Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 288 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12901 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 44 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 274 human 58 virus 53 disease 46 cell 40 SARS 29 infection 23 animal 22 RNA 18 protein 18 dna 16 gene 14 Human 13 mouse 13 Health 12 model 12 health 12 figure 12 HIV 12 Fig 12 COVID-19 11 study 11 respiratory 11 PCR 10 MERS 9 host 9 antibody 9 University 8 risk 8 patient 8 pathogen 8 effect 8 CoV-2 7 system 7 right 7 result 7 increase 7 United 7 Ebola 7 China 6 technology 6 receptor 6 infectious 6 high 6 expression 6 activity 6 Africa 5 social 5 sequence 5 security 5 peptide Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 21812 cell 14260 virus 10635 disease 9689 protein 8961 infection 7683 study 6944 % 6709 gene 6231 animal 5911 human 5650 mouse 5250 patient 4909 effect 4708 analysis 4695 model 4669 expression 4442 system 4322 level 4144 result 4104 antibody 3958 case 3810 risk 3801 activity 3732 method 3731 receptor 3650 host 3642 type 3624 ev 3568 health 3498 response 3393 development 3384 tissue 3364 time 3272 factor 3245 role 3062 treatment 2966 control 2849 specie 2841 group 2825 population 2757 transmission 2745 acid 2707 pathogen 2703 datum 2666 use 2634 number 2615 cancer 2516 function 2491 influenza 2488 culture Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 10178 al 8457 et 6952 . 2955 SARS 2470 RNA 1630 Human 1321 HIV 1181 CoV-2 1131 C 1058 Health 1004 PCR 948 CoV 943 TOF 890 Fig 870 A 849 China 839 MS 792 Authority 783 University 763 miRNAs 761 United 750 T 737 B 729 EV 724 Africa 721 COVID-19 695 II 631 MERS 621 M 614 • 601 USA 594 Summary 584 N 575 Food 567 HRV 561 European 560 States 559 Table 557 Ebola 544 MALDI 535 C. 533 IFN 530 miRNA 522 H5N1 519 AI 518 S. 508 mRNA 502 E. 492 mg 487 World Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 9514 we 8628 it 3699 they 1505 i 1273 them 719 us 457 he 324 itself 304 one 244 themselves 225 you 212 she 98 me 61 ourselves 54 him 39 her 27 himself 21 oneself 18 herself 11 myself 9 's 8 ashcs 5 yourself 5 em 4 il-2rcc 3 s 3 mutationtaster3 3 mg 3 igfbp2 3 iga1 3 fmhv 3 a1-antitrypsin 2 srnas 2 o139 2 mrnas 2 ifnyr-/-mice 2 ifn-[3 2 covid-19 2 ccrcc 1 ≥750 1 α-(1→2)-l 1 zoo- 1 zfpm2 1 y401 1 y-27632 1 wfdc13 1 wether 1 webuildai 1 w@ 1 trpm4 Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 108686 be 23391 have 10132 use 5457 show 4711 include 4397 increase 3935 associate 3748 identify 3721 do 3583 cause 3400 find 3323 base 3226 develop 3067 induce 2670 suggest 2655 provide 2483 compare 2390 follow 2377 lead 2320 reduce 2301 derive 2300 contain 2271 know 2255 make 2253 report 2244 involve 2233 bind 2100 result 2083 express 2072 occur 2062 produce 2032 isolate 2002 detect 1993 infect 1889 require 1882 relate 1871 demonstrate 1829 emerge 1821 observe 1772 determine 1748 consider 1721 give 1683 see 1677 reveal 1652 affect 1578 indicate 1560 mediate 1530 describe 1528 perform 1508 study Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 19546 human 10218 not 6990 also 6480 - 5621 other 5579 high 5266 such 5126 more 3883 different 3843 well 3717 however 3587 most 3539 new 3527 specific 3506 respiratory 3423 only 3394 viral 2920 low 2845 clinical 2711 many 2701 first 2677 as 2488 immune 2307 non 2304 important 2250 several 2199 present 2117 large 2074 further 2072 small 2062 genetic 2002 early 1937 thus 1885 novel 1885 infectious 1869 severe 1810 potential 1800 acute 1756 molecular 1738 similar 1717 long 1668 common 1623 even 1617 single 1599 major 1573 significant 1512 natural 1509 social 1490 possible 1489 highly Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1107 most 507 least 378 Most 371 high 347 good 160 large 145 great 77 low 63 strong 50 early 45 close 43 late 36 small 34 bad 29 big 21 poor 16 long 14 old 13 simple 11 short 11 deadly 9 young 8 rich 7 wide 7 fast 6 new 5 safe 5 fit 4 near 4 Trpv6 3 wealthy 3 weak 3 warm 3 few 3 deep 3 common 3 broad 2 tough 2 sick 2 scRNA 2 overharv 2 nonsevere 2 hot 2 hexose 2 furth 2 full 2 false/ 2 cfDNA 2 -β 2 -which Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2480 most 297 least 96 well 6 worst 3 highest 2 long 2 greatest 2 early 1 smallest 1 oldest 1 near 1 lowest 1 latest 1 hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy 1 fast 1 farthest 1 cfdna 1 -social 1 -detect Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 doi.org 12 www 5 sites.google.com 5 creativecommons.org 4 www.who.int 4 www.mutationtaster.org 4 www.mdpi.com 4 www.ebi.ac.uk 3 www.cdc.gov 3 nihroadmap.nih.gov 3 creat 2 www.mphonline.org 2 www.gisaid.org 2 www.gangaaction.org 2 www.eurosurveillance.org 2 www.dkfz.de 2 www.ars.usda.gov 2 hupo.org 2 hodgkin.mbu.iisc.ernet.in 2 github.com 2 dx.doi.org 1 www.usuhs 1 www.ukev.org.uk 1 www.ukbiobank.ac.uk 1 www.ucsf.edu 1 www.thingiverse 1 www.systemsbiology.org.au 1 www.synabs.be 1 www.shef.ac.uk 1 www.scopus.com 1 www.sanger.ac.uk 1 www.rri-tools.eu 1 www.rivm.nl 1 www.qiagenbioinformatics.com 1 www.premierbiosoft 1 www.pqmd.org 1 www.pirbright.ac.uk 1 www.picornastudygroup.com 1 www.pharmacases.de 1 www.peta.org 1 www.peptideatlas.org 1 www.pdxfinder.org 1 www.oneworldonehealth.org 1 www.ohchr.org 1 www.nyu.edu 1 www.nih.gov 1 www.niaid.nih.gov 1 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 www.ncbi 1 www.megasoftware.net Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 12 http://www 5 http://sites.google.com/site/supplementcovid19work/files 4 http://www.mutationtaster.org 3 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 3 http://creat 2 http://www.who.int/ 2 http://www.gisaid.org 2 http://www.gangaaction.org/actions/issues/solid-waste/ 2 http://www.eurosurveillance.org 2 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/ 2 http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/hmp/ 2 http://hodgkin.mbu.iisc.ernet.in/*human 2 http://github.com/pasquelab/scPancreasAtlas 2 http://doi.org/10 1 http://www.who.int/topics/vaccines/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/ 1 http://www.usuhs 1 http://www.ukev.org.uk/public-engagementmaterials/ 1 http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk 1 http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2011/10/10766/aging-disease-children-sheds-lightnormal-aging 1 http://www.thingiverse 1 http://www.systemsbiology.org.au/glycoviewer 1 http://www.synabs.be/2019/ 1 http://www.shef.ac.uk/medicine/staff/sabroe.html 1 http://www.scopus.com/ 1 http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/pfam 1 http://www.rri-tools.eu/aboutrri 1 http://www.rivm.nl/mpf/typingtool/ 1 http://www.qiagenbioinformatics.com/products/clc-genomics-workbench/ 1 http://www.premierbiosoft 1 http://www.pqmd.org/cms/node/116 1 http://www.pirbright.ac.uk/ 1 http://www.picornastudygroup.com/ 1 http://www.pharmacases.de 1 http://www.peta.org/action/action-alerts/first-ever-taiwan-raid-police-bust-pigeon-racers/ 1 http://www.peptideatlas.org 1 http://www.pdxfinder.org/pdx-standard/ 1 http://www.oneworldonehealth.org/ 1 http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Education/Training/Compilation/Pages/5 1 http://www.nyu.edu/ 1 http://www.nih.gov/news/health/jun2013/od-26.htm 1 http://www.niaid.nih.gov/news/QA/Pages/EbolaVaxresultsQA.aspx 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25501 1 http://www.ncbi 1 http://www.mphonline.org/worst-pandemicsin-history/ 1 http://www.mphonline.org/worst-pan 1 http://www.megasoftware.net/ 1 http://www.mdpi.com/journal/vaccines/special_issues/Humanized_Mice 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/9/1672/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4468/9/3/33/s1 Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 zoltan.kapui@sanofi-aventis.com 1 yurst@inr.liu.se 1 ytliu@ucsd.edu 1 yoshiyuki-tamada@senju.co.jp 1 vincent.pasque@kuleuven.be 1 tompa@enzim.hu 1 tcherno@emory.edu 1 tavernarakis@imbb.forth.gr 1 sudhir.anand@economics.ox.ac.uk 1 subhadip.basu@jadavpuruniversity.in 1 soumya.palliyil@abdn.ac.uk 1 saleh38@hotmail.com 1 rebecca.lew@med.monash.edu.au 1 philnevahefner@gmail.com 1 noelene.quinsey@med.monash.edu.au 1 myyoon@hanyang.ac.kr 1 michael.teufel@sanofi-synthelabo.com 1 maurice.petitou@sanofi-aventis.com 1 lulla@ut.ee 1 lmurillo@univ-lr.fr 1 kay.hofmann@memorec.com 1 july@ludens.elte.hupr 1 joheuvel@zedat.fu-berlin.de 1 huber@biochem.mpg.de 1 grzyw@hermes.umcs.lublin.pl 1 gozde_baydar@hotmail.com 1 gl@ludens.elte.hu 1 gal@enzim.hu 1 f.balloux@ucl.ac.uk 1 eva.x.janas@gsk.com 1 eruback@biof.ufrj.br 1 doege@physio.uni-luebeck.de 1 craik@cgl.ucsf.edu 1 colin.gordon@hgu.mrc.ac.uk 1 cnatha@lsuhsc.edu 1 alkova@cerberus.elte.hu 1 albecka@mail.biu.ac.il 1 adam.clauss@klkemi.mas.lu.se Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 human induced pluripotent 21 cells were then 18 levels were significantly 18 viruses do not 17 humans are not 17 virus was first 16 disease is not 16 expression was significantly 15 cells were also 14 virus is not 13 receptor binding properties 13 receptor binding specificity 12 cells are not 12 cells do not 12 levels were higher 11 cells are also 11 cells did not 11 infection is not 11 infections are often 11 levels were not 11 mice are not 11 patients do not 11 studies have not 10 diseases are not 10 virus was also 9 cells are able 9 cells are present 9 effect was not 9 expression was not 9 protein binding regions 9 studies do not 9 studies have also 9 virus does not 8 cells is not 8 levels did not 8 levels were also 8 methods are available 8 mice do not 8 studies are currently 8 system is not 7 animals do not 7 cell derived evs 7 cells were pre 7 expression was also 7 genes were also 7 humans do not 7 infection has also 7 mice did not 7 mice were also 7 receptor binding domain Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 mice are not susceptible 3 studies do not always 2 activity had no impact 2 cells is not well 2 disease is not perfectly 2 disease is not yet 2 expression was not significantly 2 genes did not significantly 2 humans have no dietary 2 infections do not necessarily 2 levels were not different 2 mice are not permissible 2 mice are not permissive 2 mice have no clinical 2 mice were no longer 2 models do not dependably 2 patients are not available 2 studies have not yet 2 virus is not yet 1 activities are not well 1 activity is not always 1 activity is not co 1 activity is not essential 1 activity is not obligatory 1 activity is not well 1 activity was not different 1 activity was not equivalent 1 analyses are not possible 1 analyses do not merely 1 analysis is not test 1 analysis showed no numerical 1 analysis showed no significant 1 analysis shows no significant 1 animals are not applicable 1 animals are not available 1 animals are not only 1 animals are not well 1 animals do not accurately 1 animals is not limited 1 animals is not representative 1 animals was not clearly 1 antibodies are no longer 1 antibodies are not representative 1 antibodies had no effect 1 antibodies have no effects 1 antibodies is not equivalent 1 antibodies were not highly 1 antibody was no more 1 case has not yet 1 case is not easily A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-267149-5twx9y5c author = Abraham, Jonathan title = Host-Species Transferrin Receptor 1 Orthologs Are Cellular Receptors for Nonpathogenic New World Clade B Arenaviruses date = 2009-04-03 keywords = AMAV; TCRV; human summary = The ability of a New World (NW) clade B arenavirus to enter cells using human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) strictly correlates with its ability to cause hemorrhagic fever. Here we show that pseudotyped viruses bearing the surface glycoprotein (GP) of AMAV or TCRV can infect cells using the TfR1 orthologs of several mammalian species, including those of their respective natural hosts, the small rodent Neacomys spinosus and the fruit bat Artibeus jamaicensis. In order to determine the ability of the AMAV and TCRV GP1 proteins to bind these TfR1 orthologs, HEK293T cells were transfected with plasmids expressing human, Ns, or AjTfR1. As the pathogenic NW arenaviruses efficiently enter HEK293T cells using endogenous human TfR1 [32] , CHO cells were transfected with plasmids expressing human TfR1, AjTfR1, NsTfR1, ZbTfR1, or vector alone, and subsequently infected with MACV, JUNV, or GTOV pseudoviruses. doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000358 id = cord-312461-5qzpo6l1 author = Adalja, Amesh A. title = Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes date = 2019-08-30 keywords = RNA; disease; human; influenza; pandemic; virus summary = A substantial proportion of pandemic and biological threat preparedness activities have focused on list-based approaches that were in part based on pandemic influenzas of the past, historical biological weapon development programs, or recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (e.g., SARS, MERS, Ebola) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017; Casadevall and Relman 2010) . Cultivating and maintaining expertise in the epidemiology, surveillance, and pathogenicity of all classes of microbes, with explicit incorporation of a One Health approach-which incorporates and integrates information from infectious diseases of plants, amphibians, and reptiles-will help foster the broad capacities needed for emerging pandemic and global catastrophic biological risks. Pathogen-based lists, both USA and global, based on influenza precedents, historical biological weapon programs, and emerging infectious diseases were responsible for galvanizing early activities in the field of pandemic preparedness and have helped drive many important contributions. doi = 10.1007/82_2019_176 id = cord-341701-zropd3mo author = Adhikari, Subash title = A high-stringency blueprint of the human proteome date = 2020-10-16 keywords = Chr; Fig; SARS; hpp; human; pe1; protein; proteome summary = During the subsequent decade, the HPP established collaborations, developed guidelines and metrics, and undertook reanalysis of previously deposited community data, continuously increasing the coverage of the human proteome. • Be a focal point for life sciences researchers, pathologists, clinicians and industry communities seeking to translate and leverage proteomic and proteogenomic data to improve human health through: (i) greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms of common and rare diseases, (ii) identification of pathophysiological changes to generate disease and wellness diagnostic biomarkers, and (iii) development of new effective and safe personalized therapeutics. The HPP Ab Resource Pillar, ostensibly led by the Human Protein Atlas (HPA; www.proteinatlas.org), was initiated in 2003 and uses Ab-based strategies to analyse spatio-temporal aspects of the proteome 39 . Community encouragement to identify biological data that complement high-stringency MS strategies to accelerate discovery and understanding of human proteome PE2,3,4 missing proteins. doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-19045-9 id = cord-003629-xogzl1lv author = Alsuheel, Ali Mohammed title = Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia date = 2019-04-12 keywords = Arabia; Human; Saudi summary = title: Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to determine the presence of hMPV antigens in the nasopharyngeal secretions of pediatric patients hospitalized with respiratory tract infections in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, serological hospital-based study included all pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained indicated that hMPV is a potential etiologic factor for the commonly occurring acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children from the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. This prospective, serological study included pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. doi = 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_72_18 id = cord-284711-l1za83w1 author = Anand, Sudhir title = Human security and universal health insurance date = 2011-08-30 keywords = Japan; human summary = title: Human security and universal health insurance Here the concern is to insure against falling below an adequate threshold of human capabilities-in the case of a person''s health, a minimum acceptable level. Without health insurance, a severe medical crisis that threatens survival, for example, can have disastrous fi nancial implications-that can aff ect human security in many other dimensions. Universal health insurance thus contributes directly to furthering human security. 3, [8] [9] [10] [11] Indeed, universal health coverage in Japan, now in existence for 50 years, is indicative of the priority that Japan accords to human security. Over the decades, Japan has also undertaken policies to advance human security in other dimensions, such as basic education, social protection, and economic safety nets. Internationally, Japan has used the concept of human security to guide assistance to developing countries through bilateral aid and multilateral policies. A central manifestation of these actions is the country''s commitment to universal health insurance. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61148-3 id = cord-300969-a3zcggf2 author = Antolin, Michael F. title = EVOLUTION AND MEDICINE IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION: A PRESCRIPTION FOR ALL BIOLOGY STUDENTS date = 2012-02-06 keywords = Nesse; Williams; disease; evolutionary; human; medicine summary = The interface between evolutionary biology and the biomedical sciences promises to advance understanding of the origins of genetic and infectious diseases in humans, potentially leading to improved medical diagnostics, therapies, and public health practices. Williams'' writings on the evolution of senescence and life histories provided fundamental conceptual developments in evolutionary biology (Williams 1957) , as did his thoughts on the role of natural selection in adaptive evolution on multiple levels from genes to individuals to groups of organisms (Williams 1966) . This dynamic view of disease accounts for the variability in human-adapted pathogens such as influenza viruses and malaria, where evolutionary escape hinders development of vaccines with long-lasting protection and results in multidrug resistance. Currently, few medical schools teach evolutionary topics beyond human genetic variation, drug resistance, pathogen virulence, and adaptation by natural selection (Nesse and Schiffman 2003; Downie 2004; Childs et al. doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01552.x id = cord-031482-atltc10d author = Arkow, Phil title = Human–Animal Relationships and Social Work: Opportunities Beyond the Veterinary Environment date = 2020-09-05 keywords = abuse; animal; child; human; pet; social; violence summary = These venues include: agencies working in child protection and child sexual abuse; children''s advocacy centers and courthouse facility dogs; animal shelters; domestic violence shelters; public policy advocacy; clinical practice; agencies working with older and disabled populations; veterinary sentinels for intimate partner violence; and pet support services for homeless populations. Other untapped social work opportunities in animal shelters might include: strengthening collaborations with domestic violence shelters and mobile meals programs; directing and expanding pet visitation programs for long-term care facilities and animal-assisted interventions for at-risk populations; developing pet loss grief support groups; developing safety net supportive programming for individuals who experience a medical, economic or housing crisis that temporarily makes it difficult to keep an animal; defusing contentious confrontations with shelter clients; resolving customers'' complaints and needs for services; and connecting pet owners with community resources, such as low-cost pet and veterinary services, animal behavioral counselors, pet food banks, and social services agencies. doi = 10.1007/s10560-020-00697-x id = cord-310882-t73xwpaw author = Axin Liang, A. title = An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection and determination of Human IgG date = 2020-09-09 keywords = GCE; electrochemical; human summary = obtained a layered MoS 2 -Graphene composite modified electrode with good electrochemical performance, and it was able to detect paracetamol with high sensitivity and selectivity by L-cysteine assisted liquid phase method [40] . An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of Human IgG: Bioelectrochemistry 5 The UV-1800 (Shimadzu, Japan) was adopted to obtain the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra. An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of Human IgG: Bioelectrochemistry Schematic 1 Synthesis reaction of MoS 2 @N-GQDs-IL. An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of Human IgG: Bioelectrochemistry 8 GQDs had the average diameter of 3.75 nm, which was verified by analyzing the images of 100 individual particles. An advanced molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of Human IgG: Bioelectrochemistry of relative standard deviation (RSD%) were compared between 2% and 5%, and the results suggested acceptable reproducibility of those electrodes. doi = 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107671 id = cord-339382-ii4xurmr author = Bachofen, Claudia title = Selected Viruses Detected on and in our Food date = 2018-03-21 keywords = HEV; foodborne; human; virus summary = Two groups of viruses were selected: (a) the most important viruses contaminating food, based on numbers of publications in the last 5 years and (b) viruses infecting sources of food that might have an impact on human health. RECENT FINDINGS: Important foodborne viruses such as norovirus, hepatitis A and rotavirus are usually "only" contaminating food and are detected on the surface of foodstuffs. Furthermore, some plant viruses are known to infect and persist in insect-vectors and one of them, Tomato spotted wilt virus, a member of the genus Tospovirus of the Bunyaviridae family, was even shown to replicate in human cell lines [71] . HEV-3 and 4 strains infect humans, but the reservoir is thought to be in several animal species, whereof the pig plays the most important role for foodborne transmission. While foodborne HEV and TBEV clearly represent a threat for human public health, the role of several other viruses of animal origin detected in food still needs to be assessed. doi = 10.1007/s40588-018-0087-9 id = cord-321835-qn33sx8x author = Bailey, Emily S. title = A Mini Review of the Zoonotic Threat Potential of Influenza Viruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses, and Enteroviruses date = 2018-04-09 keywords = human; infection; virus summary = In particular, respiratory infections are problematic; in early 2003, World Health Organization issued a worldwide alert for a previously unrecognized illness that was subsequently found to be caused by a novel coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus]. Influenza A virus H3N2 subtypes are frequently reported in swine, avian, and canine hosts that are responsible for highly infectious respiratory diseases in pigs and have been examined as a potential cause of influenza in humans. In a recent review of the risks of potential outbreaks associated with zoonotic Ad (48) , it was noted that intense human-animal interaction is likely to increase the probability of emergent cross-species Ad infection. This suggests that strategies for novel virus detection should incorporate global surveillance at the human-animal interface to detect potentially emerging zoonotic viruses. Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00104 id = cord-307803-rlvk6bcx author = Balloux, Francois title = Q&A: What are pathogens, and what have they done to and for us? date = 2017-10-19 keywords = disease; host; human; pathogen summary = Infectious diseases have historically represented the most common cause of death in humans until recently, exceeding by far the toll taken by wars or famines. Conversely, Yersinia pestis, another intracellular obligate bacterium and the agent of plague, has a natural life cycle involving alternating infections of rodents and fleas, but can infect essentially any mammalian host. Apart from a few putative ancestral pathogens, including Helicobacter pylori [15] , that might have co-speciated with their human host, the infectious diseases afflicting us were acquired through host jumps from other wild or domesticated animal hosts or sometimes from the wider environment. We might also speculate that the evolutionary potential and high genetic diversity of most pathogens limits our ability to detect protective variants in the human genome, particularly so if these were only effective against a subset of lineages within a pathogenic species. doi = 10.1186/s12915-017-0433-z id = cord-324369-zizyxb6y author = Baptista, João title = Digital work and organisational transformation: Emergent digital/human work configurations in modern organisations date = 2020-06-29 keywords = Digital; human; technology; work summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jsis.2020.101618 id = cord-016313-n4ewq0pt author = Baranyi, Lajos title = Advances in Lentiviral Vector-based Cell Therapy with Mesenchymal Stem Cells date = 2012-09-27 keywords = HIV; Lentiviral; RNA; cell; dna; gene; human; stem; therapy; tissue; vector summary = The field of possible application of mesenchymal stem cells in medicine and research expanded tremendously with the advent of improved Lentiviral-vectors capable of inserting stable copies of genes of interest and expressing proteins or biologically active RNA species ad libitum, performing delicate gene editing or active gene silencing or serving as advanced drug delivery systems utilized in ex vivo cell therapy. Implantation of Lentiviral vector-transduced human bone marrow mesenchymal cells using collagen scaffolds into immunode fi cient mice resulted in ef fi cient engraftment of gene-engineered cells and provided sites for transgene-expression in vivo. Moreover, it did not alter the differentiation potential of either HSCs or MSCs. In addition, the therapeutic potential of CD133+ and MSC progenitor cells transduced ex vivo with Lentiviral vector encoding the mature form of vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D ) or the enhanced green fl uorescent protein (eGFP) marker gene achieved permanent gene expression. doi = 10.1007/978-1-62703-200-1_14 id = cord-252810-rko3e5va author = Basil, Maria C. title = The Cellular and Physiological Basis for Lung Repair and Regeneration: Past, Present, and Future date = 2020-04-02 keywords = airway; at1; at2; cell; epithelial; human; lung summary = Recent transcriptional interrogation of the distal epithelium in IPF identified activation of cell stress and senescence pathways, and murine modeling of AT2 cell dysfunction from expression of either mutant SFTPC, loss of telomere function, and increased mechanical tension have provided in vivo proof of concept that disruption of AT2 cell homeostasis is a driver of lung fibrosis (Katzen et An emerging hypothesis of IPF pathogenesis is that the dysfunctional AT2 cell loses its facultative progenitor capacity creating a regenerative void for lung repair. Importantly, these cellular trajectory models require experimental validation either in the form of cell-type-specific genetic lineage tracing in mice or the use of cellular barcoding strategies in non-murine systems such as was performed in a recent study to predict the differentiation of lung epithelial progenitors from pluripotent stem cells (Hurley et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.stem.2020.03.009 id = cord-257494-242k58ll author = Bastos, Paulo title = Human Antimicrobial Peptides in Bodily Fluids: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives in the Postantibiotic Era date = 2017-01-17 keywords = LL-37; activity; amp; antimicrobial; cell; gram; human; peptide; structure summary = 1 Human host defense peptides are an intrinsic part of the innate immune system and exhibit a broad activity spectrum against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites While AMPs can be antibacterial (ABPs), antifungal, antiprotist, antiviral, anticancer, antiparasitic, insecticidal, spermicidal, chemotactic, antioxidant, protease inhibitors, or even exhibit wound healing properties (Supporting Information Table S1), their scope of action overlaps considerably and some peptides show activity at several levels (Fig. 2 ). 75 Moreover, when stabilizing disulfide bridges between conserved cysteine residues in human AMPs with β-hairpin or β-sheet conformations are disrupted, the resulting linear peptides still maintain their antimicrobial properties despite losing membranolytic activity. 212, 213 However, it should be noted that the antimicrobial effects of encephalins and their derived peptides result mostly from animal studies and have not been adequately studied in human secretions, despite the high conservation of their sequences across species, which most likely contribute for the similar activity spectrum. doi = 10.1002/med.21435 id = cord-000261-ip32y0j5 author = Becker, Pablo D. title = Generation of Human Antigen-Specific Monoclonal IgM Antibodies Using Vaccinated “Human Immune System” Mice date = 2010-10-04 keywords = BCR; cell; human; mouse summary = Following immunization, human CD19 + B cells were sorted based on surface CD27 expression, as a marker of memory phenotype, and the isotype of surface Igs. The sorted B cell populations were immortalized in vitro by retroviral transduction with human B cell lymphoma (BCL)-6 and BCL-XL genes and antigen-specific B cell clones were established and characterized. The obtained results provided the proof-of-concept for the usefulness of this generic approach based on HIS mice combined with immortalization of human B cells for the rapid and inexpensive development of human mAbs against a wide range of antigens. Since HIS mice contained broad naïve B cell repertoires, we analyzed the induction of human antigen-specific B cell responses after immunization with commercially available human vaccines. So far, humanized mouse models based on the transplantation of human HSC only -i.e. without additional human tissues -share these limitations, and immunization strategies result in the limited generation of class-switched antigen-specific B cell responses [14, 31, 32] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0013137 id = cord-272955-kkkrkgg1 author = Belsy, Acosta title = Molecular characterization of adenoviral infections in Cuba: report of an unusual association of species D adenoviruses with different clinical syndromes date = 2009-03-12 keywords = PCR; adenovirus; human; infection summary = title: Molecular characterization of adenoviral infections in Cuba: report of an unusual association of species D adenoviruses with different clinical syndromes The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize members of different adenovirus species at the molecular level and to describe the correlation between viruses and clinical syndromes during a period of 4 years. Four isolates from clinical materials obtained from patients with encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and meningoencephalitis were identified as belonging to the species Human adenovirus D. In the present report, the nested PCR method used was able to detect different HAdVs in clinical samples and supernatant culture with a sensitive internal control system to assure the quality of reaction conditions in each individual tube. Human adenovirus DNA was detected in the supernatant of a cell culture infected with viruses obtained from fecal specimens taken from a patient with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), as well as in two cases of meningoencephalitis. doi = 10.1007/s00705-009-0338-4 id = cord-277076-yvsyo4l9 author = Berger, A. title = SARS date = 2019-09-12 keywords = CoV; SARS; antibody; human summary = Measures including source isolation of patientswho only became infectious after onset of clinical symptomsstrict infection control in health care facilities, timely identification and quarantining of exposed contacts, and perhaps also measures to increase social distance, such as travel warnings and screening of travelers, had led to this remarkable and remarkably rapid success. A further, small SARS outbreak occurred again in Guangdong in late 2003/early 2004; molecular analysis of virus isolates from human cases and animals sampled at the same place and time confirmed that this was zoonotically acquired from Paguma larvata. The laboratory diagnosis of SARS remains a challenge; in fact, despite the rapid identification of SARS-CoV as the etiological agent, testing contributed little to the successful control of the 2003 outbreak. A negative antibody test result later than 21 days after the onset of illness is likely to indicate that no infection with SARS-CoV has taken place. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-63951-6.00624-0 id = cord-354325-r73datur author = Berger, Mitchell title = Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies date = 2002-07-31 keywords = CMV; MAbs; antibody; antigen; cell; human; monoclonal; mouse summary = Attempts to use mouse myeloma cells to create hybrids and derive human MAbs led to the loss of human chromosomes and the inability to make human Igs. 13 Unfortunately, in vitro immunization is limited by its inability to produce a secondary response and by the absence of the affinity maturation process that occurs in vivo. In these transgenic mouse models, human antibodies with high affinity to an immunized antigen are naturally selected by the murine immune system via an affinity maturation process, and thereby show increased diversity of the MAbs. Transgenic mice may be a suitable alternative to chimeric or humanized antibody production or the use of phage display systems to create less immunogenic or novel antibodies. [43] [44] [45] Humanizing Monoclonal Antibodies Rodent MAbs with excellent affinities and specificities have been generated using conventional hybridoma technology, but their use in clinical medicine is limited due to the immune responses they elicit in humans. doi = 10.1097/00000441-200207000-00004 id = cord-296863-xu0h92ac author = Berlinguer, Giovanni title = Bioethics, health, and inequality date = 2004-09-17 keywords = World; country; health; human summary = The International Bioethics Committee (IBC) of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) recommended that "PGD be limited to medical indications. The convention includes articles on the rights of the patient, on equitable access to health care, on respect for private life, on non-discrimination on genetic grounds, on transplants, and on prohibition of financial gains "from the human body and his parts as such" (article 21). The main difficulty in practising moral principles concerning human dignity and equity in health is that in the past 15 years a singular ethics (and a singular policy) prevailed in the world, which resulted in overturning the health paradigms that had successfully guided public health and health services for one century. As far as ethics is concerned, the difference is that WHO does have a moral obligation towards people''s health, whereas the WTO, the IMF, and the World Bank do not. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17066-9 id = cord-335567-ssnvr6nj author = Berry, Michael title = Identification of New Respiratory Viruses in the New Millennium date = 2015-03-06 keywords = MERS; NL63; SARS; human; respiratory summary = In 2001, this led to the discovery of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and soon following that the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) promoted an increased interest in coronavirology and the latter discovery of human coronavirus (HCoV) NL63 and HCoV-HKU1. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) represents the most recent outbreak of a completely novel respiratory virus, which occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and presents a significant threat to human health. In recent years six new human respiratory viruses have been reported including human metapneumovirus (hMPV) [16] , bocavirus and four new human coronaviruses including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), HCoV-HKU1 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Evidence of a novel human coronavirus that is associated with respiratory tract disease in infants and young children Genetic variability of human coronavirus OC43-, 229E-, and NL63-like strains and their association with lower respiratory tract infections of hospitalized infants and immunocompromised patients doi = 10.3390/v7030996 id = cord-017686-127xfkse author = Bindenagel Šehović, Annamarie title = Human Rights and State Responsibilities date = 2018-01-14 keywords = human; right; security; state summary = The post-Cold War reordering of the world proffers a multitude of examples of this progress: from emergent multipolarity (Flockhart 2016) to the rise of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and NSAs, from the human rights debates to gain access to HIV treatment to those to usher in the R2P (ICISS 2001), reconceptualizations of internal and external State responsibility have been pitted against each other. Although State sovereignty continues to be the building block of local, national, and international relations and global governance, its real power to enact responsibilities and assume accountability for the provision of the rights of its citizens has arguably waned-not uniformly but almost regardless of whether the State in question is considered consolidated, fragile, or failing/failed. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-72068-5_2 id = cord-310371-pylrg91h author = Bishop, R.F. title = Enteric Viruses date = 2008-07-30 keywords = RNA; human; infection; virus summary = The onset of acute enteritis is associated with infection by viruses that replicate at or near the site of entry into the intestinal mucosa, including caliciviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses, and coronaviruses. . viruses causing localized inflammation at any level of the intestinal tract, predominantly in small intestinal mucosa, resulting in acute gastroenteritis, for example, rotaviruses, caliciviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses; . The family Caliciviridae contain small RNA viruses that cause enteric disease in a wide variety of hosts including cattle, pigs, rabbits, and humans. Caliciviruses causing enteric infections (in humans and other animals) are classified as belonging to the family Caliciviridae, which is divided into four genera. The recent demonstration that human noroviruses can infect and replicate in a three-dimensional cell culture model of human intestinal epithelium, should improve our understanding of the pathogenesis, and antigenic diversity of this important group of enteric viruses. doi = 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00386-1 id = cord-016657-w30hed7w author = Blatt, Amy J. title = Geographic Medicine date = 2014-09-29 keywords = disease; human; movement summary = By examining of the role of human movement across different scales, this chapter examines how public health communities can use information on pathogen transmission to increase the effectiveness of disease prevention programs and clinical care. Studies have shown that the ability to identify the sources (origins) and sinks (destinations) of imported infections due to human travel and locating the high-risk sites of parasite importation could greatly improve the control and prevention programs [ 3 , 4 ] . Indeed, vector-borne diseases place an enormous burden on public health and require effi cient control strategies that are developed through an understanding of the origin (or sources) of infections and the relative importance of human movement at different scales. By examining of the role of human movement across different scales, public health communities can use this valuable information on pathogen transmission to increase the effectiveness of disease prevention programs. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-12003-4_8 id = cord-017537-ztdz4a2s author = Bologna, Mauro title = Biological Agents and Bioterrorism date = 2014-09-18 keywords = human; infection; specie; virus summary = For this very stimulating course, I want to share with you some of my studies and even some of my scientific and phylosophical considerations on biological agents living in the environment and their relations with humans, in the very wide concepts of ecological relationships, parasitism, immunolgical defenses and infectious disease mechanisms. All these concepts must be studied and considered in the event of criminal use of biological agents (bioterrorism) aimed at harming human populations in time and in geographical space. In the light of recent concern and interest about the potential for biological terrorism (biofarware) there are several diseases and bacterial toxins that must be considered in particular, like anthrax [ 1 , 2 ] , smallpox [ 3 , 4 ] , plague [ 5 ] , botulinum toxin [ 6 ] , and tularemia [ 7 ] . doi = 10.1007/978-94-017-9238-7_1 id = cord-324295-9c1zxjng author = Bonilla-Aldana, D. Katterine title = Bats in Ecosystems and their Wide Spectrum of Viral Infectious Threats: SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging viruses date = 2020-08-20 keywords = SARS; bat; figure; human; virus summary = Examples of such viruses include Marburg, Ebola, Nipah, Hendra, Influenza A, Dengue, Equine Encephalitis viruses, Lyssaviruses, Madariaga and Coronaviruses, involving the now pandemic Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since there is no effective treatment or vaccine for COVID-19 to date, strong regulations---including isolation, quarantine and social distancing---have been established by many countries in an effort to reduce expansion of the disease given the high person-to-person transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, either directly by respiratory droplets with infective particles or indirectly by fluid-contaminated objects. Fruit bats (genus Pteropus) are the main natural reservoir for Nipah virus (NiV), while pigs serve as intermediate hosts ( Table 3 ). Influenza A viruses (IAV) are one of the leading causes of disease in humans, with important animal reservoirs including birds, pigs, and horses that can potentially produce new zoonotic variants (Table 2) . doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.050 id = cord-007735-ejvv2lxv author = Bowdish, D. M. E. title = Immunomodulatory Properties of Defensins and Cathelicidins date = 2006 keywords = HNP1; LL-37; cell; host; human; peptide summary = The expression of certain β-defensins is inducible upon stimulation with bacterial components or pro-inflammatory cytokines and thus these peptides are presumed to be an important component of host defence to infection or inflammation. The difficulties in assessing the role of host defence peptides in vivo are profound, as it is almost impossible to account for synergistic interactions between peptides and other factors, to assess the actual concentrations at the sites of infection and to discriminate the direct antimicrobial activity of peptides from other less direct effects such as enhancement of inflammatory mechanisms (chemotaxis and recruitment of effector cells, enhancement of nonopsonic phagocytosis, etc.). It appears that host defence peptides induce chemotaxis in two ways: first through direct chemotactic activity of PMNs and mononuclear cells mediated through CCR6 and other as yet to be identified receptors and second through inducing chemokine production which would hypothetically increase the numbers of neutrophils and monocytes at sites of infection. doi = 10.1007/3-540-29916-5_2 id = cord-282925-efkb8hc7 author = Braidotti, R. title = “We” Are In This Together, But We Are Not One and the Same date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; human; life summary = There is so much that we need to both embrace and resist: the wave of collective and personal despair at the loss of lives, the hardship of the socio-economic consequences of this man-made disaster, the awareness of all that was wrong with the old world and which has now become manifest. The power of viral formations has become manifest in the pandemic, stressing the agency of non-human forces and the overall importance of Gaia as a living, symbiotic planet. Fifth insight: feminist theory is of great assistance to think equality with difference, multiple belongings and power rifts, because it stresses the embodied, embedded, and sexed roots of all material entities, humans included, and their unexplored resources. This transformative energy is the core of affirmative ethics, which stresses the inexhaustible potential of all living organisms-humans and non-humans-to generate multiple and yet unexplored interconnections. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10017-8 id = cord-254592-wa5il5go author = Brierley, Liam title = Tissue tropism and transmission ecology predict virulence of human RNA viruses date = 2019-11-26 keywords = RNA; human; virulence; virus summary = To quantify the effects of the most informative risk factors, averaged partial dependence was extracted from the random forests, describing the marginal predicted probabilities of severe virulence associated with each virus trait (Fig 4, S2 Table) . Predicted probability of classifying virulence as ''severe'' for each of the most informative risk factors in random forest models applied to all known human RNA viruses and zoonotic viruses only (primary tissue tropism, any known neural tropism, any known renal tropism, level of human-to-human transmissibility, primary transmission route, and any known vector-borne transmission). In both classification tree and random forest models, viruses were more likely to be predicted to cause severe disease if they caused systemic infections, had neural or renal tropism, transmitted via direct contact or respiratory routes, or had limited capability to transmit between humans (0 < R 0 � 1). doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000206 id = cord-302918-0nk7zyod author = Broor, S. title = Human metapneumovirus: a new respiratory pathogen date = 2008-11-01 keywords = Human; RSV; infection summary = Human metapneumovirus is a recently recognized pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) in children as well as elderly and immunocompromised adults. Recent experimental work using primates (chimpanzees, cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, African green monkeys) and small animals (hamsters, cotton rats, mice and ferrets) has been performed to characterize the pathogenesis associated with this viral infection; hMPV replicates to a various extent in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of these experimental animals, although clinical symptoms after intranasal challenge have only been observed in chimpanzees, Cynomolgus macaques and BALB/c mice so far (van den Hoogen et al 2001; Alvarez et al 2004; Kuiken et al 2004; Skiadopoulos et al 2004; . Virological features and clinical manifestations associated with human metapneumovirus: a new paramyxovirus responsible for acute respiratory-tract infections in all age groups First Detection of Human Metapneumovirus in Children with Acute Respiratory Infection in India: a Preliminary Report doi = 10.1007/s12038-008-0067-y id = cord-006127-rl7rur2j author = Brown, Nik title = Regulating Hybrids: ‘Making a Mess’ and ‘Cleaning Up’ in Tissue Engineering and Transpecies Transplantation date = 2006-02-08 keywords = human; regulatory; tissue summary = Developing a conceptual vocabulary for understanding the relationship between material and institutional hybrids, the paper compares human tissue engineering (TE) and xenotransplantation (XT), areas of innovation which regulators have sought to govern separately and in isolation from one another. Human and animal matters, cell cultures and tissue products have much greater corporeal connection than has been institutionally recognized, and are therefore a source of acute instability in the regulation of implants and transplants. While the troubled nature of transplantation has been relatively well documented (eg Swazey, 1978, 1992) , less well understood are new forms of innovation that cut across machines, humans and animals raising regulatory concerns about material and cultural risk (Brown and Michael, 2004; Faulkner et al., 2004; Kent et al., 2005) . The previous definition used by the FDA and the British regulatory body for XT (the United Kingdom Xenotransplantation Interim Regulatory Authority, 2003) did not account for production methods whereby human and animal tissues may be subject to ''ex-vivo contact'' as is the case with Epicelt. doi = 10.1057/palgrave.sth.8700062 id = cord-289003-vov6o1jx author = Burdet, C. title = Need for integrative thinking to fight against emerging infectious diseases. Proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, March 22, 2016 – current trends and proposals date = 2018-02-28 keywords = Ebola; MERS; SARS; epidemic; human; risk summary = Abstract We present here the proceedings of the 5th seminar on emerging infectious diseases, held in Paris on March 22nd, 2016, with seven priority proposals that can be outlined as follows: encourage research on the prediction, screening and early detection of new risks of infection; develop research and surveillance concerning transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, with their reinforcement in particular in intertropical areas ("hot-spots") via public support; pursue aid development and support in these areas of prevention and training for local health personnel, and foster risk awareness in the population; ensure adapted patient care in order to promote adherence to treatment and to epidemic propagation reduction measures; develop greater awareness and better education among politicians and healthcare providers, in order to ensure more adapted response to new types of crises; modify the logic of governance, drawing from all available modes of communication and incorporating new information-sharing tools; develop economic research on the fight against emerging infectious diseases, taking into account specific driving factors in order to create a balance between preventive and curative approaches. doi = 10.1016/j.respe.2017.08.001 id = cord-005080-r01ii1bu author = Butler, Colin D. title = Human Health, Well-Being, and Global Ecological Scenarios date = 2005-02-22 keywords = change; ecosystem; effect; health; human summary = This article categorizes four kinds of adverse effects to human health caused by ecosystem change: direct, mediated, modulated, and systems failure. For example, O''Reilly and others (2003) concludes, in discussing the potential for further reduction in the ecosystem provisioning service of Lake Tanganyika, that ''''the human implications of such subtle, but progressive, environmental changes are potentially dire in this densely populated region of the world, where large lakes are essential natural resources for regional economies.'''' Ecosystem services as a significant element in state failure may be underrecognized due to our tendency to discount the future possibility of thresholds or emergence. We have explored how ecosystem services impact human health and have proposed that adverse ecological changes can interact and feedback with dysfunctional social responses, leading to the development of states that we have termed mediated and systems failure. doi = 10.1007/s10021-004-0076-0 id = cord-291909-x0sfwqnk author = Butler, Colin D. title = Environmental Health, Planetary Boundaries and Limits to Growth date = 2019-09-12 keywords = Earth; LTG; change; climate; energy; health; human summary = To be more than reactive, it is necessary to understand the complexity and interactions of integrated environmental health risks, including the possibility of significant global population decline within the current century. This contribution provides an overview to the Limits to Growth, linking it especially to the "planetary boundaries" of climate change, biodiversity loss and novel entities (including artificial substances and genetically modified organisms). On one hand, it estimates the ecological assets required to produce the resources consumed by any discrete population; this includes food and fiber plants, livestock and fish, timber and other forest products, space for urban infrastructure and whatever "sinks" are needed to absorb the waste produced, especially carbon dioxide emissions. Although the environmental health literature has long identified links between health and indicators used in the LTG model, such as food, services, and pollution, there has been little recognition among the health community, including within public health, of the possibility of a reduction in population this century. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10651-7 id = cord-340101-n9zqc1gm author = Bzdok, Danilo title = The Neurobiology of Social Distance date = 2020-06-03 keywords = Social; brain; effect; friend; human; loneliness; network; relationship summary = These authors conducted a follow-up analysis of 70 studies of longevity in older people, which followed ~3.5 million people over an average of ~7 years [16] : social isolation, living alone and feeling lonely increased the chances of dying by about 30%, even after accounting for age, sex and health status. There is now a wealth of evidence from long-term field studies of wild baboons that socially wellconnected females experience less harassment by other monkeys [7, 23] , have lower levels of cortisol stress hormones [25, 26] , faster wound healing [27] , produce more offspring and live longer [28] [29] [30] [31] . The perspective of brain network integration in loneliness was investigated in a seminal neuroimaging study of intrinsic functional connectivity in ~1,000 humans [124] . In humans, a longitudinal neuroimaging study indeed showed that social support from the mother promotes volume growth trajectories in the hippocampus, and predicts socioemotional development and emotion regulation in early adolescence [141] . doi = 10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.016 id = cord-254265-8i86c8kt author = Camps, Marta title = Prevalence of human metapneumovirus among hospitalized children younger than 1 year in Catalonia, Spain date = 2008-06-12 keywords = PCR; human; metapneumovirus; respiratory summary = In 67/99 children (67%) at least one viral pathogen was identified, the viruses detected most frequently were respiratory syncytial virus (35%), human metapneumovirus (25%) and rhinovirus (19%). The aim of the present study was to describe the role of human metapneumovirus and other common respiratory viruses including: influenza virus A, B, and C, parainfluenza 1-4 viruses, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, rhinovirus, coronavirus 229E and OC43 and enterovirus as bronchiolitis, and bronchopneumonia pathogens among hospitalized children younger than 1 year, taking into account that in this age group respiratory viruses are the main etiological agents of lower respiratory tract infections [Shay et al., 1999; Smyth and Openshaw, 2006; Bush and Thomson, 2007] . Detection of human metapneumovirus RNA sequences in nasopharyngeal aspirates of young French children with acute bronchiolitis by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and phylogenetic analysis doi = 10.1002/jmv.21209 id = cord-001427-qw1e5cof author = Cantas, Leon title = Review: The Important Bacterial Zoonoses in “One Health” Concept date = 2014-10-14 keywords = animal; bacterial; disease; human; zoonotic summary = Bacterial zoonotic diseases can be transferred from animals to humans in many ways (4): (i) The transfer may occur through animal bites and scratches (5) ; (ii) zoonotic bacteria originating from food animals can reach people through direct fecal oral route, contaminated animal food products, improper food handling, and inadequate cooking (6) (7) (8) ; (iii) farmers and animal health workers (i.e., veterinarians) are at increased risk of exposure to certain zoonotic pathogens and they may catch zoonotic bacteria; they could also become carriers of the zoonotic bacteria that can be spread to other humans in the community (9) ; (iv) vectors, frequently arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and lice can actively or passively transmit bacterial zoonotic diseases to humans. Almost 100 years ago, prior to application of hygiene rules and discovery of neither vaccines nor antibiotics, some bacterial zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis, bubonic plague, and glanders caused millions of human deaths. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00144 id = cord-299315-s43gw24k author = Capps, Benjamin title = One Health, Vaccines and Ebola: The Opportunities for Shared Benefits date = 2015-09-16 keywords = Africa; Ebola; Health; animal; human; vaccine summary = In this paper we propose One Health as a strategy to prevent zoonotic outbreaks as a shared goal: that human and Great Ape vaccine trials could benefit both species. Sure, while OH in this sense creates the grounds for humans to express compassion towards animals and ecosystems and to engage in novel approaches to health problems, overall it often achieves the same goals of prevention and response so far already installed in public health; so OH, in this sense, adds nothing to the ethical debate except by broadening the factors considered in any human cost-benefit analysis. Our proposal is for direct action to administer vaccinations to humans through public health and research paradigms, and additionally to animals to stave off future outbreaks in both populations. Such an approach, aimed at vaccinating animals in the first instance, would be preventative rather than reactive to an outbreak in human populations, by protecting across species and thereby creating a potential barrier to future occurrences of Ebola in the fauna. doi = 10.1007/s10806-015-9574-7 id = cord-002728-6oyw5sqv author = Carding, S. R. title = Review article: the human intestinal virome in health and disease date = 2017-09-04 keywords = human; phage; virome; virus summary = 2 With the advent of new, sequence-based technologies that do not rely on the ability to isolate viruses for their identification, it is now possible to define and characterise viruses in different environmental samples in greater detail than ever before, which has resulted in an increased interest in the role the viral assemblage of the human gut microbiota plays in health and disease. The genetic content of VLPs comprising bacteriophages (phages) that infect bacteria and archaea and, to a much lesser extent, human-, plant-, amoebae-and animal-infecting viruses found along the GI tract constitute the human intestinal virome (Figure 1 ). Analyses of metagenomic sequence data provide detailed information on phage-host and phage-phage competition within the human faecal microbiome, implying CRISPR spacers are actively and continuously acquired by prokaryotes in response to the presence of phages in the GI tract. doi = 10.1111/apt.14280 id = cord-306671-stc3pbj8 author = Cardona, Carol title = Advancing One Health Policy and Implementation Through the Concept of One Medicine One Science date = 2015-09-01 keywords = Medicine; health; human; science summary = Numerous interspecies disease transmission events, Ebola virus being a recent and cogent example, highlight the complex interactions between human, animal, and environmental health and the importance of addressing medicine and health in a comprehensive scientific manner. Numerous interspecies disease transmission events, Ebola virus being a recent and cogent example, highlight the complex interactions between human, animal, and environmental health and the importance of addressing medicine and health in a comprehensive scientific manner. Much dialogue on one health has focused on emerging disease surveillance, public health preparedness, and policy issues without connecting these issues to the scientific foundations that underlie pathogen emergence, global health threats, food security, environmental health, social organization, communication, and implementation of health, security, and safety measures. The rapid growth and persistence of the ongoing outbreak of Ebola virus in West Africa presents an unfortunate but perfect opportunity for implementing science-based policy at the crossroads of emerging infectious disease ecology and sustainable food security. doi = 10.7453/gahmj.2015.053 id = cord-278647-krh63hqp author = Carter, Robert W title = A new look at an old virus: patterns of mutation accumulation in the human H1N1 influenza virus since 1918 date = 2012-10-12 keywords = H1N1; RNA; human; mutation summary = At the time of its disappearance in 2009, the human H1N1 lineage had accumulated over 1400 point mutations (more than 10% of the genome), including approximately 330 non-synonymous changes (7.4% of all codons). This process may play a role in natural pandemic cessation and has apparently contributed to the exponential decline in mortality rates over time, as seen in all major human influenza strains. Given this large body of data, it becomes feasible to test the attenuation model using mutation accumulation rates, non-synonymous amino acid changes, changing dN/dS ratios, changing transition/transversions ratios, and changes in codon specificity over time. Using the amended 1918 Brevig Mission virus as a reference and including all human and porcine viruses in the database, we calculated SNPs, indels, transitions, transversions, non-synonymous amino acid changes, dN/dS ratios, predicted protein lengths (for all 11 proteins), the normalized codon scores (NCS) and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) [51] score for each predicted protein of each genome. doi = 10.1186/1742-4682-9-42 id = cord-010570-ytv7dwr0 author = Casadevall, Arturo title = Return to the Past: The Case for Antibody-Based Therapies in Infectious Diseases date = 1995-07-17 keywords = antibody; human; infection; serum; therapy; treatment summary = In the preantibiotic era, passive antibody administration (serum therapy) was useful for the treatment of many infectious diseases. We briefly review the use of antibody-based therapy in the early 20th century and make the case for reintroducing passive antibody administration for the treatment ofinfectious diseases. Given the diminishing efficacy of existing antimicrobials because of widespread resistance and the difficulties of treating infections in immunosuppressed individuals, the reintroduction of antibody-based therapies is an option that should be given serious consideration. Thus, antibody therapy is still widely used in medicine, but its role in the treatment of infections is limited largely to viral and toxin neutralization and replacement therapy in patients with immunoglobulin deficiencies. In the past, serum therapy was effective against various pathogens despite the fact that immune sera contained only small amounts of specific antibody. Antibody-based therapies have traditionally been most effective in infections where viral and toxin neutralization modifies the course of the disease. doi = 10.1093/clinids/21.1.150 id = cord-278195-1sle0d1j author = Castillo-Huitrón, Nathalia M. title = The Importance of Human Emotions for Wildlife Conservation date = 2020-06-24 keywords = Prokop; animal; emotion; fear; human; specie summary = The very diverse and continuous human-wildlife interactions can be seen from three main perspectives: (1) Utilitarian, in which wild species provide goods for human well-being, such as food, clothing, transport, tools, raw materials, and companionship, among others; (2) Affective, where human beings feel sympathy, admiration, and respect for animals because of religious, mystical, or philosophical reasons (Kellert et al., 1996) , which has greatly contributed to cultural development worldwide (Herzog and Galvin, 1992; Alves, 2012) ; and (3) Conflictive, because of the real or potential damage that wild species may inflict on people and their interests (e.g., attacks on humans, livestock predation, damage on crops, and infrastructure, among others; Lescureux and Linnell, 2010) . Emotions such as fear and anger may be induced by predators that are bigger and heavier than persons, as in the case of large carnivores (e.g., bears, wolves, and big cats) (Røskaft et al., 2003) or by those species unattractive for most people, like worms, small carnivores, bats, and reptiles, which are often perceived as harmful (Knight, 2008; Prokop and Tunnicliffe, 2008; Prokop et al., 2009) . doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01277 id = cord-253548-izya7nws author = Catchpole, Ken title = Frontiers in Human Factors: Embedding Specialists in Multi-disciplinary efforts to Improve Healthcare. date = 2020-09-09 keywords = Human; system summary = Despite the application of a huge range of human factors (HF) principles in a growing range of care contexts, there is much more that could be done to realize this expertise for patient benefit, staff wellbeing and organizational performance. While healthcare also contains many different groups who have a strong interest in improving human work (e.g. HR professionals, organisational development specialists, clinical risk, patient safety and quality improvement advisors), the HF professional can provide much-needed ''added-value'' to multidisciplinary team efforts to jointly optimise overall organisational performance and human wellbeing. Despite a growing recognition of the need and value of HF in clinical work across the world, one consequence of the persistent misunderstanding of systems safety science is that few opportunities exist in clinical settings for qualified HF professionals, limiting the availability of appropriately sophisticated HF expertise 27 . Human factors systems approach to healthcare quality and patient safety doi = 10.1093/intqhc/mzaa108 id = cord-354592-vqws942c author = Cauvin, Annick J. title = Advantages and Limitations of Commonly Used Nonhuman Primate Species in Research and Development of Biopharmaceuticals date = 2015-03-20 keywords = NHP; human; monkey; study summary = The marmoset also has been used as a nonrodent second species in drug safety assessment of new chemical entities (NCEs) and, more recently, of biopharmaceuticals based on side effects, findings of given drugs, and metabolizing enzymes or receptors found to be similar to humans [16] [17] [18] [19] ; because of the closer phylogenetic relationship to humans than other second species such as the dog, common marmosets may be more suitable for certain types of PART 7 NHP-SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF STANDARD TOXICOLOGY STUDIES pharmacokinetic and toxicological screening. Conversely, study designs for use with NHPs do not cover all aspects of reproduction (e.g., direct fertility assessment through mating or egg implantation-pregnancy cannot be confirmed until day 20 of gestation) and so may not allow a full evaluation of the specific risks in humans. The cynomolgus monkey has been used as a relevant toxicology species for immunostimulatory agents such as Toll-like receptor agonists; however, while special recognition regarding the clinical risk of systemic cytokine release for certain targets is warranted, the NHP is not always predictive of this potential toxicity in humans. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-417144-2.00019-6 id = cord-352798-rb2ggonx author = Chaber, Anne-Lise title = The Era of Human-Induced Diseases date = 2017-11-21 keywords = Induced; disease; human summary = Human-Induced Disease as the label for diseases-both infectious and non-infectious-caused by human activities and their environmental impact emphasizes the role of the human in disease transmission and could serve reshaping our approach to disease management and prevention. Humans share most of the viruses, bacteria, and fungus with the rest of the animal kingdom, and thus it should come as no surprise that zoonotic pathogens were the cause of more than 65% of emergent infectious disease events in the last 60 years, with 75% of these originating in wild fauna (Keusch et al. Anthropogenic environmental change leads to the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife (Daszak et al. It estimated that the annual economic cost of illness and premature mortality linked to air pollution is $3600 billion (OECD 2014)-a figure that is 85% of the world''s annual public budget for human health. Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife doi = 10.1007/s10393-017-1299-9 id = cord-335311-l73hsik0 author = Chan, Conrad E. Z. title = The role of phage display in therapeutic antibody discovery date = 2014-08-18 keywords = antibody; display; human; library; phage summary = The defining attribute of all phage display libraries is the physical linking of antibody phenotype (specificity and affinity) with genotype (sequence) via the phage particle-this allows for in vitro selection on immobilized antigen or whole cells (Fig. 2) . In particular, a phage library constructed with the heavy chain CDR3 enriched for basic residues to improve binding to negatively charged carbohydrates produced anti-carbohydrate antibodies that had relatively high affinity (K D ≈ 50 nM) and excellent specificity (40) . Phage display is also likely to remain useful for discovery of antibodies against non-protein targets, evolution of dual-binding antibodies and for affinity maturation, due to the limitations of the natural immune system. Comparison of the efficiency of antibody selection from semi-synthetic scFv and non-immune Fab phage display libraries against protein targets for rapid development of diagnostic immunoassays The human combinatorial antibody library HuCAL GOLD combines diversification of all six CDRs according to the natural immune system with a novel display method for efficient selection of high-affinity antibodies doi = 10.1093/intimm/dxu082 id = cord-283709-y59h5bw8 author = Chan, Renee W Y title = Tropism and replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from dromedary camels in the human respiratory tract: an in-vitro and ex-vivo study date = 2014-08-28 keywords = CoV; MERS; NRCE; human summary = We aimed to compare MERS-CoV isolates from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with a prototype human MERS-CoV to assess virus replication competence and cell tropism in ex-vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung. INTERPRETATION: The similarity of virus tropism and replication competence of human and dromedary MERS-CoV from the Arabian peninsula, and genetically diverse dromedary viruses from Egypt, in ex-vivo cultures of the human respiratory tract suggests that dromedary viruses from Saudi Arabia and Egypt are probably infectious to human beings. We aimed to compare MERS-CoV isolates from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with the prototype human MERS-CoV EMC strain to assess virus replication competence and cell tropism in ex-vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung. To assess the infection potential of dromedary camel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) strains for humans, genetic analysis should be complemented with phenotypic characterisation in physiologically relevant invitro cell cultures. doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70158-4 id = cord-264255-q5izs39f author = Chieochansin, Thaweesak title = Human bocavirus (HBoV) in Thailand: Clinical manifestations in a hospitalized pediatric patient and molecular virus characterization date = 2007-12-31 keywords = human; respiratory summary = title: Human bocavirus (HBoV) in Thailand: Clinical manifestations in a hospitalized pediatric patient and molecular virus characterization OBJECTIVE: Human bocavirus (HBoV), a novel virus, which based on molecular analysis has been associated with respiratory tract diseases in infants and children have recently been studied worldwide. METHODS: HBoV was detected from 302 nasopharyngeal (NP) suctions of pediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract illness and sequenced applying molecular techniques. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that HBoV can be detected in nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from infants and children with acute lower respiratory tract illness. Therefore, in the present study we applied polymerase chain reaction to detect HBoV from NP suctions collected from infants or children who had been admitted with respiratory tract illness. Detection of human bocavirus in Japanese children with lower respiratory tract infection Human bocavirus DNA detected by quantitative real-time PCR in two children hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.11.006 id = cord-324953-3sacf4wu author = Childs, James E. title = Introduction: Conceptualizing and Partitioning the Emergence Process of Zoonotic Viruses from Wildlife to Humans date = 2007 keywords = SARS; human summary = The process of zoonotic disease emergence can be understood by coupling knowledge of how zoonotic viruses have evolved and are maintained among their wildlife hosts, transmitted across a species barrier to cause productive infection in a taxonomically distinct secondary host, initiate a pathologic process causing disease, and, by repetitive infection within the secondary host species, result in incident morbidity or mortality of sufficient magnitude to be detected and characterized as a novel health concern of local, regional, or global significance (see the chapter by Childs, this volume). The ecologic process of zoonotic disease emergence can be schematized by four transition stages (Fig. 1 ) , of which only the first two are prerequisites for emergence: (1) contact between infectious propagules originating from the wildlife H R with individuals of a susceptible H S and (2) cross-species transmission, a transition subsuming the complex interactions of the virus infectious cycle within the H S (Nayak 2000; Childs 2004 ). doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_1 id = cord-336464-eslgz1ka author = Chomel, Bruno B. title = Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date = 2007-01-17 keywords = States; United; disease; human summary = The outbreak of Nipah virus infection in Malaysia during 1998-1999, which caused 265 human cases of viral encephalitis and a 38% mortality rate, was also the result of several major ecologic and environmental changes associated with deforestation and expansion of nonindustrial pig farming in association with production of fruit-bearing trees (16) . Wildlife may become new reservoirs of infection and may recontaminate domestic animals; examples include bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom associated with Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers (Meles meles) (18) and brucellosis in outdoor-reared swine in Europe that resulted from spillover from the wild boar brucellosis (Brucella suis biovar 2) reservoir (19) . Another risk factor related to the emergence of zoonotic diseases from wildlife has been the considerable increase in consumption of bushmeat in many parts of the world, especially Central Africa and the Amazon Basin, where 1-3.4 million tons and 67-164 million kilograms, respectively, are consumed each year (7) . doi = 10.3201/eid1301.060480 id = cord-253223-us0ey8dq author = Chow, Brian D.W. title = The Human Bocaviruses: A Review and Discussion of Their Role in Infection date = 2009-11-03 keywords = HBoV-1; bocavirus; human; respiratory summary = [38] [39] [40] [42] [43] [44] In a recent casecontrol study on acute gastroenteritis, Arthur and colleagues 13 examined stool specimens for potential pathogens, including all three species of human bocavirus. The large percentage of coinfections associated with human bocavirus infections suggests that evaluation for further pathogens should be undertaken for any patient diagnosed with HBoV-1. Human bocavirus infection in children with respiratory tract disease Human bocavirus detection in nasopharyngeal aspirates of children without clinical symptoms of respiratory infection Detection of human bocavirus in Japanese children with lower respiratory tract infections High prevalence of human bocavirus detected in young children with severe acute lower respiratory tract disease by use of a standard PCR protocol and a novel real-time PCR protocol Human bocavirus DNA detected by quantitative real-time PCR in two children hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection doi = 10.1016/j.cll.2009.07.010 id = cord-337218-risqto89 author = Chu, Ellen W. title = Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of date = 2013-02-05 keywords = Earth; States; United; ecological; ecosystem; environmental; human; life; natural; system; water summary = 107 ) sums up what he calls the hazards of human progress this way: ''''Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.'''' Indeed, as the second decade of the 21st century begins, humans are ecosystem engineers on a planetary scale, and our global civilization threatens the life-sustaining capacity of all of Earth''s environmental ''''spheres'''': But with nearly 7 billion people occupying or using resources from every place on Earth, humans are overwhelming the ability of other life-forms to make a living and depleting the planet''s natural wealth. Chemicals -as varied as prescription drugs flowing out of sewage plants, pesticides, heavy metals, and cancer-causing by-products of countless manufacturing processes -now lace the world''s water, soil, and air and the bodies of all living things, including humans. The list of chemicals'' effects on living things is so long that chemical pollution equals humans'' environmental impact in most people''s minds, yet it is just one form of biotic impoverishment. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00253-7 id = cord-300301-7amiljnm author = Clements, Bruce W. title = Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats date = 2016-03-04 keywords = Ebola; West; disease; health; human; outbreak summary = Factors contributing to the emergence of diseases include increasing international travel and commerce, changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and industry, microbial adaptation and the breakdown of public health systems. These include: rapid epidemiologic surveillance and investigations to characterize the disease; transmission prevention through containment and control measures; development and deployment of medical countermeasures; and emergency public information and warning. By April 26, a public health emergency, the first in the history of the United States, was declared to allow for the rapid development of a vaccine, mobilization of antiviral medications through the federally resourced Strategic National Stockpile, and enhanced surveillance through reporting and testing. While it may not be possible to predict which pathogens may emerge or reemerge, it is possible to build infrastructure and take general steps to make populations and public health systems better prepared for the next novel infectious disease outbreak. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801980-1.00010-6 id = cord-320988-yjxbm4tn author = Correa, M.T. title = Slum Livestock Agriculture date = 2014-08-21 keywords = India; animal; human; livestock; slum; urban summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00161-3 id = cord-017364-d9zmdm23 author = Crowe, James E. title = Paramyxoviruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus date = 2014-02-27 keywords = MPV; RSV; human; infection; metapneumovirus; respiratory; syncytial; virus summary = A virus causing a similar cytopathic effect in cultured cells was recovered from infants with respiratory illness shortly after, and studies of human antibodies in the serum of infants and children indicated that infection was common early in life [ 1 , 2 ] . Higher titers of virus in respiratory secretions usually are associated with increased severity of disease, in prospective studies of natural infection [ 114 ] or of clinical vaccine trials [ 115 ] . Most epidemiologic studies of MPV in children show that the virus is the second leading cause of lower respiratory infection after RSV. Acute lower respiratory tract infections by human metapneumovirus in children in Southwest China: a 2-year study The impact of infection with human metapneumovirus and other respiratory viruses in young infants and children at high risk for severe pulmonary disease Comparison of risk factors for human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus disease severity in young children doi = 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_26 id = cord-027885-ua8miwes author = Das, Sujata title = Impact of Human Microbiome on Health date = 2020-03-10 keywords = gut; human; microbiome; system summary = There has been an immense leap from the culture-based surveys of various tissues or organs, for example, of gut and oral cavity, to molecular profiling of the microbial communities and their biochemical products like enzymes, proteins, and amino acids in all the different ecological niches of the human body (Eckburg et al. Since the time of birth of an individual, when the sterile gut of the neonate gets exposed to the biota of mother''s vagina during the vaginal delivery or hospital microbiota in case of caesarean section (which may even include the multidrug-resistant species), the microbes starts their colonisation with an eventual change by the age of 3-5 years, by when an individual starts resembling bacterial community to that of an adult both structurally and functionally (Bull and Plummer 2014) . Microbiome-based approaches involving antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics, faecal microbiota transplantation and nutritional modulators correlate directly with the alteration of immune status of an individual focusing on the innate immunity. doi = 10.1007/978-981-15-4099-8_20 id = cord-285656-7o7ofk1e author = Dawson, Harry D. title = The porcine translational research database: a manually curated, genomics and proteomics-based research resource date = 2017-08-22 keywords = Ensembl; NCBI; gene; human; porcine summary = The data in the Porcine Translational Research Database ((http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=6065) is supported by >5800 references, and contains 65 data fields for each entry, including >9700 full length (5′ and 3′) unambiguous pig sequences, >2400 real time PCR assays and reactivity information on >1700 antibodies. This database provides the first comprehensive description of three major Super-families or functionally related groups of proteins (Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Marker genes, Solute Carrier Superfamily, ATP binding Cassette Superfamily), and a comparative description of porcine microRNAs. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4009-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Five of these genes are present in other porcine genomes, but missing from Ensembl build 10.2, 21 are truncated, and 18 of these genes are duplicated gene artifacts, Eleven full-length mRNA sequences, assembled from macrophage RNA-Seq reads, have been deposited in Genbank and an additional 24 in silico constructs are provided. doi = 10.1186/s12864-017-4009-7 id = cord-312434-yx24golq author = Deng, Ziqin title = Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis of Human Coronaviruses: Prospects and Implications for COVID-19 Research date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; coronavirus; human summary = Here, we apply bibliometric analysis along with visualization tools to analyze 15,207 publications related to human coronavirus from the Scopus database, using indicators on publication and citation, journal, country or territory, affiliation and international cooperation, author, and keyword co-occurrence cluster. Therefore, in order to accurately, effectively and systematically reveal connections within the human coronavirus field, our study applied bibliometrics and visualization methods to analyze human coronaviruses-related publications and citations, countries and affiliations, as well as journal performance, author impact and keyword cooccurrence cluster. According to these keywords, human coronavirus diseases like "SARS, " "MERS" and COVID-19 may have something worthwhile for comparison with other "infectious diseases" like "influenza" in their epidemiological characteristics; "healthcare workers, " "transmission, " "surveillance, " "quarantine, " or "isolation" may be the focuses of these studies, which can help to promote current disease control and prevention measures. doi = 10.3389/fcimb.2020.581404 id = cord-294812-nnlzwaf1 author = Desforges, Marc title = Neuroinvasive and Neurotropic Human Respiratory Coronaviruses: Potential Neurovirulent Agents in Humans date = 2014-03-12 keywords = CNS; OC43; SARS; human; virus summary = However, in some circumstances, viruses can avoid the immune response and cause more severe respiratory diseases [1] or even spread to other tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS), where they could induce other types of pathologies [7] . Coronaviruses, a family of enveloped positive-stranded RNA viruses with a characteristic crown-shaped appearance, are widespread in nature and can infect several different species [44] , in which they cause mainly respiratory and enteric pathologies, with neurotropic and neuroinvasive properties in various hosts including humans, cats, pigs, rodents, and fowl [45] [46] [47] [48] . Furthermore, we have shown that these viruses are able to establish a persistent infection in human cells representative of the CNS [64, 65] and that HCoV-OC43 RNA could be detected for at least a year in the CNS of infected mice that survived the virus-induced acute encephalitis [71] . doi = 10.1007/978-81-322-1777-0_6 id = cord-308201-lavcsqov author = Desforges, Marc title = Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? date = 2019-12-20 keywords = CNS; OC43; acute; human; infection; respiratory; virus summary = Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Even though no clear cause and effect link has ever been made with the onset of human neurological diseases, their neuropathogenicity is being increasingly recognized in humans, as several recent reports associated cases of encephalitis [244] , acute flaccid paralysis [271] and other neurological symptoms, including possible complications of HCoV infection such as Guillain-Barré syndrome or ADEM [249, [272] [273] [274] [275] [276] [277] [278] [279] . Like for several other respiratory viruses, accumulating evidence now indicate that HCoV are neuroinvasive in humans and we hypothesize that these recognized respiratory pathogens are potentially neurovirulent as well, as they could participate in short-and long-term neurological disorders either as a result of inadequate host immune responses and/or viral propagation in the CNS, which directly induces damage to resident cells. doi = 10.3390/v12010014 id = cord-298301-p1zj6jg9 author = Dey, Lopamudra title = Machine Learning Techniques for Sequence-based Prediction of Viral-Host Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and Human Proteins date = 2020-09-03 keywords = COVID-19; PPI; SARS; human; protein summary = title: Machine Learning Techniques for Sequence-based Prediction of Viral-Host Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and Human Proteins A total of 1326 potential human target proteins of SARS-CoV-2 have been predicted by the proposed ensemble model and validated using gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. In this article, we have tried to predict the target human proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus based on their protein sequences combining amino acid composition, pseudo amino acid composition, and conjoint triad features using machine learning techniques. Subsequently, after feature reduction, we have used some popular supervised learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), Random Forest (RF) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) along with a deep multi-layer perceptron model and ensemble techniques (Voting classifier, XGBoost, AdaBoost) for classification and prediction. A total of 3 sets of sequence-based features, namely, amino acid composition, conjoint triad, and pseudo amino acid composition of the human proteins are considered to train the machine learning models. doi = 10.1016/j.bj.2020.08.003 id = cord-279255-v861kk0i author = Dhama, Kuldeep title = Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; MERS; SARS; Wuhan; clinical; coronavirus; human; infection; novel; outbreak summary = Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Recently, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , emerged in late 2019, and it has posed a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories (1) . Health workers worldwide are currently making efforts to control further disease outbreaks caused by the novel CoV (originally named 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019. doi = 10.1128/cmr.00028-20 id = cord-327063-ea7a1xfl author = Dhama, Kuldeep title = SARS-CoV-2 jumping the species barrier: zoonotic lessons from SARS, MERS and recent advances to combat this pandemic virus date = 2020-08-02 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; Health; MERS; SARS; human summary = The present review presents a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, with emphasis on the role of animals and their jumping the cross-species barriers, experiences learned from SARSand MERS-CoVs, zoonotic links, and spillover events, transmission to humans and rapid spread, and highlights the new advances in diagnosis, vaccine and therapies, preventive and control measures, one health concept along with recent research developments to counter this pandemic disease. Further research exploring the SARS-CoV-2 associated zoonosis and mechanisms accounting for its initial transmission from animals to humans, will lead to sort out the spread of this virus as well as design and develop appropriate prevention and control strategies to counter COVID-19. The present comprehensive manuscript presents an overview on COVID-19, an emerging SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease while focusing mainly on the events and circumstantial evidences with regards to this virus jumping the species barriers, sharing a few lessons learned from SARS-and MERS-CoVs, zoonotic spillover events (zoonosis), acquiring transmission ability to infect humans, and adopting appropriate preventive and control measures [42] . doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101830 id = cord-293143-1k170shh author = Dieninghoff, Doris title = Fatal HBoV-1 infection in adult female cystic fibrosis patient date = 2016-07-18 keywords = human; patient summary = A clinical case of fatal HBoV infection in an adult cystic-fibrosis patient awaiting lung transplantation is reported. A clinical case of fatal HBoV infection in an adult cystic-fibrosis patient awaiting lung transplantation is reported. The human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus that is associated with acute and chronic infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, persists in some tissues and solid cancers and putatively may play an aetiologic role in the development of idiopathic lung fibrosis [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . To date, no animal model exists, thus studies on the pathology of HBoV infections are limited to clinical studies, case descriptions, and air-liquid interface cell culture models that have been shown to mimic some important steps of the infection cycle [1, 7, [10] [11] [12] . doi = 10.1016/j.ehpc.2016.07.001 id = cord-288119-3zq8l5z0 author = Dijkman, Ronald title = Human Coronaviruses 229E and NL63: Close Yet Still So Far date = 2009-04-30 keywords = HCoV; NL63; human summary = HCoV-NL63 is associated with croup in children, whereas all signs suggest that the virus probably causes the common cold in healthy adults. HCoV-229E is a proven common cold virus in healthy adults, so it is probable that both viruses induce comparable symptoms in adults, even though their mode of infection differs. 20 Almost two decades later, one research group located in the UK identified a human respiratory tract pathogen from nasal washings of persons with the common cold. 6, 64, 65 Studies with HCoV-229E infection of volunteers have shown that reinfection with common cold symptoms occurs when the level of antibodies directed against the virus is low. New human coronavirus, HCoV-NL63, associated with severe lower respiratory tract disease in Australia Lack of association between infection with a novel human coronavirus (HCoV), HCoV-NH, and Kawasaki Disease in Taiwan Human coronavirus-NL63 infection is not associated with acute Kawasaki disease doi = 10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60066-8 id = cord-016403-id6fjgye author = Djikeng, Appolinaire title = Implications of Human Microbiome Research for the Developing World date = 2011-10-11 keywords = Africa; disease; human; microbiome summary = New high-throughput sequencing and data analysis approaches (Costello et al., 2009; Turnbaugh et al., 2009) , along with novel diversity screens and even more intrinsic single cell approaches to isolating new species (Lasken, 2009) , have presented the sciences with a unique opportunity to investigate and interrogate the microorganisms that are associated with the human body, all at a greater depth than previously appreciated. Global human microbiome studies using metagenomics analysis of known and unknown microorganisms provide unique but powerful opportunities to uncover the near-complete composition of the microbial content of an individual or a population at any given time, thus setting the stage for a comprehensive inventory of the genetic characteristics of potential human pathogens. Another example of the potential to come from using human metagenomic research and approaches in the developing world relates to another emerging infectious pathogen that causes Leptospirosis. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-7089-3_16 id = cord-349168-ec5p9b2f author = Domingues, Célia P. F. title = The Social Distancing Imposed To Contain COVID-19 Can Affect Our Microbiome: a Double-Edged Sword in Human Health date = 2020-09-16 keywords = human; microbiome summary = Interrupting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between individuals in a social network through confinement and adherence to rules of hygiene and social distancing has been important to contain COVID-19 spread, yet it also decreases the likelihood of sharing other microorganisms of the human microbiota. We also argue that these measures could have two opposite consequences for COVID-19: (i) the loss of biodiversity, if not effectively restored, could be perennial and persist from one generation to the next, potentially driving to disease and a poorer prognostic of COVID-19, in a perverse and negative effect; (ii) social isolation and imposed hygiene rules can also lead to a decrease in the transmission of microorganisms and their genes from one individual to another, which might result in the dissociation of the correlation between the diversity of bacterial antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes (29, 30) . doi = 10.1128/msphere.00716-20 id = cord-301856-71syce4n author = Domínguez-Andrés, Jorge title = Impact of Historic Migrations and Evolutionary Processes on Human Immunity date = 2019-11-27 keywords = african; disease; european; genetic; human; population summary = With the burst of next-generation sequencing and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and systems biology, we are starting to witness the great impact of evolutionary processes on human immunity and how the interactions between microorganisms and humans that took place millennia ago might play a fundamental role not only in the response against modern pathogenic threats, but also in the emergence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases observed in modern populations worldwide. Specific genetic variants selected throughout different periods of human history may have influenced immune responses of present-day populations against pathogenic microorganisms and may have played a role in the development of certain inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Patients with African ancestry present a higher frequency of MTB-related genetic variants than individuals from other populations, including variants in the gene encoding for Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6), mediating cellular responses to bacterial Malaria is one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in the history of humanity. doi = 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.001 id = cord-276954-6m74kejh author = Dubé, Simon title = Foundations of Erobotics date = 2020-10-28 keywords = Erobotics; erobot; erotic; human; interaction; machine; sex; sexual; technology summary = Erobots, such as virtual or augmented partners, erotic chatbots, and sex robots, increasingly expose humans to the possibility of intimacy and sexuality with artificial agents. In fact, to fully grasp the extent of current and future human-machine interaction and their socio-technological co-evolution, it is essential to understand that erobots are not just their perceived characters (e.g., Harmony''s VR character or robotic-headed doll), but are composed of vast interconnected, multi-layered, and (increasingly adaptative) multi-agent systems that enable their (emerging) capabilities [161, 228] . Since a plethora of variables are implied in the study of human-machine erotic co-evolution, our model is not deterministic, but probabilistic: it rests upon the way humans and erobots are likely to influence each other''s erotic cognition [217] through interactions (e.g., experiences of social and sexual rewards that motivate individuals to engage or not in erotic behaviours; [234, 288] ) and their potential impacts on each other''s ecological niche-ranging from micro to macrosystems (e.g., technological to sociocultural environments; [42] ). doi = 10.1007/s12369-020-00706-0 id = cord-009614-lbjesv8y author = Durmuş Tekir, Saliha D. title = Systems biology of pathogen‐host interaction: Networks of protein‐protein interaction within pathogens and pathogen‐human interactions in the post‐genomic era date = 2012-11-29 keywords = PPI; human; phi; protein summary = [20] , resulting in the identification of known and novel PPIs. Interactions among structural and non-structural proteins were revealed in the study, leading to the conclusion that almost all of the viral proteins encoded by the genome function in the HCV life-cycle, as in the cases of other members of the flaviviridae [43] . The genome-wide intraviral protein interaction maps for three members of this family, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were generated by two-hybrid and analyzed comprehensively to reveal viral network properties [38, 39] . Insights gained into molecular mechanisms and topological network properties provided by the genome-wide analyses of intraviral PPI maps (Table 1 ) may be used as a basis for further characterization of the functions and mechanisms of viral proteins, especially for other members of the same virus families. doi = 10.1002/biot.201200110 id = cord-022889-lv6fy6e6 author = Dávalos, Alberto title = Literature review of baseline information on non‐coding RNA (ncRNA) to support the risk assessment of ncRNA‐based genetically modified plants for food and feed date = 2019-08-07 keywords = Arabidopsis; Authority; EFSA; European; Food; Juliano; MIR2911; PCR; RNA; Safety; author; cell; document; effect; exogenous; figure; follow; human; miRNAs; plant; present; right; study; support summary = This report suggests that some plant ncRNAs (e.g miRNAs and siRNAs) show higher stability as compared to other ncRNAs due to peculiar chemical characteristics (2''‐O‐methylation at 3'' end).However, ingested or administered ncRNA must overcome many extracellular and cellular barriers to reach the intended target tissue or functional location in sufficient amount to exert any biological effect. Finally, the publications reporting the outcome of two EFSA procurements aiming respectively at investigating and summarising the state of knowledge on the mode-of-action of dsRNA and miRNA pathways, the potential for non-target gene regulation by dsRNA-derived siRNAs or miRNAs, the determination of siRNA pools in plant tissues and the importance of individual siRNAs for silencing 6 ; and reviewing relevant scientific information on RNA interference that could serve as baseline information for the environmental risk assessment of RNAi-based GM plants ) 7 were also used. doi = 10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.en-1688 id = cord-022393-s26d54ew author = E. Newcomer, Christian title = Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date = 2007-09-02 keywords = LCMV; Mus; animal; disease; human; infection; laboratory; mouse; virus summary = Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated implications in the New World serocomplex group are present among the wild rodents endemic to the United States such as Neotoma spp. Many published reports of human LCM infection are associated with laboratory animal and pet contact, particularly mice and hamsters, and these studies now span many decades (Armstrong and Lillie 1934; Bowen et al. The apparent ease with which LCMV is transmitted to humans also occurs in a variety of other laboratory animal species; hamsters, guinea pigs, swine, dogs, and nonhuman primates, especially callitrichids, which readily sustain natural infections. akari infections depend on the prevention of wild mice and the mite vector from entering laboratory animal facilities and human dwellings. doi = 10.1016/b978-012369454-6/50054-6 id = cord-021113-e4ya7llm author = Elliott, David title = Divine omniscience, privacy, and the state date = 2017-02-02 keywords = God; human; observation; privacy summary = If so, it seems that these traditional theologies face a moral problem: God''s total observation violates human privacy in a way that seems wrong in most human contexts. We shall begin our discussion by developing further the problem of human privacy posed by traditional Jewish, Islamic, and Christian conceptions of God. As we have just mentioned, theologians in these traditions hold that God engages in a seemingly relentless form of total observation. So while omniscience may excuse God''s total observation, it simply does not follow without any further argument that human privacy has not been violated, that something morally bad has not occurred. He or she could (i) accept that one or both of (1) and (2) are correct, and hence hold that total observation is always-even for God-prima facie morally wrong or bad, but then argue that some set of higher principles justifies the infringement of human privacy. doi = 10.1007/s11153-017-9612-7 id = cord-018834-4ligp4ak author = Farag, Ehab title = The Perioperative Use of Albumin date = 2016-06-23 keywords = HSA; albumin; human; mortality; patient; s1p summary = HSA is the most important antioxidant capacity of human plasma, in addition to its ability to protect the body from the harmful effects of heavy metals such as iron and copper and reduce their ability to produce reactive oxygen radicals. Recently, its use has been questioned following a widely publicized meta-analysis in 1998 that reported increased mortality in patients who received albumin solutions; the role of albumin administration in critically ill patients became highly controversial. However, the results of this meta-analysis have been challenged by several metaanalyses, randomized controlled trials that not only proved the safety of HSA but its benefi t especially in patients with sepsis, liver failure, hypoalbuminemia, and burns [ 1 -4 ] . HSA administration favorably infl uences plasma thiol-dependent antioxidant status, as well as levels of protein oxidative damage in patients with sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [ 21 , 22 ] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-39141-0_9 id = cord-282878-8qgsq2km author = Fignani, Daniela title = SARS-CoV-2 receptor Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme type 2 (ACE2) is expressed in human pancreatic β-cells and in the human pancreas microvasculature date = 2020-10-23 keywords = ACE2; SARS; cell; figure; human; pancreatic summary = Finally, using RT-qPCR, RNA-seq and High-Content imaging screening analysis, we demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines, but not palmitate, increases ACE2 expression in the β-cell line EndoC-βH1 and in primary human pancreatic islets. To address this question, we screened the ACE2 expression pattern in human pancreata obtained from adult non-diabetic multiorgan donors and in the insulin-producing human β-cell line EndoC-βH1, using different methodologies, multiple reagents, and publicly available or in-house generated RNA sequencing datasets. Here, we adopted multiple technologies and reagents to thoroughly analyse presence of ACE2, both at mRNA and protein level, in order to evaluate its expression and localization in pancreatic tissue samples obtained from adult non-diabetic multiorgan donors from the INNODIA EUnPOD biobank collection, in enzymatic-and LCM-isolated primary adult human pancreatic islets and in human β-cell line EndoC-βH1. Importantly, a recent report showed that human pancreatic islets can be infected in vitro by SARS-CoV-2 (23), supporting our observations of a specific tropism of the virus due to ACE2 expression. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.23.208041 id = cord-332569-af8oq2d6 author = Friedman, Henry title = The Critical Role of Nonhuman Primates in Medical Research date = 2017-08-23 keywords = HIV; human; monkey; research summary = While NHPs account for just one-half of one percent of animals in current medical research, it is no exaggeration to say they are essential to our ability to find cures for cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer''s, Parkinson''s, obesity/diabetes, and dozens of other diseases that cause human suffering and death. This research is also helping scientists to uncover information that makes human organ transplants easier and more accessible, literally giving new life to those whose kidneys, hearts, and lungs are failing. The islets in mice, rats, pigs, and other animals share some similarities with humans, but there are important differences, making monkeys a critical model for developing treatment and prevention methods, and for testing new therapies for people with diabetes. â�¢ NHPs shown to naturally develop diabetes, which is the same disease as in humans, thus opening the path to research for new treatments. doi = 10.20411/pai.v2i3.186 id = cord-342054-1u2fkwx3 author = Funaro, Ada title = Generation of potent neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against cytomegalovirus infection from immune B cells date = 2008-11-12 keywords = EBV; HCMV; cell; human summary = The available therapeutic armamentarium (e.g. HCMV hyperimmune globulins or antivirals) is associated with severe side effects and the emergence of drug-resistant strains; therefore, neutralizing human mAb may be a decisive alternative in the prevention of primary and re-activated HCMV infections in these patients. The strengths of this approach are: i) it allows the selection of human monoclonal IgG to a variety of antigens, from a small sample of fresh or frozen peripheral blood, ii) it is rapid, iii) screening can be performed using a variety of assays, including functional assays, iv) the mAbs of interest can be easily produced from the original clone as recombinant proteins suitable for clinical applications, and v) the generation of IgGsecreting polyclonal populations can be considered as a library of antibody-secreting cells that can be used to select mAbs with specificities not considered when cells were immortalized. doi = 10.1186/1472-6750-8-85 id = cord-347884-zpzncgiv author = Galimberti, Andrea title = Rethinking Urban and Food Policies to Improve Citizens Safety After COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-08 keywords = COVID-19; disease; food; health; human summary = Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. doi = 10.3389/fnut.2020.569542 id = cord-292075-t9z7zqz4 author = Gessain, Antoine title = Mécanismes d’émergence virale et transmission interespèces : l’exemple des rétrovirus Foamy simiens chezl’Homme en Afrique Centrale date = 2013-12-31 keywords = human; simian; virus summary = After reviewing the current available data on the discovery, cross-species transmission from monkeys and apes to humans of the simian foamy retroviruses, we will report the results of our study. These populations are living nearby the habitats of several monkeys and apes, often naturally infected by different retroviruses including SIV, STLV and simian foamy virus. These populations are living nearby the habitats of several monkeys and apes, often naturally infected by different retroviruses including SIV, STLV and simian foamy virus. After reviewing the current available data on the discovery, cross-species transmission from monkeys and apes to humans of the simian foamy INTRODUCTION L''espèce humaine est en contact permanent avec l''environnement qui contient une multitude d''agents infectieux (virus, bactéries, parasites, champignons). Cross-species transmission of simian retroviruses, how and why they could lead to the emergence of new diseases in the human population Two distinct variants of simian foamy virus in naturally infected mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and cross-species transmission to humans doi = 10.1016/s0001-4079(19)31387-1 id = cord-305302-go87uu06 author = Gessain, Antoine title = Editorial overview: Emerging viruses: interspecies transmission date = 2015-02-28 keywords = emergence; human; virus summary = Furthermore, some of these diseases, associated with emerging viruses, had recent major public health impact, as exemplified in humans by the AIDS [1] , hepatitis C pandemics [2] , or the current Ebola disease epidemic, or in crops by cassava mosaic disease, which seriously compromises food security in East Africa [3] . The emergence of a new viral associated disease or of a new virus is indeed the result of a sequence of successive steps, sometimes complex, and is often related to the entanglement of several factors: socioeconomic or particular cultural activities, increased mobility of human, animal and plant mobility (''the world is a global village''), human exploitation of the environment as deforestation or increase of agricultural or otherwise human managed land, resulting in loss of biodiversity or ecosystem simplification, disruption of human, animal and plant health systems in armed conflict, urbanization with development of huge slums of great poverty and basic hygiene, decreased interest in the surveillance and control of infectious diseases, use of unsterile medical equipment as part of therapeutic and/or mass vaccination and, finally, the ability of certain viruses to adapt quickly to a changing environment. doi = 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.02.001 id = cord-029209-v2w0i2ex author = Gilder, Alexander title = International law and human security in a kaleidoscopic world date = 2020-07-15 keywords = Council; human; international; security summary = 3 The concept of ''human security'' can be used as a conceptual framework to allow international law to better focus its attention on the individual and be responsive to the needs of persons affected by insecurity. 49 It is suggested here that human security is based upon five principles, namely, (1) existing rights and norms, (2) a focus on the vital core identified in a bottom-up manner, (3) a concern for vulnerability and building resilience, (4) preventative protection, and (5) the empowerment of people to act on their own behalf and implement solutions to security threats. doi = 10.1007/s40901-020-00109-w id = cord-310905-1oqfh8of author = Gill, Karamjit S. title = Strange affair of man with the machine date = 2020-10-13 keywords = Cooley; human; machine summary = We have now gone way past the era of human-machine collaboration and heuristics of problem solving of the earlier AIs, we now live in the era of the prediction AIs. Whist the academic community may be overjoyed with their work on prediction and affective computing to solve societal problems, the same prediction paradigm is being appropriated by high-tech companies and security agencies for automating mass surveillance of people and communities. (Cooley 2013) Whilst the medical and health professionals and data science researchers see COVID-19 data as a guide to predict scenarios of infection, fatality, and develop guidelines for safety, the same data are being appropriated by surveillance proponents to promote machine leaning algorithms and apps as instrumental tools for locating, facial recognition, monitoring and tracing people under the cloak of cloak of public safety, national security, fraud detection, and even disease control and diagnosis. doi = 10.1007/s00146-020-01078-9 id = cord-350286-n7ylgqfu author = Giri, Rajanish title = When Darkness Becomes a Ray of Light in the Dark Times: Understanding the COVID-19 via the Comparative Analysis of the Dark Proteomes of SARS-CoV-2, Human SARS and Bat SARS-Like Coronaviruses date = 2020-04-03 keywords = Bat; Human; RNA; SARS; Supplementary; Table; figure; protein summary = The results of this analysis are summarized in Table 2 , which clearly shows that most of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins contain at least one MoRF, indicating that disorder does play an important role in the functionality of these viral proteins. As it follows from Figure 3 , these cleavage sites are located within the IDPRs. In Human SARS CoV S protein, fusion peptide (residues 770-788) is located within a flexible region, is characterized by the mean disorder score of 0.232±0.053. Global analysis of intrinsic disorder in the replicase polyprotein 1ab Table 3 represents the PPID mean scores of 15 non-structural proteins (Nsps) derived from the Replicase polyprotein 1ab in SARS-CoV-2, Human SARS CoV, and Bat CoV. Similar to many other non-structural proteins of coronaviruses, Nsp15s from SARS-CoV-2, Human SARS, and Bat CoV are predicted to possess multiple flexible regions but contain virtually no IDPRs (see Figures 32A, 32B, and 32C) . doi = 10.1101/2020.03.13.990598 id = cord-348100-jr923fcu author = Giseke, Undine title = COVID-19—does social distancing include species distancing? date = 2020-06-08 keywords = Anthropocene; human summary = While in the Anthropocene discourse a shift in the centrality of humans to the deep evolutionary processes of the earth''s history, i.e. deep time, and the depth of the geological layers of the earth, i.e. geomorphology or deep ground (Wieck and Giseke 2018) , has already begun, COVID-19 has forced us to significantly broaden our focus. COVID-19 also ultimately reminds us of the manifold unsolved challenges of the porosity and closure of borders between different species, humans, animals and viruses, and of the organisation of space associated with them. In questions of nutrition, everyday each of us is, in dependence on the global food system, a contributor and decision maker regarding our direct links to non-human species. This virus makes it clear to us that the times of uninhibited consumption are finally over, and that more space, both mentally and physically, must be given to questions of co-existence. doi = 10.1007/s10460-020-10066-0 id = cord-308857-otsrexqu author = Goel, Saurav title = Resilient and Agile Engineering Solutions to Address Societal Challenges such as Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; coronavirus; figure; human; mask; surface; virus summary = This newly identified disease is caused by a new strain of the virus being referred to as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS CoV-2; formerly called 2019-nCoV). We review the current medical and manufacturing response to COVID-19, including advances in instrumentation, sensing, use of lasers, fumigation chambers and development of novel tools such as lab-on-the-chip using combinatorial additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques and use of molecular modelling and molecular docking in drug and vaccine discovery. However, the coronavirus isolated from pangolins is 99% similar in a specific region of the Spike protein, which corresponds to the 74 amino acids involved in the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptor binding domain, which allows the virus to enter human cells to infect them as shown in Figure 2 (b). (figures reprinted with permission) Our nasal lining tissue contains a rich number of cell receptors called angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which are favourable sites for the SARS CoV-2 to attach its spiked protein to, thus paving way for the entrance of the virus inside the body. doi = 10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100300 id = cord-022381-x15ki4xv author = Goldblum, Randall M. title = Immunological Components of Milk: Formation and Function date = 2012-12-02 keywords = cell; human; milk summary = Although the array and mechanisms of production of inflammatory mediators in the lactating mammary gland are not well understood, several cytokines that may be involved in leukocyte migration have been detected in human milk, as described in later sections of this chapter. Although the concentration of lymphocytes in human milk is small relative to that in peripheral blood, these cells are consistently present in milk obtained during the first few months of lactation. The demonstration of a very high density of IgAland IgA2-producing cells in the lactating mammary gland (Brandtzaeg, 1983) helps explain why human colostrum and milk contain the highest concentrations of SIgA of any secretions. The high proportion of SIgA in human milk of the IgA2 isotype (-40%) relative to plasma (10%) also must be related to the isotype distribution of these cells in the mammary gland. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-524730-6.50056-7 id = cord-331288-elnwn7l5 author = Grützmacher, Kim title = Human quarantine: Toward reducing infectious pressure on chimpanzees at the Taï Chimpanzee Project, Côte d''Ivoire date = 2017-01-17 keywords = HRSV; human; respiratory summary = This study investigates the incidence of respiratory symptoms and human respiratory viruses in humans at a human‐great ape interface, the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) in Côte d''Ivoire, and consequently, the effectiveness of a 5‐day quarantine designed to reduce the risk of potential exposure to human respiratory pathogens. This study investigates the incidence of respiratory symptoms and human respiratory viruses in humans at a human-great ape interface, the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) in Côte d''Ivoire, and consequently, the effectiveness of a 5-day quarantine designed to reduce the risk of potential exposure to human respiratory pathogens. Furthermore, the risk of potential exposure to human pathogens is assessed by testing sick humans to detect common human respiratory viruses they brought to the habituation site, and by randomly testing apparently healthy humans in the beginning and at the end of quarantine to assess the possibility of excreting HRSV and HMPV, the two most relevant viruses for wild great apes. doi = 10.1002/ajp.22619 id = cord-211735-qqm4fbor author = Gulec, Fatih title = Mobile Human Ad Hoc Networks: A Communication Engineering Viewpoint on Interhuman Airborne Pathogen Transmission date = 2020-11-02 keywords = Fig; human; pathogen summary = To this end, we propose a communication engineering approach that melts different disciplines such as epidemiology, biology, medicine, and fluid dynamics in the same pot to model airborne pathogen transmission among humans. The aim of this article is to present a unified framework using communication engineering, and to highlight future research directions for modeling the spread of infectious diseases among humans through airborne pathogen transmission. By utilizing this analogy, we propose an approach to modeling interhuman airborne pathogen transmission with communication engineering perspective where mobile humans forming a group are considered as a mobile human ad hoc network (MoHANET). In this section, we present a framework with communication engineering perspective to model the spread of infectious diseases through airborne pathogen transmission. In the networking layer, the details of the MoHANET architecture are presented in order to model the spread of infectious diseases in a large scale (km) within the communication engineering framework as shown in Fig. 2. doi = nan id = cord-146850-5x6qs2i4 author = Gupta, Abhishek title = The State of AI Ethics Report (June 2020) date = 2020-06-25 keywords = Ethics; datum; different; example; human; impact; information; lead; like; need; people; social; system; work summary = Another point brought up in the article is that social media companies might themselves be unwilling to tolerate scraping of their users'' data to do this sort of vetting which against their terms of use for access to the APIs. Borrowing from the credit reporting world, the Fair Credit Reporting Act in the US offers some insights when it mentions that people need to be provided with a recourse to correct information that is used about them in making a decision and that due consent needs to be obtained prior to utilizing such tools to do a background check. Given that AI systems operate in a larger socio-technical ecosystem, we need to tap into fields like law and policy making to come up with effective ways of integrating ethics into AI systems, part of which can involve creating binding legal agreements that tie in with economic incentives.While policy making and law are often seen as slow to adapt to fast changing technology, there are a variety of benefits to be had, for example higher customer trust for services that have adherence to stringent regulations regarding privacy and data protection. doi = nan id = cord-017112-5men6dfk author = Gupta, Varsha title = Biosafety and Bioethics date = 2016-10-23 keywords = animal; cell; ethical; human; laboratory summary = Raising transgenic animals and plants has fueled ethical concerns, and the scientists have faced a lot of resistance where genetically modifi ed crop plants or reproductive cloning research of human beings is involved. Raising transgenic animals and plants has fueled ethical concerns, and the scientists have faced a lot of resistance where genetically modifi ed crop plants or reproductive cloning research of human beings is involved. Present-day biotechnology opens many opportunities in research and development, addressing medical issues and new ways to explore things; improving human health conditions, fi ght food, and feed problems; and so on. Bioethics addresses the ethical issues in all the streams of life sciences like health care, genetics, and medical research by applying the principles of morality and philosophy [ 37 ] . The study of the social and moral responses arising due to scientifi c invention or experimentation is "bioethics." Thus it led to granting of ethical clearance for any proposed research projects requiring animal or human experimenta-tions. doi = 10.1007/978-981-10-0875-7_24 id = cord-256903-8lyw27gh author = Guzman, Efrain title = Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology date = 2018-12-06 keywords = animal; cell; human; mouse summary = Dendritic cells (DC) as such, and their role in immunity were first described in the 1970s and in 1995 Ralph Steinman published a series of papers describing that a cellular receptor called "DEC-205" (now CD205) was expressed on mouse DC, was involved in antigen processing (58, 59) and was detected by the monoclonal antibody NLDC-145. Studies in mice, for example, have shown the efficacy of vaccines against FMDV, however these efficacy studies have failed to be translated to the target species (cattle and pigs), presumably due to fundamental differences in the immune systems of model organisms and target species and the ability of the virus to mutate in these animals (112) . The role of bovine γδ T cells and their WC1 co-receptor in response to bacterial pathogens and promoting vaccine efficacy: a model for cattle and humans doi = 10.3389/fvets.2018.00307 id = cord-279406-wwdqh9qs author = Guzman, Norberto A. title = A Two-Dimensional Affinity Capture and Separation Mini-Platform for the Isolation, Enrichment, and Quantification of Biomarkers and Its Potential Use for Liquid Biopsy date = 2020-07-30 keywords = ACM; BDNF; ELISA; IACE; SARS; capillary; exosome; figure; human; potential summary = To address these limitations, we have developed a prototype of a portable, miniaturized instrument that uses immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis (IACE) to isolate, concentrate, and analyze cell-free biomarkers and/or tissue or cell extracts present in biological fluids. In this review, we therefore discuss applications and limitations of liquid biopsy and hope to introduce the idea that our affinity capture-separation device could be used as a form of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technology to isolate, concentrate, and analyze circulating cells, extracellular vesicles, and viruses. It would be beneficial to have a sample processing method before separation, to isolate and concentrate the intended viruses or EVs. Immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis has already been proven to be a useful technology to isolate, separate, and quantify cell-free molecules of biological interest based on the specificity and selectivity not only of antibody reagents, but also of lectin and aptamer reagents, quantifying molecules ranging from microgram/milliliter to femtogram/milliliter [25, 54, 55, 57, 75] . doi = 10.3390/biomedicines8080255 id = cord-021552-6jbm869r author = HURST, CHRISTON J. title = Relationship Between Humans and Their Viruses date = 2007-05-09 keywords = host; human; infection; virus summary = Viral replication ~ at the individual host level, the primary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the cervix, conjunctiva, pharynx, small intestine, and urethra; the secondary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the brain, kidney, lungs, and lymph nodes; at the host population level, these viruses generally are endemic and initially acquired at a very early age, with the infections very often asymptomatic in young children. ~ral replication ~ at the individual host level, primary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the small intestine; secondary tissue and organ tropisms are toward the liver; at the host population level, these tend to be epidemic within human populations; for the hepatitis E virus it seems that acquisition occurs from swine, with the result being epidemics (often very widespread) of human disease; some acquisition from animals may come from eating infected animals; subsequent transmission of all caliciviruses within human populations is by fecally contaminated waste and thus can be very widespread. Alternate hosts: One species of viral family Hepadnaviridae (hepatitis B virus) is known to infect humans, and it seems naturally limited to humans. doi = 10.1016/b978-012362675-2/50015-x id = cord-010046-7hlgjiqp author = Harvey, David J. title = Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003–2004 date = 2008-09-29 keywords = CHCA; DHB; ESI; Gal; Glc; Glycans; HPLC; Human; MALDI; Man; NMR; Synthesis; THAP; TOF; analysis; carbohydrate; characterization; high; identification; mass; structural summary = More specific reviews include those on the glycosylation of Caenorhabditis elegans , characterization of substituent distribution in starch and cellulose derivatives (Richardson & Gorton, 2003) , derivatization of carbohydrates for chromatographic, electrophoretic, and mass spectral structural analysis (Lamari, Kuhn, & Karamanos, 2003) , structure of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (Caroff & Karibian, 2003) , analysis of post-translational modifications (Cantin & Yates, 2004; Jensen, 2004; Seo & Lee, 2004) , the use of MALDI MS to detect enantioselectivity in gas-phase ion-molecule reactions with carbohydrates such as cyclodextrins (Speranza, 2004) , synthesis of heparan and heparin sulfate fragments , analysis of protein glycation products (Horvat & Jakas, 2004; Kislinger, Humeny, & Pischetsrieder, 2004) , carbohydrate biosensors (Jelinek & Kolusheva, 2004) , synthesis and discovery of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates for the treatment of disease (Macmillan & Daines, 2003) , dendrimers in drug research (Boas & Heegaard, 2004) , combinatorial carbohydrate synthesis (Baytas & Linhardt, 2004) , chemical tagging strategies for proteome analysis (Leitner & Lindner, 2004) , capillary electrophoresis of biopharmaceutical products (Kakehi, Kinoshita, & Nakano, 2002) and the use of mass spectrometry to study congenital disorders of glycosylation type IIx (Mills et al., 2003b) . doi = 10.1002/mas.20192 id = cord-346245-o9hvuwvq author = Harvey, David J. title = Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2009–2010 date = 2014-05-26 keywords = Arabidopsis; CHCA; DHB; ESI; Gal; HPLC; MALDI; Synthesis; THAP; TOF; Table; Use; acid; analysis; carbohydrate; cell; characterization; glycan; glycoprotein; glycosylation; high; human; link; mass; matrix; method; oligosaccharide; spectrometry; structural summary = Advantages and drawbacks of this approach are critically (Song et al., 2009d) Bacillus anthracis tetrasaccharide with thiol linker MALDI For attachment to a maleimide functionalized Microarray to study of carbohydrate-antibody interactions (Oberli et al., 2010) Glycodendrimers with N 3 group terminating in α-Man, β-GlcNAc or β-Gal TOF Immobilized on an acetylenyl-terminated gold substrate via click chemistry High-mannose glycans -Oxime linked TOF Used to probe binding to malectin MUC1 Glycopeptides TOF Synthesis on an amine-reactive hydrogelcoated microarray glass surface. The non-commercial CGE-on-a-chip assay allowed electrophoretic separation of proteins in the MW range from 14 kDa to 1 MDa. MW assignment was limited to 500 kDa in the case of SDS-PAGE but with the proper matrix (THAP for most glycoproteins, sinapinic acid for a2-macroglobulin) and sample preparation, analysis with a standard MALDI-TOF-MS provided accurate MWs for all high MW proteins up to 1 MDa. Three methods for N-glycan characterization, namely MALDI-MS of glycopeptides from tryptic digestion, negativeion ESI-MS/MS of released N-glycans, and normal-phase HPLC of fluorescently labeled glycans, in combination with exoglycosidase sequencing, have been evaluated for glycan identification using monoclonal antibodies expressed in tobacco plants as model compounds (Triguero et al., 2010) . doi = 10.1002/mas.21411 id = cord-274219-nh2t1qsl author = Harwood, Stephen title = Conceptualising technology, its development and future: The six genres of technology date = 2020-08-30 keywords = Fleck; artefact; development; form; future; genre; human; technological; technology summary = Since possibilities for what happens emerge from the relationship between the artefact and human, then this raises the question of whether the notion of artefact-creature relationship can be developed to forecast a technology development trajectory leading to some ultimate end-point such as envisaged by Stephen Hawking. Consequently, the six Genres explain how technology might unfold with growing autonomy and connectivity into some ultimate form -''an autopoietic technological being'' existing in communities of similar beings -and the consequent implications for the relationship between humans and artefacts. This can be viewed in terms of the convergence of existing technologies, for example, for perception (sensors), data storage (cloud), processing (high performance computing), calculation and sense-making (AI, Machine Learning), authentication (blockchain) and action (autonomous vehicles, robotics, drones). doi = 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120174 id = cord-321993-uazc3lyg author = Hedrick, Stephen M. title = The Imperative to Vaccinate date = 2018-10-31 keywords = disease; human; infectious; vaccination summary = A simplified version is that diffuse or small host populations cannot sustain an acutely infectious agent, meaning one in which infection is followed by clearance and long-term immunity. So, in addition to the endless parade of cold viruses that circulate among us, we acquired a great many deadly infectious agents, such as those that cause diphtheria, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, plague, rubella, smallpox, typhus, whooping cough, and others. Smallpox eradication was our first and thus far only complete victory over a human disease-causing agent, made possible by universal, global vaccination, and intensive surveillance. Vaccination effectively reduces the number and density of the disease-susceptible people, making acutely infectious agents unsustainable in the population. The risk of disease for any individual is thus most importantly dependent on the collective immunity of the population, especially those most susceptible to infection, usually the youngest children and oldest adults. doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.041 id = cord-323380-hm9wd817 author = Helmy, Yosra A. title = A Comprehensive Review of Common Bacterial, Parasitic and Viral Zoonoses at the Human-Animal Interface in Egypt date = 2017-07-21 keywords = Egypt; Giardia; Nile; Valley; egyptian; human; prevalence summary = This review summarizes the prevalence, reservoirs, sources of human infection and control regimes of common bacterial, parasitic and viral zoonoses in animals and humans in Egypt. In animals, from 1999 to 2016 the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium infection ranged between 2% and 69% among different species including cattle, buffalo calves, camels, sheep, goats, lambs, dogs, wild rats and quails. In humans, between 1989 and 2016 Cryptosporidium infection has been reported in almost all Egyptian governorates with prevalence rates ranged between 3% and 50% or up to 91% in immunocompromised patients and diarrheic children [169] [170] [171] [181] [182] [183] [184] [185] [186] [187] [188] [189] [190] [191] [192] [193] [194] [195] [196] [197] . The virus was isolated from various species of domestic animals (e.g., sheep, cows, buffaloes, camels, goats, horses, and rats) as well as humans [288, 289] .The epizootics of RVF in Egypt were reported every year round. doi = 10.3390/pathogens6030033 id = cord-017527-ylng1us2 author = Herman, Philippe title = Biosafety Recommendations on the Handling of Animal Cell Cultures date = 2014-11-05 keywords = cell; culture; human; risk; virus summary = While biosafety recommendations (as outlined hereafter) are principally aimed at providing maximal protection of human health (including laboratory workers) and the environment, it is recognised that many of the precautionary measures will also directly benefit the quality of research activities involving animal cell cultures. The methodology of biological risk assessment of contained use activities involving pathogenic and/or genetically modified organisms (GMO) identifies and takes into account the probability of occurrence and the severity of a potential negative effect on public health (including the exposed workers) and/or the environment. The risk assessment applied to animal cell cultures relies on a thorough evaluation of both the intrinsic properties of the cell culture -including subsequent properties acquired as a result of genetic modification(s) -and the possibility that the cell culture may inadvertently be contaminated or deliberately infected with pathogenic micro-organisms. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-10320-4_22 id = cord-281836-j1r771nq author = Hernando-Amado, Sara title = Antibiotic Resistance: Moving From Individual Health Norms to Social Norms in One Health and Global Health date = 2020-08-28 keywords = Global; Health; antibiotic; arg; human; individual; resistance; social summary = Global Health is based on a broad collaborative and transnational approach to establish "health for all humans." In this case, it focuses AR at a general (global) scale, considering that the selection and global spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are a problem that influences the health of human societies with disparate social and economic structures and is linked to many societal and ecological factors (Chokshi et al., 2019) . Although not belonging to the antibiotic resistome, genes frequently associated with resistance to other antimicrobials, such as heavy metals or biocides, as well as the genes of the MGEs backbones, eventually involved in the transmission and selection of ARGs among microbial populations, the mobilome at large, are also relevant to track the emergence and dissemination of AR among different habitats Martinez et al., 2017; Baquero et al., 2019) . doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01914 id = cord-316792-89f8g0m8 author = Herzig, Volker title = Animal toxins — Nature’s evolutionary-refined toolkit for basic research and drug discovery date = 2020-06-12 keywords = channel; drug; human; peptide; spider; target; toxin; venom summary = Over the course of evolution, toxins with exceptional specificity and high potency for their intended molecular targets have prevailed, making venoms an invaluable and almost inexhaustible source of bioactive molecules, some of which have found use as pharmacological tools, human therapeutics, and bioinsecticides. Current biomedically-focused research on venoms is directed towards their use in delineating the physiological role of toxin molecular targets such as ion channels and receptors, studying or treating human diseases, targeting vectors of human diseases, and treating microbial and parasitic infections. Since many venoms and toxins exert these biological effects through actions on cell membranes, receptors and ion channels, high-throughput techniques assessing changes in cellular signalling have proven particularly insightful. Spider-venom peptides have been crucial for uncovering the key role of ASICs in stroke-induced brain damage, and validating these channels as a target for neuroprotective drugs [134] [135] [136] [137] . doi = 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114096 id = cord-336117-hit4kza8 author = Heymann, D.L. title = Emerging Infections, the International Health Regulations, and Macro-Economy date = 2014-02-27 keywords = IHR; SARS; human summary = Under the IHR, countries are able to work transparently with WHO and its scientific experts and collaborating laboratories to conduct joint risk assessments of public health events such as outbreaks of infectious diseases; to make evidence-based recommendations to help prevent or control their international spread; and, by providing valid and transparent information to national focal points, to help prevent unnecessary panic and misunderstanding about risk. Precautionary measures to prevent international spread of the infection were immediately recommended by the WHO -it was first recommended that persons who were ill with similar symptoms and contact with geographic areas where outbreaks were occurring defer their travel until they were well. The IHR 1969 were revised in 2005, incorporating many of the lessons learned during the SARS outbreak, and now ensure broader disease coverage, and in addition require countries to develop core capacities in public health laboratory and epidemiology in order to detect and respond to diseases where and when it occurs, and before it spreads internationally (Box 1). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-375678-7.00624-6 id = cord-312438-zr9zx7pv author = Hoo, Regina title = Innate Immune Mechanisms to Protect Against Infection at the Human Decidual-Placental Interface date = 2020-09-10 keywords = IFN; SCT; cell; human; infection summary = Here, we outline the anatomy of the human placenta and uterine lining, the decidua, and discuss the potential capacity of pathogen pattern recognition and other host defense strategies present in the innate immune cells at the placental-decidual interface. Pathogen recognition is not only an essential component of the innate immune response against infection, but also plays an important role in bridging the innate and adaptive systems by Toll-like receptors (TLR) activation of antigen presenting cells by up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and co-stimulatory molecules (75) . Current evidence is only limited to in vitro TLR2/4 stimulation studies using placental explants and primary first trimester trophoblast cells, which drives the expression of FIGURE 3 | Toll-like receptors and potential inflammatory response at the decidua. In the mouse model of ZIKV infection, type I IFN-mediated signaling is essential for the control of viral replication in the placenta, but can also lead to significant placental pathology and fetal mortality (116, 117) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02070 id = cord-268378-tcuv255v author = Hood, Ernie title = Evolutionary Medicine: A Powerful Tool for Improving Human Health date = 2008-02-13 keywords = disease; evolutionary; human; medical summary = Evolution has not traditionally been considered to be an important aspect of medicine, and medical practitioners and researchers have not traditionally approached their work from the perspective offered by evolutionary biology. An evolutionary viewpoint pushes the focus out farther to look at long-term ecological relationships, including symbiotic bacteria, parasites and pathogens, historical lifestyles, and the genetics of populations. Evolution is providing clues about puzzling medical results, and studies of human health are giving us new information about the rate and driving forces of evolution. The group proposes to look for microevolutionary changes in the study population and to use the extensive medical data to correlate differences in genomic inheritance and phenotypic outcomes. Combined with the development of new technologies that have given us entire genomes and the tools with which to study them, these vast data sets have the potential to launch an evolutionary medicine revolution. doi = 10.1007/s12052-008-0036-9 id = cord-016292-o4cw5ufy author = Horby, Peter W. title = Drivers of Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date = 2014-07-19 keywords = Asia; animal; disease; human summary = However, it would be too simplistic to present the extensive changes in Asia as inevitably increasing the risk of EIDs. Some aspects of socio-economic change might serve to reduce the overall risk of infectious disease emergence, but all ecosystem changes have the potential to provide new opportunities for microorganisms to spill-over into human populations. Whilst high animal host and pathogen species diversity may be associated with a high burden of infectious diseases and an increased risk of disease emergence, biodiversity loss may, perhaps counter-intuitively, be associated with increased disease transmission. Whilst there remains some debate about the overall impact of these findings on human health, it is clear that the continued use of non-therapeutic antibiotics in an agriculture industry that is rapidly increasing in scale and intensity, has potential for becoming a very real threat through the inability to prevent/cure disease in production animals and the consequences for human food security as well as the transmission, for example, of resistant food-borne bacterial pathogens to humans. doi = 10.1007/978-4-431-55120-1_2 id = cord-310844-7i92mk4x author = Hryhorowicz, Magdalena title = Application of Genetically Engineered Pigs in Biomedical Research date = 2020-06-19 keywords = CRISPR; Cas9; DMD; human; model; pig; transgenic summary = Animal studies are conducted to develop models used in gene function and regulation research and the genetic determinants of certain human diseases. Short pregnancy, short generation interval, and high litter size make the production of transgenic pigs less time-consuming in comparison with other livestock species This review describes genetically modified pigs used for biomedical research and the future challenges and perspectives for the use of the swine animal models. It was demonstrated that precise integration of the human CFTR gene at a porcine safe harbor locus through CRISPR/Cas9-induced HDR-mediated knock-in allowed the achievement of persistent in vitro expression of the transgene in transduced cells. The study showed that multiple genetically modified porcine hearts were protected from complement activation and myocardial natural killer cell infiltration in an ex vivo perfusion model with human blood [86] . Biomedical applications for which genetically engineered pigs are generated include modeling human diseases, production of pharmaceutical proteins, and xenotransplantation. doi = 10.3390/genes11060670 id = cord-286368-kdwh4hgf author = Hui, David S.C. title = A clinical approach to the threat of emerging influenza viruses in the Asia‐Pacific region date = 2017-07-05 keywords = A(H5N1; A(H7N9; China; human; infection; influenza summary = Observational studies have shown that treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) for adults hospitalized with severe influenza is associated with lower mortality and better clinical outcomes, especially when administered early in the course of illness. The global circulation of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza, the emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 2009 followed by its continual circulation, 6 the rising number of A(H7N9) infections in humans 2 and the ongoing spread of A(H5N8) in recent months in the poultry populations in many countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and Middle East with pandemic potential 7 all point to an urgent need for developing more effective antiviral therapies to reduce morbidity and mortality. Human infections with a novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus were first reported in China in March 2013 in patients hospitalized with severe pneumonia. doi = 10.1111/resp.13114 id = cord-018017-c8myq6bi author = Iversen, Patrick L. title = The Threat from Viruses date = 2018-09-30 keywords = EBV; Ebola; HIV; RNA; disease; human; infection; virus summary = Numerous emerging infections caused by viral agents have imposed high impact on human survival (Table 3 .3). The apparent success of these viruses is that as they move from reservoir hosts to humans and as humans become immune to the initial infection, the population of diverse genomes offers multiple chances to adapt by finding a "fit" genome version which can propagate until the next transition requiring adaption. Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-1) HTLV-1 is a single-stranded RNA retrovirus, defined by their use of reverse transcriptase, a polymerase, that makes a DNA copy of the RNA 7 kb viral genome. If we combine cardiovascular events and neoplasia caused by infection, then infectious disease is the most significant threat to human life and qualifies as the area of greatest impact. Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) is a single stranded DNA virus that infects humans but are not known to cause disease. is a 5229 base double-stranded DNA virus infecting less than 5 percent of the human population. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-98164-2_3 id = cord-301537-uu2aykoy author = Johnston Largen, Kristin title = Two things can be true at once: Surviving Covid‐19 date = 2020-05-27 keywords = Christ; Christians; God; Greta; Lord; Luther; Lutheran; Supper; Word; church; human; life; time summary = One thing that must be addressed before reflecting on particular issue is to define worship from a theological perspective or, to use John Witvliet''s (2006) modes of liturgical discourse, in terms of "deep meaning and purpose." For Lutherans the primary theological understanding of worship is as a dialogue between God and humans, or as Luther says in his Torgau sermon, "where our dear [God] may speak to us through [the] holy Word and we respond to [God] through prayer and praise" (Luther, 1959, p. In the Lord''s Supper those are (a) "the social and concurrently naturalcultural moment" of shared eating and drinking; (b) the actualization of a "definitive communal relationship between God and humanity" taking place within a physical assembly; (c) convened by and "through the performative Word that has been addressed" to the assembly through bread and wine; (d) the whole action of which is empowered by the presence of the resurrected crucified Jesus (Bayer, pp. doi = 10.1111/dial.12571 id = cord-283339-pbgeoxdu author = Jonsdottir, Hulda R. title = Characterization of Human Coronaviruses on Well-Differentiated Human Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures date = 2014-12-18 keywords = cell; human summary = Additionally, we outline methods for immunofluorescence staining of these cultures for virus detection, characterization of cell tropism, and how to perform antiviral assays and quantify viral replication. Primary human bronchial epithelial cells cultured in an air-liquid interface (ALI) system serve as a universal platform to study human respiratory viruses [ 4 -6 ] . Additionally, we outline methods for immunofl uorescence staining of these cultures for virus detection, characterization of cell tropism and how to perform antiviral assays and quantify viral replication. The inserts need to be coated overnight with collagen type IV, necessary for development and long-term maintenance of differentiated primary airway epithelial cell cultures. 4. Apply 50 µl of HBSS to the apical side and mix with equal volume of reconstituted CellTiter-Glo enzyme solution (optimized for 24-well inserts, for other insert sizes adjust buffer amount accordingly) and incubate for 5 min at room temperature on a gyro-rocker to induce cell lysis. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_8 id = cord-293938-40zyv1h8 author = Jonsdottir, Hulda R. title = Coronaviruses and the human airway: a universal system for virus-host interaction studies date = 2016-02-06 keywords = East; MERS; SARS; human summary = The emergence of both Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory syndrome CoVs as well as the yearly circulation of four common CoVs highlights the importance of elucidating the different mechanisms employed by these viruses to evade the host immune response, determine their tropism and identify antiviral compounds. Tracheobronchial HAE cultures recapitulate the primary entry point of human respiratory viruses while the alveolar model allows for elucidation of mechanisms involved in viral infection and pathogenesis in the alveoli. Given the documented history of coronaviruses overcoming the species barrier and causing severe disease in humans, it is important to investigate the zoonotic potential of close evolutionary relatives of common HCoVs in a culture model that recapitulates the aspects of the human airway, e.g. morphology and receptor distribution. The establishment of transgenic animal models for human disease is attainable when either the virus receptor has been identified, which is not the case for all HCoVs, or when viruses can be adapted to a different host. doi = 10.1186/s12985-016-0479-5 id = cord-004222-z4butywi author = Joyce, Collin title = Comparisons of the antibody repertoires of a humanized rodent and humans by high throughput sequencing date = 2020-01-24 keywords = Fig; gene; human summary = We characterized the heavy chain and kappa light chain antibody repertoires of a model animal, the OmniRat, by high throughput antibody sequencing and made use of two novel datasets for comparison to human repertoires. Multiple differences were found in both the heavy and kappa chain repertoires between OmniRats and humans including gene segment usage, CDR3 length distributions, class switch recombination, somatic hypermutation levels and in features of V(D)J recombination. We individually separated total RNA from spleens and lymph nodes of three unimmunized OmniRats and PCR amplified the heavy and kappa chain antibody V gene segments. We started by making intra-animal comparisons, intra-species comparisons and inter-species comparisons of the immunoglobulin gene segment usage frequencies for each antibody repertoire by performing hierarchical clustering ( Fig. 1 ) and linear regression analysis (Figs. doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-57764-7 id = cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author = Kahn, R. E. title = 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date = 2012-09-07 keywords = BSE; H1N1; H5N1; Health; Professor; States; United; University; disease; human; infection; virus summary = The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp. doi = 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01539.x id = cord-270940-acwkh6ed author = Kallio-Kokko, Hannimari title = Viral zoonoses in Europe date = 2005-06-29 keywords = Congo; Crimean; Europe; Fig; RNA; fever; human; infection; table; virus summary = Recently, during an outbreak in Finland in 2002, the causative agent of Pogosta disease was isolated for the first time in Europe from skin biopsies and a blood sample of patients [115] ; the virus strains were most closely related to SINV strains isolated from mosquitoes in Sweden and Russia 20 years previously. The genus Nairovirus (family Bunyaviridae) is composed of 34 predominantly tick-borne viruses that have been divided into seven serogroups [154] including several associated with severe human and livestock diseases (especially Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and Nairobi sheep disease virus). Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which is the type species of the genus and is transmitted by mosquitoes, causing an influenza-like disease that affects domestic animals and humans. doi = 10.1016/j.femsre.2005.04.012 id = cord-314372-knhkdlq7 author = Kanduc, Darja title = Massive peptide sharing between viral and human proteomes date = 2008-06-05 keywords = Table; human; proteome summary = The widespread and ample distribution of viral amino acid sequences through the human proteome indicates that viral and human proteins are formed of common peptide backbone units and suggests a fluid compositional chimerism in phylogenetic entities canonically classified distantly as viruses and Homo sapiens. Importantly, the massive viral to human peptide overlapping calls into question the possibility of a direct causal association between virus–host sharing of amino acid sequences and incitement to autoimmune reactions through molecular recognition of common motifs. The second set of data illustrates the overlapping at npeptide level (with n from 5 to 16 amino acids) from the 30 viral proteomes versus the 30 human sub-proteomes (Table 8, columns 7 and 8) . A similar observation holds in considering the viral peptide overlapping to the 30 human sub-proteomes at higher n-mer level (Table 8, columns 7 and 8) . doi = 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.05.022 id = cord-338468-c0jv3i1t author = Kanduc, Darja title = From Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immune Responses to COVID-19 via Molecular Mimicry date = 2020-07-16 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; hexapeptide; human; protein summary = Results: Immunoreactive epitopes present in SARS-CoV-2 were mostly composed of peptide sequences present in human proteins that—when altered, mutated, deficient or, however, improperly functioning—may associate with a wide range of disorders, from respiratory distress to multiple organ failure. In the wake of such results, in order to validate (or, as well, invalidate) the cross-reactivity hypothesis, investigation was expanded here by analyzing the peptide sharing between the human host and immunoreactive epitopes that are also present in SARS-CoV-2. Table 2 documents that numerous immunoreactive SARS-CoV-2 epitopes are composed mostly or, in many instances, uniquely of peptide sequences shared with human proteins. This study shows that hexapeptides from immunoreactive epitopes present in SARS-CoV-2 are widespread among a high number of human proteins. Table S2 : Hexapeptide sharing between 233 epitopes present in SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins. Table S3 : List and short description of 460 human proteins that share hexapeptides with the 233 SARS-CoV-2 epitopes. doi = 10.3390/antib9030033 id = cord-281957-1p54k8it author = Kaplan, Bruce title = ''ONE HEALTH'' and parasitology date = 2009-08-12 keywords = Health; human summary = One Health is a concept that proposes that a paradigm shift in approaching diseases of humans and animals is essential to meet the challenges of the 21 st century. One Health began in the late 19 th and 20 th centuries with physician leaders in medicine like Rudolf Virchow, known as the "Father of comparative medicine, cellular pathology, and veterinary pathology" and William Osler, called the "Father of Modern Medicine." They embraced the concept that human and animal health were inextricably linked. Schwabe at the University of California coined the term "One Medicine" (now commonly referred to as "One Health") which was aimed at unifying human medical and veterinary medical disciplines against zoonotic diseases occurring in the public health arena. Parasitologists, of all the health professional scientists, are generally most familiar with the long list of parasitic zoonoses that affect humans via animals as well as specific details pertaining to each. One Health Initiative will unite human and veterinary medicine doi = 10.1186/1756-3305-2-36 id = cord-000235-782iew86 author = Kapoor, A title = Human bocaviruses are highly diverse, dispersed, recombination prone, and prevalent enteric infections date = 2010-06-01 keywords = PCR; figure; human summary = The multiple species and high degree of genetic diversity seen among the human bocaviruses found in feces relative to the highly homogeneous HBoV1 suggest that this world-wide distributed respiratory pathogen may have recently evolved from an enteric bocavirus, perhaps after acquiring an expanded tropism favoring the respiratory track. Most PCR-positive stool samples contained HBoV2B (76 of 101), making this genotype the most commonly detected enteric human bocavirus (Table 1) . Based on the phylogenetic clustering observed for a large number of partial VP1 sequences ( Figure 1 ) and the distances among full genomes (Table 2) , we propose for future classification that HBoV strains showing 18% protein and 110% nucleotide difference in the complete VP1 gene should be considered different species, whereas those showing 11.5% protein and 15% nucleotide difference should be considered different genotypes. doi = 10.1086/652416 id = cord-350569-dtxtjtfo author = Kasoka, Kasoka title = Autonomy in HIV testing: a call for a rethink of personal autonomy in the HIV response in sub-Saharan Africa date = 2020-06-13 keywords = AIDS; HIV; Killmister; SSA; UNAIDS; autonomy; human; self summary = In most SSA countries the ethic or value of personal autonomy or self-determination is promoted as primary in HIV testing decision-making. Without rethinking the value of autonomy in HIV testing decision-making, the article cautions that attainment of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 and the UNAIDS fast-track strategy that explicitly call to end the epidemic by 2030 will not be feasible for SSA. 9 My article interrogates the personal autonomy arguments and reaches a conclusion that the philosophy surrounding the value is problematic, as well as, it is silent on the ethics of the actual implications of an autonomous decision in HIV testing (Selemogo 2010) . HIV testing ethics, in particular informed consent requirements that are now premised on personal autonomy, should reflect a human being who is unique and yet a creature of the inescapable inculcating environment that makes her the ''I That Is We''. doi = 10.1007/s11019-020-09959-y id = cord-346308-9h2fk9qt author = Kaur, Rajwinder title = Microbiology of hospital wastewater date = 2020-05-01 keywords = HWW; PCR; WWTP; antibiotic; dna; gene; hospital; human; resistance; wastewater summary = The study of hospital wastewater (HWW) microbiology is important to understand the pollution load, growth of particular pathogenic microbes, shift and drift in microbial community, development and spread of antibiotic resistance in microbes, and subsequent change in treatment efficiencies. Within past years, pieces of evidence have shown mobilization of these resistance genes from the environment into pathogenic bacteria causing health risks to humans and animals and also, demonstrating a link between environmental and clinical resistance [123] . The HWW has been reported to have two overexpressed β-lactam-resistance genes (bla GES and bla OXA ) as compared with the water collected from other aquatic bodies, which could be correlated with antibiotic usage over the time in hospitals and discharge of the residues of antibiotics in the wastewater [176] . Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-819722-6.00004-3 id = cord-253111-n5ywei4t author = Keck, Frédéric title = Avian preparedness: simulations of bird diseases and reverse scenarios of extinction in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore date = 2018-04-14 keywords = Hong; Kong; Singapore; Taiwan; bird; human; simulation summary = title: Avian preparedness: simulations of bird diseases and reverse scenarios of extinction in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore This article describes relations between humans, animals, artefacts, and pathogens in simulations of disasters, taking bird diseases in three Chinese sentinel posts as ethnographic cases. Borrowing from the anthropology of hunting societies, it argues that simulations of bird diseases, considered as signs of future species extinction, rely on cynegetic techniques of power, in which humans and animals symmetrically shift perspectives, and not only on pastoralist techniques, in which humans are above the population they monitor and sometimes sacrifice. While public health relies on pastoral techniques of power combining sacrifice and surveillance to contain the threats coming from outside in a population (Foucault 1981) , the ''One World, One Health'' approach uses techniques from birdwatchers and wildlife managers to monitor data about changing relations between humans and animals. doi = 10.1111/1467-9655.12813 id = cord-349177-8h25qj9y author = Khan, Naazneen title = Multiple Genomic Events Altering Hominin SIGLEC Biology and Innate Immunity Predated the Common Ancestor of Humans and Archaic Hominins date = 2020-06-18 keywords = CMAH; human summary = Human-specific pseudogenization of the CMAH gene eliminated the mammalian sialic acid (Sia) Neu5Gc (generating an excess of its precursor Neu5Ac), thus changing ubiquitous cell surface "self-associated molecular patterns" that modulate innate immunity via engagement of CD33-related-Siglec receptors. We found no evidence for strong selection after the Human–Neanderthal/Denisovan common ancestor, and these extinct hominin genomes include almost all major changes found in humans, indicating that these changes in hominin sialobiology predate the Neanderthal–human divergence ∼0.6 Ma. Multiple changes in this genomic cluster may also explain human-specific expression of CD33rSiglecs in unexpected locations such as amnion, placental trophoblast, pancreatic islets, ovarian fibroblasts, microglia, Natural Killer(NK) cells, and epithelia. 2003) , most of the human-specific changes affecting sialic acid biology are found in the SIGLEC gene cluster on chromosome 19, and that although great ape genomes do not show many changes in this cluster, almost all the human changes are also found in archaic genomes of Neanderthals and Denisovans (Reich et al. doi = 10.1093/gbe/evaa125 id = cord-284795-0eoyxz78 author = Khetan, Aditya K. title = COVID-19: Why Declining Biodiversity Puts Us at Greater Risk for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and What We Can Do date = 2020-06-25 keywords = human summary = For Nipah, the fruit bats contaminated date palm sap, which was then consumed by humans who thus got infected. While public health measures, including surveillance of emerging disease hotspots, can be helpful as near-term strategies, they cannot substitute for a long-term solution that conserves biodiversity. Human activities that drive loss of biodiversity are also directly tied to climate change and increasing water scarcity. This agricultural land expansion has mostly been for farming animals (for meat and other animal products such as dairy), soybean production, and palm oil production. 5 Given the significant contribution of human meat consumption to loss of biodiversity, decreasing such consumption must be recognized as a major priority for decreasing the incidence of EID over the medium to long term. It is estimated that 25% of global GHG emissions are the result of agriculture, most of it from the farming of animals for human consumption. Evolution in action: climate change, biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-05977-x id = cord-352832-uih7alib author = Khoury, Bassam title = The Root Causes of COVID-19 Screech for Compassion date = 2020-06-03 keywords = animal; human summary = doi = 10.1007/s12671-020-01412-8 id = cord-276218-dcg9oq6y author = Kim, Jihoon title = Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine date = 2020-07-07 keywords = CRISPR; cell; human; model; organoid; stem; system summary = The use of classical cell line and animal model systems in biomedical research during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries has been successful in many areas, such as improving our understanding of cellular signalling pathways, identifying potential drug targets and guiding the design of candidate drugs for pathologies including cancer and infectious disease. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and diverse human AdSC culture methods has made it possible, for the first time, to generate laboratory models specific to an individual 32 . A number of studies have used 3D human stem cell-derived systems, including neurosphere culture and brain organoid models, to reveal the effect of ZIKV infection on human brain development 80, 81 . doi = 10.1038/s41580-020-0259-3 id = cord-256537-axbyav1m author = Kimball, Ann Marie title = Emergence of Novel Human Infections: New Insights and New Challenges date = 2016-10-24 keywords = Health; MERS; SARS; human; new summary = In reviewing the new challenges posed by these emergent events, new technologies promise some answers; however, global health security against pandemic threats, particularly given the uneven distribution of global resources for prevention, detection, and response, remains a critical area of challenge. Specifically: (1) it is now well appreciated that influenza can migrate directly from avian sources to humans, and the appreciation of the actual directness of ''species jumping'' has moved forward; (2) new infections have also introduced uncertainty in transmission dynamics with emphasis on super-spreader events as well as nosocomial transmission; (3) infectious particles are not confined to those organisms which contain genetic material; (4) a new paradigm such as ''Planetary Health'' may be necessary for defining these trends; and (5) global preparedness and response is not in place for the next pandemic. To summarize, the recent episodes of respiratory infectious diseases related to influenza, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV have demonstrated increasingly direct links between animal and human infections, agile intercontinental geographic spread, and complex transmission dynamics including ''superspreader'' events. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00153-3 id = cord-317501-yblzopc3 author = Kuhn, Philipp title = Recombinant antibodies for diagnostics and therapy against pathogens and toxins generated by phage display date = 2016-06-21 keywords = Fab; antibody; display; human; library; phage; single; virus summary = doi = 10.1002/prca.201600002 id = cord-275796-4560i8cx author = Kumar, Prashant title = Prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for human metapneumovirus date = 2018-10-20 keywords = HMPV; human; metapneumovirus summary = Recently, 54G10, a human monoclonal antibody directed to a conserved epitope of HMPV fusion protein, was shown to be highly neutralizing and effective in decreasing the viral titre in lungs and nasal aspirates of infected HMPV permissive mice model. Prior to this, Fab DS7, a recombinant human monoclonal antibody fragment generated using phage display technology against a fusion protein epitope was evaluated and found to be significantly effective in restricting the propagation of HMPV in the lungs of cotton rats [106] . In past few years, nanoemulsion based inactivation of virus like RSV was demonstrated to yield safe vaccines which could induce effective humoral immune response and enhanced viral clearance from the host body [59] . demonstrated that recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guerin (rBCG) carrying the gene encoding HMPV P protein could successfully express the viral protein and immunization with the rBCG strain could induce a protective Th1 immunity in mice model by activation of virus specific T cells producing IFNc and IL-2 [72] . doi = 10.1007/s13337-018-0498-5 id = cord-018639-0g1ov96t author = Kurpiers, Laura A. title = Bushmeat and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Lessons from Africa date = 2015-09-21 keywords = Africa; Cameroon; Congo; Ebola; bushmeat; human; virus summary = Here we review the literature on bushmeat and EIDs for sub-Saharan Africa, summarizing pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria, helminths, protozoan, and prions) by bushmeat taxonomic group to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge concerning zoonotic disease transmission from bushmeat into humans. In this review, we explore the links between bushmeat-related activities and EIDs in sub-Saharan Africa, where the vast majority of African emerging infectious zoonotic diseases occur (Jones et al. Although research has focused largely on mammals and, to a lesser extent, birds, theoretically any wildlife species harvested for bushmeat could be a potential source of zoonotic disease that can spillover during the hunting, butchering, and preparation process (Wolfe et al. With the increasing prevalence of zoonotic disease emergence and the associated risk for public health, we have to improve our understanding of the dynamics of spillover events of pathogens from animal to human hosts (Rostal et al. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_24 id = cord-346331-d0s028wl author = Lackey, Kimberly A. title = SARS‐CoV‐2 and human milk: What is the evidence? date = 2020-05-30 keywords = MERS; SARS; human; milk summary = doi = 10.1111/mcn.13032 id = cord-305318-cont592g author = Lancaster, Madeline A. title = Disease modelling in human organoids date = 2019-07-01 keywords = cell; human; model; organoid summary = Thus, more recent approaches have focused on in vitro models derived from stem cells, which allow for a broader array of tissue identities, long-term expansion, better genomic integrity and improved modelling of healthy biology. established the first adult murine-tissue-derived liver organoid culture that sustains the long-term expansion of liver cells in vitro (Huch et al., 2013b) . Addition of an activator of cyclic adenosyl monophosphate (cAMP) signalling and inhibition of TGFβ signalling adapted this culture system to the expansion of adult human liver cells as self-renewing organoids that recapitulate some function of ex vivo liver tissue . (2014) was instrumental in characterizing the early stages of metanephric kidney development, particularly the formation of metanephric mesenchyme (MM), then applying the identified signalling factors to direct differentiation of mouse and human PSCs specifically towards MM cells that could form 3D structures when cocultured with mouse tissues. doi = 10.1242/dmm.039347 id = cord-025998-1qawjquv author = Lara, R.J. title = Aquatic Ecosystems, Human Health, and Ecohydrology date = 2012-03-23 keywords = Africa; Asia; Brazil; Dam; River; Vibrio; cholera; disease; figure; human; increase; water summary = The effects of increasing water use and scarcity on human health are discussed considering historical and contemporary incidence of diarrheal diseases in European and South Asian megacities, relationships between dams and on waterborne diseases in Asia and Africa, and intensive agriand aquaculture resulting in man-made ecotones, fragmented aquatic ecosystems, and pathogen mutations. It is emphasized that the comprehension of the multiple interactions among changes in environmental settings, land use, and human health requires a new synthesis of ecohydrology, biomedical sciences, and water management for surveillance and control of waterborne diseases in basin-based, transboundary health systems. • natural biological cycles in which humans can act as hosts of pathogenic microorganisms (protozoans, bacteria, etc.); • consequences of the management of aquatic resources (e.g., wetlands drainage or creation, aquaculture, and dam construction); • effects of water pollution (chemical, microbiological, radio active, and thermal) on man and on the physiology of individual organisms; and • the impact of global changes affecting climate and hydrolo gical cycles (e.g., habitat degradation, warming, increased rainfall, and storms). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-374711-2.01015-9 id = cord-022544-7jn4ns6x author = Lawrence, Robert M. title = Host-Resistance Factors and Immunologic Significance of Human Milk date = 2010-12-27 keywords = breast; cell; factor; human; immune; immunologic; infant; milk summary = The immunologically active components of breast milk make up an important aspect of the host defenses of the mammary gland in the mother; at the same time, they complement, supplement, and stimulate the ongoing development of the infant'' s immune system. A number of other long-term studies demonstrated greater protection from infection with increased exclusivity of breastfeeding and durations of at least 3 months.* A couple papers demonstrated a "dose" effect relative to decreased occurrence of late onset sepsis in very low-birth-weight infants 73 and premature infants 245 associated with the infants receiving at least 50 mL/kg per day of mother'' s milk compared with receiving other nutrition. Evidence shows that neutrophils found in human milk demonstrate signs of activation, including increased expression of CD11b (an adherence glycoprotein), decreased expression of L-selectin, spontaneous production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and the ability to transform into CD1 + dendritic cells (DCs). doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0788-5.10005-7 id = cord-023488-jf2xl3vl author = Le Duc, James W. title = Emerging Viral Diseases: Why We Need to Worry about Bats, Camels, and Airplanes date = 2016-02-12 keywords = Africa; Ebola; SARS; disease; human; virus summary = On occasion, a virus that is already widespread in a population can emerge as a cause of epidemic or endemic disease, due to an increase in the ratio of cases to infections. Although many zoonotic viruses can be transmitted to humans on occasion, their relative ability to spread from human to human determines whether or not they emerge as significant new virus diseases of mankind (Table 2 ). In the history of modern virology (the last 50 years) there are very few documented instances where zoonotic viruses have established themselves in the human population and emerged as new viral diseases of mankind (Table 2 ). Rarely, as in the case of HIV, SARS coronavirus, and Ebola filovirus, a zoonotic virus becomes established in humans, causing a disease that is truly new to the human species. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-800964-2.00016-1 id = cord-340971-e42g37la author = Lehrer, Robert I. title = Defensins and Other Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins date = 2007-05-09 keywords = Paneth; antimicrobial; cell; defensin; human; neutrophil; peptide summary = In humans (and other mammals), defensins and cathelicidins are the principal antimicrobial peptides of neutrophils and epithelial cells. Defensins also induce the synthesis of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a C-X-C cytokine, by human airway epithelial cells, possibly providing a mechanism to recruit additional neutrophils to sites of inflammation (Van Wetering et al. In mice with a targeted disruption of the intestinal prodefensin-processing protease, matrilysin, Paneth cell defensin precursors were not processed to active mature peptides. Airway epithelial cells are the site of expression of a mammalian antimicrobial peptide gene Human beta-defensin 4: A novel inducible peptide with a specific salt-sensitive spectrum of antimicrobial activity Paneth cells of the human small intestine express an antimicrobial peptide gene In vitro activity of the antimicrobial peptides human and rabbit defensins and porcine leukocyte protegrin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Purification, primary structures, and antibacterial activities of beta-defensins, a new family of antimicrobial peptides from bovine neutrophils doi = 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50010-3 id = cord-016782-aods92rf author = Lessenger, James E. title = Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish date = 2006 keywords = animal; disease; farm; human; infection summary = Workers, visitors, inspectors, veterinarians, and people who live on or adjacent to farms, ranches, feedlots, processing plants, and other agricultural endeavors are at risk for contracting diseases from animals, poultry, or fish. Methods of preventing the transmission of infectious material from animals and poultry to agricultural workers mirror in many ways the safety techniques for protection from chemicals, trauma and other hazards (see Chapter 6) . Key to the prevention of the transmission of animal disease to humans is the proper processing of food products. Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish 369 Protective physical barriers in farm, ranch, or plant design allow for the raising or processing of food products without actual contact of humans with the animals or products. Production animals include cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, dogs, deer, and other animals grown in small to large farms and ranches for human consumption. doi = 10.1007/0-387-30105-4_27 id = cord-309301-ai84el0j author = Li, Yaqi title = Organoid based personalized medicine: from bench to bedside date = 2020-11-02 keywords = ALI; CFTR; CRISPR; Cas9; Fig; cell; human; model; organoid; tumor summary = The mini-gut culture approach has been applied to the generation of organoids derived from the epithelial compartments of a variety of murine and human tissues of ecto-, meso-and endodermal origin, and promotes the study of stem cell biology of other tissues except for intestine. For translational research, tumorderived organoids can be used for biobanking, genetic repair and drug screening studies, both for personalized medicine (to choose the most effective treatment for a specific patient) and drug development (to test a compound library on a specific set of tumor organoids), as well as immunotherapy research similar in liver, small intestine, and colon stem cells, regardless of the large variation in cancer incidence of these organs. Ductal pancreatic cancer modeling and drug screening using human pluripotent stem cell-and patient-derived tumor organoids doi = 10.1186/s13619-020-00059-z id = cord-336157-aqc9zrrm author = Liang, Guodong title = Factors responsible for the emergence of arboviruses; strategies, challenges and limitations for their control date = 2015-03-25 keywords = arbovirus; human; mosquito; virus summary = Slave trading of Africans to the Americas, during the 16th to the 19th century was responsible for the first recorded emergence in the New World of two arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), yellow fever virus and dengue virus. [2] [3] Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV) are three of a large number of neglected human pathogenic arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) whose combined figures for morbidity and mortality far exceed those for Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome viruses. However, many other arthropod species, in which viruses have been identified, may be involved in perpetuating the virus life cycle without having been associated with overt disease in humans or animals. 55 However, implementation of temporary localized arthropod control measures during epidemics, for example in high density urbanized areas, can still play an important but transient role in reducing the impact on humans and animals of emerging arboviruses. doi = 10.1038/emi.2015.18 id = cord-002337-8v907g24 author = Lipsitch, Marc title = Viral factors in influenza pandemic risk assessment date = 2016-11-11 keywords = H5N1; avian; human; influenza; receptor; virus summary = Preference for a2,6-linked mammalian sialic acid receptors over a2,3-linked avian ones HA pH of activation HA avoids extracellular inactivation and undergoes conformational changes leading to membrane fusion at appropriate pH for human cells (5.0-5.4 or perhaps 5.5) (Russell, 2014) Polymerase complex efficiency Efficient replication in human cells (Cauldwell et al., 2014; Naffakh et al., 2008) Virus morphology Filamentous morphology associated with several adaptations to mammals (Seladi-Schulman et al., 2014; Seladi-Schulman et al., 2013; Campbell et al., 2014; Beale et al., 2014) Length of NA stalk Longer stalk of NA required to penetrate human mucus and deaggregate virions (Blumenkrantz et al., 2013) Antagonism of interferon production Species-specific binding of the NS1 protein to host factors (Rajsbaum et al., 2012) HA-NA "balance" Substrate selectivity and catalytic rate of NA are calibrated to "balance" avidity of HA for the cell-surface glycan receptor (Zanin et al., 2015; Baum and Paulson, 1991; Yen et al., 2011; Handel et al., 2014) DOI: 10.7554/eLife.18491.006 Glaser et al., 2005) ; most human H2 and H3 seasonal isolates (Connor et al., 1994; Matrosovich et al., 2000) *These anomalous results are speculated by the authors to be possibly, or even probably the result of laboratory adaptation to egg passage and may not reflect the properties of the primary isolate. doi = 10.7554/elife.18491 id = cord-313529-xm76ae08 author = Liu, Wen-Kuan title = Detection of human bocavirus from children and adults with acute respiratory tract illness in Guangzhou, southern China date = 2011-12-14 keywords = HBoV; human; patient summary = title: Detection of human bocavirus from children and adults with acute respiratory tract illness in Guangzhou, southern China Our study is the first to analyze the characteristics of HBoV-positive samples from ARTI patients with a wide age distribution from Guangzhou, southern China. HBoV DNA positive samples were tested for 16 other potential pathogens, including influenza A virus, influenza B virus, parainfluenza virus (1, 2, 3, 4), respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, human metapneumovirus, human coronavirus (229E, OC43, NL63, HKU1), Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae by Taqman real-time PCR, in accordance with the manufacturer''s protocol (Guangzhou HuYanSuo Medical Technology Co., Ltd). Our study successfully analyzed the characteristics of HBoV-positive samples from ARTI-infected patients with a wide age distribution from Guangzhou, southern China for the first reported time. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that HBoV-GU338055 from an elderly patient is in a single lineage with other HBoVs. Osterhaus ADME: A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-11-345 id = cord-330312-1pjolkql author = Liu, Y.-T. title = Infectious Disease Genomics date = 2017-01-20 keywords = HGP; genome; human; malaria; sequence summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-799942-5.00010-x id = cord-265857-fs6dj3dp author = Liu, Yu-Tsueng title = Infectious Disease Genomics date = 2010-12-24 keywords = genome; human; sequence summary = The completed or ongoing genome projects will provide enormous opportunities for the discovery of novel vaccines and drug targets against human pathogens as well as the improvement of diagnosis and discovery of infectious agents and the development of new strategies for invertebrate vector control. The genomes of human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and its major mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae were published in 2002 (Gardner et al., 2002; Holt et al., 2002) . Genome sequencing projects for other important human disease vectors are in progress Megy et al., 2009 ). One of the similar efforts for human pathogens is the NIH Influenza Genome Sequencing Project. The completed or ongoing genome projects (Table 10 .1) will provide enormous opportunities for the discovery of novel vaccines and drug targets against human pathogens as well as the improvement of diagnosis and discovery of infectious agents and the development of new strategies for invertebrate vector control. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-384890-1.00010-8 id = cord-255181-du6rqc6i author = Louz, Derrick title = Cross‐species transfer of viruses: implications for the use of viral vectors in biomedical research, gene therapy and as live‐virus vaccines date = 2005-06-29 keywords = cell; host; human; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1002/jgm.794 id = cord-301328-13adnvav author = Lowenthal, John title = Overview of the CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory date = 2016-04-24 keywords = Health; human summary = Emerging infectious diseases arising from livestock and wildlife pose serious threats to global human health, as shown by a series of continuous outbreaks involving highly pathogenic influenza, SARS, Ebola and MERS. To combat diseases like MERS, we must take a holistic approach that involves the development of early biomarkers of infection, a suite of treatment options (vaccines, anti-viral drugs and antibody therapeutics) and appropriate animal models to test the safety and efficacy of candidate treatments. Examples include the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus that has decimated poultry production in Asia and claimed over 350 lives since 2003 with continuing regular outbreaks, the Hendra virus in Australia, the Nipah virus in Malaysia and Bangladesh and hemorrhagic fever viruses (Ebola and Marburg), which have emerged from bats via intermediate hosts, such as horses and pigs, to infect and kill humans over the past two decades. doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2016.04.007 id = cord-286749-si83t03j author = Lu, Q.-B. title = Epidemic and molecular evolution of human bocavirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection date = 2014-07-29 keywords = China; HBoV-1; Human summary = title: Epidemic and molecular evolution of human bocavirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a novel parvovirus, often associated with respiratory tract diseases in children. This study was aimed to explore the epidemiology pattern and clinical characteristics of HBoV-1 infection in Chinese children, as well as the molecular evolutionary pattern, for HBoV-1, by performing a 4-year laboratory surveillance of ARTI cases. According to our results, the prevalence of HBoV-1 in pediatric ARTI patients is higher than those from other hospital-based studies [2, 6, 21, 22] , whereas it was lower than that previously detected in persistently wheezing children [16] . Human bocavirus in children: mono-detection, high viral load and viraemia are associated with respiratory tract infection Detection and clinical characteristics analysis of human bocavirus 1-3 in children for acute respiratory infection in Lanzhou area doi = 10.1007/s10096-014-2215-7 id = cord-349163-q52upndx author = Luo, Guangxiang (George) title = Global health concerns stirred by emerging viral infections date = 2020-02-14 keywords = human summary = In 1997, a highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus was found to directly spread from poultry to humans unlike previously reported transmission routs of human-to-human and livestock-to-human, stirring a grave concern for a possible influenza pandemic. In 1997, a highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus was found to directly spread from poultry to humans unlike previously reported transmission routs of human-to-human and livestock-to-human, stirring a grave concern for a possible influenza pandemic. 1 Several other avian influenza A virus subtypes (H7N9, H9N2, and H7N3) were also associated with human disease, raising an alarm that all subtypes of influenza A virus circulating in domestic and wild birds and livestock can potentially spill over to humans, resulting in pandemics. [2] [3] [4] In 1999, a newly emerged paramyxovirus termed Nipah virus was identified as the cause of a severe encephalitis outbreak occurred in Malaysia and Singapore. Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus Recent advances in the detection of respiratory virus infection in humans doi = 10.1002/jmv.25683 id = cord-018151-5su98uan author = Lynteris, Christos title = Introduction: Infectious Animals and Epidemic Blame date = 2019-10-12 keywords = Aedes; Health; animal; disease; epidemic; human; plague; rat summary = Providing original studies of rats, mosquitoes, marmots, dogs and ''bushmeat'', which at different points in the history of modern medicine and public health have come to embody social and scientific concerns about infection, this volume aims to elucidate the impact of framing non-human animals as epidemic villains. Whether it is stray dogs as spreaders of rabies in colonial and contemporary India, bushmeat as the source of Ebola in West Africa, mosquitoes as vectors of malaria, dengue, Zika and yellow fever in the Global South, or rats and marmots as hosts of plague during the third pandemic, this volume shows framings of non-human animals to be entangled in local webs of signification and, at the same time, to be global agents of modern epidemic imaginaries. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-26795-7_1 id = cord-015613-ls9qus8y author = Macdonald, David W. title = Infectious disease: Inextricable linkages between human and ecosystem health date = 2006-06-06 keywords = SARS; disease; human summary = Several papers, including those on rabies in Ethiopian wolves, Canis simensis (Randall et al., 2006) , and African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus (Vial et al., 2006) , disease in Island foxes, Urocyon littoralis (Clifford et al., 2006) , squirrel parapox virus (SQPV) in red squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris (Gurnell et al., 2006) , and devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) in Tasmanian devils, Sarcophilus harrisii (Hawkins et al., 2006) examine this theme. The importance of reservoir identification is classically illustrated by a range of papers in this Special Issue, for example the ongoing dilemma facing bovine tuberculosis control , the diseases emerging from bats (Breed et al., 2006) , phocine distemper virus (PDV) in northern seal population (Hall et al., 2006) and the canid pathogens threatening Island foxes (Clifford et al., 2006) . doi = 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.05.007 id = cord-016499-5iqpl23p author = Mackay, Ian M. title = Rhinoviruses date = 2014-02-27 keywords = ARI; HRSV; HRV; IFN; PCR; RNA; human; infection; respiratory; rhinovirus; viral; virus summary = A convenience population of 15 healthy children (1-9 years old) without asthma were followed during at least three seasons, and picornaviruses were detected in 5 % of 740 specimens (21 % of infections) not associated with symptoms, The impact of HRV typing and of sampling based only on symptoms. Clinical features and complete genome characterization of a distinct human rhinovirus genetic cluster, probably representing a previously undetected HRV species, HRV-C, associated with acute respiratory illness in children Comparison of results of detection of rhinovirus by PCR and viral culture in human nasal wash specimens from subjects with and without clinical symptoms of respiratory illness Detection of human rhinovirus C viral genome in blood among children with severe respiratory infections in the Philippines doi = 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_29 id = cord-279694-25rblhwb author = Mahy, B.W.J title = Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates date = 2014-11-28 keywords = cause; disease; human; virus summary = Although it is still important to isolate viruses in cell culture for their complete characterization, it is now possible directly to detect viruses in diseased tissues by PCR, then, by sequencing the amplicon, to determine whether a new virus has emerged to cause the disease. For example, when hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, caused by a bunyavirus of rodents, Sin Nombre virus, was initially detected in 1993 in the Four Corners region of Western USA, it was found that rodents inside a house where people had been infected carried a virus identical in sequence to virus isolated from human cases. Then, in 1993, a new hantavirus emerged in the Four Corners region of Southwestern USA as the cause of a severe acute respiratory disease syndrome, with a fatality rate close to 40%, and named Sin Nombre virus. It will be important in the future to detect new viruses before they can emerge to cause disease in the population. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02564-2 id = cord-331584-z43ifmr3 author = Mahy, B.W.J. title = Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates date = 2008-07-30 keywords = disease; human; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00383-6 id = cord-335302-6wsx0jby author = Mahy, Brian W.J. title = The diversity of viruses infecting humans date = 2011-12-12 keywords = SARS; human summary = Other new viruses have been recognized because of a new disease they caused in humans, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus . Studies on the origin of the SARS coronavirus are still ongoing: there is recent evidence of a zoonotic origin of the human disease, perhaps from palm civets, but the true natural reservoir of the virus seems most likely to be in a bat species, probably Chinese horseshoe bats (Lau et al. This was the only known human parvovirus until very recently, when a new parvovirus was discovered to be the cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. 2006 ) and elsewhere (unpublished) have revealed a significant number of children whose lower respiratory tract disease appears to be caused by human bocavirus infection. New human coronavirus, HCoV-NL63, associated with severe lower respiratory tract disease in Australia Evidence of a novel human coronavirus that is associated with respiratory tract disease in infants and young children doi = 10.1080/14888386.2006.9712792 id = cord-006257-rnskg79a author = Majer, M. title = Diarrhea in newborn cynomolgus monkeys infected with human rotavirus date = 1978 keywords = human summary = title: Diarrhea in newborn cynomolgus monkeys infected with human rotavirus Of six newborn cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) naturally delivered and normally nursed five developed diarrhea after oral administration of human rotavirus. Stool samples were collected before inoculation and during the ten following days, and were examined by electron microscopy for the presence of rotavirus. The method has been described in detail (8); Serum samples were collected before and 14 days after inoculation and they were assayed for complement-fixing antibodies using the calf diarrhea virus as described previously (9) . Virus-containing stool of the animal No. 3257 (see Tablel) was used to inoculate six other newborn monkeys. However, newborn cynomolgus monkeys which were naturally delivered and normally nursed, seem to be a promising animal model for the study of human rotavirus infection. Diarrhea in gnotobiotic calves caused by the reovirus-like agent of human infantile gastroenteritis Induction of diarrhea in colostrum-deprived newborn rhesus monkeys with the human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis doi = 10.1007/bf01642161 id = cord-261466-b9r4cyp7 author = Maritz, Julia M. title = What is the importance of zoonotic trichomonads for human health? date = 2014-06-18 keywords = Trichomonas; host; human; specie summary = Four species of trichomonad are considered human parasites: Trichomonas vaginalis (found in the urogenital tract) [6] , Trichomonas tenax (localized to the oral cavity) [7] , and Pentatrichomonas hominis and Dientamoeba fragilis (located in the digestive tract) [8, 9] . In addition, several trichomonad species are of veterinary importance, such as the avian pathogens Trichomonas gallinae, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, and Histomonas meleagridis [16] [17] [18] [19] , and Tritrichomonas foetus, the causative agent of a venereal disease in cattle [20] . Thus, the presence of an increasing number of distinct trichomonads in a broader range of clinical samples from patients with diverse diseases, such as AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, prostate cancer, pulmonary infections (empyema and pneumonia in addition to PcP and ARDS), and digestive conditions such as diarrhea and IBS [33] [34] [35] , is becoming increasingly apparent. doi = 10.1016/j.pt.2014.05.005 id = cord-329149-1giy1fow author = Martinez-Martin, Nadia title = Technologies for Proteome-Wide Discovery of Extracellular Host-Pathogen Interactions date = 2017-02-22 keywords = cell; host; human; interaction; pathogen; protein; receptor summary = doi = 10.1155/2017/2197615 id = cord-331343-qzvwwca9 author = Mason, Andrew L. title = Metagenomics and the case of the deadly hamster date = 2008-06-09 keywords = LCMV; human; virus summary = 1 The authors then tried panmicrobial microarray analysis with 29,455 oligonucleotide probes reactive to known vertebrate viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, 5 and after drawing a blank with all these studies, they resorted to brute sequencing of all RNA in the infected tissue to discover the new virus. 8 In humans, metagenomic analysis has been used to study viral communities in blood and respiratory secretions, 6 to differentiate bacterial species in gut flora, 9 and to catalog the collective DNA and RNA viral species in stool samples of healthy subjects 10, 11 and patients with diarrhea. 16 They would have saved a considerable amount of time and effort if they could have sequenced RNA from a few "non-A non-B virus" infected livers (assuming that they could have had access to human genome data that were not available at the time). doi = 10.1002/hep.22452 id = cord-339341-c2o42b5j author = Matibag, Gino C. title = Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date = 2005-09-01 keywords = HIV; Supercourse; disease; human; infectious; risk summary = This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The overall goal of the "Supercourse for Zoonosis" is to show the most recent development in the knowledge of SARS and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), inter alia, which have significant global impact not only on health but also on the economy. The specific objectives of "Supercourse for Zoonosis" are to develop a set of educational materials for the control of zoonotic diseases, to disseminate them effectively via the Internet, to facilitate their use in the prevention and control of the diseases, and to promote human health while minimizing their economic impact. doi = 10.1007/bf02897702 id = cord-339386-sxyeuiw1 author = McIntosh, Kenneth title = 157 Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) date = 2015-12-31 keywords = MERS; OC43; SARS; human; respiratory; virus summary = The virus was quickly identified as a new CoV most closely related to several bat CoVs. 6 This report was followed by a number of other reports identifying a total of 537 infected individuals, all of whom had acute respiratory symptoms, severe in most, and fatal in 145 (as of May 11, 2014) . 6 Between then and May 2014, a total of 537 cases occurred, all infected by this virus, now termed the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In response to the global spread and associated severe disease, the World Health Organization coordinated a rapid and effective control program that included isolation of cases, careful attention to contact, droplet and airborne infection control procedures, quarantine of exposed persons in some settings, and efforts to control spread between countries through travel advisories and travel alerts. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00157-0 id = cord-022226-qxp0gfp3 author = Meager, Anthony title = Interferons Alpha, Beta, and Omega date = 2007-09-02 keywords = IFN; IFNB; IRF-1; Maeyer; gene; human; interferon summary = PRDI and PRDIII act as binding sites for a nuclear transcription factor, designated "interferon regulatory factor-l" (IRF-1) , whose expression is transiently increased by virus infection and which appears to mediate the activation of transcription of the IFNB gene (Fujita et al., 1988; Harada et al., 1989; Xanthoudakis et al., 1989) . For example, the IFN-inducible Mx proteins block the replication of influenza virus, probably by inhibiting the nuclear phase of viral transcription (mouse cells) or later cytoplasmic phases (human cells), without affecting the replication of many other viruses (Staeheli, 1990; Mel6n et al., 1992; Ronni et al., 1993) . A number of other negative regulatory factors, including IRF2 (Harada et al., 1989) and the ISGF2 (IRF1)/ISGF3yrelated "human interferon consensus sequence binding protein" (ICSBP) (Weisz et al., 1992; Bovolenta et al., 1994) , which also bind to ISRE, are also probably involved in the regulation of transcription of IFN-inducible genes. doi = 10.1016/b978-012498340-3/50026-9 id = cord-315164-nidgnvvi author = Medkour, Hacène title = Adenovirus Infections in African Humans and Wild Non-Human Primates: Great Diversity and Cross-Species Transmission date = 2020-06-18 keywords = Republic; dna; human summary = Non-human primates (NHPs) are known hosts for adenoviruses (AdVs), so there is the possibility of the zoonotic or cross-species transmission of AdVs. As with humans, AdV infections in animals can cause diseases that range from asymptomatic to fatal. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and diversity of AdVs in: (i) fecal samples of apes and monkeys from different African countries (Republic of Congo, Senegal, Djibouti and Algeria), (ii) stool of humans living near gorillas in the Republic of Congo, in order to explore the potential zoonotic risks. Samples were screened by real-time and standard PCRs, followed by the sequencing of the partial DNA polymerase gene in order to identify the AdV species. In the present study, we sought to investigate the presence and molecular diversity of AdVs in wild African NHPs, including great apes (gorillas and chimpanzees), macaques and other monkeys (baboons, green monkeys), living in close proximity to or outside human settlements. doi = 10.3390/v12060657 id = cord-029480-3md13om6 author = Meix-Cereceda, Pablo title = Educational Values in Human Rights Treaties: UN, European, and African International Law date = 2020-07-21 keywords = ACHPR; African; Court; Human; Rights; child summary = -The original conception of law perceived not as a tool for personal defense, but as an opportunity given to all to survive under the protection of the order of the communal entity -Communalism which emphasizes group solidarity and interests generally, and all rules which sustain it, as opposed to individual interests, with its likely utility in building a sense of national unity among South Africans -The conciliatory character of the adjudication process which aims to restore peace and harmony between members rather than the adversarial approach which emphasizes retribution and seems repressive. 59 So far, it may be concluded that African instruments on human rights consider the very accessibility to school education as a key element for the first value that should guide education: the full development of the child''s personality. doi = 10.1007/s12142-020-00599-6 id = cord-016364-80l5mua2 author = Menotti-Raymond, Marilyn title = The Domestic Cat, Felis catus, as a Model of Hereditary and Infectious Disease date = 2008 keywords = cat; disease; feline; gene; human; model summary = Genomics tools developed in the cat, including the recent completion of the 2-fold whole genome sequence of the cat and genome browser, radiation hybrid map of 1793 integrated coding and microsatellite loci, a 5-cM genetic linkage map, arrayed BAC libraries, and flow sorted chromosomes, are providing resources that are being utilized in mapping and characterization of genes of interest. 8 Ninety-six percent of the 1793 cat markers have identifi able orthologues in the canine and human genome sequences, providing a rich comparative tool, which is critical in linkage mapping exercises for the identification of genes controlling feline phenotypes. However, with the availability of a detailed comparative map, and integration with developing GL and RH maps, and the cat 2X whole genome sequence, linkage and association-based mapping techniques have recently identified causative mutations for hereditary disease genes, 33, 34 as well as several feline phenotypes (Table 25-1) . doi = 10.1007/978-1-59745-285-4_25 id = cord-005068-3ddb38de author = Meslin, Eric M. title = Biobanking and public health: is a human rights approach the tie that binds? date = 2011-07-15 keywords = ethical; health; human; individual; public; right summary = One definition of public health illustrates its breadth and focus: the promotion of health and the prevention of disease and disability; the collection and use of epidemiological data, population surveillance, and other forms of empirical quantitative assessment; a recognition of the multidimensional nature of the determinants of health; and a focus on the complex interactions of many factors -biological, behavioral, social, and environmental -in developing effective interventions (Childress et al. These developments notwithstanding, commentators have been quick to point out the limitations of adopting human rights approach for public health and genome-based medicine. Adopting human rights as a public health ethic is not an ideal guide for drafting specific rules governing individual focused biobanking issues such as consent, privacy and secondary uses. We have taken the view that one of the ethical challenges raised by genomic medicine reflects an enduring problem in public health: the appropriate balancing of individual and collective values, rights and interests. doi = 10.1007/s00439-011-1061-2 id = cord-018354-o6pmuhd8 author = Mine, Yoichi title = Human Security in East Asia: Assembling a Puzzle date = 2018-12-07 keywords = Asia; Chap; East; Human; Security summary = The researchers agreed to ask questions about the following three topics in the interviews: first, local perceptions of threats (the ranking of human security issues that are considered important in each country and in the East Asian region); second, the ways of (selective) acceptance of the concept of human security (the understanding of freedoms from fear, from want and to live in dignity, the strategy for combining protection and empowerment, and the understanding of preparedness for calamities, and so on); and third, the question of national sovereignty (whether to allow foreign actors to operate within the country in case of natural disasters and violent conflict, as well as whether to take action in territories of other countries in such a case). doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-97247-3_1 id = cord-018437-yjvwa1ot author = Mitchell, Michael title = Taxonomy date = 2013-08-26 keywords = RNA; dna; genome; human; protein; virus summary = Classifi cation is based on the genomic nucleic acid used by the virus (DNA or RNA), strandedness (single or double stranded), and method of replication. The nucleocapsids of some viruses are surrounded by envelopes composed of lipid bilayers and host-or viral-encoded proteins. The sequence of negative-sense ssRNA is complementary to the coding sequence for translation, so mRNA must be synthesized by RNA polymerase, typically carried within the virion, before translation into viral proteins. Among the families of viruses able to infect humans and other vertebrate hosts, there are many species that target and cause disease in the lung. The nucleocapsid is surrounded by an envelope derived from host-cell membrane and viral envelope proteins, including hepatitis B surface antigen. The genome of human parainfl uenza viruses is ~15 kb in length with an organization and six reading frames (N, P, M, F, HN, L) typical of the Paramyxoviridae (Karron and Collins 2007 ) . doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-40605-8_3 id = cord-299733-4mpz5l9e author = Mitchell, William M. title = Discordant Biological and Toxicological Species Responses to TLR3 Activation date = 2014-04-30 keywords = IFN; TLR3; Toll; human summary = The mechanism of this differential response is consistent with a relative down-regulation of the NF-κB inflammatory cytokine induction pathway in the cynomolgus monkey and humans, but not observed systemically in rat. Primary protein sequences for the human (GenBank U88879); monkey species, including Macaca mulatta (Gen-Bank BAG55034.1 and AY864735), Macaca fasicularis ajp.amjpathol.org -The American Journal of Pathology (GenBank BAG55033.1), Papio anubis (XP_003899477), Callithrix jacchus (JAB01765.1), and Saimiri boliviensis (XP_003899477); and rodents, including the house mouse (GenBank AF355152/Mus musculus) and rat (GenBank AB116229/Rattus norvegicus), dog (GenBank XP_ 005630024/Canis lupus familiaris), and rabbit (GenBank ABB76310/Oryctolagus cuniculus) were aligned using Crystal W software version 10.1.2 provided by DNAStar (Madison, WI). The unexpected differential toxicities observed between the rat and a nonhuman primate prompted an examination of inflammatory cytokines (g-IFN, TNF-a, and IL-12p70) associated with infusion of a TLR3 agonist, rintatolimod. doi = 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.006 id = cord-274520-c674wkmt author = Moelling, Karin title = Air Microbiome and Pollution: Composition and Potential Effects on Human Health, Including SARS Coronavirus Infection date = 2020-05-28 keywords = SARS; air; human; pollution summary = title: Air Microbiome and Pollution: Composition and Potential Effects on Human Health, Including SARS Coronavirus Infection e authors concluded that there was likely no risk for contracting infectious diseases from pollutant-associated microbes, but they recommended fixing soil by vegetation to reduce the amount of airborne microbes originating from fecal and terrestrial sources, including potential allergens [31] . As observed in the New York City subway, bacterial communities showed significant similarities with those of outdoor air samples, with some human skin-associated bacteria also being present. ere is evidence that people exposed to severe air pollution are more susceptible to infection with the present SARS-CoV-2 pandemic virus and experience stronger symptoms, not only in large cities of China but also in other parts of the world [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] . Potential human pathogens are typically below the detection limit in air samples even from closed environments such as subway systems, which means that there is not likely a significant risk for infection [31, 32, [34] [35] [36] [37] . doi = 10.1155/2020/1646943 id = cord-016743-k5plq0ja author = Mohammed, Yousuf H. title = Efficacy, Safety and Targets in Topical and Transdermal Active and Excipient Delivery date = 2017-01-25 keywords = active; delivery; human; skin; topical summary = (2005) assessed the safety of five sunscreens by determining their in vitro toxicity to human keratinocytes in culture then estimated the equivalent concentration to inhibit 50 % of cells in viable epidermis, after adjustment for the differences in protein binding in the two media ( Fig. 23.1 ). Our own work supports this, suggesting that, firstly, uptake by the blood in the dermal capillaries located just below the viable epidermis is likely to be the rate limiting determinant of clearance in vivo and secondly, carriage of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) to deeper tissues below that application site is also dependent on blood flow for highly plasma protein-bound drugs (Dancik et al. Hence, this report emphasizes the need to relate the in vivo dosimetry of sensitizers that penetrate into the viable epidermis via the stratum corneum of human skin to the concentrations used in in vitro applications. doi = 10.1007/978-3-662-53270-6_23 id = cord-302222-9ad0fw6z author = Monath, Thomas P. title = Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm date = 2013-11-04 keywords = Lyme; Nile; Rift; Valley; West; animal; disease; human; vaccine summary = A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherischia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Overall, it remains to be seen which of the many Rift Valley fever vaccines in development progress to regulatory approval and whether an integrated veterinary and human health policy based on the immunization of livestock in Africa together with predictive surveillance, can abort impending outbreaks, and lead to long range control of this important disease. The increasing problem of emerging infections, the majority of which are the result of spill-over from animals to humans, is a compelling reason to consider novel vaccine interventions, and the collaborations between veterinary and human health institutions in the development of the Hendra, West Nile, VEE and Rift Valley fever vaccines described in this review serve as examples of the power of this approach. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.029 id = cord-310509-c8wp2m69 author = Morens, David M. title = Emerging Infectious Diseases: Threats to Human Health and Global Stability date = 2013-07-04 keywords = disease; human summary = The most salient modern example of an emerging infectious disease is HIV/AIDS, which likely emerged a century ago after multiple independent events in which the virus jumped from one primate host to another (chimpanzees to humans) and subsequently, as a result of a complex array of social and demographic factors, spread readily within the human population. It was soon apparent, however, that the disease was not restricted to these groups, and indeed, the bulk of HIV infections globally has resulted from heterosexual transmission that has been heavily weighted within the developing world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa where a number of factors were responsible for this rapid spread; chief among these were human movement along truck routes accompanied by a high level of commercial sex work, inadequate public health infrastructures, poverty, and social inequality. doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003467 id = cord-333405-ji58jbct author = Morens, David M. title = The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date = 2004-07-08 keywords = AIDS; HIV; United; disease; human; infectious summary = Of the ''newly emerging'' and ''re-emerging/resurging'' diseases that have followed the appearance of AIDS (Fig. 1) , some have been minor curiosities, such as the 2003 cases of monkeypox imported into the United States 4 , whereas others, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in the same year 5 , have had a worldwide impact. The impact of both new and re-emerging infectious diseases on human populations is affected by the rate and degree to which they spread across geographical areas, depending on the movement of human hosts or of the vectors or reservoirs of infections. Immune deficiency associated with AIDS, and with chemotherapy for cancer, immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, has contributed to an enormous global increase in the numbers of immunosuppressed people over the past few decades (probably more than 1% of the world''s population), setting the stage for the re-emergence of many opportunistic infections. doi = 10.1038/nature02759 id = cord-304073-f3iwclkm author = Mullick, Jhinuk Basu title = Animal Models to Study Emerging Technologies Against SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-07-27 keywords = ACE2; CoV-2; SARS; human summary = Animal models are indispensable to understand these processes and develop and test emerging technologies; however, the mechanism of infection for SARS-CoV-2 requires certain similarities to humans that do not exist in common laboratory rodents. Here, we review important elements of viral infection, transmission, and clinical presentation reflected by various animal models readily available or being developed and studied for SARS-CoV-2 to help bioengineers evaluate appropriate preclinical models for their emerging technologies. Non-human primates, Syrian hamsters, ferrets, cats, and engineered chimeras mimic the human infection more closely and hold strong potential as animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and progression of resulting human disease. Overall, the studies show that the Syrian hamster is a useful animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection especially to study viral replication, shedding, and transmission through the respiratory tract. In all studies, animals developed NAbs. Overall, the rhesus macaque model has been similar in many aspects to the human COVID-19 pathogenesis. doi = 10.1007/s12195-020-00638-9 id = cord-351905-tjcyvkcv author = Mummah, Riley O. title = Controlling emerging zoonoses at the animal-human interface date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Fig; human; transmission summary = The three green lines show the total incidence resulting when control is shifted after one, two, or three generations of transmission among humans, respectively from top to bottom be the factor by which control measures reduce spillover rates in the high-risk group. Among strategies that only reduce spillover transmission (red and orange lines in Fig. 7) , targeted control shows considerable benefits at low resource levels, particularly for high risk ratios and higher values of R. A similar pattern is found for mixed strategies, where targeted joint or reactive approaches (i.e. high-risk spillover reduction followed by a switch to reducing human-to-human transmission once an outbreak is underway) are the most effective control policies at low resource levels, particularly when R > 0.5 and the risk ratio is high, but are incapable of reducing incidence to zero even at high levels of investment. doi = 10.1186/s42522-020-00024-5 id = cord-334353-nc2jhemz author = Murphy, Thérèse title = IS HUMAN RIGHTS PREPARED? RISK, RIGHTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES date = 2009-05-08 keywords = health; human; public; right; risk; security summary = doi = 10.1093/medlaw/fwp007 id = cord-289626-8oldaa8i author = Murray, Kris A. title = Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management date = 2018-04-19 keywords = Ebola; Peterson; disease; human; infectious summary = Indeed, distributional patterns of human infectious diseases are generally far more poorly compiled and characterized (e.g. often at only country or regional level and as coarse presence vs absence data) than many plant and animal species, for which numerous global stock takes, status assessments, occurrence databases and detailed distribution maps exist following a long tradition of biogeographic study (Wallace 1876 , Murray et al. We may represent the challenge of simultaneously understanding patterns and processes of infectious disease systems with respect to a series of interacting elements; including G, the physical geography context (e.g. topography) and E, the abiotic (e.g. climate) and biotic (e.g. habitat) environment; R n and V n , the single or multiple (denoted by superscript n) species of reservoir hosts or vectors; P, the pathogen being transmitted; H, the human population itself; O, the observation effort that may apply to each of the other elements (e.g. surveillance and data collation from existing sources); and M, the management landscape (e.g. interventions). doi = 10.1111/ecog.03625 id = cord-311601-w2jqmpww author = Muzemil, Abdulazeez title = African perspectives: modern complexities of emerging, re-emerging, and endemic zoonoses date = 2018-10-25 keywords = Africa; human summary = Specifically, land use change cum agricultural practices, surging human demographic, pathogen evolution (antimicrobial resistance), failure of public health systems, global travel and more global interconnectedness in spatial and temporal dimensions have driven these threats [2] . Consequently, new challenges have emerged, including: border-related conflicts, food security risk due to declines agricultural production, vectorand water-borne diseases, (especially in areas with inadequate health infrastructure), flooding and exacerbation of desertification by changes in rainfall and intensified land use [2] . It is suggested that, as long as Africa (or any other continent) does not address complex interactions -such as those that involve agriculture, the environment, economics, sociology, as well as zoonotic pathogens, disease outbreaks may follow human-driven disruptions, as those observed after major changes in land use, eg, those related with the construction of dams, mines, and intensive agriculture. doi = 10.7189/johg.08.020310 id = cord-010977-fwz7chzf author = Myserlis, Pavlos title = Translational Genomics in Neurocritical Care: a Review date = 2020-02-20 keywords = RNA; TBI; disease; genomic; human; injury; model; stroke; study summary = In this review, we describe some of the approaches being taken to apply translational genomics to the study of diseases commonly encountered in the neurocritical care setting, including hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and status epilepticus, utilizing both forward and reverse genomic translational techniques. Termed "reverse translation," this approach starts with humans as the model system, utilizing genomic associations to derive new information about biological mechanisms that can be in turn studied further in vitro and in animal models for target refinement (Fig. 1) . These results highlight the value of reverse genomic translation in first identifying human-relevant genetic risk factors for disease, and using model systems to understand the pathways impacted by their introduction to select rationally-informed modalities for potential treatment. These observations provide vital information about cellular mechanisms impacted by human disease-associated genetic risk factors without requiring the expense and time investment of creating, validating, and studying animal models. doi = 10.1007/s13311-020-00838-1 id = cord-318407-uy0f7f2o author = Nara, Peter L. title = Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities date = 2008-11-18 keywords = CDC; U.S.; United; animal; disease; health; human; medicine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.094 id = cord-254559-3kgfwjzd author = Neo, Jacqueline Pei Shan title = The use of animals as a surveillance tool for monitoring environmental health hazards, human health hazards and bioterrorism date = 2017-05-31 keywords = Health; animal; human; sentinel; surveillance summary = Abstract This review discusses the utilization of wild or domestic animals as surveillance tools for monitoring naturally occurring environmental and human health hazards. Animals are an excellent channel for monitoring novel and known pathogens with outbreak potential given that more than 60 % of emerging infectious diseases in humans originate as zoonoses. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental health hazards, human health hazards, or bioterrorism. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental and human health hazards, or bioterrorism. Furthermore, animals like domestic dogs and rodents spend more time outdoors and have greater exposure to the environment than humans, making them great surveillance tools for monitoring plague. doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.007 id = cord-282059-sdumq61z author = Nesse, Randolph M title = The great opportunity: Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health date = 2008-02-17 keywords = Nesse; disease; evolutionary; genetic; human; medicine; selection summary = Understanding the body as a product of natural selection, not design, offers new research questions and a framework for making medical education more coherent. Much of the recent work in evolutionary medicine asks questions about why natural selection has left the body vulnerable to disease (Williams and Nesse 1991; Ewald 1994; Nesse and Williams 1994; Stearns 1998; Trevathan et al. Whatever the answer turns out to be, these Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health Nesse and Stearns ª 2008 The Authors studies have called our attention to the importance of the physiological state of mother and infant for the prevalence of lifestyle diseases later in life, with some well-documented effects delayed by several decades. This research ranges from well-established applications of population genetics and phylogeny to new applications of evolution to specific medical problems such as infectious disease and aging. doi = 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00006.x id = cord-297579-ohpm5ys0 author = Netzler, Natalie E. title = Norovirus antivirals: Where are we now? date = 2018-12-25 keywords = NTZ; Norwalk; RNA; antiviral; human; norovirus summary = Despite the clinical significance of norovirus infection, antiviral studies have been hindered, because until recently, human norovirus could not be successfully propagated in cell culture. The cross-genotypic activity displayed by Nbs illustrates that these molecules have the potential to overcome the narrow antigenic spectrum typically displayed by conventional mAbs. However, despite these findings, mAb and Nb studies have been based mostly on VLP-binding and structural analysis of that binding (Table 1 ) and thus the effects of such compounds against norovirus in cell culture or in vivo need to be explored further before continued development toward clinical application. Most recently NTZ was shown to potently inhibit FCV replication in cell culture with an EC 50 of 0.6 µM, 189 and the GI norovirus replicon at a clinically relevant concentration (5 μg/mL), 190 which was later shown to result in a broad antiviral response. The viral polymerase inhibitor 2′-C-methylcytidine inhibits Norwalk virus replication and protects against norovirus-induced diarrhea and mortality in a mouse model doi = 10.1002/med.21545 id = cord-016293-pyb00pt5 author = Newell-McGloughlin, Martina title = The flowering of the age of Biotechnology 1990–2000 date = 2006 keywords = FDA; Genome; NIH; RNA; U.S.; University; Venter; cell; disease; dna; gene; human; plant; sequence; technology summary = In the course of the project, especially in the early years, the plan stated that "much new technology will be developed that will facilitate biomedical and a broad range of biological research, bring down the cost of many experiments (mapping and sequencing), and finding applications in numerous other fields." The plan built upon the 1988 reports of the Office of Technology Assessment and the National Research Council on mapping and sequencing the human genome. These DNA chips have broad commercial applications and are now used in many areas of basic and clinical research including the detection of drug resistance mutations in infectious organisms, direct DNA sequence comparison of large segments of the human genome, the monitoring of multiple human genes for disease associated mutations, the quantitative and parallel measurement of mRNA expression for thousands of human genes, and the physical and genetic mapping of genomes. doi = 10.1007/1-4020-5149-2_4 id = cord-008881-579ronfq author = Nicholson, KarlG title = MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine date = 1981-10-24 keywords = HDCS; human; vaccine summary = title: MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. This resounding success has been repeated in trials in Germany and the U.S.A. using 5 or 6 doses of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine and human rabies immune globulin.'', Thus, almost a century after the post exposure treatment of man began, effective antirabies prophylaxis appears to have been achieved. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91402-1 id = cord-028721-x6f26ahr author = Nistal, Manuel title = Non-neoplastic diseases of the testis date = 2020-06-22 keywords = Fig; Klinefelter; Leydig; SRY; Sertoli; case; cell; fsh; gene; germ; human; male; man; normal; patient; primary; seminiferous; syndrome; testicular; testis; tubular; tubule summary = Congenital decrease of germ cells occurs in numerous conditions, including trisomies 13, 18, and 21, some forms of primary hypogonadism such as Klinefelter''s syndrome, anencephaly, many cryptorchid testes, and in patients with posterior urethral valves and severe obstruction of the urinary ducts. 728, 729 Leydig cell hypoplasia This variant of male pseudohermaphroditism is defi ned by insuffi cient testosterone secretion 422 and the following characteristics: predominance of female external genitalia; absence of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty; absence of uterus and fallopian tubes and the presence of epididymis and vas deferens; 46XY karyotype; lack of response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation; absence of an enzymatic defect in testosterone synthesis; and small undescended testes that are gray and mucous on section. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-01970-5.50014-2 id = cord-018613-83r6lhpo author = Norman, Robert A. title = The Last Natural Brain date = 2017-03-21 keywords = Singularity; University; brain; computer; human summary = Scientists working in this space of artificial intelligence now realize that storing memory as varying threads of information, rather than as binary digits is the key to making computers ''more human. However, there exist some significant hurdles -when it comes to memory, speed alone isn''t the problem -artificial intelligence (AI) will need to come up with new ways to match the 2C''s of brain function -complexity and consciousness. In his book, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (Viking Press, 2005) Kurzweil creates a vision of intelligent nano-robots integrated into our bodies, our brains, and our environment, with a capability to eradicate pollution and poverty, offering the new artificial man extended longevity, while enjoying the sensory stimulation of a full-immersion virtual reality (think movies like "The Matrix" or "Being John Malkovich"). "Technologically, in terms of computers and techniques to acquire data, it will be possible to build a model of the human brain within 10 years," Markram has been quoted saying. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-42217-6_7 id = cord-030279-pv770doe author = Novossiolova, Tatyana title = Twenty-first Century Governance Challenges in the Life Sciences date = 2016-11-29 keywords = H5N1; Influenza; Research; biology; biotechnology; change; development; human; life; risk; science; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-51004-0_4 id = cord-186405-f9m3e31q author = Ortenzi, Valerio title = Object Handovers: a Review for Robotics date = 2020-07-25 keywords = handover; human; object; receiver; robot; task summary = While focusing our review on the cognitive level (e.g., prediction, perception, motion planning, learning) and the physical level (e.g., motion, grasping, grip release) of the handover, we briefly discuss also the concepts of safety, social context, and ergonomics. In Section III we focus on the reasoning and actions of the giver and receiver before the physical exchange of the object, analysing aspects such as communication, grasping, and motion planning and control. For each paper we report: the paradigm (robot-to-human or human-to-robot); what the authors investigated (communication, grasping, motion planning and control, and perception during the prehandover phase; grip force and error handling during the physical handover); whether the handover location was fixed, pre-planned accounting for aspects such as the ergonomics, or adapted online to the human partner; whether the experimental protocol included a post-handover task for the receiver; the metrics used to assess the task performance and the user experience; and finally the number of different objects used in the real robot experiments. doi = nan id = cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author = Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title = A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date = 2020-05-27 keywords = Health; Toxocara; animal; cat; disease; dog; human; infection; pet; risk summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph17113789 id = cord-282965-xguotf4m author = O’Callaghan-Gordo, Cristina title = COVID-19: The Disease of the Anthropocene date = 2020-05-15 keywords = SARS; human summary = Since the emergence of AIDS, many other epidemic infectious diseases, such as Ebola, SARS and MERS to name the most recent, have been caused by the transmission of viruses from wild animal species to humans as shown in 2008 by Jones et al. The complete causal sequences and impacts of these ecological changes are still poorly understood, but frequently these emerging zoonosis appear and spread in circumstances that denote the effects of an economic and commercial practices that destroys natural habitats and animal populations, including those of humans living there, in the absence of effective protection and regulatory policies. The destruction of natural habitats and the extinction of species, the poorly regulated capture, marketing and consumption of non-human animals, the influence of lobbies to nullify or delay measures to protect natural and social systems, the limitation of current scientific knowledge and the contempt by governments and companies of the available evidence, have all worked in an orchestrated sequence to facilitate the current COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109683 id = cord-023767-rcv4pl0d author = O’Ryan, Miguel L. title = Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea date = 2009-05-19 keywords = Campylobacter; EAEC; EPEC; Escherichia; Salmonella; Shigella; States; United; cause; child; coli; diarrhea; human; infant; infection; neonatal; outbreak; rotavirus summary = coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10'' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50022-0 id = cord-340629-1fle5fpz author = O’Shea, Helen title = Viruses Associated With Foodborne Infections date = 2019-05-21 keywords = Nipah; SARS; human; infection; virus summary = In infants, prior to the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, RVAs could be detected in up to 50%-60% of all childhood hospitalisations due to acute gastroenteritis each year, were estimated to cause 138 million cases of gastroenteritis annually, and 527,000 deaths in children o5 years of age living in developing countries. Recent emerging epidemic and pandemic virus infections that cause severe disease in humans and that are associated with food production, preparation and food contamination include the coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Nipah virus, Ebola virus and some of the highly pathogenic influenza virus strains, such as the H5N1 subtype. Infections by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus, Nipah virus (NiV), H5N1 virus, Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Adenovirus, Astrovirus, Norovirus (NoV) and Rotavirus (RVA) in humans and animals are detected by nucleic acid amplification tests and serologic tests. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.90273-5 id = cord-009792-e2vvi8qo author = Pandit, SB title = Structural and Functional Characterization of Gene Products Encoded in the Human Genome by Homology Detection date = 2008-01-03 keywords = Pfam; human; protein summary = Using sensitive profile-matching procedures, we could make a comprehensive compilation of functional/structural domains to gene protein encoded in human genome. With a view to enhance structural information present in human genome, we have used structural information as in PALI profiles that is generated using structure-dependent sequence alignments of a large number of protein domain families, since the incorporation of 3-D structural information could aid in effective detection of remotely related proteins. The list of bacterial and viral specific families, identified in human, along with associated gene products in human genome are listed in Table 1A and 1B respectively The complete list of proteins with the region of Pfam domain assignment is made available at http:// hodgkin.mbu.iisc.ernet.in/*human. The 18 sequence superfamilies identified in human genome consist of 25 Pfam families, with no known 3-D structure for any of their members. doi = 10.1080/15216540400006105 id = cord-320005-i30t7cvr author = Pardo, A. title = The Human Genome and Advances in Medicine: Limits and Future Prospects date = 2004-03-31 keywords = dna; gene; genome; human summary = The HGP''s initial objectives were fulfilled 2 years ahead of schedule, and, in addition to compiling a highly accurate sequence of the human genome which has been made freely available and accessible to everyone, the Consortium has developed a set of new technologies and has constructed genetic maps of the genomes of various organisms. Around the same time, the public consortium known as the Human Genome Project was formed, and this organization announced a 15-year plan (from 1990 to 2005) with the following objectives: a) to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of human DNA and identify all the genes in human DNA (estimated to number between 50 000 and 100 000); b) to build physical and genetic maps; c) to analyze the genomes of selected organisms used in research as model systems (eg, the mouse); d) to develop new technologies; and e) to analyze and debate the ethical and legal implications for individuals and for society as a whole. doi = 10.1016/s1579-2129(06)70078-7 id = cord-104317-t30dg6oj author = Parker, Michael T. title = An Ecological Framework of the Human Virome Provides Classification of Current Knowledge and Identifies Areas of Forthcoming Discovery date = 2016-09-30 keywords = host; human; infection; interaction; pathogenic; virome; virus summary = However, the obvious importance of viruses in the composition of all biomes has not (yet) been met with an appropriate fervor for the characterization of the viral REVIEW Recent advances in sequencing technologies have opened the door for the classification of the human virome. The discovery of intimate interactions of viruses with humans, like the role of endogenous retrovirus (ERV †) syncytins in placentation [27] , are categorically dissimilar to the classical view of viruses only as parasites and brings to issue how scientists are approaching the study of the virome. The application of this scaffold will not only deepen the understanding of known virus-host interactions in the ecological context of the virome, but will also identify logical next steps and gaps in current knowledge that are tantalizing areas for future exploration. Additionally, further characterization of the human virome is likely to uncover more viruses that persistently infect humans [31] , and such discoveries could pave the way for the treatment of diseases of currently unknown etiology. doi = nan id = cord-337464-otwps68u author = Parray, Hilal Ahmed title = Hybridoma technology a versatile method for isolation of monoclonal antibodies, its applicability across species, limitations, advancement and future perspectives date = 2020-05-27 keywords = antibody; cell; human; hybridoma; mouse; technology; therapeutic summary = Even with the recent development of high throughput mAb generation technologies, hybridoma is the most favoured method due to its indigenous nature to preserve natural cognate antibody pairing information and preserves innate functions of immune cells. This review also summarizes the challenges and recent progress associated with hybridoma development, and how it has been overcome in these years to provide new insights for the isolation of mAbs. Antibodies are the glycoproteins produced by the B-cells also known as immunoglobulins, which are present in higher eukaryotes. The mice hybridoma technology is a multi-step process that takes advantage of a host animal''s natural ability to produce highly specific, high-affinity and fully functional mAbs. It involves the development and optimization of specific immunogenic antigen (Ag). doi = 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106639 id = cord-272405-jmwn8pdn author = Parvez, Mohammad K. title = Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic Viruses: Past, Present, and Future date = 2017-08-04 keywords = SARS; ZIKV; human; virus summary = Despite substantial advancements in the understanding of the biology of pathogens, the breakthroughs in prevention, and their effects on public health and the global economy, the emergence of novel pandemic viruses remains an enduring puzzle. This review presents an update on the knowledge of important emerging/re-emerging viral infections worldwide, discussing their possible origin, evolution, natural reservoirs, human adaptations, and risk factors ( Fig. 1 ). To understand this further, a recently isolated HEV genotype 3 from a chronic hepatitis E patient containing a recombinant virus-host RNA genome was shown to infect cultured human, pig, and deer hepatocytes [39] . The field of phylodynamics, combining a modeling framework for host, epidemiological, and molecular data, especially for RNA viruses, shows particular promise for Parvez understanding the patterns of viral evolution during epidemics [40, 41] . Despite landmark advances in understanding the nature and biology of many pathogenic viruses, there is limited knowledge on emerging novel viruses, their potential reservoirs, and their modes of transmission. doi = 10.1159/000478729 id = cord-283152-wav0d0ws author = Patel, Sanjay K. S. title = Deploying Biomolecules as Anti-COVID-19 Agents date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; human summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) known as COVID-19 has emerged as a major threat to human existence. The emergence of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, renamed as COVID19) in 2019 from Wuhan, China has led to a global crisis and it has been declared as a pandemic emergency by World Health Organization (WHO) due to its fast rate of transmission among human beings [1, 2] . Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of genetically distinct viruses, which originated from broad ranges of hosts, including animal and bird species, and primarily cause respiratory and intestinal infections to humans and animals [1, [5] [6] [7] [8] . Transmission of COVID-19 possibly involved an adaptive evolution through an intermediate host (bat) before infecting humans. Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective doi = 10.1007/s12088-020-00893-4 id = cord-332379-340wczmq author = Pennington, Matthew R. title = Disparate Entry of Adenoviruses Dictates Differential Innate Immune Responses on the Ocular Surface date = 2019-09-13 keywords = D37; EKC; adenovirus; cell; corneal; dna; human; infection summary = These findings suggest that adenoviruses may stimulate specific pattern recognition receptors in an entry/trafficking-dependent manner, leading to distinct immune responses dependent on the virus/cell type combination. Additional work is needed to understand the specific connections between adenoviral entry and the stimulation of innate immune responses by the various cell types present on the ocular surface. Innate immune responses to adenoviruses rely on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): distinct ligands present on the external surfaces, and nucleic acids of pathogens (but absent in the host) that feature molecular signatures able to be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on or in infected host cells [43] [44] [45] [46] . Innate immune responses to adenoviruses rely on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): distinct ligands present on the external surfaces, and nucleic acids of pathogens (but absent in the host) that feature molecular signatures able to be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on or in infected host cells [43] [44] [45] [46] . doi = 10.3390/microorganisms7090351 id = cord-016070-e9ix35x3 author = Perret Pérez, Cecilia title = Pneumonia Caused by Emerging Viral Agents date = 2020-02-01 keywords = human; respiratory; virus summary = The SARS coronavirus and MERS-CoV are two pathogens from the coronavirus family that predominantly cause serious lower tract respiratory infections with a high mortality rate, but they are genetically different viruses. This observation suggests that camels are the reservoirs of the virus, which can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with these animals or through consumption of their milk: 1599 cases had been diagnosed by July 2015, with 574 deaths [World Health Organization (WHO)]. HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 are viruses that tend to manifest as a common cold, just as the usual coronaviruses HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43; nevertheless, in small children, elderly patients, and immunosuppressed patients, they can cause serious respiratory disease with a high mortality rate. Isolated cases of avian origin in humans caused by the influenza H10N8 virus and H6N1 have been observed in China. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-26961-6_34 id = cord-282610-zim7nond author = Proal, Amy title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity date = 2018-12-04 keywords = CFS; disease; dna; human; immune; microbiome; pathogen; patient summary = title: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity Intracellular pathogens, including many associated with ME/CFS, drive microbiome dysbiosis by directly interfering with human transcription, translation, and DNA repair processes. The gut microbiome can initiate and promote colorectal cancer at all stages of tumorigenesis by acting as an inducer of DNA damage, generating epigenetic changes, regulating cell growth, and modulating host immune responses (80) . If ME/CFS is driven by successive infection, treatments that support or activate the human immune system could improve microbiome health by allowing patients to better target persistent pathogens. Antibodies and/or clonal T cells identified in patients with ME/CFS are likely activated in response to many of these persistent microbiome pathogens. In ME/CFS, the immune response, metabolism, central nervous system, and human gene expression are all linked by the activity of the microbiome and its associated proteins/metabolites. doi = 10.3389/fped.2018.00373 id = cord-280107-tulne0v3 author = Rabaa, Maia A. title = The Vietnam Initiative on Zoonotic Infections (VIZIONS): A Strategic Approach to Studying Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date = 2015-09-24 keywords = VIZIONS; Vietnam; human; pathogen summary = This infrastructure will facilitate systematic investigations of pathogen ecology and evolution, enhance understanding of viral cross-species transmission events, and identify relevant risk factors and drivers of zoonotic disease emergence. Here, we describe a project that is currently underway in communities across Vietnam in which we are collecting clinical samples and associated clinical, epidemiological, and demographic data, which will be combined with high-throughput viral genome sequences and qualitative social sciences data to address key onehealth questions with the aim of better understanding the origins, risks, and emergence of zoonotic infections. To estimate the burden of disease (focusing on viral and zoonotic diseases), and investigate the disease epidemiology in patients hospitalized with specified clinical syndromes and infections in a cohort of high-risk individuals occupationally exposed to animals; with targeted sampling from domestic animals and wildlife in association with these individuals 3. This infrastructure will facilitate systematic investigations of pathogen ecology and evolution, enhance the understanding of viral cross-species transmission events, and allow us to identify the relevant risk factors and drivers of zoonotic disease emergence. doi = 10.1007/s10393-015-1061-0 id = cord-024088-020rgz5t author = Radandt, Siegfried title = Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks date = 2008 keywords = analysis; consequence; decision; disease; health; human; information; new; occupational; principle; process; risk; safety; system; value; work summary = Depending on the type of hazard, the three topics, namely, safety, health and the environment, may share the common trait that the proper handling of risks, i.e., how to reduce probabilities and/or consequences of unwanted events is not always possible within a risk management system. A number of new occupational health and safety hazards have already arisen or are foreseen, including problems with the ergonomics of video display units, and musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder-neck and arm-hand systems, information overload, psychological stress, and pressure to learn new skills. Both managers and workers often do not see the need to improve occupational safety and health or ergonomic issues and their possibilities and benefits by reducing or eliminating risks at work. The explanations below present the basic procedure for developing safety-relevant arrangements and solutions, i.e. the thinking and decision-making processes, as well as selecting criteria that are significant for the identification of unwelcome events, the risk of an event, the acceptance limits and the adoption of measures. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-8289-4_4 id = cord-016839-cqtpj3m0 author = Ramcharan, Robin title = Intellectual Property and Human Security date = 2012-08-17 keywords = Idaho; human; security; state summary = Article 27 (1) of the TRIPS Agreement stipulates that "patents shall be available for any inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application." According to para 2: Members may exclude from patentability inventions, the prevention within their territory of the commercial exploitation of which is necessary to protect ordre public or morality, including to protect human, animal or plant life or health or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment, provided that such exclusion is not made merely because the exploitation is prohibited by their law. doi = 10.1007/978-90-6704-900-9_2 id = cord-312807-8v4r9jij author = Recht, Judith title = Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New date = 2020-09-17 keywords = Mycobacterium; animal; disease; human summary = ABSTRACT: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. This disease is an example of human and domestic animal paleopathology studies suggesting brucellosis in ancient bone remains, with most cases involving adult male skeletal individuals showing lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joints involved [44] , evidence which combined with ancient DNA analysis by PCR have confirmed the presence of Brucella DNA (reviewed in [45] ). Yellow fever (Table S2) , a reemerging viral zoonotic disease endemic in Africa and South America transmitted from vector mosquitoes, often causes outbreaks in both humans and nonhuman primates in Brazil. doi = 10.3390/ani10091672 id = cord-328403-139ejlgo author = Ringshausen, F.C. title = Neue und seltene pneumotrope Viren date = 2013-08-15 keywords = der; human; und summary = doi = 10.1007/s10405-013-0675-6 id = cord-306535-j26eqmxt author = Robertson, Matthew J. title = Large-scale discovery of male reproductive tract-specific genes through analysis of RNA-seq datasets date = 2020-08-19 keywords = Fig; RNA; Spint3; additional; gene; human; mouse; reproductive; table summary = The majority of candidate genes identified in our screen that were testis-specific were already identified by the Human Protein Atlas [9] and/or our reanalysis of (See figure on previous page.) Fig. 1 Summary of the human and mouse RNA-seq samples used in the identification of novel male reproductive tract-specific drug targets. Additional file 14: Fig. S6 shows the complete list of male reproductive tract-specific human genes for which a previously generated mouse model shows male infertility phenotype, as identified in each of the respective cell and/or tissue datasets. Through the integration of hundreds of published and newly acquired human and mouse reproductive and non-reproductive tissue and cell RNA-seq datasets, we have generated a list of novel genes expressed predominantly or exclusively in the male reproductive tract that are worthy of consideration for functional validation in an animal model and potential targeting for a male contraceptive. doi = 10.1186/s12915-020-00826-z id = cord-331255-t85yioyl author = Rohr, Jason R. title = Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production date = 2019-06-11 keywords = agricultural; disease; food; human; increase; infectious summary = doi = 10.1038/s41893-019-0293-3 id = cord-270892-ycc3csyh author = Rollinger, Judith M. title = The human rhinovirus: human‐pathological impact, mechanisms of antirhinoviral agents, and strategies for their discovery date = 2010-12-13 keywords = Echinacea; Fig; HRV; RNA; Table; activity; antiviral; human; infection; rhinovirus summary = [79] [80] [81] [82] Taken together, the results of natural cold studies as well as of experimental infection in human volunteers clearly demonstrate that HRV are able to replicate in the upper as well as in the lower airways. Such an anti-HRV drug would have to be (i) with broad spectrum activity because of the high number of HRV serotypes, (ii) administered very early in infection to demonstrate a good antiviral effect because of the fast infection kinetics, (iii) very safe because of the broad application by millions of people, and (iv) directed against a highly conserved target with low risk of resistance development. The HRV-induced CPE, infectious virus titers, viral protein expression, and RNA synthesis can be chosen as parameters to evaluate the anti-HRV activity of compounds in cell-culture based assays. Due to the lack of a small-animal model for HRV infection until 2008, the experimental human challenge model has to be used to approve effects of potential antiviral drugs under controlled conditions in preclinical studies. doi = 10.1002/med.20176 id = cord-256615-gvq8uyfk author = Rosenberg, Ronald title = Detecting the emergence of novel, zoonotic viruses pathogenic to humans date = 2014-11-22 keywords = RNA; animal; human; pathogen; virus summary = RNA viruses, with their high potential for mutation and epidemic spread, are the most common class of pathogens found as new causes of human illness. An analysis of virus discovery indicates that the small number of novel viruses discovered annually is an artifact of inadequate surveillance in tropical and subtropical countries, where even established endemic pathogens are often misdiagnosed. Many of the emerging viruses of the future are already infecting humans but remain to be uncovered by a strategy of disease surveillance in selected populations. Despite the differences in clinical presentation and geographical location, these three pathogens share three characteristics: all were unknown before found infecting humans, all are RNA viruses, and all have proven or putative non-human, animal sources. A single subtropical bat species hardly represents all mammal species and indeed many viruses are known to infect more than one species; they tested for only 9 of the 25 virus families pathogenic to humans. doi = 10.1007/s00018-014-1785-y id = cord-276039-nqqwnmwc author = Rua, Rejane title = Origin, evolution and innate immune control of simian foamy viruses in humans date = 2015-02-17 keywords = SFV; foamy; human; virus summary = In this review, we present current data on the discovery, cross-species transmission, and molecular evolution of SFV in human populations initially infected and thus at risk for zoonotic emergence. In this brief review, we will present the current available data on the discovery, cross-species transmission and molecular evolution of the simian foamy viruses (SFV) present in different human populations at risk for zoonotic emergence. They were mostly hunters who reported direct contacts with blood and/or body fluids from wild NHPs. We extended such studies into different areas and populations of this Central African country and found the presence of SFV infection in at least 50 persons [12 ] . Origin, evolution and innate immune control of simian foamy viruses in humans Rua and Gessain 51 Table 1 SFV tropism and viral load in the blood of SFV-infected humans and NHPs. The proportion of SFV DNA positive samples among leukocyte populations in SFV-infected NHP and SFVinfected humans is indicated. doi = 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.12.003 id = cord-264408-vk4lt83x author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2017-06-23 keywords = H5N1; HIV; HIV-1; MPXV; Mers; NHP; Nipah; West; animal; disease; human; infection; model; mouse; virus summary = Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00033-4 id = cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2013-12-31 keywords = Nipah; SARS; animal; clinical; day; disease; experimental; human; infection; model; mouse; virus summary = An experimental study with cell culture-adapted hepatitis Avirus in guinea pigs challenged by oral or intraperitoneal routes did not result in clinical disease, increase in liver enzymes, or seroconversion. 32 NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus can be monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. 66, 67 Intracerebral and intranasal routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose, while intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus. A mouse-adapted (MA) strain of Dengue virus 2 introduced into AG129 mice developed vascular leak syndrome similar to the severe disease seen in humans. [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] Inoculation of WNV into NHPs intracerebrally resulted in the development of either encephalitis, febrile disease, or an asymptomatic infection, depending on the virus strain and dose. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00038-5 id = cord-007726-bqlf72fe author = Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina title = The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease date = 2018-11-09 keywords = COPD; disease; human; model; mouse summary = The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. This chapter will provide an overview of the important similarities and differences between Mus musculus and Homo sapiens and their relevance to the use of the mouse as a model organism and provide specific examples of the quality of mouse models used to investigate the mechanisms, pathology, and treatment of human lung diseases. Overall, these studies showed that although gene expression is fairly similar between mice and humans, considerable differences were observed in the regulatory networks controlling the activity of the immune system, metabolic functions, and responses to stress, all of which have important implications when using mice to model human disease. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-9086-3_1 id = cord-352348-2wtyk3r5 author = Sabroe, Ian title = Identifying and hurdling obstacles to translational research date = 2007 keywords = disease; human; model; research summary = The quality of our scientific output (perceived as a change in disease incidence and/or the development of a therapy) is largely dependent on the quality of the input data and the methods for their processing and interpretation, although the process of generating effective translational science is not as linear (that is, from molecules to models to humans) as is often thought. These revolve around our understanding of the nature of the translational process, the integration of the outputs of different technological approaches to disease, the use of models, access to tissues and appropriate materials, and the need for support in increasingly complex areas such as ethics and bioinformatics. Such debates might facilitate the comparison of data between laboratories and between species, and might highlight the components of specific diseases that are ripe for the development of new in vivo models and protocols (for example, there remains a great need to more effectively model the role of the innate immune system in acute and chronic asthma), broadening the number of disease processes or phenotypes that are modelled in pathology. doi = 10.1038/nri1999 id = cord-196608-k4f79dr4 author = Saha, Sovan title = Computational modeling of Human-nCoV protein-protein interaction network date = 2020-05-05 keywords = PPIN; SARS; human summary = Our developed computational model of nCoV-Human PPIN contains high quality interactions (HQI) and proteins identified by Fuzzy affinity thresholding and spreadability index validated by SIS model respectively. With the gradual progress of the work, it has been observed that the selected human spreader nodes, identified by our proposed model, emerge as the potential protein targets of the FDA approved drugs for COVID-19. Target proteins of the potential FDA drugs for COVID-19 are found to overlap with the spreader nodes of the proposed computational nCoV-Human protein interaction model. Target proteins of seven potential FDA drugs: Lopinavir 30 , Ritonavir 31 , Hydroxychloroquine 32, 33 , Azithromycin 33 , Remdesivir 34-36 , Favipiravir 37, 38 and Darunavir 39 for COVID-19 as mentioned in the DrugBank white paper 26 overlap with the spreader nodes of the proposed in silico nCoV-Human protein interaction model (see Figure 5 ). doi = nan id = cord-030748-780dcjo1 author = Sahu, Sounak title = Translating embryogenesis to generate organoids: novel approaches to personalized medicine date = 2020-08-21 keywords = CRISPR; Stem; cell; human; organoid; pluripotent summary = Recent innovations in generating embryo-like structures (including blastoids and gastruloids) from PSCs have advanced the experimental accessibility to understand embryogenesis with immense potential to model human development. Organoids can be generated from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients, that can be used for studying organ development, modeling human diseases, and for autologous organ replacement. While many reviews have addressed the principles of bioengineering to develop 3D cell culture models and protocols to generate organoids from adult tissues, here we present insights to the state-of-the-art knowledge on the self-organization property of PSCs to generate embryo-like structures and organoids, its advantage to model human diseases and challenges for optimum clinical management. doi = 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101485 id = cord-297216-1b99hm1e author = Sariola, Salla title = Toward a Symbiotic Perspective on Public Health: Recognizing the Ambivalence of Microbes in the Anthropocene date = 2020-05-16 keywords = Development; Gut; Health; Human; Microbiota; Precision; Public; antibiotic; microbe summary = In the Anthropocene, the conditions for microbial evolution have been altered by human interventions, and public health initiatives must recognize both the beneficial (indeed, necessary) interactions of microbes with their hosts as well as their pathogenic interactions. Its website proclaims this to be a big genome, big data approach to public health, whereby "taking into account individual differences in lifestyle, environment, and biology, researchers will uncover paths toward delivering precision medicine..." PPH is getting a shot in the other arm from pharmacogenomics, the study of how responses to drugs are influenced by the genetic makeup of the person receiving the drug. Holobiont public health would do well to recognize both the parasitic and the mutualistic branches of symbiosis [204] It would also recognize the two major changes in our scientific knowledge of microbial evolution that have occurred in this century: (1) organisms are holobionts composed of several species, wherein microbes help maintain healthy physiology and resilience; and (2) bacteria can pass genes through horizontal genetic transmission, thereby facilitating the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance through numerous bacterial species. doi = 10.3390/microorganisms8050746 id = cord-351665-6gwb900b author = Sarkar, Priyanka title = Coupled human-environment system amid COVID-19 crisis: A conceptual model to understand the nexus date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; India; che; human; impact summary = The specific objectives of the study were to (i) perform a meta-analysis of existing literature reporting various impacts of COVID-19 on human society and the natural environment, and (ii) develop a conceptual model to illustrate and understand the complex nexus of CHES amid the pandemic. In addition to the impact of COVID-19 in terms of infection and death as discussed in section 4.1, extended lockdown and stay-at-home regulations against the pandemic has associated human health risks such as weight gains due to sedentary lifestyle, psychological/behavioral changes, etc. The main purpose of the study was to propose a conceptual model to portray and address how the interaction of the existing elements of both sub-components of CHES -human society and natural environment -are impacted by the various governmental interventions i.e., lockdown, social distancing, quarantine, etc. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141757 id = cord-005789-jngjusk2 author = Selden, Richard F title = Regulation of human insulin gene expression in transgenic mice date = 1986 keywords = human; insulin summary = We report here that the human insulin gene is expressed in a tissue-specific manner in the islets of these transgenic mice, and that serum human insulin levels are properly regulated by glucose, amino acids and tolbutamide, an oral hypoglycaemic agent. We report here that the human insulin gene is expressed in a tissue-specific manner in the islets of these transgenic mice, and that serum human insulin levels are properly regulated by glucose, amino acids and tolbutamide, an oral hypoglycaemic agent. The tissue specificity of human insulin gene expression in these transgenic mice was examined by both RNA analyses and pancreatic islet function studies. Glucose and human C-peptide levels in the transgenic mice were studied under a variety of physiological conditions to determine whether normal glucose homeostasis was being preserved and whether expression of the human insulin gene was being regulated appropriately in these mice. doi = 10.1038/321525a0 id = cord-317900-05y9re12 author = Senanayake, Nari title = Geographies of uncertainty date = 2020-08-14 keywords = Martin; geography; human; knowledge; social; uncertainty summary = Specifically, we discuss how geographers engage with uncertainties produced through and reconfigured by some of the most formidable issues of our contemporary moment, including neoliberal transformation, disease and illness, resource conflict, global climate change, and ongoing struggles around knowledge, power, and justice. In conversation with debates in cognate fields, this special issue brings together contributions that grapple with uncertainty through key geographic concepts such as scale, power, spatiality, place, and human-environment relations. Attending to the ways that uncertainty is experienced as a spatiotemporal condition, and how it frequently compounds across scales of knowledge production, enables the special issue''s contributors to demonstrate how forms of incertitude work through geographic relationships. In doing so, this special issue develops a critical human geography of uncertainty, which not only articulates how the concept is useful for geographers, but also, argues that geography can enrich existing transdisciplinary work on the subject with its perspectives on scale, spatiality, power, place, and human-environment relations. doi = 10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.07.016 id = cord-007843-yqdqm4rh author = Shader, Richard I. title = Zoonotic Viruses: The Mysterious Leap From Animals to Man date = 2018-07-26 keywords = human; virus summary = Nipah and Hendra viruses are both members of the Paramyxoviridae family; neither virus is known to cause disease in their host bats. Similarly, although infrequent, the H1N1 influenza virus can be transmitted from infected pigs to humans, hence its common name of swine flu. 8 Even more uncommon is for a virus to be transmitted from an infected human to an animal. In theory, infected humans could transmit the rabies virus to animals; no cases have been documented. For this issue of Clinical Therapeutics, our Infectious Diseases Topic Editor Dr Ravi Jhaveri has assembled a collection of articles entitled "Hot Topics in Viral Diseases." The collection highlights recent controversies in vaccine licensure and recommendation, as well as advances in antiviral therapies for herpesvirus, hepatitis B and C, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza, with an emphasis on pediatric patients. A review of therapeutics in clinical development for respiratory syncytial virus and influenza in children doi = 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.06.016 id = cord-000366-u4649rtx author = Shan, Tongling title = Genomic Characterization and High Prevalence of Bocaviruses in Swine date = 2011-04-15 keywords = bocavirus; human; porcine summary = Using random PCR amplification followed by plasmid subcloning and DNA sequencing, we detected bocavirus related sequences in 9 out of 17 porcine stool samples. Using primer walking, we sequenced the nearly complete genomes of two highly divergent bocaviruses we provisionally named porcine bocavirus 1 isolate H18 (PBoV1-H18) and porcine bocavirus 2 isolate A6 (PBoV2-A6) which differed by 51.8% in their NS1 protein. Presently, the bocavirus genus contains eight members: bovine parvovirus, canine minute virus (CnMV), human bocavirus 1-4 (HBoV1-4), a gorilla bocavirus and a partially sequenced chimpanzee bocavirus [1, 6, 7] . In 2009, a porcine bocalike virus (PBo-likeV) was reported in swine feces with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Sweden and 1854 bp of its partial genome sequenced [27] . Finally, partial genome sequences of 2.4 Kb from another clade of porcine bocaviruses labeled 6V and 7V where also identified yielding three major bocavirus groups in swine (PBo-likeV, PBoV1/PBoV2, and 6V/7V). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0017292 id = cord-274241-biqbsggu author = Shaw, Timothy I. title = Transcriptome Sequencing and Annotation for the Jamaican Fruit Bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) date = 2012-11-15 keywords = TCRV; bat; blast; gene; human; jamaican summary = Annotated genes are involved in a broad range of activities ranging from cellular metabolism to genome regulation through ncRNAs. Reciprocal BLAST best hits yielded 8,785 sequences that are orthologous to mouse, rat, cattle, horse and human. Species tree analysis of sequences from 2,378 loci was used to achieve 95% bootstrap support for the placement of bat as sister to the clade containing horse, dog, and cattle. Through substitution rate estimation between bat and human, 32 genes were identified with evidence for positive selection. To address some of these deficiencies, we have performed transcriptome sequencing and analysis of spleen, lung, kidney and poly-IC-stimulated primary kidney cells to identify genes of interest for assessing the host response to TCRV infection. There were 20,145 contigs that mapped to Pteropus alecto, Australian flying fruit bat, and 18,359 that overlapped between genomic and transcriptome sequences for all three datasets ( Figure 5 ). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0048472 id = cord-021770-zn7na974 author = Slifka, Mark K. title = Passive Immunization date = 2017-07-17 keywords = antibody; human; infection; monoclonal; passive; serum; treatment; virus summary = [26] [27] [28] [29] Recent studies verify these earlier results, demonstrating a 90% to 91% vaccine efficacy against whooping cough among infants younger than 2 months of nonlymphoid tissues and to penetrate mucosal sites of infection is likely to explain why it is often considered the best immunoglobulin isotype for routine passive immunization and has shown clinical benefit ranging from reduced clinical symptoms to nearly complete protection from lethal infection in a number of infectious disease models (Table 8 .3). 118 With the recent development of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that show protective efficacy against tularemia in animal models, [119] [120] [121] it may be possible to incorporate both passive immunotherapy and antibiotic treatment into clinical practice not only for tularemia, but for other bacterial diseases, especially in cases in which antibiotic resistance is becoming more widespread. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00008-0 id = cord-341155-3d64mso0 author = Slots, Jørgen title = Bacterial and viral pathogens in saliva: disease relationship and infectious risk date = 2010-12-07 keywords = Barr; Epstein; HIV; human; oral; saliva; virus summary = Human viruses are also frequent inhabitants of the human mouth, and their presence in saliva may be caused by the direct transfer of saliva from infected individuals, a bloodborne infection of the salivary glands, infection of the oral mucosa, or serumal exudates from diseased periodontal sites. Caries risk is assessed by the levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in stimulated saliva (94, 96) , and salivary transmission of cariogenic bacteria frequently occurs from the mother to her child (92, 100) . As high quantities of salivary Epstein-Barr virus DNA can be recovered from fully edentulous patients (155) , the occurrence of the virus in saliva may not be a reliable indicator of its subgingival level or of the periodontitis disease status. Taken together, the saliva of HIV-infected persons is a risk factor for the transmission of several virulent herpesvirus species, and patients receiving HAART cannot be assumed to be less infectious for herpesviruses than individuals not receiving HAART. doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00361.x id = cord-298369-66ifwtlp author = Smith, Sherri A. title = Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations for Drugs Binding to Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein date = 2018-12-28 keywords = AAG; drug; glycoprotein; human; protein summary = The importance of plasma protein binding primarily resides in its impact on pharmacokinetic properties such as clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V ss ), with serum albumin, lipoproteins and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AAG) being the major proteins involved in sequestering drugs in plasma (1) . While AAG represents a relatively small portion (~1-3%) of the total plasma proteins, compared to~60% composition of albumin, it can play a significant role in drug binding and pharmacokinetics (PK) (43) . Since AAG levels increase in most disease states (46) , drugs with a high affinity may demonstrate higher binding (lower fraction unbound, f u ) and altered PK properties (e.g. lower total CL), lower V ss . Effect of the plasticizer DEHP in blood collection bags on human plasma fraction unbound determination for Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein (AAG) binding drugs doi = 10.1007/s11095-018-2551-x id = cord-337058-rhu5hp9t author = Snyder, Brian F. title = The genetic and cultural evolution of unsustainability date = 2020-04-06 keywords = energy; human; increase summary = Here, we integrate this theory with Lotka''s Maximum Power Principle and propose a model linking energy extraction from the environment with genetic, technological and cultural evolution to increase human ecosystem carrying capacity. Lotka argued that natural selection acted so that organisms sought to maximize the rate at which it extracted energy from the environment; H.T. Odum later named this hypothesis the maximum power principle (Sciubba 2011) . Phrased in the language of the present paper, Malthus argued that the rate of increase of energy extraction from the environment was principally resource (rather than technology) limited and that this resulted in socio-ecological crisis when the rate of population growth exceeded the rate of energy extraction growth. We propose that human societies are prone to unsustainability, because they have evolved to maximize their rate of energy extraction from the environment through a multi-level selective process acting on both genetic and cultural heritable variation. doi = 10.1007/s11625-020-00803-z id = cord-338889-7hd3iibk author = Solbakk, Jan Helge title = Back to WHAT? The role of research ethics in pandemic times date = 2020-11-03 keywords = Declaration; Human; SARS; Selgelid; covid-19; research; risk; study summary = 10 Of the 10 standards laid down in this Code, and with which physician-researchers must comply when carrying out experiments on human subjects, standard 5, in particular, has become highly relevant these days due to pressure from influential medical stakeholders, agencies and bioethicists to permit the conduct of controlled human infection studies (CHIs), also labeled human challenge trials (HCTs), or challenge studies (CSs) to possibly shorten the development time of vaccines to protect against Covid-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. doi = 10.1007/s11019-020-09984-x id = cord-002933-zmx4k46v author = Stabell, Alex C title = Dengue viruses cleave STING in humans but not in nonhuman primates, their presumed natural reservoir date = 2018-03-20 keywords = dengue; figure; human; sting; virus summary = The dengue virus 2 (DENV2) encoded protease cleaves human STING, reducing type I interferon production and boosting viral titers in humans. We show that an ''RG'' motif at positions 78/79 of STING is critical for susceptibility to cleavage, and conversion of these residues to ''RG'' renders all nonhuman primate STING proteins tested, as well as mouse STING, sensitive to dengue virus proteases. Out of the entire Genbank database, along with our sequencing of STING from 16 additional primate species, we identify only a small number of apes (gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons), and three small rodent species (chinchillas, naked mole rats, and desert woodrats) as encoding a functional dengue virus cleavage determinant in STING. Further, the restoration of the ''RG'' motif at positions 78/79 again renders all of these STING proteins susceptible to cleavage ( Figure 5B) , indicating that the sylvatic protease is targeting (i.e. binding or cleaving) the same cleavage determinant as the proteases from human dengue viruses. doi = 10.7554/elife.31919 id = cord-295194-xbla6tu7 author = Stripecke, Renata title = Innovations, challenges, and minimal information for standardization of humanized mice date = 2020-06-24 keywords = PDX; human; mouse summary = antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, is an immune defense mechanism whereby effector cells such as NK cells lyses target cells that have been bound by specific antibodies AML acute myeloid leukemia ART anti-retroviral therapy BDBV Bundibugyo ebolavirus BiTE bispecific T-cell engagers is a registered trademark for a class of recombinant bispecific monoclonal antibodies which bind to the CD3 receptor and to a tumor-specific antigen BLT bone marrow-liver-thymus BM bone marrow bNAbs broadly neutralizing antibodies are antibodies capable of neutralizing different types of viral strains BRGF Balb/c Rag2 À/À Il2rg À/À Flt3 À/À mouse strain expressing macrophage colonystimulating factors (M-CSF), IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF, and thrombopoietin (TPO) MSCs mesenchymal stromal cells Myelo-ablated mice are mice treated with irradiation or chemotherapy in order to decrease the bone marrow activity in order to improve the engraftment of transplanted stem cells Myelodysplasia is an abnormal accumulation of immature blood cells in the bone marrow Myelofibrosis is the replacement of the bone marrow with scar tissue due to proliferation of immature blood cells NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NIH National Institutes of Health NK natural killer NOD Non-obese diabetic NOG NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Sug /Jic NRGF NOD-Rag1 À/À Il2rg À/À Flk2 À/À NRG NOD-Rag1 tm1Mom Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ NSG NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells PD-1 programmed death receptor 1 PD-L1 PD-1 ligand 1 PDX-MI PDX Model Minimal Information standard PDX patient-derived xenograft PIRF POR À/À /Il2rg À/À /Rag2 À/À /FAH À/À Rag1 recombination activating gene Studies of human stem cell engraftment, hematopoiesis, and immunity doi = 10.15252/emmm.201708662 id = cord-306056-4jx0u7js author = Sulmasy, Daniel P. title = “Diseases and Natural Kinds” date = 2005 keywords = disease; human; individual; kind; natural summary = (3) The aim of this classification must be to provide at least a provisional basis for explaining the causes and/or natural history of a disturbance in the internal biological relations of the affected members of X (and, if X is a self-reflective natural kind, can serve as an explanation of the illness of those so affected), (4) and at least some individuals of whom (or which) this class of states of affairs can be predicated are, by virtue of that state, inhibited from flourishing as Xs. I must further explicate this fairly dense definition. H. Setting as the telos the flourishing of the individual as the kind of thing that it is also explains why it can be controversial to classify as diseases certain patterns of variation in the law-like biological principles that determine the characteristic development and typical history of a living natural kind. doi = 10.1007/s11017-005-2206-x id = cord-017188-d3xg05ty author = Swartz, H.M. title = Free Radicals and Medicine date = 2005 keywords = DMPO; EPR; ESR; NMR; cell; dna; free; human; radical; spin summary = Examples described include pulmonary free radical damage, free radicals and sickle cell disease, free radicals in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, melanin and free radicals and the potential role of oxidative stress in the induction of cancer. The potential limiting factors for such studies include the technical problems of carrying out EPR measurements in human subjects and‚ for techniques that involve the administration of spin traps or other substances‚ the complex and difficult process for obtaining permission to administer substances to human subjects (Swartz‚ 2003) . The first in vivo spin trapping evidence for increased free radical formation was provided using the SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse model for FALS (Gurney et al.‚ 1998) . In conclusion‚ in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that nitrone spin traps can potentially mitigate oxidative stress in FALS mutant overexpressing cells and mice and protect against progressive motor neuron death. doi = 10.1007/0-387-26741-7_3 id = cord-276110-zztp61pj author = Sætra (Sætra is the family name), Henrik Skaug title = A shallow defence of a technocracy of artificial intelligence: Examining the political harms of algorithmic governance in the domain of government date = 2020-06-08 keywords = decision; human; political; technocracy summary = These are objections based on the ideas of ''political man'' and participation as a prerequisite for legitimacy, the non-morality of machines and the value of transparency and accountability. Such a technocracy, if the AI capabilities of policy formation here assumed becomes reality, may, in theory, provide us with better means of participation, fair and impartial political outcomes, and more efficient government resulting in benefits for most individuals and society in general. They are: a) people might need politics, b) legitimacy is linked to democracy, c) AI is not capable of morality, d) we have an issue with transparency related to AI and e) AI decision-making involves problems assigning responsibility. If politics is really about deciding which moral values are important, and what we see as the good society, having a policy process whereby human beings take part in the formulation of these issues is compatible with a technocracy. doi = 10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101283 id = cord-282628-6uoberfu author = Tiwari, Bhagyashree title = Future impacts and trends in treatment of hospital wastewater date = 2020-05-01 keywords = antibiotic; disease; emergence; human; pathogen; virus summary = The causative agent of most emerging infectious diseases is viruses; every year approximately more than two novel viral pathogens are identified, which can cause illness in a human. Factors for emergence include natural process (evolution of pathogen), infectious agents transfer from vertebrate to mammals, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and climate change. The factors responsible for the emergence of infectious diseases such as (1) the evolution of new strain, (2) the introduction of a host to enzootic, (3) translocation of infected wildlife, (4) farming practices, and (5) others were provided. Due to emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and unavoidable use of antibiotics, concomitant environmental perturbation caused by climate change might make the earth is not suitable for humans and other livings. Increasing resistance to antibiotics and the emergence of "superbugs" that are resistant to drugs of last resort have highlighted the great need for alternative treatments of bacterial disease. Furthermore, development of drug-resistant organisms and increased pathogen survival rate, only raising panic about the human, animal, and environmental health. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-819722-6.00017-1 id = cord-035138-7v92aukg author = Tognoni, Gianni title = Health as a Human Right: A Fake News in a Post-human World? date = 2020-11-10 keywords = Argentina; COVID-19; health; human; right summary = Based on a synthetic overview that embraces the evolution of the ''health'' concept, and its related institutions, from the role of health as the main indicator of fundamental human rights—as envisaged in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—to its qualification as the systems of disease control dependent on criteria of economic sustainability, the paper focuses on the implications and the impact of such evolution in two model scenarios which are centred on the COVID-19 pandemia. 1 Their cumulative experience, derived from the insides of these most diverse scenarios, has provided them with a solid confirmation of what has emerged with a growing consensus also in the most prestigious ''scientific'' literature, in the last 10 years: structural inequality is the direct product and the expected outcome of the mainstream models of development, which trigger a highly visible impact on the rights to health and life, and prove to be a systemic source of in-human levels of inequity (Evans 2020 ). doi = 10.1057/s41301-020-00269-7 id = cord-005159-6agnsbyd author = Turner, Bryan Stanley title = Vulnerability, diversity and scarcity: on universal rights date = 2013-07-12 keywords = health; human; right; social; vulnerability summary = We argue that bioethics has a universal range because it relates to three shared human characteristics,—human vulnerability, institutional precariousness and scarcity of resources. The generic concepts of ''ethics of rights'' and ''ethics of duties'' (Patrão Neves 2009)-found implicitly in most official bioethics documents-can be viewed as two relevant ideas for a sociological study of human rights and global health policy. We argue that bioethics has a universal range because it relates to three shared human characteristics,-human vulnerability, institutional precariousness and scarcity of resources. We defend the idea some conditions such as human vulnerability, precariousness institutions and scarcity of resources, are common to human societies and can serve as a grounding for future research in bioethics. In its report on the Principle of respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity, the International Bioethics Committee notably indicates that the ''most significant worldwide barrier to improving the levels of attainment of health through health care interventions is the scarcity of resources'' (UNESCO 2011: 29) . doi = 10.1007/s11019-013-9500-6 id = cord-307320-fxs31d66 author = Ubah, Obinna title = Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody Like Fragments Derived from Immunised Phage Display Libraries date = 2018-03-17 keywords = antibody; display; human; library; monoclonal; phage summary = However, by combining the power of immunisation with phage display, several high affinity monoclonal antibodies against "difficult" antigenic targets have been isolated from relative small antibody libraries and where traditional approaches have failed [33, 98] . The above study demonstrates the power of animal immunisation and phage display based selection strategies to isolate high affinity monoclonal antibodies towards non-antigenic targets which inherently lack properties like aromaticity and charge. Spleen samples from mice immunised with gamma inactivated Brucella melitensis strain 16 M bacteria was used to construct a phage display library and isolate monoclonal antibody fragments that specifically recognise Brucella species. Similarly high affinity neutralising antibody fragments against the protective antigen (PA) of anthrax toxin was isolated from a Macaca immunised phage display library. Lymphocytes from the bone marrow cells of two chimpanzees immunised with anthrax toxin PA, LF and Edema factor (EF) were used to construct scFv phage display libraries and neutralising antibodies were isolated against PA and LF proteins. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_6 id = cord-306904-8iteddug author = Uversky, Vladimir N title = Unreported intrinsic disorder in proteins: Building connections to the literature on IDPs date = 2014-12-12 keywords = LGN; Xis; disordered; dna; figure; human; protein; residue summary = doi = 10.4161/21690693.2014.970499 id = cord-353609-no3mbg5d author = Vandegrift, Kurt J. title = An Ecological and Conservation Perspective on Advances in the Applied Virology of Zoonoses date = 2011-04-15 keywords = disease; host; human; population; viral; virus summary = Conducting viral surveillance in animal reservoirs and invertebrate vectors can help explain circulation within host species; observed patterns of zoonotic transmission; and even allow for the prediction of periods of increased risk of zoonotic transmission (e.g., Rift valley fever and rainfall [25] ; West Nile virus (WNV) and American robin (Turdus turdus) migration [26] ; as well as hantavirus in mice [27, 28] ). Globalization, host ecology, host-virus dynamics, climate change, and anthropogenic landscape changes all contribute to the complexity of zoonotic viral emergence and disease, and create significant conservation and public health challenges. While the lasting efficacy of wildlife vaccination efforts has yet to be demonstrated with either endangered species or in breaking the transmission cycle of human pathogens, an increasing number of researchers are drawing attention to systems where it seems feasible [99, 103] ; demonstrating that intricate knowledge of host and virus ecology can greatly reduce the amount of vaccine coverage that is necessary to control these viruses. doi = 10.3390/v3040379 id = cord-103108-vmze2mdx author = Vanheer, Lotte title = Revealing the Key Regulators of Cell Identity in the Human Adult Pancreas date = 2020-09-25 keywords = cell; figure; human; pancreatic; type summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.09.23.310094 id = cord-274756-nnm1n09a author = Varadé, Jezabel title = Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges date = 2020-09-02 keywords = CD4; antibody; car; cell; disease; human; immune; tumor; vaccine summary = The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer. In addition to those showing the essential role of LTi cells in the formation of secondary lymphoid organs during embryogenesis and the postnatal development of intestinal lymphoid clusters, recent studies also provide evidence that subsets of ILCs express multiple factors that modulate the adaptive immune response in health and disease 27, 28 . Autoimmunity: In the case of therapeutic vaccines for autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, Myasthenia gravis or Guillain Barré syndrome, the intention is to induce tolerance to self-antigens through the activation of regulatory cells (Tregs and Bregs) and tolerogenic dendritic cells, thus avoiding the immune response to self-components 211 . doi = 10.1038/s41423-020-00530-6 id = cord-262868-wanbz1et author = Varki, Ajit title = Loss of N‐glycolylneuraminic acid in humans: Mechanisms, consequences, and implications for hominid evolution date = 2002-01-04 keywords = CMAH; Neu5Gc; Varki; acid; human summary = This review discusses one of the few known apehuman genetic differences with a clear-cut biochemical consequence, the selective inactivation of the CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) hydroxylase gene in the human lineage Irie et al., 1998; Chou et al., 1998) . A microbial organism approaching a mammalian cell surface would likely first encounter members of a family of sugars called sialic acids, which tend to be the outermost units on the glycan chains attached to the proteins and lipids below (Fig. 1) . However, based on current knowledge of the functions of sialic acids (see above), one can propose some possible scenarios to explain the human loss of Neu5Gc. The most likely one is selection of a randomly occurring CMAH gene mutation by a lethal microbial pathogen that required cell-surface Neu5Gc for effective infection (see below for some examples of such current-day pathogens). doi = 10.1002/ajpa.10018 id = cord-301935-0qjo94ty author = Varma, Ratna title = Current strategies and opportunities to manufacture cells for modeling human lungs date = 2020-08-22 keywords = AEC; PSC; cell; differentiation; epithelial; human; lung; stem summary = Current lung directed differentiation protocols are limited as they do not 1) recapitulate the diversity of respiratory epithelium, 2) generate consistent or sufficient cell numbers for drug discovery platforms, and 3) establish the histologic tissue-level organization critical for modeling lung function. We then discuss the evolution of directed differentiation protocols to find opportunities for creating specific populations of airway and lung epithelia through targeted manipulation of key signaling pathways in 2D and 3D models. While the cell fate of early proximal and distal lineages is directed through chemical signals, the lung epithelium itself undergoes marked changes in architecture, a process known as branching morphogenesis [79, 92] . In the future, human PSC-derived lung tissue models have the potential to enable exploration of infection, disease and regeneration mechanisms of action to impact drug discovery and drug development, and further inform patient-specific drug selection. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into mature airway epithelia expressing functional CFTR protein doi = 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.005 id = cord-307046-ko3bdvo0 author = Vasilakis, Nikos title = Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters date = 2019-05-23 keywords = Aedes; Australia; Institute; NGS; USSR; fever; human; isolate; isolation; mosquito; new; novel; tick; virus summary = doi = 10.3390/v11050471 id = cord-020764-5tq9cr7o author = Vertrees, Roger A. title = Tissue Culture Models date = 2010-05-21 keywords = cell; culture; dimensional; human; line; lung; model; tissue summary = doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-72430-0_15 id = cord-016095-jop2rx61 author = Vignais, Pierre V. title = Challenges for Experimentation on Living Beings at the Dawn of the 21(st) Century date = 2010-06-08 keywords = ATP; France; Man; RNA; University; able; cell; century; chapter; dna; experimental; figure; gene; genetic; human; live; protein; research summary = Instead of setting out to discover unknown mechanisms by analyzing effects that are dependent on specific causes, with some uncertainty as to the possible success of the enterprise being undertaken, which is the foundation stone of the Bernardian paradigm of the experimental method, many current research projects give themselves achievable and programmable objectives that depend upon the means available to them: sequencing of genomes with a view to comparing them, recognition of sequence similarities in proteins coded for by genes belonging to different species, with the aim of putting together phylogenetic trees, synthesis of interesting proteins in transgenic animals and plants, analysis of the three-dimensional structure of proteins, in order to find sites that are likely to fix medicinal substances, and synthesis of molecular species able to recognize pathogenic targets. doi = 10.1007/978-90-481-3767-1_5 id = cord-021375-lca26xum author = Voelkner, Nadine title = Riding the Shi: From Infection Barriers to the Microbial City date = 2019-08-23 keywords = Hong; Kong; Macphail; chinese; human; virus summary = Taking its cue from the currently accepted germ theory of disease, such mechanisms render a global city like Hong Kong not only pervasively "on alert" and under threat of unpredictable and pathogenic viruses and other microbes, it also gives rise to a hygiene and antimicrobial politics that is never entirely able to control pathogenic circulation. Considering recent advances in gene sequencing in microbiology, through which a "vast diversity of microbial life in, on and around the human body" (Lorimer 2017, 544) has been identified as residing in complex relationality with one another, how befitting is it to fight infectious diseases by indiscriminately eliminating microbes through the use of antimicrobials and practicing urban hygiene as in the case of Hong Kong? Various scholars have noted how, much like Hong Kong in the face of SARS, global public health programs adopt an antimicrobial stance to the control and/or elimination of infectious diseases, however, which might prove to be counterproductive in securing human life (Macphail 2014; Methot and Alizon 2014; Fishel 2015 Fishel , 2017 White 2015; Hinchliffe et al. doi = 10.1093/ips/olz016 id = cord-005872-w1x1i0im author = Volk, T. title = Endothelium function in sepsis date = 2000 keywords = HUVEC; LPS; TNF; cell; endothelial; human; sepsis summary = Defects in endothelium dependent vasoregulation in animal models are well known and again human studies are largely missing.¶An imbalanced production of reactive oxygen species including nitric oxide has been found to be involved in all endothelial functions and may provide a common link which at present can be supported only in animal studies. S. aureus has been reported to directly infect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) thereby inducing secretion of cytokines and functional upregulation of adhesion molecules [2] . Infection and activation of endothelial cells by Listeria monocytogenes is believed to be a critical component of the pathogenesis of this disease and includes ceramide generation, transcription factor activation and increases in adhesion molecule expression on HUVEC [11] . E-selectin expression in human endothelial cells by TNF-alpha-induced oxidant generation and NF-kappaB activation doi = 10.1007/s000110050579 id = cord-348301-bk80pps9 author = Wahl, Angela title = Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection is Highly Cytopathic, Elicits a Robust Innate Immune Response and is Efficiently Prevented by EIDD-2801 date = 2020-09-24 keywords = CoV-2; Fig; SARS; human summary = Here, we used a single experimental platform based on human lung-only mice (LoM) to demonstrate efficient in vivo replication of all recently emerged human coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) and two highly relevant endogenous pre-pandemic SARS-like bat coronaviruses. Further detailed analysis of pandemic SARS-CoV-2 in vivo infection of LoM human lung tissue showed predominant infection of human lung epithelial cells, including type II pneumocytes present in alveoli and ciliated airway cells. Human lung tissues of LoM were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 and titers of replication competent virus determined 2, 6, and 14 days post-exposure (Fig. 1c , Extended Data Table 2 ). Collectively, our results indicate that LoM re ect the pathogenic effects in icted by SARS-CoV-2 on the human lung and demonstrate their utility as a single in vivo platform to evaluate and compare the replication and pathogenesis of past, present, and future pre-emergent, epidemic, and pandemic coronaviruses accelerating the development and testing of pre-exposure prophylaxis agents such as EIDD-2801. doi = 10.21203/rs.3.rs-80404/v1 id = cord-319044-5otz2w9v author = Walsh, Michael G. title = Whence the next pandemic? The intersecting global geography of the animal-human interface, poor health systems and air transit centrality reveals conduits for high-impact spillover date = 2020-10-08 keywords = animal; human; interface summary = Consequently, in order to block emerging zoonoses with pandemic potential (high-impact spillovers), biosurveillance systems must simultaneously consider critical animal-human interfaces, the performance and reach of the health systems, and the biosecurity of proximate transportation hubs that can serve as conduits for rapid global dissemination. The aims of the current work were therefore to (1) describe and quantify the global geography of the interfaces between mammalian and bird wildlife and humans and their domestic livestock; and (2) to synthesize the geography of the wildlifelivestock/poultry-human interface, poor health system performance , and the global network of air travel to identify cities whose global connectedness and proximity to animal-human interfaces indicate significant potential to serve as conduits for high-impact spillover. Raster data for mammalian and bird species richness, livestock and poultry densities, and human population density were acquired to describe the intersection of their geographic distributions as landscapes of potential animal-human interface. doi = 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100177 id = cord-277309-kelebqr6 author = Wang, Lin-Fa title = Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans date = 2019-01-18 keywords = Pteropus; SARS; bat; human; virus summary = While it is not easy to assess the spillover potential of many SARS-CoV related bat CoVs due to unsuccessful attempts to isolate the viruses, it should be noted that a ''consensus'' virus constructed via reverse genetics pointed to a high probability of human infection [19] . Further study is required to determine the true zoonotic potential of SADS-CoV and closely related bat CoVs. For unknown reasons, despite of the wide presence of CoVs in bats of different locations and species with relative high viral genome levels, multiple attempts by different international groups to isolate bat CoVs have been largely unsuccessful. The genetic and functional Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans Wang and Anderson 81 Aside from MenPV and TioPV, other paramyxoviruses from the genus Rubulavirus have been isolated from or detected in bats without evidence of zoonotic transmission. doi = 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.007 id = cord-007101-m0fs2f2a author = Wang, Mei title = Human Microbiota-Associated Swine: Current Progress and Future Opportunities date = 2015-05-19 keywords = HMA; human summary = Due to the high degree of similarity in anatomy, physiology, immunology and brain growth, the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) is considered a clinically relevant model to study factors influencing human gastrointestinal, immune, and brain development. Thus, the HMA pig model has the potential to be a valuable model for investigating how the gut microbiota composition changes in response to environmental factors, such as age, diet, vaccination, antibiotic use and infection. While differences between mother-fed or FF neonates of both species can be appreciated, marked differences in the gut microbiota Table 1 Advantages of the swine model • Omnivorousnutritional requirement and physiology similar to human • High genome and protein sequence similarities with human • Immune system more closely resembles human • Brain growth and development patterns similar to human ○ The major brain growth spurt similar to human ○ Gross anatomical features of the brain are comparable to that of human infants • Body sizeallowing various surgical manipulation and collection of adequate quantity of samples. doi = 10.1093/ilar/ilv006 id = cord-290548-0wezrr1b author = Watanabe, Tokiko title = Villains or heroes? The raison d''être of viruses date = 2020-02-19 keywords = host; human; virus summary = For example, Ebola virus disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome emerged in 1976 and 1981, respectively, 5-9 and more recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have appeared in human society. In traditional virology, most viruses found in humans are considered to be pathogenic to their hosts; however, recent studies have shown that there are some viruses that have symbiotic relationships with their hosts and do not cause disease. 44 In the last a few decades, emerging infectious diseases caused by newly identified viruses, such as Ebola virus, 5-8 SARS and MERS coronaviruses, [10] [11] [12] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 9 Nipah virus and Hendra virus, [45] [46] [47] [48] have appeared in human society. To date, the PREDICT programme has found over 1100 viruses in animals and humans, including a new Ebola virus and MERSand SARS-like coronaviruses. doi = 10.1002/cti2.1114 id = cord-017225-6ofi6mg5 author = Wei, Yuwa title = Human Rights Issues date = 2018-12-10 keywords = China; People; Republic; chinese; food; human; right; safety summary = In addition to those arising in the areas of religious toleration, judicial practice, treatment of labor and forced abortion, which were extensively reported by the media in the past, some newly emerged problems concerning human rights violation are much more alarming, due to the size of population affected and the degree of challenge caused to the public''s psychological endurance and confidence in the social ethnics and administration of the nation. In addition to those arising in the areas of religious toleration, judicial practice, treatment of labor and forced abortion, which were extensively reported by the media in the past, some newly emerged problems concerning human rights violation are much more alarming, due to the size of population affected and the degree of challenge caused to the public''s psychological endurance and confidence in the social ethnics and administration of the nation. doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-3699-7_8 id = cord-300793-tuq8z6gm author = Weiss, Robin A title = Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases date = 2004 keywords = AIDS; HIV; SARS; disease; human; infection summary = About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires'' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. Emerging infectious diseases in humans comprise the following: first, established diseases undergoing increased incidence or geographic spread, for example, Tuberculosis and Dengue fever; second, newly discovered infections causing known diseases, for example, hepatitis C and Helicobacter pylori; and third, newly emerged diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS and SARS. Although some of the apparent increase in infectious disease may be attributable to better diagnostic methods and surveillance, there seems little doubt that more incidents are occurring, and have the potential to spread more widely than 50 years ago, as outbreaks and spread of infections like Nipah virus and SARS would not have passed unnoticed. doi = 10.1038/nm1150 id = cord-330970-6kkqoh7f author = Weiss, Robin A title = Apes, lice and prehistory date = 2009-02-10 keywords = HIV-1; human; lice summary = doi = 10.1186/jbiol114 id = cord-320283-nkb9nzyt author = Wiebers, David O. title = What the COVID-19 Crisis Is Telling Humanity date = 2020-06-04 keywords = animal; human summary = The SARS-CoV-2 that has caused the current COVID-19 pandemic is thought to have originated in bats and, via an intermediary such as the pangolin, to have found its way from a "wet market" where live wildlife species were being sold for human consumption in Wuhan, China, to one or more humans at that location [1] . As is likely with COVID-19, the outbreak of SARS (an earlier severe acute respiratory syndrome) in 2003 was the result of a coronavirus that originated in bats with subsequent infection of wild animals sold in live-animal street markets in China. The large-scale confinement of animals for human consumption has also played a major direct role in another ongoing health crisis in the USA and around the world -antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic-resistant infections constitute a major and growing global health threat and now kill an estimated 35,000 people in the USA and 700,000 people worldwide per year [20] . doi = 10.1159/000508654 id = cord-264031-0y7xbgun author = Wierbowski, Shayne D. title = A 3D Structural Interactome to Explore the Impact of Evolutionary Divergence, Population Variation, and Small-molecule Drugs on SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interactions date = 2020-10-13 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; human; interface; protein summary = title: A 3D Structural Interactome to Explore the Impact of Evolutionary Divergence, Population Variation, and Small-molecule Drugs on SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interactions This resource includes docked structures for all interactions with protein structures, enrichment analysis of variation along interfaces, predicted ΔΔG between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 variants for each interaction, predicted impact of natural human population variation on binding affinity, and a further prioritized set of drug repurposing candidates predicted to overlap with protein interfaces†. Further, we explore the utility of our interactome modeling approach in identifying key 99 interactions undergoing evolution along viral protein interfaces, highlighting population variants on 100 human interfaces that could modulate the strength of viral-host interactions to confer protection from or 101 susceptibility to COVID-19, and prioritizing drug candidates predicted to bind competitively at viral-102 human interaction interfaces. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.13.308676 id = cord-337659-x4oywbrj author = Wilson, Brenda A. title = Global biosecurity in a complex, dynamic world date = 2008-07-31 keywords = BSE; HIV; U.S.; disease; food; human; virus summary = Although one might argue that the principal difference in the infectious disease threat today versus say 10, 25, or 50 years ago is bioterrorism, the resources spend on preparing for a bioterror attack is viewed by most scientists as grossly exorbitant [6] , particularly considering the small numbers of individuals who have been or could be affected by this type of attack and considering the relatively low medical relevance or prevalence of the diseases caused by the limited number of highpriority bioterror bioagents, the socalled ''''category A select agents.'''' And, while admittedly the preparedness and surveillance measures put in place for one has certainly helped to protect against the other (the improved global response to and curtailment of SARS coming after the anthrax bioterrorist attacks is a prime example of this), most scientists feel that the limited resources available from an already overburdened system should instead be used for studying and preparing against the looming and potentially more devastating infectious disease threats from natural or accidental exposure [7] , which could affect millions of people and animals and could have huge health and economic consequences. doi = 10.1002/cplx.20246 id = cord-271979-a9u494tr author = Wolfe, Nathan D. title = Bushmeat Hunting, Deforestation, and Prediction of Zoonotic Disease date = 2005-12-17 keywords = Cameroon; emergence; human summary = Many new zoonoses are viruses that emerge as human and domestic animal populations come into increasing con-tact with wildlife hosts of potentially zoonotic pathogens (1) . The risk for emergence of new zoonotic agents from wildlife depends largely on 3 factors: 1) the diversity of wildlife microbes in a region (the "zoonotic pool" [5] ); 2) the effects of environmental change on the prevalence of pathogens in wild populations; and 3) the frequency of human and domestic animal contact with wildlife reservoirs of potential zoonoses. Despite the discovery of cooking ≈1.9 million years ago (9), the risk of zoonotic diseases emerging from hunting and eating wildlife is still of global importance because of increases in human population density, globalized trade, and consequent increased contact between humans and animals. Research in medical anthropology has begun to examine indigenous theories of infectious disease (15) and the cultural contexts within which diseases emerge (16), but little data exist on local perceptions of health or other risks associated with hunting and eating bushmeat. doi = 10.3201/eid1112.040789 id = cord-319646-6cex9gid author = Wu, Guoyao title = Important roles of dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine and 4-hydroxyproline in human nutrition and health date = 2020-02-18 keywords = Hyp; carnosine; creatine; effect; human; muscle; pro; taurine summary = It is now recognized that taurine plays major roles in human physiology and nutrition, including serving as: (1) a nutrient to conjugate bile acids to form bile salts in the liver that facilitate intestinal absorption of dietary lipids (including lipid-soluble vitamins) and eliminate cholesterol in bile via the fecal route; (2) a major antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-apoptotic factor in the body; (3) a physiological stabilizer of cell membranes; (4) a regulator of modulation of Ca 2+ signaling, fluid homeostasis in cells, and retinal photoreceptor activity; (5) a contributor Fig. 1 Absorption of taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine, and 4-hydroxyproline by the human small intestine and the transport of the nutrients in blood. Dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine, and 4-hydroxyproline (which are all abundant in beef) play an important role in inhibiting oxidative stress (a common trigger of chronic diseases) and inflammation, ameliorating tissue (e.g., brain, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver, and gut) injury, and improving metabolic profiles in animals and humans. doi = 10.1007/s00726-020-02823-6 id = cord-312247-cza4qsv5 author = Würdinger, T title = Targeting non-human coronaviruses to human cancer cells using a bispecific single-chain antibody date = 2005-04-21 keywords = EGFR; FIPV; cell; human summary = Next, we investigated whether FIPV and fMHV could be targeted to human cancer cells by constructing a bispecific single-chain antibody directed on the one hand against the feline coronavirus spike protein – responsible for receptor binding and subsequent cell entry through virus–cell membrane fusion – and on the other hand against the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). To investigate whether scFv 23F-425 could serve as an adapter molecule for FIPV and fMHV infection via human EGFR, cultures of human cancer cell lines of different tissue origin with confirmed expression of EGFR ( Figure 4 ) were inoculated with similar amounts of FIPV or fMHV in the presence or absence of the bispecific antibody. Inoculation of Targeting non-human coronaviruses to human cancer cells T Würdinger et al FIPV and fMHV onto a number of different EGFRexpressing human cancer cell lines of various tissue origins in the presence of scFv 23F-425 resulted in infection, replication, and subsequent formation of syncytia. doi = 10.1038/sj.gt.3302535 id = cord-019040-lj1r8ptb author = Xiao, Ren title = Human Security in Practice: The Chinese Experience date = 2018-12-07 keywords = China; chinese; human; people; security summary = As one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, China has long been supportive of the UN, the most important international organization in today''s world, and the country has played a proactive role in various UN activities such as peacebuilding, development, and global governance (Breslin and Ren 2018) . In fact, as Cui Shunji of Zhejiang University points out, since the initiation of reform, at the highest levels, attention has been placed on poverty reduction, the pursuit of a sustainable development model, and China''s proposals for constructing a "harmonious society" and a "harmonious world." These goals indicate that China regards the guaranteeing of basic human needs, social justice, and harmony as well as sustainable development as important parts of a continuum of national security (S. "Letting people live a happier life with more dignity" has become the goal of national development, which indicates that China''s recognition of human security has been elevated to the political level. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-97247-3_3 id = cord-253844-y6xdcf20 author = Yesudhas, Dhanusha title = COVID-19 outbreak: history, mechanism, transmission, structural studies and therapeutics date = 2020-09-04 keywords = ACE2; CoV-2; SARS; human; protein; receptor summary = In SARS-CoV-2 infection, intrinsically disordered regions are observed at the interface of the spike protein and ACE2 receptor, providing a shape complementarity to the complex. SUMMARY: The overall history and mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 along with structural study of spike-ACE2 complex provide insights to understand disease pathogenesis and development of vaccines and drugs. The sequence similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV spike proteins explains the possibility of binding to the same receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the host cell [14] . In this review, we discuss the history of coronaviruses in both humans and animals, their transmissions, mechanism of host cell entry and the structural studies, explaining active and inactive receptor binding of spike protein and the key residues playing an important role in the receptor binding. During viral infection, spike protein (~ 1300 amino acid residues) is cleaved by host proteases into receptor binding subunit S1 and membrane fusion subunit S2. doi = 10.1007/s15010-020-01516-2 id = cord-255137-utg8k7qs author = Yinda, Claude Kwe title = Gut Virome Analysis of Cameroonians Reveals High Diversity of Enteric Viruses, Including Potential Interspecies Transmitted Viruses date = 2019-01-23 keywords = Cameroon; Fig; bat; cameroonian; human; strain; virus summary = doi = 10.1128/msphere.00585-18 id = cord-272829-i4jh6bcn author = ZANETTI, A. R. title = Emerging and re‐emerging infections at the turn of the millennium date = 2010-01-04 keywords = disease; human; infectious; virus summary = Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man‐induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. What is more, a number of other factors promote not only the dissemination but also the emergence of new infectious diseases: intensive farming and breeding associated with crowding promote the development of foci of infection; global warming has modified the climate, making insects, a major vector of pathogens, able to thrive in countries where the climate was previously hostile; the exploitation of natural resources has produced environmental changes that create opportunities for new contacts between species leading to emergence of infections in new hosts. doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2009.02174.x id = cord-016990-ot1wi3xi author = Zaki, Sherif R. title = Viral Infections of the Lung date = 2008 keywords = CMV; Fig; HSV; Nipah; SARS; cell; human; infection; pneumonia; respiratory; virus summary = 105, [181] [182] [183] [184] [185] [186] [187] [188] [189] [190] [191] The pathology is more prominent in larger bronchi, and inflammation may vary in intensity in individual patients, Viral inclusions cannot be identified by light microscopy (Fig, 11 .8D), Secondary bacterial infections with organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (group A streptococcus [GAS]), Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae may occur as a complication in about 50% to 75% of fatal cases and make it difficult to recognize the pathologic changes associated with the primary viral infec-445 tion ,190,192,193 The histopathologic features in other organs may include myocarditis, cerebral edema, rhabdomyolysis, and hemophagocytosis (Figs, 11.8H and 11.9E,F), Immunohistochemistry and ISH assays demonstrate that viral antigens and nucleic acids are usually sparse and are primarily seen in the bronchioepithelial cells of larger bronchioles (Figs. doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-68792-6_11 id = cord-354651-bxm9yxjm author = Zeng, Yawen title = Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases date = 2020-03-30 keywords = GABA; barley; disease; effect; glucan; grain; high; homo; human; table summary = Chronic consumption of barley β-glucans can decrease fatty liver by increasing small intestinal contents viscosity and improving glucose, lower glycated hemoglobin and relative kidney weights [129] , strengthen the angiogenic ability of ROS-exposed endothelial cells for preventive heart disease [123] , and accelerate the wound closure by promoting the migration and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts [133] . Therefore, functional ingredients in barley grass and grains are essential for the health contribution of modern human (Homo sapiens), Neanderthals, and early hominids staple food to prevent and treat human chronic diseases. In particular, the healthy effects of functional components of barley grains and grass are the result of longterm continuous evolution of early hominids (fruits/vegetables and leaves rich in polyphenols, K-Ca, and vitamins), Neanderthals (mushrooms and nuts rich in polysaccharides, phytosterols, and linoleic acids), and Homo sapiens (grasses and seeds rich in GABA, enzymes, and resistant starch), which associate with modern humans originating in the progenitor of African Homo sapiens with cognitive hominin, especially after interbreeding between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals that took place in the Middle East. doi = 10.1155/2020/3836172 id = cord-327432-ogw27tob author = Zhang, Feng-jian title = Expert Consensus on Nurses’ Human Caring for COVID-19 Patients in Different Sites date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; human; patient summary = doi = 10.1007/s11596-020-2222-0 id = cord-270911-z637eh2z author = Zhou, Jie title = Differentiated human airway organoids to assess infectivity of emerging influenza virus date = 2018-06-26 keywords = H7N9; human; virus summary = title: Differentiated human airway organoids to assess infectivity of emerging influenza virus airway organoid | proximal differentiation | influenza virus | infectivity I nfluenza A viruses (IAVs) can infect a diversity of avian and mammalian species, including humans, and have the remarkable capacity to evolve and adapt to new hosts (1) . Current in vitro models for studying influenza infection in the human respiratory tract involve shortterm cultures of human lung explants and primary airway epithelial cells. We chose to compare the infectivity of H7N2 with that of H7N9/Ah in the PD organoids as a proof of concept, to verify that the differentiated AOs can indeed simulate human airway epithelium in the context of influenza virus infection. Fig. 4 shows that viral loads in the cell lysate and medium of H7N9/ Ah-infected organoids increased gradually after inoculation; the viral titer increased more than 3 log 10 units within 24 h, indicating a robust viral replication. doi = 10.1073/pnas.1806308115 id = cord-256543-7kfi2yvu author = de Graaf, Miranda title = Sustained fecal-oral human-to-human transmission following a zoonotic event date = 2016-11-23 keywords = human; pathogen; transmission summary = Using a comparative approach including parasites, bacteria and viruses that transmit via the fecal-oral route, the meeting aimed at identifying the key drivers of sustained human-to-human transmission after a zoonotic event, taking into account the host, the pathogen and the interface (transmission amplifiers). Enteric pathogens can be transmitted between humans by the fecal-oral route via direct contact or indirect contact via contaminated fluids, including surface water, food, and carriers such as fomites ( Figure 1 ). After shedding from the host enteric pathogens can be transmitted between humans by the fecal-oral route via direct contact between humans, or via indirect contact via contaminated fluids, including surface water, food, and carriers such as fomites. A human reservoir for non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) transmission of multiple serotypes was demonstrated in a study of NTS-infected patients who continued to shed NTS for months up to years, and strains of these patients acquired antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes that possibly affected host-pathogen interactions [34 ] . doi = 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.001 id = cord-020756-d9f5fd7x author = de Jong, Menno Douwe title = Avian Influenza Viruses and Pandemic Influenza date = 2007 keywords = H5N1; Hong; Kong; avian; human; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-32830-0_9 id = cord-004879-pgyzluwp author = nan title = Programmed cell death date = 1994 keywords = ATP; Basel; Bern; Drosophila; Institut; Lausanne; NMDA; PCR; PKC; RNA; Switzerland; TNF; University; acid; activity; cell; dna; expression; gene; high; human; increase; level; mouse; protein; receptor; result; sequence; study; type summary = Furthermore kinetic experiments after complementation of HIV=RT p66 with KIV-RT pSl indicated that HIV-RT pSl can restore rate and extent of strand displacement activity by HIV-RT p66 compared to the HIV-RT heterodimer D66/D51, suggesting a function of the 51 kDa polypeptide, The mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA contains an open reading frame in the 3'' long terminal repeat which can code for a 36 kDa polypeptide with a putative transmembrane sequence and five N-linked glycosylation sites. To this end we used constructs encoding the c-fos (and c-jun) genes fused to the hormone-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor, designated c-FosER (and c-JunER), We could show that short-term activation (30 mins.) of c-FosER by estradiole (E2) led to the disruption of epithelial cell polarity within 24 hours, as characterized by the expression of apical and basolateral marker proteins. doi = 10.1007/bf02033112 id = cord-005147-mvoq9vln author = nan title = Autorenregister date = 2017-02-23 keywords = Berlin; Genetics; Germany; Human; Illumina; Institute; NGS; PCR; RNA; Sanger; University; WES; analysis; case; cell; disease; dna; expression; family; gene; mutation; patient; result; sequencing; study; syndrome; variant summary = Using whole-exome sequencing and trio-based de novo analysis, we identified a novel heterozygous de novo frameshift variant in the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) gene causing instability of the mRNA in a patient presenting with bilateral CAKUT and requiring kidney transplantation at one year of age. Loss of cdkl5 associated with deficient mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in mice and human cells We and other groups have shown that mutations in the X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene cause a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with clinical features including intellectual disability, early-onset intractable seizures and autism, that are closely related to those present in Rett syndrome (RTT) patients. Functional characterization of novel GNB1 mutations as a rare cause of global developmental delay Over the past years, prioritization strategies that combined the molecular predictors of sequence variants from exomes and genomes of patients with rare Mendelian disorders with computer-readable phenotype information became a highly effective method for detecting disease-causing mutations. doi = 10.1007/s11825-017-0126-6 id = cord-005262-pi8nkuc3 author = nan title = Program Schedule date = 1983 keywords = Human; cell summary = Cape/Volusia SESSION-IN-DEPTH Mutants and Variants from Plant Cultures Convener: R. Genetic Characterization of Mutants from Cell Culture: Cosegregation of Altered Enzymatic Phenotype with Selected Culture Traits in Progeny of Regenerated Plants Rat Kidney Epithelial Cell Culture to Study Metal Toxicity. Coffee Break Altered Regulation of Proliferation and Differentiated Function in Cultured Human Epidermal Cells by Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons Palm Beaeh/Broward CONTRIBUTED PAPERS Differentiation in Cultured Cells Convener * Regulation of Differentiation of Adult Human and Rat Hepatocytes Cultured in a Serum-free Medium by Interaction with Another Liver Cell Coffee Break Intrinsic and Acquired Resistance to BCNU Correlates with the Near-Diploid Cells in 4 Freshly Resected Human Gliomas Trypanosoma cruzi Infection of Human Muscle Cells is Inhibited by Antibodies to Parasite Surface Antigens Preparative Density-Gradient Electrophoresis of Cultured Human Embryonic Kidney Cells Coffee Break In Vitro Plant Transformation by Bacterial Co-cultivation and Expression of Foreign Genes in Plant Cells doi = 10.1007/bf02618062 id = cord-006229-7yoilsho author = nan title = Abstracts of the 82(nd) Annual Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) and the 18(th) Annual Meeting of the Network Clinical Pharmacology Germany (VKliPha) in cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Angewandte Humanpharmakologie e.V. (AGAH) date = 2016-02-06 keywords = 3-mcpd; GRK2; Germany; IL-6; LPS; OCT1; PKA; PLN; STW; THP-1; VPA; activation; assay; cell; concentration; different; dna; drug; effect; expression; fret; high; human; increase; level; method; model; mouse; potential; protein; receptor; result; s1p; study; test; treatment; trpc5; western summary = It directly activates Protein Kinase A (PKA) or the Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) which is a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for the small monomeric GTPase Rap. As Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) express both cAMP effectors (Epac1 and PKA), we investigated the role of cAMP-signaling using a spheroid based sprouting assay as an in vitro model for angiogenesis. After activation, S1P receptors regulate important processes in the progression of renal diseases, such as mesangial cell migration Methods and Results: Here we demonstrate that dexamethasone treatment lowered S1P 1 mRNA and protein expression levels in rat mesangial cells measured by TaqMan® and Western blot analyses. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of IGFBP5 in cardiogenesis and cardiac remodeling and its role as a potential target for ameliorating stress-induced cardiac remodeling Methods and Results: We investigated the expression of Igfbp5 in murine cardiac tissue at different developmental stages by qPCR normalized to Tpt1 (Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1). doi = 10.1007/s00210-016-1213-y id = cord-006230-xta38e7j author = nan title = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie e.V. date = 2012-02-22 keywords = ATP; ERK; Germany; IL-6; Institut; LPS; NDPK; PCR; PKA; Pharmakologie; RKIP; ROS; Rac1; TNF; TRPC6; TRPM3; TTC; Toxikologie; Universität; V79; activity; cell; concentration; dna; effect; expression; gene; human; increase; level; mouse; protein; receptor; result; study; western summary = Here, we will present our analysis of Ca 2+ signaling following stimulation of the FcεRI receptor and application of secretagogues that are supposed to affect Ca 2+ -dependent mast cell activation such as adenosine, endothelin-1, substance P and compound 48/80 in BMMCs and PMCs derived from mouse lines with inactivation of TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5 or TRPC6 since specific antagonists are still lacking for these TRP channels. These data indicate that increased PP2A activity is associated with modified gene expression in TG hearts possibly affecting stress response and regulation of cell signalling. As demonstrated by qPCR and Western blot experiments, mesangial cells showed a marked time-and dose-dependent upregulation of CSE mRNA and protein levels after treatment with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB). The transcription factor cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) plays a critical role in regulating gene expression in response to activation of the cAMPdependent signaling pathway, which is implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure. doi = 10.1007/s00210-012-0736-0 id = cord-015394-uj7fe5y6 author = nan title = Scientific Abstracts date = 2008-12-23 keywords = ACTH; AEA; ANOVA; BMI; CRF; Center; ELISA; EOC; ERK; GDM; Gynecology; Hospital; IL-1; IL-6; IL-8; IUGR; IVF; LPS; Medical; Medicine; NIH; Netherlands; Obstetrics; P<0.05; PCOS; PCR; PPROM; RNA; Research; School; TNF; USA; University; VEGF; cell; conclusion; control; dna; expression; fetal; fsh; human; increase; level; maternal; method; objective; placental; pregnancy; result; study; western; woman summary = Studies involving immunohistochemical analysis of normal ovaries have shown that granulosa cells express significantly higher levels of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor, cFos compared to theca cells, where cFos expression is virtually absent. Following acute hypoxia (0.5% O2) for one to six hours, RhoA mRNA, total protein and activation (RhoA-GTP) levels were analysed, using semi-quantitative PCRs and western blot, and compared to normoxic non-pregnant human uterine smooth muscle control cells. Since there is an urgent need for non-invasive methods for determination of fetal (F) and placental (P) function, this study was designed to evaluate the genes differently and commonly expressed in P tissue and leukocytes in maternal (M) and F circulation.Material and Methods. The current study: 1) localized IL-6 mRNA levels in preeclamptic versus normal decidual sections; 2) evaluated mechanisms regulating IL-6 synthesis by targeting intracellular signaling pathways with specific inhibitors; 3) identified potential IL-6 targets by immunolocalizing the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) to specific cell types in placental bed biopsies. doi = 10.1177/19337191080150020102 id = cord-017675-in9r33ww author = nan title = The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights date = 2008 keywords = AIDS; Chap; HIV; Health; Human; Nations; Prevention; Rights; States; United summary = The United Nations International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights recommend that criminal law not be an impediment to measures taken by States to reduce the risk of HIV transmission among injecting drug users and to provide them with HIV-related care and treatment. Visitors entering the United States on the Visa Waiver Program (which waives the requirement to apply for a visa prior to traveling to the United 9 The Way Forward Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights government policy has been that people living with HIV/AIDS do not represent a and therefore denied a visa or entry at the border, if: (1) they are likely to be a 338 would add to existing waiting lists for those services and would increase the rate US Immigration and Nationality Act, applicants for a visa or for admission to the health significance", which includes HIV infection, although waivers are available ces by Canadian citizens or permanent residents. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-78392-3_9 id = cord-017752-ofzm3x3a author = nan title = Theories of Carcinogenesis date = 2007 keywords = cancer; cause; cell; dna; gene; human; theory; tumor; virus summary = Others attributed the simplified enzyme patterns of cancerous cells to a regression of the tumor tissues to early embryonal stages of development. Viral DNA is frequently integrated into the cancer cells, but additional agents or factors may be involved at various stages of the progression to invasive carcinoma. The encounter with a family, in which many members developed breast or liver cancer, led Pierre Paul Broca to hypothesize, in 1866, that an inherited abnormality within the affected tissue caused the tumor development [Broca 1866 Theodor Boveri (1862 Boveri ( -1915 then proposed that defects in chromosomes lead to malignancy [Boveri 1914 ]. Any mutation of cancer associated genes can be handed on to following generations and predispose the affected cells to malignant transformation in the case of additional DNA damage. Further developments in tumor immunology have led to models of selection and evolution of cancer cells. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-6016-8_1 id = cord-022955-vy0qgtll author = nan title = Proteases date = 2005-06-20 keywords = APC; GCPII; Met; University; activity; cell; enzyme; human; inhibitor; nedd4; peptide; protease; protein; result; serine; site; study; substrate summary = In order to understand the molecular basis of the enzyme-substrate binding mechanism, we employ the synthetic peptide and mass spectrometry-based approaches to investigate the significance of selected amino acid residues that are flanking both sides of the SARS-CoV 3CL pro cleavage site. To contribute to the assignment of a physiological role to genomic-derived peptidases and to make them more accessible for the drug discovery process, we have undertaken a program consisting of mRNA expression profiling, full-length recombinant expression in insect cells, purification and determination of the catalytic activity for the human proteolytic enzymes. This comprehensive analysis of the local backbone properties of SGTI in the free and in the complex form made possible to identify conformational similarities and differences responsible for its efficient binding to the enzyme, and provides a good basis for further studying the structural aspects of protease inhibitor specificity. doi = 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.4739_4.x id = cord-023647-dlqs8ay9 author = nan title = Sequences and topology date = 2003-03-21 keywords = Evolution; Family; Gene; Human; Protein; acid; sequence summary = Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of the L G~ne of Vesicular Stomafltia Virus (New Jersey Serotype) --Identification of Conserved Domai~L~ in L Proteins of Nonsegmented Negative-Strand RNA Viruses DERSE I~ Equine Infectious Anemia Virus tat--Insights into the Structure, Function, and Evolution of Lentivtrus tran.~Activator Proteins Ho~tu~ ~ s71 is a Ehylngcueticellly Distinct Human Endogenous Reteovtgal 1Rlement with Structural mad Sequence Homology to Simian Sarcoma Virus (SSV). Distinct Fercedoxins from Rhodobacter-Capsulstus -Complete Amino Acid Sequences and Molecular Evolution Complete Amino Acid Sequence and Homologies of Human Erythrocyte Membrane Protein Band 4.2. Identification of Two Highly Conserved Amino Acid Sequences Amon~ the ~x-subunits and Molecular ~ The Predicted Amino Acid Sequence of ct-lnternexin is that of a novel Neuronal lntegmedla~ ~ent Protein Inttaspecific Evolution of a Gene Family Coding for Urinary Proteins Attalysi~ of CDNA for Human ~ AJudgyrin I~dicltes a Repeated Structure with Homology to Tissue-Differentiation a~td Cell-Cycle Control Protein doi = 10.1016/0959-440x(91)90051-t id = cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 author = nan title = ISEV2020 Abstract Book date = 2020-07-15 keywords = CD63; CD81; CD9; CDC; CRC; CSF; ELISA; Exo; Extracellular; GBM; HER2; HIV; Health; Institute; L1CAM; MDA; MSC; NIH; NTA; Nanoparticle; National; PCR; RNA; Research; SEC; TEM; Tau; USA; University; analysis; cancer; cell; conclusion; dna; exosome; expression; high; human; introduction; isolate; marker; method; patient; plasma; protein; result; sample; size; study; summary; vesicle; western summary = L.M., and the National Institutes of Health (R35GM119623) to T.R.G. The addition of a size exclusion chromatography step to various urinary extracellular vesicle concentrating methods reveals differences in the small RNA profile Introduction: Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their RNA cargo are a novel source of biomarkers for various diseases, however non-vesicular RNA (e.g. associated with proteins) is also present within urine. We then evaluated efficiency of heart targeting for eAAV9 or eAAV6 and standard AAV9 or AAV6 encoding for EGFP, mCherry or firefly luciferase in different human cell lines in vitro, in black mouse and in passive immunity nude mouse model in vivo using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, Langendorff perfusion system and Methods: HLHS patients (n = 3) after Glenn procedure and swine (n = 3) after PAB were given RV injections of allogeneic/xenogeneic MSCs. Donor-specific, HLA-I+, exosomes were isolated from plasma. doi = 10.1080/20013078.2020.1784511 id = cord-337646-gkcm6ds0 author = nan title = The Federation’s Pages: WFPHA: World Federation of Public Health Associations www.wfpha.org Bettina Borisch and Marta Lomazzi, Federation’s Pages Editors date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; human summary = The next coronavirus to generate a global public health crisis was the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) that emerged in Saudi Arabia in 2012 among people working closely with camels. During the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), held on 30 January 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic was underway. The association between Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) and environmental destruction is widely recognized: deforestation destroys natural habitats, increases the density of remaining wild animal populations, increases their movements to look for food accompanied by the probability of human contact-all induce stress that impairs immune systems and increases viral shedding [16] . Environment preservation is urgent for many reasons: conservation of biodiversity, the fight against climate change, reduction of air, water and food pollution, and improvement of human health and quality of life [18] . doi = 10.1057/s41271-020-00240-3 id = cord-356062-7q5n4t97 author = nan title = Cumulative pharmacological activity index volumes 1-30 date = 2005-12-31 keywords = EBV; NH2; activity; assay; effect; human; system summary = doi = 10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80101-2 id = cord-313173-0u4s5y20 author = ten Have, H.A.M.J. title = Sheltering at Our Common Home date = 2020-08-25 keywords = disease; home; human summary = The current COVID-19 pandemic has reactivated ancient metaphors (especially military ones) but also initiated a new vocabulary: social distancing, lockdown, self-isolation, and sheltering in place. The global threat of pandemics therefore does not emerge spontaneously as a natural event but is the product of human behaviour. What is missing in the pandemic management responses so far is the ecological perspective that pandemics are related to the current economic global order which assumes a separation of humans and nature and regards nature as a resource to be exploited and commodified. This shift has been advocated by many environmental ethicists as well as in indigenous worldviews (Rolston 1988; Johnson 2020) .The ecological perspective implies that the military language of the pandemic is distorting the human embeddedness in the natural world. In an ecological perspective, vulnerability to infectious diseases is not confined to specific individuals, populations, or nations. doi = 10.1007/s11673-020-10014-x id = cord-257597-jy4a8al8 author = von Essen, Erica title = Instagranimal: Animal Welfare and Animal Ethics Challenges of Animal-Based Tourism date = 2020-10-08 keywords = animal; challenge; experience; human; technology; tourism; welfare summary = It discusses macrolevel drivers to animal-based tourism as an industry, the problem of cultural relativism and the role of technology in enhancing or promoting the experience. Develop, review and ensure implementation of animal welfare legislation and "best practice" guidelines in animal-based tourism among travel retailers, tour operators and animal users, emphasising the benefits from a sustainability and human perspective as well. Be a responsible tourist-inform yourself, contact travel retailers and tour operators, demand animal-friendly and ethically justifiable approaches (compassion-do no harm) to animals, humans and the environment in tourism (One Welfare). Summary of workshop conclusions on legislation and policy, guidelines to tourists and calls for further research on the role of digital technology in animal-based tourism. Summary of workshop conclusions on legislation and policy, guidelines to tourists and calls for further research on compassionate animal-based tourism. doi = 10.3390/ani10101830