (Røskaft et al., 2003) or by those species unattractive for most people, like worms, small carnivores, bats, and reptiles, which are often perceived as harmful (Knight, 2008; Prokop and Tunnicliffe, 2008; Prokop et al., 2009) . abstract: Animals have always been important for human life due to the ecological, cultural, and economic functions that they represent. This has allowed building several kinds of relationships that have promoted different emotions in human societies. The objective of this review was to identify the main emotions that humans show toward wildlife species and the impact of such emotions on animal population management. We reviewed academic databases to identify previous studies on this topic worldwide. An analysis of the emotions on wildlife and factors causing them is described in this study. We identified a controversy about these emotions. Large predators such as wolves, coyotes, bears, big felids, and reptiles, such as snakes and geckos, promote mainly anger, fear, and disgust. This is likely due to the perceptions, beliefs, and experiences that societies have historically built around them. However, in some social groups these animals have promoted emotions such as happiness due to their values for people. Likewise, sadness is an emotion expressed for the threatening situations that animals are currently facing. Furthermore, we associated the conservation status of wildlife species identified in the study with human emotions to discuss their relevance for emerging conservation strategies, particularly focused on endangered species promoting ambiguous emotions in different social groups. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32670150/ doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01277 id: cord-253548-izya7nws author: Catchpole, Ken title: Frontiers in Human Factors: Embedding Specialists in Multi-disciplinary efforts to Improve Healthcare. date: 2020-09-09 words: 4220.0 sentences: 202.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253548-izya7nws.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253548-izya7nws.txt summary: Despite the application of a huge range of human factors (HF) principles in a growing range of care contexts, there is much more that could be done to realize this expertise for patient benefit, staff wellbeing and organizational performance. While healthcare also contains many different groups who have a strong interest in improving human work (e.g. HR professionals, organisational development specialists, clinical risk, patient safety and quality improvement advisors), the HF professional can provide much-needed ''added-value'' to multidisciplinary team efforts to jointly optimise overall organisational performance and human wellbeing. Despite a growing recognition of the need and value of HF in clinical work across the world, one consequence of the persistent misunderstanding of systems safety science is that few opportunities exist in clinical settings for qualified HF professionals, limiting the availability of appropriately sophisticated HF expertise 27 . Human factors systems approach to healthcare quality and patient safety abstract: Despite the application of a huge range of human factors (HF) principles in a growing range of care contexts, there is much more that could be done to realize this expertise for patient benefit, staff wellbeing and organizational performance. Healthcare has struggled to embrace systems safety approaches, mis-applied or misinterpreted others, and has stuck to a range of outdated and potentially counter-productive myths even has safety science has developed. One consequence of these persistent misunderstandings is that few opportunities exist in clinical settings for qualified HF professionals. Instead, HF has been applied by clinicians and others, to highly variable degrees – sometimes great success, but frequently in limited and sometimes counter-productive ways. Meanwhile, HF professionals have struggled to make a meaningful impact on frontline care and have had little career structure or support. However, In the last few years, embedded clinical HF practitioners have begun to have considerable success that are now being supported and amplified by professional networks. The recent COVID-19 experiences confirm this. Closer collaboration between healthcare and HF professionals will result in significant and ultimately beneficial changes to both professions and to clinical care. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzaa108 doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzaa108 id: cord-354592-vqws942c author: Cauvin, Annick J. title: Advantages and Limitations of Commonly Used Nonhuman Primate Species in Research and Development of Biopharmaceuticals date: 2015-03-20 words: 7293.0 sentences: 317.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354592-vqws942c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354592-vqws942c.txt summary: The marmoset also has been used as a nonrodent second species in drug safety assessment of new chemical entities (NCEs) and, more recently, of biopharmaceuticals based on side effects, findings of given drugs, and metabolizing enzymes or receptors found to be similar to humans [16] [17] [18] [19] ; because of the closer phylogenetic relationship to humans than other second species such as the dog, common marmosets may be more suitable for certain types of PART 7 NHP-SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF STANDARD TOXICOLOGY STUDIES pharmacokinetic and toxicological screening. Conversely, study designs for use with NHPs do not cover all aspects of reproduction (e.g., direct fertility assessment through mating or egg implantation-pregnancy cannot be confirmed until day 20 of gestation) and so may not allow a full evaluation of the specific risks in humans. The cynomolgus monkey has been used as a relevant toxicology species for immunostimulatory agents such as Toll-like receptor agonists; however, while special recognition regarding the clinical risk of systemic cytokine release for certain targets is warranted, the NHP is not always predictive of this potential toxicity in humans. abstract: Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been used extensively during the past four decades for research and nonclinical development because they are close to humans in terms of genetics, anatomy, physiology, and immunology. They have been widely used in the development of infection models, leading to the generation of vaccines and drugs, as well as in the nonclinical pharmacologic and toxicologic assessment of biopharmaceuticals, especially in the fields of immunotherapy and oncology, despite the constant pressure to move to lower species. In many cases, NHPs are the only species that allows a correct risk assessment for humans. Nevertheless, limitations inherent to each species have to be considered before an investigation. This chapter shines some light on the respective interests and limitations of using cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and marmosets in medical research and nonclinical development, with a specific focus on reproduction and immunology. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124171442000196 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417144-2.00019-6 id: cord-352798-rb2ggonx author: Chaber, Anne-Lise title: The Era of Human-Induced Diseases date: 2017-11-21 words: 1995.0 sentences: 103.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352798-rb2ggonx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352798-rb2ggonx.txt summary: Human-Induced Disease as the label for diseases-both infectious and non-infectious-caused by human activities and their environmental impact emphasizes the role of the human in disease transmission and could serve reshaping our approach to disease management and prevention. Humans share most of the viruses, bacteria, and fungus with the rest of the animal kingdom, and thus it should come as no surprise that zoonotic pathogens were the cause of more than 65% of emergent infectious disease events in the last 60 years, with 75% of these originating in wild fauna (Keusch et al. Anthropogenic environmental change leads to the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife (Daszak et al. It estimated that the annual economic cost of illness and premature mortality linked to air pollution is $3600 billion (OECD 2014)-a figure that is 85% of the world''s annual public budget for human health. Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-017-1299-9 doi: 10.1007/s10393-017-1299-9 id: cord-335311-l73hsik0 author: Chan, Conrad E. Z. title: The role of phage display in therapeutic antibody discovery date: 2014-08-18 words: 7044.0 sentences: 286.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335311-l73hsik0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335311-l73hsik0.txt summary: The defining attribute of all phage display libraries is the physical linking of antibody phenotype (specificity and affinity) with genotype (sequence) via the phage particle-this allows for in vitro selection on immobilized antigen or whole cells (Fig. 2) . In particular, a phage library constructed with the heavy chain CDR3 enriched for basic residues to improve binding to negatively charged carbohydrates produced anti-carbohydrate antibodies that had relatively high affinity (K D ≈ 50 nM) and excellent specificity (40) . Phage display is also likely to remain useful for discovery of antibodies against non-protein targets, evolution of dual-binding antibodies and for affinity maturation, due to the limitations of the natural immune system. Comparison of the efficiency of antibody selection from semi-synthetic scFv and non-immune Fab phage display libraries against protein targets for rapid development of diagnostic immunoassays The human combinatorial antibody library HuCAL GOLD combines diversification of all six CDRs according to the natural immune system with a novel display method for efficient selection of high-affinity antibodies abstract: Phage display involves the expression of selected proteins on the surface of filamentous phage through fusion with phage coat protein, with the genetic sequence packaged within, linking phenotype to genotype selection. When combined with antibody libraries, phage display allows for rapid in vitro selection of antigen-specific antibodies and recovery of their corresponding coding sequence. Large non-immune and synthetic human libraries have been constructed as well as smaller immune libraries based on capturing a single individual’s immune repertoire. This completely in vitro process allows for isolation of antibodies against poorly immunogenic targets as well as those that cannot be obtained by animal immunization, thus further expanding the utility of the approach. Phage antibody display represents the first developed methodology for high throughput screening for human therapeutic antibody candidates. Recently, other methods have been developed for generation of fully human therapeutic antibodies, such as single B-cell screening, next-generation genome sequencing and transgenic mice with human germline B-cell genes. While each of these have their particular advantages, phage display has remained a key methodology for human antibody discovery due its in vitro process. Here, we review the continuing role of this technique alongside other developing technologies for therapeutic antibody discovery. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25135889/ doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxu082 id: cord-283709-y59h5bw8 author: Chan, Renee W Y title: Tropism and replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from dromedary camels in the human respiratory tract: an in-vitro and ex-vivo study date: 2014-08-28 words: 4858.0 sentences: 225.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283709-y59h5bw8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283709-y59h5bw8.txt summary: We aimed to compare MERS-CoV isolates from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with a prototype human MERS-CoV to assess virus replication competence and cell tropism in ex-vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung. INTERPRETATION: The similarity of virus tropism and replication competence of human and dromedary MERS-CoV from the Arabian peninsula, and genetically diverse dromedary viruses from Egypt, in ex-vivo cultures of the human respiratory tract suggests that dromedary viruses from Saudi Arabia and Egypt are probably infectious to human beings. We aimed to compare MERS-CoV isolates from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with the prototype human MERS-CoV EMC strain to assess virus replication competence and cell tropism in ex-vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung. To assess the infection potential of dromedary camel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) strains for humans, genetic analysis should be complemented with phenotypic characterisation in physiologically relevant invitro cell cultures. abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic infection causing severe viral pneumonia, with index cases having resided in or recently travelled to the Arabian peninsula, and is a global concern for public health. Limited human-to-human transmission, leading to some case clusters, has been reported. MERS-CoV has been reported in dromedary camels but phenotypic characterisation of such viruses is limited. We aimed to compare MERS-CoV isolates from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with a prototype human MERS-CoV to assess virus replication competence and cell tropism in ex-vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung. METHODS: We characterised MERS-CoV viruses from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt and compared them with a human MERS-CoV reference strain. We assessed viral replication kinetics and competence in Vero-E6 cells (rhesus monkey), tissue tropism in cultures of ex-vivo human bronchial and lung tissues, and cytokine and chemokine induction, gene expression, and quantification of viral RNA in Calu-3 cells (human respiratory tract). We used mock-infected tissue as negative controls for ex-vivo experiments and influenza A H5N1 as a positive control for cytokine and chemokine induction experiments in Calu-3 cells. FINDINGS: We isolated three dromedary strains, two from Saudi Arabia (Dromedary/Al-Hasa-KFU-HKU13/2013 [AH13] and Dromedary/Al-Hasa-KFU-HKU19D/2013 [AH19D]), and one from Egypt (Dromedary/Egypt-NRCE-HKU270/2013 [NRCE-HKU270]). The human and dromedary MERS-CoV strains had similar viral replication competence in Vero-E6 cells and respiratory tropism in ex-vivo cultures of the human respiratory tract, and had similar ability to evade interferon responses in the human-respiratory-tract-derived cell line Calu-3. INTERPRETATION: The similarity of virus tropism and replication competence of human and dromedary MERS-CoV from the Arabian peninsula, and genetically diverse dromedary viruses from Egypt, in ex-vivo cultures of the human respiratory tract suggests that dromedary viruses from Saudi Arabia and Egypt are probably infectious to human beings. Exposure to zoonotic MERS-CoV is probably occurring in a wider geographical region beyond the Arabian peninsula. FUNDING: King Faisal University, Egyptian National Research Centre, Hong Kong Food and Health Bureau, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and European Community Seventh Framework Program. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213260014701584 doi: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70158-4 id: cord-264255-q5izs39f author: Chieochansin, Thaweesak title: Human bocavirus (HBoV) in Thailand: Clinical manifestations in a hospitalized pediatric patient and molecular virus characterization date: 2007-12-31 words: 2677.0 sentences: 175.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264255-q5izs39f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264255-q5izs39f.txt summary: title: Human bocavirus (HBoV) in Thailand: Clinical manifestations in a hospitalized pediatric patient and molecular virus characterization OBJECTIVE: Human bocavirus (HBoV), a novel virus, which based on molecular analysis has been associated with respiratory tract diseases in infants and children have recently been studied worldwide. METHODS: HBoV was detected from 302 nasopharyngeal (NP) suctions of pediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract illness and sequenced applying molecular techniques. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that HBoV can be detected in nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from infants and children with acute lower respiratory tract illness. Therefore, in the present study we applied polymerase chain reaction to detect HBoV from NP suctions collected from infants or children who had been admitted with respiratory tract illness. Detection of human bocavirus in Japanese children with lower respiratory tract infection Human bocavirus DNA detected by quantitative real-time PCR in two children hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection abstract: OBJECTIVE: Human bocavirus (HBoV), a novel virus, which based on molecular analysis has been associated with respiratory tract diseases in infants and children have recently been studied worldwide. To determine prevalence, clinical features and perform phylogenetic analysis in HBoV infected Thai pediatric patients. METHODS: HBoV was detected from 302 nasopharyngeal (NP) suctions of pediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract illness and sequenced applying molecular techniques. RESULTS: The incidence of HBoV infection in pediatric patients amounted to 6.62% with 40% co-infected with other respiratory viruses. There were no clinical specific manifestations for HBoV; however, fever and productive cough were commonly found. Generalized rales and wheezing were detected in most of the patients as well as perihilar infiltrates. The alignment and phylogenetic analysis of partial VP1 genes showed minor variations. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that HBoV can be detected in nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from infants and children with acute lower respiratory tract illness. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18164764/ doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.11.006 id: cord-324953-3sacf4wu author: Childs, James E. title: Introduction: Conceptualizing and Partitioning the Emergence Process of Zoonotic Viruses from Wildlife to Humans date: 2007 words: 9017.0 sentences: 379.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324953-3sacf4wu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324953-3sacf4wu.txt summary: The process of zoonotic disease emergence can be understood by coupling knowledge of how zoonotic viruses have evolved and are maintained among their wildlife hosts, transmitted across a species barrier to cause productive infection in a taxonomically distinct secondary host, initiate a pathologic process causing disease, and, by repetitive infection within the secondary host species, result in incident morbidity or mortality of sufficient magnitude to be detected and characterized as a novel health concern of local, regional, or global significance (see the chapter by Childs, this volume). The ecologic process of zoonotic disease emergence can be schematized by four transition stages (Fig. 1 ) , of which only the first two are prerequisites for emergence: (1) contact between infectious propagules originating from the wildlife H R with individuals of a susceptible H S and (2) cross-species transmission, a transition subsuming the complex interactions of the virus infectious cycle within the H S (Nayak 2000; Childs 2004 ). abstract: This introduction provides a telegraphic overview of the processes of zoonotic viral emergence, the intricacies of host–virus interactions, and the distinct role of biological transitions and modifying factors. The process of emergence is conceptualized as two transition stages which are common and required for all disease emergence, (1) human contact with the infectious agent and (2) cross-species transmission of the agent, and two transition stages which are not required for emergence and appear unavailable to many zoonotic pathogens, (3) sustained human-to-human transmission and (4) genetic adaptation to the human host. The latter two transitions are presumably prerequisites for the pandemic emergence of a pathogen. The themes introduced herein are amplified and explored in detail by the contributors to this volume. Each author explores the mechanisms and unique circumstances by which evolution, biology, history, and current context have contrived to drive the emergence of different zoonotic agents by a series of related events; although recognizable similarities exist among the events leading to emergence the details and circumstances are never repetitive. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848058/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_1 id: cord-336464-eslgz1ka author: Chomel, Bruno B. title: Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date: 2007-01-17 words: 3475.0 sentences: 166.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt summary: The outbreak of Nipah virus infection in Malaysia during 1998-1999, which caused 265 human cases of viral encephalitis and a 38% mortality rate, was also the result of several major ecologic and environmental changes associated with deforestation and expansion of nonindustrial pig farming in association with production of fruit-bearing trees (16) . Wildlife may become new reservoirs of infection and may recontaminate domestic animals; examples include bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom associated with Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers (Meles meles) (18) and brucellosis in outdoor-reared swine in Europe that resulted from spillover from the wild boar brucellosis (Brucella suis biovar 2) reservoir (19) . Another risk factor related to the emergence of zoonotic diseases from wildlife has been the considerable increase in consumption of bushmeat in many parts of the world, especially Central Africa and the Amazon Basin, where 1-3.4 million tons and 67-164 million kilograms, respectively, are consumed each year (7) . abstract: Most emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic; wildlife constitutes a large and often unknown reservoir. Wildlife can also be a source for reemergence of previously controlled zoonoses. Although the discovery of such zoonoses is often related to better diagnostic tools, the leading causes of their emergence are human behavior and modifications to natural habitats (expansion of human populations and their encroachment on wildlife habitat), changes in agricultural practices, and globalization of trade. However, other factors include wildlife trade and translocation, live animal and bushmeat markets, consumption of exotic foods, development of ecotourism, access to petting zoos, and ownership of exotic pets. To reduce risk for emerging zoonoses, the public should be educated about the risks associated with wildlife, bushmeat, and exotic pet trades; and proper surveillance systems should be implemented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17370509/ doi: 10.3201/eid1301.060480 id: cord-253223-us0ey8dq author: Chow, Brian D.W. title: The Human Bocaviruses: A Review and Discussion of Their Role in Infection date: 2009-11-03 words: 5912.0 sentences: 401.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253223-us0ey8dq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253223-us0ey8dq.txt summary: [38] [39] [40] [42] [43] [44] In a recent casecontrol study on acute gastroenteritis, Arthur and colleagues 13 examined stool specimens for potential pathogens, including all three species of human bocavirus. The large percentage of coinfections associated with human bocavirus infections suggests that evaluation for further pathogens should be undertaken for any patient diagnosed with HBoV-1. Human bocavirus infection in children with respiratory tract disease Human bocavirus detection in nasopharyngeal aspirates of children without clinical symptoms of respiratory infection Detection of human bocavirus in Japanese children with lower respiratory tract infections High prevalence of human bocavirus detected in young children with severe acute lower respiratory tract disease by use of a standard PCR protocol and a novel real-time PCR protocol Human bocavirus DNA detected by quantitative real-time PCR in two children hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection abstract: Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly recognized human parvovirus first reported in 2005. Since its discovery, this virus has been associated with upper and lower respiratory tract disease and gastroenteritis worldwide. This article is a comprehensive review of what is known about HBoV. It includes an evaluation of diagnostic modalities, symptoms occurring in affected patients, and a discussion as to whether HBoV is responsible for identified clinical manifestations. The article reviews the incidence and effect of coinfection and updates on related members (HBoV-2 and HBoV-3) recently reported. Understanding of respiratory viruses such as HBoV remains vitally important to the health of adult and pediatric patients. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0272271209000596 doi: 10.1016/j.cll.2009.07.010 id: cord-337218-risqto89 author: Chu, Ellen W. title: Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of date: 2013-02-05 words: 16635.0 sentences: 718.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337218-risqto89.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337218-risqto89.txt summary: 107 ) sums up what he calls the hazards of human progress this way: ''''Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.'''' Indeed, as the second decade of the 21st century begins, humans are ecosystem engineers on a planetary scale, and our global civilization threatens the life-sustaining capacity of all of Earth''s environmental ''''spheres'''': But with nearly 7 billion people occupying or using resources from every place on Earth, humans are overwhelming the ability of other life-forms to make a living and depleting the planet''s natural wealth. Chemicals -as varied as prescription drugs flowing out of sewage plants, pesticides, heavy metals, and cancer-causing by-products of countless manufacturing processes -now lace the world''s water, soil, and air and the bodies of all living things, including humans. The list of chemicals'' effects on living things is so long that chemical pollution equals humans'' environmental impact in most people''s minds, yet it is just one form of biotic impoverishment. abstract: Environments on Earth are always changing, and living systems evolve within them. For most of their history, human beings did the same. But in the last two centuries, humans have become the planet's dominant species, changing and impoverishing the environment for all life on Earth and even decimating humans' own cultural diversity. Contemporary cultural worldviews that have severed humans' ancient connections with the natural world, along with consumption and population growth, have deepened this impoverishment. Understanding, measuring, and managing human environmental impacts – the most important of which is the impoverishment of living systems – is the 21st century's greatest challenge. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123847195002537 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00253-7 id: cord-300301-7amiljnm author: Clements, Bruce W. title: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats date: 2016-03-04 words: 6536.0 sentences: 383.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300301-7amiljnm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300301-7amiljnm.txt summary: Factors contributing to the emergence of diseases include increasing international travel and commerce, changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and industry, microbial adaptation and the breakdown of public health systems. These include: rapid epidemiologic surveillance and investigations to characterize the disease; transmission prevention through containment and control measures; development and deployment of medical countermeasures; and emergency public information and warning. By April 26, a public health emergency, the first in the history of the United States, was declared to allow for the rapid development of a vaccine, mobilization of antiviral medications through the federally resourced Strategic National Stockpile, and enhanced surveillance through reporting and testing. While it may not be possible to predict which pathogens may emerge or reemerge, it is possible to build infrastructure and take general steps to make populations and public health systems better prepared for the next novel infectious disease outbreak. abstract: This chapter describes the potential public health impact of emerging and reemerging disease. Factors contributing to the emergence of diseases include increasing international travel and commerce, changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and industry, microbial adaptation and the breakdown of public health systems. Of emerging diseases, 60% are zoonotic, making the human–animal biome interaction critical. Preparedness for an emerging disease relies on strong biosurveillance systems for early detection. Control measures to prevent transmission must be implemented early. These include: rapid epidemiologic surveillance and investigations to characterize the disease; transmission prevention through containment and control measures; development and deployment of medical countermeasures; and emergency public information and warning. Recovery after the outbreak of an emerging disease can result in a “new normal” with persistent endemic infection in the community. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128019801000106 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801980-1.00010-6 id: cord-320988-yjxbm4tn author: Correa, M.T. title: Slum Livestock Agriculture date: 2014-08-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Slums are unplanned squatter human settlements in peri-urban and urban areas where more than 800 million people live. These densely populated areas lack basic public services. Livestock raised in these conditions compete with humans for space and water, and pose a risk to human and animal health. Notwithstanding the risk of disease transmission, slum livestock agriculture plays an essential role in the livelihoods of people and deserves consideration in urban planning and policy making. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780444525123001613 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00161-3 id: cord-017364-d9zmdm23 author: Crowe, James E. title: Paramyxoviruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus date: 2014-02-27 words: 18331.0 sentences: 897.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017364-d9zmdm23.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017364-d9zmdm23.txt summary: A virus causing a similar cytopathic effect in cultured cells was recovered from infants with respiratory illness shortly after, and studies of human antibodies in the serum of infants and children indicated that infection was common early in life [ 1 , 2 ] . Higher titers of virus in respiratory secretions usually are associated with increased severity of disease, in prospective studies of natural infection [ 114 ] or of clinical vaccine trials [ 115 ] . Most epidemiologic studies of MPV in children show that the virus is the second leading cause of lower respiratory infection after RSV. Acute lower respiratory tract infections by human metapneumovirus in children in Southwest China: a 2-year study The impact of infection with human metapneumovirus and other respiratory viruses in young infants and children at high risk for severe pulmonary disease Comparison of risk factors for human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus disease severity in young children abstract: Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (MPV) are members of the family Paramyxoviridae of the Mononegavirales order, comprising the nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. Paramyxoviridae has two subfamilies: Paramyxovirinae, which includes the parainfluenza viruses 1–4 and measles and mumps viruses, and Pneumovirinae, which includes RSV and MPV. Pneumovirinae has two genera: Pneumovirus, which includes human RSV, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and pneumonia virus of mice, and Metapneumovirus, which includes human MPV and avian metapneumovirus, sometimes called avian pneumovirus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121911/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_26 id: cord-027885-ua8miwes author: Das, Sujata title: Impact of Human Microbiome on Health date: 2020-03-10 words: 6589.0 sentences: 333.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-027885-ua8miwes.txt txt: ./txt/cord-027885-ua8miwes.txt summary: There has been an immense leap from the culture-based surveys of various tissues or organs, for example, of gut and oral cavity, to molecular profiling of the microbial communities and their biochemical products like enzymes, proteins, and amino acids in all the different ecological niches of the human body (Eckburg et al. Since the time of birth of an individual, when the sterile gut of the neonate gets exposed to the biota of mother''s vagina during the vaginal delivery or hospital microbiota in case of caesarean section (which may even include the multidrug-resistant species), the microbes starts their colonisation with an eventual change by the age of 3-5 years, by when an individual starts resembling bacterial community to that of an adult both structurally and functionally (Bull and Plummer 2014) . Microbiome-based approaches involving antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics, faecal microbiota transplantation and nutritional modulators correlate directly with the alteration of immune status of an individual focusing on the innate immunity. abstract: The human genome in the recent years, by the advent of technological advancements, has emerged as a major prolocutor for reciprocity between the human body and the food consumed. As known, microbiome comprises all the genetic materials within a microbiota and can thereby be also referred to as metagenome of the microbiota. Contemporary researches have revealed the influence of microbiome not only on human mind and health status, but also in wide range of disease switching, ranging from cardio-metabolic diseases, allergies and obesities to life-threatening diseases such as cancer. Though the complete mechanism of many diseases is yet unclear, research works have revealed that the metabolites, nutrients and microbes can be regarded as the key players for such physiological state. The major approach of this chapter is to enlighten the interrelationship of the microbiome on the human health either in a synergistic or in an antagonistic manner. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7315774/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-4099-8_20 id: cord-285656-7o7ofk1e author: Dawson, Harry D. title: The porcine translational research database: a manually curated, genomics and proteomics-based research resource date: 2017-08-22 words: 5697.0 sentences: 295.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285656-7o7ofk1e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285656-7o7ofk1e.txt summary: The data in the Porcine Translational Research Database ((http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=6065) is supported by >5800 references, and contains 65 data fields for each entry, including >9700 full length (5′ and 3′) unambiguous pig sequences, >2400 real time PCR assays and reactivity information on >1700 antibodies. This database provides the first comprehensive description of three major Super-families or functionally related groups of proteins (Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Marker genes, Solute Carrier Superfamily, ATP binding Cassette Superfamily), and a comparative description of porcine microRNAs. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4009-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Five of these genes are present in other porcine genomes, but missing from Ensembl build 10.2, 21 are truncated, and 18 of these genes are duplicated gene artifacts, Eleven full-length mRNA sequences, assembled from macrophage RNA-Seq reads, have been deposited in Genbank and an additional 24 in silico constructs are provided. abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of swine in biomedical research has increased dramatically in the last decade. Diverse genomic- and proteomic databases have been developed to facilitate research using human and rodent models. Current porcine gene databases, however, lack the robust annotation to study pig models that are relevant to human studies and for comparative evaluation with rodent models. Furthermore, they contain a significant number of errors due to their primary reliance on machine-based annotation. To address these deficiencies, a comprehensive literature-based survey was conducted to identify certain selected genes that have demonstrated function in humans, mice or pigs. RESULTS: The process identified 13,054 candidate human, bovine, mouse or rat genes/proteins used to select potential porcine homologs by searching multiple online sources of porcine gene information. The data in the Porcine Translational Research Database ((http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=6065) is supported by >5800 references, and contains 65 data fields for each entry, including >9700 full length (5′ and 3′) unambiguous pig sequences, >2400 real time PCR assays and reactivity information on >1700 antibodies. It also contains gene and/or protein expression data for >2200 genes and identifies and corrects 8187 errors (gene duplications artifacts, mis-assemblies, mis-annotations, and incorrect species assignments) for 5337 porcine genes. CONCLUSIONS: This database is the largest manually curated database for any single veterinary species and is unique among porcine gene databases in regard to linking gene expression to gene function, identifying related gene pathways, and connecting data with other porcine gene databases. This database provides the first comprehensive description of three major Super-families or functionally related groups of proteins (Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Marker genes, Solute Carrier Superfamily, ATP binding Cassette Superfamily), and a comparative description of porcine microRNAs. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4009-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-4009-7 doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-4009-7 id: cord-312434-yx24golq author: Deng, Ziqin title: Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis of Human Coronaviruses: Prospects and Implications for COVID-19 Research date: 2020-09-23 words: 6219.0 sentences: 294.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312434-yx24golq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312434-yx24golq.txt summary: Here, we apply bibliometric analysis along with visualization tools to analyze 15,207 publications related to human coronavirus from the Scopus database, using indicators on publication and citation, journal, country or territory, affiliation and international cooperation, author, and keyword co-occurrence cluster. Therefore, in order to accurately, effectively and systematically reveal connections within the human coronavirus field, our study applied bibliometrics and visualization methods to analyze human coronaviruses-related publications and citations, countries and affiliations, as well as journal performance, author impact and keyword cooccurrence cluster. According to these keywords, human coronavirus diseases like "SARS, " "MERS" and COVID-19 may have something worthwhile for comparison with other "infectious diseases" like "influenza" in their epidemiological characteristics; "healthcare workers, " "transmission, " "surveillance, " "quarantine, " or "isolation" may be the focuses of these studies, which can help to promote current disease control and prevention measures. abstract: Human coronaviruses, which can cause a range of infectious diseases, have been studied for nearly 60 years. The field has gained renewed interest from researchers around the world due to the COVID-19 outbreak in late 2019. Despite a large amount of research, little is known about the knowledge structure and developing trends of this topic. Here, we apply bibliometric analysis along with visualization tools to analyze 15,207 publications related to human coronavirus from the Scopus database, using indicators on publication and citation, journal, country or territory, affiliation and international cooperation, author, and keyword co-occurrence cluster. The results show that research on human coronavirus is dominated by SARS-CoV. Although there have been many publications, only 626 publications (4.1% of total) have more than 100 citations. The top 20 journals with most publications account for 20.6% of total publications and 41% of total citations. In addition to the United States and some European countries, many Asian and African countries are involved in this research, with China holding an important position in this area. Leading researchers from various fields of human coronavirus research are listed to facilitate collaboration and promote effective disease prevention and control. The keywords co-occurrence analysis reveals that the research focus on virology, public health, drugs and other hotspot fields, and uncovers changes in the direction of coronavirus research. The research map on human coronavirus obtained by our analysis are expected to help researchers to efficiently and effectively explore COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.581404 doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.581404 id: cord-294812-nnlzwaf1 author: Desforges, Marc title: Neuroinvasive and Neurotropic Human Respiratory Coronaviruses: Potential Neurovirulent Agents in Humans date: 2014-03-12 words: 7096.0 sentences: 318.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-294812-nnlzwaf1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294812-nnlzwaf1.txt summary: However, in some circumstances, viruses can avoid the immune response and cause more severe respiratory diseases [1] or even spread to other tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS), where they could induce other types of pathologies [7] . Coronaviruses, a family of enveloped positive-stranded RNA viruses with a characteristic crown-shaped appearance, are widespread in nature and can infect several different species [44] , in which they cause mainly respiratory and enteric pathologies, with neurotropic and neuroinvasive properties in various hosts including humans, cats, pigs, rodents, and fowl [45] [46] [47] [48] . Furthermore, we have shown that these viruses are able to establish a persistent infection in human cells representative of the CNS [64, 65] and that HCoV-OC43 RNA could be detected for at least a year in the CNS of infected mice that survived the virus-induced acute encephalitis [71] . abstract: In humans, viral infections of the respiratory tract are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several recognized respiratory viral agents have a neuroinvasive capacity since they can spread from the respiratory tract to the central nervous system (CNS). Once there, infection of CNS cells (neurotropism) could lead to human health problems, such as encephalitis and long-term neurological diseases. Among the various respiratory viruses, coronaviruses are important pathogens of humans and animals. Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) usually infect the upper respiratory tract, where they are mainly associated with common colds. However, in more vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly, and immune-compromised individuals, they can also affect the lower respiratory tract, leading to pneumonia, exacerbations of asthma, respiratory distress syndrome, or even severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The respiratory involvement of HCoV has been clearly established since the 1960s. In addition, for almost three decades now, the scientific literature has also demonstrated that HCoV are neuroinvasive and neurotropic and could induce an overactivation of the immune system, in part by participating in the activation of autoreactive immune cells that could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals. Furthermore, it was shown that in the murine CNS, neurons are the main target of infection, which causes these essential cells to undergo degeneration and eventually die by some form of programmed cell death after virus infection. Moreover, it appears that the viral surface glycoprotein (S) represents an important factor in the neurodegenerative process. Given all these properties, it has been suggested that these recognized human respiratory pathogens could be associated with the triggering or the exacerbation of neurological diseases for which the etiology remains unknown or poorly understood. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1777-0_6 doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-1777-0_6 id: cord-308201-lavcsqov author: Desforges, Marc title: Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? date: 2019-12-20 words: 8470.0 sentences: 473.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt summary: Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Even though no clear cause and effect link has ever been made with the onset of human neurological diseases, their neuropathogenicity is being increasingly recognized in humans, as several recent reports associated cases of encephalitis [244] , acute flaccid paralysis [271] and other neurological symptoms, including possible complications of HCoV infection such as Guillain-Barré syndrome or ADEM [249, [272] [273] [274] [275] [276] [277] [278] [279] . Like for several other respiratory viruses, accumulating evidence now indicate that HCoV are neuroinvasive in humans and we hypothesize that these recognized respiratory pathogens are potentially neurovirulent as well, as they could participate in short-and long-term neurological disorders either as a result of inadequate host immune responses and/or viral propagation in the CNS, which directly induces damage to resident cells. abstract: Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract, causing a more severe disease (e.g., pneumonia). Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. Furthermore, as they can adapt fast and cross the species barrier, some of these pathogens, like influenza A and SARS-CoV, have occasionally caused epidemics or pandemics, and were associated with more serious clinical diseases and even mortality. For a few decades now, data reported in the scientific literature has also demonstrated that several respiratory viruses have neuroinvasive capacities, since they can spread from the respiratory tract to the central nervous system (CNS). Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Like other well-recognized neuroinvasive human viruses, respiratory viruses may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune responses that could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus-induced neuro-immunopathology) and/or viral replication, which directly causes damage to CNS cells (virus-induced neuropathology). The etiological agent of several neurological disorders remains unidentified. Opportunistic human respiratory pathogens could be associated with the triggering or the exacerbation of these disorders whose etiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we present a global portrait of some of the most prevalent or emerging human respiratory viruses that have been associated with possible pathogenic processes in CNS infection, with a special emphasis on human coronaviruses. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010014 doi: 10.3390/v12010014 id: cord-298301-p1zj6jg9 author: Dey, Lopamudra title: Machine Learning Techniques for Sequence-based Prediction of Viral-Host Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and Human Proteins date: 2020-09-03 words: 6298.0 sentences: 387.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298301-p1zj6jg9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298301-p1zj6jg9.txt summary: title: Machine Learning Techniques for Sequence-based Prediction of Viral-Host Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and Human Proteins A total of 1326 potential human target proteins of SARS-CoV-2 have been predicted by the proposed ensemble model and validated using gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. In this article, we have tried to predict the target human proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus based on their protein sequences combining amino acid composition, pseudo amino acid composition, and conjoint triad features using machine learning techniques. Subsequently, after feature reduction, we have used some popular supervised learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), Random Forest (RF) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) along with a deep multi-layer perceptron model and ensemble techniques (Voting classifier, XGBoost, AdaBoost) for classification and prediction. A total of 3 sets of sequence-based features, namely, amino acid composition, conjoint triad, and pseudo amino acid composition of the human proteins are considered to train the machine learning models. abstract: BACKGROUND: COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-19), a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Over 15 million people have already been affected worldwide by COVID-19, resulting in more than 0.6 million deaths. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play a key role in the cellular process of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in the human body. Recently a study has reported some SARS-CoV-2 proteins that interact with several human proteins while many potential interactions remain to be identified. METHOD: In this article, various machine learning models are built to predict the PPIs between the virus and human proteins that are further validated using biological experiments. The classification models are prepared based on different sequence-based features of human proteins like amino acid composition, pseudo amino acid composition, and conjoint triad. RESULT: We have built an ensemble voting classifier using SVM(Radial), SVM(Polynomial), and Random Forest technique that gives a greater accuracy, precision, specificity, recall, and F1 score compared to all other models used in the work. A total of 1326 potential human target proteins of SARS-CoV-2 have been predicted by the proposed ensemble model and validated using gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Several repurposable drugs targeting the predicted interactions are also reported. CONCLUSION: This study may encourage the identification of potential targets for more effective anti-COVID drug discovery. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2319417020301360?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.08.003 id: cord-279255-v861kk0i author: Dhama, Kuldeep title: Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date: 2020-06-24 words: 23862.0 sentences: 1164.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt summary: Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Recently, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , emerged in late 2019, and it has posed a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories (1) . Health workers worldwide are currently making efforts to control further disease outbreaks caused by the novel CoV (originally named 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019. abstract: In recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32580969/ doi: 10.1128/cmr.00028-20 id: cord-327063-ea7a1xfl author: Dhama, Kuldeep title: SARS-CoV-2 jumping the species barrier: zoonotic lessons from SARS, MERS and recent advances to combat this pandemic virus date: 2020-08-02 words: 11048.0 sentences: 600.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327063-ea7a1xfl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327063-ea7a1xfl.txt summary: The present review presents a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, with emphasis on the role of animals and their jumping the cross-species barriers, experiences learned from SARSand MERS-CoVs, zoonotic links, and spillover events, transmission to humans and rapid spread, and highlights the new advances in diagnosis, vaccine and therapies, preventive and control measures, one health concept along with recent research developments to counter this pandemic disease. Further research exploring the SARS-CoV-2 associated zoonosis and mechanisms accounting for its initial transmission from animals to humans, will lead to sort out the spread of this virus as well as design and develop appropriate prevention and control strategies to counter COVID-19. The present comprehensive manuscript presents an overview on COVID-19, an emerging SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease while focusing mainly on the events and circumstantial evidences with regards to this virus jumping the species barriers, sharing a few lessons learned from SARS-and MERS-CoVs, zoonotic spillover events (zoonosis), acquiring transmission ability to infect humans, and adopting appropriate preventive and control measures [42] . abstract: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus-2) of the family Coronaviridae, appeared in China in December 2019. This disease was declared as posing Public Health International Emergency by World Health Organization on January 30, 2020, attained the status of a very high-risk category on February 29, and now having a pandemic status (March 11). COVID-19 has presently spread to more than 215 countries/territories while killing nearly 0.62 million humans out of cumulative confirmed infected asymptomatic or symptomatic cases accounting to almost 15 million as of July 22, 2020, within a short period of just a few months. Researchers worldwide are pacing with high efforts to counter the spread of this virus and to design effective vaccines and therapeutics/drugs. Few of the studies have shown the potential of the animal-human interface and zoonotic links in the origin of SARS-CoV-2. Exploring the possible zoonosis and revealing the factors responsible for its initial transmission from animals to humans will pave ways to design and implement effective preventive and control strategies to counter the COVID-19. The present review presents a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, with emphasis on the role of animals and their jumping the cross-species barriers, experiences learned from SARS- and MERS-CoVs, zoonotic links, and spillover events, transmission to humans and rapid spread, and highlights the new advances in diagnosis, vaccine and therapies, preventive and control measures, one health concept along with recent research developments to counter this pandemic disease. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1477893920303264 doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101830 id: cord-293143-1k170shh author: Dieninghoff, Doris title: Fatal HBoV-1 infection in adult female cystic fibrosis patient date: 2016-07-18 words: 1752.0 sentences: 90.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293143-1k170shh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293143-1k170shh.txt summary: A clinical case of fatal HBoV infection in an adult cystic-fibrosis patient awaiting lung transplantation is reported. A clinical case of fatal HBoV infection in an adult cystic-fibrosis patient awaiting lung transplantation is reported. The human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus that is associated with acute and chronic infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, persists in some tissues and solid cancers and putatively may play an aetiologic role in the development of idiopathic lung fibrosis [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . To date, no animal model exists, thus studies on the pathology of HBoV infections are limited to clinical studies, case descriptions, and air-liquid interface cell culture models that have been shown to mimic some important steps of the infection cycle [1, 7, [10] [11] [12] . abstract: A clinical case of fatal HBoV infection in an adult cystic-fibrosis patient awaiting lung transplantation is reported. The case is important as the genetic background of the underlying disease is congruent with the background of the sole permissive permanent cell culture CuFi-8 which originates also from a CF patient donor. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32337159/ doi: 10.1016/j.ehpc.2016.07.001 id: cord-288119-3zq8l5z0 author: Dijkman, Ronald title: Human Coronaviruses 229E and NL63: Close Yet Still So Far date: 2009-04-30 words: 4237.0 sentences: 301.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288119-3zq8l5z0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288119-3zq8l5z0.txt summary: HCoV-NL63 is associated with croup in children, whereas all signs suggest that the virus probably causes the common cold in healthy adults. HCoV-229E is a proven common cold virus in healthy adults, so it is probable that both viruses induce comparable symptoms in adults, even though their mode of infection differs. 20 Almost two decades later, one research group located in the UK identified a human respiratory tract pathogen from nasal washings of persons with the common cold. 6, 64, 65 Studies with HCoV-229E infection of volunteers have shown that reinfection with common cold symptoms occurs when the level of antibodies directed against the virus is low. New human coronavirus, HCoV-NL63, associated with severe lower respiratory tract disease in Australia Lack of association between infection with a novel human coronavirus (HCoV), HCoV-NH, and Kawasaki Disease in Taiwan Human coronavirus-NL63 infection is not associated with acute Kawasaki disease abstract: HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E are two of the four human coronaviruses that circulate worldwide. These two viruses are unique in their relationship towards each other. Phylogenetically, the viruses are more closely related to each other than to any other human coronavirus, yet they only share 65% sequence identity. Moreover, the viruses use different receptors to enter their target cell. HCoV-NL63 is associated with croup in children, whereas all signs suggest that the virus probably causes the common cold in healthy adults. HCoV-229E is a proven common cold virus in healthy adults, so it is probable that both viruses induce comparable symptoms in adults, even though their mode of infection differs. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge on both human coronaviruses, focusing on similarities and differences. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0929664609600668 doi: 10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60066-8 id: cord-016403-id6fjgye author: Djikeng, Appolinaire title: Implications of Human Microbiome Research for the Developing World date: 2011-10-11 words: 8148.0 sentences: 350.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016403-id6fjgye.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016403-id6fjgye.txt summary: New high-throughput sequencing and data analysis approaches (Costello et al., 2009; Turnbaugh et al., 2009) , along with novel diversity screens and even more intrinsic single cell approaches to isolating new species (Lasken, 2009) , have presented the sciences with a unique opportunity to investigate and interrogate the microorganisms that are associated with the human body, all at a greater depth than previously appreciated. Global human microbiome studies using metagenomics analysis of known and unknown microorganisms provide unique but powerful opportunities to uncover the near-complete composition of the microbial content of an individual or a population at any given time, thus setting the stage for a comprehensive inventory of the genetic characteristics of potential human pathogens. Another example of the potential to come from using human metagenomic research and approaches in the developing world relates to another emerging infectious pathogen that causes Leptospirosis. abstract: The human microbiome refers to all of the species that inhabit the human body, residing both on and in it. Over the past several years, there has been a significantly increased interest directed to the understanding of the microorganisms that reside on and in the human body. These studies of the human microbiome promise to reveal all these species and increase our understanding of the normal inhabitants, those that trigger disease and those that vary in response to disease conditions. It is anticipated that these directed research efforts, coupled with new technological advances, will ultimately allow one to gain a greater understanding of the relationships of these species with their human hosts. The various chapters in this book present a range of aspects of human microbiome research, explain the scientific and technological rationale, and highlight the significant potential that the results from these studies hold. In this chapter, we begin to address the potential and long-term implications of the knowledge gained from human microbiome research (which currently is centered in the developed world) for the developing world, which has often lagged behind in the benefits of these new technologies and their implications to new research areas. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120668/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7089-3_16 id: cord-349168-ec5p9b2f author: Domingues, Célia P. F. title: The Social Distancing Imposed To Contain COVID-19 Can Affect Our Microbiome: a Double-Edged Sword in Human Health date: 2020-09-16 words: 2146.0 sentences: 99.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349168-ec5p9b2f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349168-ec5p9b2f.txt summary: Interrupting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between individuals in a social network through confinement and adherence to rules of hygiene and social distancing has been important to contain COVID-19 spread, yet it also decreases the likelihood of sharing other microorganisms of the human microbiota. We also argue that these measures could have two opposite consequences for COVID-19: (i) the loss of biodiversity, if not effectively restored, could be perennial and persist from one generation to the next, potentially driving to disease and a poorer prognostic of COVID-19, in a perverse and negative effect; (ii) social isolation and imposed hygiene rules can also lead to a decrease in the transmission of microorganisms and their genes from one individual to another, which might result in the dissociation of the correlation between the diversity of bacterial antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes (29, 30) . abstract: Hygienic measures imposed to control the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and contain COVID-19 have proven effective in controlling the pandemic. In this article, we argue that these measures could impact the human microbiome in two different and disparate ways, acting as a double-edged sword in human health. New lines of research have shown that the diversity of human intestinal and oropharyngeal microbiomes can shape pulmonary viral infection progression. Here, we suggest that the disruption in microbial sharing, as it is associated with dysbiosis (loss of bacterial diversity associated with an imbalance of the microbiota with deleterious consequences for the host), may worsen the prognosis of COVID-19 disease. In addition, social detachment can also decrease the rate of transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, it seems crucial to perform new studies combining the pandemic control of COVID-19 with the diversity of the human microbiome. url: https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00716-20 doi: 10.1128/msphere.00716-20 id: cord-301856-71syce4n author: Domínguez-Andrés, Jorge title: Impact of Historic Migrations and Evolutionary Processes on Human Immunity date: 2019-11-27 words: 8191.0 sentences: 335.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301856-71syce4n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301856-71syce4n.txt summary: With the burst of next-generation sequencing and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and systems biology, we are starting to witness the great impact of evolutionary processes on human immunity and how the interactions between microorganisms and humans that took place millennia ago might play a fundamental role not only in the response against modern pathogenic threats, but also in the emergence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases observed in modern populations worldwide. Specific genetic variants selected throughout different periods of human history may have influenced immune responses of present-day populations against pathogenic microorganisms and may have played a role in the development of certain inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Patients with African ancestry present a higher frequency of MTB-related genetic variants than individuals from other populations, including variants in the gene encoding for Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6), mediating cellular responses to bacterial Malaria is one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in the history of humanity. abstract: The evolution of mankind has constantly been influenced by the pathogens encountered. The various populations of modern humans that ventured out of Africa adapted to different environments and faced a large variety of infectious agents, resulting in local adaptations of the immune system for these populations. The functional variation of immune genes as a result of evolution is relevant in the responses against infection, as well as in the emergence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases observed in modern populations. Understanding how host–pathogen interactions have influenced the human immune system from an evolutionary perspective might contribute to unveiling the causes behind different immune-mediated disorders and promote the development of new strategies to detect and control such diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2019.10.001 doi: 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.001 id: cord-276954-6m74kejh author: Dubé, Simon title: Foundations of Erobotics date: 2020-10-28 words: 19564.0 sentences: 894.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276954-6m74kejh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276954-6m74kejh.txt summary: Erobots, such as virtual or augmented partners, erotic chatbots, and sex robots, increasingly expose humans to the possibility of intimacy and sexuality with artificial agents. In fact, to fully grasp the extent of current and future human-machine interaction and their socio-technological co-evolution, it is essential to understand that erobots are not just their perceived characters (e.g., Harmony''s VR character or robotic-headed doll), but are composed of vast interconnected, multi-layered, and (increasingly adaptative) multi-agent systems that enable their (emerging) capabilities [161, 228] . Since a plethora of variables are implied in the study of human-machine erotic co-evolution, our model is not deterministic, but probabilistic: it rests upon the way humans and erobots are likely to influence each other''s erotic cognition [217] through interactions (e.g., experiences of social and sexual rewards that motivate individuals to engage or not in erotic behaviours; [234, 288] ) and their potential impacts on each other''s ecological niche-ranging from micro to macrosystems (e.g., technological to sociocultural environments; [42] ). abstract: Technology is giving rise to artificial erotic agents, which we call erobots (erôs + bot). Erobots, such as virtual or augmented partners, erotic chatbots, and sex robots, increasingly expose humans to the possibility of intimacy and sexuality with artificial agents. Their advent has sparked academic and public debates: some denounce their risks (e.g., promotion of harmful sociosexual norms), while others defend their potential benefits (e.g., health, education, and research applications). Yet, the scientific study of human–machine erotic interaction is limited; no comprehensive theoretical models have been proposed and the empirical literature remains scarce. The current research programs investigating erotic technologies tend to focus on the risks and benefits of erobots, rather than providing solutions to resolve the former and enhance the latter. Moreover, we feel that these programs underestimate how humans and machines unpredictably interact and co-evolve, as well as the influence of sociocultural processes on technological development and meaning attribution. To comprehensively explore human–machine erotic interaction and co-evolution, we argue that we need a new unified transdisciplinary field of research—grounded in sexuality and technology positive frameworks—focusing on human-erobot interaction and co-evolution as well as guiding the development of beneficial erotic machines. We call this field Erobotics. As a first contribution to this new discipline, this article defines Erobotics and its related concepts; proposes a model of human-erobot interaction and co-evolution; and suggests a path to design beneficial erotic machines that could mitigate risks and enhance human well-being. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33133302/ doi: 10.1007/s12369-020-00706-0 id: cord-009614-lbjesv8y author: Durmuş Tekir, Saliha D. title: Systems biology of pathogen‐host interaction: Networks of protein‐protein interaction within pathogens and pathogen‐human interactions in the post‐genomic era date: 2012-11-29 words: 7117.0 sentences: 394.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009614-lbjesv8y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009614-lbjesv8y.txt summary: [20] , resulting in the identification of known and novel PPIs. Interactions among structural and non-structural proteins were revealed in the study, leading to the conclusion that almost all of the viral proteins encoded by the genome function in the HCV life-cycle, as in the cases of other members of the flaviviridae [43] . The genome-wide intraviral protein interaction maps for three members of this family, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were generated by two-hybrid and analyzed comprehensively to reveal viral network properties [38, 39] . Insights gained into molecular mechanisms and topological network properties provided by the genome-wide analyses of intraviral PPI maps (Table 1 ) may be used as a basis for further characterization of the functions and mechanisms of viral proteins, especially for other members of the same virus families. abstract: Infectious diseases comprise some of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Interactions between pathogen and host proteins underlie the process of infection. Improved understanding of pathogen‐host molecular interactions will increase our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in infection, and allow novel therapeutic solutions to be devised. Complete genome sequences for a number of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as the human host, has led to the revelation of their protein‐protein interaction (PPI) networks. In this post‐genomic era, pathogen‐host interactions (PHIs) operating during infection can also be mapped. Detailed systematic analyses of PPI and PHI data together are required for a complete understanding of pathogenesis of infections. Here we review the striking results recently obtained during the construction and investigation of these networks. Emphasis is placed on studies producing large‐scale interaction data by high‐throughput experimental techniques. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161785/ doi: 10.1002/biot.201200110 id: cord-022889-lv6fy6e6 author: Dávalos, Alberto title: Literature review of baseline information on non‐coding RNA (ncRNA) to support the risk assessment of ncRNA‐based genetically modified plants for food and feed date: 2019-08-07 words: 96011.0 sentences: 5041.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022889-lv6fy6e6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022889-lv6fy6e6.txt summary: This report suggests that some plant ncRNAs (e.g miRNAs and siRNAs) show higher stability as compared to other ncRNAs due to peculiar chemical characteristics (2''‐O‐methylation at 3'' end).However, ingested or administered ncRNA must overcome many extracellular and cellular barriers to reach the intended target tissue or functional location in sufficient amount to exert any biological effect. Finally, the publications reporting the outcome of two EFSA procurements aiming respectively at investigating and summarising the state of knowledge on the mode-of-action of dsRNA and miRNA pathways, the potential for non-target gene regulation by dsRNA-derived siRNAs or miRNAs, the determination of siRNA pools in plant tissues and the importance of individual siRNAs for silencing 6 ; and reviewing relevant scientific information on RNA interference that could serve as baseline information for the environmental risk assessment of RNAi-based GM plants ) 7 were also used. abstract: This report is the outcome of an EFSA procurement (NP/EFSA/GMO/2016/01) reviewing relevant scientific information on ncRNA and on RNA interference(RNAi) that could support the food and feed risk assessment of ncRNA‐based genetically modified (GM) plants. Information was retrieved through key words and key questions covering the stability and degradation of ncRNAs after oral ingestion, the passage of ncRNAs from food and feed to human and animal organs and tissues via the gastrointestinal tract and other barriers, as well as the potential effects on the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system or the entire organism.Full description of the strategy used for the literature search and for studies selectionis provided and the number of retrieved publications is reported. This report is divided into four partsdiscussing the kinetics of exogenous ncRNAs in humans and animals, with focus on ingested ncRNAs (Part 1); the possible effects of ncRNAs on the gastrointestinal tract (Part 2), systemically(Part 3)and on the immune system (Part 4). This report suggests that some plant ncRNAs (e.g miRNAs and siRNAs) show higher stability as compared to other ncRNAs due to peculiar chemical characteristics (2’‐O‐methylation at 3’ end).However, ingested or administered ncRNA must overcome many extracellular and cellular barriers to reach the intended target tissue or functional location in sufficient amount to exert any biological effect. Literature data indicate that chemically unmodified and unformulated ncRNAs exhibit very low stability in the gastrointestinal tract and in biological fluids and, in general, do not elicit major biological effects.This report also provides an overview of the RNA content in plant‐derived foods and diets and discusses the controversies on the presence of dietary exogenous RNAs in the biological fluids of humans and animals and their effects. Finally, gaps in the scientific literature are highlighted and recommendations provided url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163523/ doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.en-1688 id: cord-022393-s26d54ew author: E. Newcomer, Christian title: Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date: 2007-09-02 words: 17040.0 sentences: 872.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt summary: Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated implications in the New World serocomplex group are present among the wild rodents endemic to the United States such as Neotoma spp. Many published reports of human LCM infection are associated with laboratory animal and pet contact, particularly mice and hamsters, and these studies now span many decades (Armstrong and Lillie 1934; Bowen et al. The apparent ease with which LCMV is transmitted to humans also occurs in a variety of other laboratory animal species; hamsters, guinea pigs, swine, dogs, and nonhuman primates, especially callitrichids, which readily sustain natural infections. akari infections depend on the prevention of wild mice and the mite vector from entering laboratory animal facilities and human dwellings. abstract: Zoonoses refers to the infectious diseases and infestations that are transmissible directly from an animal host to humans. The biomedical literature contains numerous reports of zoonotic diseases and parasitic infestations from laboratory mice and their wild counterparts. The extended maintenance of the laboratory mouse over a number of generations under controlled and increasingly sophisticated laboratory animal housing conditions with veterinary oversight and effective infection control measures has markedly reduced the likelihood that zoonotic agents would be encountered in a modem animal care and use environment. Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated hazards. In addition to the zoonoses, mice are capable of inflicting bites on inadequately trained personnel and are a rich source of allergens for a substantial number of persons predisposed to develop mouse-associated allergic sensitivities. This chapter discusses the mouse-associated zoonotic diseases and other health hazards and explains the strategies that are helpful for reducing or eliminating the risk of personnel exposure to these conditions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155645/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012369454-6/50054-6 id: cord-021113-e4ya7llm author: Elliott, David title: Divine omniscience, privacy, and the state date: 2017-02-02 words: 11118.0 sentences: 515.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021113-e4ya7llm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021113-e4ya7llm.txt summary: If so, it seems that these traditional theologies face a moral problem: God''s total observation violates human privacy in a way that seems wrong in most human contexts. We shall begin our discussion by developing further the problem of human privacy posed by traditional Jewish, Islamic, and Christian conceptions of God. As we have just mentioned, theologians in these traditions hold that God engages in a seemingly relentless form of total observation. So while omniscience may excuse God''s total observation, it simply does not follow without any further argument that human privacy has not been violated, that something morally bad has not occurred. He or she could (i) accept that one or both of (1) and (2) are correct, and hence hold that total observation is always-even for God-prima facie morally wrong or bad, but then argue that some set of higher principles justifies the infringement of human privacy. abstract: Traditional theism teaches that God engages in a relentless form of observation for every human being. If, as is widely supposed, humans have a right to privacy, then it seems that God constantly violates this right. In this paper we argue that there is both a defensible philosophical excuse and justification for this infringement. We also argue that this defense is extensible to human social and political contexts; it provides the vital elements of a theory of just privacy infringement. This theory is broadly compatible both with major forms of political theory (except anarchistic ones) and with the main conceptions of privacy defended in recent philosophical and jurisprudential literature. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149037/ doi: 10.1007/s11153-017-9612-7 id: cord-018834-4ligp4ak author: Farag, Ehab title: The Perioperative Use of Albumin date: 2016-06-23 words: 7554.0 sentences: 379.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018834-4ligp4ak.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018834-4ligp4ak.txt summary: HSA is the most important antioxidant capacity of human plasma, in addition to its ability to protect the body from the harmful effects of heavy metals such as iron and copper and reduce their ability to produce reactive oxygen radicals. Recently, its use has been questioned following a widely publicized meta-analysis in 1998 that reported increased mortality in patients who received albumin solutions; the role of albumin administration in critically ill patients became highly controversial. However, the results of this meta-analysis have been challenged by several metaanalyses, randomized controlled trials that not only proved the safety of HSA but its benefi t especially in patients with sepsis, liver failure, hypoalbuminemia, and burns [ 1 -4 ] . HSA administration favorably infl uences plasma thiol-dependent antioxidant status, as well as levels of protein oxidative damage in patients with sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [ 21 , 22 ] . abstract: Human serum albumin (HSA) is the predominant product of hepatic protein synthesis and one of the more abundant plasma proteins. HSA is a monomeric multidomain macromolecule, representing the main determinant of plasma oncotic pressure and the main modulator of fluid distribution between body compartments. HSA displays an essential role in maintaining the integrity of the vascular barrier. HSA is the most important antioxidant capacity of human plasma, in addition to its ability to protect the body from the harmful effects of heavy metals such as iron and copper and reduce their ability to produce reactive oxygen radicals. HSA is the main depot for nitric oxide (NO) transport in the blood. HSA represents the main carrier for fatty acids, affects pharmacokinetics of many drugs, and provides the metabolic modification of some drugs and displays pseudo-enzymatic properties. HSA has been widely used successfully for more than 50 years in many settings of perioperative medicine including hypovolemia, shock, burns, surgical blood loss, sepsis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Recently, the use of HSA has shown a promising neuroprotective effect in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The most recent evidence-based functions and uses of HSA in the perioperative period are reviewed in this chapter. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123816/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-39141-0_9 id: cord-282878-8qgsq2km author: Fignani, Daniela title: SARS-CoV-2 receptor Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme type 2 (ACE2) is expressed in human pancreatic β-cells and in the human pancreas microvasculature date: 2020-10-23 words: 7565.0 sentences: 359.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282878-8qgsq2km.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282878-8qgsq2km.txt summary: Finally, using RT-qPCR, RNA-seq and High-Content imaging screening analysis, we demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines, but not palmitate, increases ACE2 expression in the β-cell line EndoC-βH1 and in primary human pancreatic islets. To address this question, we screened the ACE2 expression pattern in human pancreata obtained from adult non-diabetic multiorgan donors and in the insulin-producing human β-cell line EndoC-βH1, using different methodologies, multiple reagents, and publicly available or in-house generated RNA sequencing datasets. Here, we adopted multiple technologies and reagents to thoroughly analyse presence of ACE2, both at mRNA and protein level, in order to evaluate its expression and localization in pancreatic tissue samples obtained from adult non-diabetic multiorgan donors from the INNODIA EUnPOD biobank collection, in enzymatic-and LCM-isolated primary adult human pancreatic islets and in human β-cell line EndoC-βH1. Importantly, a recent report showed that human pancreatic islets can be infected in vitro by SARS-CoV-2 (23), supporting our observations of a specific tropism of the virus due to ACE2 expression. abstract: Increasing evidence demonstrated that the expression of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme type 2 (ACE2), is a necessary step for SARS-CoV-2 infection permissiveness. In the light of the recent data highlighting an association between COVID-19 and diabetes, a detailed analysis aimed at evaluating ACE2 expression pattern distribution in human pancreas is still lacking. Here, we took advantage of INNODIA network EUnPOD biobank collection to thoroughly analyse ACE2, both at mRNA and protein level, in multiple human pancreatic tissues and using several methodologies. Using multiple reagents and antibodies, we showed that ACE2 is expressed in human pancreatic islets, where it is preferentially expressed in subsets of insulin producing β-cells. ACE2 is also is highly expressed in pancreas microvasculature pericytes and moderately expressed in rare scattered ductal cells. By using different ACE2 antibodies we showed that a recently described short-ACE2 isoform is also prevalently expressed in human β-cells. Finally, using RT-qPCR, RNA-seq and High-Content imaging screening analysis, we demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines, but not palmitate, increases ACE2 expression in the β-cell line EndoC-βH1 and in primary human pancreatic islets. Taken together, our data indicate a potential link between SARS-CoV-2 and diabetes through putative infection of pancreatic microvasculature and/or ductal cells and/or through direct β-cell virus tropism. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.23.208041 doi: 10.1101/2020.07.23.208041 id: cord-332569-af8oq2d6 author: Friedman, Henry title: The Critical Role of Nonhuman Primates in Medical Research date: 2017-08-23 words: 4631.0 sentences: 306.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332569-af8oq2d6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332569-af8oq2d6.txt summary: While NHPs account for just one-half of one percent of animals in current medical research, it is no exaggeration to say they are essential to our ability to find cures for cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer''s, Parkinson''s, obesity/diabetes, and dozens of other diseases that cause human suffering and death. This research is also helping scientists to uncover information that makes human organ transplants easier and more accessible, literally giving new life to those whose kidneys, hearts, and lungs are failing. The islets in mice, rats, pigs, and other animals share some similarities with humans, but there are important differences, making monkeys a critical model for developing treatment and prevention methods, and for testing new therapies for people with diabetes. â�¢ NHPs shown to naturally develop diabetes, which is the same disease as in humans, thus opening the path to research for new treatments. abstract: The sponsors of this report endorse carefully regulated research with nonhuman primates. This research is essential to learning about the biology, treatment and prevention of diseases and conditions that cause human suffering. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29034361/ doi: 10.20411/pai.v2i3.186 id: cord-342054-1u2fkwx3 author: Funaro, Ada title: Generation of potent neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against cytomegalovirus infection from immune B cells date: 2008-11-12 words: 5484.0 sentences: 277.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342054-1u2fkwx3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342054-1u2fkwx3.txt summary: The available therapeutic armamentarium (e.g. HCMV hyperimmune globulins or antivirals) is associated with severe side effects and the emergence of drug-resistant strains; therefore, neutralizing human mAb may be a decisive alternative in the prevention of primary and re-activated HCMV infections in these patients. The strengths of this approach are: i) it allows the selection of human monoclonal IgG to a variety of antigens, from a small sample of fresh or frozen peripheral blood, ii) it is rapid, iii) screening can be performed using a variety of assays, including functional assays, iv) the mAbs of interest can be easily produced from the original clone as recombinant proteins suitable for clinical applications, and v) the generation of IgGsecreting polyclonal populations can be considered as a library of antibody-secreting cells that can be used to select mAbs with specificities not considered when cells were immortalized. abstract: BACKGROUND: Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated as a result of the immune response are likely to be the most effective therapeutic antibodies, particularly in the case of infectious diseases against which the immune response is protective. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an ubiquitous opportunistic virus that is the most serious pathogenic agent in transplant patients. The available therapeutic armamentarium (e.g. HCMV hyperimmune globulins or antivirals) is associated with severe side effects and the emergence of drug-resistant strains; therefore, neutralizing human mAb may be a decisive alternative in the prevention of primary and re-activated HCMV infections in these patients. RESULTS: The purpose of this study was to generate neutralizing mAb against HCMV from the immunological repertoire of immune donors. To this aim, we designed an efficient technology relying on two discrete and sequential steps: first, human B-lymphocytes are stimulated with TLR9-agonists and IL-2; second, after both additives are removed, the cells are infected with EBV. Using this strategy we obtained 29 clones secreting IgG neutralizing the HCMV infectivity; four among these were further characterized. All of the mAbs neutralize the infection in different combinations of HCMV strains and target cells, with a potency ~20 fold higher than that of the HCMV hyperimmune globulins, currently used in transplant recipients. Recombinant human monoclonal IgG1 suitable as a prophylactic or therapeutic tool in clinical applications has been generated. CONCLUSION: The technology described has proven to be more reproducible, efficient and rapid than previously reported techniques, and can be adopted at low overall costs by any cell biology laboratory for the development of fully human mAbs for immunotherapeutic uses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19014469/ doi: 10.1186/1472-6750-8-85 id: cord-347884-zpzncgiv author: Galimberti, Andrea title: Rethinking Urban and Food Policies to Improve Citizens Safety After COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-10-08 words: 5473.0 sentences: 234.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347884-zpzncgiv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347884-zpzncgiv.txt summary: Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. abstract: The ongoing pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is literally changing the world. From December 2019 to date, more than 22 million cases have been reported worldwide and global health institutions are acting to slow down the virus transmission and are looking for possible prevention strategies in case of a new outbreak. As in other endemic or pandemic phenomena, the issues mostly covered by scientific and media attention are related to the diagnostic and therapeutic approach of COVID-19. However, a still neglected issue regards the adoption of a more systemic approach considering the close connection among the infection, the environment, and human behaviors, including the role of diet and urban management. To shed light on this issue, we brought together a faculty group involving experts in environment and biodiversity, food safety, human nutrition, and behavior, bioprospecting, as well as medical doctors having a deep knowledge of the complex historical relationship between humanity and vector-borne infections. Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. Definitely, some priority issues should be addressed to achieve these goals, such as global efforts to increase food safety and security, which would benefit from urban and peri-urban agriculture enhancement, smallholder food producers support, and ecosystem services and local biodiversity maintenance. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.569542 doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.569542 id: cord-292075-t9z7zqz4 author: Gessain, Antoine title: Mécanismes d’émergence virale et transmission interespèces : l’exemple des rétrovirus Foamy simiens chezl’Homme en Afrique Centrale date: 2013-12-31 words: 2159.0 sentences: 133.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292075-t9z7zqz4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292075-t9z7zqz4.txt summary: After reviewing the current available data on the discovery, cross-species transmission from monkeys and apes to humans of the simian foamy retroviruses, we will report the results of our study. These populations are living nearby the habitats of several monkeys and apes, often naturally infected by different retroviruses including SIV, STLV and simian foamy virus. These populations are living nearby the habitats of several monkeys and apes, often naturally infected by different retroviruses including SIV, STLV and simian foamy virus. After reviewing the current available data on the discovery, cross-species transmission from monkeys and apes to humans of the simian foamy INTRODUCTION L''espèce humaine est en contact permanent avec l''environnement qui contient une multitude d''agents infectieux (virus, bactéries, parasites, champignons). Cross-species transmission of simian retroviruses, how and why they could lead to the emergence of new diseases in the human population Two distinct variants of simian foamy virus in naturally infected mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and cross-species transmission to humans abstract: SUMMARY A large proportion of viral pathogens that have emerged during the last decades in humans are considered to have originated from various animal species. This is well exemplified by several recent epidemics such as those of Nipah, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Avian flu, Ebola, Monkeypox, and Hantaviruses. After the initial interspecies transmission per se, the viruses can disseminate into the human population through various and distinct mechanisms. Some of them are well characterized and understood, thus allowing a certain level of risk control and prevention. Surprisingly and in contrast, the initial steps that lead to the emergence of several viruses, and of their associated diseases, remain still poorly understood. Epidemiological field studies conducted in certain specific high-risk populations are thus necessary to obtain new insights into the early events of this emergence process. Human infections by simian viruses represent increasing public health concerns. Indeed, by virtue of their genetic and physiological similarities, non-human primates (NHPs) are considered to be likely the sources of viruses that can infect humans and thus may pose a significant threat to human population. This is well illustrated by retroviruses, which have the ability to cross species, adapt to a new host and sometimes spread within these new species. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic studies have thus clearly showed that the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 in humans have resulted from several independent interspecies transmissions of different SIV types from Chimpanzees and African monkeys (including sooty mangabeys), respectively, probably during the first part of the last century. The situation for Human T cell Lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is, for certain aspects, quite comparable. Indeed, the origin of most HTLV-1 subtypes appears to be linked to interspecies transmission between STLV-1-infected monkeys and humans, followed by variable periods of evolution in the human host. In this review, after an introduction on emerging viruses, we will briefly present the results of a large epidemiological study performed in groups of Bantus and Pygmies living in villages and settlements located in the rain forest of the South region of Cameroon. These populations are living nearby the habitats of several monkeys and apes, often naturally infected by different retroviruses including SIV, STLV and simian foamy virus. Most of the persons included in this study were hunters of such NHPs, thus at high risk of contact with infected body fluids (blood, saliva,...) during hunting activities. After reviewing the current available data on the discovery, cross-species transmission from monkeys and apes to humans of the simian foamy retroviruses, we will report the results of our study. Such infection is a unique natural model to study the different mechanisms of restriction of retroviral emergence in Humans. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26137812/ doi: 10.1016/s0001-4079(19)31387-1 id: cord-305302-go87uu06 author: Gessain, Antoine title: Editorial overview: Emerging viruses: interspecies transmission date: 2015-02-28 words: 2482.0 sentences: 112.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305302-go87uu06.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305302-go87uu06.txt summary: Furthermore, some of these diseases, associated with emerging viruses, had recent major public health impact, as exemplified in humans by the AIDS [1] , hepatitis C pandemics [2] , or the current Ebola disease epidemic, or in crops by cassava mosaic disease, which seriously compromises food security in East Africa [3] . The emergence of a new viral associated disease or of a new virus is indeed the result of a sequence of successive steps, sometimes complex, and is often related to the entanglement of several factors: socioeconomic or particular cultural activities, increased mobility of human, animal and plant mobility (''the world is a global village''), human exploitation of the environment as deforestation or increase of agricultural or otherwise human managed land, resulting in loss of biodiversity or ecosystem simplification, disruption of human, animal and plant health systems in armed conflict, urbanization with development of huge slums of great poverty and basic hygiene, decreased interest in the surveillance and control of infectious diseases, use of unsterile medical equipment as part of therapeutic and/or mass vaccination and, finally, the ability of certain viruses to adapt quickly to a changing environment. abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879625715000243 doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.02.001 id: cord-029209-v2w0i2ex author: Gilder, Alexander title: International law and human security in a kaleidoscopic world date: 2020-07-15 words: 8871.0 sentences: 428.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-029209-v2w0i2ex.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029209-v2w0i2ex.txt summary: 3 The concept of ''human security'' can be used as a conceptual framework to allow international law to better focus its attention on the individual and be responsive to the needs of persons affected by insecurity. 49 It is suggested here that human security is based upon five principles, namely, (1) existing rights and norms, (2) a focus on the vital core identified in a bottom-up manner, (3) a concern for vulnerability and building resilience, (4) preventative protection, and (5) the empowerment of people to act on their own behalf and implement solutions to security threats. abstract: International law is being challenged by a multitude of new actors and networks that do not fit within the traditional Westphalian system. Similarly, security is increasingly undermined by, for example, economic, health, and environmental threats that can affect individuals’ daily lives and know no state boundaries. This is the kaleidoscopic world as outlined by Edith Brown Weiss. The concept of ‘human security’ has been advanced to inform decision-making on threats to security in the interest of individuals in a bottom-up manner. This article looks forward to methods that can counter what could be perceived as a legitimacy crisis in international law. First, some of the current challenges which international law faces are explained ranging from globalisation, the declining state-based order, and decentralised security threats. Second, the concept of human security is defined, and its contents expounded. Lastly, the thesis is advanced that a conceptual framework of human security can reorientate international law to be responsive to the kaleidoscopic world by using UN peace operations as an example of where human security could have a profound impact. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7360997/ doi: 10.1007/s40901-020-00109-w id: cord-310905-1oqfh8of author: Gill, Karamjit S. title: Strange affair of man with the machine date: 2020-10-13 words: 4399.0 sentences: 179.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310905-1oqfh8of.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310905-1oqfh8of.txt summary: We have now gone way past the era of human-machine collaboration and heuristics of problem solving of the earlier AIs, we now live in the era of the prediction AIs. Whist the academic community may be overjoyed with their work on prediction and affective computing to solve societal problems, the same prediction paradigm is being appropriated by high-tech companies and security agencies for automating mass surveillance of people and communities. (Cooley 2013) Whilst the medical and health professionals and data science researchers see COVID-19 data as a guide to predict scenarios of infection, fatality, and develop guidelines for safety, the same data are being appropriated by surveillance proponents to promote machine leaning algorithms and apps as instrumental tools for locating, facial recognition, monitoring and tracing people under the cloak of cloak of public safety, national security, fraud detection, and even disease control and diagnosis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33071473/ doi: 10.1007/s00146-020-01078-9 id: cord-350286-n7ylgqfu author: Giri, Rajanish title: When Darkness Becomes a Ray of Light in the Dark Times: Understanding the COVID-19 via the Comparative Analysis of the Dark Proteomes of SARS-CoV-2, Human SARS and Bat SARS-Like Coronaviruses date: 2020-04-03 words: 15827.0 sentences: 874.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350286-n7ylgqfu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350286-n7ylgqfu.txt summary: The results of this analysis are summarized in Table 2 , which clearly shows that most of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins contain at least one MoRF, indicating that disorder does play an important role in the functionality of these viral proteins. As it follows from Figure 3 , these cleavage sites are located within the IDPRs. In Human SARS CoV S protein, fusion peptide (residues 770-788) is located within a flexible region, is characterized by the mean disorder score of 0.232±0.053. Global analysis of intrinsic disorder in the replicase polyprotein 1ab Table 3 represents the PPID mean scores of 15 non-structural proteins (Nsps) derived from the Replicase polyprotein 1ab in SARS-CoV-2, Human SARS CoV, and Bat CoV. Similar to many other non-structural proteins of coronaviruses, Nsp15s from SARS-CoV-2, Human SARS, and Bat CoV are predicted to possess multiple flexible regions but contain virtually no IDPRs (see Figures 32A, 32B, and 32C) . abstract: Recently emerged coronavirus designated as SARS-CoV-2 (also known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or Wuhan coronavirus) is a causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is rapidly spreading throughout the world now. More than 9,00,000 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and more than 47,000 COVID-19-associated mortalities have been reported worldwide till the writing of this article, and these numbers are increasing every passing hour. World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the SARS-CoV-2 spread as a global public health emergency and admitted that the COVID-19 is a pandemic now. The multiple sequence alignment data correlated with the already published reports on the SARS-CoV-2 evolution and indicated that this virus is closely related to the bat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-like coronavirus (bat SARS-like CoV) and the well-studied Human SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV). The disordered regions in viral proteins are associated with the viral infectivity and pathogenicity. Therefore, in this study, we have exploited a set of complementary computational approaches to examine the dark proteomes of SARS-CoV-2, bat SARS-like, and human SARS CoVs by analysing the prevalence of intrinsic disorder in their proteins. According to our findings, SARS-CoV-2 proteome contains very significant levels of structural order. In fact, except for Nucleocapsid, Nsp8, and ORF6, the vast majority of SARS-CoV-2 proteins are mostly ordered proteins containing less intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs). However, IDPRs found in SARS-CoV-2 proteins are functionally important. For example, cleavage sites in its replicase 1ab polyprotein are found to be highly disordered, and almost all SARS-CoV-2 proteins were shown to contain molecular recognition features (MoRFs), which are intrinsic disorder-based protein-protein interaction sites that are commonly utilized by proteins for interaction with specific partners. The results of our extensive investigation of the dark side of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome will have important implications for the structural and non-structural biology of SARS or SARS-like coronaviruses. Significance The infection caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes severe respiratory disease with pneumonia-like symptoms in humans is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. No in-depth information on structures and functions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins is currently available in the public domain, and no effective anti-viral drugs and/or vaccines are designed for the treatment of this infection. Our study provides the first comparative analysis of the order- and disorder-based features of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome relative to human SARS and bat CoV that may be useful for structure-based drug discovery. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.13.990598 doi: 10.1101/2020.03.13.990598 id: cord-348100-jr923fcu author: Giseke, Undine title: COVID-19—does social distancing include species distancing? date: 2020-06-08 words: 1440.0 sentences: 84.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348100-jr923fcu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348100-jr923fcu.txt summary: While in the Anthropocene discourse a shift in the centrality of humans to the deep evolutionary processes of the earth''s history, i.e. deep time, and the depth of the geological layers of the earth, i.e. geomorphology or deep ground (Wieck and Giseke 2018) , has already begun, COVID-19 has forced us to significantly broaden our focus. COVID-19 also ultimately reminds us of the manifold unsolved challenges of the porosity and closure of borders between different species, humans, animals and viruses, and of the organisation of space associated with them. In questions of nutrition, everyday each of us is, in dependence on the global food system, a contributor and decision maker regarding our direct links to non-human species. This virus makes it clear to us that the times of uninhibited consumption are finally over, and that more space, both mentally and physically, must be given to questions of co-existence. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836755/ doi: 10.1007/s10460-020-10066-0 id: cord-308857-otsrexqu author: Goel, Saurav title: Resilient and Agile Engineering Solutions to Address Societal Challenges such as Coronavirus Pandemic date: 2020-05-28 words: 10608.0 sentences: 526.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308857-otsrexqu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308857-otsrexqu.txt summary: This newly identified disease is caused by a new strain of the virus being referred to as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS CoV-2; formerly called 2019-nCoV). We review the current medical and manufacturing response to COVID-19, including advances in instrumentation, sensing, use of lasers, fumigation chambers and development of novel tools such as lab-on-the-chip using combinatorial additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques and use of molecular modelling and molecular docking in drug and vaccine discovery. However, the coronavirus isolated from pangolins is 99% similar in a specific region of the Spike protein, which corresponds to the 74 amino acids involved in the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptor binding domain, which allows the virus to enter human cells to infect them as shown in Figure 2 (b). (figures reprinted with permission) Our nasal lining tissue contains a rich number of cell receptors called angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which are favourable sites for the SARS CoV-2 to attach its spiked protein to, thus paving way for the entrance of the virus inside the body. abstract: The world is witnessing tumultuous times as major economic powers including the US, UK, Russia, India, and most of Europe continue to be in a state of lockdown. The worst-hit sectors due to this lockdown are sales, production (manufacturing), transport (aerospace and automotive) and tourism. Lockdowns became necessary as a preventive measure to avoid the spread of the contagious and infectious “Coronavirus Disease 2019” (COVID-19). This newly identified disease is caused by a new strain of the virus being referred to as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS CoV-2; formerly called 2019-nCoV). We review the current medical and manufacturing response to COVID-19, including advances in instrumentation, sensing, use of lasers, fumigation chambers and development of novel tools such as lab-on-the-chip using combinatorial additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques and use of molecular modelling and molecular docking in drug and vaccine discovery. We also offer perspectives on future considerations on climate change, outsourced versus indigenous manufacturing, automation, and antimicrobial resistance. Overall, this paper attempts to identify key areas where manufacturing can be employed to address societal challenges such as COVID-19. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468519420300604?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100300 id: cord-022381-x15ki4xv author: Goldblum, Randall M. title: Immunological Components of Milk: Formation and Function date: 2012-12-02 words: 5886.0 sentences: 323.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022381-x15ki4xv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022381-x15ki4xv.txt summary: Although the array and mechanisms of production of inflammatory mediators in the lactating mammary gland are not well understood, several cytokines that may be involved in leukocyte migration have been detected in human milk, as described in later sections of this chapter. Although the concentration of lymphocytes in human milk is small relative to that in peripheral blood, these cells are consistently present in milk obtained during the first few months of lactation. The demonstration of a very high density of IgAland IgA2-producing cells in the lactating mammary gland (Brandtzaeg, 1983) helps explain why human colostrum and milk contain the highest concentrations of SIgA of any secretions. The high proportion of SIgA in human milk of the IgA2 isotype (-40%) relative to plasma (10%) also must be related to the isotype distribution of these cells in the mammary gland. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155633/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-524730-6.50056-7 id: cord-331288-elnwn7l5 author: Grützmacher, Kim title: Human quarantine: Toward reducing infectious pressure on chimpanzees at the Taï Chimpanzee Project, Côte d''Ivoire date: 2017-01-17 words: 3690.0 sentences: 171.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331288-elnwn7l5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331288-elnwn7l5.txt summary: This study investigates the incidence of respiratory symptoms and human respiratory viruses in humans at a human‐great ape interface, the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) in Côte d''Ivoire, and consequently, the effectiveness of a 5‐day quarantine designed to reduce the risk of potential exposure to human respiratory pathogens. This study investigates the incidence of respiratory symptoms and human respiratory viruses in humans at a human-great ape interface, the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) in Côte d''Ivoire, and consequently, the effectiveness of a 5-day quarantine designed to reduce the risk of potential exposure to human respiratory pathogens. Furthermore, the risk of potential exposure to human pathogens is assessed by testing sick humans to detect common human respiratory viruses they brought to the habituation site, and by randomly testing apparently healthy humans in the beginning and at the end of quarantine to assess the possibility of excreting HRSV and HMPV, the two most relevant viruses for wild great apes. abstract: Due to their genetic relatedness, great apes are highly susceptible to common human respiratory pathogens. Although most respiratory pathogens, such as human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV), rarely cause severe disease in healthy human adults, they are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in wild great apes habituated to humans for research or tourism. To prevent pathogen transmission, most great ape projects have established a set of hygiene measures ranging from keeping a specific distance, to the use of surgical masks and establishment of quarantines. This study investigates the incidence of respiratory symptoms and human respiratory viruses in humans at a human‐great ape interface, the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) in Côte d'Ivoire, and consequently, the effectiveness of a 5‐day quarantine designed to reduce the risk of potential exposure to human respiratory pathogens. To assess the impact of quarantine as a preventative measure, we monitored the quarantine process and tested 262 throat swabs for respiratory viruses, collected during quarantine over a period of 1 year. Although only 1 subject tested positive for a respiratory virus (HRSV), 17 subjects developed symptoms of infection while in quarantine and were subsequently kept from approaching the chimpanzees, preventing potential exposure in 18 cases. Our results suggest that quarantine—in combination with monitoring for symptoms—is effective in reducing the risk of potential pathogen exposure. This research contributes to our understanding of how endangered great apes can be protected from human‐borne infectious disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22619 doi: 10.1002/ajp.22619 id: cord-211735-qqm4fbor author: Gulec, Fatih title: Mobile Human Ad Hoc Networks: A Communication Engineering Viewpoint on Interhuman Airborne Pathogen Transmission date: 2020-11-02 words: 4641.0 sentences: 263.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-211735-qqm4fbor.txt txt: ./txt/cord-211735-qqm4fbor.txt summary: To this end, we propose a communication engineering approach that melts different disciplines such as epidemiology, biology, medicine, and fluid dynamics in the same pot to model airborne pathogen transmission among humans. The aim of this article is to present a unified framework using communication engineering, and to highlight future research directions for modeling the spread of infectious diseases among humans through airborne pathogen transmission. By utilizing this analogy, we propose an approach to modeling interhuman airborne pathogen transmission with communication engineering perspective where mobile humans forming a group are considered as a mobile human ad hoc network (MoHANET). In this section, we present a framework with communication engineering perspective to model the spread of infectious diseases through airborne pathogen transmission. In the networking layer, the details of the MoHANET architecture are presented in order to model the spread of infectious diseases in a large scale (km) within the communication engineering framework as shown in Fig. 2. abstract: Pathogens such as viruses and bacteria play a vital role in human life, since they cause infectious diseases which can lead to epidemics. Recent coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic has shown that taking effective prevention measures such as wearing masks are important to reduce the human deaths and side effects of the epidemic. It is therefore requisite to accurately model the spread of infectious diseases whose one of the most crucial routes of transmission is airborne transmission. The transmission models in the literature are proposed independently from each other, at different scales and by the researchers from various disciplines. Thus, there is a need to merge all these research attempts. To this end, we propose a communication engineering approach that melts different disciplines such as epidemiology, biology, medicine, and fluid dynamics in the same pot to model airborne pathogen transmission among humans. In this approach, we introduce the concept of mobile human ad hoc networks (MoHANETs). This concept exploits the similarity of airborne transmission-driven human groups with mobile ad hoc networks and uses molecular communication as the enabling paradigm. The aim of this article is to present a unified framework using communication engineering, and to highlight future research directions for modeling the spread of infectious diseases among humans through airborne pathogen transmission. In this article, we first review the airborne pathogen transmission mechanisms. Then, the MoHANET is given with a layered structure. In these layers, the infectious human emitting pathogen-laden droplets through air and the exposed human to these droplets are considered as the transmitter and receiver, respectively. Moreover, the experimental methods for the proposed approach are reviewed and discussed. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.00884v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-146850-5x6qs2i4 author: Gupta, Abhishek title: The State of AI Ethics Report (June 2020) date: 2020-06-25 words: 47077.0 sentences: 1634.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-146850-5x6qs2i4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-146850-5x6qs2i4.txt summary: Another point brought up in the article is that social media companies might themselves be unwilling to tolerate scraping of their users'' data to do this sort of vetting which against their terms of use for access to the APIs. Borrowing from the credit reporting world, the Fair Credit Reporting Act in the US offers some insights when it mentions that people need to be provided with a recourse to correct information that is used about them in making a decision and that due consent needs to be obtained prior to utilizing such tools to do a background check. Given that AI systems operate in a larger socio-technical ecosystem, we need to tap into fields like law and policy making to come up with effective ways of integrating ethics into AI systems, part of which can involve creating binding legal agreements that tie in with economic incentives.While policy making and law are often seen as slow to adapt to fast changing technology, there are a variety of benefits to be had, for example higher customer trust for services that have adherence to stringent regulations regarding privacy and data protection. abstract: These past few months have been especially challenging, and the deployment of technology in ways hitherto untested at an unrivalled pace has left the internet and technology watchers aghast. Artificial intelligence has become the byword for technological progress and is being used in everything from helping us combat the COVID-19 pandemic to nudging our attention in different directions as we all spend increasingly larger amounts of time online. It has never been more important that we keep a sharp eye out on the development of this field and how it is shaping our society and interactions with each other. With this inaugural edition of the State of AI Ethics we hope to bring forward the most important developments that caught our attention at the Montreal AI Ethics Institute this past quarter. Our goal is to help you navigate this ever-evolving field swiftly and allow you and your organization to make informed decisions. This pulse-check for the state of discourse, research, and development is geared towards researchers and practitioners alike who are making decisions on behalf of their organizations in considering the societal impacts of AI-enabled solutions. We cover a wide set of areas in this report spanning Agency and Responsibility, Security and Risk, Disinformation, Jobs and Labor, the Future of AI Ethics, and more. Our staff has worked tirelessly over the past quarter surfacing signal from the noise so that you are equipped with the right tools and knowledge to confidently tread this complex yet consequential domain. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.14662v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-017112-5men6dfk author: Gupta, Varsha title: Biosafety and Bioethics date: 2016-10-23 words: 7056.0 sentences: 456.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017112-5men6dfk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017112-5men6dfk.txt summary: Raising transgenic animals and plants has fueled ethical concerns, and the scientists have faced a lot of resistance where genetically modifi ed crop plants or reproductive cloning research of human beings is involved. Raising transgenic animals and plants has fueled ethical concerns, and the scientists have faced a lot of resistance where genetically modifi ed crop plants or reproductive cloning research of human beings is involved. Present-day biotechnology opens many opportunities in research and development, addressing medical issues and new ways to explore things; improving human health conditions, fi ght food, and feed problems; and so on. Bioethics addresses the ethical issues in all the streams of life sciences like health care, genetics, and medical research by applying the principles of morality and philosophy [ 37 ] . The study of the social and moral responses arising due to scientifi c invention or experimentation is "bioethics." Thus it led to granting of ethical clearance for any proposed research projects requiring animal or human experimenta-tions. abstract: The advancement in technology is likely to tame several life forms present on earth. Microorganisms are posing a big challenge due to difficulties encountered to control the diseases caused by them. Working with deadly disease-causing microorganisms for their characterization, diagnostics or therapeutics and vaccine development purposes are posing increasingly potential biosafety problems for laboratory workers. Thus, an appropriate biosafe working environment may protect workers from laboratory-induced infections. Biotechnology has the ability to solve the upcoming problems of the world’s increasing population. However, there is often reluctance among the public to accept and support biotechnological products in medicine, industry, or agriculture. There are many safety and ethical issues raised for GM crops and human cloning. Raising transgenic animals and plants has fueled ethical concerns, and the scientists have faced a lot of resistance where genetically modified crop plants or reproductive cloning research of human beings is involved. Thus, biosafety and bioethics are continuously being expanded to combine the rationale of ever-increasing scientific knowledge in biotechnology that is often in conflict with the long-standing social and moral value system of our society. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121592/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-0875-7_24 id: cord-256903-8lyw27gh author: Guzman, Efrain title: Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology date: 2018-12-06 words: 6514.0 sentences: 297.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt summary: Dendritic cells (DC) as such, and their role in immunity were first described in the 1970s and in 1995 Ralph Steinman published a series of papers describing that a cellular receptor called "DEC-205" (now CD205) was expressed on mouse DC, was involved in antigen processing (58, 59) and was detected by the monoclonal antibody NLDC-145. Studies in mice, for example, have shown the efficacy of vaccines against FMDV, however these efficacy studies have failed to be translated to the target species (cattle and pigs), presumably due to fundamental differences in the immune systems of model organisms and target species and the ability of the virus to mutate in these animals (112) . The role of bovine γδ T cells and their WC1 co-receptor in response to bacterial pathogens and promoting vaccine efficacy: a model for cattle and humans abstract: By their very nature, great advances in immunology are usually underpinned by experiments carried out in animal models and inbred lines of mice. Also, their corresponding knock-out or knock-in derivatives have been the most commonly used animal systems in immunological studies. With much credit to their usefulness, laboratory mice will never provide all the answers to fully understand immunological processes. Large animal models offer unique biological and experimental advantages that have been and continue to be of great value to the understanding of biological and immunological processes. From the identification of B cells to the realization that γδ T cells can function as professional antigen presenting cells, farm animals have contributed significantly to a better understanding of immunity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30574508/ doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00307 id: cord-279406-wwdqh9qs author: Guzman, Norberto A. title: A Two-Dimensional Affinity Capture and Separation Mini-Platform for the Isolation, Enrichment, and Quantification of Biomarkers and Its Potential Use for Liquid Biopsy date: 2020-07-30 words: 17172.0 sentences: 835.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279406-wwdqh9qs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279406-wwdqh9qs.txt summary: To address these limitations, we have developed a prototype of a portable, miniaturized instrument that uses immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis (IACE) to isolate, concentrate, and analyze cell-free biomarkers and/or tissue or cell extracts present in biological fluids. In this review, we therefore discuss applications and limitations of liquid biopsy and hope to introduce the idea that our affinity capture-separation device could be used as a form of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technology to isolate, concentrate, and analyze circulating cells, extracellular vesicles, and viruses. It would be beneficial to have a sample processing method before separation, to isolate and concentrate the intended viruses or EVs. Immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis has already been proven to be a useful technology to isolate, separate, and quantify cell-free molecules of biological interest based on the specificity and selectivity not only of antibody reagents, but also of lectin and aptamer reagents, quantifying molecules ranging from microgram/milliliter to femtogram/milliliter [25, 54, 55, 57, 75] . abstract: Biomarker detection for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic response is becoming increasingly reliable and accessible. Particularly, the identification of circulating cell-free chemical and biochemical substances, cellular and subcellular entities, and extracellular vesicles has demonstrated promising applications in understanding the physiologic and pathologic conditions of an individual. Traditionally, tissue biopsy has been the gold standard for the diagnosis of many diseases, especially cancer. More recently, liquid biopsy for biomarker detection has emerged as a non-invasive or minimally invasive and less costly method for diagnosis of both cancerous and non-cancerous diseases, while also offering information on the progression or improvement of disease. Unfortunately, the standardization of analytical methods to isolate and quantify circulating cells and extracellular vesicles, as well as their extracted biochemical constituents, is still cumbersome, time-consuming, and expensive. To address these limitations, we have developed a prototype of a portable, miniaturized instrument that uses immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis (IACE) to isolate, concentrate, and analyze cell-free biomarkers and/or tissue or cell extracts present in biological fluids. Isolation and concentration of analytes is accomplished through binding to one or more biorecognition affinity ligands immobilized to a solid support, while separation and analysis are achieved by high-resolution capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to one or more detectors. When compared to other existing methods, the process of this affinity capture, enrichment, release, and separation of one or a panel of biomarkers can be carried out on-line with the advantages of being rapid, automated, and cost-effective. Additionally, it has the potential to demonstrate high analytical sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity. As the potential of liquid biopsy grows, so too does the demand for technical advances. In this review, we therefore discuss applications and limitations of liquid biopsy and hope to introduce the idea that our affinity capture-separation device could be used as a form of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technology to isolate, concentrate, and analyze circulating cells, extracellular vesicles, and viruses. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8080255 doi: 10.3390/biomedicines8080255 id: cord-021552-6jbm869r author: HURST, CHRISTON J. title: Relationship Between Humans and Their Viruses date: 2007-05-09 words: 7828.0 sentences: 395.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021552-6jbm869r.txt summary: Viral replication ~ at the individual host level, the primary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the cervix, conjunctiva, pharynx, small intestine, and urethra; the secondary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the brain, kidney, lungs, and lymph nodes; at the host population level, these viruses generally are endemic and initially acquired at a very early age, with the infections very often asymptomatic in young children. ~ral replication ~ at the individual host level, primary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the small intestine; secondary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the liver; at the host population level, these tend to be epidemic within human populations; for the hepatitis E virus it seems that acquisition occurs from swine, with the result being epidemics (often very widespread) of human disease; some acquisition from animals may come from eating infected animals; subsequent transmission of all caliciviruses within human populations is by fecally contaminated waste and thus can be very widespread. Alternate hosts: One species of viral family Hepadnaviridae (hepatitis B virus) is known to infect humans, and it seems naturally limited to humans. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150212/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012362675-2/50015-x id: cord-010046-7hlgjiqp author: Harvey, David J. title: Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003–2004 date: 2008-09-29 words: 39059.0 sentences: 2668.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010046-7hlgjiqp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010046-7hlgjiqp.txt summary: More specific reviews include those on the glycosylation of Caenorhabditis elegans , characterization of substituent distribution in starch and cellulose derivatives (Richardson & Gorton, 2003) , derivatization of carbohydrates for chromatographic, electrophoretic, and mass spectral structural analysis (Lamari, Kuhn, & Karamanos, 2003) , structure of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (Caroff & Karibian, 2003) , analysis of post-translational modifications (Cantin & Yates, 2004; Jensen, 2004; Seo & Lee, 2004) , the use of MALDI MS to detect enantioselectivity in gas-phase ion-molecule reactions with carbohydrates such as cyclodextrins (Speranza, 2004) , synthesis of heparan and heparin sulfate fragments , analysis of protein glycation products (Horvat & Jakas, 2004; Kislinger, Humeny, & Pischetsrieder, 2004) , carbohydrate biosensors (Jelinek & Kolusheva, 2004) , synthesis and discovery of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates for the treatment of disease (Macmillan & Daines, 2003) , dendrimers in drug research (Boas & Heegaard, 2004) , combinatorial carbohydrate synthesis (Baytas & Linhardt, 2004) , chemical tagging strategies for proteome analysis (Leitner & Lindner, 2004) , capillary electrophoresis of biopharmaceutical products (Kakehi, Kinoshita, & Nakano, 2002) and the use of mass spectrometry to study congenital disorders of glycosylation type IIx (Mills et al., 2003b) . abstract: This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate–protein complexes are highlighted. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:273–361, 2009 url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7168468/ doi: 10.1002/mas.20192 id: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq author: Harvey, David J. title: Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2009–2010 date: 2014-05-26 words: 62449.0 sentences: 3625.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346245-o9hvuwvq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346245-o9hvuwvq.txt summary: Advantages and drawbacks of this approach are critically (Song et al., 2009d) Bacillus anthracis tetrasaccharide with thiol linker MALDI For attachment to a maleimide functionalized Microarray to study of carbohydrate-antibody interactions (Oberli et al., 2010) Glycodendrimers with N 3 group terminating in α-Man, β-GlcNAc or β-Gal TOF Immobilized on an acetylenyl-terminated gold substrate via click chemistry High-mannose glycans -Oxime linked TOF Used to probe binding to malectin MUC1 Glycopeptides TOF Synthesis on an amine-reactive hydrogelcoated microarray glass surface. The non-commercial CGE-on-a-chip assay allowed electrophoretic separation of proteins in the MW range from 14 kDa to 1 MDa. MW assignment was limited to 500 kDa in the case of SDS-PAGE but with the proper matrix (THAP for most glycoproteins, sinapinic acid for a2-macroglobulin) and sample preparation, analysis with a standard MALDI-TOF-MS provided accurate MWs for all high MW proteins up to 1 MDa. Three methods for N-glycan characterization, namely MALDI-MS of glycopeptides from tryptic digestion, negativeion ESI-MS/MS of released N-glycans, and normal-phase HPLC of fluorescently labeled glycans, in combination with exoglycosidase sequencing, have been evaluated for glycan identification using monoclonal antibodies expressed in tobacco plants as model compounds (Triguero et al., 2010) . abstract: This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 34: 268–422, 2015. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24863367/ doi: 10.1002/mas.21411 id: cord-274219-nh2t1qsl author: Harwood, Stephen title: Conceptualising technology, its development and future: The six genres of technology date: 2020-08-30 words: 14667.0 sentences: 751.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274219-nh2t1qsl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274219-nh2t1qsl.txt summary: Since possibilities for what happens emerge from the relationship between the artefact and human, then this raises the question of whether the notion of artefact-creature relationship can be developed to forecast a technology development trajectory leading to some ultimate end-point such as envisaged by Stephen Hawking. Consequently, the six Genres explain how technology might unfold with growing autonomy and connectivity into some ultimate form -''an autopoietic technological being'' existing in communities of similar beings -and the consequent implications for the relationship between humans and artefacts. This can be viewed in terms of the convergence of existing technologies, for example, for perception (sensors), data storage (cloud), processing (high performance computing), calculation and sense-making (AI, Machine Learning), authentication (blockchain) and action (autonomous vehicles, robotics, drones). abstract: One approach to developing futuristic views of technology is to draw upon experience and expertise. However, this becomes increasingly speculative as one moves to more distant timelines and visionary technological forms. This raises the question of whether it is possible to rationally predict how a technology development trajectory might unfold into the future, perhaps to some ‘ultimate form’, that is accessible, surfaces the necessary technological features for development as well as considers the implications for human–artefact relationships. The proposed approach is conceptually grounded in a parsimonious framework that examines different configurations of human–artefact relationships, revealing ‘Six Genres of Technology’. This suggests how the shift from human-human to artefact-artefact and the increasing autonomy of the artefacts (technological beings), introduces specific features to each of the six Genres. Four features are identified in the later Genres that in combination, could be construed as, or indeed pose a threat: autonomy, intelligence, language, and autopoiesis. This paper advances the debate about future technological developments by using the proposed framework to structure an argument about the key issues that should be discussed today - so that the developments of tomorrow can be more reflectively considered, appropriately debated and knowingly pursued. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32904525/ doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120174 id: cord-321993-uazc3lyg author: Hedrick, Stephen M. title: The Imperative to Vaccinate date: 2018-10-31 words: 4188.0 sentences: 239.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt summary: A simplified version is that diffuse or small host populations cannot sustain an acutely infectious agent, meaning one in which infection is followed by clearance and long-term immunity. So, in addition to the endless parade of cold viruses that circulate among us, we acquired a great many deadly infectious agents, such as those that cause diphtheria, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, plague, rubella, smallpox, typhus, whooping cough, and others. Smallpox eradication was our first and thus far only complete victory over a human disease-causing agent, made possible by universal, global vaccination, and intensive surveillance. Vaccination effectively reduces the number and density of the disease-susceptible people, making acutely infectious agents unsustainable in the population. The risk of disease for any individual is thus most importantly dependent on the collective immunity of the population, especially those most susceptible to infection, usually the youngest children and oldest adults. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0022347618308667 doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.041 id: cord-323380-hm9wd817 author: Helmy, Yosra A. title: A Comprehensive Review of Common Bacterial, Parasitic and Viral Zoonoses at the Human-Animal Interface in Egypt date: 2017-07-21 words: 9796.0 sentences: 591.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323380-hm9wd817.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323380-hm9wd817.txt summary: This review summarizes the prevalence, reservoirs, sources of human infection and control regimes of common bacterial, parasitic and viral zoonoses in animals and humans in Egypt. In animals, from 1999 to 2016 the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium infection ranged between 2% and 69% among different species including cattle, buffalo calves, camels, sheep, goats, lambs, dogs, wild rats and quails. In humans, between 1989 and 2016 Cryptosporidium infection has been reported in almost all Egyptian governorates with prevalence rates ranged between 3% and 50% or up to 91% in immunocompromised patients and diarrheic children [169] [170] [171] [181] [182] [183] [184] [185] [186] [187] [188] [189] [190] [191] [192] [193] [194] [195] [196] [197] . The virus was isolated from various species of domestic animals (e.g., sheep, cows, buffaloes, camels, goats, horses, and rats) as well as humans [288, 289] .The epizootics of RVF in Egypt were reported every year round. abstract: Egypt has a unique geographical location connecting the three old-world continents Africa, Asia and Europe. It is the country with the highest population density in the Middle East, Northern Africa and the Mediterranean basin. This review summarizes the prevalence, reservoirs, sources of human infection and control regimes of common bacterial, parasitic and viral zoonoses in animals and humans in Egypt. There is a gap of knowledge conerning the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases at the human-animal interface in different localities in Egypt. Some zoonotic agents are “exotic” for Egypt (e.g., MERS-CoV and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus), others are endemic (e.g., Brucellosis, Schistosomiasis and Avian influenza). Transboundary transmission of emerging pathogens from and to Egypt occurred via different routes, mainly importation/exportation of apparently healthy animals or migratory birds. Control of the infectious agents and multidrug resistant bacteria in the veterinary sector is on the frontline for infection control in humans. The implementation of control programs significantly decreased the prevalence of some zoonoses, such as schistosomiasis and fascioliasis, in some localities within the country. Sustainable awareness, education and training targeting groups at high risk (veterinarians, farmers, abattoir workers, nurses, etc.) are important to lessen the burden of zoonotic diseases among Egyptians. There is an urgent need for collaborative surveillance and intervention plans for the control of these diseases in Egypt. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens6030033 doi: 10.3390/pathogens6030033 id: cord-017527-ylng1us2 author: Herman, Philippe title: Biosafety Recommendations on the Handling of Animal Cell Cultures date: 2014-11-05 words: 10237.0 sentences: 453.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017527-ylng1us2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017527-ylng1us2.txt summary: While biosafety recommendations (as outlined hereafter) are principally aimed at providing maximal protection of human health (including laboratory workers) and the environment, it is recognised that many of the precautionary measures will also directly benefit the quality of research activities involving animal cell cultures. The methodology of biological risk assessment of contained use activities involving pathogenic and/or genetically modified organisms (GMO) identifies and takes into account the probability of occurrence and the severity of a potential negative effect on public health (including the exposed workers) and/or the environment. The risk assessment applied to animal cell cultures relies on a thorough evaluation of both the intrinsic properties of the cell culture -including subsequent properties acquired as a result of genetic modification(s) -and the possibility that the cell culture may inadvertently be contaminated or deliberately infected with pathogenic micro-organisms. abstract: The first steps in tissue culture are dating back to the beginning of the nineteenth century when biosafety measures did not yet exist. Later on, animal cell culture became essential for scientific research, diagnosis and biotechnological activities. Along with this development, biosafety concerns have emerged pointing to the risks for human health and in a lesser extent for the environment associated to the handling of animal cell cultures. The management of these risks requires a thorough risk assessment of both the cell cultures and the type of manipulation prior the start of any activity. It involves a case-by-case evaluation of both the intrinsic properties of the cell culture genetically modified or not and the probability that it may inadvertently or intentionally become infected with pathogenic micro-organisms. The latter hazard is predominant when adventitious contaminants are pathogenic or have a better capacity to persist in unfavourable conditions. Consequently, most of the containment measures primarily aim at protecting cells from adventitious contamination. Cell cultures known to harbour an infectious etiologic agent should be manipulated in compliance with containment measures recommended for the etiologic agent itself. The manipulation of cell cultures from human or primate origin necessitates the use of a type II biosafety cabinet. The scope of this chapter is to highlight aspects relevant for the risk assessment and to summarize the main biosafety recommendations and the recent technological advances allowing a mitigation of the risk for the handling of animal cell cultures. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122109/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-10320-4_22 id: cord-281836-j1r771nq author: Hernando-Amado, Sara title: Antibiotic Resistance: Moving From Individual Health Norms to Social Norms in One Health and Global Health date: 2020-08-28 words: 14097.0 sentences: 630.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-281836-j1r771nq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281836-j1r771nq.txt summary: Global Health is based on a broad collaborative and transnational approach to establish "health for all humans." In this case, it focuses AR at a general (global) scale, considering that the selection and global spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are a problem that influences the health of human societies with disparate social and economic structures and is linked to many societal and ecological factors (Chokshi et al., 2019) . Although not belonging to the antibiotic resistome, genes frequently associated with resistance to other antimicrobials, such as heavy metals or biocides, as well as the genes of the MGEs backbones, eventually involved in the transmission and selection of ARGs among microbial populations, the mobilome at large, are also relevant to track the emergence and dissemination of AR among different habitats Martinez et al., 2017; Baquero et al., 2019) . abstract: Antibiotic resistance is a problem for human health, and consequently, its study had been traditionally focused toward its impact for the success of treating human infections in individual patients (individual health). Nevertheless, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes are not confined only to the infected patients. It is now generally accepted that the problem goes beyond humans, hospitals, or long-term facility settings and that it should be considered simultaneously in human-connected animals, farms, food, water, and natural ecosystems. In this regard, the health of humans, animals, and local antibiotic-resistance–polluted environments should influence the health of the whole interconnected local ecosystem (One Health). In addition, antibiotic resistance is also a global problem; any resistant microorganism (and its antibiotic resistance genes) could be distributed worldwide. Consequently, antibiotic resistance is a pandemic that requires Global Health solutions. Social norms, imposing individual and group behavior that favor global human health and in accordance with the increasingly collective awareness of the lack of human alienation from nature, will positively influence these solutions. In this regard, the problem of antibiotic resistance should be understood within the framework of socioeconomic and ecological efforts to ensure the sustainability of human development and the associated human–natural ecosystem interactions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32983000/ doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01914 id: cord-316792-89f8g0m8 author: Herzig, Volker title: Animal toxins — Nature’s evolutionary-refined toolkit for basic research and drug discovery date: 2020-06-12 words: 12747.0 sentences: 631.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-316792-89f8g0m8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-316792-89f8g0m8.txt summary: Over the course of evolution, toxins with exceptional specificity and high potency for their intended molecular targets have prevailed, making venoms an invaluable and almost inexhaustible source of bioactive molecules, some of which have found use as pharmacological tools, human therapeutics, and bioinsecticides. Current biomedically-focused research on venoms is directed towards their use in delineating the physiological role of toxin molecular targets such as ion channels and receptors, studying or treating human diseases, targeting vectors of human diseases, and treating microbial and parasitic infections. Since many venoms and toxins exert these biological effects through actions on cell membranes, receptors and ion channels, high-throughput techniques assessing changes in cellular signalling have proven particularly insightful. Spider-venom peptides have been crucial for uncovering the key role of ASICs in stroke-induced brain damage, and validating these channels as a target for neuroprotective drugs [134] [135] [136] [137] . abstract: Venomous animals have evolved toxins that interfere with specific components of their victim’s core physiological systems, thereby causing biological dysfunction that aids in prey capture, defense against predators, or other roles such as intraspecific competition. Many animal lineages evolved venom systems independently, highlighting the success of this strategy. Over the course of evolution, toxins with exceptional specificity and high potency for their intended molecular targets have prevailed, making venoms an invaluable and almost inexhaustible source of bioactive molecules, some of which have found use as pharmacological tools, human therapeutics, and bioinsecticides. Current biomedically-focused research on venoms is directed towards their use in delineating the physiological role of toxin molecular targets such as ion channels and receptors, studying or treating human diseases, targeting vectors of human diseases, and treating microbial and parasitic infections. We provide examples of each of these areas of venom research, highlighting the potential that venom molecules hold for basic research and drug development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32535105/ doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114096 id: cord-336117-hit4kza8 author: Heymann, D.L. title: Emerging Infections, the International Health Regulations, and Macro-Economy date: 2014-02-27 words: 3357.0 sentences: 130.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336117-hit4kza8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336117-hit4kza8.txt summary: Under the IHR, countries are able to work transparently with WHO and its scientific experts and collaborating laboratories to conduct joint risk assessments of public health events such as outbreaks of infectious diseases; to make evidence-based recommendations to help prevent or control their international spread; and, by providing valid and transparent information to national focal points, to help prevent unnecessary panic and misunderstanding about risk. Precautionary measures to prevent international spread of the infection were immediately recommended by the WHO -it was first recommended that persons who were ill with similar symptoms and contact with geographic areas where outbreaks were occurring defer their travel until they were well. The IHR 1969 were revised in 2005, incorporating many of the lessons learned during the SARS outbreak, and now ensure broader disease coverage, and in addition require countries to develop core capacities in public health laboratory and epidemiology in order to detect and respond to diseases where and when it occurs, and before it spreads internationally (Box 1). abstract: When breaches in the species barrier between animals and humans result in crossover of animal infections to humans, the result is an emerging infectious disease. Emerging infections have the potential to cause severe human illness and death, and to spread among human populations and across geographic borders. Direct costs associated with emerging infections are often high, caused by prolonged patient management, hospitalization, and convalescence. Indirect costs are caused by absenteeism from work, death, and permanent removal from the workforce. There may be additional costs if precautionary prevention measures are required, based on the known or potential risk. These costs result from culling and prohibited trade in animals and animal-based products if infected animals are a continuing threat to humans; or from postponement or cancellation of travel and tourism if transmission in the general population is uncontrolled. Emerging infections sometimes cause panic and/or fear because of misunderstanding of the risk, and can lead to actions that result in economic loss similar to that caused by legitimate public health precautionary measures. They include reactions such as avoiding animal-based foods mistakenly thought to be the source of infection; unnecessary cancelling travel plans to avoid geographic areas where there is a perception of risk of infection; and/or unwarranted culling of animals or destruction of animal-based foods. If the misunderstanding is transmitted widely by the press or through social media networks, the negative economic impact can be amplified. Economic loss caused by these perceived risks can generally not be disentangled from the losses causes by public health measures that may be in place, but it is thought that at times they add significantly to the economic burden. The International Health Regulations (IHR) were designed to respond to the international spread of infectious disease outbreaks in a manner that prevents unnecessary negative economic impacts. Agreed by all Member States of the World Health Organization in 2005, they are a legally binding global agreement with the specific purpose of ensuring maximum security against the international spread of diseases, with a minimum interference in world traffic and trade. They reflect current understanding of infectious disease risks, especially those that emerge at the animal/human interface; the realization that infectious diseases cannot be stopped from entering countries at borders; the vast increase in access to information through the internet; and globalization that increases the speed with which infectious diseases spread. Under the IHR, countries are able to work transparently with WHO and its scientific experts and collaborating laboratories to conduct joint risk assessments of public health events such as outbreaks of infectious diseases; to make evidence-based recommendations to help prevent or control their international spread; and, by providing valid and transparent information to national focal points, to help prevent unnecessary panic and misunderstanding about risk. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123756787006246 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-375678-7.00624-6 id: cord-312438-zr9zx7pv author: Hoo, Regina title: Innate Immune Mechanisms to Protect Against Infection at the Human Decidual-Placental Interface date: 2020-09-10 words: 7551.0 sentences: 382.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312438-zr9zx7pv.txt summary: Here, we outline the anatomy of the human placenta and uterine lining, the decidua, and discuss the potential capacity of pathogen pattern recognition and other host defense strategies present in the innate immune cells at the placental-decidual interface. Pathogen recognition is not only an essential component of the innate immune response against infection, but also plays an important role in bridging the innate and adaptive systems by Toll-like receptors (TLR) activation of antigen presenting cells by up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and co-stimulatory molecules (75) . Current evidence is only limited to in vitro TLR2/4 stimulation studies using placental explants and primary first trimester trophoblast cells, which drives the expression of FIGURE 3 | Toll-like receptors and potential inflammatory response at the decidua. In the mouse model of ZIKV infection, type I IFN-mediated signaling is essential for the control of viral replication in the placenta, but can also lead to significant placental pathology and fetal mortality (116, 117) . abstract: During pregnancy, the placenta forms the anatomical barrier between the mother and developing fetus. Infectious agents can potentially breach the placental barrier resulting in pathogenic transmission from mother to fetus. Innate immune responses, orchestrated by maternal and fetal cells at the decidual-placental interface, are the first line of defense to avoid vertical transmission. Here, we outline the anatomy of the human placenta and uterine lining, the decidua, and discuss the potential capacity of pathogen pattern recognition and other host defense strategies present in the innate immune cells at the placental-decidual interface. We consider major congenital infections that access the placenta from hematogenous or decidual route. Finally, we highlight the challenges in studying human placental responses to pathogens and vertical transmission using current experimental models and identify gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed. We further propose novel experimental strategies to address such limitations. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.02070 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02070 id: cord-268378-tcuv255v author: Hood, Ernie title: Evolutionary Medicine: A Powerful Tool for Improving Human Health date: 2008-02-13 words: 4588.0 sentences: 231.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268378-tcuv255v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268378-tcuv255v.txt summary: Evolution has not traditionally been considered to be an important aspect of medicine, and medical practitioners and researchers have not traditionally approached their work from the perspective offered by evolutionary biology. An evolutionary viewpoint pushes the focus out farther to look at long-term ecological relationships, including symbiotic bacteria, parasites and pathogens, historical lifestyles, and the genetics of populations. Evolution is providing clues about puzzling medical results, and studies of human health are giving us new information about the rate and driving forces of evolution. The group proposes to look for microevolutionary changes in the study population and to use the extensive medical data to correlate differences in genomic inheritance and phenotypic outcomes. Combined with the development of new technologies that have given us entire genomes and the tools with which to study them, these vast data sets have the potential to launch an evolutionary medicine revolution. abstract: Modern evolutionary research has much to contribute to medical research and health care practices. Conversely, evolutionary biologists are tapping into the rapidly expanding databases of medical genomic information to further their research. These two fields, which have historically functioned in almost complete isolation, are finding mutual benefit in the exchange of information. The long-term benefits of this synthesis of two major areas of research include improved health care. Recently, efforts to catalyze this relationship have brought together evolutionary biologists, medical practitioners, anthropologists, and ethicists to lay the groundwork for further collaboration and exploration. The range of overlap is surprisingly broad and potentially invaluable. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32218883/ doi: 10.1007/s12052-008-0036-9 id: cord-016292-o4cw5ufy author: Horby, Peter W. title: Drivers of Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date: 2014-07-19 words: 4012.0 sentences: 187.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt summary: However, it would be too simplistic to present the extensive changes in Asia as inevitably increasing the risk of EIDs. Some aspects of socio-economic change might serve to reduce the overall risk of infectious disease emergence, but all ecosystem changes have the potential to provide new opportunities for microorganisms to spill-over into human populations. Whilst high animal host and pathogen species diversity may be associated with a high burden of infectious diseases and an increased risk of disease emergence, biodiversity loss may, perhaps counter-intuitively, be associated with increased disease transmission. Whilst there remains some debate about the overall impact of these findings on human health, it is clear that the continued use of non-therapeutic antibiotics in an agriculture industry that is rapidly increasing in scale and intensity, has potential for becoming a very real threat through the inability to prevent/cure disease in production animals and the consequences for human food security as well as the transmission, for example, of resistant food-borne bacterial pathogens to humans. abstract: This chapter discusses drivers of emerging infectious diseases (EID) of humans that have an origin in other vertebrate animals (zoonoses). This is a broad topic, worthy of a book in its own right. This chapter will therefore provide only an overview of key concepts of drivers of the emergence of zoonotic diseases, and particularly infectious diseases with a major disease burden in humans. As the authors mainly work in Asia, the focus of this chapter is Asia, but many of the lessons learned in this region are likely to apply elsewhere. More than 60 % of the world population live in Asia, a region with some of the fastest developing economies in the world. Yet, despite tremendous advances, infectious diseases still remain a major burden for the human population in Asia. Of the estimated 2.1 million deaths in children aged less than 5 years in Southeast Asia in 2010, 47 % are attributable to infectious causes (Liu et al., Lancet 379:2151–2161, 2012). As such, Asia is both vulnerable to imported EIDs and a global focus of major social and environmental change that may facilitate the emergence and dissemination of new pathogens. However, it would be too simplistic to present the extensive changes in Asia as inevitably increasing the risk of EIDs. Some aspects of socio-economic change might serve to reduce the overall risk of infectious disease emergence, but all ecosystem changes have the potential to provide new opportunities for microorganisms to spill-over into human populations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120534/ doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55120-1_2 id: cord-310844-7i92mk4x author: Hryhorowicz, Magdalena title: Application of Genetically Engineered Pigs in Biomedical Research date: 2020-06-19 words: 9011.0 sentences: 475.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310844-7i92mk4x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310844-7i92mk4x.txt summary: Animal studies are conducted to develop models used in gene function and regulation research and the genetic determinants of certain human diseases. Short pregnancy, short generation interval, and high litter size make the production of transgenic pigs less time-consuming in comparison with other livestock species This review describes genetically modified pigs used for biomedical research and the future challenges and perspectives for the use of the swine animal models. It was demonstrated that precise integration of the human CFTR gene at a porcine safe harbor locus through CRISPR/Cas9-induced HDR-mediated knock-in allowed the achievement of persistent in vitro expression of the transgene in transduced cells. The study showed that multiple genetically modified porcine hearts were protected from complement activation and myocardial natural killer cell infiltration in an ex vivo perfusion model with human blood [86] . Biomedical applications for which genetically engineered pigs are generated include modeling human diseases, production of pharmaceutical proteins, and xenotransplantation. abstract: Progress in genetic engineering over the past few decades has made it possible to develop methods that have led to the production of transgenic animals. The development of transgenesis has created new directions in research and possibilities for its practical application. Generating transgenic animal species is not only aimed towards accelerating traditional breeding programs and improving animal health and the quality of animal products for consumption but can also be used in biomedicine. Animal studies are conducted to develop models used in gene function and regulation research and the genetic determinants of certain human diseases. Another direction of research, described in this review, focuses on the use of transgenic animals as a source of high-quality biopharmaceuticals, such as recombinant proteins. The further aspect discussed is the use of genetically modified animals as a source of cells, tissues, and organs for transplantation into human recipients, i.e., xenotransplantation. Numerous studies have shown that the pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is the most suitable species both as a research model for human diseases and as an optimal organ donor for xenotransplantation. Short pregnancy, short generation interval, and high litter size make the production of transgenic pigs less time-consuming in comparison with other livestock species This review describes genetically modified pigs used for biomedical research and the future challenges and perspectives for the use of the swine animal models. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11060670 doi: 10.3390/genes11060670 id: cord-286368-kdwh4hgf author: Hui, David S.C. title: A clinical approach to the threat of emerging influenza viruses in the Asia‐Pacific region date: 2017-07-05 words: 7703.0 sentences: 432.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt summary: Observational studies have shown that treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) for adults hospitalized with severe influenza is associated with lower mortality and better clinical outcomes, especially when administered early in the course of illness. The global circulation of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza, the emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 2009 followed by its continual circulation, 6 the rising number of A(H7N9) infections in humans 2 and the ongoing spread of A(H5N8) in recent months in the poultry populations in many countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and Middle East with pandemic potential 7 all point to an urgent need for developing more effective antiviral therapies to reduce morbidity and mortality. Human infections with a novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus were first reported in China in March 2013 in patients hospitalized with severe pneumonia. abstract: Seasonal influenza epidemics and periodic pandemics are important causes of morbidity and mortality. Patients with chronic co‐morbid illness, those at the extremes of age and pregnant women are at higher risks of complications requiring hospitalization, whereas young adults and obese individuals were also at increased risk during the A(H1N1) pandemic in 2009. Avian influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) viruses have continued to circulate widely in some poultry populations and infect humans sporadically since 1997 and 2013, respectively. The recent upsurge in human cases of A(H7N9) infections in Mainland China is of great concern. Sporadic human cases of avian A(H5N6), A(H10N8) and A(H6N1) have also emerged in recent years while there are also widespread poultry outbreaks due to A(H5N8) in many countries. Observational studies have shown that treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) for adults hospitalized with severe influenza is associated with lower mortality and better clinical outcomes, especially when administered early in the course of illness. Whether higher than standard doses of NAI would provide greater antiviral effects in such patients will require further investigation. High‐dose systemic corticosteroids were associated with worse outcomes in patients with severe influenza. There is an urgent need for developing more effective antiviral therapies for treatment of influenza infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13114 doi: 10.1111/resp.13114 id: cord-018017-c8myq6bi author: Iversen, Patrick L. title: The Threat from Viruses date: 2018-09-30 words: 11563.0 sentences: 615.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt summary: Numerous emerging infections caused by viral agents have imposed high impact on human survival (Table 3 .3). The apparent success of these viruses is that as they move from reservoir hosts to humans and as humans become immune to the initial infection, the population of diverse genomes offers multiple chances to adapt by finding a "fit" genome version which can propagate until the next transition requiring adaption. Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-1) HTLV-1 is a single-stranded RNA retrovirus, defined by their use of reverse transcriptase, a polymerase, that makes a DNA copy of the RNA 7 kb viral genome. If we combine cardiovascular events and neoplasia caused by infection, then infectious disease is the most significant threat to human life and qualifies as the area of greatest impact. Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) is a single stranded DNA virus that infects humans but are not known to cause disease. is a 5229 base double-stranded DNA virus infecting less than 5 percent of the human population. abstract: Infectious disease represent the most significant threat to human health. Significant geologic cataclysmic events have caused the extinction of countless species, but these “Wrath of God” events predate the emergence of Homo sapiens. Pandemic infections have accompanied the rise of human civilization frequently re-occurring leaving a lasting imprint on human history punctuated by profound loss of life. Emerging infections become endemic and are here to stay marking their presence with an annual death toll. Each decade brings a new onslaught of emerging infectious agents. We are surprised again and again but are never prepared. The long-term consequences often remain unrecognized and are always inconvenient including cancer, cardiovascular disease and immune associated diseases that threaten our health. Reliance on clusters of clinical symptoms in the face of diverse and non-descriptive viral infection symptoms is a foolhardy form of crisis management. Viral success is based on rapid replication resulting in large numbers. Single-stranded RNA viruses with their high replication error rate represent a paradigm for resilience. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122756/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-98164-2_3 id: cord-301537-uu2aykoy author: Johnston Largen, Kristin title: Two things can be true at once: Surviving Covid‐19 date: 2020-05-27 words: 24005.0 sentences: 1219.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301537-uu2aykoy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301537-uu2aykoy.txt summary: One thing that must be addressed before reflecting on particular issue is to define worship from a theological perspective or, to use John Witvliet''s (2006) modes of liturgical discourse, in terms of "deep meaning and purpose." For Lutherans the primary theological understanding of worship is as a dialogue between God and humans, or as Luther says in his Torgau sermon, "where our dear [God] may speak to us through [the] holy Word and we respond to [God] through prayer and praise" (Luther, 1959, p. In the Lord''s Supper those are (a) "the social and concurrently naturalcultural moment" of shared eating and drinking; (b) the actualization of a "definitive communal relationship between God and humanity" taking place within a physical assembly; (c) convened by and "through the performative Word that has been addressed" to the assembly through bread and wine; (d) the whole action of which is empowered by the presence of the resurrected crucified Jesus (Bayer, pp. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32536701/ doi: 10.1111/dial.12571 id: cord-283339-pbgeoxdu author: Jonsdottir, Hulda R. title: Characterization of Human Coronaviruses on Well-Differentiated Human Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures date: 2014-12-18 words: 2482.0 sentences: 207.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283339-pbgeoxdu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283339-pbgeoxdu.txt summary: Additionally, we outline methods for immunofluorescence staining of these cultures for virus detection, characterization of cell tropism, and how to perform antiviral assays and quantify viral replication. Primary human bronchial epithelial cells cultured in an air-liquid interface (ALI) system serve as a universal platform to study human respiratory viruses [ 4 -6 ] . Additionally, we outline methods for immunofl uorescence staining of these cultures for virus detection, characterization of cell tropism and how to perform antiviral assays and quantify viral replication. The inserts need to be coated overnight with collagen type IV, necessary for development and long-term maintenance of differentiated primary airway epithelial cell cultures. 4. Apply 50 µl of HBSS to the apical side and mix with equal volume of reconstituted CellTiter-Glo enzyme solution (optimized for 24-well inserts, for other insert sizes adjust buffer amount accordingly) and incubate for 5 min at room temperature on a gyro-rocker to induce cell lysis. abstract: The human airway serves as the entry point of human respiratory viruses, including human coronaviruses. In this chapter we outline the methods by which we establish fully differentiated airway epithelium and its use for human coronavirus propagation. Additionally, we outline methods for immunofluorescence staining of these cultures for virus detection, characterization of cell tropism, and how to perform antiviral assays and quantify viral replication. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25720473/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_8 id: cord-293938-40zyv1h8 author: Jonsdottir, Hulda R. title: Coronaviruses and the human airway: a universal system for virus-host interaction studies date: 2016-02-06 words: 5533.0 sentences: 288.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293938-40zyv1h8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293938-40zyv1h8.txt summary: The emergence of both Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory syndrome CoVs as well as the yearly circulation of four common CoVs highlights the importance of elucidating the different mechanisms employed by these viruses to evade the host immune response, determine their tropism and identify antiviral compounds. Tracheobronchial HAE cultures recapitulate the primary entry point of human respiratory viruses while the alveolar model allows for elucidation of mechanisms involved in viral infection and pathogenesis in the alveoli. Given the documented history of coronaviruses overcoming the species barrier and causing severe disease in humans, it is important to investigate the zoonotic potential of close evolutionary relatives of common HCoVs in a culture model that recapitulates the aspects of the human airway, e.g. morphology and receptor distribution. The establishment of transgenic animal models for human disease is attainable when either the virus receptor has been identified, which is not the case for all HCoVs, or when viruses can be adapted to a different host. abstract: Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are large RNA viruses that infect the human respiratory tract. The emergence of both Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory syndrome CoVs as well as the yearly circulation of four common CoVs highlights the importance of elucidating the different mechanisms employed by these viruses to evade the host immune response, determine their tropism and identify antiviral compounds. Various animal models have been established to investigate HCoV infection, including mice and non-human primates. To establish a link between the research conducted in animal models and humans, an organotypic human airway culture system, that recapitulates the human airway epithelium, has been developed. Currently, different cell culture systems are available to recapitulate the human airways, including the Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) human airway epithelium (HAE) model. Tracheobronchial HAE cultures recapitulate the primary entry point of human respiratory viruses while the alveolar model allows for elucidation of mechanisms involved in viral infection and pathogenesis in the alveoli. These organotypic human airway cultures represent a universal platform to study respiratory virus-host interaction by offering more detailed insights compared to cell lines. Additionally, the epidemic potential of this virus family highlights the need for both vaccines and antivirals. No commercial vaccine is available but various effective antivirals have been identified, some with potential for human treatment. These morphological airway cultures are also well suited for the identification of antivirals, evaluation of compound toxicity and viral inhibition. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-016-0479-5 doi: 10.1186/s12985-016-0479-5 id: cord-004222-z4butywi author: Joyce, Collin title: Comparisons of the antibody repertoires of a humanized rodent and humans by high throughput sequencing date: 2020-01-24 words: 3718.0 sentences: 187.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004222-z4butywi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004222-z4butywi.txt summary: We characterized the heavy chain and kappa light chain antibody repertoires of a model animal, the OmniRat, by high throughput antibody sequencing and made use of two novel datasets for comparison to human repertoires. Multiple differences were found in both the heavy and kappa chain repertoires between OmniRats and humans including gene segment usage, CDR3 length distributions, class switch recombination, somatic hypermutation levels and in features of V(D)J recombination. We individually separated total RNA from spleens and lymph nodes of three unimmunized OmniRats and PCR amplified the heavy and kappa chain antibody V gene segments. We started by making intra-animal comparisons, intra-species comparisons and inter-species comparisons of the immunoglobulin gene segment usage frequencies for each antibody repertoire by performing hierarchical clustering ( Fig. 1 ) and linear regression analysis (Figs. abstract: The humanization of animal model immune systems by genetic engineering has shown great promise for antibody discovery, tolerance studies and for the evaluation of vaccines. Assessment of the baseline antibody repertoires of unimmunized model animals will be useful as a benchmark for future immunization experiments. We characterized the heavy chain and kappa light chain antibody repertoires of a model animal, the OmniRat, by high throughput antibody sequencing and made use of two novel datasets for comparison to human repertoires. Intra-animal and inter-animal repertoire comparisons reveal a high level of conservation in antibody diversity between the lymph node and spleen and between members of the species. Multiple differences were found in both the heavy and kappa chain repertoires between OmniRats and humans including gene segment usage, CDR3 length distributions, class switch recombination, somatic hypermutation levels and in features of V(D)J recombination. The Inference and Generation of Repertoires (IGoR) software tool was used to model recombination in VH regions which allowed for the quantification of some of these differences. Diversity estimates of the OmniRat heavy chain repertoires almost reached that of humans, around two orders of magnitude less. Despite variation between the species repertoires, a high frequency of OmniRat clonotypes were also found in the human repertoire. These data give insights into the development and selection of humanized animal antibodies and provide actionable information for use in vaccine studies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6981180/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-57764-7 id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author: Kahn, R. E. title: 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date: 2012-09-07 words: 19161.0 sentences: 802.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt summary: The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp. abstract: The 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses, held at Cancun, Mexico, 24–27 February 2011, offered 84 participants from 18 countries, a snapshot of current research in numerous zoonoses caused by viruses, bacteria or prions. Co‐chaired by Professors Heinz Feldmann and Jürgen Richt, the conference explored 10 topics: (i) The ecology of emerging zoonotic diseases; (ii) The role of wildlife in emerging zoonoses; (iii) Cross‐species transmission of zoonotic pathogens; (iv) Emerging and neglected influenza viruses; (v) Haemorrhagic fever viruses; (vi) Emerging bacterial diseases; (vii) Outbreak responses to zoonotic diseases; (viii) Food‐borne zoonotic diseases; (ix) Prion diseases; and (x) Modelling and prediction of emergence of zoonoses. Human medicine, veterinary medicine and environmental challenges are viewed as a unity, which must be considered under the umbrella of ‘One Health’. Several presentations attempted to integrate the insights gained from field data with mathematical models in the search for effective control measures of specific zoonoses. The overriding objective of the research presentations was to create, improve and use the tools essential to address the risk of contagions in a globalized society. In seeking to fulfil this objective, a three‐step approach has often been applied: (i) use cultured cells, model and natural animal hosts and human clinical models to study infection; (ii) combine traditional histopathological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology; and (iii) obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, immune evasion and pathogenesis. This meeting review summarizes 39 of the conference presentations and mentions briefly the 16 articles in this Special Supplement, most of which were presented at the conference in earlier versions. The full affiliations of all presenters and many colleagues have been included to facilitate further inquiries from readers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22958247/ doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01539.x id: cord-270940-acwkh6ed author: Kallio-Kokko, Hannimari title: Viral zoonoses in Europe date: 2005-06-29 words: 14695.0 sentences: 733.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-270940-acwkh6ed.txt txt: ./txt/cord-270940-acwkh6ed.txt summary: Recently, during an outbreak in Finland in 2002, the causative agent of Pogosta disease was isolated for the first time in Europe from skin biopsies and a blood sample of patients [115] ; the virus strains were most closely related to SINV strains isolated from mosquitoes in Sweden and Russia 20 years previously. The genus Nairovirus (family Bunyaviridae) is composed of 34 predominantly tick-borne viruses that have been divided into seven serogroups [154] including several associated with severe human and livestock diseases (especially Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and Nairobi sheep disease virus). Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which is the type species of the genus and is transmitted by mosquitoes, causing an influenza-like disease that affects domestic animals and humans. abstract: A number of new virus infections have emerged or re-emerged during the past 15 years. Some viruses are spreading to new areas along with climate and environmental changes. The majority of these infections are transmitted from animals to humans, and thus called zoonoses. Zoonotic viruses are, as compared to human-only viruses, much more difficult to eradicate. Infections by several of these viruses may lead to high mortality and also attract attention because they are potential bioweapons. This review will focus on zoonotic virus infections occurring in Europe. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16024128/ doi: 10.1016/j.femsre.2005.04.012 id: cord-314372-knhkdlq7 author: Kanduc, Darja title: Massive peptide sharing between viral and human proteomes date: 2008-06-05 words: 4343.0 sentences: 213.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314372-knhkdlq7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314372-knhkdlq7.txt summary: The widespread and ample distribution of viral amino acid sequences through the human proteome indicates that viral and human proteins are formed of common peptide backbone units and suggests a fluid compositional chimerism in phylogenetic entities canonically classified distantly as viruses and Homo sapiens. Importantly, the massive viral to human peptide overlapping calls into question the possibility of a direct causal association between virus–host sharing of amino acid sequences and incitement to autoimmune reactions through molecular recognition of common motifs. The second set of data illustrates the overlapping at npeptide level (with n from 5 to 16 amino acids) from the 30 viral proteomes versus the 30 human sub-proteomes (Table 8, columns 7 and 8) . A similar observation holds in considering the viral peptide overlapping to the 30 human sub-proteomes at higher n-mer level (Table 8, columns 7 and 8) . abstract: Thirty viral proteomes were examined for amino acid sequence similarity to the human proteome, and, in parallel, a control of 30 sets of human proteins was analyzed for internal human overlapping. We find that all of the analyzed 30 viral proteomes, independently of their structural or pathogenic characteristics, present a high number of pentapeptide overlaps to the human proteome. Among the examined viruses, human T-lymphotropic virus 1, Rubella virus, and hepatitis C virus present the highest number of viral overlaps to the human proteome. The widespread and ample distribution of viral amino acid sequences through the human proteome indicates that viral and human proteins are formed of common peptide backbone units and suggests a fluid compositional chimerism in phylogenetic entities canonically classified distantly as viruses and Homo sapiens. Importantly, the massive viral to human peptide overlapping calls into question the possibility of a direct causal association between virus–host sharing of amino acid sequences and incitement to autoimmune reactions through molecular recognition of common motifs. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196978108002544 doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.05.022 id: cord-338468-c0jv3i1t author: Kanduc, Darja title: From Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immune Responses to COVID-19 via Molecular Mimicry date: 2020-07-16 words: 4143.0 sentences: 234.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-338468-c0jv3i1t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-338468-c0jv3i1t.txt summary: Results: Immunoreactive epitopes present in SARS-CoV-2 were mostly composed of peptide sequences present in human proteins that—when altered, mutated, deficient or, however, improperly functioning—may associate with a wide range of disorders, from respiratory distress to multiple organ failure. In the wake of such results, in order to validate (or, as well, invalidate) the cross-reactivity hypothesis, investigation was expanded here by analyzing the peptide sharing between the human host and immunoreactive epitopes that are also present in SARS-CoV-2. Table 2 documents that numerous immunoreactive SARS-CoV-2 epitopes are composed mostly or, in many instances, uniquely of peptide sequences shared with human proteins. This study shows that hexapeptides from immunoreactive epitopes present in SARS-CoV-2 are widespread among a high number of human proteins. Table S2 : Hexapeptide sharing between 233 epitopes present in SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins. Table S3 : List and short description of 460 human proteins that share hexapeptides with the 233 SARS-CoV-2 epitopes. abstract: Aim: To define the autoimmune potential of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Methods: Experimentally validated epitopes cataloged at the Immune Epitope DataBase (IEDB) and present in SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed for peptide sharing with the human proteome. Results: Immunoreactive epitopes present in SARS-CoV-2 were mostly composed of peptide sequences present in human proteins that—when altered, mutated, deficient or, however, improperly functioning—may associate with a wide range of disorders, from respiratory distress to multiple organ failure. Conclusions: This study represents a starting point or hint for future scientific–clinical investigations and suggests a range of possible protein targets of autoimmunity in SARS-CoV-2 infection. From an experimental perspective, the results warrant the testing of patients’ sera for autoantibodies against these protein targets. Clinically, the results warrant a stringent surveillance on the future pathologic sequelae of the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/antib9030033 doi: 10.3390/antib9030033 id: cord-281957-1p54k8it author: Kaplan, Bruce title: ''ONE HEALTH'' and parasitology date: 2009-08-12 words: 1312.0 sentences: 67.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-281957-1p54k8it.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281957-1p54k8it.txt summary: One Health is a concept that proposes that a paradigm shift in approaching diseases of humans and animals is essential to meet the challenges of the 21 st century. One Health began in the late 19 th and 20 th centuries with physician leaders in medicine like Rudolf Virchow, known as the "Father of comparative medicine, cellular pathology, and veterinary pathology" and William Osler, called the "Father of Modern Medicine." They embraced the concept that human and animal health were inextricably linked. Schwabe at the University of California coined the term "One Medicine" (now commonly referred to as "One Health") which was aimed at unifying human medical and veterinary medical disciplines against zoonotic diseases occurring in the public health arena. Parasitologists, of all the health professional scientists, are generally most familiar with the long list of parasitic zoonoses that affect humans via animals as well as specific details pertaining to each. One Health Initiative will unite human and veterinary medicine abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-2-36 doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-2-36 id: cord-000235-782iew86 author: Kapoor, A title: Human bocaviruses are highly diverse, dispersed, recombination prone, and prevalent enteric infections date: 2010-06-01 words: 4182.0 sentences: 228.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000235-782iew86.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000235-782iew86.txt summary: The multiple species and high degree of genetic diversity seen among the human bocaviruses found in feces relative to the highly homogeneous HBoV1 suggest that this world-wide distributed respiratory pathogen may have recently evolved from an enteric bocavirus, perhaps after acquiring an expanded tropism favoring the respiratory track. Most PCR-positive stool samples contained HBoV2B (76 of 101), making this genotype the most commonly detected enteric human bocavirus (Table 1) . Based on the phylogenetic clustering observed for a large number of partial VP1 sequences ( Figure 1 ) and the distances among full genomes (Table 2) , we propose for future classification that HBoV strains showing 18% protein and 110% nucleotide difference in the complete VP1 gene should be considered different species, whereas those showing 11.5% protein and 15% nucleotide difference should be considered different genotypes. abstract: A new species of parvovirus tentatively named human bocavirus 4 (HBoV4) was genetically characterized. Among 641 feces samples from children and adults the most commonly detected bocaviruses species were HBoV2>HBoV3>HBoV4>HBoV1 with HBoV2 prevalence of 21% and 26% in Nigerian and Tunisian children. HBoV3 and HBoV4 species combined were found in 12/192 cases of non-polio acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) from Tunisia and Nigeria and 0/96 healthy Tunisian contacts (p=0.01). Evidence of extensive recombination at the NP1 and VP1 gene boundary between and within species was found. The multiple species and high degree of genetic diversity seen among the human bocaviruses found in feces relative to the highly homogeneous HBoV1 suggest that this world-wide distributed respiratory pathogen may have recently evolved from an enteric bocavirus, perhaps after acquiring an expanded tropism favoring the respiratory track. Elucidating the possible role of the newly identified enteric bocaviruses in human diseases including AFP and diarrhea will require further epidemiological studies. url: https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-pdf/201/11/1633/18059675/201-11-1633.pdf doi: 10.1086/652416 id: cord-350569-dtxtjtfo author: Kasoka, Kasoka title: Autonomy in HIV testing: a call for a rethink of personal autonomy in the HIV response in sub-Saharan Africa date: 2020-06-13 words: 13925.0 sentences: 639.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350569-dtxtjtfo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350569-dtxtjtfo.txt summary: In most SSA countries the ethic or value of personal autonomy or self-determination is promoted as primary in HIV testing decision-making. Without rethinking the value of autonomy in HIV testing decision-making, the article cautions that attainment of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 and the UNAIDS fast-track strategy that explicitly call to end the epidemic by 2030 will not be feasible for SSA. 9 My article interrogates the personal autonomy arguments and reaches a conclusion that the philosophy surrounding the value is problematic, as well as, it is silent on the ethics of the actual implications of an autonomous decision in HIV testing (Selemogo 2010) . HIV testing ethics, in particular informed consent requirements that are now premised on personal autonomy, should reflect a human being who is unique and yet a creature of the inescapable inculcating environment that makes her the ''I That Is We''. abstract: The author reviews various conceptions of autonomy to show that humans are actually not autonomous, strictly speaking. He argues for a need to rethink the personal autonomy approaches to HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. HIV/AIDS has remained a leading cause of disease burden in SSA. It is important to bring this disease burden under control, especially given the availability of current effective antiretroviral regimens in low- and middle-income countries. In most SSA countries the ethic or value of personal autonomy or self-determination is promoted as primary in HIV testing decision-making. SSA policymakers have an ontological and moral duty to adopt HIV testing policies that reflect human and medical realities, relationships, local contexts, and respect human rights for both individuals and others who are affected by HIV in society. Without rethinking the value of autonomy in HIV testing decision-making, the article cautions that attainment of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 and the UNAIDS fast-track strategy that explicitly call to end the epidemic by 2030 will not be feasible for SSA. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09959-y doi: 10.1007/s11019-020-09959-y id: cord-346308-9h2fk9qt author: Kaur, Rajwinder title: Microbiology of hospital wastewater date: 2020-05-01 words: 14673.0 sentences: 648.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346308-9h2fk9qt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346308-9h2fk9qt.txt summary: The study of hospital wastewater (HWW) microbiology is important to understand the pollution load, growth of particular pathogenic microbes, shift and drift in microbial community, development and spread of antibiotic resistance in microbes, and subsequent change in treatment efficiencies. Within past years, pieces of evidence have shown mobilization of these resistance genes from the environment into pathogenic bacteria causing health risks to humans and animals and also, demonstrating a link between environmental and clinical resistance [123] . The HWW has been reported to have two overexpressed β-lactam-resistance genes (bla GES and bla OXA ) as compared with the water collected from other aquatic bodies, which could be correlated with antibiotic usage over the time in hospitals and discharge of the residues of antibiotics in the wastewater [176] . Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review abstract: The study of hospital wastewater (HWW) microbiology is important to understand the pollution load, growth of particular pathogenic microbes, shift and drift in microbial community, development and spread of antibiotic resistance in microbes, and subsequent change in treatment efficiencies. This chapter investigates the potential microbes such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites present in HWW along with the diseases associated and methods of treatment used. Due to the indiscriminate release of antibiotics from hospitals, HWW serves as a hotspot for emergence of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistance bacteria. This chapter discusses the ARGs occurrence in HWW, their prevalence in the environment, the molecular tools used for identification, and different mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer. Thus better understanding of the microbiology of HWW could further help in development of advanced treatment technologies for effective removal of microbes and their bioproducts (toxins and infectious nucleic acid) from HWW and contaminated water. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128197226000043 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819722-6.00004-3 id: cord-253111-n5ywei4t author: Keck, Frédéric title: Avian preparedness: simulations of bird diseases and reverse scenarios of extinction in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore date: 2018-04-14 words: 9695.0 sentences: 407.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253111-n5ywei4t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253111-n5ywei4t.txt summary: title: Avian preparedness: simulations of bird diseases and reverse scenarios of extinction in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore This article describes relations between humans, animals, artefacts, and pathogens in simulations of disasters, taking bird diseases in three Chinese sentinel posts as ethnographic cases. Borrowing from the anthropology of hunting societies, it argues that simulations of bird diseases, considered as signs of future species extinction, rely on cynegetic techniques of power, in which humans and animals symmetrically shift perspectives, and not only on pastoralist techniques, in which humans are above the population they monitor and sometimes sacrifice. While public health relies on pastoral techniques of power combining sacrifice and surveillance to contain the threats coming from outside in a population (Foucault 1981) , the ''One World, One Health'' approach uses techniques from birdwatchers and wildlife managers to monitor data about changing relations between humans and animals. abstract: This article describes relations between humans, animals, artefacts, and pathogens in simulations of disasters, taking bird diseases in three Chinese sentinel posts as ethnographic cases. Drawing on distinctions between simulation, ritual, and play, it shows that the engagement of actors in the imaginary of simulations, which they describe as ‘realism’, reflectively reverses the oppositions between humans and nonhumans, active and passive, fiction and reality that shape ordinary life. Borrowing from the anthropology of hunting societies, it argues that simulations of bird diseases, considered as signs of future species extinction, rely on cynegetic techniques of power, in which humans and animals symmetrically shift perspectives, and not only on pastoralist techniques, in which humans are above the population they monitor and sometimes sacrifice. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32336932/ doi: 10.1111/1467-9655.12813 id: cord-349177-8h25qj9y author: Khan, Naazneen title: Multiple Genomic Events Altering Hominin SIGLEC Biology and Innate Immunity Predated the Common Ancestor of Humans and Archaic Hominins date: 2020-06-18 words: 5970.0 sentences: 303.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349177-8h25qj9y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349177-8h25qj9y.txt summary: Human-specific pseudogenization of the CMAH gene eliminated the mammalian sialic acid (Sia) Neu5Gc (generating an excess of its precursor Neu5Ac), thus changing ubiquitous cell surface "self-associated molecular patterns" that modulate innate immunity via engagement of CD33-related-Siglec receptors. We found no evidence for strong selection after the Human–Neanderthal/Denisovan common ancestor, and these extinct hominin genomes include almost all major changes found in humans, indicating that these changes in hominin sialobiology predate the Neanderthal–human divergence ∼0.6 Ma. Multiple changes in this genomic cluster may also explain human-specific expression of CD33rSiglecs in unexpected locations such as amnion, placental trophoblast, pancreatic islets, ovarian fibroblasts, microglia, Natural Killer(NK) cells, and epithelia. 2003) , most of the human-specific changes affecting sialic acid biology are found in the SIGLEC gene cluster on chromosome 19, and that although great ape genomes do not show many changes in this cluster, almost all the human changes are also found in archaic genomes of Neanderthals and Denisovans (Reich et al. abstract: Human-specific pseudogenization of the CMAH gene eliminated the mammalian sialic acid (Sia) Neu5Gc (generating an excess of its precursor Neu5Ac), thus changing ubiquitous cell surface “self-associated molecular patterns” that modulate innate immunity via engagement of CD33-related-Siglec receptors. The Alu-fusion-mediated loss-of-function of CMAH fixed ∼2–3 Ma, possibly contributing to the origins of the genus Homo. The mutation likely altered human self-associated molecular patterns, triggering multiple events, including emergence of human-adapted pathogens with strong preference for Neu5Ac recognition and/or presenting Neu5Ac-containing molecular mimics of human glycans, which can suppress immune responses via CD33-related-Siglec engagement. Human-specific alterations reported in some gene-encoding Sia-sensing proteins suggested a “hotspot” in hominin evolution. The availability of more hominid genomes including those of two extinct hominins now allows full reanalysis and evolutionary timing. Functional changes occur in 8/13 members of the human genomic cluster encoding CD33-related Siglecs, all predating the human common ancestor. Comparisons with great ape genomes indicate that these changes are unique to hominins. We found no evidence for strong selection after the Human–Neanderthal/Denisovan common ancestor, and these extinct hominin genomes include almost all major changes found in humans, indicating that these changes in hominin sialobiology predate the Neanderthal–human divergence ∼0.6 Ma. Multiple changes in this genomic cluster may also explain human-specific expression of CD33rSiglecs in unexpected locations such as amnion, placental trophoblast, pancreatic islets, ovarian fibroblasts, microglia, Natural Killer(NK) cells, and epithelia. Taken together, our data suggest that innate immune interactions with pathogens markedly altered hominin Siglec biology between 0.6 and 2 Ma, potentially affecting human evolution. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa125 doi: 10.1093/gbe/evaa125 id: cord-284795-0eoyxz78 author: Khetan, Aditya K. title: COVID-19: Why Declining Biodiversity Puts Us at Greater Risk for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and What We Can Do date: 2020-06-25 words: 719.0 sentences: 48.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-284795-0eoyxz78.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284795-0eoyxz78.txt summary: For Nipah, the fruit bats contaminated date palm sap, which was then consumed by humans who thus got infected. While public health measures, including surveillance of emerging disease hotspots, can be helpful as near-term strategies, they cannot substitute for a long-term solution that conserves biodiversity. Human activities that drive loss of biodiversity are also directly tied to climate change and increasing water scarcity. This agricultural land expansion has mostly been for farming animals (for meat and other animal products such as dairy), soybean production, and palm oil production. 5 Given the significant contribution of human meat consumption to loss of biodiversity, decreasing such consumption must be recognized as a major priority for decreasing the incidence of EID over the medium to long term. It is estimated that 25% of global GHG emissions are the result of agriculture, most of it from the farming of animals for human consumption. Evolution in action: climate change, biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32588178/ doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-05977-x id: cord-352832-uih7alib author: Khoury, Bassam title: The Root Causes of COVID-19 Screech for Compassion date: 2020-06-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837597/ doi: 10.1007/s12671-020-01412-8 id: cord-276218-dcg9oq6y author: Kim, Jihoon title: Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine date: 2020-07-07 words: 10681.0 sentences: 496.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276218-dcg9oq6y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276218-dcg9oq6y.txt summary: The use of classical cell line and animal model systems in biomedical research during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries has been successful in many areas, such as improving our understanding of cellular signalling pathways, identifying potential drug targets and guiding the design of candidate drugs for pathologies including cancer and infectious disease. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and diverse human AdSC culture methods has made it possible, for the first time, to generate laboratory models specific to an individual 32 . A number of studies have used 3D human stem cell-derived systems, including neurosphere culture and brain organoid models, to reveal the effect of ZIKV infection on human brain development 80, 81 . abstract: The historical reliance of biological research on the use of animal models has sometimes made it challenging to address questions that are specific to the understanding of human biology and disease. But with the advent of human organoids — which are stem cell-derived 3D culture systems — it is now possible to re-create the architecture and physiology of human organs in remarkable detail. Human organoids provide unique opportunities for the study of human disease and complement animal models. Human organoids have been used to study infectious diseases, genetic disorders and cancers through the genetic engineering of human stem cells, as well as directly when organoids are generated from patient biopsy samples. This Review discusses the applications, advantages and disadvantages of human organoids as models of development and disease and outlines the challenges that have to be overcome for organoids to be able to substantially reduce the need for animal experiments. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32636524/ doi: 10.1038/s41580-020-0259-3 id: cord-256537-axbyav1m author: Kimball, Ann Marie title: Emergence of Novel Human Infections: New Insights and New Challenges date: 2016-10-24 words: 4979.0 sentences: 283.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256537-axbyav1m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256537-axbyav1m.txt summary: In reviewing the new challenges posed by these emergent events, new technologies promise some answers; however, global health security against pandemic threats, particularly given the uneven distribution of global resources for prevention, detection, and response, remains a critical area of challenge. Specifically: (1) it is now well appreciated that influenza can migrate directly from avian sources to humans, and the appreciation of the actual directness of ''species jumping'' has moved forward; (2) new infections have also introduced uncertainty in transmission dynamics with emphasis on super-spreader events as well as nosocomial transmission; (3) infectious particles are not confined to those organisms which contain genetic material; (4) a new paradigm such as ''Planetary Health'' may be necessary for defining these trends; and (5) global preparedness and response is not in place for the next pandemic. To summarize, the recent episodes of respiratory infectious diseases related to influenza, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV have demonstrated increasingly direct links between animal and human infections, agile intercontinental geographic spread, and complex transmission dynamics including ''superspreader'' events. abstract: Novel human infections have continued to emerge over the past decade. Their presentation, epidemiology, and microbiology have shifted the paradigms of traditional science. In particular insights into nongenetic or paragenetic mechanisms (plasmid mediated), modes of infection have challenged biology. In reviewing the new challenges posed by these emergent events, new technologies promise some answers; however, global health security against pandemic threats, particularly given the uneven distribution of global resources for prevention, detection, and response, remains a critical area of challenge. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128036785001533 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00153-3 id: cord-317501-yblzopc3 author: Kuhn, Philipp title: Recombinant antibodies for diagnostics and therapy against pathogens and toxins generated by phage display date: 2016-06-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Antibodies are valuable molecules for the diagnostic and treatment of diseases caused by pathogens and toxins. Traditionally, these antibodies are generated by hybridoma technology. An alternative to hybridoma technology is the use of antibody phage display to generate recombinant antibodies. This in vitro technology circumvents the limitations of the immune system and allows—in theory—the generation of antibodies against all conceivable molecules. Phage display technology enables obtaining human antibodies from naïve antibody gene libraries when either patients are not available or immunization is not ethically feasible. On the other hand, if patients or immunized/infected animals are available, it is common to construct immune phage display libraries to select in vivo affinity‐matured antibodies. Because the phage packaged DNA sequence encoding the antibodies is directly available, the antibodies can be smoothly engineered according to the requirements of the final application. In this review, an overview of phage display derived recombinant antibodies against bacterial, viral, and eukaryotic pathogens as well as toxins for diagnostics and therapy is given. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27198131/ doi: 10.1002/prca.201600002 id: cord-275796-4560i8cx author: Kumar, Prashant title: Prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for human metapneumovirus date: 2018-10-20 words: 6555.0 sentences: 311.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275796-4560i8cx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275796-4560i8cx.txt summary: Recently, 54G10, a human monoclonal antibody directed to a conserved epitope of HMPV fusion protein, was shown to be highly neutralizing and effective in decreasing the viral titre in lungs and nasal aspirates of infected HMPV permissive mice model. Prior to this, Fab DS7, a recombinant human monoclonal antibody fragment generated using phage display technology against a fusion protein epitope was evaluated and found to be significantly effective in restricting the propagation of HMPV in the lungs of cotton rats [106] . In past few years, nanoemulsion based inactivation of virus like RSV was demonstrated to yield safe vaccines which could induce effective humoral immune response and enhanced viral clearance from the host body [59] . demonstrated that recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guerin (rBCG) carrying the gene encoding HMPV P protein could successfully express the viral protein and immunization with the rBCG strain could induce a protective Th1 immunity in mice model by activation of virus specific T cells producing IFNc and IL-2 [72] . abstract: Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important pneumovirus which causes acute respiratory disease in human beings. The viral infection leads to mild to severe respiratory symptoms depending on the age and immune status of the infected individual. Several groups across the world are working on the development of immunogens and therapy to manage HMPV infection with promising results under laboratory conditions but till date any virus specific vaccine or therapy has not been approved for clinical use. This minireview gives an overview of the prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to manage HMPV infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-018-0498-5 doi: 10.1007/s13337-018-0498-5 id: cord-018639-0g1ov96t author: Kurpiers, Laura A. title: Bushmeat and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Lessons from Africa date: 2015-09-21 words: 14563.0 sentences: 713.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018639-0g1ov96t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018639-0g1ov96t.txt summary: Here we review the literature on bushmeat and EIDs for sub-Saharan Africa, summarizing pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria, helminths, protozoan, and prions) by bushmeat taxonomic group to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge concerning zoonotic disease transmission from bushmeat into humans. In this review, we explore the links between bushmeat-related activities and EIDs in sub-Saharan Africa, where the vast majority of African emerging infectious zoonotic diseases occur (Jones et al. Although research has focused largely on mammals and, to a lesser extent, birds, theoretically any wildlife species harvested for bushmeat could be a potential source of zoonotic disease that can spillover during the hunting, butchering, and preparation process (Wolfe et al. With the increasing prevalence of zoonotic disease emergence and the associated risk for public health, we have to improve our understanding of the dynamics of spillover events of pathogens from animal to human hosts (Rostal et al. abstract: Zoonotic diseases are the main contributor to emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and present a major threat to global public health. Bushmeat is an important source of protein and income for many African people, but bushmeat-related activities have been linked to numerous EID outbreaks, such as Ebola, HIV, and SARS. Importantly, increasing demand and commercialization of bushmeat is exposing more people to pathogens and facilitating the geographic spread of diseases. To date, these linkages have not been systematically assessed. Here we review the literature on bushmeat and EIDs for sub-Saharan Africa, summarizing pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria, helminths, protozoan, and prions) by bushmeat taxonomic group to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge concerning zoonotic disease transmission from bushmeat into humans. We conclude by drawing lessons that we believe are applicable to other developing and developed regions and highlight areas requiring further research to mitigate disease risk. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123567/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_24 id: cord-346331-d0s028wl author: Lackey, Kimberly A. title: SARS‐CoV‐2 and human milk: What is the evidence? date: 2020-05-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 has emerged as one of the most compelling and concerning public health challenges of our time. To address the myriad issues generated by this pandemic, an interdisciplinary breadth of research, clinical and public health communities has rapidly engaged to collectively find answers and solutions. One area of active inquiry is understanding the mode(s) of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission. Although respiratory droplets are a known mechanism of transmission, other mechanisms are likely. Of particular importance to global health is the possibility of vertical transmission from infected mothers to infants through breastfeeding or consumption of human milk. However, there is limited published literature related to vertical transmission of any human coronaviruses (including SARS‐CoV‐2) via human milk and/or breastfeeding. Results of the literature search reported here (finalized on 17 April 2020) revealed a single study providing some evidence of vertical transmission of human coronavirus 229E; a single study evaluating presence of SARS‐CoV in human milk (it was negative); and no published data on MERS‐CoV and human milk. We identified 13 studies reporting human milk tested for SARS‐CoV‐2; one study (a non‐peer‐reviewed preprint) detected the virus in one milk sample, and another study detected SARS‐CoV‐2 specific IgG in milk. Importantly, none of the studies on coronaviruses and human milk report validation of their collection and analytical methods for use in human milk. These reports are evaluated here, and their implications related to the possibility of vertical transmission of coronaviruses (in particular, SARS‐CoV‐2) during breastfeeding are discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13032 doi: 10.1111/mcn.13032 id: cord-305318-cont592g author: Lancaster, Madeline A. title: Disease modelling in human organoids date: 2019-07-01 words: 10865.0 sentences: 484.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305318-cont592g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305318-cont592g.txt summary: Thus, more recent approaches have focused on in vitro models derived from stem cells, which allow for a broader array of tissue identities, long-term expansion, better genomic integrity and improved modelling of healthy biology. established the first adult murine-tissue-derived liver organoid culture that sustains the long-term expansion of liver cells in vitro (Huch et al., 2013b) . Addition of an activator of cyclic adenosyl monophosphate (cAMP) signalling and inhibition of TGFβ signalling adapted this culture system to the expansion of adult human liver cells as self-renewing organoids that recapitulate some function of ex vivo liver tissue . (2014) was instrumental in characterizing the early stages of metanephric kidney development, particularly the formation of metanephric mesenchyme (MM), then applying the identified signalling factors to direct differentiation of mouse and human PSCs specifically towards MM cells that could form 3D structures when cocultured with mouse tissues. abstract: The past decade has seen an explosion in the field of in vitro disease modelling, in particular the development of organoids. These self-organizing tissues derived from stem cells provide a unique system to examine mechanisms ranging from organ development to homeostasis and disease. Because organoids develop according to intrinsic developmental programmes, the resultant tissue morphology recapitulates organ architecture with remarkable fidelity. Furthermore, the fact that these tissues can be derived from human progenitors allows for the study of uniquely human processes and disorders. This article and accompanying poster highlight the currently available methods, particularly those aimed at modelling human biology, and provide an overview of their capabilities and limitations. We also speculate on possible future technological advances that have the potential for great strides in both disease modelling and future regenerative strategies. url: https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.039347 doi: 10.1242/dmm.039347 id: cord-025998-1qawjquv author: Lara, R.J. title: Aquatic Ecosystems, Human Health, and Ecohydrology date: 2012-03-23 words: 27055.0 sentences: 1228.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt summary: The effects of increasing water use and scarcity on human health are discussed considering historical and contemporary incidence of diarrheal diseases in European and South Asian megacities, relationships between dams and on waterborne diseases in Asia and Africa, and intensive agriand aquaculture resulting in man-made ecotones, fragmented aquatic ecosystems, and pathogen mutations. It is emphasized that the comprehension of the multiple interactions among changes in environmental settings, land use, and human health requires a new synthesis of ecohydrology, biomedical sciences, and water management for surveillance and control of waterborne diseases in basin-based, transboundary health systems. • natural biological cycles in which humans can act as hosts of pathogenic microorganisms (protozoans, bacteria, etc.); • consequences of the management of aquatic resources (e.g., wetlands drainage or creation, aquaculture, and dam construction); • effects of water pollution (chemical, microbiological, radio active, and thermal) on man and on the physiology of individual organisms; and • the impact of global changes affecting climate and hydrolo gical cycles (e.g., habitat degradation, warming, increased rainfall, and storms). abstract: This chapter treats two main topics: the relationship between human health, aquatic ecosystems, and water use; and the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches for the development of water management policies and disease control. Main waterborne diseases, mostly affecting developing countries and relevant in terms of water management and changes in land use, such as malaria, schistosomiasis, or cholera, are discussed stressing links to the global water crisis. Also, the role of artificial and natural wetlands in influenza epidemics is treated. The effects of increasing water use and scarcity on human health are discussed considering historical and contemporary incidence of diarrheal diseases in European and South Asian megacities, relationships between dams and on waterborne diseases in Asia and Africa, and intensive agri- and aquaculture resulting in man-made ecotones, fragmented aquatic ecosystems, and pathogen mutations. It is emphasized that the comprehension of the multiple interactions among changes in environmental settings, land use, and human health requires a new synthesis of ecohydrology, biomedical sciences, and water management for surveillance and control of waterborne diseases in basin-based, transboundary health systems. Surveillance systems should monitor changes in water management, ecotones, and hydrological cycles and shifts in, for example, the outbreak timing of strongly seasonal diseases. These indicators would provide criteria for the development of innovative water management policies, combining methods of vector control and the safe creation of water reservoirs, irrigation systems, and wetland habitats. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271162/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374711-2.01015-9 id: cord-022544-7jn4ns6x author: Lawrence, Robert M. title: Host-Resistance Factors and Immunologic Significance of Human Milk date: 2010-12-27 words: 22268.0 sentences: 1177.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022544-7jn4ns6x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022544-7jn4ns6x.txt summary: The immunologically active components of breast milk make up an important aspect of the host defenses of the mammary gland in the mother; at the same time, they complement, supplement, and stimulate the ongoing development of the infant'' s immune system. A number of other long-term studies demonstrated greater protection from infection with increased exclusivity of breastfeeding and durations of at least 3 months.* A couple papers demonstrated a "dose" effect relative to decreased occurrence of late onset sepsis in very low-birth-weight infants 73 and premature infants 245 associated with the infants receiving at least 50 mL/kg per day of mother'' s milk compared with receiving other nutrition. Evidence shows that neutrophils found in human milk demonstrate signs of activation, including increased expression of CD11b (an adherence glycoprotein), decreased expression of L-selectin, spontaneous production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and the ability to transform into CD1 + dendritic cells (DCs). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158292/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0788-5.10005-7 id: cord-023488-jf2xl3vl author: Le Duc, James W. title: Emerging Viral Diseases: Why We Need to Worry about Bats, Camels, and Airplanes date: 2016-02-12 words: 9385.0 sentences: 464.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023488-jf2xl3vl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023488-jf2xl3vl.txt summary: On occasion, a virus that is already widespread in a population can emerge as a cause of epidemic or endemic disease, due to an increase in the ratio of cases to infections. Although many zoonotic viruses can be transmitted to humans on occasion, their relative ability to spread from human to human determines whether or not they emerge as significant new virus diseases of mankind (Table 2 ). In the history of modern virology (the last 50 years) there are very few documented instances where zoonotic viruses have established themselves in the human population and emerged as new viral diseases of mankind (Table 2 ). Rarely, as in the case of HIV, SARS coronavirus, and Ebola filovirus, a zoonotic virus becomes established in humans, causing a disease that is truly new to the human species. abstract: The emergence of a new viral disease is one of the most dramatic aspects of virology, which often receives widespread attention from the scientific community and the lay public. Considering that the discipline of animal virology was established over 100 years ago, it may seem surprising that new virus diseases are still being discovered. How this happens is the subject of this chapter. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7170184/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800964-2.00016-1 id: cord-340971-e42g37la author: Lehrer, Robert I. title: Defensins and Other Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins date: 2007-05-09 words: 10442.0 sentences: 579.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-340971-e42g37la.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340971-e42g37la.txt summary: In humans (and other mammals), defensins and cathelicidins are the principal antimicrobial peptides of neutrophils and epithelial cells. Defensins also induce the synthesis of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a C-X-C cytokine, by human airway epithelial cells, possibly providing a mechanism to recruit additional neutrophils to sites of inflammation (Van Wetering et al. In mice with a targeted disruption of the intestinal prodefensin-processing protease, matrilysin, Paneth cell defensin precursors were not processed to active mature peptides. Airway epithelial cells are the site of expression of a mammalian antimicrobial peptide gene Human beta-defensin 4: A novel inducible peptide with a specific salt-sensitive spectrum of antimicrobial activity Paneth cells of the human small intestine express an antimicrobial peptide gene In vitro activity of the antimicrobial peptides human and rabbit defensins and porcine leukocyte protegrin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Purification, primary structures, and antibacterial activities of beta-defensins, a new family of antimicrobial peptides from bovine neutrophils abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124915435500103 doi: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50010-3 id: cord-016782-aods92rf author: Lessenger, James E. title: Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish date: 2006 words: 4986.0 sentences: 304.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt summary: Workers, visitors, inspectors, veterinarians, and people who live on or adjacent to farms, ranches, feedlots, processing plants, and other agricultural endeavors are at risk for contracting diseases from animals, poultry, or fish. Methods of preventing the transmission of infectious material from animals and poultry to agricultural workers mirror in many ways the safety techniques for protection from chemicals, trauma and other hazards (see Chapter 6) . Key to the prevention of the transmission of animal disease to humans is the proper processing of food products. Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish 369 Protective physical barriers in farm, ranch, or plant design allow for the raising or processing of food products without actual contact of humans with the animals or products. Production animals include cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, dogs, deer, and other animals grown in small to large farms and ranches for human consumption. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121171/ doi: 10.1007/0-387-30105-4_27 id: cord-309301-ai84el0j author: Li, Yaqi title: Organoid based personalized medicine: from bench to bedside date: 2020-11-02 words: 17467.0 sentences: 934.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309301-ai84el0j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309301-ai84el0j.txt summary: The mini-gut culture approach has been applied to the generation of organoids derived from the epithelial compartments of a variety of murine and human tissues of ecto-, meso-and endodermal origin, and promotes the study of stem cell biology of other tissues except for intestine. For translational research, tumorderived organoids can be used for biobanking, genetic repair and drug screening studies, both for personalized medicine (to choose the most effective treatment for a specific patient) and drug development (to test a compound library on a specific set of tumor organoids), as well as immunotherapy research similar in liver, small intestine, and colon stem cells, regardless of the large variation in cancer incidence of these organs. Ductal pancreatic cancer modeling and drug screening using human pluripotent stem cell-and patient-derived tumor organoids abstract: Three-dimensional cultured organoids have become a powerful in vitro research tool that preserves genetic, phenotypic and behavioral trait of in vivo organs, which can be established from both pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells. Organoids derived from adult stem cells can be established directly from diseased epithelium and matched normal tissues, and organoids can also be genetically manipulated by CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Applications of organoids in basic research involve the modeling of human development and diseases, including genetic, infectious and malignant diseases. Importantly, accumulating evidence suggests that biobanks of patient-derived organoids for many cancers and cystic fibrosis have great value for drug development and personalized medicine. In addition, organoids hold promise for regenerative medicine. In the present review, we discuss the applications of organoids in the basic and translational research. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13619-020-00059-z doi: 10.1186/s13619-020-00059-z id: cord-336157-aqc9zrrm author: Liang, Guodong title: Factors responsible for the emergence of arboviruses; strategies, challenges and limitations for their control date: 2015-03-25 words: 4111.0 sentences: 221.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336157-aqc9zrrm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336157-aqc9zrrm.txt summary: Slave trading of Africans to the Americas, during the 16th to the 19th century was responsible for the first recorded emergence in the New World of two arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), yellow fever virus and dengue virus. [2] [3] Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV) are three of a large number of neglected human pathogenic arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) whose combined figures for morbidity and mortality far exceed those for Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome viruses. However, many other arthropod species, in which viruses have been identified, may be involved in perpetuating the virus life cycle without having been associated with overt disease in humans or animals. 55 However, implementation of temporary localized arthropod control measures during epidemics, for example in high density urbanized areas, can still play an important but transient role in reducing the impact on humans and animals of emerging arboviruses. abstract: Slave trading of Africans to the Americas, during the 16th to the 19th century was responsible for the first recorded emergence in the New World of two arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), yellow fever virus and dengue virus. Many other arboviruses have since emerged from their sylvatic reservoirs and dispersed globally due to evolving factors that include anthropological behaviour, commercial transportation and land-remediation. Here, we outline some characteristics of these highly divergent arboviruses, including the variety of life cycles they have developed and the mechanisms by which they have adapted to evolving changes in habitat and host availability. We cite recent examples of virus emergence that exemplify how arboviruses have exploited the consequences of the modern human lifestyle. Using our current understanding of these viruses, we also attempt to demonstrate some of the limitations encountered in developing control strategies to reduce the impact of future emerging arbovirus diseases. Finally, we present recommendations for development by an international panel of experts reporting directly to World Health Organization, with the intention of providing internationally acceptable guidelines for improving emerging arbovirus disease control strategies. Success in these aims should alleviate the suffering and costs encountered during recent decades when arboviruses have emerged from their sylvatic environment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26038768/ doi: 10.1038/emi.2015.18 id: cord-002337-8v907g24 author: Lipsitch, Marc title: Viral factors in influenza pandemic risk assessment date: 2016-11-11 words: 18953.0 sentences: 845.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002337-8v907g24.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002337-8v907g24.txt summary: Preference for a2,6-linked mammalian sialic acid receptors over a2,3-linked avian ones HA pH of activation HA avoids extracellular inactivation and undergoes conformational changes leading to membrane fusion at appropriate pH for human cells (5.0-5.4 or perhaps 5.5) (Russell, 2014) Polymerase complex efficiency Efficient replication in human cells (Cauldwell et al., 2014; Naffakh et al., 2008) Virus morphology Filamentous morphology associated with several adaptations to mammals (Seladi-Schulman et al., 2014; Seladi-Schulman et al., 2013; Campbell et al., 2014; Beale et al., 2014) Length of NA stalk Longer stalk of NA required to penetrate human mucus and deaggregate virions (Blumenkrantz et al., 2013) Antagonism of interferon production Species-specific binding of the NS1 protein to host factors (Rajsbaum et al., 2012) HA-NA "balance" Substrate selectivity and catalytic rate of NA are calibrated to "balance" avidity of HA for the cell-surface glycan receptor (Zanin et al., 2015; Baum and Paulson, 1991; Yen et al., 2011; Handel et al., 2014) DOI: 10.7554/eLife.18491.006 Glaser et al., 2005) ; most human H2 and H3 seasonal isolates (Connor et al., 1994; Matrosovich et al., 2000) *These anomalous results are speculated by the authors to be possibly, or even probably the result of laboratory adaptation to egg passage and may not reflect the properties of the primary isolate. abstract: The threat of an influenza A virus pandemic stems from continual virus spillovers from reservoir species, a tiny fraction of which spark sustained transmission in humans. To date, no pandemic emergence of a new influenza strain has been preceded by detection of a closely related precursor in an animal or human. Nonetheless, influenza surveillance efforts are expanding, prompting a need for tools to assess the pandemic risk posed by a detected virus. The goal would be to use genetic sequence and/or biological assays of viral traits to identify those non-human influenza viruses with the greatest risk of evolving into pandemic threats, and/or to understand drivers of such evolution, to prioritize pandemic prevention or response measures. We describe such efforts, identify progress and ongoing challenges, and discuss three specific traits of influenza viruses (hemagglutinin receptor binding specificity, hemagglutinin pH of activation, and polymerase complex efficiency) that contribute to pandemic risk. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18491.001 url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5156527/ doi: 10.7554/elife.18491 id: cord-313529-xm76ae08 author: Liu, Wen-Kuan title: Detection of human bocavirus from children and adults with acute respiratory tract illness in Guangzhou, southern China date: 2011-12-14 words: 2960.0 sentences: 180.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313529-xm76ae08.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313529-xm76ae08.txt summary: title: Detection of human bocavirus from children and adults with acute respiratory tract illness in Guangzhou, southern China Our study is the first to analyze the characteristics of HBoV-positive samples from ARTI patients with a wide age distribution from Guangzhou, southern China. HBoV DNA positive samples were tested for 16 other potential pathogens, including influenza A virus, influenza B virus, parainfluenza virus (1, 2, 3, 4), respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, human metapneumovirus, human coronavirus (229E, OC43, NL63, HKU1), Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae by Taqman real-time PCR, in accordance with the manufacturer''s protocol (Guangzhou HuYanSuo Medical Technology Co., Ltd). Our study successfully analyzed the characteristics of HBoV-positive samples from ARTI-infected patients with a wide age distribution from Guangzhou, southern China for the first reported time. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that HBoV-GU338055 from an elderly patient is in a single lineage with other HBoVs. Osterhaus ADME: A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease abstract: BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly discovered parvovirus associated with acute respiratory tract illness (ARTI) and gastrointestinal illness. Our study is the first to analyze the characteristics of HBoV-positive samples from ARTI patients with a wide age distribution from Guangzhou, southern China. METHODS: Throat swabs (n=2811) were collected and analyzed from children and adults with ARTI over a 13-month period. The HBoV complete genome from a 60 year-old female patient isolate was also determined. RESULTS: HBoV DNA was detected in 65/2811 (2.3%) samples, of which 61/1797 were from children (<18 years old) and 4/1014 from adults (≥18 years old). Seasonal peaks of 4.8% and 7.7% were detected in May and June, respectively. 28 of 65 (43.1%) HBoV-positive samples were co-detected with 11/16 other potential pathogens. Mycoplasma pneumoniae had the highest frequency of 16.9% (11/65). Upper and lower respiratory tract illness were common symptoms, with 19/65 (29.2%) patients diagnosed with pneumonia by chest radiography. All four adult patients had systemic influenza-like symptoms. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome revealed a close relationship with other HBoVs, and a more distant relationship with HBoV2 and HBoV3. CONCLUSIONS: HBoV was detected from children and adults with ARTI from Guangzhou, southern China. Elderly people were also susceptive to HBoV. A single lineage of HBoV was detected among a wide age distribution of patients with ARTI. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-345 doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-345 id: cord-330312-1pjolkql author: Liu, Y.-T. title: Infectious Disease Genomics date: 2017-01-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The history and development of infectious disease genomics have been closely associated with the Human Genome Project (HGP) during the past 20 years. It has been emphasized since the beginning of the HGP that such effort must not be restricted to the human genome and should include other organisms including mouse, bacteria, yeast, fruit fly, and worm for comparative sequence analyses. A brief history is reviewed in this chapter. As of 2016, more than 7000 completed genome sequencing projects have been reported. One of the important motivations for these efforts is to develop preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies through the analysis of sequenced microorganisms, parasites, and vectors related to human health. A number of examples are discussed in this chapter. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012799942500010X doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-799942-5.00010-x id: cord-265857-fs6dj3dp author: Liu, Yu-Tsueng title: Infectious Disease Genomics date: 2010-12-24 words: 4341.0 sentences: 233.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265857-fs6dj3dp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265857-fs6dj3dp.txt summary: The completed or ongoing genome projects will provide enormous opportunities for the discovery of novel vaccines and drug targets against human pathogens as well as the improvement of diagnosis and discovery of infectious agents and the development of new strategies for invertebrate vector control. The genomes of human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and its major mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae were published in 2002 (Gardner et al., 2002; Holt et al., 2002) . Genome sequencing projects for other important human disease vectors are in progress Megy et al., 2009 ). One of the similar efforts for human pathogens is the NIH Influenza Genome Sequencing Project. The completed or ongoing genome projects (Table 10 .1) will provide enormous opportunities for the discovery of novel vaccines and drug targets against human pathogens as well as the improvement of diagnosis and discovery of infectious agents and the development of new strategies for invertebrate vector control. abstract: The history and development of infectious disease genomics are discussed in this chapter. HGP must not be restricted to the human genome and should include model organisms including mouse, bacteria, yeast, fruit fly, and worm. The completed or ongoing genome projects will provide enormous opportunities for the discovery of novel vaccines and drug targets against human pathogens as well as the improvement of diagnosis and discovery of infectious agents and the development of new strategies for invertebrate vector control. The polysaccharide capsule is important for meningococci to escape from complement-mediated killing. With the completion of the genome sequence of a virulent MenB strain, a “reverse vaccinology” approach was applied for the development of a universal MenB vaccine by Novartis. The indispensable fatty acid synthase (FAS) pathway in bacteria has been regarded as a promising target for the development of antimicrobial agents. Through a systematic screening of 250,000 natural product extracts, a Merck team identified a potent and broad-spectrum antibiotic, platensimycin, which is derived from Streptomyces platensis. Vector Biology Network was formed to achieve three goals (1) to develop basic tools for the stable transformation of anopheline mosquitoes by the year 2000; (2) to engineer a mosquito incapable of carrying the malaria parasite by 2005; and (3) to run controlled experiments to test how to drive the engineered genotype into wild mosquito populations by 2010. The most immediate impact of a completely sequenced pathogen genome is for infectious disease diagnosis. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123848901000108 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384890-1.00010-8 id: cord-255181-du6rqc6i author: Louz, Derrick title: Cross‐species transfer of viruses: implications for the use of viral vectors in biomedical research, gene therapy and as live‐virus vaccines date: 2005-06-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Summary All living organisms are continuously exposed to a plethora of viruses. In general, viruses tend to be restricted to the natural host species which they infect. From time to time viruses cross the host‐range barrier expanding their host range. However, in very rare cases cross‐species transfer is followed by the establishment and persistence of a virus in the new host species, which may result in disease. Recent examples of viruses that have crossed the species barrier from animal reservoirs to humans are hantavirus, haemorrhagic fever viruses, arboviruses, Nipah and Hendra viruses, avian influenza virus (AI), monkeypox virus, and the SARS‐associated coronavirus (SARS‐CoV). The opportunities for cross‐species transfer of mammalian viruses have increased in recent years due to increased contact between humans and animal reservoirs. However, it is difficult to predict when such events will take place since the viral adaptation that is needed to accomplish this is multifactorial and stochastic. Against this background the intensified use of viruses and their genetically modified variants as viral gene transfer vectors for biomedical research, experimental gene therapy and for live‐vector vaccines is a cause for concern. This review addresses a number of potential risk factors and their implications for activities with viral vectors from the perspective of cross‐species transfer of viruses in nature, with emphasis on the occurrence of host‐range mutants resulting from either cell culture or tropism engineering. The issues are raised with the intention to assist in risk assessments for activities with vector viruses. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15986492/ doi: 10.1002/jgm.794 id: cord-301328-13adnvav author: Lowenthal, John title: Overview of the CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory date: 2016-04-24 words: 1656.0 sentences: 76.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301328-13adnvav.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301328-13adnvav.txt summary: Emerging infectious diseases arising from livestock and wildlife pose serious threats to global human health, as shown by a series of continuous outbreaks involving highly pathogenic influenza, SARS, Ebola and MERS. To combat diseases like MERS, we must take a holistic approach that involves the development of early biomarkers of infection, a suite of treatment options (vaccines, anti-viral drugs and antibody therapeutics) and appropriate animal models to test the safety and efficacy of candidate treatments. Examples include the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus that has decimated poultry production in Asia and claimed over 350 lives since 2003 with continuing regular outbreaks, the Hendra virus in Australia, the Nipah virus in Malaysia and Bangladesh and hemorrhagic fever viruses (Ebola and Marburg), which have emerged from bats via intermediate hosts, such as horses and pigs, to infect and kill humans over the past two decades. abstract: Emerging infectious diseases arising from livestock and wildlife pose serious threats to global human health, as shown by a series of continuous outbreaks involving highly pathogenic influenza, SARS, Ebola and MERS. The risk of pandemics and bioterrorism threats is ever present and growing, but our ability to combat them is limited by the lack of available vaccines, therapeutics and rapid diagnostics. The use of high bio-containment facilities, such as the CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, plays a key role studying these dangerous pathogens and facilitates the development of countermeasures. To combat diseases like MERS, we must take a holistic approach that involves the development of early biomarkers of infection, a suite of treatment options (vaccines, anti-viral drugs and antibody therapeutics) and appropriate animal models to test the safety and efficacy of candidate treatments. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2016.04.007 doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2016.04.007 id: cord-286749-si83t03j author: Lu, Q.-B. title: Epidemic and molecular evolution of human bocavirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection date: 2014-07-29 words: 3307.0 sentences: 192.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286749-si83t03j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286749-si83t03j.txt summary: title: Epidemic and molecular evolution of human bocavirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a novel parvovirus, often associated with respiratory tract diseases in children. This study was aimed to explore the epidemiology pattern and clinical characteristics of HBoV-1 infection in Chinese children, as well as the molecular evolutionary pattern, for HBoV-1, by performing a 4-year laboratory surveillance of ARTI cases. According to our results, the prevalence of HBoV-1 in pediatric ARTI patients is higher than those from other hospital-based studies [2, 6, 21, 22] , whereas it was lower than that previously detected in persistently wheezing children [16] . Human bocavirus in children: mono-detection, high viral load and viraemia are associated with respiratory tract infection Detection and clinical characteristics analysis of human bocavirus 1-3 in children for acute respiratory infection in Lanzhou area abstract: Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a novel parvovirus, often associated with respiratory tract diseases in children. This study explored the epidemiological characteristics and molecular evolution of HBoV-1 in southeastern China. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children admitted to hospital with acute respiratory tract infections. HBoV-1 was detected using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and further characterized by complete genome sequences analysis. Among the 3,022 recruited children, 386 (12.77 %) were HBoV-1-positive and 300 (77.72 %) had co-detection with other respiratory viruses. Seasonal prevalence peaked in summer. HBoV-1 presence was significantly associated with asthma attack [odds ratio = 1.74; 95 % confidence interval: 1.30, 2.31; p < 0.001]. Similar results were obtained when either single detection or co-detection of HBoV-1 was considered, demonstrating the minor impact of co-detection on the clinical characteristics or epidemic pattern. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome sequences showed that all the HBoV-1 sequences clustered together and no branch was formed that was supported by bootstrap value ≥750. The overall evolutionary rate of the complete genome of HBoV-1 was estimated at 1.08 × 10(−4) nucleotide substitutions per site per year (s/s/y) [95 % highest probability density: (0.40–1.86) × 10(−4) s/s/y]. Selective pressure analysis showed that all the ω-values were less than 1, suggesting that HBoV-1 was under negative selective pressure. Site-by-site analysis identified the codon site 40 of the VP1 gene under positive selection. In conclusion, our study disclosed the epidemiological and genetic dynamics of HBoV-1 epidemics in southeastern China in the most recent 3 years, the information of which might help to further improve our understanding of HBoV-1 infection and guide better surveillance and control strategies in the future. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10096-014-2215-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25070494/ doi: 10.1007/s10096-014-2215-7 id: cord-349163-q52upndx author: Luo, Guangxiang (George) title: Global health concerns stirred by emerging viral infections date: 2020-02-14 words: 434.0 sentences: 38.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349163-q52upndx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349163-q52upndx.txt summary: In 1997, a highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus was found to directly spread from poultry to humans unlike previously reported transmission routs of human-to-human and livestock-to-human, stirring a grave concern for a possible influenza pandemic. In 1997, a highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus was found to directly spread from poultry to humans unlike previously reported transmission routs of human-to-human and livestock-to-human, stirring a grave concern for a possible influenza pandemic. 1 Several other avian influenza A virus subtypes (H7N9, H9N2, and H7N3) were also associated with human disease, raising an alarm that all subtypes of influenza A virus circulating in domestic and wild birds and livestock can potentially spill over to humans, resulting in pandemics. [2] [3] [4] In 1999, a newly emerged paramyxovirus termed Nipah virus was identified as the cause of a severe encephalitis outbreak occurred in Malaysia and Singapore. Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus Recent advances in the detection of respiratory virus infection in humans abstract: Emerging viral infections continue to pose a major threat to global public health. In 1997, a highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus was found to directly spread from poultry to humans unlike previously reported transmission routs of human-to-human and livestock-to-human, stirring a grave concern for a possible influenza pandemic. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25683 doi: 10.1002/jmv.25683 id: cord-018151-5su98uan author: Lynteris, Christos title: Introduction: Infectious Animals and Epidemic Blame date: 2019-10-12 words: 8567.0 sentences: 354.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt summary: Providing original studies of rats, mosquitoes, marmots, dogs and ''bushmeat'', which at different points in the history of modern medicine and public health have come to embody social and scientific concerns about infection, this volume aims to elucidate the impact of framing non-human animals as epidemic villains. Whether it is stray dogs as spreaders of rabies in colonial and contemporary India, bushmeat as the source of Ebola in West Africa, mosquitoes as vectors of malaria, dengue, Zika and yellow fever in the Global South, or rats and marmots as hosts of plague during the third pandemic, this volume shows framings of non-human animals to be entangled in local webs of signification and, at the same time, to be global agents of modern epidemic imaginaries. abstract: The Introduction to the edited volume summarises the chapters of the volume and discusses their contribution in the context of current historical and anthropological studies of zoonotic and vector-borne disease, with a particular focus on how epidemic blame is articulated in different historical, social and political contexts. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122954/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-26795-7_1 id: cord-015613-ls9qus8y author: Macdonald, David W. title: Infectious disease: Inextricable linkages between human and ecosystem health date: 2006-06-06 words: 6157.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015613-ls9qus8y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015613-ls9qus8y.txt summary: Several papers, including those on rabies in Ethiopian wolves, Canis simensis (Randall et al., 2006) , and African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus (Vial et al., 2006) , disease in Island foxes, Urocyon littoralis (Clifford et al., 2006) , squirrel parapox virus (SQPV) in red squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris (Gurnell et al., 2006) , and devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) in Tasmanian devils, Sarcophilus harrisii (Hawkins et al., 2006) examine this theme. The importance of reservoir identification is classically illustrated by a range of papers in this Special Issue, for example the ongoing dilemma facing bovine tuberculosis control , the diseases emerging from bats (Breed et al., 2006) , phocine distemper virus (PDV) in northern seal population (Hall et al., 2006) and the canid pathogens threatening Island foxes (Clifford et al., 2006) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111083/ doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.05.007 id: cord-016499-5iqpl23p author: Mackay, Ian M. title: Rhinoviruses date: 2014-02-27 words: 23394.0 sentences: 1156.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016499-5iqpl23p.txt summary: A convenience population of 15 healthy children (1-9 years old) without asthma were followed during at least three seasons, and picornaviruses were detected in 5 % of 740 specimens (21 % of infections) not associated with symptoms, The impact of HRV typing and of sampling based only on symptoms. Clinical features and complete genome characterization of a distinct human rhinovirus genetic cluster, probably representing a previously undetected HRV species, HRV-C, associated with acute respiratory illness in children Comparison of results of detection of rhinovirus by PCR and viral culture in human nasal wash specimens from subjects with and without clinical symptoms of respiratory illness Detection of human rhinovirus C viral genome in blood among children with severe respiratory infections in the Philippines abstract: Picornaviruses, which include the human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and enteroviruses (EVs), are the most frequent cause of acute human illness worldwide. HRVs are the most prevalent cause of acute respiratory tract illnesses (ARIs) which usually commence in the upper respiratory tract (URT). ARIs are the leading cause of morbidity in children under 5 years and occur in all seasons. ARIs linked to HRV infections are associated with excessive and perhaps inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and with significant direct and indirect healthcare expenditure. ARI incidence is highest in the first 2 years of life, with up to thirteen episodes per year including up to six positive for an HRV, and it is not uncommon to average one infection per child-month. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120790/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_29 id: cord-279694-25rblhwb author: Mahy, B.W.J title: Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates date: 2014-11-28 words: 4322.0 sentences: 177.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279694-25rblhwb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279694-25rblhwb.txt summary: Although it is still important to isolate viruses in cell culture for their complete characterization, it is now possible directly to detect viruses in diseased tissues by PCR, then, by sequencing the amplicon, to determine whether a new virus has emerged to cause the disease. For example, when hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, caused by a bunyavirus of rodents, Sin Nombre virus, was initially detected in 1993 in the Four Corners region of Western USA, it was found that rodents inside a house where people had been infected carried a virus identical in sequence to virus isolated from human cases. Then, in 1993, a new hantavirus emerged in the Four Corners region of Southwestern USA as the cause of a severe acute respiratory disease syndrome, with a fatality rate close to 40%, and named Sin Nombre virus. It will be important in the future to detect new viruses before they can emerge to cause disease in the population. abstract: In the last two decades, a large number of new viruses have been discovered, many of which are pathogenic in humans or other vertebrates. Among the more important causes of virus emergence have been changes in human behavior, population, and increases in travel to distant countries. In addition, the application of new molecular technologies has led to the recognition of many viruses that hitherto went undetected. Many of the new, emerging viruses have an RNA genome, and many are zoonoses. The spread of human immunodeficiency virus, causing acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and the use of immunosuppressive drugs following transplant surgery, have increased the numbers of people in the population that are highly susceptible to emerging virus infections. The threat of a new pandemic of influenza virus in the human population stresses the need for development of better methods for detection, surveillance, and control of emerging virus diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128012383025642 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02564-2 id: cord-331584-z43ifmr3 author: Mahy, B.W.J. title: Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates date: 2008-07-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In the last two decades, a large number of new viruses have been discovered, many of which are pathogenic in humans or other vertebrates. Among the more important causes of virus emergence have been changes in human behavior, population, and increases in travel to distant countries. In addition, the application of new molecular technologies has led to the recognition of many viruses that hitherto went undetected. Many of the new, emerging viruses have an RNA genome, and many are zoonoses. The spread of human immunodeficiency virus, causing acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and the use of immunosuppressive drugs following transplant surgery, have increased the numbers of people in the population that are highly susceptible to emerging virus infections. The threat of a new pandemic of influenza virus in the human population stresses the need for development of better methods for detection, surveillance, and control of emerging virus diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123744104003836 doi: 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00383-6 id: cord-335302-6wsx0jby author: Mahy, Brian W.J. title: The diversity of viruses infecting humans date: 2011-12-12 words: 2865.0 sentences: 123.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335302-6wsx0jby.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335302-6wsx0jby.txt summary: Other new viruses have been recognized because of a new disease they caused in humans, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus . Studies on the origin of the SARS coronavirus are still ongoing: there is recent evidence of a zoonotic origin of the human disease, perhaps from palm civets, but the true natural reservoir of the virus seems most likely to be in a bat species, probably Chinese horseshoe bats (Lau et al. This was the only known human parvovirus until very recently, when a new parvovirus was discovered to be the cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. 2006 ) and elsewhere (unpublished) have revealed a significant number of children whose lower respiratory tract disease appears to be caused by human bocavirus infection. New human coronavirus, HCoV-NL63, associated with severe lower respiratory tract disease in Australia Evidence of a novel human coronavirus that is associated with respiratory tract disease in infants and young children abstract: Most human viruses have been discovered through the diseases they cause in animals, plants, bacteria or fungi. Recent finds include human bocaviruses, which now seem to have a global distribution, and cause respiratory tract disease in infants, and several new pathogenic human coronaviruses. The SARS coronavirus, genetically distinct from all previously known coronaviruses, caused a disease which was highly transmissible and very severe, eventually leading to 8000 cases worldwide with over 800 deaths. Many viruses which are transmitted to humans by invertebrates, such as insects or ticks, have the ability to infect and replicate in cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate origin. However human virology is a rapidly expanding field and recent technologies such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification system have made it possible to look for previously unrecognized viruses which may or may not be involved in pathogenesis. For example viruses in the genus Anellovirus are found in 80% of human blood samples yet do not seem to cause any disease. This paper overviews known human vertebrate viruses, more recent discoveries, and recommends a systematic search for viruses which may already infect the human population but have so far remained undetected. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32309018/ doi: 10.1080/14888386.2006.9712792 id: cord-006257-rnskg79a author: Majer, M. title: Diarrhea in newborn cynomolgus monkeys infected with human rotavirus date: 1978 words: 768.0 sentences: 62.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006257-rnskg79a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006257-rnskg79a.txt summary: title: Diarrhea in newborn cynomolgus monkeys infected with human rotavirus Of six newborn cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) naturally delivered and normally nursed five developed diarrhea after oral administration of human rotavirus. Stool samples were collected before inoculation and during the ten following days, and were examined by electron microscopy for the presence of rotavirus. The method has been described in detail (8); Serum samples were collected before and 14 days after inoculation and they were assayed for complement-fixing antibodies using the calf diarrhea virus as described previously (9) . Virus-containing stool of the animal No. 3257 (see Tablel) was used to inoculate six other newborn monkeys. However, newborn cynomolgus monkeys which were naturally delivered and normally nursed, seem to be a promising animal model for the study of human rotavirus infection. Diarrhea in gnotobiotic calves caused by the reovirus-like agent of human infantile gastroenteritis Induction of diarrhea in colostrum-deprived newborn rhesus monkeys with the human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis abstract: Of six newborn cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) naturally delivered and normally nursed five developed diarrhea after oral administration of human rotavirus. Virus excretion was observed in the stool of four animals. This virus was transmitted to four out of six other monkeys causing diarrhea in only one animal. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100795/ doi: 10.1007/bf01642161 id: cord-261466-b9r4cyp7 author: Maritz, Julia M. title: What is the importance of zoonotic trichomonads for human health? date: 2014-06-18 words: 6133.0 sentences: 304.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261466-b9r4cyp7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261466-b9r4cyp7.txt summary: Four species of trichomonad are considered human parasites: Trichomonas vaginalis (found in the urogenital tract) [6] , Trichomonas tenax (localized to the oral cavity) [7] , and Pentatrichomonas hominis and Dientamoeba fragilis (located in the digestive tract) [8, 9] . In addition, several trichomonad species are of veterinary importance, such as the avian pathogens Trichomonas gallinae, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, and Histomonas meleagridis [16] [17] [18] [19] , and Tritrichomonas foetus, the causative agent of a venereal disease in cattle [20] . Thus, the presence of an increasing number of distinct trichomonads in a broader range of clinical samples from patients with diverse diseases, such as AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, prostate cancer, pulmonary infections (empyema and pneumonia in addition to PcP and ARDS), and digestive conditions such as diarrhea and IBS [33] [34] [35] , is becoming increasingly apparent. abstract: Trichomonads are common parasites of many vertebrate and invertebrate species, with four species classically recognized as human parasites: Dientamoeba fragilis, Pentatrichomonas hominis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Trichomonas tenax. The latter two species are considered human-specific; by contrast, D. fragilis and P. hominis have been isolated from domestic and farm mammals, demonstrating a wide host range and potential zoonotic origin. Several new studies have highlighted the zoonotic dimension of trichomonads. First, species typically known to infect birds and domestic mammals have been identified in human clinical samples. Second, several phylogenetic analyses have identified animal-derived trichomonads as close sister taxa of the two human-specific species. It is our opinion, therefore, that these observations prompt further investigation into the importance of zoonotic trichomonads for human health. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1471492214000919 doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.05.005 id: cord-329149-1giy1fow author: Martinez-Martin, Nadia title: Technologies for Proteome-Wide Discovery of Extracellular Host-Pathogen Interactions date: 2017-02-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Pathogens have evolved unique mechanisms to breach the cell surface barrier and manipulate the host immune response to establish a productive infection. Proteins exposed to the extracellular environment, both cell surface-expressed receptors and secreted proteins, are essential targets for initial invasion and play key roles in pathogen recognition and subsequent immunoregulatory processes. The identification of the host and pathogen extracellular molecules and their interaction networks is fundamental to understanding tissue tropism and pathogenesis and to inform the development of therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, the characterization of the proteins that function in the host-pathogen interface has been challenging, largely due to the technical challenges associated with detection of extracellular protein interactions. This review discusses available technologies for the high throughput study of extracellular protein interactions between pathogens and their hosts, with a focus on mammalian viruses and bacteria. Emerging work illustrates a rich landscape for extracellular host-pathogen interaction and points towards the evolution of multifunctional pathogen-encoded proteins. Further development and application of technologies for genome-wide identification of extracellular protein interactions will be important in deciphering functional host-pathogen interaction networks, laying the foundation for development of novel therapeutics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28321417/ doi: 10.1155/2017/2197615 id: cord-331343-qzvwwca9 author: Mason, Andrew L. title: Metagenomics and the case of the deadly hamster date: 2008-06-09 words: 2836.0 sentences: 172.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331343-qzvwwca9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331343-qzvwwca9.txt summary: 1 The authors then tried panmicrobial microarray analysis with 29,455 oligonucleotide probes reactive to known vertebrate viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, 5 and after drawing a blank with all these studies, they resorted to brute sequencing of all RNA in the infected tissue to discover the new virus. 8 In humans, metagenomic analysis has been used to study viral communities in blood and respiratory secretions, 6 to differentiate bacterial species in gut flora, 9 and to catalog the collective DNA and RNA viral species in stool samples of healthy subjects 10, 11 and patients with diarrhea. 16 They would have saved a considerable amount of time and effort if they could have sequenced RNA from a few "non-A non-B virus" infected livers (assuming that they could have had access to human genome data that were not available at the time). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18666226/ doi: 10.1002/hep.22452 id: cord-339341-c2o42b5j author: Matibag, Gino C. title: Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date: 2005-09-01 words: 5855.0 sentences: 317.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt summary: This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The overall goal of the "Supercourse for Zoonosis" is to show the most recent development in the knowledge of SARS and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), inter alia, which have significant global impact not only on health but also on the economy. The specific objectives of "Supercourse for Zoonosis" are to develop a set of educational materials for the control of zoonotic diseases, to disseminate them effectively via the Internet, to facilitate their use in the prevention and control of the diseases, and to promote human health while minimizing their economic impact. abstract: This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The paper begins by outlining some of the key themes and issues in infectious diseases, highlighting the way which historical analysis challenges ideas of the ‘newness’ of some of these developments. It then discusses the role of risk communication to public accountability. The bulk of the paper presents an overview of developments of the Internet-based learning system through the Supercourse lectures that may prove to be a strong arm for the promotion of the latest medical information particularly to developing countries. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02897702 doi: 10.1007/bf02897702 id: cord-339386-sxyeuiw1 author: McIntosh, Kenneth title: 157 Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) date: 2015-12-31 words: 8499.0 sentences: 482.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339386-sxyeuiw1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339386-sxyeuiw1.txt summary: The virus was quickly identified as a new CoV most closely related to several bat CoVs. 6 This report was followed by a number of other reports identifying a total of 537 infected individuals, all of whom had acute respiratory symptoms, severe in most, and fatal in 145 (as of May 11, 2014) . 6 Between then and May 2014, a total of 537 cases occurred, all infected by this virus, now termed the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In response to the global spread and associated severe disease, the World Health Organization coordinated a rapid and effective control program that included isolation of cases, careful attention to contact, droplet and airborne infection control procedures, quarantine of exposed persons in some settings, and efforts to control spread between countries through travel advisories and travel alerts. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9781455748013001570 doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00157-0 id: cord-022226-qxp0gfp3 author: Meager, Anthony title: Interferons Alpha, Beta, and Omega date: 2007-09-02 words: 16375.0 sentences: 813.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022226-qxp0gfp3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022226-qxp0gfp3.txt summary: PRDI and PRDIII act as binding sites for a nuclear transcription factor, designated "interferon regulatory factor-l" (IRF-1) , whose expression is transiently increased by virus infection and which appears to mediate the activation of transcription of the IFNB gene (Fujita et al., 1988; Harada et al., 1989; Xanthoudakis et al., 1989) . For example, the IFN-inducible Mx proteins block the replication of influenza virus, probably by inhibiting the nuclear phase of viral transcription (mouse cells) or later cytoplasmic phases (human cells), without affecting the replication of many other viruses (Staeheli, 1990; Mel6n et al., 1992; Ronni et al., 1993) . A number of other negative regulatory factors, including IRF2 (Harada et al., 1989) and the ISGF2 (IRF1)/ISGF3yrelated "human interferon consensus sequence binding protein" (ICSBP) (Weisz et al., 1992; Bovolenta et al., 1994) , which also bind to ISRE, are also probably involved in the regulation of transcription of IFN-inducible genes. abstract: Interferon alpha (IFN-α) is a mixture of closely related proteins, termed “subtypes,” expressed from distinct chromosomal genes. Interferon β (IFN-β) is a single protein species and is molecularly related to IFN-α subtypes, although it is antigenically distinct from them. IFN omega (IFN-ω) is antigenically distinct from IFN-α and IFN-β but is molecularly related to both. The genes of three IFN subtypes are tandemly arranged on the short arm of chromosome 9. They are transiently expressed following induction by various exogenous stimuli, including viruses. They are synthesized from their respective mRNAs for relatively short periods following gene activation and are secreted to act, via specific cell surface receptors, on other cells. IFN-α subtypes are secreted proteins and as such are transcribed from mRNAs as precursor proteins, pre-IFN-α, containing N-terminal signal polypeptides of 23 hydrophobic amino acids (aa) mainly. Pre-IFN-β contains 187 aa, of which 21 comprise the N-terminal signal polypeptide and 166 comprise the mature IFN-β protein. IFN-ω contains 195 aa—the N-terminal 23 comprising the signal sequence and the remaining 172, the mature IFN-ω protein. At the C-terminus, the aa sequence of IFN-ω is six residues longer than that of IFN-α or IFN-β proteins. IFN-α, as a mixture of subtypes, and IFN-ω may be produced together following viral infection of null lymphocytes or monocytes/macrophages. The biological activities of IFNs are mostly dependent upon protein synthesis with selective subsets of proteins mediating individual activities. IFNs can also stimulate indirect antiviral and antitumor mechanisms, depending upon cellular differentiation and the induction of cytotoxic activity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155463/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012498340-3/50026-9 id: cord-315164-nidgnvvi author: Medkour, Hacène title: Adenovirus Infections in African Humans and Wild Non-Human Primates: Great Diversity and Cross-Species Transmission date: 2020-06-18 words: 6818.0 sentences: 359.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315164-nidgnvvi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315164-nidgnvvi.txt summary: Non-human primates (NHPs) are known hosts for adenoviruses (AdVs), so there is the possibility of the zoonotic or cross-species transmission of AdVs. As with humans, AdV infections in animals can cause diseases that range from asymptomatic to fatal. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and diversity of AdVs in: (i) fecal samples of apes and monkeys from different African countries (Republic of Congo, Senegal, Djibouti and Algeria), (ii) stool of humans living near gorillas in the Republic of Congo, in order to explore the potential zoonotic risks. Samples were screened by real-time and standard PCRs, followed by the sequencing of the partial DNA polymerase gene in order to identify the AdV species. In the present study, we sought to investigate the presence and molecular diversity of AdVs in wild African NHPs, including great apes (gorillas and chimpanzees), macaques and other monkeys (baboons, green monkeys), living in close proximity to or outside human settlements. abstract: Non-human primates (NHPs) are known hosts for adenoviruses (AdVs), so there is the possibility of the zoonotic or cross-species transmission of AdVs. As with humans, AdV infections in animals can cause diseases that range from asymptomatic to fatal. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and diversity of AdVs in: (i) fecal samples of apes and monkeys from different African countries (Republic of Congo, Senegal, Djibouti and Algeria), (ii) stool of humans living near gorillas in the Republic of Congo, in order to explore the potential zoonotic risks. Samples were screened by real-time and standard PCRs, followed by the sequencing of the partial DNA polymerase gene in order to identify the AdV species. The prevalence was 3.3 folds higher in NHPs than in humans. More than 1/3 (35.8%) of the NHPs and 1/10 (10.5%) of the humans excreted AdVs in their feces. The positive rate was high in great apes (46%), with a maximum of 54.2% in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and 35.9% in gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), followed by monkeys (25.6%), with 27.5% in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) and 23.1% in baboons (seven Papio papio and six Papio hamadryas). No green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus) were found to be positive for AdVs. The AdVs detected in NHPs were members of Human mastadenovirus E (HAdV-E), HAdV-C or HAdV-B, and those in the humans belonged to HAdV-C or HAdV-D. HAdV-C members were detected in both gorillas and humans, with evidence of zoonotic transmission since phylogenetic analysis revealed that gorilla AdVs belonging to HAdV-C were genetically identical to strains detected in humans who had been living around gorillas, and, inversely, a HAdV-C member HAdV type was detected in gorillas. This confirms the gorilla-to-human transmission of adenovirus. which has been reported previously. In addition, HAdV-E members, the most often detected here, are widely distributed among NHP species regardless of their origin, i.e., HAdV-E members seem to lack host specificity. Virus isolation was successful from a human sample and the strain of the Mbo024 genome, of 35 kb, that was identified as belonging to HAdV-D, exhibited close identity to HAdV-D members for all genes. This study provides information on the AdVs that infect African NHPs and the human populations living nearby, with an evident zoonotic transmission. It is likely that AdVs crossed the species barrier between different NHP species (especially HAdV-E members), between NHPs and humans (especially HAdV-C), but also between humans, NHPs and other animal species. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32570742/ doi: 10.3390/v12060657 id: cord-029480-3md13om6 author: Meix-Cereceda, Pablo title: Educational Values in Human Rights Treaties: UN, European, and African International Law date: 2020-07-21 words: 10800.0 sentences: 545.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-029480-3md13om6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029480-3md13om6.txt summary: -The original conception of law perceived not as a tool for personal defense, but as an opportunity given to all to survive under the protection of the order of the communal entity -Communalism which emphasizes group solidarity and interests generally, and all rules which sustain it, as opposed to individual interests, with its likely utility in building a sense of national unity among South Africans -The conciliatory character of the adjudication process which aims to restore peace and harmony between members rather than the adversarial approach which emphasizes retribution and seems repressive. 59 So far, it may be concluded that African instruments on human rights consider the very accessibility to school education as a key element for the first value that should guide education: the full development of the child''s personality. abstract: While human rights treaties provide a formidable set of principles on education and values, domestic Courts often tend to adjudicate claims in terms of local arguments for or against each particular educational practice. This article explores how international human rights law could inspire the interpretation of domestic law and educational practice, without neglecting specific cultural aspects. Firstly, the article reviews the sociological debate on values in education and shows its importance for the legal discussion. Secondly, some critical contestations of international cultural human rights are outlined, as well as certain arguments to justify the importance of this model. The study of international law follows: the UN, the European Court of Human Rights, and three relevant African Charters, as well as every reference to education made by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and by the African Court is examined. Lastly, a comparative section reveals a certain cultural commonality inspired by the UN treaties, but also reflects some cultural and institutional differences between the European and the African regional systems. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7371825/ doi: 10.1007/s12142-020-00599-6 id: cord-016364-80l5mua2 author: Menotti-Raymond, Marilyn title: The Domestic Cat, Felis catus, as a Model of Hereditary and Infectious Disease date: 2008 words: 6905.0 sentences: 380.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016364-80l5mua2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016364-80l5mua2.txt summary: Genomics tools developed in the cat, including the recent completion of the 2-fold whole genome sequence of the cat and genome browser, radiation hybrid map of 1793 integrated coding and microsatellite loci, a 5-cM genetic linkage map, arrayed BAC libraries, and flow sorted chromosomes, are providing resources that are being utilized in mapping and characterization of genes of interest. 8 Ninety-six percent of the 1793 cat markers have identifi able orthologues in the canine and human genome sequences, providing a rich comparative tool, which is critical in linkage mapping exercises for the identification of genes controlling feline phenotypes. However, with the availability of a detailed comparative map, and integration with developing GL and RH maps, and the cat 2X whole genome sequence, linkage and association-based mapping techniques have recently identified causative mutations for hereditary disease genes, 33, 34 as well as several feline phenotypes (Table 25-1) . abstract: The domestic cat, currently the most frequent of companion animals, has enjoyed a medical surveillance, as a nonprimate species, second only to the dog. With over 200 hereditary disease pathologies reported in the cat, the clinical and physiological study of these feline hereditary diseases provides a strong comparative medicine opportunity for prevention, diagnostics, and treatment studies in a laboratory setting. Causal mutations have been characterized in 19 felid genes, with the largest representation from lysosomal storage enzyme disorders. Corrective therapeutic strategies for several disorders have been proposed and examined in the cat, including enzyme replacement, heterologous bone marrow transplantation, and substrate reduction therapy. Genomics tools developed in the cat, including the recent completion of the 2-fold whole genome sequence of the cat and genome browser, radiation hybrid map of 1793 integrated coding and microsatellite loci, a 5-cM genetic linkage map, arrayed BAC libraries, and flow sorted chromosomes, are providing resources that are being utilized in mapping and characterization of genes of interest. A recent report of the mapping and characterization of a novel causative gene for feline spinal muscular atrophy marked the first identification of a disease gene purely from positional reasoning. With the development of genomic resources in the cat and the application of complementary comparative tools developed in other species, the domestic cat is emerging as a promising resource of phenotypically defined genetic variation of biomedical significance. Additionally, the cat has provided several useful models for infectious disease. These include feline leukemia and feline sarcoma virus, feline coronavirus, and Type C retroviruses that interact with cellular oncogenes to induce leukemia, lymphoma, and sarcoma. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120622/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-285-4_25 id: cord-005068-3ddb38de author: Meslin, Eric M. title: Biobanking and public health: is a human rights approach the tie that binds? date: 2011-07-15 words: 8777.0 sentences: 374.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005068-3ddb38de.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005068-3ddb38de.txt summary: One definition of public health illustrates its breadth and focus: the promotion of health and the prevention of disease and disability; the collection and use of epidemiological data, population surveillance, and other forms of empirical quantitative assessment; a recognition of the multidimensional nature of the determinants of health; and a focus on the complex interactions of many factors -biological, behavioral, social, and environmental -in developing effective interventions (Childress et al. These developments notwithstanding, commentators have been quick to point out the limitations of adopting human rights approach for public health and genome-based medicine. Adopting human rights as a public health ethic is not an ideal guide for drafting specific rules governing individual focused biobanking issues such as consent, privacy and secondary uses. We have taken the view that one of the ethical challenges raised by genomic medicine reflects an enduring problem in public health: the appropriate balancing of individual and collective values, rights and interests. abstract: Ethical principles guiding public health and genomic medicine are often at odds: whereas public health practice adopts collectivist principles that emphasize population-based benefits, recent advances in genomic and personalized medicine are grounded in an individualist ethic that privileges informed consent, and the balancing of individual risk and benefit. Indeed, the attraction of personalized medicine is the promise it holds out to help individuals get the “right medicine for the right problem at the right time.” Research biobanks are an effective tool in the genomic medicine toolbox. Biobanking in public health presents a unique case study to unpack some of these issues in more detail. For example, there is a long history of using banked tissue obtained under clinical diagnostic conditions for later public health uses. But despite the collectivist approach of public health, the principles applied to the ethical challenges of biobanking (e.g. informed consent, autonomy, privacy) remain individualist. We demonstrate the value of using human rights as a public health ethics framework to address this tension in biobanking by applying it to two illustrative cases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088251/ doi: 10.1007/s00439-011-1061-2 id: cord-018354-o6pmuhd8 author: Mine, Yoichi title: Human Security in East Asia: Assembling a Puzzle date: 2018-12-07 words: 7428.0 sentences: 355.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018354-o6pmuhd8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018354-o6pmuhd8.txt summary: The researchers agreed to ask questions about the following three topics in the interviews: first, local perceptions of threats (the ranking of human security issues that are considered important in each country and in the East Asian region); second, the ways of (selective) acceptance of the concept of human security (the understanding of freedoms from fear, from want and to live in dignity, the strategy for combining protection and empowerment, and the understanding of preparedness for calamities, and so on); and third, the question of national sovereignty (whether to allow foreign actors to operate within the country in case of natural disasters and violent conflict, as well as whether to take action in territories of other countries in such a case). abstract: This chapter describes the motivation of the research project, provides the theoretical framework of the entire book, and gives a summary of the findings of the case study chapters. In the process of diffusion of human security norms in East Asia, several features have emerged. First, East Asians have accepted a comprehensive definition of human security regarding the perception of threats. Second, East Asians tend to think that human security and state security are complementary. Third, the constituent elements of the human security norms such as freedom from fear and from want, freedom to live in dignity, protection, and empowerment are already accepted by East Asian nations. We need an extra effort to elevate human security to a full-fledged norm in the region. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123208/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-97247-3_1 id: cord-018437-yjvwa1ot author: Mitchell, Michael title: Taxonomy date: 2013-08-26 words: 9283.0 sentences: 561.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018437-yjvwa1ot.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018437-yjvwa1ot.txt summary: Classifi cation is based on the genomic nucleic acid used by the virus (DNA or RNA), strandedness (single or double stranded), and method of replication. The nucleocapsids of some viruses are surrounded by envelopes composed of lipid bilayers and host-or viral-encoded proteins. The sequence of negative-sense ssRNA is complementary to the coding sequence for translation, so mRNA must be synthesized by RNA polymerase, typically carried within the virion, before translation into viral proteins. Among the families of viruses able to infect humans and other vertebrate hosts, there are many species that target and cause disease in the lung. The nucleocapsid is surrounded by an envelope derived from host-cell membrane and viral envelope proteins, including hepatitis B surface antigen. The genome of human parainfl uenza viruses is ~15 kb in length with an organization and six reading frames (N, P, M, F, HN, L) typical of the Paramyxoviridae (Karron and Collins 2007 ) . abstract: This chapter addresses the classification and taxonomy of viruses with special attention to viruses that show pneumotropic properties. Information provided in this chapter supplements that provided in other chapters in Parts II–V of this volume that discuss individual viral pathogens. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123310/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-40605-8_3 id: cord-299733-4mpz5l9e author: Mitchell, William M. title: Discordant Biological and Toxicological Species Responses to TLR3 Activation date: 2014-04-30 words: 6164.0 sentences: 343.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299733-4mpz5l9e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299733-4mpz5l9e.txt summary: The mechanism of this differential response is consistent with a relative down-regulation of the NF-κB inflammatory cytokine induction pathway in the cynomolgus monkey and humans, but not observed systemically in rat. Primary protein sequences for the human (GenBank U88879); monkey species, including Macaca mulatta (Gen-Bank BAG55034.1 and AY864735), Macaca fasicularis ajp.amjpathol.org -The American Journal of Pathology (GenBank BAG55033.1), Papio anubis (XP_003899477), Callithrix jacchus (JAB01765.1), and Saimiri boliviensis (XP_003899477); and rodents, including the house mouse (GenBank AF355152/Mus musculus) and rat (GenBank AB116229/Rattus norvegicus), dog (GenBank XP_ 005630024/Canis lupus familiaris), and rabbit (GenBank ABB76310/Oryctolagus cuniculus) were aligned using Crystal W software version 10.1.2 provided by DNAStar (Madison, WI). The unexpected differential toxicities observed between the rat and a nonhuman primate prompted an examination of inflammatory cytokines (g-IFN, TNF-a, and IL-12p70) associated with infusion of a TLR3 agonist, rintatolimod. abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are highly conserved type 1 membrane proteins that initiate a multiplicity of transient gene transcriptions, resulting in innate and adaptive immune responses. These essential immune responses are triggered by common TLR pattern recognition receptors of microbial products expressed through the cytoplasmic carboxy-terminal Toll/IL-1 domain. Toll/IL-1 adapter protein cascades are induced by an activated Toll/IL-1 to induce transient transcription responses. All TLRs, with the exception of TLR3, use an MyD88 adapter to Toll/IL-1 to initiate a proinflammatory cascade. TLR3 uses the toll receptor 3/4 induction factor adapter to initiate a different cytosolic adapter cascade with double-stranded RNA agonists. This non-MyD88 pathway induces both NF-κB and type 1 interferon responses. By using a TLR3-restricted double-stranded RNA agonist, rintatolimod, we demonstrate significant unexpected differences in toxic responses between rats and primates. The mechanism of this differential response is consistent with a relative down-regulation of the NF-κB inflammatory cytokine induction pathway in the cynomolgus monkey and humans, but not observed systemically in rat. Our findings suggest evaluation of TLR3 agonists in drug therapy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24486326/ doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.006 id: cord-274520-c674wkmt author: Moelling, Karin title: Air Microbiome and Pollution: Composition and Potential Effects on Human Health, Including SARS Coronavirus Infection date: 2020-05-28 words: 6725.0 sentences: 370.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274520-c674wkmt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274520-c674wkmt.txt summary: title: Air Microbiome and Pollution: Composition and Potential Effects on Human Health, Including SARS Coronavirus Infection e authors concluded that there was likely no risk for contracting infectious diseases from pollutant-associated microbes, but they recommended fixing soil by vegetation to reduce the amount of airborne microbes originating from fecal and terrestrial sources, including potential allergens [31] . As observed in the New York City subway, bacterial communities showed significant similarities with those of outdoor air samples, with some human skin-associated bacteria also being present. ere is evidence that people exposed to severe air pollution are more susceptible to infection with the present SARS-CoV-2 pandemic virus and experience stronger symptoms, not only in large cities of China but also in other parts of the world [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] . Potential human pathogens are typically below the detection limit in air samples even from closed environments such as subway systems, which means that there is not likely a significant risk for infection [31, 32, [34] [35] [36] [37] . abstract: Polluted air poses a significant threat to human health. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) and harmful gases contributes to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including allergies and obstructive lung disease. Air pollution may also be linked to cancer and reduced life expectancy. Uptake of PM has been shown to cause pathological changes in the intestinal microbiota in mice and humans. Less is known about the effects of pollution-associated microbiota on human health. Several recent studies described the microbiomes of urban and rural air samples, of the stratosphere and sand particles, which can be transported over long distances, as well as the air of indoor environments. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on airborne bacterial, viral, and fungal communities and discuss their potential consequences on human health. The current data suggest that bacterial pathogens are typically too sparse and short-lived in air to pose a significant risk for infecting healthy people. However, airborne fungal spores may exacerbate allergies and asthma. Little information is available on viruses including phages, and future studies are likely to detect known and novel viruses with a yet unknown impact on human health. Furthermore, varying experimental protocols have been employed in the recent microbiome and virome studies. Therefore, standardized methodologies will be required to allow for better comparisons between studies. Air pollution has been linked to more severe outcomes of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infections. This may have contributed to severe SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, especially those in China, Northern Italy, Iran, and New York City. url: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1646943 doi: 10.1155/2020/1646943 id: cord-016743-k5plq0ja author: Mohammed, Yousuf H. title: Efficacy, Safety and Targets in Topical and Transdermal Active and Excipient Delivery date: 2017-01-25 words: 10095.0 sentences: 524.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016743-k5plq0ja.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016743-k5plq0ja.txt summary: (2005) assessed the safety of five sunscreens by determining their in vitro toxicity to human keratinocytes in culture then estimated the equivalent concentration to inhibit 50 % of cells in viable epidermis, after adjustment for the differences in protein binding in the two media ( Fig. 23.1 ). Our own work supports this, suggesting that, firstly, uptake by the blood in the dermal capillaries located just below the viable epidermis is likely to be the rate limiting determinant of clearance in vivo and secondly, carriage of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) to deeper tissues below that application site is also dependent on blood flow for highly plasma protein-bound drugs (Dancik et al. Hence, this report emphasizes the need to relate the in vivo dosimetry of sensitizers that penetrate into the viable epidermis via the stratum corneum of human skin to the concentrations used in in vitro applications. abstract: A key requirement for topical and transdermal active delivery is the effective delivery of an active to a desired target site, to achieve both safe and efficacious outcomes. This chapter seeks to explore the importance of the pharmacological, toxicological and therapeutic properties of actives and excipients, as well as the site of action as complementary components in percutaneous absorption. This is crucial for optimized topical and transdermal product design. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121119/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-53270-6_23 id: cord-302222-9ad0fw6z author: Monath, Thomas P. title: Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm date: 2013-11-04 words: 15722.0 sentences: 669.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt summary: A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherischia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Overall, it remains to be seen which of the many Rift Valley fever vaccines in development progress to regulatory approval and whether an integrated veterinary and human health policy based on the immunization of livestock in Africa together with predictive surveillance, can abort impending outbreaks, and lead to long range control of this important disease. The increasing problem of emerging infections, the majority of which are the result of spill-over from animals to humans, is a compelling reason to consider novel vaccine interventions, and the collaborations between veterinary and human health institutions in the development of the Hendra, West Nile, VEE and Rift Valley fever vaccines described in this review serve as examples of the power of this approach. abstract: Abstract This review focuses on the immunization of animals as a means of preventing human diseases (zoonoses). Three frameworks for the use of vaccines in this context are described, and examples are provided of successes and failures. Framework I vaccines are used for protection of humans and economically valuable animals, where neither plays a role in the transmission cycle. The benefit of collaborations between animal health and human health industries and regulators in developing such products is discussed, and one example (West Nile vaccine) of a single product developed for use in animals and humans is described. Framework II vaccines are indicated for domesticated animals as a means of preventing disease in both animals and humans. The agents of concern are transmitted directly or indirectly (e.g. via arthropod vectors) from animals to humans. A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherischia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Framework III vaccines are used to immunize wild animals as a means of preventing transmission of disease agents to humans and domesticated animals. Examples are reservoir-targeted, oral bait rabies, Mycobacterium bovis and Lyme disease vaccines. Given the speed and lost cost of veterinary vaccine development, some interventions based on the immunization of animals could lead to rapid and relatively inexpensive advances in public health. Opportunities for vaccine-based approaches to preventing zoonotic and emerging diseases that integrate veterinary and human medicine (the One Health paradigm) are emphasized. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.029 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.029 id: cord-310509-c8wp2m69 author: Morens, David M. title: Emerging Infectious Diseases: Threats to Human Health and Global Stability date: 2013-07-04 words: 2121.0 sentences: 98.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310509-c8wp2m69.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310509-c8wp2m69.txt summary: The most salient modern example of an emerging infectious disease is HIV/AIDS, which likely emerged a century ago after multiple independent events in which the virus jumped from one primate host to another (chimpanzees to humans) and subsequently, as a result of a complex array of social and demographic factors, spread readily within the human population. It was soon apparent, however, that the disease was not restricted to these groups, and indeed, the bulk of HIV infections globally has resulted from heterosexual transmission that has been heavily weighted within the developing world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa where a number of factors were responsible for this rapid spread; chief among these were human movement along truck routes accompanied by a high level of commercial sex work, inadequate public health infrastructures, poverty, and social inequality. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23853589/ doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003467 id: cord-333405-ji58jbct author: Morens, David M. title: The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date: 2004-07-08 words: 6421.0 sentences: 315.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt summary: Of the ''newly emerging'' and ''re-emerging/resurging'' diseases that have followed the appearance of AIDS (Fig. 1) , some have been minor curiosities, such as the 2003 cases of monkeypox imported into the United States 4 , whereas others, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in the same year 5 , have had a worldwide impact. The impact of both new and re-emerging infectious diseases on human populations is affected by the rate and degree to which they spread across geographical areas, depending on the movement of human hosts or of the vectors or reservoirs of infections. Immune deficiency associated with AIDS, and with chemotherapy for cancer, immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, has contributed to an enormous global increase in the numbers of immunosuppressed people over the past few decades (probably more than 1% of the world''s population), setting the stage for the re-emergence of many opportunistic infections. abstract: Infectious diseases have for centuries ranked with wars and famine as major challenges to human progress and survival. They remain among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Against a constant background of established infections, epidemics of new and old infectious diseases periodically emerge, greatly magnifying the global burden of infections. Studies of these emerging infections reveal the evolutionary properties of pathogenic microorganisms and the dynamic relationships between microorganisms, their hosts and the environment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15241422/ doi: 10.1038/nature02759 id: cord-304073-f3iwclkm author: Mullick, Jhinuk Basu title: Animal Models to Study Emerging Technologies Against SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-07-27 words: 5315.0 sentences: 322.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304073-f3iwclkm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304073-f3iwclkm.txt summary: Animal models are indispensable to understand these processes and develop and test emerging technologies; however, the mechanism of infection for SARS-CoV-2 requires certain similarities to humans that do not exist in common laboratory rodents. Here, we review important elements of viral infection, transmission, and clinical presentation reflected by various animal models readily available or being developed and studied for SARS-CoV-2 to help bioengineers evaluate appropriate preclinical models for their emerging technologies. Non-human primates, Syrian hamsters, ferrets, cats, and engineered chimeras mimic the human infection more closely and hold strong potential as animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and progression of resulting human disease. Overall, the studies show that the Syrian hamster is a useful animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection especially to study viral replication, shedding, and transmission through the respiratory tract. In all studies, animals developed NAbs. Overall, the rhesus macaque model has been similar in many aspects to the human COVID-19 pathogenesis. abstract: New technologies are being developed toward the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 to understand its pathogenesis and transmission, to develop therapeutics and vaccines, and to formulate preventive strategies. Animal models are indispensable to understand these processes and develop and test emerging technologies; however, the mechanism of infection for SARS-CoV-2 requires certain similarities to humans that do not exist in common laboratory rodents. Here, we review important elements of viral infection, transmission, and clinical presentation reflected by various animal models readily available or being developed and studied for SARS-CoV-2 to help bioengineers evaluate appropriate preclinical models for their emerging technologies. Importantly, applications of traditional mice and rat models are limited for studying SARS-CoV-2 and development of COVID-19. Non-human primates, Syrian hamsters, ferrets, cats, and engineered chimeras mimic the human infection more closely and hold strong potential as animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and progression of resulting human disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12195-020-00638-9 doi: 10.1007/s12195-020-00638-9 id: cord-351905-tjcyvkcv author: Mummah, Riley O. title: Controlling emerging zoonoses at the animal-human interface date: 2020-09-18 words: 7774.0 sentences: 350.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-351905-tjcyvkcv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351905-tjcyvkcv.txt summary: The three green lines show the total incidence resulting when control is shifted after one, two, or three generations of transmission among humans, respectively from top to bottom be the factor by which control measures reduce spillover rates in the high-risk group. Among strategies that only reduce spillover transmission (red and orange lines in Fig. 7) , targeted control shows considerable benefits at low resource levels, particularly for high risk ratios and higher values of R. A similar pattern is found for mixed strategies, where targeted joint or reactive approaches (i.e. high-risk spillover reduction followed by a switch to reducing human-to-human transmission once an outbreak is underway) are the most effective control policies at low resource levels, particularly when R > 0.5 and the risk ratio is high, but are incapable of reducing incidence to zero even at high levels of investment. abstract: BACKGROUND: For many emerging or re-emerging pathogens, cases in humans arise from a mixture of introductions (via zoonotic spillover from animal reservoirs or geographic spillover from endemic regions) and secondary human-to-human transmission. Interventions aiming to reduce incidence of these infections can be focused on preventing spillover or reducing human-to-human transmission, or sometimes both at once, and typically are governed by resource constraints that require policymakers to make choices. Despite increasing emphasis on using mathematical models to inform disease control policies, little attention has been paid to guiding rational disease control at the animal-human interface. METHODS: We introduce a modeling framework to analyze the impacts of different disease control policies, focusing on pathogens exhibiting subcritical transmission among humans (i.e. pathogens that cannot establish sustained human-to-human transmission). We quantify the relative effectiveness of measures to reduce spillover (e.g. reducing contact with animal hosts), human-to-human transmission (e.g. case isolation), or both at once (e.g. vaccination), across a range of epidemiological contexts. RESULTS: We provide guidelines for choosing which mode of control to prioritize in different epidemiological scenarios and considering different levels of resource and relative costs. We contextualize our analysis with current zoonotic pathogens and other subcritical pathogens, such as post-elimination measles, and control policies that have been applied. CONCLUSIONS: Our work provides a model-based, theoretical foundation to understand and guide policy for subcritical zoonoses, integrating across disciplinary and species boundaries in a manner consistent with One Health principles. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42522-020-00024-5 doi: 10.1186/s42522-020-00024-5 id: cord-334353-nc2jhemz author: Murphy, Thérèse title: IS HUMAN RIGHTS PREPARED? RISK, RIGHTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES date: 2009-05-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwp007 doi: 10.1093/medlaw/fwp007 id: cord-289626-8oldaa8i author: Murray, Kris A. title: Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management date: 2018-04-19 words: 10517.0 sentences: 527.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt summary: Indeed, distributional patterns of human infectious diseases are generally far more poorly compiled and characterized (e.g. often at only country or regional level and as coarse presence vs absence data) than many plant and animal species, for which numerous global stock takes, status assessments, occurrence databases and detailed distribution maps exist following a long tradition of biogeographic study (Wallace 1876 , Murray et al. We may represent the challenge of simultaneously understanding patterns and processes of infectious disease systems with respect to a series of interacting elements; including G, the physical geography context (e.g. topography) and E, the abiotic (e.g. climate) and biotic (e.g. habitat) environment; R n and V n , the single or multiple (denoted by superscript n) species of reservoir hosts or vectors; P, the pathogen being transmitted; H, the human population itself; O, the observation effort that may apply to each of the other elements (e.g. surveillance and data collation from existing sources); and M, the management landscape (e.g. interventions). abstract: Biogeography is an implicit and fundamental component of almost every dimension of modern biology, from natural selection and speciation to invasive species and biodiversity management. However, biogeography has rarely been integrated into human or veterinary medicine nor routinely leveraged for global health management. Here we review the theory and application of biogeography to the research and management of human infectious diseases, an integration we refer to as ‘pathogeography’. Pathogeography represents a promising framework for understanding and decomposing the spatial distributions, diversity patterns and emergence risks of human infectious diseases into interpretable components of dynamic socio‐ecological systems. Analytical tools from biogeography are already helping to improve our understanding of individual infectious disease distributions and the processes that shape them in space and time. At higher levels of organization, biogeographical studies of diseases are rarer but increasing, improving our ability to describe and explain patterns that emerge at the level of disease communities (e.g. co‐occurrence, diversity patterns, biogeographic regionalisation). Even in a highly globalized world most human infectious diseases remain constrained in their geographic distributions by ecological barriers to the dispersal or establishment of their causal pathogens, reservoir hosts and/or vectors. These same processes underpin the spatial arrangement of other taxa, such as mammalian biodiversity, providing a strong empirical ‘prior’ with which to assess the potential distributions of infectious diseases when data on their occurrence is unavailable or limited. In the absence of quality data, generalized biogeographic patterns could provide the earliest (and in some cases the only) insights into the potential distributions of many poorly known or emerging, or as‐yet‐unknown, infectious disease risks. Encouraging more community ecologists and biogeographers to collaborate with health professionals (and vice versa) has the potential to improve our understanding of infectious disease systems and identify novel management strategies to improve local, global and planetary health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313369/ doi: 10.1111/ecog.03625 id: cord-311601-w2jqmpww author: Muzemil, Abdulazeez title: African perspectives: modern complexities of emerging, re-emerging, and endemic zoonoses date: 2018-10-25 words: 1766.0 sentences: 93.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-311601-w2jqmpww.txt txt: ./txt/cord-311601-w2jqmpww.txt summary: Specifically, land use change cum agricultural practices, surging human demographic, pathogen evolution (antimicrobial resistance), failure of public health systems, global travel and more global interconnectedness in spatial and temporal dimensions have driven these threats [2] . Consequently, new challenges have emerged, including: border-related conflicts, food security risk due to declines agricultural production, vectorand water-borne diseases, (especially in areas with inadequate health infrastructure), flooding and exacerbation of desertification by changes in rainfall and intensified land use [2] . It is suggested that, as long as Africa (or any other continent) does not address complex interactions -such as those that involve agriculture, the environment, economics, sociology, as well as zoonotic pathogens, disease outbreaks may follow human-driven disruptions, as those observed after major changes in land use, eg, those related with the construction of dams, mines, and intensive agriculture. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.7189/johg.08.020310 doi: 10.7189/johg.08.020310 id: cord-010977-fwz7chzf author: Myserlis, Pavlos title: Translational Genomics in Neurocritical Care: a Review date: 2020-02-20 words: 11990.0 sentences: 519.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010977-fwz7chzf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010977-fwz7chzf.txt summary: In this review, we describe some of the approaches being taken to apply translational genomics to the study of diseases commonly encountered in the neurocritical care setting, including hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and status epilepticus, utilizing both forward and reverse genomic translational techniques. Termed "reverse translation," this approach starts with humans as the model system, utilizing genomic associations to derive new information about biological mechanisms that can be in turn studied further in vitro and in animal models for target refinement (Fig. 1) . These results highlight the value of reverse genomic translation in first identifying human-relevant genetic risk factors for disease, and using model systems to understand the pathways impacted by their introduction to select rationally-informed modalities for potential treatment. These observations provide vital information about cellular mechanisms impacted by human disease-associated genetic risk factors without requiring the expense and time investment of creating, validating, and studying animal models. abstract: Translational genomics represents a broad field of study that combines genome and transcriptome-wide studies in humans and model systems to refine our understanding of human biology and ultimately identify new ways to treat and prevent disease. The approaches to translational genomics can be broadly grouped into two methodologies, forward and reverse genomic translation. Traditional (forward) genomic translation begins with model systems and aims at using unbiased genetic associations in these models to derive insight into biological mechanisms that may also be relevant in human disease. Reverse genomic translation begins with observations made through human genomic studies and refines these observations through follow-up studies using model systems. The ultimate goal of these approaches is to clarify intervenable processes as targets for therapeutic development. In this review, we describe some of the approaches being taken to apply translational genomics to the study of diseases commonly encountered in the neurocritical care setting, including hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and status epilepticus, utilizing both forward and reverse genomic translational techniques. Further, we highlight approaches in the field that could be applied in neurocritical care to improve our ability to identify new treatment modalities as well as to provide important information to patients about risk and prognosis. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13311-020-00838-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223188/ doi: 10.1007/s13311-020-00838-1 id: cord-318407-uy0f7f2o author: Nara, Peter L. title: Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities date: 2008-11-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Vaccination has historically and remains one of the most cost-effective and safest forms of medicine today. Along with basic understanding of germ theory and sanitation, vaccination, over the past 50 years, has transformed lives and economies in both rich and poor countries by its direct impact on human and animal life—resulting in the eradication of small pox, huge reductions in the burden of previously common human and animal diseases such as polio, typhoid, measles in human medicine and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, screwworm and hog cholera and the verge of eradicating brucellosis, tuberculosis, and pseudorabies in veterinary medicine. In addition vaccination along with other animal production changes has provided the ability to produce otherwise unaffordable animal protein and animal health worldwide. The landscape however on which vaccinology was discovered and applied over the past 200 years, even in the past 10 years has and is undergoing continuous change. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. The need to return to and/or develop new education-based models for turning the tide from the heavily return-on-investment therapeutic era of the last century into one where the investment into the preventative sciences and medicine lead to sustainable cultural and cost-effective public health and economic changes of the future is never more evident than today. The new complex problems of the new millennium will require new educational models that train para- and professional people for thinking and solving complex inter-related biological, ecological, public-, political/economic problems. The single profession that is best positioned to impact vaccinology is Veterinary Medicine. It’s melding with human medicine and their role in future comparative and conservation-based programs will be critical to the successful application of vaccines into the 21st century. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X08010268 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.094 id: cord-254559-3kgfwjzd author: Neo, Jacqueline Pei Shan title: The use of animals as a surveillance tool for monitoring environmental health hazards, human health hazards and bioterrorism date: 2017-05-31 words: 6296.0 sentences: 314.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254559-3kgfwjzd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254559-3kgfwjzd.txt summary: Abstract This review discusses the utilization of wild or domestic animals as surveillance tools for monitoring naturally occurring environmental and human health hazards. Animals are an excellent channel for monitoring novel and known pathogens with outbreak potential given that more than 60 % of emerging infectious diseases in humans originate as zoonoses. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental health hazards, human health hazards, or bioterrorism. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental and human health hazards, or bioterrorism. Furthermore, animals like domestic dogs and rodents spend more time outdoors and have greater exposure to the environment than humans, making them great surveillance tools for monitoring plague. abstract: Abstract This review discusses the utilization of wild or domestic animals as surveillance tools for monitoring naturally occurring environmental and human health hazards. Besides providing early warning to natural hazards, animals can also provide early warning to societal hazards like bioterrorism. Animals are ideal surveillance tools to humans because they share the same environment as humans and spend more time outdoors than humans, increasing their exposure risk. Furthermore, the biologically compressed lifespans of some animals may allow them to develop clinical signs more rapidly after exposure to specific pathogens. Animals are an excellent channel for monitoring novel and known pathogens with outbreak potential given that more than 60 % of emerging infectious diseases in humans originate as zoonoses. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental health hazards, human health hazards, or bioterrorism. Lastly, we hope that this review will encourage the implementation of animals as a surveillance tool by clinicians, veterinarians, ecosystem health professionals, researchers and governments. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113517302134 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.007 id: cord-282059-sdumq61z author: Nesse, Randolph M title: The great opportunity: Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health date: 2008-02-17 words: 13522.0 sentences: 780.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282059-sdumq61z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282059-sdumq61z.txt summary: Understanding the body as a product of natural selection, not design, offers new research questions and a framework for making medical education more coherent. Much of the recent work in evolutionary medicine asks questions about why natural selection has left the body vulnerable to disease (Williams and Nesse 1991; Ewald 1994; Nesse and Williams 1994; Stearns 1998; Trevathan et al. Whatever the answer turns out to be, these Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health Nesse and Stearns ª 2008 The Authors studies have called our attention to the importance of the physiological state of mother and infant for the prevalence of lifestyle diseases later in life, with some well-documented effects delayed by several decades. This research ranges from well-established applications of population genetics and phylogeny to new applications of evolution to specific medical problems such as infectious disease and aging. abstract: Evolutionary biology is an essential basic science for medicine, but few doctors and medical researchers are familiar with its most relevant principles. Most medical schools have geneticists who understand evolution, but few have even one evolutionary biologist to suggest other possible applications. The canyon between evolutionary biology and medicine is wide. The question is whether they offer each other enough to make bridge building worthwhile. What benefits could be expected if evolution were brought fully to bear on the problems of medicine? How would studying medical problems advance evolutionary research? Do doctors need to learn evolution, or is it valuable mainly for researchers? What practical steps will promote the application of evolutionary biology in the areas of medicine where it offers the most? To address these questions, we review current and potential applications of evolutionary biology to medicine and public health. Some evolutionary technologies, such as population genetics, serial transfer production of live vaccines, and phylogenetic analysis, have been widely applied. Other areas, such as infectious disease and aging research, illustrate the dramatic recent progress made possible by evolutionary insights. In still other areas, such as epidemiology, psychiatry, and understanding the regulation of bodily defenses, applying evolutionary principles remains an open opportunity. In addition to the utility of specific applications, an evolutionary perspective fundamentally challenges the prevalent but fundamentally incorrect metaphor of the body as a machine designed by an engineer. Bodies are vulnerable to disease – and remarkably resilient – precisely because they are not machines built from a plan. They are, instead, bundles of compromises shaped by natural selection in small increments to maximize reproduction, not health. Understanding the body as a product of natural selection, not design, offers new research questions and a framework for making medical education more coherent. We conclude with recommendations for actions that would better connect evolutionary biology and medicine in ways that will benefit public health. It is our hope that faculty and students will send this article to their undergraduate and medical school Deans, and that this will initiate discussions about the gap, the great opportunity, and action plans to bring the full power of evolutionary biology to bear on human health problems. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00006.x doi: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00006.x id: cord-297579-ohpm5ys0 author: Netzler, Natalie E. title: Norovirus antivirals: Where are we now? date: 2018-12-25 words: 6471.0 sentences: 375.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297579-ohpm5ys0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297579-ohpm5ys0.txt summary: Despite the clinical significance of norovirus infection, antiviral studies have been hindered, because until recently, human norovirus could not be successfully propagated in cell culture. The cross-genotypic activity displayed by Nbs illustrates that these molecules have the potential to overcome the narrow antigenic spectrum typically displayed by conventional mAbs. However, despite these findings, mAb and Nb studies have been based mostly on VLP-binding and structural analysis of that binding (Table 1 ) and thus the effects of such compounds against norovirus in cell culture or in vivo need to be explored further before continued development toward clinical application. Most recently NTZ was shown to potently inhibit FCV replication in cell culture with an EC 50 of 0.6 µM, 189 and the GI norovirus replicon at a clinically relevant concentration (5 μg/mL), 190 which was later shown to result in a broad antiviral response. The viral polymerase inhibitor 2′-C-methylcytidine inhibits Norwalk virus replication and protects against norovirus-induced diarrhea and mortality in a mouse model abstract: Human noroviruses inflict a significant health burden on society and are responsible for approximately 699 million infections and over 200 000 estimated deaths worldwide each year. Yet despite significant research efforts, approved vaccines or antivirals to combat this pathogen are still lacking. Safe and effective antivirals are not available, particularly for chronically infected immunocompromised individuals, and for prophylactic applications to protect high‐risk and vulnerable populations in outbreak settings. Since the discovery of human norovirus in 1972, the lack of a cell culture system has hindered biological research and antiviral studies for many years. Recent breakthroughs in culturing human norovirus have been encouraging, however, further development and optimization of these novel methodologies are required to facilitate more robust replication levels, that will enable reliable serological and replication studies, as well as advances in antiviral development. In the last few years, considerable progress has been made toward the development of norovirus antivirals, inviting an updated review. This review focuses on potential therapeutics that have been reported since 2010, which were examined across at least two model systems used for studying human norovirus or its enzymes. In addition, we have placed emphasis on antiviral compounds with a defined chemical structure. We include a comprehensive outline of direct‐acting antivirals and offer a discussion of host‐modulating compounds, a rapidly expanding and promising area of antiviral research. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30584800/ doi: 10.1002/med.21545 id: cord-016293-pyb00pt5 author: Newell-McGloughlin, Martina title: The flowering of the age of Biotechnology 1990–2000 date: 2006 words: 22402.0 sentences: 943.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt summary: In the course of the project, especially in the early years, the plan stated that "much new technology will be developed that will facilitate biomedical and a broad range of biological research, bring down the cost of many experiments (mapping and sequencing), and finding applications in numerous other fields." The plan built upon the 1988 reports of the Office of Technology Assessment and the National Research Council on mapping and sequencing the human genome. These DNA chips have broad commercial applications and are now used in many areas of basic and clinical research including the detection of drug resistance mutations in infectious organisms, direct DNA sequence comparison of large segments of the human genome, the monitoring of multiple human genes for disease associated mutations, the quantitative and parallel measurement of mRNA expression for thousands of human genes, and the physical and genetic mapping of genomes. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120537/ doi: 10.1007/1-4020-5149-2_4 id: cord-008881-579ronfq author: Nicholson, KarlG title: MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine date: 1981-10-24 words: 2885.0 sentences: 141.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-008881-579ronfq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-008881-579ronfq.txt summary: title: MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. This resounding success has been repeated in trials in Germany and the U.S.A. using 5 or 6 doses of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine and human rabies immune globulin.'', Thus, almost a century after the post exposure treatment of man began, effective antirabies prophylaxis appears to have been achieved. abstract: Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. All ten volunteers rapidly developed substantial titres of rabies antibody, and eight of the ten had T lymphocytes that were immunologically stimulated by HDCS rabies-virus antigen. Postexposure treatment with 0·8 ml of HDCS vaccine given at 4 i.d. sites completely protected fourteen rabbits from death by street virus. The results suggest that in developing countries patients could be protected with small volumes of potent tissue-culture vaccine administered intradermally shortly after exposure. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134747/ doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91402-1 id: cord-028721-x6f26ahr author: Nistal, Manuel title: Non-neoplastic diseases of the testis date: 2020-06-22 words: 78172.0 sentences: 5138.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-028721-x6f26ahr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-028721-x6f26ahr.txt summary: Congenital decrease of germ cells occurs in numerous conditions, including trisomies 13, 18, and 21, some forms of primary hypogonadism such as Klinefelter''s syndrome, anencephaly, many cryptorchid testes, and in patients with posterior urethral valves and severe obstruction of the urinary ducts. 728, 729 Leydig cell hypoplasia This variant of male pseudohermaphroditism is defi ned by insuffi cient testosterone secretion 422 and the following characteristics: predominance of female external genitalia; absence of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty; absence of uterus and fallopian tubes and the presence of epididymis and vas deferens; 46XY karyotype; lack of response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation; absence of an enzymatic defect in testosterone synthesis; and small undescended testes that are gray and mucous on section. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7339753/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-01970-5.50014-2 id: cord-018613-83r6lhpo author: Norman, Robert A. title: The Last Natural Brain date: 2017-03-21 words: 5474.0 sentences: 317.0 pages: flesch: 64.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018613-83r6lhpo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018613-83r6lhpo.txt summary: Scientists working in this space of artificial intelligence now realize that storing memory as varying threads of information, rather than as binary digits is the key to making computers ''more human. However, there exist some significant hurdles -when it comes to memory, speed alone isn''t the problem -artificial intelligence (AI) will need to come up with new ways to match the 2C''s of brain function -complexity and consciousness. In his book, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (Viking Press, 2005) Kurzweil creates a vision of intelligent nano-robots integrated into our bodies, our brains, and our environment, with a capability to eradicate pollution and poverty, offering the new artificial man extended longevity, while enjoying the sensory stimulation of a full-immersion virtual reality (think movies like "The Matrix" or "Being John Malkovich"). "Technologically, in terms of computers and techniques to acquire data, it will be possible to build a model of the human brain within 10 years," Markram has been quoted saying. abstract: The work of the brain would be easy if we knew what we needed to remember or understand in the future. Life is full of surprises – new people whom we need to know, names we have to remember, problems we try to solve. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123534/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-42217-6_7 id: cord-030279-pv770doe author: Novossiolova, Tatyana title: Twenty-first Century Governance Challenges in the Life Sciences date: 2016-11-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The chapter explores the rapid advancement of biotechnology over the past few decades, outlining an array of factors that drive innovation and, at the same time, raise concerns about the extent to which the scope and pace of novel life science developments can be adequately governed. From ‘dual-use life science research of concern’ through the rise of amateur biology to the advent of personalised medicine, the chapter exposes the limitations of the existing governance mechanisms in accommodating the multifaceted ethical, social, security, and legal concerns arising from cutting-edge scientific and technological developments. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7416832/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-51004-0_4 id: cord-186405-f9m3e31q author: Ortenzi, Valerio title: Object Handovers: a Review for Robotics date: 2020-07-25 words: 14176.0 sentences: 711.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-186405-f9m3e31q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-186405-f9m3e31q.txt summary: While focusing our review on the cognitive level (e.g., prediction, perception, motion planning, learning) and the physical level (e.g., motion, grasping, grip release) of the handover, we briefly discuss also the concepts of safety, social context, and ergonomics. In Section III we focus on the reasoning and actions of the giver and receiver before the physical exchange of the object, analysing aspects such as communication, grasping, and motion planning and control. For each paper we report: the paradigm (robot-to-human or human-to-robot); what the authors investigated (communication, grasping, motion planning and control, and perception during the prehandover phase; grip force and error handling during the physical handover); whether the handover location was fixed, pre-planned accounting for aspects such as the ergonomics, or adapted online to the human partner; whether the experimental protocol included a post-handover task for the receiver; the metrics used to assess the task performance and the user experience; and finally the number of different objects used in the real robot experiments. abstract: This article surveys the literature on human-robot object handovers. A handover is a collaborative joint action where an agent, the giver, gives an object to another agent, the receiver. The physical exchange starts when the receiver first contacts the object held by the giver and ends when the giver fully releases the object to the receiver. However, important cognitive and physical processes begin before the physical exchange, including initiating implicit agreement with respect to the location and timing of the exchange. From this perspective, we structure our review into the two main phases delimited by the aforementioned events: 1) a pre-handover phase, and 2) the physical exchange. We focus our analysis on the two actors (giver and receiver) and report the state of the art of robotic givers (robot-to-human handovers) and the robotic receivers (human-to-robot handovers). We report a comprehensive list of qualitative and quantitative metrics commonly used to assess the interaction. While focusing our review on the cognitive level (e.g., prediction, perception, motion planning, learning) and the physical level (e.g., motion, grasping, grip release) of the handover, we briefly discuss also the concepts of safety, social context, and ergonomics. We compare the behaviours displayed during human-to-human handovers to the state of the art of robotic assistants, and identify the major areas of improvement for robotic assistants to reach performance comparable to human interactions. Finally, we propose a minimal set of metrics that should be used in order to enable a fair comparison among the approaches. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.12952v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author: Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title: A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date: 2020-05-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Over time the human–animal bond has been changed. For instance, the role of pets has changed from work animals (protecting houses, catching mice) to animals with a social function, giving companionship. Pets can be important for the physical and mental health of their owners but may also transmit zoonotic infections. The One Health initiative is a worldwide strategy for expanding collaborations in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment. However, in One Health communications the role of particularly dogs and cats is often underestimated. Objective: Evaluation of positive and negative One Health issues of the human–companion animal relationship with a focus on zoonotic aspects of cats and dogs in industrialized countries. Method: Literature review. Results: Pets undoubtedly have a positive effect on human health, while owners are increasing aware of pet’s health and welfare. The changing attitude of humans with regard to pets and their environment can also lead to negative effects such as changes in feeding practices, extreme breeding, and behavioral problems, and anthropozoonoses. For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. Conclusions: One Health issues need frequently re-evaluated as the close human–animal relationship with pet animals can totally differ compared to decennia ago. Because of the changed human–companion animal bond, recommendations regarding responsible pet-ownership, including normal hygienic practices, responsible breeding, feeding, housing, and mental and physical challenges conforming the biology of the animal are required. Education can be performed by vets and physicians as part of the One Health concept. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113789 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113789 id: cord-282965-xguotf4m author: O’Callaghan-Gordo, Cristina title: COVID-19: The Disease of the Anthropocene date: 2020-05-15 words: 1585.0 sentences: 66.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282965-xguotf4m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282965-xguotf4m.txt summary: Since the emergence of AIDS, many other epidemic infectious diseases, such as Ebola, SARS and MERS to name the most recent, have been caused by the transmission of viruses from wild animal species to humans as shown in 2008 by Jones et al. The complete causal sequences and impacts of these ecological changes are still poorly understood, but frequently these emerging zoonosis appear and spread in circumstances that denote the effects of an economic and commercial practices that destroys natural habitats and animal populations, including those of humans living there, in the absence of effective protection and regulatory policies. The destruction of natural habitats and the extinction of species, the poorly regulated capture, marketing and consumption of non-human animals, the influence of lobbies to nullify or delay measures to protect natural and social systems, the limitation of current scientific knowledge and the contempt by governments and companies of the available evidence, have all worked in an orchestrated sequence to facilitate the current COVID-19 pandemic. abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935120305764?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109683 id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author: O’Ryan, Miguel L. title: Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date: 2009-05-19 words: 45685.0 sentences: 2892.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt summary: coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10'' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173613/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50022-0 id: cord-340629-1fle5fpz author: O’Shea, Helen title: Viruses Associated With Foodborne Infections date: 2019-05-21 words: 9409.0 sentences: 500.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-340629-1fle5fpz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340629-1fle5fpz.txt summary: In infants, prior to the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, RVAs could be detected in up to 50%-60% of all childhood hospitalisations due to acute gastroenteritis each year, were estimated to cause 138 million cases of gastroenteritis annually, and 527,000 deaths in children o5 years of age living in developing countries. Recent emerging epidemic and pandemic virus infections that cause severe disease in humans and that are associated with food production, preparation and food contamination include the coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Nipah virus, Ebola virus and some of the highly pathogenic influenza virus strains, such as the H5N1 subtype. Infections by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus, Nipah virus (NiV), H5N1 virus, Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Adenovirus, Astrovirus, Norovirus (NoV) and Rotavirus (RVA) in humans and animals are detected by nucleic acid amplification tests and serologic tests. abstract: Foodborne pathogens cause acute and chronic health outcomes of very different durations, severity and mortality, resulting in high costs and burdens to society. The issues of food safety and food poisoning are being increasingly emphasised, particularly in developed countries. Infection/contamination with many agents i.e., bacterial, parasitic and viral entities can result in foodborne illness. This article will focus mainly on viral agents of infection. A range of different viruses can cause food poisoning/foodborne infection, and infection can result in a myriad of symptoms, ranging from mild, acute disease to chronic, debilitating disease and even death. Due to the inherent differences between bacteria and viruses, namely the fact that viruses do not replicate in food, while bacteria do, viruses are frequently difficult to detect. This is compounded by the fact that many of the viruses associated with enteric disease do not replicate in cell culture. These factors can lead to a lag between reporting, detection and analysis of foodborne viruses versus bacterial agents. Despite these constraints, it is now evident that there are both well-established and emerging viruses implicated in foodborne infections, and the role of molecular detection and characterisation is becoming increasingly important. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128096338902735 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.90273-5 id: cord-009792-e2vvi8qo author: Pandit, SB title: Structural and Functional Characterization of Gene Products Encoded in the Human Genome by Homology Detection date: 2008-01-03 words: 5198.0 sentences: 290.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009792-e2vvi8qo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009792-e2vvi8qo.txt summary: Using sensitive profile-matching procedures, we could make a comprehensive compilation of functional/structural domains to gene protein encoded in human genome. With a view to enhance structural information present in human genome, we have used structural information as in PALI profiles that is generated using structure-dependent sequence alignments of a large number of protein domain families, since the incorporation of 3-D structural information could aid in effective detection of remotely related proteins. The list of bacterial and viral specific families, identified in human, along with associated gene products in human genome are listed in Table 1A and 1B respectively The complete list of proteins with the region of Pfam domain assignment is made available at http:// hodgkin.mbu.iisc.ernet.in/*human. The 18 sequence superfamilies identified in human genome consist of 25 Pfam families, with no known 3-D structure for any of their members. abstract: Availability of the human genome data has enabled the exploration of a huge amount of biological information encoded in it. There are extensive ongoing experimental efforts to understand the biological functions of the gene products encoded in the human genome. However, computational analysis can aid immensely in the interpretation of biological function by associating known functional/structural domains to the human proteins. In this article we have discussed the implications of such associations. The association of structural domains to human proteins could help in prioritizing the targets for structure determination in the structural genomics initiatives. The protein kinase family is one of the most frequently occurring protein domain families in the human proteome while P‐loop hydrolase, which comprises many GTPases and ATPases, is a highly represented superfamily. Using the superfamily relationships between families of unknown and known structures we could increase structural information content of the human genome by about 5%. We could also make new associations of domain families to 33 human proteins that are potentially linked to genetically inherited diseases. IUBMB Life, 56: 317‐331, 2004 url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7165581/ doi: 10.1080/15216540400006105 id: cord-320005-i30t7cvr author: Pardo, A. title: The Human Genome and Advances in Medicine: Limits and Future Prospects date: 2004-03-31 words: 4919.0 sentences: 211.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320005-i30t7cvr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320005-i30t7cvr.txt summary: The HGP''s initial objectives were fulfilled 2 years ahead of schedule, and, in addition to compiling a highly accurate sequence of the human genome which has been made freely available and accessible to everyone, the Consortium has developed a set of new technologies and has constructed genetic maps of the genomes of various organisms. Around the same time, the public consortium known as the Human Genome Project was formed, and this organization announced a 15-year plan (from 1990 to 2005) with the following objectives: a) to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of human DNA and identify all the genes in human DNA (estimated to number between 50 000 and 100 000); b) to build physical and genetic maps; c) to analyze the genomes of selected organisms used in research as model systems (eg, the mouse); d) to develop new technologies; and e) to analyze and debate the ethical and legal implications for individuals and for society as a whole. abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1579212906700787 doi: 10.1016/s1579-2129(06)70078-7 id: cord-104317-t30dg6oj author: Parker, Michael T. title: An Ecological Framework of the Human Virome Provides Classification of Current Knowledge and Identifies Areas of Forthcoming Discovery date: 2016-09-30 words: 7986.0 sentences: 408.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-104317-t30dg6oj.txt summary: However, the obvious importance of viruses in the composition of all biomes has not (yet) been met with an appropriate fervor for the characterization of the viral REVIEW Recent advances in sequencing technologies have opened the door for the classification of the human virome. The discovery of intimate interactions of viruses with humans, like the role of endogenous retrovirus (ERV †) syncytins in placentation [27] , are categorically dissimilar to the classical view of viruses only as parasites and brings to issue how scientists are approaching the study of the virome. The application of this scaffold will not only deepen the understanding of known virus-host interactions in the ecological context of the virome, but will also identify logical next steps and gaps in current knowledge that are tantalizing areas for future exploration. Additionally, further characterization of the human virome is likely to uncover more viruses that persistently infect humans [31] , and such discoveries could pave the way for the treatment of diseases of currently unknown etiology. abstract: Recent advances in sequencing technologies have opened the door for the classification of the human virome. While taxonomic classification can be applied to the viruses identified in such studies, this gives no information as to the type of interaction the virus has with the host. As follow-up studies are performed to address these questions, the description of these virus-host interactions would be greatly enriched by applying a standard set of definitions that typify them. This paper describes a framework with which all members of the human virome can be classified based on principles of ecology. The scaffold not only enables categorization of the human virome, but can also inform research aimed at identifying novel virus-host interactions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5045143/ doi: nan id: cord-337464-otwps68u author: Parray, Hilal Ahmed title: Hybridoma technology a versatile method for isolation of monoclonal antibodies, its applicability across species, limitations, advancement and future perspectives date: 2020-05-27 words: 12204.0 sentences: 606.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337464-otwps68u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337464-otwps68u.txt summary: Even with the recent development of high throughput mAb generation technologies, hybridoma is the most favoured method due to its indigenous nature to preserve natural cognate antibody pairing information and preserves innate functions of immune cells. This review also summarizes the challenges and recent progress associated with hybridoma development, and how it has been overcome in these years to provide new insights for the isolation of mAbs. Antibodies are the glycoproteins produced by the B-cells also known as immunoglobulins, which are present in higher eukaryotes. The mice hybridoma technology is a multi-step process that takes advantage of a host animal''s natural ability to produce highly specific, high-affinity and fully functional mAbs. It involves the development and optimization of specific immunogenic antigen (Ag). abstract: The advancements in technology and manufacturing processes have allowed the development of new derivatives, biosimilar or advanced improved versions for approved antibodies each year for treatment regimen. There are more than 700 antibody-based molecules that are in different stages of phase I/II/ III clinical trials targeting new unique targets. To date, approximately more than 80 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved. A total of 7 novel antibody therapeutics had been granted the first approval either in the United States or European Union in the year 2019, representing approximately 20% of the total number of approved drugs. Most of these licenced mAbs or their derivatives are either of hybridoma origin or their improvised engineered versions. Even with the recent development of high throughput mAb generation technologies, hybridoma is the most favoured method due to its indigenous nature to preserve natural cognate antibody pairing information and preserves innate functions of immune cells. The recent advent of antibody engineering technology has superseded the species level barriers and has shown success in isolation of hybridoma across phylogenetically distinct species. This has led to the isolation of monoclonal antibodies against human targets that are conserved and non-immunogenic in the rodent. In this review, we have discussed in detail about hybridoma technology, its expansion towards different animal species, the importance of antibodies isolated from different animal sources that are useful in biological applications, advantages, and limitations. This review also summarizes the challenges and recent progress associated with hybridoma development, and how it has been overcome in these years to provide new insights for the isolation of mAbs. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S156757692031105X doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106639 id: cord-272405-jmwn8pdn author: Parvez, Mohammad K. title: Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic Viruses: Past, Present, and Future date: 2017-08-04 words: 4192.0 sentences: 210.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272405-jmwn8pdn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272405-jmwn8pdn.txt summary: Despite substantial advancements in the understanding of the biology of pathogens, the breakthroughs in prevention, and their effects on public health and the global economy, the emergence of novel pandemic viruses remains an enduring puzzle. This review presents an update on the knowledge of important emerging/re-emerging viral infections worldwide, discussing their possible origin, evolution, natural reservoirs, human adaptations, and risk factors ( Fig. 1 ). To understand this further, a recently isolated HEV genotype 3 from a chronic hepatitis E patient containing a recombinant virus-host RNA genome was shown to infect cultured human, pig, and deer hepatocytes [39] . The field of phylodynamics, combining a modeling framework for host, epidemiological, and molecular data, especially for RNA viruses, shows particular promise for Parvez understanding the patterns of viral evolution during epidemics [40, 41] . Despite landmark advances in understanding the nature and biology of many pathogenic viruses, there is limited knowledge on emerging novel viruses, their potential reservoirs, and their modes of transmission. abstract: Incidences of emerging/re-emerging deadly viral infections have significantly affected human health despite extraordinary progress in the area of biomedical knowledge. The best examples are the recurring outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya fever in tropical and sub-tropical regions, the recent epidemic of Zika in the Americas and the Caribbean, and the SARS, MERS, and influenza A outbreaks across the globe. The established natural reservoirs of human viruses are mainly farm animals, and, to a lesser extent, wild animals and arthropods. The intricate “host-pathogen-environment” relationship remains the key to understanding the emergence/re-emergence of pathogenic viruses. High population density, rampant constructions, poor sanitation, changing climate, and the introduction of anthropophilic vectors create selective pressure on host-pathogen reservoirs. Nevertheless, the knowledge and understanding of such zoonoses and pathogen diversity in their known non-human reservoirs are very limited. Prevention of arboviral infections using vector control methods has not been very successful. Currently, new approaches to protect against food-borne infections, such as consuming only properly cooked meats and animal products, are the most effective control measures. Though significant progress in controlling human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses has been achieved, the unpredictable nature of evolving viruses and the rare occasions of outbreaks severely hamper control and preventive modalities. url: https://doi.org/10.1159/000478729 doi: 10.1159/000478729 id: cord-283152-wav0d0ws author: Patel, Sanjay K. S. title: Deploying Biomolecules as Anti-COVID-19 Agents date: 2020-06-09 words: 3094.0 sentences: 166.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283152-wav0d0ws.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283152-wav0d0ws.txt summary: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) known as COVID-19 has emerged as a major threat to human existence. The emergence of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, renamed as COVID19) in 2019 from Wuhan, China has led to a global crisis and it has been declared as a pandemic emergency by World Health Organization (WHO) due to its fast rate of transmission among human beings [1, 2] . Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of genetically distinct viruses, which originated from broad ranges of hosts, including animal and bird species, and primarily cause respiratory and intestinal infections to humans and animals [1, [5] [6] [7] [8] . Transmission of COVID-19 possibly involved an adaptive evolution through an intermediate host (bat) before infecting humans. Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) known as COVID-19 has emerged as a major threat to human existence. COVID-19 seems to have undergone adaptive evolution through an intermediate host, most likely bats. The flu leads to severe pneumonia that causes respiratory and multi-organ failure. The absence of any known treatment procedures, drugs, or vaccines has created panic around the World. The need is to develop rapid testing kits, drugs and vaccines. However, these proposals are time-consuming processes. At present social distancing along with previously known traditional medicines can act as quick and short-term alternatives for treating this viral flu. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-020-00893-4 doi: 10.1007/s12088-020-00893-4 id: cord-332379-340wczmq author: Pennington, Matthew R. title: Disparate Entry of Adenoviruses Dictates Differential Innate Immune Responses on the Ocular Surface date: 2019-09-13 words: 11584.0 sentences: 604.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332379-340wczmq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332379-340wczmq.txt summary: These findings suggest that adenoviruses may stimulate specific pattern recognition receptors in an entry/trafficking-dependent manner, leading to distinct immune responses dependent on the virus/cell type combination. Additional work is needed to understand the specific connections between adenoviral entry and the stimulation of innate immune responses by the various cell types present on the ocular surface. Innate immune responses to adenoviruses rely on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): distinct ligands present on the external surfaces, and nucleic acids of pathogens (but absent in the host) that feature molecular signatures able to be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on or in infected host cells [43] [44] [45] [46] . Innate immune responses to adenoviruses rely on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): distinct ligands present on the external surfaces, and nucleic acids of pathogens (but absent in the host) that feature molecular signatures able to be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on or in infected host cells [43] [44] [45] [46] . abstract: Human adenovirus infection of the ocular surface is associated with severe keratoconjunctivitis and the formation of subepithelial corneal infiltrates, which may persist and impair vision for months to years following infection. Long term pathology persists well beyond the resolution of viral replication, indicating that the prolonged immune response is not virus-mediated. However, it is not clear how these responses are sustained or even initiated following infection. This review discusses recent work from our laboratory and others which demonstrates different entry pathways specific to both adenovirus and cell type. These findings suggest that adenoviruses may stimulate specific pattern recognition receptors in an entry/trafficking-dependent manner, leading to distinct immune responses dependent on the virus/cell type combination. Additional work is needed to understand the specific connections between adenoviral entry and the stimulation of innate immune responses by the various cell types present on the ocular surface. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090351 doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7090351 id: cord-016070-e9ix35x3 author: Perret Pérez, Cecilia title: Pneumonia Caused by Emerging Viral Agents date: 2020-02-01 words: 3645.0 sentences: 174.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016070-e9ix35x3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016070-e9ix35x3.txt summary: The SARS coronavirus and MERS-CoV are two pathogens from the coronavirus family that predominantly cause serious lower tract respiratory infections with a high mortality rate, but they are genetically different viruses. This observation suggests that camels are the reservoirs of the virus, which can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with these animals or through consumption of their milk: 1599 cases had been diagnosed by July 2015, with 574 deaths [World Health Organization (WHO)]. HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 are viruses that tend to manifest as a common cold, just as the usual coronaviruses HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43; nevertheless, in small children, elderly patients, and immunosuppressed patients, they can cause serious respiratory disease with a high mortality rate. Isolated cases of avian origin in humans caused by the influenza H10N8 virus and H6N1 have been observed in China. abstract: Emerging viruses that cause pneumonia in humans are agents which normally circulate in the animal population but can move to human hosts under certain circumstances, which determines the occurrence of a new type of disease. The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is caused by a coronavirus. The disease has a wide symptomatic spectrum that can range from asymptomatic infections to fulminant respiratory failure. Diagnostic confirmation is achieved through viral isolation. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), also produced by a coronavirus, is capable of producing a serious pulmonary disease outbreak with no reappearance. The clinical presentation includes fever, malaise, cough, and headache followed by diarrhea. Other coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1) can cause serious lower respiratory infections in small children, the elderly, and immunosuppressed patients. Influenza virus is widespread in nature, and avian virus may spread to humans, as has been reported with H7N9, H5N1, H10N8, and H6N1. Cardiopulmonary hantavirus syndrome, a feverish disease characterized by respiratory insufficiency and shock, is produced by Andes virus. Other emerging viruses are enterovirus D68 and polyomavirus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120232/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-26961-6_34 id: cord-282610-zim7nond author: Proal, Amy title: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity date: 2018-12-04 words: 12428.0 sentences: 723.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282610-zim7nond.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282610-zim7nond.txt summary: title: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity Intracellular pathogens, including many associated with ME/CFS, drive microbiome dysbiosis by directly interfering with human transcription, translation, and DNA repair processes. The gut microbiome can initiate and promote colorectal cancer at all stages of tumorigenesis by acting as an inducer of DNA damage, generating epigenetic changes, regulating cell growth, and modulating host immune responses (80) . If ME/CFS is driven by successive infection, treatments that support or activate the human immune system could improve microbiome health by allowing patients to better target persistent pathogens. Antibodies and/or clonal T cells identified in patients with ME/CFS are likely activated in response to many of these persistent microbiome pathogens. In ME/CFS, the immune response, metabolism, central nervous system, and human gene expression are all linked by the activity of the microbiome and its associated proteins/metabolites. abstract: The illness ME/CFS has been repeatedly tied to infectious agents such as Epstein Barr Virus. Expanding research on the human microbiome now allows ME/CFS-associated pathogens to be studied as interacting members of human microbiome communities. Humans harbor these vast ecosystems of bacteria, viruses and fungi in nearly all tissue and blood. Most well-studied inflammatory conditions are tied to dysbiosis or imbalance of the human microbiome. While gut microbiome dysbiosis has been identified in ME/CFS, microbes and viruses outside the gut can also contribute to the illness. Pathobionts, and their associated proteins/metabolites, often control human metabolism and gene expression in a manner that pushes the body toward a state of illness. Intracellular pathogens, including many associated with ME/CFS, drive microbiome dysbiosis by directly interfering with human transcription, translation, and DNA repair processes. Molecular mimicry between host and pathogen proteins/metabolites further complicates this interference. Other human pathogens disable mitochondria or dysregulate host nervous system signaling. Antibodies and/or clonal T cells identified in patients with ME/CFS are likely activated in response to these persistent microbiome pathogens. Different human pathogens have evolved similar survival mechanisms to disable the host immune response and host metabolic pathways. The metabolic dysfunction driven by these organisms can result in similar clusters of inflammatory symptoms. ME/CFS may be driven by this pathogen-induced dysfunction, with the nature of dysbiosis and symptom presentation varying based on a patient's unique infectious and environmental history. Under such conditions, patients would benefit from treatments that support the human immune system in an effort to reverse the infectious disease process. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00373 doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00373 id: cord-280107-tulne0v3 author: Rabaa, Maia A. title: The Vietnam Initiative on Zoonotic Infections (VIZIONS): A Strategic Approach to Studying Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date: 2015-09-24 words: 4418.0 sentences: 185.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-280107-tulne0v3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280107-tulne0v3.txt summary: This infrastructure will facilitate systematic investigations of pathogen ecology and evolution, enhance understanding of viral cross-species transmission events, and identify relevant risk factors and drivers of zoonotic disease emergence. Here, we describe a project that is currently underway in communities across Vietnam in which we are collecting clinical samples and associated clinical, epidemiological, and demographic data, which will be combined with high-throughput viral genome sequences and qualitative social sciences data to address key onehealth questions with the aim of better understanding the origins, risks, and emergence of zoonotic infections. To estimate the burden of disease (focusing on viral and zoonotic diseases), and investigate the disease epidemiology in patients hospitalized with specified clinical syndromes and infections in a cohort of high-risk individuals occupationally exposed to animals; with targeted sampling from domestic animals and wildlife in association with these individuals 3. This infrastructure will facilitate systematic investigations of pathogen ecology and evolution, enhance the understanding of viral cross-species transmission events, and allow us to identify the relevant risk factors and drivers of zoonotic disease emergence. abstract: The effect of newly emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin in human populations can be potentially catastrophic, and large-scale investigations of such diseases are highly challenging. The monitoring of emergence events is subject to ascertainment bias, whether at the level of species discovery, emerging disease events, or disease outbreaks in human populations. Disease surveillance is generally performed post hoc, driven by a response to recent events and by the availability of detection and identification technologies. Additionally, the inventory of pathogens that exist in mammalian and other reservoirs is incomplete, and identifying those with the potential to cause disease in humans is rarely possible in advance. A major step in understanding the burden and diversity of zoonotic infections, the local behavioral and demographic risks of infection, and the risk of emergence of these pathogens in human populations is to establish surveillance networks in populations that maintain regular contact with diverse animal populations, and to simultaneously characterize pathogen diversity in human and animal populations. Vietnam has been an epicenter of disease emergence over the last decade, and practices at the human/animal interface may facilitate the likelihood of spillover of zoonotic pathogens into humans. To tackle the scientific issues surrounding the origins and emergence of zoonotic infections in Vietnam, we have established The Vietnam Initiative on Zoonotic Infections (VIZIONS). This countrywide project, in which several international institutions collaborate with Vietnamese organizations, is combining clinical data, epidemiology, high-throughput sequencing, and social sciences to address relevant one-health questions. Here, we describe the primary aims of the project, the infrastructure established to address our scientific questions, and the current status of the project. Our principal objective is to develop an integrated approach to the surveillance of pathogens circulating in both human and animal populations and assess how frequently they are exchanged. This infrastructure will facilitate systematic investigations of pathogen ecology and evolution, enhance understanding of viral cross-species transmission events, and identify relevant risk factors and drivers of zoonotic disease emergence. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-015-1061-0 doi: 10.1007/s10393-015-1061-0 id: cord-024088-020rgz5t author: Radandt, Siegfried title: Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks date: 2008 words: 39337.0 sentences: 2132.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt summary: Depending on the type of hazard, the three topics, namely, safety, health and the environment, may share the common trait that the proper handling of risks, i.e., how to reduce probabilities and/or consequences of unwanted events is not always possible within a risk management system. A number of new occupational health and safety hazards have already arisen or are foreseen, including problems with the ergonomics of video display units, and musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder-neck and arm-hand systems, information overload, psychological stress, and pressure to learn new skills. Both managers and workers often do not see the need to improve occupational safety and health or ergonomic issues and their possibilities and benefits by reducing or eliminating risks at work. The explanations below present the basic procedure for developing safety-relevant arrangements and solutions, i.e. the thinking and decision-making processes, as well as selecting criteria that are significant for the identification of unwelcome events, the risk of an event, the acceptance limits and the adoption of measures. abstract: Occupational safety and health (OSH) activities were started in the industrialized countries already 150 years ago. Separated and specific actions were directed at accident prevention, and the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of occupational diseases. As industrialization has advanced, the complexity of safety and health problems and challenges has substantially grown, calling for more comprehensive approaches. Such development has expanded the scope, as well as blurred the borders between specific activities. In the modern world of work, occupational safety and health are part of a complex system that involves innumerable interdependencies and interactions. These are, for instance, safety, health, well-being, aspects of the occupational and general environment, corporate policies and social responsibility, community policies and services, community social environment, workers’ families, their civil life, lifestyles and social networks, cultural and religious environments, and political and media environments. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187950/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8289-4_4 id: cord-016839-cqtpj3m0 author: Ramcharan, Robin title: Intellectual Property and Human Security date: 2012-08-17 words: 5915.0 sentences: 303.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016839-cqtpj3m0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016839-cqtpj3m0.txt summary: Article 27 (1) of the TRIPS Agreement stipulates that "patents shall be available for any inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application." According to para 2: Members may exclude from patentability inventions, the prevention within their territory of the commercial exploitation of which is necessary to protect ordre public or morality, including to protect human, animal or plant life or health or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment, provided that such exclusion is not made merely because the exploitation is prohibited by their law. abstract: This chapter discusses the interrelatedness between intellectual property and human security. There are two sides of this interrelationship. In the first place, IP issues are closely related to the hard security of nations. In the second place, the application of the regime of international intellectual property laws can help promote economic and social development and, at the same time, can result in major hardships when it comes to protection of the right to life and realization of the rights to health, food, and education. In the pages that follow, different aspects of these issues are explored. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121255/ doi: 10.1007/978-90-6704-900-9_2 id: cord-312807-8v4r9jij author: Recht, Judith title: Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New date: 2020-09-17 words: 5840.0 sentences: 250.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt summary: ABSTRACT: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. This disease is an example of human and domestic animal paleopathology studies suggesting brucellosis in ancient bone remains, with most cases involving adult male skeletal individuals showing lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joints involved [44] , evidence which combined with ancient DNA analysis by PCR have confirmed the presence of Brucella DNA (reviewed in [45] ). Yellow fever (Table S2) , a reemerging viral zoonotic disease endemic in Africa and South America transmitted from vector mosquitoes, often causes outbreaks in both humans and nonhuman primates in Brazil. abstract: SIMPLE SUMMARY: There is a wide variety of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are transmitted to humans by different routes from other animals. These diseases, known as zoonoses, represent 75% of new or reemerging infectious diseases. There is a considerable impact of these diseases on the economy and health at local and global levels, including zoonotic diseases caused by the ingestion of food and products derived from animals. The wide range of animal species that host these disease-causing organisms include all groups of mammals. Birds are the second significant animal group to act as hosts for zoonoses. Much progress has been made in understanding disease evolution and animal origin, with important contributions from fields such as paleopathology and analysis of DNA, applied to ancient human bone remains. The study of ancient diseases such as brucellosis and tuberculosis benefits from these approaches. More research is needed as new diseases emerge causing pandemics and some previously eradicated reemerge in some regions. Global efforts are focused, based on evidence generated by research, on the prevention of new pandemics. ABSTRACT: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Zoonoses contribute an estimated 75% of new or reemerging infectious diseases in humans. All groups of mammals have been shown to act as hosts for transmission of different organisms that cause zoonoses, followed in importance by birds; with both wild and domestic species identified as hosts in specific cases. There has been considerable research progress leading to a better understanding of the host range, animal origin, evolution, and transmission of important zoonoses, including those caused by the ingestion of food and products derived from animals. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. However, there are still knowledge gaps and new confirmed and potential hosts are reported locally with some frequency. Both the economic cost and burden of disease of zoonoses are substantial at local and global levels, as reflected by recent coronavirus pandemics that spread rapidly around the world. Evidence-based prevention strategies are currently a global priority increasingly recognized, especially in zoonoses-affected regions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32957467/ doi: 10.3390/ani10091672 id: cord-328403-139ejlgo author: Ringshausen, F.C. title: Neue und seltene pneumotrope Viren date: 2013-08-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: While acute viral respiratory tract infections are one of the major reasons for the loss of productivity among the general population in industrialized nations, they are one of the top killers among infants worldwide, in particular in low-income countries. With the advances in molecular diagnostics and the introduction of high-throughput screening techniques a variety of novel, so far unknown viruses have been discovered from respiratory secretions. However, the clinical significance is often difficult to determine. This review article provides an introduction to those novel viruses which have been described since the beginning of the millennium and discusses the clinical relevance in the light of current scientific evidence. The viruses covered by the present review are human metapneumovirus, human bocavirus, human coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, HKU1, SARS and MERS, human polyomaviruses KI, MC and WU and human parechoviruses. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10405-013-0675-6 doi: 10.1007/s10405-013-0675-6 id: cord-306535-j26eqmxt author: Robertson, Matthew J. title: Large-scale discovery of male reproductive tract-specific genes through analysis of RNA-seq datasets date: 2020-08-19 words: 16758.0 sentences: 846.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306535-j26eqmxt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306535-j26eqmxt.txt summary: The majority of candidate genes identified in our screen that were testis-specific were already identified by the Human Protein Atlas [9] and/or our reanalysis of (See figure on previous page.) Fig. 1 Summary of the human and mouse RNA-seq samples used in the identification of novel male reproductive tract-specific drug targets. Additional file 14: Fig. S6 shows the complete list of male reproductive tract-specific human genes for which a previously generated mouse model shows male infertility phenotype, as identified in each of the respective cell and/or tissue datasets. Through the integration of hundreds of published and newly acquired human and mouse reproductive and non-reproductive tissue and cell RNA-seq datasets, we have generated a list of novel genes expressed predominantly or exclusively in the male reproductive tract that are worthy of consideration for functional validation in an animal model and potential targeting for a male contraceptive. abstract: BACKGROUND: The development of a safe, effective, reversible, non-hormonal contraceptive method for men has been an ongoing effort for the past few decades. However, despite significant progress on elucidating the function of key proteins involved in reproduction, understanding male reproductive physiology is limited by incomplete information on the genes expressed in reproductive tissues, and no contraceptive targets have so far reached clinical trials. To advance product development, further identification of novel reproductive tract-specific genes leading to potentially druggable protein targets is imperative. RESULTS: In this study, we expand on previous single tissue, single species studies by integrating analysis of publicly available human and mouse RNA-seq datasets whose initial published purpose was not focused on identifying male reproductive tract-specific targets. We also incorporate analysis of additional newly acquired human and mouse testis and epididymis samples to increase the number of targets identified. We detected a combined total of 1178 genes for which no previous evidence of male reproductive tract-specific expression was annotated, many of which are potentially druggable targets. Through RT-PCR, we confirmed the reproductive tract-specific expression of 51 novel orthologous human and mouse genes without a reported mouse model. Of these, we ablated four epididymis-specific genes (Spint3, Spint4, Spint5, and Ces5a) and two testis-specific genes (Pp2d1 and Saxo1) in individual or double knockout mice generated through the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Our results validate a functional requirement for Spint4/5 and Ces5a in male mouse fertility, while demonstrating that Spint3, Pp2d1, and Saxo1 are each individually dispensable for male mouse fertility. CONCLUSIONS: Our work provides a plethora of novel testis- and epididymis-specific genes and elucidates the functional requirement of several of these genes, which is essential towards understanding the etiology of male infertility and the development of male contraceptives. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32814578/ doi: 10.1186/s12915-020-00826-z id: cord-331255-t85yioyl author: Rohr, Jason R. title: Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production date: 2019-06-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Infectious diseases are emerging globally at an unprecedented rate while global food demand is projected to increase sharply by 2100. Here, we synthesize the pathways by which projected agricultural expansion and intensification will influence human infectious diseases and how human infectious diseases might likewise affect food production and distribution. Feeding 11 billion people will require substantial increases in crop and animal production that will expand agricultural use of antibiotics, water, pesticides and fertilizer, and contact rates between humans and both wild and domestic animals, all with consequences for the emergence and spread of infectious agents. Indeed, our synthesis of the literature suggests that, since 1940, agricultural drivers were associated with >25% of all — and >50% of zoonotic — infectious diseases that emerged in humans, proportions that will likely increase as agriculture expands and intensifies. We identify agricultural and disease management and policy actions, and additional research, needed to address the public health challenge posed by feeding 11 billion people. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32219187/ doi: 10.1038/s41893-019-0293-3 id: cord-270892-ycc3csyh author: Rollinger, Judith M. title: The human rhinovirus: human‐pathological impact, mechanisms of antirhinoviral agents, and strategies for their discovery date: 2010-12-13 words: 19628.0 sentences: 1166.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-270892-ycc3csyh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-270892-ycc3csyh.txt summary: [79] [80] [81] [82] Taken together, the results of natural cold studies as well as of experimental infection in human volunteers clearly demonstrate that HRV are able to replicate in the upper as well as in the lower airways. Such an anti-HRV drug would have to be (i) with broad spectrum activity because of the high number of HRV serotypes, (ii) administered very early in infection to demonstrate a good antiviral effect because of the fast infection kinetics, (iii) very safe because of the broad application by millions of people, and (iv) directed against a highly conserved target with low risk of resistance development. The HRV-induced CPE, infectious virus titers, viral protein expression, and RNA synthesis can be chosen as parameters to evaluate the anti-HRV activity of compounds in cell-culture based assays. Due to the lack of a small-animal model for HRV infection until 2008, the experimental human challenge model has to be used to approve effects of potential antiviral drugs under controlled conditions in preclinical studies. abstract: As the major etiological agent of the common cold, human rhinoviruses (HRV) cause millions of lost working and school days annually. Moreover, clinical studies proved an association between harmless upper respiratory tract infections and more severe diseases e.g. sinusitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Both the medicinal and socio‐economic impact of HRV infections and the lack of antiviral drugs substantiate the need for intensive antiviral research. A common structural feature of the approximately 100 HRV serotypes is the icosahedrally shaped capsid formed by 60 identical copies of viral capsid proteins VP1‐4. The capsid protects the single‐stranded, positive sense RNA genome of about 7,400 bases in length. Both structural as well as nonstructural proteins produced during the viral life cycle have been identified as potential targets for blocking viral replication at the step of attachment, entry, uncoating, RNA and protein synthesis by synthetic or natural compounds. Moreover, interferon and phytoceuticals were shown to protect host cells. Most of the known inhibitors of HRV replication were discovered as a result of empirical or semi‐empirical screening in cell culture. Structure–activity relationship studies are used for hit optimization and lead structure discovery. The increasing structural insight and molecular understanding of viral proteins on the one hand and the advent of innovative computer‐assisted technologies on the other hand have facilitated a rationalized access for the discovery of small chemical entities with antirhinoviral (anti‐HRV) activity. This review will (i) summarize existing structural knowledge about HRV, (ii) focus on mechanisms of anti‐HRV agents from synthetic and natural origin, and (iii) demonstrate strategies for efficient lead structure discovery. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 31, No. 1, 42–92, 2010 url: https://doi.org/10.1002/med.20176 doi: 10.1002/med.20176 id: cord-256615-gvq8uyfk author: Rosenberg, Ronald title: Detecting the emergence of novel, zoonotic viruses pathogenic to humans date: 2014-11-22 words: 6688.0 sentences: 306.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256615-gvq8uyfk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256615-gvq8uyfk.txt summary: RNA viruses, with their high potential for mutation and epidemic spread, are the most common class of pathogens found as new causes of human illness. An analysis of virus discovery indicates that the small number of novel viruses discovered annually is an artifact of inadequate surveillance in tropical and subtropical countries, where even established endemic pathogens are often misdiagnosed. Many of the emerging viruses of the future are already infecting humans but remain to be uncovered by a strategy of disease surveillance in selected populations. Despite the differences in clinical presentation and geographical location, these three pathogens share three characteristics: all were unknown before found infecting humans, all are RNA viruses, and all have proven or putative non-human, animal sources. A single subtropical bat species hardly represents all mammal species and indeed many viruses are known to infect more than one species; they tested for only 9 of the 25 virus families pathogenic to humans. abstract: RNA viruses, with their high potential for mutation and epidemic spread, are the most common class of pathogens found as new causes of human illness. Despite great advances made in diagnostic technology since the 1950s, the annual rate at which novel virulent viruses have been found has remained at 2–3. Most emerging viruses are zoonoses; they have jumped from mammal or bird hosts to humans. An analysis of virus discovery indicates that the small number of novel viruses discovered annually is an artifact of inadequate surveillance in tropical and subtropical countries, where even established endemic pathogens are often misdiagnosed. Many of the emerging viruses of the future are already infecting humans but remain to be uncovered by a strategy of disease surveillance in selected populations. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1785-y doi: 10.1007/s00018-014-1785-y id: cord-276039-nqqwnmwc author: Rua, Rejane title: Origin, evolution and innate immune control of simian foamy viruses in humans date: 2015-02-17 words: 4070.0 sentences: 229.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276039-nqqwnmwc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276039-nqqwnmwc.txt summary: In this review, we present current data on the discovery, cross-species transmission, and molecular evolution of SFV in human populations initially infected and thus at risk for zoonotic emergence. In this brief review, we will present the current available data on the discovery, cross-species transmission and molecular evolution of the simian foamy viruses (SFV) present in different human populations at risk for zoonotic emergence. They were mostly hunters who reported direct contacts with blood and/or body fluids from wild NHPs. We extended such studies into different areas and populations of this Central African country and found the presence of SFV infection in at least 50 persons [12 ] . Origin, evolution and innate immune control of simian foamy viruses in humans Rua and Gessain 51 Table 1 SFV tropism and viral load in the blood of SFV-infected humans and NHPs. The proportion of SFV DNA positive samples among leukocyte populations in SFV-infected NHP and SFVinfected humans is indicated. abstract: Most viral pathogens that have emerged in humans have originated from various animal species. Emergence is a multistep process involving an initial spill-over of the infectious agent into single individuals and its subsequent dissemination into the human population. Similar to simian immunodeficiency viruses and simian T lymphotropic viruses, simian foamy viruses (SFV) are retroviruses that are widespread among non-human primates and can be transmitted to humans, giving rise to a persistent infection, which seems to be controlled in the case of SFV. In this review, we present current data on the discovery, cross-species transmission, and molecular evolution of SFV in human populations initially infected and thus at risk for zoonotic emergence. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879625714002351 doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.12.003 id: cord-264408-vk4lt83x author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 words: 34464.0 sentences: 1865.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt summary: Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . abstract: As the threat of exposure to emerging and reemerging viruses within a naïve population increases, it is vital that the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune response be thoroughly investigated. Recent outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus, Ebola virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus illustrate the emerging threats that are encountered. By utilizing animal models in this endeavor, the host response to viruses can be studied in a more complex and integrated context to identify novel drug targets, and assess the efficacy and safety of new products rapidly. This is especially true in the advent and implementation of the FDA animal rule. Although no one animal model is able to recapitulate all aspects of human disease, understanding the current limitations allows for a more targeted experimental design. Important facets to consider prior to an animal study are route of viral exposure, species of animal, biomarkers of disease, and a humane endpoint. This chapter covers the current animal models for medically important human viruses, and demonstrates where the gaps in knowledge exist. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128094686000334 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00033-4 id: cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2013-12-31 words: 28834.0 sentences: 1797.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt summary: An experimental study with cell culture-adapted hepatitis Avirus in guinea pigs challenged by oral or intraperitoneal routes did not result in clinical disease, increase in liver enzymes, or seroconversion. 32 NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus can be monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. 66, 67 Intracerebral and intranasal routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose, while intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus. A mouse-adapted (MA) strain of Dengue virus 2 introduced into AG129 mice developed vascular leak syndrome similar to the severe disease seen in humans. [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] Inoculation of WNV into NHPs intracerebrally resulted in the development of either encephalitis, febrile disease, or an asymptomatic infection, depending on the virus strain and dose. abstract: Abstract As the threat of exposure to emerging and reemerging viruses within a naive population increases, it is vital that the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune response be thoroughly investigated. By using animal models in this endeavor, the response to viruses can be studied in a more natural context to identify novel drug targets, and assess the efficacy and safety of new products. This is especially true in the advent of the Food and Drug Administration's animal rule. Although no one animal model is able to recapitulate all the aspects of human disease, understanding the current limitations allows for a more targeted experimental design. Important facets to be considered before an animal study are the route of challenge, species of animals, biomarkers of disease, and a humane endpoint. This chapter covers the current animal models for medically important human viruses, and demonstrates where the gaps in knowledge exist. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124158948000385 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00038-5 id: cord-007726-bqlf72fe author: Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina title: The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease date: 2018-11-09 words: 7985.0 sentences: 308.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt summary: The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. This chapter will provide an overview of the important similarities and differences between Mus musculus and Homo sapiens and their relevance to the use of the mouse as a model organism and provide specific examples of the quality of mouse models used to investigate the mechanisms, pathology, and treatment of human lung diseases. Overall, these studies showed that although gene expression is fairly similar between mice and humans, considerable differences were observed in the regulatory networks controlling the activity of the immune system, metabolic functions, and responses to stress, all of which have important implications when using mice to model human disease. abstract: The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. In this chapter, an in-depth analysis of these similarities and differences is provided to allow researchers to use mouse models of human disease and primary cells derived from these animal models under the most appropriate and meaningful conditions. Although there are considerable differences between mice and humans, particularly regarding genetics, physiology, and immunology, a more thorough understanding of these differences and their effects on the function of the whole organism will provide deeper insights into relevant disease mechanisms and potential drug targets for further clinical investigation. Using specific examples of mouse models of human lung disease, i.e., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis, this chapter explores the most salient features of mouse models of human disease and provides a full assessment of the advantages and limitations of these models, focusing on the relevance of disease induction and their ability to replicate critical features of human disease pathophysiology and response to treatment. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the future of using mice in medical research with regard to ethical and technological considerations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121329/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9086-3_1 id: cord-352348-2wtyk3r5 author: Sabroe, Ian title: Identifying and hurdling obstacles to translational research date: 2007 words: 5307.0 sentences: 229.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.txt summary: The quality of our scientific output (perceived as a change in disease incidence and/or the development of a therapy) is largely dependent on the quality of the input data and the methods for their processing and interpretation, although the process of generating effective translational science is not as linear (that is, from molecules to models to humans) as is often thought. These revolve around our understanding of the nature of the translational process, the integration of the outputs of different technological approaches to disease, the use of models, access to tissues and appropriate materials, and the need for support in increasingly complex areas such as ethics and bioinformatics. Such debates might facilitate the comparison of data between laboratories and between species, and might highlight the components of specific diseases that are ripe for the development of new in vivo models and protocols (for example, there remains a great need to more effectively model the role of the innate immune system in acute and chronic asthma), broadening the number of disease processes or phenotypes that are modelled in pathology. abstract: Although there is overwhelming pressure from funding agencies and the general public for scientists to bridge basic and translational studies, the fact remains that there are significant hurdles to overcome in order to achieve this goal. The purpose of this Opinion article is to examine the nature of these hurdles and to provide food for thought on the main obstacles that impede this process. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17186032/ doi: 10.1038/nri1999 id: cord-196608-k4f79dr4 author: Saha, Sovan title: Computational modeling of Human-nCoV protein-protein interaction network date: 2020-05-05 words: 4387.0 sentences: 262.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-196608-k4f79dr4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-196608-k4f79dr4.txt summary: Our developed computational model of nCoV-Human PPIN contains high quality interactions (HQI) and proteins identified by Fuzzy affinity thresholding and spreadability index validated by SIS model respectively. With the gradual progress of the work, it has been observed that the selected human spreader nodes, identified by our proposed model, emerge as the potential protein targets of the FDA approved drugs for COVID-19. Target proteins of the potential FDA drugs for COVID-19 are found to overlap with the spreader nodes of the proposed computational nCoV-Human protein interaction model. Target proteins of seven potential FDA drugs: Lopinavir 30 , Ritonavir 31 , Hydroxychloroquine 32, 33 , Azithromycin 33 , Remdesivir 34-36 , Favipiravir 37, 38 and Darunavir 39 for COVID-19 as mentioned in the DrugBank white paper 26 overlap with the spreader nodes of the proposed in silico nCoV-Human protein interaction model (see Figure 5 ). abstract: COVID-19 has created a global pandemic with high morbidity and mortality in 2020. Novel coronavirus (nCoV), also known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), is responsible for this deadly disease. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has declared that nCoV is highly genetically similar to SARS-CoV epidemic in 2003 (89% similarity). Limited number of clinically validated Human-nCoV protein interaction data is available in the literature. With this hypothesis, the present work focuses on developing a computational model for nCoV-Human protein interaction network, using the experimentally validated SARS-CoV-Human protein interactions. Initially, level-1 and level-2 human spreader proteins are identified in SARS-CoV-Human interaction network, using Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) model. These proteins are considered as potential human targets for nCoV bait proteins. A gene-ontology based fuzzy affinity function has been used to construct the nCoV-Human protein interaction network at 99.98% specificity threshold. This also identifies the level-1 human spreaders for COVID-19 in human protein-interaction network. Level-2 human spreaders are subsequently identified using the SIS model. The derived host-pathogen interaction network is finally validated using 7 potential FDA listed drugs for COVID-19 with significant overlap between the known drug target proteins and the identified spreader proteins. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.04108v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-030748-780dcjo1 author: Sahu, Sounak title: Translating embryogenesis to generate organoids: novel approaches to personalized medicine date: 2020-08-21 words: 10011.0 sentences: 543.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-030748-780dcjo1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-030748-780dcjo1.txt summary: Recent innovations in generating embryo-like structures (including blastoids and gastruloids) from PSCs have advanced the experimental accessibility to understand embryogenesis with immense potential to model human development. Organoids can be generated from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients, that can be used for studying organ development, modeling human diseases, and for autologous organ replacement. While many reviews have addressed the principles of bioengineering to develop 3D cell culture models and protocols to generate organoids from adult tissues, here we present insights to the state-of-the-art knowledge on the self-organization property of PSCs to generate embryo-like structures and organoids, its advantage to model human diseases and challenges for optimum clinical management. abstract: The astounding capacity of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to differentiate and self-organize has revolutionized the development of 3D cell culture models. The major advantage is its ability to mimic in-vivo microenvironments and cellular interactions as compared to the classical 2D cell culture models. Recent innovations in generating embryo-like structures (including blastoids and gastruloids) from PSCs have advanced the experimental accessibility to understand embryogenesis with immense potential to model human development. Taking cues on how embryonic development leads to organogenesis, PSCs can also be directly differentiated to form mini-organs or organoids of a particular lineage. Organoids have opened new avenues to augment our understanding of stem cell and regenerative biology, tissue homeostasis, and disease mechanisms. In this review, we provide insights from developmental biology with a comprehensive resource of signaling pathways that in a coordinated manner form embryo-like structures and organoids. Moreover, the advent of assembloids and multilineage organoids from PSCs opens a new dimension to study paracrine function and multi-tissue interactions in vitro. While this led to an avalanche of enthusiasm to utilize organoids for organ-transplantation studies, we examine the current limitations and provide perspectives to improve reproducibility, scalability, functional complexity, and cell-type characterization. Taken together, these 3D in vitro organ-specific and patient-specific models hold great promise for drug discovery, clinical management, and personalized medicine. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7441954/ doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101485 id: cord-297216-1b99hm1e author: Sariola, Salla title: Toward a Symbiotic Perspective on Public Health: Recognizing the Ambivalence of Microbes in the Anthropocene date: 2020-05-16 words: 9371.0 sentences: 552.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297216-1b99hm1e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297216-1b99hm1e.txt summary: In the Anthropocene, the conditions for microbial evolution have been altered by human interventions, and public health initiatives must recognize both the beneficial (indeed, necessary) interactions of microbes with their hosts as well as their pathogenic interactions. Its website proclaims this to be a big genome, big data approach to public health, whereby "taking into account individual differences in lifestyle, environment, and biology, researchers will uncover paths toward delivering precision medicine..." PPH is getting a shot in the other arm from pharmacogenomics, the study of how responses to drugs are influenced by the genetic makeup of the person receiving the drug. Holobiont public health would do well to recognize both the parasitic and the mutualistic branches of symbiosis [204] It would also recognize the two major changes in our scientific knowledge of microbial evolution that have occurred in this century: (1) organisms are holobionts composed of several species, wherein microbes help maintain healthy physiology and resilience; and (2) bacteria can pass genes through horizontal genetic transmission, thereby facilitating the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance through numerous bacterial species. abstract: Microbes evolve in complex environments that are often fashioned, in part, by human desires. In a global perspective, public health has played major roles in structuring how microbes are perceived, cultivated, and destroyed. The germ theory of disease cast microbes as enemies of the body and the body politic. Antibiotics have altered microbial development by providing stringent natural selection on bacterial species, and this has led to the formation of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Public health perspectives such as “Precision Public Health” and “One Health” have recently been proposed to further manage microbial populations. However, neither of these take into account the symbiotic relationships that exist between bacterial species and between bacteria, viruses, and their eukaryotic hosts. We propose a perspective on public health that recognizes microbial evolution through symbiotic associations (the hologenome theory) and through lateral gene transfer. This perspective has the advantage of including both the pathogenic and beneficial interactions of humans with bacteria, as well as combining the outlook of the “One Health” model with the genomic methodologies utilized in the “Precision Public Health” model. In the Anthropocene, the conditions for microbial evolution have been altered by human interventions, and public health initiatives must recognize both the beneficial (indeed, necessary) interactions of microbes with their hosts as well as their pathogenic interactions. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050746 doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8050746 id: cord-351665-6gwb900b author: Sarkar, Priyanka title: Coupled human-environment system amid COVID-19 crisis: A conceptual model to understand the nexus date: 2020-08-18 words: 5722.0 sentences: 294.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-351665-6gwb900b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351665-6gwb900b.txt summary: The specific objectives of the study were to (i) perform a meta-analysis of existing literature reporting various impacts of COVID-19 on human society and the natural environment, and (ii) develop a conceptual model to illustrate and understand the complex nexus of CHES amid the pandemic. In addition to the impact of COVID-19 in terms of infection and death as discussed in section 4.1, extended lockdown and stay-at-home regulations against the pandemic has associated human health risks such as weight gains due to sedentary lifestyle, psychological/behavioral changes, etc. The main purpose of the study was to propose a conceptual model to portray and address how the interaction of the existing elements of both sub-components of CHES -human society and natural environment -are impacted by the various governmental interventions i.e., lockdown, social distancing, quarantine, etc. abstract: Abstract The world today is dealing with a havoc crisis due to the pervasive outbreak of COVID-19. As a preventive measure against the pandemic, government authorities worldwide have implemented and adopted strict policy interventions such as lockdown, social distancing, and quarantine, to curtail the disease transmission. Consequently, humans have been experiencing several ill impacts, while the natural environment has been reaping the benefits of the interventions. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the interlinked relationship between human society and the natural environment amid the current crisis. Herein, we performed a meta-analysis of existing literature reporting the various impacts of COVID-19 on human society and the natural environment. A conceptual model was developed to portray and address how the interaction of the existing elements of both sub-components of the coupled human-environment system (CHES) – human society and natural environment – are impacted by the government interventions. Results revealed a suite of positive and negative impacts of COVID-19 on both the sub-components. Our model provides an explicit impression of the complex nexus of CHES amid the current crisis. The proposed conceptual model could help in understanding the complex nexus by identifying the route of short-term impacts of COVID-19 measures and thus may aid in identifying priority areas for discussion and planning in similar other crises as well. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720352864?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141757 id: cord-005789-jngjusk2 author: Selden, Richard F title: Regulation of human insulin gene expression in transgenic mice date: 1986 words: 3092.0 sentences: 149.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005789-jngjusk2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005789-jngjusk2.txt summary: We report here that the human insulin gene is expressed in a tissue-specific manner in the islets of these transgenic mice, and that serum human insulin levels are properly regulated by glucose, amino acids and tolbutamide, an oral hypoglycaemic agent. We report here that the human insulin gene is expressed in a tissue-specific manner in the islets of these transgenic mice, and that serum human insulin levels are properly regulated by glucose, amino acids and tolbutamide, an oral hypoglycaemic agent. The tissue specificity of human insulin gene expression in these transgenic mice was examined by both RNA analyses and pancreatic islet function studies. Glucose and human C-peptide levels in the transgenic mice were studied under a variety of physiological conditions to determine whether normal glucose homeostasis was being preserved and whether expression of the human insulin gene was being regulated appropriately in these mice. abstract: Insulin is a polypeptide hormone of major physiological importance in the regulation of fuel homeostasis in animals (reviewed in refs 1, 2). It is synthesized by the (β)-cells of pancreatic islets, and circulating insulin levels are regulated by several small molecules, notably glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and certain pharmacological agents. Insulin consists of two polypeptide chains (A and B, linked by disulphide bonds) that are derived from the proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, generating equimolar amounts of the mature insulin and a connecting peptide (C-peptide). Humans, like most vertebrates, contain one proinsulin gene(3,4), although several species, including mice(5) and rats(6,7), have two highly homologous insulin genes. We have studied the regulation of serum insulin levels and of insulin gene expression by generating a series of transgenic mice containing the human insulin gene. We report here that the human insulin gene is expressed in a tissue-specific manner in the islets of these transgenic mice, and that serum human insulin levels are properly regulated by glucose, amino acids and tolbutamide, an oral hypoglycaemic agent. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095452/ doi: 10.1038/321525a0 id: cord-317900-05y9re12 author: Senanayake, Nari title: Geographies of uncertainty date: 2020-08-14 words: 6465.0 sentences: 250.0 pages: flesch: 27.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317900-05y9re12.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317900-05y9re12.txt summary: Specifically, we discuss how geographers engage with uncertainties produced through and reconfigured by some of the most formidable issues of our contemporary moment, including neoliberal transformation, disease and illness, resource conflict, global climate change, and ongoing struggles around knowledge, power, and justice. In conversation with debates in cognate fields, this special issue brings together contributions that grapple with uncertainty through key geographic concepts such as scale, power, spatiality, place, and human-environment relations. Attending to the ways that uncertainty is experienced as a spatiotemporal condition, and how it frequently compounds across scales of knowledge production, enables the special issue''s contributors to demonstrate how forms of incertitude work through geographic relationships. In doing so, this special issue develops a critical human geography of uncertainty, which not only articulates how the concept is useful for geographers, but also, argues that geography can enrich existing transdisciplinary work on the subject with its perspectives on scale, spatiality, power, place, and human-environment relations. abstract: Abstract The question of uncertainty has generated substantial critical engagements across the social sciences. While much of this literature falls within the domains of anthropology, science studies, and sociology, this short introductory paper highlights how geographical scholarship can also enrich emerging transdisciplinary debates on uncertainty. Specifically, we discuss how geographers engage with uncertainties produced through and reconfigured by some of the most formidable issues of our contemporary moment, including neoliberal transformation, disease and illness, resource conflict, global climate change, and ongoing struggles around knowledge, power, and justice. In conversation with debates in cognate fields, this special issue brings together contributions that grapple with uncertainty through key geographic concepts such as scale, power, spatiality, place, and human-environment relations. This work extends scholarly understanding of howuncertaintyarises, is stabilized, and also how people navigate, experience, challenge, and rationalizeuncertaintyin everyday life. In doing so, we signal the immense potential offered by emerging intersections between human geography and broader critical social science interventions on the question of uncertainty. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836330/ doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.07.016 id: cord-007843-yqdqm4rh author: Shader, Richard I. title: Zoonotic Viruses: The Mysterious Leap From Animals to Man date: 2018-07-26 words: 980.0 sentences: 88.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007843-yqdqm4rh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007843-yqdqm4rh.txt summary: Nipah and Hendra viruses are both members of the Paramyxoviridae family; neither virus is known to cause disease in their host bats. Similarly, although infrequent, the H1N1 influenza virus can be transmitted from infected pigs to humans, hence its common name of swine flu. 8 Even more uncommon is for a virus to be transmitted from an infected human to an animal. In theory, infected humans could transmit the rabies virus to animals; no cases have been documented. For this issue of Clinical Therapeutics, our Infectious Diseases Topic Editor Dr Ravi Jhaveri has assembled a collection of articles entitled "Hot Topics in Viral Diseases." The collection highlights recent controversies in vaccine licensure and recommendation, as well as advances in antiviral therapies for herpesvirus, hepatitis B and C, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza, with an emphasis on pediatric patients. A review of therapeutics in clinical development for respiratory syncytial virus and influenza in children abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124381/ doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.06.016 id: cord-000366-u4649rtx author: Shan, Tongling title: Genomic Characterization and High Prevalence of Bocaviruses in Swine date: 2011-04-15 words: 2887.0 sentences: 161.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000366-u4649rtx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000366-u4649rtx.txt summary: Using random PCR amplification followed by plasmid subcloning and DNA sequencing, we detected bocavirus related sequences in 9 out of 17 porcine stool samples. Using primer walking, we sequenced the nearly complete genomes of two highly divergent bocaviruses we provisionally named porcine bocavirus 1 isolate H18 (PBoV1-H18) and porcine bocavirus 2 isolate A6 (PBoV2-A6) which differed by 51.8% in their NS1 protein. Presently, the bocavirus genus contains eight members: bovine parvovirus, canine minute virus (CnMV), human bocavirus 1-4 (HBoV1-4), a gorilla bocavirus and a partially sequenced chimpanzee bocavirus [1, 6, 7] . In 2009, a porcine bocalike virus (PBo-likeV) was reported in swine feces with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Sweden and 1854 bp of its partial genome sequenced [27] . Finally, partial genome sequences of 2.4 Kb from another clade of porcine bocaviruses labeled 6V and 7V where also identified yielding three major bocavirus groups in swine (PBo-likeV, PBoV1/PBoV2, and 6V/7V). abstract: Using random PCR amplification followed by plasmid subcloning and DNA sequencing, we detected bocavirus related sequences in 9 out of 17 porcine stool samples. Using primer walking, we sequenced the nearly complete genomes of two highly divergent bocaviruses we provisionally named porcine bocavirus 1 isolate H18 (PBoV1-H18) and porcine bocavirus 2 isolate A6 (PBoV2-A6) which differed by 51.8% in their NS1 protein. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PBoV1-H18 was very closely related to a ∼2 Kb central region of a porcine bocavirus-like virus (PBo-LikeV) from Sweden described in 2009. PBoV2-A6 was very closely related to the porcine bocavirus genomes PBoV-1 and PBoV2 from China described in 2010. Among 340 fecal samples collected from different age, asymptomatic swine in five Chinese provinces, the prevalence of PBoV1-H18 and PBoV2-A6 related viruses were 45–75% and 55–70% respectively, with 30–47% of pigs co-infected. PBoV1-A6 related strains were highly conserved, while PBoV2-H18 related strains were more diverse, grouping into two genotypes corresponding to the previously described PBoV1 and PBoV2. Together with the recently described partial bocavirus genomes labeled V6 and V7, a total of three major porcine bocavirus clades have therefore been described to date. Further studies will be required to elucidate the possible pathogenic impact of these diverse bocaviruses either alone or in combination with other porcine viruses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3078135/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017292 id: cord-274241-biqbsggu author: Shaw, Timothy I. title: Transcriptome Sequencing and Annotation for the Jamaican Fruit Bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) date: 2012-11-15 words: 6003.0 sentences: 339.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274241-biqbsggu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274241-biqbsggu.txt summary: Annotated genes are involved in a broad range of activities ranging from cellular metabolism to genome regulation through ncRNAs. Reciprocal BLAST best hits yielded 8,785 sequences that are orthologous to mouse, rat, cattle, horse and human. Species tree analysis of sequences from 2,378 loci was used to achieve 95% bootstrap support for the placement of bat as sister to the clade containing horse, dog, and cattle. Through substitution rate estimation between bat and human, 32 genes were identified with evidence for positive selection. To address some of these deficiencies, we have performed transcriptome sequencing and analysis of spleen, lung, kidney and poly-IC-stimulated primary kidney cells to identify genes of interest for assessing the host response to TCRV infection. There were 20,145 contigs that mapped to Pteropus alecto, Australian flying fruit bat, and 18,359 that overlapped between genomic and transcriptome sequences for all three datasets ( Figure 5 ). abstract: The Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) is one of the most common bats in the tropical Americas. It is thought to be a potential reservoir host of Tacaribe virus, an arenavirus closely related to the South American hemorrhagic fever viruses. We performed transcriptome sequencing and annotation from lung, kidney and spleen tissues using 454 and Illumina platforms to develop this species as an animal model. More than 100,000 contigs were assembled, with 25,000 genes that were functionally annotated. Of the remaining unannotated contigs, 80% were found within bat genomes or transcriptomes. Annotated genes are involved in a broad range of activities ranging from cellular metabolism to genome regulation through ncRNAs. Reciprocal BLAST best hits yielded 8,785 sequences that are orthologous to mouse, rat, cattle, horse and human. Species tree analysis of sequences from 2,378 loci was used to achieve 95% bootstrap support for the placement of bat as sister to the clade containing horse, dog, and cattle. Through substitution rate estimation between bat and human, 32 genes were identified with evidence for positive selection. We also identified 466 immune-related genes, which may be useful for studying Tacaribe virus infection of this species. The Jamaican fruit bat transcriptome dataset is a resource that should provide additional candidate markers for studying bat evolution and ecology, and tools for analysis of the host response and pathology of disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166587/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048472 id: cord-021770-zn7na974 author: Slifka, Mark K. title: Passive Immunization date: 2017-07-17 words: 12134.0 sentences: 610.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021770-zn7na974.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021770-zn7na974.txt summary: [26] [27] [28] [29] Recent studies verify these earlier results, demonstrating a 90% to 91% vaccine efficacy against whooping cough among infants younger than 2 months of nonlymphoid tissues and to penetrate mucosal sites of infection is likely to explain why it is often considered the best immunoglobulin isotype for routine passive immunization and has shown clinical benefit ranging from reduced clinical symptoms to nearly complete protection from lethal infection in a number of infectious disease models (Table 8 .3). 118 With the recent development of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that show protective efficacy against tularemia in animal models, [119] [120] [121] it may be possible to incorporate both passive immunotherapy and antibiotic treatment into clinical practice not only for tularemia, but for other bacterial diseases, especially in cases in which antibiotic resistance is becoming more widespread. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151993/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00008-0 id: cord-341155-3d64mso0 author: Slots, Jørgen title: Bacterial and viral pathogens in saliva: disease relationship and infectious risk date: 2010-12-07 words: 9332.0 sentences: 447.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-341155-3d64mso0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341155-3d64mso0.txt summary: Human viruses are also frequent inhabitants of the human mouth, and their presence in saliva may be caused by the direct transfer of saliva from infected individuals, a bloodborne infection of the salivary glands, infection of the oral mucosa, or serumal exudates from diseased periodontal sites. Caries risk is assessed by the levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in stimulated saliva (94, 96) , and salivary transmission of cariogenic bacteria frequently occurs from the mother to her child (92, 100) . As high quantities of salivary Epstein-Barr virus DNA can be recovered from fully edentulous patients (155) , the occurrence of the virus in saliva may not be a reliable indicator of its subgingival level or of the periodontitis disease status. Taken together, the saliva of HIV-infected persons is a risk factor for the transmission of several virulent herpesvirus species, and patients receiving HAART cannot be assumed to be less infectious for herpesviruses than individuals not receiving HAART. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00361.x doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00361.x id: cord-298369-66ifwtlp author: Smith, Sherri A. title: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations for Drugs Binding to Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein date: 2018-12-28 words: 10621.0 sentences: 491.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298369-66ifwtlp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298369-66ifwtlp.txt summary: The importance of plasma protein binding primarily resides in its impact on pharmacokinetic properties such as clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V ss ), with serum albumin, lipoproteins and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AAG) being the major proteins involved in sequestering drugs in plasma (1) . While AAG represents a relatively small portion (~1-3%) of the total plasma proteins, compared to~60% composition of albumin, it can play a significant role in drug binding and pharmacokinetics (PK) (43) . Since AAG levels increase in most disease states (46) , drugs with a high affinity may demonstrate higher binding (lower fraction unbound, f u ) and altered PK properties (e.g. lower total CL), lower V ss . Effect of the plasticizer DEHP in blood collection bags on human plasma fraction unbound determination for Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein (AAG) binding drugs abstract: According to the free drug hypothesis only the unbound drug is available to act at physiological sites of action, and as such the importance of plasma protein binding primarily resides in its impact on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Of the major plasma proteins, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) represents an intriguing one primarily due to the high affinity, low capacity properties of this protein. In addition, there are marked species and age differences in protein expression, homology and drug binding affinity. As such, a thorough understanding of drug binding to AAG can help aid and improve the translation of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships from preclinical species to human as well as adults to neonates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of the biochemistry of AAG; endogenous function, impact of disease, utility as a biomarker, and impact on PK/PD. Experimental considerations are discussed as well as recommendations for understanding the potential impact of AAG on PK through drug discovery and early development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30593605/ doi: 10.1007/s11095-018-2551-x id: cord-337058-rhu5hp9t author: Snyder, Brian F. title: The genetic and cultural evolution of unsustainability date: 2020-04-06 words: 8605.0 sentences: 409.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337058-rhu5hp9t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337058-rhu5hp9t.txt summary: Here, we integrate this theory with Lotka''s Maximum Power Principle and propose a model linking energy extraction from the environment with genetic, technological and cultural evolution to increase human ecosystem carrying capacity. Lotka argued that natural selection acted so that organisms sought to maximize the rate at which it extracted energy from the environment; H.T. Odum later named this hypothesis the maximum power principle (Sciubba 2011) . Phrased in the language of the present paper, Malthus argued that the rate of increase of energy extraction from the environment was principally resource (rather than technology) limited and that this resulted in socio-ecological crisis when the rate of population growth exceeded the rate of energy extraction growth. We propose that human societies are prone to unsustainability, because they have evolved to maximize their rate of energy extraction from the environment through a multi-level selective process acting on both genetic and cultural heritable variation. abstract: Anthropogenic changes are accelerating and threaten the future of life on earth. While the proximate mechanisms of these anthropogenic changes are well studied (e.g., climate change, biodiversity loss, population growth), the evolutionary causality of these anthropogenic changes have been largely ignored. Anthroecological theory (AET) proposes that the ultimate cause of anthropogenic environmental change is multi-level selection for niche construction and ecosystem engineering. Here, we integrate this theory with Lotka’s Maximum Power Principle and propose a model linking energy extraction from the environment with genetic, technological and cultural evolution to increase human ecosystem carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is partially determined by energetic factors such as the net energy a population can acquire from its environment and the efficiency of conversion from energy input to offspring output. These factors are under Darwinian genetic selection in all species, but in humans, they are also determined by technology and culture. If there is genetic or non-genetic heritable variation in the ability of an individual or social group to increase its carrying capacity, then we hypothesize that selection or cultural evolution will act to increase carrying capacity. Furthermore, if this evolution of carrying capacity occurs faster than the biotic components of the ecological system can respond via their own evolution, then we hypothesize that unsustainable ecological changes will result. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00803-z doi: 10.1007/s11625-020-00803-z id: cord-338889-7hd3iibk author: Solbakk, Jan Helge title: Back to WHAT? The role of research ethics in pandemic times date: 2020-11-03 words: 11689.0 sentences: 709.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-338889-7hd3iibk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-338889-7hd3iibk.txt summary: 10 Of the 10 standards laid down in this Code, and with which physician-researchers must comply when carrying out experiments on human subjects, standard 5, in particular, has become highly relevant these days due to pressure from influential medical stakeholders, agencies and bioethicists to permit the conduct of controlled human infection studies (CHIs), also labeled human challenge trials (HCTs), or challenge studies (CSs) to possibly shorten the development time of vaccines to protect against Covid-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic creates an unprecedented threatening situation worldwide with an urgent need for critical reflection and new knowledge production, but also a need for imminent action despite prevailing knowledge gaps and multilevel uncertainty. With regard to the role of research ethics in these pandemic times some argue in favor of exceptionalism, others, including the authors of this paper, emphasize the urgent need to remain committed to core ethical principles and fundamental human rights obligations all reflected in research regulations and guidelines carefully crafted over time. In this paper we disentangle some of the arguments put forward in the ongoing debate about Covid-19 human challenge studies (CHIs) and the concomitant role of health-related research ethics in pandemic times. We suggest it might be helpful to think through a lens differentiating between risk, strict uncertainty and ignorance. We provide some examples of lessons learned by harm done in the name of research in the past and discuss the relevance of this legacy in the current situation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33141289/ doi: 10.1007/s11019-020-09984-x id: cord-002933-zmx4k46v author: Stabell, Alex C title: Dengue viruses cleave STING in humans but not in nonhuman primates, their presumed natural reservoir date: 2018-03-20 words: 9265.0 sentences: 506.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002933-zmx4k46v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002933-zmx4k46v.txt summary: The dengue virus 2 (DENV2) encoded protease cleaves human STING, reducing type I interferon production and boosting viral titers in humans. We show that an ''RG'' motif at positions 78/79 of STING is critical for susceptibility to cleavage, and conversion of these residues to ''RG'' renders all nonhuman primate STING proteins tested, as well as mouse STING, sensitive to dengue virus proteases. Out of the entire Genbank database, along with our sequencing of STING from 16 additional primate species, we identify only a small number of apes (gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons), and three small rodent species (chinchillas, naked mole rats, and desert woodrats) as encoding a functional dengue virus cleavage determinant in STING. Further, the restoration of the ''RG'' motif at positions 78/79 again renders all of these STING proteins susceptible to cleavage ( Figure 5B) , indicating that the sylvatic protease is targeting (i.e. binding or cleaving) the same cleavage determinant as the proteases from human dengue viruses. abstract: Human dengue viruses emerged from primate reservoirs, yet paradoxically dengue does not reach high titers in primate models. This presents a unique opportunity to examine the genetics of spillover versus reservoir hosts. The dengue virus 2 (DENV2) - encoded protease cleaves human STING, reducing type I interferon production and boosting viral titers in humans. We find that both human and sylvatic (reservoir) dengue viruses universally cleave human STING, but not the STING of primates implicated as reservoir species. The special ability of dengue to cleave STING is thus specific to humans and a few closely related ape species. Conversion of residues 78/79 to the human-encoded ‘RG’ renders all primate (and mouse) STINGs sensitive to viral cleavage. Dengue viruses may have evolved to increase viral titers in the dense and vast human population, while maintaining decreased titers and pathogenicity in the more rare animals that serve as their sustaining reservoir in nature. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5860865/ doi: 10.7554/elife.31919 id: cord-295194-xbla6tu7 author: Stripecke, Renata title: Innovations, challenges, and minimal information for standardization of humanized mice date: 2020-06-24 words: 9889.0 sentences: 432.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-295194-xbla6tu7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-295194-xbla6tu7.txt summary: antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, is an immune defense mechanism whereby effector cells such as NK cells lyses target cells that have been bound by specific antibodies AML acute myeloid leukemia ART anti-retroviral therapy BDBV Bundibugyo ebolavirus BiTE bispecific T-cell engagers is a registered trademark for a class of recombinant bispecific monoclonal antibodies which bind to the CD3 receptor and to a tumor-specific antigen BLT bone marrow-liver-thymus BM bone marrow bNAbs broadly neutralizing antibodies are antibodies capable of neutralizing different types of viral strains BRGF Balb/c Rag2 À/À Il2rg À/À Flt3 À/À mouse strain expressing macrophage colonystimulating factors (M-CSF), IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF, and thrombopoietin (TPO) MSCs mesenchymal stromal cells Myelo-ablated mice are mice treated with irradiation or chemotherapy in order to decrease the bone marrow activity in order to improve the engraftment of transplanted stem cells Myelodysplasia is an abnormal accumulation of immature blood cells in the bone marrow Myelofibrosis is the replacement of the bone marrow with scar tissue due to proliferation of immature blood cells NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NIH National Institutes of Health NK natural killer NOD Non-obese diabetic NOG NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Sug /Jic NRGF NOD-Rag1 À/À Il2rg À/À Flk2 À/À NRG NOD-Rag1 tm1Mom Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ NSG NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells PD-1 programmed death receptor 1 PD-L1 PD-1 ligand 1 PDX-MI PDX Model Minimal Information standard PDX patient-derived xenograft PIRF POR À/À /Il2rg À/À /Rag2 À/À /FAH À/À Rag1 recombination activating gene Studies of human stem cell engraftment, hematopoiesis, and immunity abstract: Mice xenotransplanted with human cells and/or expressing human gene products (also known as “humanized mice”) recapitulate the human evolutionary specialization and diversity of genotypic and phenotypic traits. These models can provide a relevant in vivo context for understanding of human‐specific physiology and pathologies. Humanized mice have advanced toward mainstream preclinical models and are now at the forefront of biomedical research. Here, we considered innovations and challenges regarding the reconstitution of human immunity and human tissues, modeling of human infections and cancer, and the use of humanized mice for testing drugs or regenerative therapy products. As the number of publications exploring different facets of humanized mouse models has steadily increased in past years, it is becoming evident that standardized reporting is needed in the field. Therefore, an international community‐driven resource called “Minimal Information for Standardization of Humanized Mice” (MISHUM) has been created for the purpose of enhancing rigor and reproducibility of studies in the field. Within MISHUM, we propose comprehensive guidelines for reporting critical information generated using humanized mice. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32578942/ doi: 10.15252/emmm.201708662 id: cord-306056-4jx0u7js author: Sulmasy, Daniel P. title: “Diseases and Natural Kinds” date: 2005 words: 9602.0 sentences: 523.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306056-4jx0u7js.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306056-4jx0u7js.txt summary: (3) The aim of this classification must be to provide at least a provisional basis for explaining the causes and/or natural history of a disturbance in the internal biological relations of the affected members of X (and, if X is a self-reflective natural kind, can serve as an explanation of the illness of those so affected), (4) and at least some individuals of whom (or which) this class of states of affairs can be predicated are, by virtue of that state, inhibited from flourishing as Xs. I must further explicate this fairly dense definition. H. Setting as the telos the flourishing of the individual as the kind of thing that it is also explains why it can be controversial to classify as diseases certain patterns of variation in the law-like biological principles that determine the characteristic development and typical history of a living natural kind. abstract: David Thomasma called for the development of a medical ethics based squarely on the philosophy of medicine. He recognized, however, that widespread anti-essentialism presented a significant barrier to such an approach. The aim of this article is to introduce a theory that challenges these anti-essentialist objections. The notion of natural kinds presents a modest form of essentialism that can serve as the basis for a foundationalist philosophy of medicine. The notion of a natural kind is neither static nor reductionistic. Disease can be understood as making necessary reference to living natural kinds without invoking the claim that diseases themselves are natural kinds. The idea that natural kinds have a natural disposition to flourish as the kinds of things that they are provides a telos to which to tether the notion of disease – an objective telos that is broader than mere survival and narrower than subjective choice. It is argued that while nosology is descriptive and may have therapeutic implications, disease classification is fundamentally explanatory. Sickness and illness, while referring to the same state of affairs, can be distinguished from disease phenomenologically. Scientific and diagnostic fallibility in making judgments about diseases do not diminish the objectivity of this notion of disease. Diseases are things, not kinds. Injury is a concept parallel to disease that also makes necessary reference to living natural kinds. These ideas provide a new possibility for the development of a philosophy of medicine with implications for medical ethics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16292605/ doi: 10.1007/s11017-005-2206-x id: cord-017188-d3xg05ty author: Swartz, H.M. title: Free Radicals and Medicine date: 2005 words: 15533.0 sentences: 799.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017188-d3xg05ty.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017188-d3xg05ty.txt summary: Examples described include pulmonary free radical damage, free radicals and sickle cell disease, free radicals in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, melanin and free radicals and the potential role of oxidative stress in the induction of cancer. The potential limiting factors for such studies include the technical problems of carrying out EPR measurements in human subjects and‚ for techniques that involve the administration of spin traps or other substances‚ the complex and difficult process for obtaining permission to administer substances to human subjects (Swartz‚ 2003) . The first in vivo spin trapping evidence for increased free radical formation was provided using the SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse model for FALS (Gurney et al.‚ 1998) . In conclusion‚ in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that nitrone spin traps can potentially mitigate oxidative stress in FALS mutant overexpressing cells and mice and protect against progressive motor neuron death. abstract: EPR has been employed in attempts to understand the basis of specific pathophysiologies in which free radicals have a postulated role. Examples described include pulmonary free radical damage, free radicals and sickle cell disease, free radicals in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, melanin and free radicals and the potential role of oxidative stress in the induction of cancer. The final section of the chapter describes the use of NMR as the spectroscopic measure of spin-trapped radicals, after they have reacted further to form diamagnetic species. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121688/ doi: 10.1007/0-387-26741-7_3 id: cord-276110-zztp61pj author: Sætra (Sætra is the family name), Henrik Skaug title: A shallow defence of a technocracy of artificial intelligence: Examining the political harms of algorithmic governance in the domain of government date: 2020-06-08 words: 10940.0 sentences: 545.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276110-zztp61pj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276110-zztp61pj.txt summary: These are objections based on the ideas of ''political man'' and participation as a prerequisite for legitimacy, the non-morality of machines and the value of transparency and accountability. Such a technocracy, if the AI capabilities of policy formation here assumed becomes reality, may, in theory, provide us with better means of participation, fair and impartial political outcomes, and more efficient government resulting in benefits for most individuals and society in general. They are: a) people might need politics, b) legitimacy is linked to democracy, c) AI is not capable of morality, d) we have an issue with transparency related to AI and e) AI decision-making involves problems assigning responsibility. If politics is really about deciding which moral values are important, and what we see as the good society, having a policy process whereby human beings take part in the formulation of these issues is compatible with a technocracy. abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) has proven to be superior to human decision-making in certain areas. This is particularly the case whenever there is a need for advanced strategic reasoning and analysis of vast amounts of data in order to solve complex problems. Few human activities fit this description better than politics. In politics we deal with some of the most complex issues humans face, short-term and long-term consequences have to be balanced, and we make decisions knowing that we do not fully understand their consequences. I examine an extreme case of the application of AI in the domain of government, and use this case to examine a subset of the potential harms associated with algorithmic governance. I focus on five objections based on political theoretical considerations and the potential political harms of an AI technocracy. These are objections based on the ideas of ‘political man’ and participation as a prerequisite for legitimacy, the non-morality of machines and the value of transparency and accountability. I conclude that these objections do not successfully derail AI technocracy, if we make sure that mechanisms for control and backup are in place, and if we design a system in which humans have control over the direction and fundamental goals of society. Such a technocracy, if the AI capabilities of policy formation here assumed becomes reality, may, in theory, provide us with better means of participation, legitimacy, and more efficient government. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101283 doi: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101283 id: cord-282628-6uoberfu author: Tiwari, Bhagyashree title: Future impacts and trends in treatment of hospital wastewater date: 2020-05-01 words: 5920.0 sentences: 286.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282628-6uoberfu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282628-6uoberfu.txt summary: The causative agent of most emerging infectious diseases is viruses; every year approximately more than two novel viral pathogens are identified, which can cause illness in a human. Factors for emergence include natural process (evolution of pathogen), infectious agents transfer from vertebrate to mammals, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and climate change. The factors responsible for the emergence of infectious diseases such as (1) the evolution of new strain, (2) the introduction of a host to enzootic, (3) translocation of infected wildlife, (4) farming practices, and (5) others were provided. Due to emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and unavoidable use of antibiotics, concomitant environmental perturbation caused by climate change might make the earth is not suitable for humans and other livings. Increasing resistance to antibiotics and the emergence of "superbugs" that are resistant to drugs of last resort have highlighted the great need for alternative treatments of bacterial disease. Furthermore, development of drug-resistant organisms and increased pathogen survival rate, only raising panic about the human, animal, and environmental health. abstract: The world’s population growth and economic development result in the increased requirement of land, water, and energy. This increased demand leads to the deforestation, loss in biodiversity, imbalance in agriculture and food supply, climate change, and increase in food and travel trade, which result in emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. This chapter discussed various emerging infectious diseases and their causative agents (Buruli ulcer and Bunyvirus). Furthermore, this chapter further illustrates the emergence of superbugs and the associated threat due to the presence of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment. The prevalence of pharmaceuticals in the environment exerts ecotoxic effects on living organisms and causes thousands of death every year. The threats associated with the pharmaceutical presence in the environment were briefly discussed in this chapter. Finally, this chapter provides the alternative methods to avoid the use of antibiotics and to develop novel treatment technologies (such as Phage therapy) to degrade and remove the pharmaceutical compounds. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128197226000171 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819722-6.00017-1 id: cord-035138-7v92aukg author: Tognoni, Gianni title: Health as a Human Right: A Fake News in a Post-human World? date: 2020-11-10 words: 5060.0 sentences: 229.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-035138-7v92aukg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-035138-7v92aukg.txt summary: Based on a synthetic overview that embraces the evolution of the ''health'' concept, and its related institutions, from the role of health as the main indicator of fundamental human rights—as envisaged in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—to its qualification as the systems of disease control dependent on criteria of economic sustainability, the paper focuses on the implications and the impact of such evolution in two model scenarios which are centred on the COVID-19 pandemia. 1 Their cumulative experience, derived from the insides of these most diverse scenarios, has provided them with a solid confirmation of what has emerged with a growing consensus also in the most prestigious ''scientific'' literature, in the last 10 years: structural inequality is the direct product and the expected outcome of the mainstream models of development, which trigger a highly visible impact on the rights to health and life, and prove to be a systemic source of in-human levels of inequity (Evans 2020 ). abstract: Based on a synthetic overview that embraces the evolution of the ‘health’ concept, and its related institutions, from the role of health as the main indicator of fundamental human rights—as envisaged in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—to its qualification as the systems of disease control dependent on criteria of economic sustainability, the paper focuses on the implications and the impact of such evolution in two model scenarios which are centred on the COVID-19 pandemia. The article analyses COVID-19 both in the characteristics of its global dynamics and in its concrete management, as performed in a model medium income country, Argentina. In a world which has progressively assigned market values and goods an absolute strategic and political priority over the health needs and the rights to health of individual and peoples, the recognition of health as human right is confined to aspirational recommendations and rather hollowed out declarations of good will. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7653451/ doi: 10.1057/s41301-020-00269-7 id: cord-005159-6agnsbyd author: Turner, Bryan Stanley title: Vulnerability, diversity and scarcity: on universal rights date: 2013-07-12 words: 5734.0 sentences: 272.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005159-6agnsbyd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005159-6agnsbyd.txt summary: We argue that bioethics has a universal range because it relates to three shared human characteristics,—human vulnerability, institutional precariousness and scarcity of resources. The generic concepts of ''ethics of rights'' and ''ethics of duties'' (Patrão Neves 2009)-found implicitly in most official bioethics documents-can be viewed as two relevant ideas for a sociological study of human rights and global health policy. We argue that bioethics has a universal range because it relates to three shared human characteristics,-human vulnerability, institutional precariousness and scarcity of resources. We defend the idea some conditions such as human vulnerability, precariousness institutions and scarcity of resources, are common to human societies and can serve as a grounding for future research in bioethics. In its report on the Principle of respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity, the International Bioethics Committee notably indicates that the ''most significant worldwide barrier to improving the levels of attainment of health through health care interventions is the scarcity of resources'' (UNESCO 2011: 29) . abstract: This article makes a contribution to the on-going debates about universalism and cultural relativism from the perspective of sociology. We argue that bioethics has a universal range because it relates to three shared human characteristics,—human vulnerability, institutional precariousness and scarcity of resources. These three components of our argument provide support for a related notion of ‘weak foundationalism’ that emphasizes the universality and interrelatedness of human experience, rather than their cultural differences. After presenting a theoretical position on vulnerability and human rights, we draw on recent criticism of this approach in order to paint a more nuanced picture. We conclude that the dichotomy between universalism and cultural relativism has some conceptual merit, but it also has obvious limitations when we consider the political economy of health and its impact on social inequality. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088674/ doi: 10.1007/s11019-013-9500-6 id: cord-307320-fxs31d66 author: Ubah, Obinna title: Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody Like Fragments Derived from Immunised Phage Display Libraries date: 2018-03-17 words: 8292.0 sentences: 365.0 pages: flesch: 30.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307320-fxs31d66.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307320-fxs31d66.txt summary: However, by combining the power of immunisation with phage display, several high affinity monoclonal antibodies against "difficult" antigenic targets have been isolated from relative small antibody libraries and where traditional approaches have failed [33, 98] . The above study demonstrates the power of animal immunisation and phage display based selection strategies to isolate high affinity monoclonal antibodies towards non-antigenic targets which inherently lack properties like aromaticity and charge. Spleen samples from mice immunised with gamma inactivated Brucella melitensis strain 16 M bacteria was used to construct a phage display library and isolate monoclonal antibody fragments that specifically recognise Brucella species. Similarly high affinity neutralising antibody fragments against the protective antigen (PA) of anthrax toxin was isolated from a Macaca immunised phage display library. Lymphocytes from the bone marrow cells of two chimpanzees immunised with anthrax toxin PA, LF and Edema factor (EF) were used to construct scFv phage display libraries and neutralising antibodies were isolated against PA and LF proteins. abstract: Morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases are always on the rise, especially in poorer countries and in the aging population. The inevitable, but unpredictable emergence of new infectious diseases has become a global threat. HIV/AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the more recent H1N1 influenza are only a few of the numerous examples of emerging infectious diseases in the modern era. However despite advances in diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, there is need for more specific, efficacious, cost-effective and less toxic treatment and preventive drugs. In this chapter, we discuss a powerful combinatorial technology in association with animal immunisation that is capable of generating biologic drugs with high affinity, efficacy and limited off-site toxicity, and diagnostic tools with great precision. Although time consuming, immunisation still remains the preferred route for the isolation of high-affinity antibodies and antibody-like fragments. Phage display is a molecular diversity technology that allows the presentation of large peptide and protein libraries on the surface of filamentous phage. The selection of binding fragments from phage display libraries has proven significant for routine isolation of invaluable peptides, antibodies, and antibody-like domains for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Here we highlight the many benefits of combining immunisation with phage display in combating infectious diseases, and how our knowledge of antibody engineering has played a crucial role in fully exploiting these platforms in generating therapeutic and diagnostic biologics towards antigenic targets of infectious organisms. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29549637/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_6 id: cord-306904-8iteddug author: Uversky, Vladimir N title: Unreported intrinsic disorder in proteins: Building connections to the literature on IDPs date: 2014-12-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This review opens a new series entitled “Unreported intrinsic disorder in proteins.” The goal of this series is to bring attention of researchers to an interesting phenomenon of missed (or overlooked, or ignored, or unreported) disorder. This series serves as a companion to “Digested Disorder” which provides a quarterly review of papers on intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) found by standard literature searches. The need for this alternative series results from the observation that there are numerous publications that describe IDPs (or hybrid proteins with ordered and disordered regions) yet fail to recognize many of the key discoveries and publications in the IDP field. By ignoring the body of work on IDPs, such publications often fail to relate their findings to prior discoveries or fail to explore the obvious implications of their work. Thus, the goal of this series is not only to review these very interesting and important papers, but also to point out how each paper relates to the IDP field and show how common tools in the IDP field can readily take the findings in new directions or provide a broader context for the reported findings. url: https://doi.org/10.4161/21690693.2014.970499 doi: 10.4161/21690693.2014.970499 id: cord-353609-no3mbg5d author: Vandegrift, Kurt J. title: An Ecological and Conservation Perspective on Advances in the Applied Virology of Zoonoses date: 2011-04-15 words: 6925.0 sentences: 350.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt summary: Conducting viral surveillance in animal reservoirs and invertebrate vectors can help explain circulation within host species; observed patterns of zoonotic transmission; and even allow for the prediction of periods of increased risk of zoonotic transmission (e.g., Rift valley fever and rainfall [25] ; West Nile virus (WNV) and American robin (Turdus turdus) migration [26] ; as well as hantavirus in mice [27, 28] ). Globalization, host ecology, host-virus dynamics, climate change, and anthropogenic landscape changes all contribute to the complexity of zoonotic viral emergence and disease, and create significant conservation and public health challenges. While the lasting efficacy of wildlife vaccination efforts has yet to be demonstrated with either endangered species or in breaking the transmission cycle of human pathogens, an increasing number of researchers are drawing attention to systems where it seems feasible [99, 103] ; demonstrating that intricate knowledge of host and virus ecology can greatly reduce the amount of vaccine coverage that is necessary to control these viruses. abstract: The aim of this manuscript is to describe how modern advances in our knowledge of viruses and viral evolution can be applied to the fields of disease ecology and conservation. We review recent progress in virology and provide examples of how it is informing both empirical research in field ecology and applied conservation. We include a discussion of needed breakthroughs and ways to bridge communication gaps between the field and the lab. In an effort to foster this interdisciplinary effort, we have also included a table that lists the definitions of key terms. The importance of understanding the dynamics of zoonotic pathogens in their reservoir hosts is emphasized as a tool to both assess risk factors for spillover and to test hypotheses related to treatment and/or intervention strategies. In conclusion, we highlight the need for smart surveillance, viral discovery efforts and predictive modeling. A shift towards a predictive approach is necessary in today’s globalized society because, as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic demonstrated, identification post-emergence is often too late to prevent global spread. Integrating molecular virology and ecological techniques will allow for earlier recognition of potentially dangerous pathogens, ideally before they jump from wildlife reservoirs into human or livestock populations and cause serious public health or conservation issues. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v3040379 doi: 10.3390/v3040379 id: cord-103108-vmze2mdx author: Vanheer, Lotte title: Revealing the Key Regulators of Cell Identity in the Human Adult Pancreas date: 2020-09-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Cellular identity during development is under the control of transcription factors that form gene regulatory networks. However, the transcription factors and gene regulatory networks underlying cellular identity in the human adult pancreas remain largely unexplored. Here, we integrate multiple single-cell RNA sequencing datasets of the human adult pancreas, totaling 7393 cells, and comprehensively reconstruct gene regulatory networks. We show that a network of 142 transcription factors forms distinct regulatory modules that characterize pancreatic cell types. We present evidence that our approach identifies key regulators of cell identity in the human adult pancreas. We predict that HEYL and JUND are active in acinar and alpha cells, respectively, and show that these proteins are present in the human adult pancreas as well as in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic cells. The comprehensive gene regulatory network atlas can be explored interactively online. We anticipate our analysis to be the starting point for a more sophisticated dissection of how transcription factors regulate cell identity in the human adult pancreas. Furthermore, given that transcription factors are major regulators of embryo development and are often perturbed in diseases, a comprehensive understanding of how transcription factors work will be relevant in development and disease biology. HIGHLIGHTS - Reconstruction of gene regulatory networks for human adult pancreatic cell types - An interactive resource to explore and visualize gene expression and regulatory states - Predicting putative transcription factors driving pancreatic cell identity - HEYL and JUND as candidate regulators of acinar and alpha cell identity, respectively url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.23.310094 doi: 10.1101/2020.09.23.310094 id: cord-274756-nnm1n09a author: Varadé, Jezabel title: Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges date: 2020-09-02 words: 19144.0 sentences: 920.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274756-nnm1n09a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274756-nnm1n09a.txt summary: The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer. In addition to those showing the essential role of LTi cells in the formation of secondary lymphoid organs during embryogenesis and the postnatal development of intestinal lymphoid clusters, recent studies also provide evidence that subsets of ILCs express multiple factors that modulate the adaptive immune response in health and disease 27, 28 . Autoimmunity: In the case of therapeutic vaccines for autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, Myasthenia gravis or Guillain Barré syndrome, the intention is to induce tolerance to self-antigens through the activation of regulatory cells (Tregs and Bregs) and tolerogenic dendritic cells, thus avoiding the immune response to self-components 211 . abstract: The immune system is a fascinating world of cells, soluble factors, interacting cells, and tissues, all of which are interconnected. The highly complex nature of the immune system makes it difficult to view it as a whole, but researchers are now trying to put all the pieces of the puzzle together to obtain a more complete picture. The development of new specialized equipment and immunological techniques, genetic approaches, animal models, and a long list of monoclonal antibodies, among many other factors, are improving our knowledge of this sophisticated system. The different types of cell subsets, soluble factors, membrane molecules, and cell functionalities are some aspects that we are starting to understand, together with their roles in health, aging, and illness. This knowledge is filling many of the gaps, and in some cases, it has led to changes in our previous assumptions; e.g., adaptive immune cells were previously thought to be unique memory cells until trained innate immunity was observed, and several innate immune cells with features similar to those of cytokine-secreting T cells have been discovered. Moreover, we have improved our knowledge not only regarding immune-mediated illnesses and how the immune system works and interacts with other systems and components (such as the microbiome) but also in terms of ways to manipulate this system through immunotherapy. The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32879472/ doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-00530-6 id: cord-262868-wanbz1et author: Varki, Ajit title: Loss of N‐glycolylneuraminic acid in humans: Mechanisms, consequences, and implications for hominid evolution date: 2002-01-04 words: 10931.0 sentences: 514.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262868-wanbz1et.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262868-wanbz1et.txt summary: This review discusses one of the few known apehuman genetic differences with a clear-cut biochemical consequence, the selective inactivation of the CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) hydroxylase gene in the human lineage Irie et al., 1998; Chou et al., 1998) . A microbial organism approaching a mammalian cell surface would likely first encounter members of a family of sugars called sialic acids, which tend to be the outermost units on the glycan chains attached to the proteins and lipids below (Fig. 1) . However, based on current knowledge of the functions of sialic acids (see above), one can propose some possible scenarios to explain the human loss of Neu5Gc. The most likely one is selection of a randomly occurring CMAH gene mutation by a lethal microbial pathogen that required cell-surface Neu5Gc for effective infection (see below for some examples of such current-day pathogens). abstract: The surface of all mammalian cells is covered with a dense and complex array of sugar chains, which are frequently terminated by members of a family of molecules called sialic acids. One particular sialic acid called N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is widely expressed on most mammalian tissues, but is not easily detectable on human cells. In fact, it provokes an immune response in adult humans. The human deficiency of Neu5Gc is explained by an inactivating mutation in the gene encoding CMP‐N‐acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase, the rate‐limiting enzyme in generating Neu5Gc in cells of other mammals. This deficiency also results in an excess of the precursor sialic acid N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in humans. This mutation appears universal to modern humans, occurred sometime after our last common ancestor with the great apes, and happens to be one of the first known human‐great ape genetic differences with an obvious biochemical readout. While the original selection mechanisms and major biological consequences of this human‐specific mutation remain uncertain, several interesting clues are currently being pursued. First, there is evidence that the human condition can explain differences in susceptibility or resistance to certain microbial pathogens. Second, the functions of some endogenous receptors for sialic acids in the immune system may be altered by this difference. Third, despite the lack of any obvious alternate pathway for synthesis, Neu5Gc has been reported in human tumors and possibly in human fetal tissues, and traces have even been detected in normal human tissues. One possible explanation is that this represents accumulation of Neu5Gc from dietary sources of animal origin. Finally, a markedly reduced expression of hydroxylase in the brains of other mammals raises the possibility that the human‐specific mutation of this enzyme could have played a role in human brain evolution. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 44:54–69, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786991/ doi: 10.1002/ajpa.10018 id: cord-301935-0qjo94ty author: Varma, Ratna title: Current strategies and opportunities to manufacture cells for modeling human lungs date: 2020-08-22 words: 10320.0 sentences: 515.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301935-0qjo94ty.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301935-0qjo94ty.txt summary: Current lung directed differentiation protocols are limited as they do not 1) recapitulate the diversity of respiratory epithelium, 2) generate consistent or sufficient cell numbers for drug discovery platforms, and 3) establish the histologic tissue-level organization critical for modeling lung function. We then discuss the evolution of directed differentiation protocols to find opportunities for creating specific populations of airway and lung epithelia through targeted manipulation of key signaling pathways in 2D and 3D models. While the cell fate of early proximal and distal lineages is directed through chemical signals, the lung epithelium itself undergoes marked changes in architecture, a process known as branching morphogenesis [79, 92] . In the future, human PSC-derived lung tissue models have the potential to enable exploration of infection, disease and regeneration mechanisms of action to impact drug discovery and drug development, and further inform patient-specific drug selection. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into mature airway epithelia expressing functional CFTR protein abstract: Chronic lung diseases remain major healthcare burdens, for which the only curative treatment is lung transplantation. In vitro human models are promising platforms for identifying and testing novel compounds to potentially decrease this burden. Directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is an important strategy to generate lung cells to create such models. Current lung directed differentiation protocols are limited as they do not 1) recapitulate the diversity of respiratory epithelium, 2) generate consistent or sufficient cell numbers for drug discovery platforms, and 3) establish the histologic tissue-level organization critical for modeling lung function. In this review, we describe how lung development has formed the basis for directed differentiation protocols, and discuss the utility of available protocols for lung epithelial cell generation and drug development. We further highlight tissue engineering strategies for manipulating biophysical signals during directed differentiation such that future protocols can recapitulate both chemical and physical cues present during lung development. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0169409X20301162 doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.005 id: cord-307046-ko3bdvo0 author: Vasilakis, Nikos title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters date: 2019-05-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In recent years, it has become evident that a generational gap has developed in the community of arbovirus research. This apparent gap is due to the dis-investment of training for the next generation of arbovirologists, which threatens to derail the rich history of virus discovery, field epidemiology, and understanding of the richness of diversity that surrounds us. On the other hand, new technologies have resulted in an explosion of virus discovery that is constantly redefining the virosphere and the evolutionary relationships between viruses. This paradox presents new challenges that may have immediate and disastrous consequences for public health when yet to be discovered arboviruses emerge. In this review we endeavor to bridge this gap by providing a historical context for the work being conducted today and provide continuity between the generations. To this end, we will provide a narrative of the thrill of scientific discovery and excitement and the challenges lying ahead. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v11050471 doi: 10.3390/v11050471 id: cord-020764-5tq9cr7o author: Vertrees, Roger A. title: Tissue Culture Models date: 2010-05-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The use of tissue cultures as a research tool to investigate the pathophysiologic bases of diseases has become essential in the current age of molecular biomedical research. Although it will always be necessary to translate and validate the observations seen in vitro to the patient or animal, the ability to investigate the role(s) of individual variables free from confounders is paramount toward increasing our understanding of the physiology of the lung and the role of its cellular components in disease. Additionally, it is not feasible to conduct certain research in humans because of ethical constraints, yet investigators may still be interested in the physiologic response in human tissues; in vitro characterization of human tissue is an acceptable choice. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147448/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-72430-0_15 id: cord-016095-jop2rx61 author: Vignais, Pierre V. title: Challenges for Experimentation on Living Beings at the Dawn of the 21(st) Century date: 2010-06-08 words: 42843.0 sentences: 1503.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016095-jop2rx61.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016095-jop2rx61.txt summary: Instead of setting out to discover unknown mechanisms by analyzing effects that are dependent on specific causes, with some uncertainty as to the possible success of the enterprise being undertaken, which is the foundation stone of the Bernardian paradigm of the experimental method, many current research projects give themselves achievable and programmable objectives that depend upon the means available to them: sequencing of genomes with a view to comparing them, recognition of sequence similarities in proteins coded for by genes belonging to different species, with the aim of putting together phylogenetic trees, synthesis of interesting proteins in transgenic animals and plants, analysis of the three-dimensional structure of proteins, in order to find sites that are likely to fix medicinal substances, and synthesis of molecular species able to recognize pathogenic targets. abstract: “We can talk endlessly about moral progress, about social progress, about poetic progress, about progress made in happiness; nevertheless, there is a type of progress that defies any discussion, and that is scientific progress, as soon as we judge it within the hierarchy of knowledge, from a specifically intellectual point of view.” url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120277/ doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-3767-1_5 id: cord-021375-lca26xum author: Voelkner, Nadine title: Riding the Shi: From Infection Barriers to the Microbial City date: 2019-08-23 words: 9599.0 sentences: 443.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021375-lca26xum.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021375-lca26xum.txt summary: Taking its cue from the currently accepted germ theory of disease, such mechanisms render a global city like Hong Kong not only pervasively "on alert" and under threat of unpredictable and pathogenic viruses and other microbes, it also gives rise to a hygiene and antimicrobial politics that is never entirely able to control pathogenic circulation. Considering recent advances in gene sequencing in microbiology, through which a "vast diversity of microbial life in, on and around the human body" (Lorimer 2017, 544) has been identified as residing in complex relationality with one another, how befitting is it to fight infectious diseases by indiscriminately eliminating microbes through the use of antimicrobials and practicing urban hygiene as in the case of Hong Kong? Various scholars have noted how, much like Hong Kong in the face of SARS, global public health programs adopt an antimicrobial stance to the control and/or elimination of infectious diseases, however, which might prove to be counterproductive in securing human life (Macphail 2014; Methot and Alizon 2014; Fishel 2015 Fishel , 2017 White 2015; Hinchliffe et al. abstract: How can a microbial approach to global health security protect life? Contemporary infection control mechanisms set the human and the pathogenic microbe against each other, as the victim versus the menace. This biomedical polarization persistently runs through the contemporary dominant mode of thinking about public health and infectious disease governance. Taking its cue from the currently accepted germ theory of disease, such mechanisms render a global city like Hong Kong not only pervasively “on alert” and under threat of unpredictable and pathogenic viruses and other microbes, it also gives rise to a hygiene and antimicrobial politics that is never entirely able to control pathogenic circulation. The article draws on recent advances in medical microbiology, which depart from germ theory, to invoke an ecological understanding of the human-microbe relation. Here, while a small number of viruses are pathogenic, the majority are benign; some are even essential to human life. Disease is not just the outcome of a pathogenic microbe infecting a human host but emerges from socioeconomic relations, which exacerbate human-animal-microbial interactions. In a final step, the article draws on Daoist thought to reflect on the ways that such a microbial understanding translates into life and city dwelling. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149467/ doi: 10.1093/ips/olz016 id: cord-005872-w1x1i0im author: Volk, T. title: Endothelium function in sepsis date: 2000 words: 8871.0 sentences: 463.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005872-w1x1i0im.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005872-w1x1i0im.txt summary: Defects in endothelium dependent vasoregulation in animal models are well known and again human studies are largely missing.¶An imbalanced production of reactive oxygen species including nitric oxide has been found to be involved in all endothelial functions and may provide a common link which at present can be supported only in animal studies. S. aureus has been reported to directly infect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) thereby inducing secretion of cytokines and functional upregulation of adhesion molecules [2] . Infection and activation of endothelial cells by Listeria monocytogenes is believed to be a critical component of the pathogenesis of this disease and includes ceramide generation, transcription factor activation and increases in adhesion molecule expression on HUVEC [11] . E-selectin expression in human endothelial cells by TNF-alpha-induced oxidant generation and NF-kappaB activation abstract: Endothelial cells can be the prime target for an infection and infected endothelial cells may serve as an initiating system for a systemic response as these cells are able to secrete many mediators known to be of paramount importance. Endothelial cell functions in turn are regulated by these circulating mediators. Cellular interactions with leukocytes revealed protective and destructive functions. Single cell and animal studies indicate that endothelial permeability is increased and apart from clinical obvious edema formation in septic patients, the endothelial component remains unknown. Endothelial coagulation activation has been shown in vitro, however human data supporting an endothelial procoagulatory state are lacking. Defects in endothelium dependent vasoregulation in animal models are well known and again human studies are largely missing.¶An imbalanced production of reactive oxygen species including nitric oxide has been found to be involved in all endothelial functions and may provide a common link which at present can be supported only in animal studies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095878/ doi: 10.1007/s000110050579 id: cord-348301-bk80pps9 author: Wahl, Angela title: Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection is Highly Cytopathic, Elicits a Robust Innate Immune Response and is Efficiently Prevented by EIDD-2801 date: 2020-09-24 words: 4279.0 sentences: 238.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348301-bk80pps9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348301-bk80pps9.txt summary: Here, we used a single experimental platform based on human lung-only mice (LoM) to demonstrate efficient in vivo replication of all recently emerged human coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) and two highly relevant endogenous pre-pandemic SARS-like bat coronaviruses. Further detailed analysis of pandemic SARS-CoV-2 in vivo infection of LoM human lung tissue showed predominant infection of human lung epithelial cells, including type II pneumocytes present in alveoli and ciliated airway cells. Human lung tissues of LoM were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 and titers of replication competent virus determined 2, 6, and 14 days post-exposure (Fig. 1c , Extended Data Table 2 ). Collectively, our results indicate that LoM re ect the pathogenic effects in icted by SARS-CoV-2 on the human lung and demonstrate their utility as a single in vivo platform to evaluate and compare the replication and pathogenesis of past, present, and future pre-emergent, epidemic, and pandemic coronaviruses accelerating the development and testing of pre-exposure prophylaxis agents such as EIDD-2801. abstract: All known recently emerged human coronaviruses likely originated in bats. Here, we used a single experimental platform based on human lung-only mice (LoM) to demonstrate efficient in vivo replication of all recently emerged human coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) and two highly relevant endogenous pre-pandemic SARS-like bat coronaviruses. Virus replication in this model occurs in bona fide human lung tissue and does not require any type of adaptation of the virus or the host. Our results indicate that bats harbor endogenous coronaviruses capable of direct transmission into humans. Further detailed analysis of pandemic SARS-CoV-2 in vivo infection of LoM human lung tissue showed predominant infection of human lung epithelial cells, including type II pneumocytes present in alveoli and ciliated airway cells. Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection was highly cytopathic and induced a robust and sustained Type I interferon and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine response. Finally, we evaluated a pre-exposure prophylaxis strategy for coronavirus infection. Our results show that prophylactic administration of EIDD-2801, an oral broad spectrum antiviral currently in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19, dramatically prevented SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo and thus has significant potential for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32995766/ doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-80404/v1 id: cord-319044-5otz2w9v author: Walsh, Michael G. title: Whence the next pandemic? The intersecting global geography of the animal-human interface, poor health systems and air transit centrality reveals conduits for high-impact spillover date: 2020-10-08 words: 3873.0 sentences: 163.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319044-5otz2w9v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319044-5otz2w9v.txt summary: Consequently, in order to block emerging zoonoses with pandemic potential (high-impact spillovers), biosurveillance systems must simultaneously consider critical animal-human interfaces, the performance and reach of the health systems, and the biosecurity of proximate transportation hubs that can serve as conduits for rapid global dissemination. The aims of the current work were therefore to (1) describe and quantify the global geography of the interfaces between mammalian and bird wildlife and humans and their domestic livestock; and (2) to synthesize the geography of the wildlifelivestock/poultry-human interface, poor health system performance , and the global network of air travel to identify cities whose global connectedness and proximity to animal-human interfaces indicate significant potential to serve as conduits for high-impact spillover. Raster data for mammalian and bird species richness, livestock and poultry densities, and human population density were acquired to describe the intersection of their geographic distributions as landscapes of potential animal-human interface. abstract: The health and economic impacts of infectious disease pandemics are catastrophic as most recently manifested by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The emerging infections that lead to substantive epidemics or pandemics are typically zoonoses that cross species boundaries at vulnerable points of animal-human interface. The sharing of space between wildlife and humans, and their domesticated animals, has dramatically increased in recent decades and is a key driver of pathogen spillover. Increasing animal-human interface has also occurred in concert with both increasing globalisation and failing health systems, resulting in a trifecta with dire implications for human and animal health. Nevertheless, to date we lack a geographical description of this trifecta that can be applied strategically to pandemic prevention. This investigation provides the first geographical quantification of the intersection of animal-human interfaces, poor human health system performance and global connectivity via the network of air travel. In so doing, this work provides a systematic, data-driven approach to classifying spillover hazard based on the distribution of animal-human interfaces while simultaneously identifying globally connected cities that are adjacent to these interfaces and which may facilitate global pathogen dissemination. We present this geography of high-impact spillover as a tool for developing targeted surveillance systems and improved health infrastructure in vulnerable areas that may present conduits for future pandemics. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2352771420302780 doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100177 id: cord-277309-kelebqr6 author: Wang, Lin-Fa title: Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans date: 2019-01-18 words: 6080.0 sentences: 299.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277309-kelebqr6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277309-kelebqr6.txt summary: While it is not easy to assess the spillover potential of many SARS-CoV related bat CoVs due to unsuccessful attempts to isolate the viruses, it should be noted that a ''consensus'' virus constructed via reverse genetics pointed to a high probability of human infection [19] . Further study is required to determine the true zoonotic potential of SADS-CoV and closely related bat CoVs. For unknown reasons, despite of the wide presence of CoVs in bats of different locations and species with relative high viral genome levels, multiple attempts by different international groups to isolate bat CoVs have been largely unsuccessful. The genetic and functional Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans Wang and Anderson 81 Aside from MenPV and TioPV, other paramyxoviruses from the genus Rubulavirus have been isolated from or detected in bats without evidence of zoonotic transmission. abstract: In the last two decades, several high impact zoonotic disease outbreaks have been linked to bat-borne viruses. These include SARS coronavirus, Hendra virus and Nipah virus. In addition, it has been suspected that ebolaviruses and MERS coronavirus are also linked to bats. It is being increasingly accepted that bats are potential reservoirs of a large number of known and unknown viruses, many of which could spillover into animal and human populations. However, our knowledge into basic bat biology and immunology is very limited and we have little understanding of major factors contributing to the risk of bat virus spillover events. Here we provide a brief review of the latest findings in bat viruses and their potential risk of cross-species transmission. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187962571830107X doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.007 id: cord-007101-m0fs2f2a author: Wang, Mei title: Human Microbiota-Associated Swine: Current Progress and Future Opportunities date: 2015-05-19 words: 6496.0 sentences: 331.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007101-m0fs2f2a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007101-m0fs2f2a.txt summary: Due to the high degree of similarity in anatomy, physiology, immunology and brain growth, the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) is considered a clinically relevant model to study factors influencing human gastrointestinal, immune, and brain development. Thus, the HMA pig model has the potential to be a valuable model for investigating how the gut microbiota composition changes in response to environmental factors, such as age, diet, vaccination, antibiotic use and infection. While differences between mother-fed or FF neonates of both species can be appreciated, marked differences in the gut microbiota Table 1 Advantages of the swine model • Omnivorousnutritional requirement and physiology similar to human • High genome and protein sequence similarities with human • Immune system more closely resembles human • Brain growth and development patterns similar to human ○ The major brain growth spurt similar to human ○ Gross anatomical features of the brain are comparable to that of human infants • Body sizeallowing various surgical manipulation and collection of adequate quantity of samples. abstract: Gnotobiotic (GN) rodent models have provided insight into the contributions of the gut microbiota to host health and preventing disease. However, rodent models are limited by several important physiological and metabolic differences from humans, and many rodent models do not dependably replicate the clinical manifestations of human diseases. Due to the high degree of similarity in anatomy, physiology, immunology and brain growth, the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) is considered a clinically relevant model to study factors influencing human gastrointestinal, immune, and brain development. Gnotobiotic piglet models have been developed and shown to recapitulate key aspects of GN rodent models. Human microbiota-associated (HMA) piglets have been established using inocula from infants, children, and adults. The gut microbiota of recipient HMA piglets was more similar to that of the human donor than that of conventionally reared piglets harboring a pig microbiota. Moreover, Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides, two predominant bacterial groups of infant gut, were successfully established in the HMA piglets. Thus, the HMA pig model has the potential to be a valuable model for investigating how the gut microbiota composition changes in response to environmental factors, such as age, diet, vaccination, antibiotic use and infection. The HMA also represents a robust model for screening the efficacy of pre- and probiotic interventions. Lastly, HMA piglets can be an ideal model with which to elucidate microbe–host interactions in human health and disease due to the similarities to humans in anatomy, physiology, developmental maturity at birth, and the pathophysiology of many human diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7108572/ doi: 10.1093/ilar/ilv006 id: cord-290548-0wezrr1b author: Watanabe, Tokiko title: Villains or heroes? The raison d''être of viruses date: 2020-02-19 words: 2919.0 sentences: 171.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290548-0wezrr1b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290548-0wezrr1b.txt summary: For example, Ebola virus disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome emerged in 1976 and 1981, respectively, 5-9 and more recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have appeared in human society. In traditional virology, most viruses found in humans are considered to be pathogenic to their hosts; however, recent studies have shown that there are some viruses that have symbiotic relationships with their hosts and do not cause disease. 44 In the last a few decades, emerging infectious diseases caused by newly identified viruses, such as Ebola virus, 5-8 SARS and MERS coronaviruses, [10] [11] [12] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 9 Nipah virus and Hendra virus, [45] [46] [47] [48] have appeared in human society. To date, the PREDICT programme has found over 1100 viruses in animals and humans, including a new Ebola virus and MERSand SARS-like coronaviruses. abstract: The relationship between humans and viruses has a long history. Since the first identification of viruses in the 19th century, we have considered them to be ‘pathogens’ and have studied their mechanisms of replication and pathogenicity to combat the diseases that they cause. However, the relationships between hosts and viruses are various and virus infections do not necessarily cause diseases in their hosts. Rather, recent studies have shown that viral infections sometimes have beneficial effects on the biological functions and/or evolution of hosts. Here, we provide some insight into the positive side of viruses. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1114 doi: 10.1002/cti2.1114 id: cord-017225-6ofi6mg5 author: Wei, Yuwa title: Human Rights Issues date: 2018-12-10 words: 11350.0 sentences: 630.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017225-6ofi6mg5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017225-6ofi6mg5.txt summary: In addition to those arising in the areas of religious toleration, judicial practice, treatment of labor and forced abortion, which were extensively reported by the media in the past, some newly emerged problems concerning human rights violation are much more alarming, due to the size of population affected and the degree of challenge caused to the public''s psychological endurance and confidence in the social ethnics and administration of the nation. In addition to those arising in the areas of religious toleration, judicial practice, treatment of labor and forced abortion, which were extensively reported by the media in the past, some newly emerged problems concerning human rights violation are much more alarming, due to the size of population affected and the degree of challenge caused to the public''s psychological endurance and confidence in the social ethnics and administration of the nation. abstract: Contemporary China is plagued by a wide range of human rights related issues and problems. In addition to those arising in the areas of religious toleration, judicial practice, treatment of labor and forced abortion, which were extensively reported by the media in the past, some newly emerged problems concerning human rights violation are much more alarming, due to the size of population affected and the degree of challenge caused to the public’s psychological endurance and confidence in the social ethnics and administration of the nation. Most of all, these problems concern nearly every Chinese citizen’s well-being and impact on their personal prosperity, as well as the prosperity of the nation as a whole. These problems are mainly associated with failures in environmental protection, food safety, and medical security. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121730/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-3699-7_8 id: cord-300793-tuq8z6gm author: Weiss, Robin A title: Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases date: 2004 words: 5853.0 sentences: 273.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt summary: About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires'' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. Emerging infectious diseases in humans comprise the following: first, established diseases undergoing increased incidence or geographic spread, for example, Tuberculosis and Dengue fever; second, newly discovered infections causing known diseases, for example, hepatitis C and Helicobacter pylori; and third, newly emerged diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS and SARS. Although some of the apparent increase in infectious disease may be attributable to better diagnostic methods and surveillance, there seems little doubt that more incidents are occurring, and have the potential to spread more widely than 50 years ago, as outbreaks and spread of infections like Nipah virus and SARS would not have passed unnoticed. abstract: Fifty years ago, the age-old scourge of infectious disease was receding in the developed world in response to improved public health measures, while the advent of antibiotics, better vaccines, insecticides and improved surveillance held the promise of eradicating residual problems. By the late twentieth century, however, an increase in the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases was evident in many parts of the world. This upturn looms as the fourth major transition in human–microbe relationships since the advent of agriculture around 10,000 years ago. About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. The emergence of these diseases, and resurgence of old ones like tuberculosis and cholera, reflects various changes in human ecology: rural-to-urban migration resulting in high-density peri-urban slums; increasing long-distance mobility and trade; the social disruption of war and conflict; changes in personal behavior; and, increasingly, human-induced global changes, including widespread forest clearance and climate change. Political ignorance, denial and obduracy (as with HIV/AIDS) further compound the risks. The use and misuse of medical technology also pose risks, such as drug-resistant microbes and contaminated equipment or biological medicines. A better understanding of the evolving social dynamics of emerging infectious diseases ought to help us to anticipate and hopefully ameliorate current and future risks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15577934/ doi: 10.1038/nm1150 id: cord-330970-6kkqoh7f author: Weiss, Robin A title: Apes, lice and prehistory date: 2009-02-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Although most epidemic human infectious diseases are caused by recently introduced pathogens, cospeciation of parasite and host is commonplace for endemic infections. Occasional host infidelity, however, provides the endemic parasite with an opportunity to survive the potential extinction of its host. Such infidelity may account for the survival of certain types of human lice, and it is currently exemplified by viruses such as HIV. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19232074/ doi: 10.1186/jbiol114 id: cord-320283-nkb9nzyt author: Wiebers, David O. title: What the COVID-19 Crisis Is Telling Humanity date: 2020-06-04 words: 2220.0 sentences: 93.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320283-nkb9nzyt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320283-nkb9nzyt.txt summary: The SARS-CoV-2 that has caused the current COVID-19 pandemic is thought to have originated in bats and, via an intermediary such as the pangolin, to have found its way from a "wet market" where live wildlife species were being sold for human consumption in Wuhan, China, to one or more humans at that location [1] . As is likely with COVID-19, the outbreak of SARS (an earlier severe acute respiratory syndrome) in 2003 was the result of a coronavirus that originated in bats with subsequent infection of wild animals sold in live-animal street markets in China. The large-scale confinement of animals for human consumption has also played a major direct role in another ongoing health crisis in the USA and around the world -antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic-resistant infections constitute a major and growing global health threat and now kill an estimated 35,000 people in the USA and 700,000 people worldwide per year [20] . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32498068/ doi: 10.1159/000508654 id: cord-264031-0y7xbgun author: Wierbowski, Shayne D. title: A 3D Structural Interactome to Explore the Impact of Evolutionary Divergence, Population Variation, and Small-molecule Drugs on SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interactions date: 2020-10-13 words: 5066.0 sentences: 291.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264031-0y7xbgun.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264031-0y7xbgun.txt summary: title: A 3D Structural Interactome to Explore the Impact of Evolutionary Divergence, Population Variation, and Small-molecule Drugs on SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interactions This resource includes docked structures for all interactions with protein structures, enrichment analysis of variation along interfaces, predicted ΔΔG between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 variants for each interaction, predicted impact of natural human population variation on binding affinity, and a further prioritized set of drug repurposing candidates predicted to overlap with protein interfaces†. Further, we explore the utility of our interactome modeling approach in identifying key 99 interactions undergoing evolution along viral protein interfaces, highlighting population variants on 100 human interfaces that could modulate the strength of viral-host interactions to confer protection from or 101 susceptibility to COVID-19, and prioritizing drug candidates predicted to bind competitively at viral-102 human interaction interfaces. abstract: The recent COVID-19 pandemic has sparked a global public health crisis. Vital to the development of informed treatments for this disease is a comprehensive understanding of the molecular interactions involved in disease pathology. One lens through which we can better understand this pathology is through the network of protein-protein interactions between its viral agent, SARS-CoV-2, and its human host. For instance, increased infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 compared to SARS-CoV can be explained by rapid evolution along the interface between the Spike protein and its human receptor (ACE2) leading to increased binding affinity. Sequence divergences that modulate other protein-protein interactions may further explain differences in transmission and virulence in this novel coronavirus. To facilitate these comparisons, we combined homology-based structural modeling with the ECLAIR pipeline for interface prediction at residue resolution, and molecular docking with PyRosetta. This enabled us to compile a novel 3D structural interactome meta-analysis for the published interactome network between SARS-CoV-2 and human. This resource includes docked structures for all interactions with protein structures, enrichment analysis of variation along interfaces, predicted ΔΔG between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 variants for each interaction, predicted impact of natural human population variation on binding affinity, and a further prioritized set of drug repurposing candidates predicted to overlap with protein interfaces†. All predictions are available online† for easy access and are continually updated when new interactions are published. † Some sections of this pre-print have been redacted to comply with current bioRxiv policy restricting the dissemination of purely in silico results predicting potential therapies for SARS-CoV-2 that have not undergone thorough peer-review. The results section titled “Prioritization of Candidate Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2-Human Interactions Through Binding Site Comparison,” Figure 4, Supplemental Table 9, and all links to our web resource have been removed. Blank headers left in place to preserve structure and item numbering. Our full manuscript will be published in an appropriate journal following peer-review. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.13.308676 doi: 10.1101/2020.10.13.308676 id: cord-337659-x4oywbrj author: Wilson, Brenda A. title: Global biosecurity in a complex, dynamic world date: 2008-07-31 words: 10626.0 sentences: 469.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337659-x4oywbrj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337659-x4oywbrj.txt summary: Although one might argue that the principal difference in the infectious disease threat today versus say 10, 25, or 50 years ago is bioterrorism, the resources spend on preparing for a bioterror attack is viewed by most scientists as grossly exorbitant [6] , particularly considering the small numbers of individuals who have been or could be affected by this type of attack and considering the relatively low medical relevance or prevalence of the diseases caused by the limited number of highpriority bioterror bioagents, the socalled ''''category A select agents.'''' And, while admittedly the preparedness and surveillance measures put in place for one has certainly helped to protect against the other (the improved global response to and curtailment of SARS coming after the anthrax bioterrorist attacks is a prime example of this), most scientists feel that the limited resources available from an already overburdened system should instead be used for studying and preparing against the looming and potentially more devastating infectious disease threats from natural or accidental exposure [7] , which could affect millions of people and animals and could have huge health and economic consequences. abstract: Biosecurity is emerging as a major global health priority for which innovative and unprecedented solutions are needed. Biosecurity is a challenging biocomplexity problem involving multifaceted processes such as interactions between humans and nonhuman biota, anthropogenic environmental and ecological factors, and socioeconomic and political pressures. Key to an effective biosecurity strategy will be fundamental understanding of evolutionary, anthropogenic and environmental driving forces at play in transmission and perpetuation of infectious diseases. Biosecurity solutions will depend on increased support of basic biomedical research and public education, enhanced healthcare preparedness, alternative strategies for ensuringsafety, and improved interagency cooperation regarding global health policy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313416/ doi: 10.1002/cplx.20246 id: cord-271979-a9u494tr author: Wolfe, Nathan D. title: Bushmeat Hunting, Deforestation, and Prediction of Zoonotic Disease date: 2005-12-17 words: 3314.0 sentences: 152.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271979-a9u494tr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271979-a9u494tr.txt summary: Many new zoonoses are viruses that emerge as human and domestic animal populations come into increasing con-tact with wildlife hosts of potentially zoonotic pathogens (1) . The risk for emergence of new zoonotic agents from wildlife depends largely on 3 factors: 1) the diversity of wildlife microbes in a region (the "zoonotic pool" [5] ); 2) the effects of environmental change on the prevalence of pathogens in wild populations; and 3) the frequency of human and domestic animal contact with wildlife reservoirs of potential zoonoses. Despite the discovery of cooking ≈1.9 million years ago (9), the risk of zoonotic diseases emerging from hunting and eating wildlife is still of global importance because of increases in human population density, globalized trade, and consequent increased contact between humans and animals. Research in medical anthropology has begun to examine indigenous theories of infectious disease (15) and the cultural contexts within which diseases emerge (16), but little data exist on local perceptions of health or other risks associated with hunting and eating bushmeat. abstract: Understanding the emergence of new zoonotic agents requires knowledge of pathogen biodiversity in wildlife, human-wildlife interactions, anthropogenic pressures on wildlife populations, and changes in society and human behavior. We discuss an interdisciplinary approach combining virology, wildlife biology, disease ecology, and anthropology that enables better understanding of how deforestation and associated hunting leads to the emergence of novel zoonotic pathogens. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16485465/ doi: 10.3201/eid1112.040789 id: cord-319646-6cex9gid author: Wu, Guoyao title: Important roles of dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine and 4-hydroxyproline in human nutrition and health date: 2020-02-18 words: 21395.0 sentences: 998.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319646-6cex9gid.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319646-6cex9gid.txt summary: It is now recognized that taurine plays major roles in human physiology and nutrition, including serving as: (1) a nutrient to conjugate bile acids to form bile salts in the liver that facilitate intestinal absorption of dietary lipids (including lipid-soluble vitamins) and eliminate cholesterol in bile via the fecal route; (2) a major antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-apoptotic factor in the body; (3) a physiological stabilizer of cell membranes; (4) a regulator of modulation of Ca 2+ signaling, fluid homeostasis in cells, and retinal photoreceptor activity; (5) a contributor Fig. 1 Absorption of taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine, and 4-hydroxyproline by the human small intestine and the transport of the nutrients in blood. Dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine, and 4-hydroxyproline (which are all abundant in beef) play an important role in inhibiting oxidative stress (a common trigger of chronic diseases) and inflammation, ameliorating tissue (e.g., brain, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver, and gut) injury, and improving metabolic profiles in animals and humans. abstract: Taurine (a sulfur-containing β-amino acid), creatine (a metabolite of arginine, glycine and methionine), carnosine (a dipeptide; β-alanyl-l-histidine), and 4-hydroxyproline (an imino acid; also often referred to as an amino acid) were discovered in cattle, and the discovery of anserine (a methylated product of carnosine; β-alanyl-1-methyl-l-histidine) also originated with cattle. These five nutrients are highly abundant in beef, and have important physiological roles in anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory reactions, as well as neurological, muscular, retinal, immunological and cardiovascular function. Of particular note, taurine, carnosine, anserine, and creatine are absent from plants, and hydroxyproline is negligible in many plant-source foods. Consumption of 30 g dry beef can fully meet daily physiological needs of the healthy 70-kg adult human for taurine and carnosine, and can also provide large amounts of creatine, anserine and 4-hydroxyproline to improve human nutrition and health, including metabolic, retinal, immunological, muscular, cartilage, neurological, and cardiovascular health. The present review provides the public with the much-needed knowledge of nutritionally and physiologically significant amino acids, dipeptides and creatine in animal-source foods (including beef). Dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine and 4-hydroxyproline are beneficial for preventing and treating obesity, cardiovascular dysfunction, and ageing-related disorders, as well as inhibiting tumorigenesis, improving skin and bone health, ameliorating neurological abnormalities, and promoting well being in infants, children and adults. Furthermore, these nutrients may promote the immunological defense of humans against infections by bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses (including coronavirus) through enhancing the metabolism and functions of monocytes, macrophages, and other cells of the immune system. Red meat (including beef) is a functional food for optimizing human growth, development and health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32072297/ doi: 10.1007/s00726-020-02823-6 id: cord-312247-cza4qsv5 author: Würdinger, T title: Targeting non-human coronaviruses to human cancer cells using a bispecific single-chain antibody date: 2005-04-21 words: 6601.0 sentences: 307.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312247-cza4qsv5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312247-cza4qsv5.txt summary: Next, we investigated whether FIPV and fMHV could be targeted to human cancer cells by constructing a bispecific single-chain antibody directed on the one hand against the feline coronavirus spike protein – responsible for receptor binding and subsequent cell entry through virus–cell membrane fusion – and on the other hand against the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). To investigate whether scFv 23F-425 could serve as an adapter molecule for FIPV and fMHV infection via human EGFR, cultures of human cancer cell lines of different tissue origin with confirmed expression of EGFR ( Figure 4 ) were inoculated with similar amounts of FIPV or fMHV in the presence or absence of the bispecific antibody. Inoculation of Targeting non-human coronaviruses to human cancer cells T Würdinger et al FIPV and fMHV onto a number of different EGFRexpressing human cancer cell lines of various tissue origins in the presence of scFv 23F-425 resulted in infection, replication, and subsequent formation of syncytia. abstract: To explore the potential of using non-human coronaviruses for cancer therapy, we first established their ability to kill human tumor cells. We found that the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and a felinized murine hepatitis virus (fMHV), both normally incapable of infecting human cells, could rapidly and effectively kill human cancer cells artificially expressing the feline coronavirus receptor aminopeptidase N. Also 3-D multilayer tumor spheroids established from such cells were effectively eradicated. Next, we investigated whether FIPV and fMHV could be targeted to human cancer cells by constructing a bispecific single-chain antibody directed on the one hand against the feline coronavirus spike protein – responsible for receptor binding and subsequent cell entry through virus–cell membrane fusion – and on the other hand against the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The targeting antibody mediated specific infection of EGFR-expressing human cancer cells by both coronaviruses. Furthermore, in the presence of the targeting antibody, infected cancer cells formed syncytia typical of productive coronavirus infection. By their potent cytotoxicity, the selective targeting of non-human coronaviruses to human cancer cells provides a rationale for further investigations into the use of these viruses as anticancer agents. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15843808/ doi: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302535 id: cord-019040-lj1r8ptb author: Xiao, Ren title: Human Security in Practice: The Chinese Experience date: 2018-12-07 words: 7567.0 sentences: 378.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-019040-lj1r8ptb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019040-lj1r8ptb.txt summary: As one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, China has long been supportive of the UN, the most important international organization in today''s world, and the country has played a proactive role in various UN activities such as peacebuilding, development, and global governance (Breslin and Ren 2018) . In fact, as Cui Shunji of Zhejiang University points out, since the initiation of reform, at the highest levels, attention has been placed on poverty reduction, the pursuit of a sustainable development model, and China''s proposals for constructing a "harmonious society" and a "harmonious world." These goals indicate that China regards the guaranteeing of basic human needs, social justice, and harmony as well as sustainable development as important parts of a continuum of national security (S. "Letting people live a happier life with more dignity" has become the goal of national development, which indicates that China''s recognition of human security has been elevated to the political level. abstract: This chapter elaborates on how the idea of human security is defined and understood by the government and various actors in China. As one of the permanent members of the United Nations (UN) Security Council, China, has been supportive of international norms advocated by the UN, and even though the term human security has not been frequently used, in effect it has been vigorously practiced. For both the government and the academic community in China, human security and national security are not necessarily in confrontation but rather can complement and strengthen one another. The purpose is to improve the quality of people’s everyday life and the government is expected to contribute to this end. Chinese people expect the government to extend a parental roof over the people. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124087/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-97247-3_3 id: cord-253844-y6xdcf20 author: Yesudhas, Dhanusha title: COVID-19 outbreak: history, mechanism, transmission, structural studies and therapeutics date: 2020-09-04 words: 7165.0 sentences: 422.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253844-y6xdcf20.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253844-y6xdcf20.txt summary: In SARS-CoV-2 infection, intrinsically disordered regions are observed at the interface of the spike protein and ACE2 receptor, providing a shape complementarity to the complex. SUMMARY: The overall history and mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 along with structural study of spike-ACE2 complex provide insights to understand disease pathogenesis and development of vaccines and drugs. The sequence similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV spike proteins explains the possibility of binding to the same receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the host cell [14] . In this review, we discuss the history of coronaviruses in both humans and animals, their transmissions, mechanism of host cell entry and the structural studies, explaining active and inactive receptor binding of spike protein and the key residues playing an important role in the receptor binding. During viral infection, spike protein (~ 1300 amino acid residues) is cleaved by host proteases into receptor binding subunit S1 and membrane fusion subunit S2. abstract: PURPOSE: The coronavirus outbreak emerged as a severe pandemic, claiming more than 0.8 million lives across the world and raised a major global health concern. We survey the history and mechanism of coronaviruses, and the structural characteristics of the spike protein and its key residues responsible for human transmissions. METHODS: We have carried out a systematic review to summarize the origin, transmission and etiology of COVID-19. The structural analysis of the spike protein and its disordered residues explains the mechanism of the viral transmission. A meta-data analysis of the therapeutic compounds targeting the SARS-CoV-2 is also included. RESULTS: Coronaviruses can cross the species barrier and infect humans with unexpected consequences for public health. The transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection is higher compared to that of the closely related SARS-CoV infections. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, intrinsically disordered regions are observed at the interface of the spike protein and ACE2 receptor, providing a shape complementarity to the complex. The key residues of the spike protein have stronger binding affinity with ACE2. These can be probable reasons for the higher transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we have also discussed the therapeutic compounds and the vaccines to target SARS-CoV-2, which can help researchers to develop effective drugs/vaccines for COVID-19. SUMMARY: The overall history and mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 along with structural study of spike-ACE2 complex provide insights to understand disease pathogenesis and development of vaccines and drugs. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01516-2 doi: 10.1007/s15010-020-01516-2 id: cord-255137-utg8k7qs author: Yinda, Claude Kwe title: Gut Virome Analysis of Cameroonians Reveals High Diversity of Enteric Viruses, Including Potential Interspecies Transmitted Viruses date: 2019-01-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Diarrhea remains one of the most common causes of deaths in children. A limited number of studies have investigated the prevalence of enteric pathogens in Cameroon, and as in many other African countries, the cause of many diarrheal episodes remains unexplained. A proportion of these unknown cases of diarrhea are likely caused by yet-unidentified viral agents, some of which could be the result of (recent) interspecies transmission from animal reservoirs, like bats. Using viral metagenomics, we screened fecal samples of 221 humans (almost all with gastroenteritis symptoms) between 0 and 89 years of age with different degrees of bat contact. We identified viruses belonging to families that are known to cause gastroenteritis such as Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Picornaviridae, and Reoviridae. Interestingly, a mammalian orthoreovirus, picobirnaviruses, a smacovirus, and a pecovirus were also found. Although there was no evidence of interspecies transmission of the most common human gastroenteritis-related viruses (Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, and Reoviridae), the phylogenies of the identified orthoreovirus, picobirnavirus, and smacovirus indicate a genetic relatedness of these viruses identified in stools of humans and those of bats and/or other animals. These findings points out the possibility of interspecies transmission or simply a shared host of these viruses (bacterial, fungal, parasitic, …) present in both animals (bats) and humans. Further screening of bat viruses in humans or vice versa will elucidate the epidemiological potential threats of animal viruses to human health. Furthermore, this study showed a huge diversity of highly divergent novel phages, thereby expanding the existing phageome considerably. IMPORTANCE Despite the availability of diagnostic tools for different enteric viral pathogens, a large fraction of human cases of gastroenteritis remains unexplained. This could be due to pathogens not tested for or novel divergent viruses of potential animal origin. Fecal virome analyses of Cameroonians showed a very diverse group of viruses, some of which are genetically related to those identified in animals. This is the first attempt to describe the gut virome of humans from Cameroon. Therefore, the data represent a baseline for future studies on enteric viral pathogens in this area and contribute to our knowledge of the world’s virome. The studies also highlight the fact that more viruses may be associated with diarrhea than the typical known ones. Hence, it provides meaningful epidemiological information on diarrhea-related viruses in this area. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30674646/ doi: 10.1128/msphere.00585-18 id: cord-272829-i4jh6bcn author: ZANETTI, A. R. title: Emerging and re‐emerging infections at the turn of the millennium date: 2010-01-04 words: 4100.0 sentences: 180.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt summary: Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man‐induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. What is more, a number of other factors promote not only the dissemination but also the emergence of new infectious diseases: intensive farming and breeding associated with crowding promote the development of foci of infection; global warming has modified the climate, making insects, a major vector of pathogens, able to thrive in countries where the climate was previously hostile; the exploitation of natural resources has produced environmental changes that create opportunities for new contacts between species leading to emergence of infections in new hosts. abstract: Summary. After World War II, mankind believed that infectious diseases were on the way to being defeated. Unfortunately, they still are the second worldwide cause of death. Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man‐induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. The main pandemics have been caused by viruses, such as HIV and novel subtypes of influenza viruses. In addition, prion proteins are a threat. The transmission of the Creutzfeld Jakob disease variant through blood transfusion and the recent discovery of prion protein in the spleen of a haemophilia patient are a matter of further concern. The end of the war against infectious diseases is not in sight. Mankind’s battle with pathogens has lasted millennia and is destined to continue. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20059563/ doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2009.02174.x id: cord-016990-ot1wi3xi author: Zaki, Sherif R. title: Viral Infections of the Lung date: 2008 words: 19585.0 sentences: 1132.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016990-ot1wi3xi.txt summary: 105, [181] [182] [183] [184] [185] [186] [187] [188] [189] [190] [191] The pathology is more prominent in larger bronchi, and inflammation may vary in intensity in individual patients, Viral inclusions cannot be identified by light microscopy (Fig, 11 .8D), Secondary bacterial infections with organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (group A streptococcus [GAS]), Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae may occur as a complication in about 50% to 75% of fatal cases and make it difficult to recognize the pathologic changes associated with the primary viral infec-445 tion ,190,192,193 The histopathologic features in other organs may include myocarditis, cerebral edema, rhabdomyolysis, and hemophagocytosis (Figs, 11.8H and 11.9E,F), Immunohistochemistry and ISH assays demonstrate that viral antigens and nucleic acids are usually sparse and are primarily seen in the bronchioepithelial cells of larger bronchioles (Figs. abstract: The lungs are among the most vulnerable to microbial assault of all organs in the body. From a contemporary vantage, lower respiratory tract infections are the greatest cause of infection-related mortality in the United States, and rank seventh among all causes of deaths in the United States.2,3 From a global and historic perspective, the scope and scale of lower respiratory tract infection is greater than any other infectious syndrome, and viral pneumonias have proven to be some of the most lethal and dramatic of human diseases. The 1918–1919 influenza pandemic, perhaps the most devastating infectious disease pandemic in recorded history, resulted in an estimated 40 million deaths worldwide, including 700,000 deaths in the U.S.4 The global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) during 2003, although considerably smaller in scale, resulted in 8098 cases and 774 deaths5 and is a dramatic contemporary example of the ability of viral pneumonias to rapidly disseminate and cause severe disease in human populations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121437/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-68792-6_11 id: cord-354651-bxm9yxjm author: Zeng, Yawen title: Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases date: 2020-03-30 words: 15969.0 sentences: 788.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.txt summary: Chronic consumption of barley β-glucans can decrease fatty liver by increasing small intestinal contents viscosity and improving glucose, lower glycated hemoglobin and relative kidney weights [129] , strengthen the angiogenic ability of ROS-exposed endothelial cells for preventive heart disease [123] , and accelerate the wound closure by promoting the migration and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts [133] . Therefore, functional ingredients in barley grass and grains are essential for the health contribution of modern human (Homo sapiens), Neanderthals, and early hominids staple food to prevent and treat human chronic diseases. In particular, the healthy effects of functional components of barley grains and grass are the result of longterm continuous evolution of early hominids (fruits/vegetables and leaves rich in polyphenols, K-Ca, and vitamins), Neanderthals (mushrooms and nuts rich in polysaccharides, phytosterols, and linoleic acids), and Homo sapiens (grasses and seeds rich in GABA, enzymes, and resistant starch), which associate with modern humans originating in the progenitor of African Homo sapiens with cognitive hominin, especially after interbreeding between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals that took place in the Middle East. abstract: Barley plays an important role in health and civilization of human migration from Africa to Asia, later to Eurasia. We demonstrated the systematic mechanism of functional ingredients in barley to combat chronic diseases, based on PubMed, CNKI, and ISI Web of Science databases from 2004 to 2020. Barley and its extracts are rich in 30 ingredients to combat more than 20 chronic diseases, which include the 14 similar and 9 different chronic diseases between grains and grass, due to the major molecular mechanism of six functional ingredients of barley grass (GABA, flavonoids, SOD, K-Ca, vitamins, and tryptophan) and grains (β-glucans, polyphenols, arabinoxylan, phytosterols, tocols, and resistant starch). The antioxidant activity of barley grass and grain has the same and different functional components. These results support findings that barley grain and its grass are the best functional food, promoting ancient Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations, and further show the depending functional ingredients for diet from Pliocene hominids in Africa and Neanderthals in Europe to modern humans in the world. This review paper not only reveals the formation and action mechanism of barley diet overcoming human chronic diseases, but also provides scientific basis for the development of health products and drugs for the prevention and treatment of human chronic diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32318238/ doi: 10.1155/2020/3836172 id: cord-327432-ogw27tob author: Zhang, Feng-jian title: Expert Consensus on Nurses’ Human Caring for COVID-19 Patients in Different Sites date: 2020-08-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This study aims to develop the expert consensus on nurse’s human caring for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in different sites, and thus provide a guideline on providing whole process and systematic caring for COVID-19 patients. Based on the frontline experiences of human caring for COVID-19 patients and the review of literature, the initial draft of consensus was made and finalized after online meeting and revisions. The experts reached consensus on the following parts: terms and definitions, principles of human caring for COVID-19 patients, and human caring measures for COVID-19 patients in different sites. The expert consensus is practical, concise, and reasonable for guiding the nurses providing human caring for COVID-19 patients, as well as other similar infectious diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-020-2222-0 doi: 10.1007/s11596-020-2222-0 id: cord-270911-z637eh2z author: Zhou, Jie title: Differentiated human airway organoids to assess infectivity of emerging influenza virus date: 2018-06-26 words: 5003.0 sentences: 274.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-270911-z637eh2z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-270911-z637eh2z.txt summary: title: Differentiated human airway organoids to assess infectivity of emerging influenza virus airway organoid | proximal differentiation | influenza virus | infectivity I nfluenza A viruses (IAVs) can infect a diversity of avian and mammalian species, including humans, and have the remarkable capacity to evolve and adapt to new hosts (1) . Current in vitro models for studying influenza infection in the human respiratory tract involve shortterm cultures of human lung explants and primary airway epithelial cells. We chose to compare the infectivity of H7N2 with that of H7N9/Ah in the PD organoids as a proof of concept, to verify that the differentiated AOs can indeed simulate human airway epithelium in the context of influenza virus infection. Fig. 4 shows that viral loads in the cell lysate and medium of H7N9/ Ah-infected organoids increased gradually after inoculation; the viral titer increased more than 3 log 10 units within 24 h, indicating a robust viral replication. abstract: Novel reassortant avian influenza H7N9 virus and pandemic 2009 H1N1 (H1N1pdm) virus cause human infections, while avian H7N2 and swine H1N1 virus mainly infect birds and pigs, respectively. There is no robust in vitro model for assessing the infectivity of emerging viruses in humans. Based on a recently established method, we generated long-term expanding 3D human airway organoids which accommodate four types of airway epithelial cells: ciliated, goblet, club, and basal cells. We report differentiation conditions which increase ciliated cell numbers to a nearly physiological level with synchronously beating cilia readily discernible in every organoid. In addition, the differentiation conditions induce elevated levels of serine proteases, which are essential for productive infection of human influenza viruses and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses. We also established improved 2D monolayer culture conditions for the differentiated airway organoids. To demonstrate the ability of differentiated airway organoids to identify human-infective virus, 3D and 2D differentiated airway organoids are applied to evaluate two pairs of viruses with known distinct infectivity in humans, H7N9/Ah versus H7N2 and H1N1pdm versus an H1N1 strain isolated from swine (H1N1sw). The human-infective H7N9/Ah virus replicated more robustly than the poorly human-infective H7N2 virus; the highly human-infective H1N1pdm virus replicated to a higher titer than the counterpart H1N1sw. Collectively, we developed differentiated human airway organoids which can morphologically and functionally simulate human airway epithelium. These differentiated airway organoids can be applied for rapid assessment of the infectivity of emerging respiratory viruses to human. url: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806308115 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1806308115 id: cord-256543-7kfi2yvu author: de Graaf, Miranda title: Sustained fecal-oral human-to-human transmission following a zoonotic event date: 2016-11-23 words: 3323.0 sentences: 145.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256543-7kfi2yvu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256543-7kfi2yvu.txt summary: Using a comparative approach including parasites, bacteria and viruses that transmit via the fecal-oral route, the meeting aimed at identifying the key drivers of sustained human-to-human transmission after a zoonotic event, taking into account the host, the pathogen and the interface (transmission amplifiers). Enteric pathogens can be transmitted between humans by the fecal-oral route via direct contact or indirect contact via contaminated fluids, including surface water, food, and carriers such as fomites ( Figure 1 ). After shedding from the host enteric pathogens can be transmitted between humans by the fecal-oral route via direct contact between humans, or via indirect contact via contaminated fluids, including surface water, food, and carriers such as fomites. A human reservoir for non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) transmission of multiple serotypes was demonstrated in a study of NTS-infected patients who continued to shed NTS for months up to years, and strains of these patients acquired antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes that possibly affected host-pathogen interactions [34 ] . abstract: Bacterial, viral and parasitic zoonotic pathogens that transmit via the fecal-oral route have a major impact on global health. However, the mechanisms underlying the emergence of such pathogens from the animal reservoir and their persistence in the human population are poorly understood. Here, we present a framework of human-to-human transmission of zoonotic pathogens that considers the factors relevant for fecal-oral human-to-human transmission route at the levels of host, pathogen, and environment. We discuss current data gaps and propose future research directions. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879625716301687 doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.001 id: cord-020756-d9f5fd7x author: de Jong, Menno Douwe title: Avian Influenza Viruses and Pandemic Influenza date: 2007 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147437/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-32830-0_9 id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp author: nan title: Programmed cell death date: 1994 words: 81677.0 sentences: 4465.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt summary: Furthermore kinetic experiments after complementation of HIV=RT p66 with KIV-RT pSl indicated that HIV-RT pSl can restore rate and extent of strand displacement activity by HIV-RT p66 compared to the HIV-RT heterodimer D66/D51, suggesting a function of the 51 kDa polypeptide, The mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA contains an open reading frame in the 3'' long terminal repeat which can code for a 36 kDa polypeptide with a putative transmembrane sequence and five N-linked glycosylation sites. To this end we used constructs encoding the c-fos (and c-jun) genes fused to the hormone-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor, designated c-FosER (and c-JunER), We could show that short-term activation (30 mins.) of c-FosER by estradiole (E2) led to the disruption of epithelial cell polarity within 24 hours, as characterized by the expression of apical and basolateral marker proteins. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087532/ doi: 10.1007/bf02033112 id: cord-005147-mvoq9vln author: nan title: Autorenregister date: 2017-02-23 words: 86573.0 sentences: 4356.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005147-mvoq9vln.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005147-mvoq9vln.txt summary: Using whole-exome sequencing and trio-based de novo analysis, we identified a novel heterozygous de novo frameshift variant in the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) gene causing instability of the mRNA in a patient presenting with bilateral CAKUT and requiring kidney transplantation at one year of age. Loss of cdkl5 associated with deficient mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in mice and human cells We and other groups have shown that mutations in the X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene cause a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with clinical features including intellectual disability, early-onset intractable seizures and autism, that are closely related to those present in Rett syndrome (RTT) patients. Functional characterization of novel GNB1 mutations as a rare cause of global developmental delay Over the past years, prioritization strategies that combined the molecular predictors of sequence variants from exomes and genomes of patients with rare Mendelian disorders with computer-readable phenotype information became a highly effective method for detecting disease-causing mutations. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088617/ doi: 10.1007/s11825-017-0126-6 id: cord-005262-pi8nkuc3 author: nan title: Program Schedule date: 1983 words: 1029.0 sentences: 116.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005262-pi8nkuc3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005262-pi8nkuc3.txt summary: Cape/Volusia SESSION-IN-DEPTH Mutants and Variants from Plant Cultures Convener: R. Genetic Characterization of Mutants from Cell Culture: Cosegregation of Altered Enzymatic Phenotype with Selected Culture Traits in Progeny of Regenerated Plants Rat Kidney Epithelial Cell Culture to Study Metal Toxicity. Coffee Break Altered Regulation of Proliferation and Differentiated Function in Cultured Human Epidermal Cells by Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons Palm Beaeh/Broward CONTRIBUTED PAPERS Differentiation in Cultured Cells Convener * Regulation of Differentiation of Adult Human and Rat Hepatocytes Cultured in a Serum-free Medium by Interaction with Another Liver Cell Coffee Break Intrinsic and Acquired Resistance to BCNU Correlates with the Near-Diploid Cells in 4 Freshly Resected Human Gliomas Trypanosoma cruzi Infection of Human Muscle Cells is Inhibited by Antibodies to Parasite Surface Antigens Preparative Density-Gradient Electrophoresis of Cultured Human Embryonic Kidney Cells Coffee Break In Vitro Plant Transformation by Bacterial Co-cultivation and Expression of Foreign Genes in Plant Cells abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089327/ doi: 10.1007/bf02618062 id: cord-006229-7yoilsho author: nan title: Abstracts of the 82(nd) Annual Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) and the 18(th) Annual Meeting of the Network Clinical Pharmacology Germany (VKliPha) in cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Angewandte Humanpharmakologie e.V. (AGAH) date: 2016-02-06 words: 133493.0 sentences: 6804.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006229-7yoilsho.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006229-7yoilsho.txt summary: It directly activates Protein Kinase A (PKA) or the Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) which is a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for the small monomeric GTPase Rap. As Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) express both cAMP effectors (Epac1 and PKA), we investigated the role of cAMP-signaling using a spheroid based sprouting assay as an in vitro model for angiogenesis. After activation, S1P receptors regulate important processes in the progression of renal diseases, such as mesangial cell migration Methods and Results: Here we demonstrate that dexamethasone treatment lowered S1P 1 mRNA and protein expression levels in rat mesangial cells measured by TaqMan® and Western blot analyses. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of IGFBP5 in cardiogenesis and cardiac remodeling and its role as a potential target for ameliorating stress-induced cardiac remodeling Methods and Results: We investigated the expression of Igfbp5 in murine cardiac tissue at different developmental stages by qPCR normalized to Tpt1 (Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100641/ doi: 10.1007/s00210-016-1213-y id: cord-006230-xta38e7j author: nan title: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie e.V. date: 2012-02-22 words: 135419.0 sentences: 7042.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006230-xta38e7j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006230-xta38e7j.txt summary: Here, we will present our analysis of Ca 2+ signaling following stimulation of the FcεRI receptor and application of secretagogues that are supposed to affect Ca 2+ -dependent mast cell activation such as adenosine, endothelin-1, substance P and compound 48/80 in BMMCs and PMCs derived from mouse lines with inactivation of TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5 or TRPC6 since specific antagonists are still lacking for these TRP channels. These data indicate that increased PP2A activity is associated with modified gene expression in TG hearts possibly affecting stress response and regulation of cell signalling. As demonstrated by qPCR and Western blot experiments, mesangial cells showed a marked time-and dose-dependent upregulation of CSE mRNA and protein levels after treatment with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB). The transcription factor cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) plays a critical role in regulating gene expression in response to activation of the cAMPdependent signaling pathway, which is implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100643/ doi: 10.1007/s00210-012-0736-0 id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6 author: nan title: Scientific Abstracts date: 2008-12-23 words: 242330.0 sentences: 15267.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015394-uj7fe5y6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015394-uj7fe5y6.txt summary: Studies involving immunohistochemical analysis of normal ovaries have shown that granulosa cells express significantly higher levels of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor, cFos compared to theca cells, where cFos expression is virtually absent. Following acute hypoxia (0.5% O2) for one to six hours, RhoA mRNA, total protein and activation (RhoA-GTP) levels were analysed, using semi-quantitative PCRs and western blot, and compared to normoxic non-pregnant human uterine smooth muscle control cells. Since there is an urgent need for non-invasive methods for determination of fetal (F) and placental (P) function, this study was designed to evaluate the genes differently and commonly expressed in P tissue and leukocytes in maternal (M) and F circulation.Material and Methods. The current study: 1) localized IL-6 mRNA levels in preeclamptic versus normal decidual sections; 2) evaluated mechanisms regulating IL-6 synthesis by targeting intracellular signaling pathways with specific inhibitors; 3) identified potential IL-6 targets by immunolocalizing the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) to specific cell types in placental bed biopsies. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7104449/ doi: 10.1177/19337191080150020102 id: cord-017675-in9r33ww author: nan title: The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights date: 2008 words: 18417.0 sentences: 816.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt summary: The United Nations International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights recommend that criminal law not be an impediment to measures taken by States to reduce the risk of HIV transmission among injecting drug users and to provide them with HIV-related care and treatment. Visitors entering the United States on the Visa Waiver Program (which waives the requirement to apply for a visa prior to traveling to the United 9 The Way Forward Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights government policy has been that people living with HIV/AIDS do not represent a and therefore denied a visa or entry at the border, if: (1) they are likely to be a 338 would add to existing waiting lists for those services and would increase the rate US Immigration and Nationality Act, applicants for a visa or for admission to the health significance", which includes HIV infection, although waivers are available ces by Canadian citizens or permanent residents. abstract: There now is a considerable body of evidence to support the view that an effective HIV/AIDS strategy integrates prevention, treatment and human rights. In this chapter, we emphasize the importance of each of these aspects and draw upon the conclusions reached in previous chapters to map out the future of HIV/AIDS. While medicine and science have a crucial role to play in addressing pandemics, whether slow-moving (like HIV/AIDS) or fast-moving (like influenza), the social, legal, political, financial and economic ramifications of pandemics can not be ignored. Well-considered social, legal, political and financial strategies are essential in order to address any pandemic effectively. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122313/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-78392-3_9 id: cord-017752-ofzm3x3a author: nan title: Theories of Carcinogenesis date: 2007 words: 12289.0 sentences: 692.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017752-ofzm3x3a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017752-ofzm3x3a.txt summary: Others attributed the simplified enzyme patterns of cancerous cells to a regression of the tumor tissues to early embryonal stages of development. Viral DNA is frequently integrated into the cancer cells, but additional agents or factors may be involved at various stages of the progression to invasive carcinoma. The encounter with a family, in which many members developed breast or liver cancer, led Pierre Paul Broca to hypothesize, in 1866, that an inherited abnormality within the affected tissue caused the tumor development [Broca 1866 Theodor Boveri (1862 Boveri ( -1915 then proposed that defects in chromosomes lead to malignancy [Boveri 1914 ]. Any mutation of cancer associated genes can be handed on to following generations and predispose the affected cells to malignant transformation in the case of additional DNA damage. Further developments in tumor immunology have led to models of selection and evolution of cancer cells. abstract: The oldest description of human cancer, referring to eight cases of tumors of the breast, was found in the Egyptian Edwin Smith Papyrus, written around 3000–1500 BC. The oldest specimens of human cancers were detected in the remains of a female skull dating back to the Bronze Age (1900–1600 BC), and in fossilized bones of ancient Egypt. The mummified skeletal remains of Peruvian Incas, dating about 2,400 years ago, contained lesions suggestive of malignant melanoma. The term “cancer” goes back to Hippocrates (460–370 BC), who named a group of diseases καρκινοσ and καρκινομα, the ancient Greek word for crab. It is a metaphor for the hard center and spiny projections of the tumors he studied. Cancer is the Latin word for crab and its use has been traced back to Galen (AD 129–199). A snapshot of theories of carcinogenesis, devised in the course of the last two centuries, reflects the progress of insight from the cellular level via biochemistry to an understanding of damaging influences and oncogenes, and to a more wholistic approach in the regulatory theory. It shows the relative success of reductionism as well as the current need to put the insights of various research endeavors into broader paradigmatic contexts. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122402/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6016-8_1 id: cord-022955-vy0qgtll author: nan title: Proteases date: 2005-06-20 words: 36388.0 sentences: 1759.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022955-vy0qgtll.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022955-vy0qgtll.txt summary: In order to understand the molecular basis of the enzyme-substrate binding mechanism, we employ the synthetic peptide and mass spectrometry-based approaches to investigate the significance of selected amino acid residues that are flanking both sides of the SARS-CoV 3CL pro cleavage site. To contribute to the assignment of a physiological role to genomic-derived peptidases and to make them more accessible for the drug discovery process, we have undertaken a program consisting of mRNA expression profiling, full-length recombinant expression in insect cells, purification and determination of the catalytic activity for the human proteolytic enzymes. This comprehensive analysis of the local backbone properties of SGTI in the free and in the complex form made possible to identify conformational similarities and differences responsible for its efficient binding to the enzyme, and provides a good basis for further studying the structural aspects of protease inhibitor specificity. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164095/ doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.4739_4.x id: cord-023647-dlqs8ay9 author: nan title: Sequences and topology date: 2003-03-21 words: 4505.0 sentences: 747.0 pages: flesch: 69.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023647-dlqs8ay9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023647-dlqs8ay9.txt summary: Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of the L G~ne of Vesicular Stomafltia Virus (New Jersey Serotype) --Identification of Conserved Domai~L~ in L Proteins of Nonsegmented Negative-Strand RNA Viruses DERSE I~ Equine Infectious Anemia Virus tat--Insights into the Structure, Function, and Evolution of Lentivtrus tran.~Activator Proteins Ho~tu~ ~ s71 is a Ehylngcueticellly Distinct Human Endogenous Reteovtgal 1Rlement with Structural mad Sequence Homology to Simian Sarcoma Virus (SSV). Distinct Fercedoxins from Rhodobacter-Capsulstus -Complete Amino Acid Sequences and Molecular Evolution Complete Amino Acid Sequence and Homologies of Human Erythrocyte Membrane Protein Band 4.2. Identification of Two Highly Conserved Amino Acid Sequences Amon~ the ~x-subunits and Molecular ~ The Predicted Amino Acid Sequence of ct-lnternexin is that of a novel Neuronal lntegmedla~ ~ent Protein Inttaspecific Evolution of a Gene Family Coding for Urinary Proteins Attalysi~ of CDNA for Human ~ AJudgyrin I~dicltes a Repeated Structure with Homology to Tissue-Differentiation a~td Cell-Cycle Control Protein abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173161/ doi: 10.1016/0959-440x(91)90051-t id: cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 author: nan title: ISEV2020 Abstract Book date: 2020-07-15 words: 200999.0 sentences: 11528.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.txt summary: L.M., and the National Institutes of Health (R35GM119623) to T.R.G. The addition of a size exclusion chromatography step to various urinary extracellular vesicle concentrating methods reveals differences in the small RNA profile Introduction: Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their RNA cargo are a novel source of biomarkers for various diseases, however non-vesicular RNA (e.g. associated with proteins) is also present within urine. We then evaluated efficiency of heart targeting for eAAV9 or eAAV6 and standard AAV9 or AAV6 encoding for EGFP, mCherry or firefly luciferase in different human cell lines in vitro, in black mouse and in passive immunity nude mouse model in vivo using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, Langendorff perfusion system and Methods: HLHS patients (n = 3) after Glenn procedure and swine (n = 3) after PAB were given RV injections of allogeneic/xenogeneic MSCs. Donor-specific, HLA-I+, exosomes were isolated from plasma. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7480431/ doi: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1784511 id: cord-337646-gkcm6ds0 author: nan title: The Federation’s Pages: WFPHA: World Federation of Public Health Associations www.wfpha.org Bettina Borisch and Marta Lomazzi, Federation’s Pages Editors date: 2020-09-17 words: 2529.0 sentences: 140.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337646-gkcm6ds0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337646-gkcm6ds0.txt summary: The next coronavirus to generate a global public health crisis was the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) that emerged in Saudi Arabia in 2012 among people working closely with camels. During the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), held on 30 January 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic was underway. The association between Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) and environmental destruction is widely recognized: deforestation destroys natural habitats, increases the density of remaining wild animal populations, increases their movements to look for food accompanied by the probability of human contact-all induce stress that impairs immune systems and increases viral shedding [16] . Environment preservation is urgent for many reasons: conservation of biodiversity, the fight against climate change, reduction of air, water and food pollution, and improvement of human health and quality of life [18] . abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-020-00240-3 doi: 10.1057/s41271-020-00240-3 id: cord-356062-7q5n4t97 author: nan title: Cumulative pharmacological activity index volumes 1-30 date: 2005-12-31 words: 6346.0 sentences: 501.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-356062-7q5n4t97.txt txt: ./txt/cord-356062-7q5n4t97.txt summary: abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter lists the important subjects on pharmacological activity that are discussed in the publication Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Volumes 1–30, such as abdominal constriction test, acanthoic acid, acetaminophen, Parkinson's disease, photodynamic activity, prostaglandins, and oleanolic acid. The terms are mentioned along with the page numbers in which they are discussed in the publication. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1572599505801012 doi: 10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80101-2 id: cord-313173-0u4s5y20 author: ten Have, H.A.M.J. title: Sheltering at Our Common Home date: 2020-08-25 words: 2527.0 sentences: 178.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313173-0u4s5y20.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313173-0u4s5y20.txt summary: The current COVID-19 pandemic has reactivated ancient metaphors (especially military ones) but also initiated a new vocabulary: social distancing, lockdown, self-isolation, and sheltering in place. The global threat of pandemics therefore does not emerge spontaneously as a natural event but is the product of human behaviour. What is missing in the pandemic management responses so far is the ecological perspective that pandemics are related to the current economic global order which assumes a separation of humans and nature and regards nature as a resource to be exploited and commodified. This shift has been advocated by many environmental ethicists as well as in indigenous worldviews (Rolston 1988; Johnson 2020) .The ecological perspective implies that the military language of the pandemic is distorting the human embeddedness in the natural world. In an ecological perspective, vulnerability to infectious diseases is not confined to specific individuals, populations, or nations. abstract: The current COVID-19 pandemic has reactivated ancient metaphors (especially military ones) but also initiated a new vocabulary: social distancing, lockdown, self-isolation, and sheltering in place. Terminology is not ethically neutral but reflects prevailing value systems. I will argue that there are two metaphorical vocabularies at work: an authoritarian one and a liberal one. Missing is an ecological vocabulary. It has been known for a long time that emerging infectious diseases are associated with the destruction of functioning ecosystems and biodiversity. Ebola and avian influenza viruses have been significant warnings. Obviously, this pandemic will not be the last one. As the planet is our common home, the major metaphor to explore is sheltering at this home. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32840840/ doi: 10.1007/s11673-020-10014-x id: cord-257597-jy4a8al8 author: von Essen, Erica title: Instagranimal: Animal Welfare and Animal Ethics Challenges of Animal-Based Tourism date: 2020-10-08 words: 8260.0 sentences: 399.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257597-jy4a8al8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257597-jy4a8al8.txt summary: It discusses macrolevel drivers to animal-based tourism as an industry, the problem of cultural relativism and the role of technology in enhancing or promoting the experience. Develop, review and ensure implementation of animal welfare legislation and "best practice" guidelines in animal-based tourism among travel retailers, tour operators and animal users, emphasising the benefits from a sustainability and human perspective as well. Be a responsible tourist-inform yourself, contact travel retailers and tour operators, demand animal-friendly and ethically justifiable approaches (compassion-do no harm) to animals, humans and the environment in tourism (One Welfare). Summary of workshop conclusions on legislation and policy, guidelines to tourists and calls for further research on the role of digital technology in animal-based tourism. Summary of workshop conclusions on legislation and policy, guidelines to tourists and calls for further research on compassionate animal-based tourism. abstract: SIMPLE SUMMARY: Animals of countless species, wild as well as tame, can now entertain tourists on their holidays. The popularity, however, of animal-based tourism comes with significant risks for the welfare of these animals. Many animals are kept in small confinements, are broken down to interact obediently with tourists, or are made to perform, entertain, transport or even give their lives for human leisure. In this paper, the challenges of animal-based tourism are presented from the perspectives of interdisciplinary researchers. The challenges are discussed based on a two-day symposium with workshop sessions. We bring attention to the problem of cultural relativism and the difficulty of imposing universal standards of animal welfare. We conclude that reforms and individual travel decisions as a result of biosecurity concerns will impact animal welfare. In addition to this, we observe that technology has a dual role to play in enhancing edutainment but also potentially inviting new challenges. In the end, we declare some possibilities for compassionate animal based tourism. ABSTRACT: By animal-based tourism, a host of activities offering passive viewing or active interaction with wild, semi-wild or captive animals is included. The multibillion dollar industry is on the rise globally today, offering modes of engagement with animals that trade on increasingly embodied close encounters with non-human animals. As new modes of animal-based tourism proliferate, such as sloth selfies, visiting cat cafes, swimming with sharks and agri-tourism petting zoos, animal welfare standards risk deteriorating. In the following paper, we collate concerns over animal welfare into a discussion on the challenges facing animal-based tourism. Our synthesis is the first to consider the full spectrum of such animal-based tourism: across agri-, hunting, zoo and safari tourism, to name a few, and crossing consumptive and non-consumptive boundaries. A literature review is first provided. Findings are then presented thematically following workshops at an international interdisciplinary symposium of leading tourism, animal welfare, ethics and leisure sciences scholars together with practitioners of the industry. It discusses macrolevel drivers to animal-based tourism as an industry, the problem of cultural relativism and the role of technology in enhancing or promoting the experience. We indicate ways forward toward implementing a compassionate animal-based tourism. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33050024/ doi: 10.3390/ani10101830 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel