id sid tid token lemma pos cord-018182-lleti89n 1 1 key key JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 2 1 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 2 2 cord-018182-lleti89n cord-018182-lleti89n RB cord-018182-lleti89n 2 3 authors author NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 2 4 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 2 5 Kassutto Kassutto NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 6 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 2 7 Stacey Stacey NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 8 M. M. NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 9 ; ; : cord-018182-lleti89n 2 10 Kayser Kayser NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 11 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 2 12 Joshua Joshua NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 13 B. B. NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 14 title title NN cord-018182-lleti89n 2 15 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 2 16 Care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 2 17 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 2 18 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 2 19 Surgical surgical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 2 20 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 21 Patient Patient NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 22 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 2 23 Chronic Chronic NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 24 Obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 2 25 Pulmonary Pulmonary NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 26 Disease Disease NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 27 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 2 28 Pulmonary Pulmonary NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 29 Hypertension Hypertension NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 30 date date NN cord-018182-lleti89n 2 31 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 2 32 2016 2016 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 2 33 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 2 34 10 10 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 2 35 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 2 36 09 09 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 2 37 journal journal NN cord-018182-lleti89n 2 38 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 2 39 Principles principle NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 2 40 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 2 41 Adult Adult NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 42 Surgical Surgical NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 43 Critical critical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 2 44 Care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 2 45 DOI doi NN cord-018182-lleti89n 2 46 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 2 47 10.1007/978 10.1007/978 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 2 48 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 2 49 3 3 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 2 50 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 2 51 319 319 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 2 52 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 2 53 33341 33341 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 2 54 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 2 55 0_13 0_13 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 2 56 sha sha NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 2 57 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 3 1 97433e220f22ce9cb6f3a5ea8b3df20b6f851692 97433e220f22ce9cb6f3a5ea8b3df20b6f851692 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 3 2 doc_id doc_id CD cord-018182-lleti89n 3 3 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 4 1 18182 18182 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 5 1 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 5 2 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 5 3 lleti89n lleti89n JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 5 4 Chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 5 5 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 5 6 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 5 7 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 5 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 5 9 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 5 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 5 11 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 5 12 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 5 13 progressive progressive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 5 14 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 5 15 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 5 16 characterized characterize VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 5 17 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 5 18 airflow airflow NN cord-018182-lleti89n 5 19 limitation limitation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 5 20 that that WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 5 21 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 5 22 frequently frequently RB cord-018182-lleti89n 5 23 progressive progressive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 5 24 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 5 25 associated associate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 5 26 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 5 27 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 5 28 impairment impairment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 5 29 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 6 1 As as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 6 2 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 6 3 fourth fourth JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 6 4 leading leading NN cord-018182-lleti89n 6 5 cause cause NN cord-018182-lleti89n 6 6 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 6 7 death death NN cord-018182-lleti89n 6 8 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 6 9 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 6 10 United United NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 6 11 States States NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 6 12 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 6 13 Europe Europe NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 6 14 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 6 15 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 6 16 results result NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 6 17 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 6 18 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 6 19 substantial substantial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 6 20 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 6 21 ever ever RB cord-018182-lleti89n 6 22 increasing increase VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 6 23 economic economic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 6 24 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 6 25 social social JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 6 26 burden burden NN cord-018182-lleti89n 6 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 6 28 1 1 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 6 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 6 30 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 7 1 Acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 7 2 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 7 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 7 4 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 7 5 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 7 6 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 7 7 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 7 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 7 9 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 7 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 7 11 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 7 12 frequently frequently RB cord-018182-lleti89n 7 13 encountered encounter VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 7 14 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 7 15 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 7 16 intensive intensive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 7 17 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 7 18 unit unit NN cord-018182-lleti89n 7 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 7 20 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 7 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 7 22 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 8 1 Although although IN cord-018182-lleti89n 8 2 there there EX cord-018182-lleti89n 8 3 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 8 4 no no DT cord-018182-lleti89n 8 5 standardized standardized JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 8 6 definition definition NN cord-018182-lleti89n 8 7 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 8 8 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 8 9 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 8 10 characterized characterize VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 8 11 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 8 12 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 8 13 significant significant JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 8 14 change change NN cord-018182-lleti89n 8 15 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 8 16 patient patient JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 8 17 symptoms symptom NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 8 18 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 8 19 baseline baseline JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 8 20 accompanied accompany VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 8 21 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 8 22 overall overall JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 8 23 increased increase VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 8 24 airway airway NN cord-018182-lleti89n 8 25 resistance resistance NN cord-018182-lleti89n 8 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 8 27 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 8 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 8 29 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 9 1 These these DT cord-018182-lleti89n 9 2 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 9 3 carry carry VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 9 4 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 9 5 significant significant JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 9 6 risk risk NN cord-018182-lleti89n 9 7 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 9 8 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 9 9 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 9 10 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 9 11 10 10 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 9 12 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 9 13 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 9 14 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 9 15 hospital hospital NN cord-018182-lleti89n 9 16 mortality mortality NN cord-018182-lleti89n 9 17 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 9 18 1-year 1-year CD cord-018182-lleti89n 9 19 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 9 20 2-year 2-year CD cord-018182-lleti89n 9 21 all all DT cord-018182-lleti89n 9 22 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 9 23 cause cause NN cord-018182-lleti89n 9 24 mortality mortality NN cord-018182-lleti89n 9 25 rates rate NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 9 26 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 9 27 43 43 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 9 28 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 9 29 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 9 30 49 49 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 9 31 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 9 32 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 9 33 respectively respectively RB cord-018182-lleti89n 9 34 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 9 35 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 9 36 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 9 37 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 9 38 hypercapnic hypercapnic NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 9 39 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 9 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 9 41 3 3 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 9 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 9 43 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 10 1 Other other JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 10 2 studies study NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 10 3 note note VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 10 4 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 5 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 10 6 hospital hospital NN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 7 mortality mortality NN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 8 rates rate NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 10 9 as as RB cord-018182-lleti89n 10 10 high high JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 10 11 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 12 30 30 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 10 13 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 14 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 15 worse bad JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 10 16 outcomes outcome NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 10 17 associated associate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 18 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 19 older old JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 10 20 age age NN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 21 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 10 22 severity severity NN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 23 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 24 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 10 25 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 10 26 non non JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 10 27 - - JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 10 28 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 10 29 organ organ NN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 30 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 31 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 10 32 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 10 33 hospital hospital NN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 34 length length NN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 35 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 36 stay stay NN cord-018182-lleti89n 10 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 10 38 4 4 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 10 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 10 40 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 11 1 Given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 11 2 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 11 3 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 11 4 transferred transfer VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 11 5 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 11 6 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 11 7 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 11 8 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 11 9 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 11 10 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 11 11 at at IN cord-018182-lleti89n 11 12 high high JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 11 13 risk risk NN cord-018182-lleti89n 11 14 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 11 15 complications complication NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 11 16 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 11 17 adverse adverse JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 11 18 outcomes outcome NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 11 19 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 11 20 early early JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 11 21 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 11 22 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 11 23 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 11 24 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 11 25 critical critical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 11 26 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 11 27 improve improve VB cord-018182-lleti89n 11 28 patient patient JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 11 29 outcomes outcome NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 11 30 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 11 31 survival survival NN cord-018182-lleti89n 11 32 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 11 33 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 11 34 population population NN cord-018182-lleti89n 11 35 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 12 1 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 12 2 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 12 3 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 12 4 result result NN cord-018182-lleti89n 12 5 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 12 6 increased increase VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 12 7 airway airway NN cord-018182-lleti89n 12 8 resistance resistance NN cord-018182-lleti89n 12 9 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 12 10 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 12 11 consequence consequence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 12 12 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 12 13 inflammation inflammation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 12 14 and/or and/or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 12 15 increased increase VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 12 16 airway airway NN cord-018182-lleti89n 12 17 secretions secretion NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 12 18 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 13 1 Data Data NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 13 2 suggests suggest VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 13 3 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 13 4 50 50 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 13 5 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 13 6 70 70 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 13 7 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 13 8 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 13 9 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 13 10 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 13 11 due due JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 13 12 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 13 13 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 13 14 infections infection NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 13 15 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 13 16 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 13 17 greater great JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 13 18 than than IN cord-018182-lleti89n 13 19 50 50 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 13 20 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 13 21 being be VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 13 22 due due JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 13 23 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 13 24 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 13 25 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 13 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 14 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 14 2 most most RBS cord-018182-lleti89n 14 3 commonly commonly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 14 4 isolated isolate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 14 5 organisms organism NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 14 6 include include VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 14 7 Haemophilus Haemophilus NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 14 8 influenza influenza NN cord-018182-lleti89n 14 9 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 14 10 Streptococcus Streptococcus NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 14 11 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 14 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 14 13 Moraxella Moraxella NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 14 14 catarrhalis catarrhalis NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 14 15 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 14 16 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 14 17 Pseudomonas Pseudomonas NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 14 18 aeruginosa aeruginosa NN cord-018182-lleti89n 14 19 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 15 1 Gram gram NN cord-018182-lleti89n 15 2 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 15 3 negative negative JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 15 4 rods rod NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 15 5 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 15 6 isolated isolate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 15 7 less less RBR cord-018182-lleti89n 15 8 frequently frequently RB cord-018182-lleti89n 15 9 but but CC cord-018182-lleti89n 15 10 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 15 11 more more RBR cord-018182-lleti89n 15 12 common common JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 15 13 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 15 14 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 15 15 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 15 16 advanced advanced JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 15 17 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 15 18 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 15 19 more more RBR cord-018182-lleti89n 15 20 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 15 21 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 15 22 as as RB cord-018182-lleti89n 15 23 well well RB cord-018182-lleti89n 15 24 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 15 25 those those DT cord-018182-lleti89n 15 26 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 15 27 diabetes diabete NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 15 28 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 16 1 Patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 16 2 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 16 3 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 16 4 chronically chronically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 16 5 colonized colonize VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 16 6 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 16 7 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 16 8 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 16 9 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 16 10 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 16 11 tract tract NN cord-018182-lleti89n 16 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 16 13 but but CC cord-018182-lleti89n 16 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 16 15 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 16 16 unclear unclear JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 16 17 whether whether IN cord-018182-lleti89n 16 18 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 16 19 colonization colonization NN cord-018182-lleti89n 16 20 leads lead VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 16 21 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 16 22 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 16 23 caused cause VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 16 24 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 16 25 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 16 26 same same JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 16 27 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 16 28 strains strain NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 16 29 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 16 30 predisposes predispose VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 16 31 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 16 32 new new JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 16 33 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 16 34 growth growth NN cord-018182-lleti89n 16 35 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 17 1 Atypical atypical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 17 2 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 17 3 such such JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 17 4 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 17 5 Mycoplasma Mycoplasma NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 17 6 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 17 7 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 17 8 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 17 9 responsible responsible JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 17 10 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 17 11 up up IN cord-018182-lleti89n 17 12 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 17 13 14 14 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 17 14 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 17 15 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 17 16 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 17 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 17 18 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 17 19 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 17 20 5 5 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 17 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 17 22 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 18 1 Viral viral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 18 2 infections infection NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 18 3 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 18 4 estimated estimate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 18 5 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 18 6 cause cause VB cord-018182-lleti89n 18 7 20 20 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 18 8 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 18 9 40 40 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 18 10 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 18 11 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 18 12 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 18 13 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 19 1 However however RB cord-018182-lleti89n 19 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 19 3 many many JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 19 4 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 19 5 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 19 6 documented document VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 19 7 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 19 8 infections infection NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 19 9 report report VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 19 10 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 19 11 viral viral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 19 12 prodrome prodrome NN cord-018182-lleti89n 19 13 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 19 14 making make VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 19 15 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 19 16 true true JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 19 17 prevalence prevalence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 19 18 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 19 19 viral viral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 19 20 illness illness NN cord-018182-lleti89n 19 21 difficult difficult JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 19 22 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 19 23 estimate estimate VB cord-018182-lleti89n 19 24 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 20 1 Estimates estimate NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 20 2 indicate indicate VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 20 3 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 20 4 rhinovirus rhinovirus NN cord-018182-lleti89n 20 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 20 6 17 17 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 20 7 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 20 8 25 25 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 20 9 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 20 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 20 11 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 20 12 influenza influenza NN cord-018182-lleti89n 20 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 20 14 5 5 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 20 15 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 20 16 28 28 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 20 17 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 20 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 20 19 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 20 20 parainfluenza parainfluenza NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 20 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 20 22 5 5 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 20 23 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 20 24 10 10 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 20 25 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 20 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 20 27 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 20 28 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 20 29 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 20 30 syncytial syncytial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 20 31 virus virus NN cord-018182-lleti89n 20 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 20 33 5 5 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 20 34 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 20 35 10 10 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 20 36 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 20 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 20 38 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 20 39 among among IN cord-018182-lleti89n 20 40 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 20 41 most most RBS cord-018182-lleti89n 20 42 common common JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 20 43 viral viral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 20 44 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 20 45 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 20 46 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 20 47 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 21 1 Adenovirus Adenovirus NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 21 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 21 3 human human JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 21 4 metapneumovirus metapneumovirus NN cord-018182-lleti89n 21 5 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 21 6 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 21 7 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-018182-lleti89n 21 8 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 21 9 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 21 10 potential potential JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 21 11 but but CC cord-018182-lleti89n 21 12 less less RBR cord-018182-lleti89n 21 13 common common JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 21 14 culprits culprit NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 21 15 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 22 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 22 2 many many JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 22 3 cases case NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 22 4 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 22 5 exact exact JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 22 6 precipitant precipitant NN cord-018182-lleti89n 22 7 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 22 8 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 22 9 exacerbation exacerbation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 22 10 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 22 11 never never RB cord-018182-lleti89n 22 12 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 22 13 identified identify VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 22 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 22 15 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 22 16 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 22 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 22 18 5 5 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 22 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 22 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 22 21 6 6 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 22 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 22 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 22 24 7 7 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 22 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 22 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 23 1 prior prior JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 23 2 need need NN cord-018182-lleti89n 23 3 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 23 4 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 23 5 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 23 6 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 24 1 Patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 24 2 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 24 3 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 24 4 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 24 5 presenting present VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 24 6 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 24 7 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 24 8 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 24 9 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 24 10 often often RB cord-018182-lleti89n 24 11 have have VB cord-018182-lleti89n 24 12 signs sign NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 24 13 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 24 14 increased increase VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 24 15 work work NN cord-018182-lleti89n 24 16 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 24 17 breathing breathe VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 24 18 including include VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 24 19 accessory accessory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 24 20 muscle muscle NN cord-018182-lleti89n 24 21 use use NN cord-018182-lleti89n 24 22 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 24 23 paradoxical paradoxical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 24 24 chest chest NN cord-018182-lleti89n 24 25 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 24 26 abdominal abdominal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 24 27 wall wall NN cord-018182-lleti89n 24 28 movements movement NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 24 29 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 24 30 cyanosis cyanosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 24 31 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 24 32 altered alter VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 24 33 mental mental JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 24 34 status status NN cord-018182-lleti89n 24 35 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 24 36 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 24 37 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 24 38 instability instability NN cord-018182-lleti89n 24 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 24 40 8 8 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 24 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 24 42 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 25 1 A a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 25 2 focused focused JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 25 3 cardiopulmonary cardiopulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 25 4 exam exam NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 5 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 25 6 recommended recommend VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 7 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 8 close close JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 25 9 attention attention NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 10 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 11 work work NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 12 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 13 breathing breathing NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 14 including include VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 25 15 use use NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 16 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 17 accessory accessory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 25 18 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 25 19 muscles muscle NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 25 20 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 25 21 ability ability NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 22 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 25 23 speak speak VB cord-018182-lleti89n 25 24 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 25 complete complete JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 25 26 sentences sentence NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 25 27 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 25 28 degree degree NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 29 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 30 air air NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 31 movement movement NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 32 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 25 33 adventitious adventitious JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 25 34 lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 35 sounds sound VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 25 36 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 37 auscultation auscultation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 38 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 25 39 evidence evidence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 40 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 41 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 42 overload overload NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 43 including include VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 25 44 jugular jugular NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 45 venous venous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 25 46 distension distension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 25 48 JVD JVD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 25 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 25 50 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 25 51 peripheral peripheral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 25 52 edema edema NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 53 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 25 54 presence presence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 55 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 56 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 25 57 arrhythmias arrhythmia NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 25 58 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 25 59 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 25 60 cyanosis cyanosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 25 61 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 26 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 26 2 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 26 3 's 's POS cord-018182-lleti89n 26 4 mental mental JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 26 5 status status NN cord-018182-lleti89n 26 6 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 26 7 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 26 8 stability stability NN cord-018182-lleti89n 26 9 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 26 10 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 26 11 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 26 12 assessed assess VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 26 13 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 27 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 27 2 severity severity NN cord-018182-lleti89n 27 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 27 4 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 27 5 varies vary VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 27 6 greatly greatly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 27 7 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 28 1 Mild mild JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 28 2 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 28 3 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 28 4 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 28 5 managed manage VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 28 6 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 28 7 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 28 8 outpatient outpatient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 28 9 whereas whereas IN cord-018182-lleti89n 28 10 others other NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 28 11 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 28 12 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 28 13 most most RBS cord-018182-lleti89n 28 14 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 28 15 presentations presentation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 28 16 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 28 17 require require VB cord-018182-lleti89n 28 18 close close JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 28 19 monitoring monitoring NN cord-018182-lleti89n 28 20 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 28 21 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 28 22 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 28 23 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 28 24 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 29 1 Table table NN cord-018182-lleti89n 29 2 13 13 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 29 3 .1 .1 NN cord-018182-lleti89n 29 4 summarizes summarize VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 29 5 indications indication NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 29 6 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 29 7 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 29 8 admission admission NN cord-018182-lleti89n 29 9 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 30 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 30 2 BAP-65 BAP-65 NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 30 3 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 30 4 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 30 5 novel novel JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 30 6 scoring scoring NN cord-018182-lleti89n 30 7 system system NN cord-018182-lleti89n 30 8 developed develop VBD cord-018182-lleti89n 30 9 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 30 10 risk risk NN cord-018182-lleti89n 30 11 stratify stratify VB cord-018182-lleti89n 30 12 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 30 13 need need NN cord-018182-lleti89n 30 14 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 30 15 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 30 16 intubation intubation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 30 17 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 30 18 mortality mortality NN cord-018182-lleti89n 30 19 rate rate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 30 20 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 30 21 hospitalized hospitalize VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 30 22 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 30 23 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 30 24 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 30 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 30 26 see see VB cord-018182-lleti89n 30 27 Table Table NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 30 28 13 13 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 30 29 .2 .2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 30 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 30 31 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 31 1 Although although IN cord-018182-lleti89n 31 2 useful useful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 31 3 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 31 4 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 31 5 risk risk NN cord-018182-lleti89n 31 6 stratification stratification NN cord-018182-lleti89n 31 7 tool tool NN cord-018182-lleti89n 31 8 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 31 9 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 31 10 decision decision NN cord-018182-lleti89n 31 11 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 31 12 admit admit VB cord-018182-lleti89n 31 13 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 31 14 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 31 15 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 31 16 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 31 17 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 31 18 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 31 19 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 31 20 based base VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 31 21 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 31 22 individual individual JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 31 23 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 31 24 presentation presentation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 31 25 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 31 26 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 31 27 center center NN cord-018182-lleti89n 31 28 capabilities capability NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 31 29 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 32 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 32 2 assessment assessment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 32 3 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 32 4 based base VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 32 5 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 32 6 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 32 7 presence presence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 32 8 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 32 9 any any DT cord-018182-lleti89n 32 10 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 32 11 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 32 12 following following NN cord-018182-lleti89n 32 13 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 32 14 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 32 15 increased increase VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 32 16 scores score NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 32 17 portending portend VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 32 18 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 32 19 worse bad JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 32 20 prognosis prognosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 32 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 32 22 10 10 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 32 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 32 24 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 32 25 _SP cord-018182-lleti89n 33 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 33 2 initial initial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 33 3 evaluation evaluation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 4 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 5 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 33 6 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 7 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 8 suspected suspect VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 9 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 33 10 admitted admit VBD cord-018182-lleti89n 33 11 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 12 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 33 13 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 33 14 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 33 15 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 33 16 focused focus VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 17 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 18 assessing assess VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 33 19 severity severity NN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 20 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 21 illness illness NN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 22 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 33 23 need need VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 33 24 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 25 possible possible JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 33 26 ventilatory ventilatory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 33 27 support support NN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 28 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 33 29 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 33 30 exclusion exclusion NN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 31 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 32 other other JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 33 33 possible possible JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 33 34 causes cause NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 33 35 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 36 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 33 37 distress distress NN cord-018182-lleti89n 33 38 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 34 1 For for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 34 2 all all DT cord-018182-lleti89n 34 3 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 34 4 admitted admit VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 34 5 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 34 6 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 34 7 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 34 8 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 34 9 suspected suspect VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 34 10 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 34 11 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 34 12 we -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 34 13 recommend recommend VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 34 14 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 34 15 following follow VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 34 16 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 34 17 elements element NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 34 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 34 19 8 8 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 34 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 34 21 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 35 1 • • NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 36 1 Continuous continuous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 36 2 pulse pulse NN cord-018182-lleti89n 36 3 oximetry oximetry NN cord-018182-lleti89n 37 1 • • NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 38 1 Arterial arterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 38 2 blood blood NN cord-018182-lleti89n 38 3 gas gas NN cord-018182-lleti89n 38 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 38 5 ABG ABG NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 38 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 39 1 • • NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 40 1 Chest chest NN cord-018182-lleti89n 40 2 radiograph radiograph NN cord-018182-lleti89n 41 1 • • NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 42 1 Electrocardiogram Electrocardiogram NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 43 1 • • NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 44 1 Basic basic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 44 2 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 44 3 panel panel NN cord-018182-lleti89n 44 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 44 5 BMP BMP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 44 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 45 1 • • NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 46 1 Complete complete JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 46 2 blood blood NN cord-018182-lleti89n 46 3 count count NN cord-018182-lleti89n 46 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 46 5 CBC CBC NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 46 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 47 1 • • NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 48 1 Sputum sputum NN cord-018182-lleti89n 48 2 culture culture NN cord-018182-lleti89n 48 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 48 4 consider consider VB cord-018182-lleti89n 48 5 induced induce VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 48 6 sputum sputum NN cord-018182-lleti89n 48 7 sample sample NN cord-018182-lleti89n 48 8 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 48 9 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 48 10 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 48 11 minimal minimal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 48 12 sputum sputum NN cord-018182-lleti89n 48 13 production production NN cord-018182-lleti89n 48 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 49 1 This this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 49 2 initial initial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 49 3 workup workup NN cord-018182-lleti89n 49 4 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 49 5 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 49 6 useful useful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 49 7 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 49 8 differentiating differentiate VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 49 9 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 49 10 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 49 11 other other JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 49 12 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 49 13 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 49 14 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 49 15 causes cause NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 49 16 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 49 17 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 49 18 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 49 19 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 50 1 Important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 2 differential differential JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 3 diagnoses diagnosis NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 50 4 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 5 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 50 6 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 7 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 8 dyspnea dyspnea NN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 9 and/or and/or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 50 10 impending impend VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 50 11 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 12 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 13 include include VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 50 14 congestive congestive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 15 heart heart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 16 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 17 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 50 18 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 19 coronary coronary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 20 syndrome syndrome NN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 21 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 50 22 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 23 embolism embolism NN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 24 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 50 25 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 26 arrhythmia arrhythmia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 27 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 50 28 pneumothorax pneumothorax NN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 29 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 50 30 pleural pleural JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 31 effusion effusion NN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 32 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 50 33 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 34 infectious infectious JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 35 processes process NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 50 36 such such JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 37 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 38 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 39 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 50 40 viral viral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 41 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 42 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 50 43 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 50 44 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 50 45 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 46 other other JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 47 underlying underlying JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 48 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 49 conditions condition NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 50 50 such such JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 51 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 52 interstitial interstitial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 50 53 lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 54 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 50 55 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 51 1 These these DT cord-018182-lleti89n 51 2 conditions condition NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 51 3 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 51 4 coexist coexist VB cord-018182-lleti89n 51 5 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 51 6 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 51 7 precipitate precipitate VB cord-018182-lleti89n 51 8 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 51 9 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 52 1 Thus thus RB cord-018182-lleti89n 52 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 52 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 52 4 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 52 5 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 52 6 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 52 7 pursue pursue VB cord-018182-lleti89n 52 8 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 52 9 thorough thorough JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 52 10 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 52 11 workup workup NN cord-018182-lleti89n 52 12 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 52 13 tandem tandem NN cord-018182-lleti89n 52 14 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 52 15 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 52 16 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 52 17 interventions intervention NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 52 18 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 53 1 Additional additional JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 53 2 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 53 3 measures measure NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 53 4 including include VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 53 5 chest chest NN cord-018182-lleti89n 53 6 computerized computerized JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 53 7 tomography tomography NN cord-018182-lleti89n 53 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 53 9 CT CT NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 53 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 53 11 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 53 12 echocardiography echocardiography NN cord-018182-lleti89n 53 13 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 53 14 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 53 15 biomarkers biomarker NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 53 16 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 53 17 brain brain NN cord-018182-lleti89n 53 18 naturetic naturetic NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 53 19 peptide peptide NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 53 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 53 21 BNP BNP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 53 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 53 23 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 53 24 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 53 25 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 53 26 viral viral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 53 27 molecular molecular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 53 28 testing testing NN cord-018182-lleti89n 53 29 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 53 30 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 53 31 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 53 32 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 53 33 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 53 34 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 53 35 clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 53 36 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 53 37 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 54 1 Spirometry Spirometry NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 54 2 during during IN cord-018182-lleti89n 54 3 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 54 4 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 54 5 exacerbation exacerbation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 54 6 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 54 7 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 54 8 recommended recommend VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 54 9 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 54 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 54 11 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 54 12 likely likely JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 54 13 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 54 14 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 54 15 both both DT cord-018182-lleti89n 54 16 difficult difficult JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 54 17 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 54 18 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 54 19 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 54 20 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 54 21 perform perform VB cord-018182-lleti89n 54 22 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 54 23 provide provide VB cord-018182-lleti89n 54 24 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 54 25 inaccurate inaccurate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 54 26 assessment assessment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 54 27 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 54 28 lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 54 29 function function NN cord-018182-lleti89n 54 30 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 55 1 Systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 55 2 glucocorticoids glucocorticoid NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 55 3 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 55 4 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 55 5 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 55 6 cornerstone cornerstone NN cord-018182-lleti89n 55 7 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 55 8 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 55 9 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 55 10 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 55 11 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 55 12 particularly particularly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 55 13 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 55 14 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 55 15 ill ill JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 55 16 enough enough RB cord-018182-lleti89n 55 17 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 55 18 warrant warrant VB cord-018182-lleti89n 55 19 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 55 20 admission admission NN cord-018182-lleti89n 55 21 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 56 1 Although although IN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 2 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 56 3 optimal optimal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 56 4 formulation formulation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 5 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 56 6 duration duration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 7 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 56 8 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 56 9 dosage dosage NN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 10 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 11 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 12 remains remain VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 56 13 unclear unclear JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 56 14 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 56 15 studies study NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 56 16 have have VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 56 17 shown show VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 18 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 19 systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 56 20 steroids steroid NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 56 21 accelerate accelerate VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 56 22 improvement improvement NN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 23 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 24 airflow airflow NN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 25 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 56 26 gas gas NN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 27 exchange exchange NN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 28 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 56 29 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 56 30 symptoms symptom NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 56 31 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 32 addition addition NN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 33 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 34 reducing reduce VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 56 35 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 56 36 rate rate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 37 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 38 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 39 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 56 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 56 41 11 11 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 56 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 56 43 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 57 1 A a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 57 2 trial trial NN cord-018182-lleti89n 57 3 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 57 4 Niewoehner Niewoehner NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 57 5 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 57 6 9 9 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 57 7 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 58 1 Note note VB cord-018182-lleti89n 58 2 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 58 3 Indications indication NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 58 4 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 58 5 vary vary VB cord-018182-lleti89n 58 6 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 58 7 institution institution NN cord-018182-lleti89n 58 8 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 58 9 ability ability NN cord-018182-lleti89n 58 10 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 58 11 do do VB cord-018182-lleti89n 58 12 noninvasive noninvasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 58 13 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 58 14 outside outside IN cord-018182-lleti89n 58 15 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 58 16 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 58 17 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 58 18 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 58 19 colleagues colleague NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 58 20 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-018182-lleti89n 58 21 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 58 22 there there EX cord-018182-lleti89n 58 23 was be VBD cord-018182-lleti89n 58 24 no no DT cord-018182-lleti89n 58 25 benefit benefit NN cord-018182-lleti89n 58 26 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 58 27 8 8 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 58 28 weeks week NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 58 29 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 58 30 steroid steroid NN cord-018182-lleti89n 58 31 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 58 32 compared compare VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 58 33 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 58 34 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 58 35 weeks week NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 58 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 58 37 12 12 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 58 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 58 39 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 59 1 Although although IN cord-018182-lleti89n 59 2 some some DT cord-018182-lleti89n 59 3 studies study NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 59 4 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 59 5 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 59 6 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 59 7 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 59 8 suggest suggest VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 59 9 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 59 10 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 59 11 5-day 5-day JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 59 12 regimen regimen NN cord-018182-lleti89n 59 13 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 59 14 40 40 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 59 15 mg mg NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 59 16 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 59 17 prednisone prednisone NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 59 18 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 59 19 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 59 20 superior superior JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 59 21 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 59 22 14 14 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 59 23 days day NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 59 24 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 59 25 no no DT cord-018182-lleti89n 59 26 trials trial NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 59 27 have have VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 59 28 clearly clearly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 59 29 defined define VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 59 30 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 59 31 optimal optimal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 59 32 regimen regimen NN cord-018182-lleti89n 59 33 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 59 34 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 59 35 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 59 36 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 59 37 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 59 38 requiring require VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 59 39 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 59 40 admission admission NN cord-018182-lleti89n 59 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 59 42 13 13 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 59 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 59 44 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 60 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 60 2 general general JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 60 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 60 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 60 5 recommend recommend VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 60 6 intravenous intravenous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 60 7 steroid steroid NN cord-018182-lleti89n 60 8 administration administration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 60 9 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 60 10 0.5 0.5 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 60 11 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 60 12 1.0 1.0 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 60 13 mg mg NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 60 14 / / SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 60 15 kg kg NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 60 16 methylprednisolone methylprednisolone NN cord-018182-lleti89n 60 17 every every DT cord-018182-lleti89n 60 18 6 6 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 60 19 h h NN cord-018182-lleti89n 60 20 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 60 21 24 24 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 60 22 h h NN cord-018182-lleti89n 60 23 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 60 24 tapering taper VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 60 25 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 60 26 twice twice RB cord-018182-lleti89n 60 27 daily daily RB cord-018182-lleti89n 61 1 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 61 2 then then RB cord-018182-lleti89n 61 3 daily daily RB cord-018182-lleti89n 61 4 over over IN cord-018182-lleti89n 61 5 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 61 6 course course NN cord-018182-lleti89n 61 7 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 61 8 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 61 9 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 61 10 3 3 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 61 11 days day NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 61 12 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 61 13 tolerated tolerate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 61 14 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 61 15 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 61 16 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 61 17 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 61 18 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 61 19 admitted admit VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 61 20 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 61 21 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 61 22 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 61 23 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 62 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 62 2 general general JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 62 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 62 4 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 62 5 duration duration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 62 6 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 62 7 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 62 8 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 62 9 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 62 10 exceed exceed VB cord-018182-lleti89n 62 11 14 14 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 62 12 days day NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 62 13 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 63 1 Oral oral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 63 2 steroids steroid NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 63 3 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 63 4 likely likely RB cord-018182-lleti89n 63 5 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 63 6 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 63 7 intravenous intravenous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 63 8 formulations formulation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 63 9 if if IN cord-018182-lleti89n 63 10 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 63 11 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 63 12 can can MD cord-018182-lleti89n 63 13 take take VB cord-018182-lleti89n 63 14 pills pill NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 63 15 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 63 16 mouth mouth NN cord-018182-lleti89n 63 17 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 64 1 Careful careful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 64 2 monitoring monitoring NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 3 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 4 side side NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 5 effects effect NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 64 6 including include VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 64 7 alterations alteration NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 64 8 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 9 cognition cognition NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 10 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 64 11 hyperglycemia hyperglycemia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 64 13 insomnia insomnia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 14 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 64 15 fluid fluid JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 64 16 retention retention NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 17 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 64 18 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 64 19 peptic peptic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 64 20 ulcer ulcer NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 21 formation formation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 22 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 64 23 essential essential JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 64 24 ; ; : cord-018182-lleti89n 64 25 routine routine JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 64 26 H2 H2 NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 64 27 receptor receptor NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 28 antagonist antagonist NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 29 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 64 30 proton proton NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 31 pump pump NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 32 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 33 prescription prescription NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 34 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 64 35 accompany accompany VB cord-018182-lleti89n 64 36 steroid steroid NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 37 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 38 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 39 those those DT cord-018182-lleti89n 64 40 admitted admit VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 41 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 64 42 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 64 43 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 64 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 64 45 14 14 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 64 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 64 47 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 65 1 There there EX cord-018182-lleti89n 65 2 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 65 3 no no DT cord-018182-lleti89n 65 4 controlled control VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 65 5 trials trial NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 65 6 documenting document VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 65 7 efficacy efficacy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 65 8 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 65 9 these these DT cord-018182-lleti89n 65 10 agents agent NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 65 11 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 66 1 However however RB cord-018182-lleti89n 66 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 66 3 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 66 4 general general JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 66 5 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 66 6 combination combination NN cord-018182-lleti89n 66 7 short short RB cord-018182-lleti89n 66 8 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 66 9 acting act VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 66 10 inhaled inhale VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 66 11 beta-2 beta-2 NN cord-018182-lleti89n 66 12 agonists agonist NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 66 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 66 14 albuterol albuterol NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 66 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 66 16 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 66 17 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 66 18 without without IN cord-018182-lleti89n 66 19 shortacting shortacte VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 66 20 anticholinergics anticholinergics NNPS cord-018182-lleti89n 66 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 66 22 ipratropium ipratropium NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 66 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 67 1 every every DT cord-018182-lleti89n 67 2 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 67 3 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 67 4 4 4 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 67 5 h h NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 67 6 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 67 7 recommended recommend VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 67 8 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 67 9 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 67 10 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 67 11 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 67 12 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 67 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 67 14 1 1 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 67 15 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 67 16 8 8 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 67 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 67 18 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 68 1 There there EX cord-018182-lleti89n 68 2 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 68 3 no no DT cord-018182-lleti89n 68 4 evidence evidence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 68 5 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 68 6 support support VB cord-018182-lleti89n 68 7 combination combination NN cord-018182-lleti89n 68 8 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 68 9 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 68 10 although although IN cord-018182-lleti89n 68 11 albuterol albuterol NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 68 12 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 68 13 ipratropium ipratropium NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 68 14 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 68 15 frequently frequently RB cord-018182-lleti89n 68 16 used use VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 68 17 concurrently concurrently RB cord-018182-lleti89n 68 18 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 68 19 particularly particularly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 68 20 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 68 21 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 68 22 requiring require VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 68 23 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 68 24 admission admission NN cord-018182-lleti89n 68 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 68 26 15 15 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 68 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 68 28 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 69 1 For for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 69 2 nonintubated nonintubated JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 69 3 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 69 4 admitted admit VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 69 5 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 69 6 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 69 7 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 69 8 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 69 9 we -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 69 10 recommend recommend VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 69 11 these these DT cord-018182-lleti89n 69 12 medications medication NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 69 13 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 69 14 administered administer VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 69 15 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 69 16 nebulized nebulize VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 69 17 form form NN cord-018182-lleti89n 69 18 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 69 19 inhaler inhaler NN cord-018182-lleti89n 69 20 use use NN cord-018182-lleti89n 69 21 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 69 22 difficult difficult JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 69 23 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 69 24 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 69 25 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 69 26 significant significant JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 69 27 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 69 28 distress distress NN cord-018182-lleti89n 69 29 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 70 1 Metered meter VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 70 2 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 70 3 dose dose NN cord-018182-lleti89n 70 4 inhalers inhaler NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 70 5 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 70 6 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 70 7 used use VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 70 8 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 70 9 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 70 10 requiring require VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 70 11 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 70 12 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 70 13 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 71 1 As as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 71 2 there there EX cord-018182-lleti89n 71 3 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 71 4 no no DT cord-018182-lleti89n 71 5 evidence evidence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 71 6 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 71 7 support support VB cord-018182-lleti89n 71 8 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 71 9 addition addition NN cord-018182-lleti89n 71 10 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 71 11 methylxanthines methylxanthine NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 71 12 during during IN cord-018182-lleti89n 71 13 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 71 14 exacerbation exacerbation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 71 15 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 71 16 routine routine JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 71 17 use use NN cord-018182-lleti89n 71 18 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 71 19 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 71 20 recommended recommend VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 71 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 71 22 8 8 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 71 23 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 71 24 15 15 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 71 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 71 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 72 1 Given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 72 2 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 72 3 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 72 4 majority majority NN cord-018182-lleti89n 72 5 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 72 6 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 72 7 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 72 8 thought think VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 72 9 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 72 10 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 72 11 due due JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 72 12 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 72 13 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 72 14 infections infection NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 72 15 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 72 16 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 72 17 empiric empiric JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 72 18 administration administration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 72 19 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 72 20 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 72 21 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 72 22 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 72 23 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 72 24 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 72 25 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 72 26 has have VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 72 27 been be VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 72 28 frequently frequently RB cord-018182-lleti89n 72 29 studied study VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 72 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 72 31 15 15 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 72 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 72 33 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 73 1 Antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 73 2 use use NN cord-018182-lleti89n 73 3 during during IN cord-018182-lleti89n 73 4 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 73 5 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 73 6 reduces reduce VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 73 7 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 73 8 failures failure NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 73 9 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 73 10 need need VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 73 11 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 73 12 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 73 13 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 73 14 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 73 15 risk risk NN cord-018182-lleti89n 73 16 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 73 17 readmission readmission NN cord-018182-lleti89n 73 18 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 73 19 as as RB cord-018182-lleti89n 73 20 well well RB cord-018182-lleti89n 73 21 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 73 22 mortality mortality NN cord-018182-lleti89n 73 23 when when WRB cord-018182-lleti89n 73 24 administered administer VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 73 25 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 73 26 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 73 27 inpatient inpatient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 73 28 setting set VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 73 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 73 30 16 16 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 73 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 73 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 73 33 17 17 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 73 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 73 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 73 36 18 18 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 73 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 73 38 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 74 1 A a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 74 2 study study NN cord-018182-lleti89n 74 3 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 74 4 Anthonisen Anthonisen NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 74 5 et et NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 74 6 al al NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 74 7 . . NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 74 8 showed show VBD cord-018182-lleti89n 74 9 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 74 10 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 74 11 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 74 12 increases increase NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 74 13 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 74 14 sputum sputum NN cord-018182-lleti89n 74 15 production production NN cord-018182-lleti89n 74 16 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 74 17 changes change NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 74 18 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 74 19 sputum sputum NN cord-018182-lleti89n 74 20 color color NN cord-018182-lleti89n 74 21 experienced experience VBD cord-018182-lleti89n 74 22 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 74 23 greater great JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 74 24 benefit benefit NN cord-018182-lleti89n 74 25 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 74 26 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 74 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 74 28 19 19 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 74 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 74 30 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 75 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 2 addition addition NN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 75 4 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 75 5 study study NN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 6 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 7 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 75 8 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 9 AECOPD AECOPD NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 75 10 requiring require VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 75 11 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 75 12 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 13 showed show VBD cord-018182-lleti89n 75 14 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 15 administration administration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 16 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 17 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 75 18 fluoroquinolone fluoroquinolone NN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 19 reduced reduce VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 20 mortality mortality NN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 21 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 75 22 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 75 23 need need NN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 24 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 25 additional additional JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 75 26 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 75 27 when when WRB cord-018182-lleti89n 75 28 compared compare VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 29 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 30 placebo placebo NN cord-018182-lleti89n 75 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 75 32 20 20 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 75 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 75 34 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 76 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-018182-lleti89n 76 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 76 3 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 76 4 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 76 5 recommended recommend VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 76 6 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 76 7 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 76 8 admitted admit VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 76 9 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 76 10 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 76 11 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 76 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 76 13 particularly particularly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 76 14 those those DT cord-018182-lleti89n 76 15 requiring require VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 76 16 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 76 17 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 76 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 76 19 1 1 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 76 20 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 76 21 8 8 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 76 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 76 23 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 77 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 77 2 uncomplicated uncomplicated JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 77 3 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 77 4 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 77 5 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 77 6 beta beta NN cord-018182-lleti89n 77 7 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 77 8 lactam lactam NN cord-018182-lleti89n 77 9 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 77 10 macrolide macrolide NN cord-018182-lleti89n 77 11 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 77 12 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 77 13 tetracycline tetracycline NN cord-018182-lleti89n 77 14 antibiotic antibiotic NN cord-018182-lleti89n 77 15 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 77 16 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 77 17 used use VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 77 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 77 19 8 8 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 77 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 77 21 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 78 1 For for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 78 2 most most JJS cord-018182-lleti89n 78 3 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 78 4 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 78 5 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 78 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 78 7 recommend recommend VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 78 8 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 78 9 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 78 10 fluoroquinolone fluoroquinolone NN cord-018182-lleti89n 78 11 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 78 12 third third JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 78 13 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 78 14 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 78 15 fourth fourth JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 78 16 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 78 17 generation generation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 78 18 cephalosporin cephalosporin NN cord-018182-lleti89n 78 19 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 78 20 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 78 21 piperacillin piperacillin NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 78 22 / / SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 78 23 tazobactam tazobactam NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 78 24 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 79 1 Coverage coverage NN cord-018182-lleti89n 79 2 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 79 3 atypical atypical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 79 4 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 79 5 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 79 6 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 79 7 macrolide macrolide NN cord-018182-lleti89n 79 8 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 79 9 fluoroquinolone fluoroquinolone NN cord-018182-lleti89n 79 10 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 79 11 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 79 12 recommended recommend VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 79 13 if if IN cord-018182-lleti89n 79 14 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 79 15 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 79 16 lives live VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 79 17 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 79 18 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 79 19 community community NN cord-018182-lleti89n 79 20 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 80 1 Broader broad JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 80 2 coverage coverage NN cord-018182-lleti89n 80 3 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 80 4 nosocomial nosocomial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 80 5 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 80 6 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 80 7 recommended recommend VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 80 8 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 80 9 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 80 10 residing reside VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 80 11 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 80 12 health health NN cord-018182-lleti89n 80 13 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 80 14 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 80 15 settings setting NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 80 16 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 80 17 those those DT cord-018182-lleti89n 80 18 who who WP cord-018182-lleti89n 80 19 have have VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 80 20 had have VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 80 21 recent recent JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 80 22 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 80 23 repetitive repetitive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 80 24 contact contact NN cord-018182-lleti89n 80 25 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 80 26 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 80 27 hospital hospital NN cord-018182-lleti89n 80 28 environment environment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 80 29 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 80 30 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 80 31 courses course NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 80 32 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 80 33 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 80 34 agents agent NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 80 35 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 81 1 Combination combination NN cord-018182-lleti89n 81 2 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 81 3 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 81 4 often often RB cord-018182-lleti89n 81 5 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 81 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 81 7 1 1 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 81 8 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 81 9 14 14 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 81 10 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 81 11 15 15 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 81 12 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 81 13 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 82 1 See see VB cord-018182-lleti89n 82 2 Table table NN cord-018182-lleti89n 82 3 13 13 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 82 4 .3 .3 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 82 5 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 82 6 antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 82 7 recommendations recommendation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 82 8 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 83 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 83 2 general general JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 83 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 83 4 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 83 5 total total JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 83 6 duration duration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 83 7 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 83 8 7 7 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 83 9 days day NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 83 10 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 83 11 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 83 12 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 83 13 usually usually RB cord-018182-lleti89n 83 14 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 83 15 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 84 1 Coverage coverage NN cord-018182-lleti89n 84 2 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 84 3 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 84 4 tailored tailor VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 84 5 based base VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 84 6 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 84 7 sputum sputum NN cord-018182-lleti89n 84 8 culture culture NN cord-018182-lleti89n 84 9 results result NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 84 10 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 84 11 sensitivities sensitivity NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 84 12 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 85 1 There there EX cord-018182-lleti89n 85 2 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 85 3 no no DT cord-018182-lleti89n 85 4 data data NN cord-018182-lleti89n 85 5 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 85 6 support support VB cord-018182-lleti89n 85 7 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 85 8 routine routine JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 85 9 use use NN cord-018182-lleti89n 85 10 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 85 11 pharmacologic pharmacologic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 85 12 adjuncts adjunct NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 85 13 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 85 14 bronchoscopic bronchoscopic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 85 15 mucus mucus NN cord-018182-lleti89n 85 16 clearance clearance NN cord-018182-lleti89n 85 17 techniques technique NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 85 18 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 85 19 although although IN cord-018182-lleti89n 85 20 efforts effort NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 85 21 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 85 22 clear clear VB cord-018182-lleti89n 85 23 secretions secretion NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 85 24 via via IN cord-018182-lleti89n 85 25 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 85 26 toiletry toiletry NN cord-018182-lleti89n 85 27 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 85 28 chest chest NN cord-018182-lleti89n 85 29 physiotherapy physiotherapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 85 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 85 31 e.g. e.g. RB cord-018182-lleti89n 85 32 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 85 33 percussion percussion NN cord-018182-lleti89n 85 34 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 85 35 postural postural JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 85 36 drainage drainage NN cord-018182-lleti89n 85 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 85 38 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 85 39 reasonable reasonable JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 85 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 85 41 15 15 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 85 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 85 43 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 86 1 Oxygen oxygen NN cord-018182-lleti89n 86 2 supplementation supplementation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 86 3 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 86 4 frequently frequently RB cord-018182-lleti89n 86 5 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 86 6 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 86 7 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 86 8 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 87 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 87 2 order order NN cord-018182-lleti89n 87 3 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 87 4 maintain maintain VB cord-018182-lleti89n 87 5 adequate adequate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 87 6 cellular cellular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 87 7 oxygenation oxygenation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 87 8 while while IN cord-018182-lleti89n 87 9 avoiding avoid VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 87 10 hypercapnia hypercapnia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 87 11 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 87 12 careful careful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 87 13 monitoring monitoring NN cord-018182-lleti89n 87 14 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 87 15 avoidance avoidance NN cord-018182-lleti89n 87 16 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 87 17 over over IN cord-018182-lleti89n 87 18 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 87 19 supplementation supplementation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 87 20 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 87 21 prudent prudent JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 87 22 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 88 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 88 2 goal goal NN cord-018182-lleti89n 88 3 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 88 4 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 88 5 maintain maintain VB cord-018182-lleti89n 88 6 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 88 7 PaO pao JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 88 8 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 88 9 > > SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 88 10 60 60 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 88 11 mmHg mmHg NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 88 12 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 88 13 SpO spo JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 88 14 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 88 15 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 88 16 88 88 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 88 17 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 88 18 92 92 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 88 19 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 88 20 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 89 1 Values value NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 89 2 significantly significantly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 89 3 above above IN cord-018182-lleti89n 89 4 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 89 5 provide provide VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 89 6 little little JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 89 7 added add VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 89 8 benefit benefit NN cord-018182-lleti89n 89 9 while while IN cord-018182-lleti89n 89 10 potentially potentially RB cord-018182-lleti89n 89 11 promoting promote VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 89 12 CO CO NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 89 13 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 89 14 retention retention NN cord-018182-lleti89n 89 15 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 89 16 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 89 17 at at IN cord-018182-lleti89n 89 18 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 89 19 risk risk NN cord-018182-lleti89n 89 20 population population NN cord-018182-lleti89n 89 21 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 90 1 ABGs ABGs NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 90 2 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 90 3 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 90 4 checked check VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 5 frequently frequently RB cord-018182-lleti89n 90 6 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 90 7 identify identify VB cord-018182-lleti89n 90 8 any any DT cord-018182-lleti89n 90 9 potential potential JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 90 10 interval interval NN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 11 worsening worsen VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 90 12 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 13 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 90 14 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 15 ; ; : cord-018182-lleti89n 90 16 VBGs VBGs NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 90 17 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 90 18 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 90 19 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 90 20 reasonable reasonable JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 90 21 alternative alternative NN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 22 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 23 ABG ABG NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 90 24 analysis analysis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 25 when when WRB cord-018182-lleti89n 90 26 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 90 27 focus focus NN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 28 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 29 inquiry inquiry NN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 30 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 90 31 pH ph NN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 32 - - : cord-018182-lleti89n 90 33 pCO pco JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 90 34 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 90 35 balance balance NN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 36 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 37 opposed oppose VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 38 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 39 oxygenation oxygenation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 90 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 90 41 1 1 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 90 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 90 43 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 91 1 Many many JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 91 2 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 91 3 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 91 4 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 91 5 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 91 6 require require VB cord-018182-lleti89n 91 7 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 91 8 support support NN cord-018182-lleti89n 91 9 beyond beyond IN cord-018182-lleti89n 91 10 supplemental supplemental JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 91 11 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018182-lleti89n 91 12 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 92 1 Although although IN cord-018182-lleti89n 92 2 endotracheal endotracheal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 92 3 intubation intubation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 92 4 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 92 5 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 92 6 required require VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 92 7 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 92 8 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 92 9 cases case NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 92 10 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 92 11 noninvasive noninvasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 92 12 positive positive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 92 13 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 92 14 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 92 15 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 92 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 92 17 NPPV NPPV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 92 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 92 19 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 92 20 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 92 21 first first JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 92 22 choice choice NN cord-018182-lleti89n 92 23 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 92 24 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 92 25 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 92 26 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 92 27 hypercapnic hypercapnic NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 92 28 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 92 29 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 92 30 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 92 31 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 92 32 AECOPD aecopd NN cord-018182-lleti89n 92 33 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 93 1 when when WRB cord-018182-lleti89n 93 2 there there EX cord-018182-lleti89n 93 3 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 93 4 no no DT cord-018182-lleti89n 93 5 contraindications contraindication NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 93 6 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 93 7 noninvasive noninvasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 93 8 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 93 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 93 10 see see VB cord-018182-lleti89n 93 11 Table Table NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 93 12 13 13 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 93 13 .4 .4 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 93 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 93 15 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 94 1 Patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 94 2 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 94 3 clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 94 4 signs sign NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 94 5 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 94 6 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 94 7 muscle muscle NN cord-018182-lleti89n 94 8 fatigue fatigue NN cord-018182-lleti89n 94 9 and/or and/or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 94 10 increased increased JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 94 11 work work NN cord-018182-lleti89n 94 12 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 94 13 breathing breathing NN cord-018182-lleti89n 94 14 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 94 15 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 94 16 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 94 17 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 94 18 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 94 19 early early JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 94 20 NPPV NPPV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 94 21 initiation initiation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 94 22 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 95 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 95 2 success success NN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 3 rate rate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 4 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 5 NPPV NPPV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 95 6 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 7 randomized randomized JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 95 8 controlled control VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 9 trials trial NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 95 10 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 11 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 95 12 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 13 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 95 14 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 95 15 has have VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 95 16 been be VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 17 documented document VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 18 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 19 80 80 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 95 20 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 95 21 85 85 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 95 22 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 23 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 95 24 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 25 improvements improvement NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 95 26 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 27 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 95 28 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 95 29 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 30 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 95 31 tachypnea tachypnea NN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 32 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 95 33 work work NN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 34 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 35 breathing breathing NN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 36 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 95 37 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 95 38 decreases decrease VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 95 39 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 40 ventilatorassociated ventilatorassociate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 95 41 events event NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 95 42 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 95 43 8 8 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 95 44 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 95 45 21 21 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 95 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 95 47 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 96 1 Previous previous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 96 2 studies study NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 96 3 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-018182-lleti89n 96 4 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 5 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 96 6 use use NN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 7 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 8 NPPV NPPV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 96 9 was be VBD cord-018182-lleti89n 96 10 associated associate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 11 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 12 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 96 13 reduction reduction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 14 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 15 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 96 16 overall overall JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 96 17 need need NN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 18 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 19 endotracheal endotracheal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 96 20 intubation intubation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 21 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 96 22 lower low JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 96 23 cost cost NN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 24 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 96 25 reduced reduce VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 26 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 96 27 length length NN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 28 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 29 stay stay NN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 30 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 96 31 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 96 32 decreased decrease VBD cord-018182-lleti89n 96 33 overall overall JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 96 34 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 96 35 mortality mortality NN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 36 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 37 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 96 38 placed place VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 39 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 96 40 NPPV NPPV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 96 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 96 42 22 22 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 96 43 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 96 44 23 23 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 96 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 96 46 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 97 1 NPPV NPPV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 97 2 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 97 3 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 97 4 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 97 5 efficacious efficacious JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 97 6 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 97 7 all all DT cord-018182-lleti89n 97 8 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 97 9 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 97 10 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 97 11 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 98 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 98 2 particular particular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 98 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 98 4 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 98 5 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 98 6 Glasgow Glasgow NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 98 7 Coma Coma NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 98 8 Scale Scale NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 98 9 score score VBD cord-018182-lleti89n 98 10 < < XX cord-018182-lleti89n 98 11 11 11 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 98 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 98 13 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 98 14 physiology physiology NN cord-018182-lleti89n 98 15 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 98 16 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 98 17 health health NN cord-018182-lleti89n 98 18 evaluation evaluation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 98 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 98 20 APACHE APACHE NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 98 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 98 22 score score NN cord-018182-lleti89n 98 23 ≥29 ≥29 RB cord-018182-lleti89n 98 24 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 98 25 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 98 26 rate rate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 98 27 ≥30 ≥30 NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 98 28 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 98 29 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 98 30 admission admission NN cord-018182-lleti89n 98 31 pH pH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 98 32 < < XX cord-018182-lleti89n 98 33 7.25 7.25 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 98 34 have have VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 98 35 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 98 36 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 98 37 rate rate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 98 38 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 98 39 that that WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 98 40 exceeds exceed VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 98 41 70 70 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 98 42 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 98 43 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 99 1 Close close JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 99 2 monitoring monitoring NN cord-018182-lleti89n 99 3 while while IN cord-018182-lleti89n 99 4 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 99 5 NPPV NPPV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 99 6 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 99 7 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 99 8 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 99 9 rapid rapid JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 99 10 clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 99 11 improvement improvement NN cord-018182-lleti89n 99 12 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 99 13 expected expect VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 99 14 if if IN cord-018182-lleti89n 99 15 NPPV NPPV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 99 16 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 99 17 likely likely JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 99 18 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 99 19 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 99 20 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 99 21 benefit benefit NN cord-018182-lleti89n 99 22 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 100 1 Studies study NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 100 2 have have VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 100 3 shown show VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 100 4 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 100 5 if if IN cord-018182-lleti89n 100 6 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 100 7 pH pH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 100 8 after after IN cord-018182-lleti89n 100 9 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 100 10 h h NN cord-018182-lleti89n 100 11 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 100 12 NPPV NPPV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 100 13 remains remain VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 100 14 < < NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 100 15 7.25 7.25 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 100 16 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 100 17 there there EX cord-018182-lleti89n 100 18 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 100 19 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 100 20 high high JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 100 21 likelihood likelihood NN cord-018182-lleti89n 100 22 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 100 23 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 100 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 100 25 70 70 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 100 26 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 100 27 90 90 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 100 28 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 100 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 100 30 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 100 31 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 100 32 endotracheal endotracheal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 100 33 intubation intubation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 100 34 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 100 35 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 100 36 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 100 37 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 101 1 Conversely conversely RB cord-018182-lleti89n 101 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 101 3 if if IN cord-018182-lleti89n 101 4 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 101 5 pH pH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 101 6 and/or and/or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 101 7 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 101 8 PaCO paco NN cord-018182-lleti89n 101 9 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 101 10 improve improve NN cord-018182-lleti89n 101 11 within within IN cord-018182-lleti89n 101 12 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 101 13 first first JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 101 14 few few JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 101 15 hours hour NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 101 16 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 101 17 NPPV NPPV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 101 18 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 101 19 there there EX cord-018182-lleti89n 101 20 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 101 21 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 101 22 significant significant JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 101 23 probability probability NN cord-018182-lleti89n 101 24 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 101 25 success success NN cord-018182-lleti89n 101 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 101 27 24 24 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 101 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 101 29 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 102 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-018182-lleti89n 102 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 102 3 frequent frequent JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 102 4 monitoring monitoring NN cord-018182-lleti89n 102 5 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 102 6 ABGs abg NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 102 7 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 102 8 serial serial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 102 9 clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 102 10 exams exam NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 102 11 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 102 12 critically critically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 102 13 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 102 14 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 103 1 When when WRB cord-018182-lleti89n 103 2 interpreting interpret VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 103 3 ABGs abg NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 103 4 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 103 5 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 103 6 acuity acuity NN cord-018182-lleti89n 103 7 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 103 8 any any DT cord-018182-lleti89n 103 9 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 103 10 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 103 11 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 103 12 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 103 13 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 103 14 given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 103 15 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 103 16 many many JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 103 17 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 103 18 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 103 19 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 103 20 have have VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 103 21 underlying underlie VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 103 22 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 103 23 hypoxemia hypoxemia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 103 24 and/or and/or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 103 25 hypercapnia hypercapnia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 103 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 104 1 Prior prior JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 104 2 ABGs abg NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 104 3 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 104 4 serum serum NN cord-018182-lleti89n 104 5 bicarbonate bicarbonate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 104 6 measurements measurement NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 104 7 during during IN cord-018182-lleti89n 104 8 previous previous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 104 9 periods period NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 104 10 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 104 11 stability stability NN cord-018182-lleti89n 104 12 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 104 13 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 104 14 useful useful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 104 15 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 104 16 comparison comparison NN cord-018182-lleti89n 104 17 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 105 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 2 addition addition NN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 105 4 consideration consideration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 5 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 6 other other JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 105 7 coexisting coexist VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 105 8 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 105 9 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 105 10 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 105 11 conditions condition NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 105 12 that that WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 105 13 might may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 105 14 impact impact VB cord-018182-lleti89n 105 15 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 16 acid acid NN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 17 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 105 18 base base NN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 19 balance balance NN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 105 21 e.g. e.g. RB cord-018182-lleti89n 105 22 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 105 23 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 105 24 kidney kidney NN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 25 injury injury NN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 26 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 105 27 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 105 28 kidney kidney NN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 29 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 30 stage stage NN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 31 III III NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 105 32 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 105 33 greater great JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 105 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 105 35 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 105 36 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 105 37 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 105 38 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 39 successful successful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 105 40 ABG ABG NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 105 41 interpretation interpretation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 42 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 105 43 clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 105 44 application application NN cord-018182-lleti89n 105 45 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 106 1 Although although IN cord-018182-lleti89n 106 2 NPPV NPPV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 106 3 can can MD cord-018182-lleti89n 106 4 rescue rescue VB cord-018182-lleti89n 106 5 many many JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 106 6 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 106 7 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 106 8 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 106 9 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 106 10 invasive invasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 106 11 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 106 12 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 106 13 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 106 14 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 106 15 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 106 16 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 106 17 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 106 18 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 106 19 particularly particularly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 106 20 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 106 21 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 106 22 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 107 1 Intubation intubation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 107 2 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 107 3 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 107 4 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 107 5 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 107 6 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 107 7 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 107 8 NPPV NPPV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 107 9 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 107 10 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 107 11 contraindication contraindication NN cord-018182-lleti89n 107 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 107 13 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 107 14 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 107 15 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 107 16 hypercapnia hypercapnia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 108 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 108 2 pH pH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 108 3 < < XX cord-018182-lleti89n 108 4 7.25 7.25 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 108 5 and/or and/or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 108 6 PCO PCO NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 108 7 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 108 8 > > SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 108 9 60 60 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 108 10 mmHg mmHg NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 108 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 108 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 108 13 life life NN cord-018182-lleti89n 108 14 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 108 15 threatening threaten VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 108 16 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 108 17 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 108 18 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 108 19 tachypnea tachypnea NN cord-018182-lleti89n 108 20 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 108 21 impending impending JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 108 22 evidence evidence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 108 23 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 108 24 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 108 25 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 108 26 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 108 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 108 28 1 1 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 108 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 108 30 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 109 1 Table table NN cord-018182-lleti89n 109 2 13 13 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 109 3 .5 .5 NN cord-018182-lleti89n 109 4 summarizes summarize VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 109 5 indications indication NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 109 6 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 109 7 invasive invasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 109 8 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 109 9 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 109 10 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 110 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 110 2 general general JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 110 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 110 4 assist assist VB cord-018182-lleti89n 110 5 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 110 6 control control NN cord-018182-lleti89n 110 7 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 110 8 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 110 9 cycled cycle VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 110 10 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 110 11 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 110 12 recommended recommend VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 110 13 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 110 14 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 110 15 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 110 16 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 110 17 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 110 18 lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 110 19 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 110 20 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 111 1 This this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 111 2 allows allow VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 111 3 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 4 careful careful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 111 5 control control NN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 6 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 7 minute minute NN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 8 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 9 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 111 10 tidal tidal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 111 11 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 111 13 inspiratory inspiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 111 14 flow flow NN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 15 rate rate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 16 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 111 17 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 111 18 expiratory expiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 111 19 flow flow NN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 20 time time NN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 21 given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 22 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 111 23 predisposition predisposition NN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 24 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 25 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 111 26 patient patient JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 111 27 population population NN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 28 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 111 29 experience experience VB cord-018182-lleti89n 111 30 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 111 31 hyperinflation hyperinflation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 32 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 111 33 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 34 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 111 35 induced induce VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 36 lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 37 injury injury NN cord-018182-lleti89n 111 38 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 112 1 Specific specific JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 112 2 recommendations recommendation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 112 3 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 112 4 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 112 5 parameters parameter NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 112 6 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 112 7 summarized summarize VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 112 8 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 112 9 Table Table NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 112 10 13 13 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 112 11 .6 .6 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 112 12 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 113 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 113 2 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 113 3 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 113 4 noted note VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 113 5 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 113 6 no no DT cord-018182-lleti89n 113 7 specific specific JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 113 8 trials trial NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 113 9 have have VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 113 10 been be VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 113 11 performed perform VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 113 12 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 113 13 determine determine VB cord-018182-lleti89n 113 14 optimal optimal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 113 15 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 113 16 settings setting NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 113 17 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 113 18 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 113 19 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 113 20 AECOPD AECOPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 113 21 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 114 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 114 2 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 114 3 likely likely JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 114 4 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 114 5 every every DT cord-018182-lleti89n 114 6 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 114 7 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 114 8 respond respond VB cord-018182-lleti89n 114 9 differently differently RB cord-018182-lleti89n 114 10 depending depend VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 114 11 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 114 12 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 114 13 severity severity NN cord-018182-lleti89n 114 14 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 114 15 underlying underlie VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 114 16 lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 114 17 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 114 18 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 114 19 existence existence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 114 20 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 114 21 severity severity NN cord-018182-lleti89n 114 22 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 114 23 other other JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 114 24 comorbidities comorbiditie NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 114 25 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 114 26 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 114 27 degree degree NN cord-018182-lleti89n 114 28 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 114 29 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 114 30 synchrony synchrony NN cord-018182-lleti89n 114 31 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 115 1 Careful careful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 115 2 titration titration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 115 3 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 115 4 adjustment adjustment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 115 5 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 115 6 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 115 7 settings setting NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 115 8 at at IN cord-018182-lleti89n 115 9 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 115 10 bedside bedside NN cord-018182-lleti89n 115 11 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 115 12 often often RB cord-018182-lleti89n 115 13 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 115 14 given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 115 15 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 115 16 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 115 17 nature nature NN cord-018182-lleti89n 115 18 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 115 19 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 115 20 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 115 21 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 115 22 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 115 23 patient patient JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 115 24 population population NN cord-018182-lleti89n 115 25 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 116 1 Consultation consultation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 116 2 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 116 3 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 116 4 pulmonologist pulmonologist NN cord-018182-lleti89n 116 5 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 116 6 specific specific JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 116 7 expertise expertise NN cord-018182-lleti89n 116 8 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 116 9 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 116 10 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 116 11 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 116 12 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 116 13 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 116 14 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 116 15 select select JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 116 16 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 116 17 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 116 18 cases case NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 116 19 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 116 20 which which WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 116 21 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 116 22 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 116 23 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 116 24 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 116 25 challenge challenge NN cord-018182-lleti89n 116 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 117 1 Adjustments adjustment NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 117 2 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 117 3 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 117 4 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 117 5 made make VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 6 solely solely RB cord-018182-lleti89n 117 7 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 8 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 117 9 basis basis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 10 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 11 gas gas NN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 12 exchange exchange NN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 13 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 14 ABG ABG NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 117 15 results result NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 117 16 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 117 17 rather rather RB cord-018182-lleti89n 117 18 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 19 conjunction conjunction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 20 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 21 close close JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 117 22 monitoring monitoring NN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 23 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 24 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 117 25 clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 117 26 exam exam NN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 27 including include VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 117 28 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 29 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 117 30 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 31 synchrony synchrony NN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 32 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 117 33 work work NN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 34 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 35 breathing breathing NN cord-018182-lleti89n 117 36 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 117 37 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 117 38 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 117 39 parameters parameter NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 117 40 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 118 1 Sedation sedation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 118 2 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 118 3 analgesia analgesia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 118 4 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 118 5 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 118 6 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 118 7 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 118 8 successful successful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 118 9 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 118 10 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 118 11 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 119 1 Auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 119 2 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 119 3 PEEP PEEP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 119 4 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 119 5 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 119 6 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 119 7 consideration consideration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 119 8 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 119 9 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 119 10 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 119 11 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 119 12 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 119 13 lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 119 14 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 119 15 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 120 1 Positive positive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 120 2 end end NN cord-018182-lleti89n 120 3 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 120 4 expiratory expiratory NN cord-018182-lleti89n 120 5 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 120 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 120 7 PEEP peep NN cord-018182-lleti89n 120 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 120 9 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 120 10 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 120 11 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 120 12 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 120 13 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 120 14 alveolus alveolus NN cord-018182-lleti89n 120 15 at at IN cord-018182-lleti89n 120 16 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 120 17 end end NN cord-018182-lleti89n 120 18 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 120 19 exhalation exhalation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 120 20 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 121 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 2 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 121 3 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 4 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 121 5 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 121 6 increased increase VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 7 airway airway NN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 8 resistance resistance NN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 9 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 121 10 result result VB cord-018182-lleti89n 121 11 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 12 incomplete incomplete JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 121 13 deflation deflation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 14 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 15 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 121 16 lungs lung NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 121 17 prior prior RB cord-018182-lleti89n 121 18 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 19 initiation initiation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 20 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 21 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 121 22 next next JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 121 23 breath breath NN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 24 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 121 25 causing cause VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 121 26 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 121 27 intra intra JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 121 28 - - JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 121 29 alveolar alveolar JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 121 30 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 31 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 121 32 therefore therefore RB cord-018182-lleti89n 121 33 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 34 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 121 35 remain remain VB cord-018182-lleti89n 121 36 elevated elevated JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 121 37 above above IN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 38 that that DT cord-018182-lleti89n 121 39 which which WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 121 40 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 121 41 desired desire VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 121 42 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 122 1 This this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 122 2 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 122 3 hyperinflation hyperinflation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 122 4 creates create VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 122 5 auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 122 6 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 122 7 PEEP peep NN cord-018182-lleti89n 122 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 122 9 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 122 10 contrast contrast NN cord-018182-lleti89n 122 11 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 122 12 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 122 13 intentional intentional JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 122 14 application application NN cord-018182-lleti89n 122 15 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 122 16 extrinsic extrinsic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 122 17 PEEP peep NN cord-018182-lleti89n 122 18 via via IN cord-018182-lleti89n 122 19 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 122 20 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 122 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 122 22 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 123 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 123 2 presence presence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 123 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 123 4 auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 123 5 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 123 6 PEEP PEEP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 123 7 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 123 8 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 123 9 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 123 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 123 11 can can MD cord-018182-lleti89n 123 12 increase increase VB cord-018182-lleti89n 123 13 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 123 14 work work NN cord-018182-lleti89n 123 15 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 123 16 breathing breathing NN cord-018182-lleti89n 123 17 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 123 18 trigger trigger NN cord-018182-lleti89n 123 19 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 123 20 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 123 21 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 123 22 dyssynchrony dyssynchrony NN cord-018182-lleti89n 123 23 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 123 24 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 123 25 worsen worsen VB cord-018182-lleti89n 123 26 gas gas NN cord-018182-lleti89n 123 27 exchange exchange NN cord-018182-lleti89n 123 28 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 124 1 Auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 124 2 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 124 3 PEEP PEEP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 124 4 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 124 5 result result VB cord-018182-lleti89n 124 6 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 124 7 misinterpretation misinterpretation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 124 8 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 124 9 clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 124 10 data datum NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 124 11 such such JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 124 12 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 124 13 central central JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 124 14 venous venous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 124 15 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 124 16 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 124 17 arterial arterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 124 18 catheter catheter NN cord-018182-lleti89n 124 19 measurements measurement NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 124 20 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 124 21 lead lead VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 124 22 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 124 23 unnecessary unnecessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 124 24 treatments treatment NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 124 25 such such JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 124 26 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 124 27 higher high JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 124 28 doses dose NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 124 29 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 124 30 sedative sedative JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 124 31 medications medication NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 124 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 124 33 25 25 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 124 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 124 35 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 125 1 Auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 125 2 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 125 3 PEEP PEEP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 125 4 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 125 5 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 125 6 provoke provoke VB cord-018182-lleti89n 125 7 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 125 8 compromise compromise NN cord-018182-lleti89n 125 9 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 125 10 increasing increase VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 125 11 intrathoracic intrathoracic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 125 12 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 125 13 that that WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 125 14 results result VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 125 15 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 125 16 decreases decrease NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 125 17 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 125 18 right right NN cord-018182-lleti89n 125 19 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 125 20 left left JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 125 21 ventricular ventricular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 125 22 preload preload NN cord-018182-lleti89n 125 23 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 125 24 ultimately ultimately RB cord-018182-lleti89n 125 25 leading lead VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 125 26 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 125 27 arterial arterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 125 28 hypotension hypotension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 125 29 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 126 1 Misdiagnosis misdiagnosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 2 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 3 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 126 4 etiology etiology NN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 5 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 6 shock shock NN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 7 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 8 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 126 9 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 10 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 126 11 lead lead VB cord-018182-lleti89n 126 12 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 13 unnecessary unnecessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 126 14 fluid fluid NN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 15 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 126 16 vasopressor vasopressor NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 126 17 administration administration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 18 ; ; : cord-018182-lleti89n 126 19 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 20 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 126 21 recognize recognize VB cord-018182-lleti89n 126 22 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 126 23 correct correct VB cord-018182-lleti89n 126 24 auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 25 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 126 26 PEEP peep NN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 27 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 126 28 result result VB cord-018182-lleti89n 126 29 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 30 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 126 31 collapse collapse NN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 32 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 126 33 death death NN cord-018182-lleti89n 126 34 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 127 1 For for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 2 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 127 3 reason reason NN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 4 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 127 5 any any DT cord-018182-lleti89n 127 6 mechanically mechanically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 127 7 ventilated ventilate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 8 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 9 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 10 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 127 11 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 127 12 new new JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 127 13 onset onset NN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 14 hypotension hypotension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 15 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 127 16 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 127 17 assessed assess VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 18 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 19 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 127 20 presence presence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 21 Minute minute NN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 22 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 23 requirements requirement NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 127 24 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 127 25 vary vary VB cord-018182-lleti89n 127 26 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 27 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 28 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 127 29 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 127 30 settings setting NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 127 31 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 32 tidal tidal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 127 33 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 34 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 127 35 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 127 36 rate rate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 37 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 127 38 need need VB cord-018182-lleti89n 127 39 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 127 40 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 127 41 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 42 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 43 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 127 44 individual individual JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 127 45 basis basis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 127 46 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 128 1 High high JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 128 2 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 128 3 rates rate NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 128 4 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 128 5 provoke provoke VB cord-018182-lleti89n 128 6 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 128 7 shortened shorten VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 128 8 expiratory expiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 128 9 phase phase NN cord-018182-lleti89n 128 10 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 128 11 lead lead VB cord-018182-lleti89n 128 12 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 128 13 air air NN cord-018182-lleti89n 128 14 trapping trapping NN cord-018182-lleti89n 128 15 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 128 16 auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 128 17 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 128 18 PEEP peep NN cord-018182-lleti89n 128 19 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 128 20 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 128 21 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 128 22 compromise compromise NN cord-018182-lleti89n 128 23 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 128 24 auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 128 25 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 128 26 PEEP peep NN cord-018182-lleti89n 128 27 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 129 1 If if IN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 2 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 129 3 compromise compromise NN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 4 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 5 auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 6 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 129 7 PEEP PEEP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 129 8 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 129 9 present present JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 129 10 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 129 11 disconnection disconnection NN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 12 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 13 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 129 14 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 15 circuit circuit NN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 16 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 17 10 10 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 129 18 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 129 19 20 20 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 129 20 seconds second NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 129 21 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 129 22 facilitate facilitate VB cord-018182-lleti89n 129 23 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 129 24 release release NN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 25 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 26 air air NN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 27 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 28 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 129 29 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 30 's 's POS cord-018182-lleti89n 129 31 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 129 32 tree tree NN cord-018182-lleti89n 129 33 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 129 34 improve improve VB cord-018182-lleti89n 129 35 hemodynamics hemodynamic NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 129 36 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 130 1 Auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 2 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 130 3 PEEP PEEP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 130 4 can can MD cord-018182-lleti89n 130 5 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 130 6 monitored monitor VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 7 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 8 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 130 9 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 10 through through IN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 11 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 130 12 use use NN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 13 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 14 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 130 15 end end NN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 16 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 130 17 expiratory expiratory NN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 18 hold hold NN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 19 maneuver maneuver NN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 130 21 although although IN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 22 accurate accurate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 130 23 measurements measurement NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 130 24 require require VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 130 25 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 26 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 130 27 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 28 have have VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 130 29 no no DT cord-018182-lleti89n 130 30 active active JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 130 31 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 130 32 effort effort NN cord-018182-lleti89n 130 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 131 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 131 2 25 25 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 131 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 131 4 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 132 1 Auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 132 2 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 132 3 PEEP PEEP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 132 4 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 132 5 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 132 6 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 132 7 identified identify VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 132 8 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 132 9 monitoring monitor VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 132 10 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 132 11 flow flow NN cord-018182-lleti89n 132 12 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 132 13 time time NN cord-018182-lleti89n 132 14 trace trace NN cord-018182-lleti89n 132 15 where where WRB cord-018182-lleti89n 132 16 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 132 17 exhilatory exhilatory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 132 18 trace trace NN cord-018182-lleti89n 132 19 fails fail VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 132 20 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 132 21 return return VB cord-018182-lleti89n 132 22 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 132 23 baseline baseline NN cord-018182-lleti89n 132 24 prior prior RB cord-018182-lleti89n 132 25 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 132 26 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 132 27 start start NN cord-018182-lleti89n 132 28 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 132 29 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 132 30 next next JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 132 31 breath breath NN cord-018182-lleti89n 132 32 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 133 1 Significant significant JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 133 2 auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 133 3 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 133 4 PEEP peep NN cord-018182-lleti89n 133 5 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 133 6 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 133 7 treated treat VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 133 8 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 133 9 careful careful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 133 10 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 133 11 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 133 12 aimed aim VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 133 13 at at IN cord-018182-lleti89n 133 14 increasing increase VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 133 15 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 133 16 expiratory expiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 133 17 time time NN cord-018182-lleti89n 133 18 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 133 19 allow allow VB cord-018182-lleti89n 133 20 adequate adequate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 133 21 emptying emptying NN cord-018182-lleti89n 133 22 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 133 23 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 133 24 lungs lung NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 133 25 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 134 1 Maneuvers maneuver NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 134 2 include include VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 134 3 increasing increase VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 134 4 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 134 5 inspiratory inspiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 134 6 flow flow NN cord-018182-lleti89n 134 7 rate rate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 134 8 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 134 9 decreasing decrease VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 134 10 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 134 11 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 134 12 rate rate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 134 13 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 134 14 tidal tidal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 134 15 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 134 16 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 135 1 Other other JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 135 2 methods method NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 135 3 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 135 4 minimizing minimize VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 135 5 auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 135 6 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 135 7 PEEP peep NN cord-018182-lleti89n 135 8 include include VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 135 9 reduction reduction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 135 10 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 135 11 spontaneous spontaneous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 135 12 ventilatory ventilatory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 135 13 demand demand NN cord-018182-lleti89n 135 14 through through IN cord-018182-lleti89n 135 15 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 135 16 administration administration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 135 17 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 135 18 sedation sedation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 135 19 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 135 20 analgesia analgesia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 135 21 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 135 22 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 135 23 occasionally occasionally RB cord-018182-lleti89n 135 24 paralytics paralytic NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 135 25 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 136 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 136 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 136 3 reducing reduce VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 136 4 flow flow NN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 5 resistance resistance NN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 6 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 7 larger large JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 136 8 bore bore NN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 9 endotracheal endotracheal NN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 10 tubes tube NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 136 11 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 136 12 frequent frequent JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 136 13 suctioning suctioning NN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 14 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 136 15 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 136 16 bronchodilator bronchodilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 17 administration administration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 18 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 136 19 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 136 20 reduce reduce VB cord-018182-lleti89n 136 21 auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 22 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 136 23 PEEP peep NN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 24 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 25 reducing reduce VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 136 26 resistance resistance NN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 27 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 28 gas gas NN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 29 flow flow NN cord-018182-lleti89n 136 30 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 137 1 Expiratory Expiratory NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 137 2 flow flow NN cord-018182-lleti89n 137 3 limitation limitation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 137 4 can can MD cord-018182-lleti89n 137 5 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 137 6 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 137 7 counterbalanced counterbalance VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 137 8 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 137 9 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 137 10 application application NN cord-018182-lleti89n 137 11 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 137 12 applied apply VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 137 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 137 14 external external JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 137 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 137 16 PEEP peep NN cord-018182-lleti89n 137 17 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 137 18 match match VB cord-018182-lleti89n 137 19 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 137 20 intrinsic intrinsic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 137 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 137 22 auto auto NN cord-018182-lleti89n 137 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 137 24 PEEP PEEP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 137 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 137 26 25 25 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 137 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 137 28 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 138 1 Patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 138 2 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 138 3 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 138 4 underlying underlie VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 138 5 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 138 6 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 138 7 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 138 8 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 138 9 resultant resultant JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 138 10 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 138 11 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 138 12 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 138 13 experience experience VB cord-018182-lleti89n 138 14 difficulty difficulty NN cord-018182-lleti89n 138 15 weaning wean VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 138 16 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 138 17 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 138 18 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 138 19 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 139 1 Goals goal NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 139 2 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 139 3 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 139 4 discussions discussion NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 139 5 regarding regard VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 139 6 tracheostomy tracheostomy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 139 7 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 139 8 possible possible JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 139 9 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 139 10 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 139 11 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 139 12 needs need NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 139 13 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 139 14 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 139 15 advanced advanced JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 139 16 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 139 17 planning planning NN cord-018182-lleti89n 139 18 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 139 19 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 139 20 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 139 21 ; ; : cord-018182-lleti89n 139 22 palliative palliative JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 139 23 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 139 24 consultation consultation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 139 25 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 139 26 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 139 27 invaluable invaluable JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 139 28 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 139 29 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 139 30 process process NN cord-018182-lleti89n 139 31 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 140 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 2 general general JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 140 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 140 4 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 140 5 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 6 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 7 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 140 8 progress progress VB cord-018182-lleti89n 140 9 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 10 weaning wean VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 140 11 toward toward IN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 12 possible possible JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 140 13 extubation extubation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 14 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 15 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 140 16 end end NN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 17 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 18 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 140 19 second second JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 140 20 week week NN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 21 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 22 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 140 23 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 24 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 140 25 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 140 26 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 27 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 28 tracheostomy tracheostomy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 29 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 30 prolonged prolong VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 31 endotracheal endotracheal NN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 32 intubation intubation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 33 can can MD cord-018182-lleti89n 140 34 result result VB cord-018182-lleti89n 140 35 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 36 upper upper JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 140 37 airway airway NN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 38 injury injury NN cord-018182-lleti89n 140 39 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 141 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 141 2 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 141 3 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 141 4 advanced advanced JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 141 5 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 141 6 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 141 7 weaning wean VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 141 8 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 141 9 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 141 10 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 141 11 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 141 12 require require VB cord-018182-lleti89n 141 13 several several JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 141 14 weeks week NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 141 15 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 142 1 Strategies strategy NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 142 2 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 3 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 4 weaning wean VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 142 5 vary vary VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 142 6 but but CC cord-018182-lleti89n 142 7 typically typically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 142 8 consist consist VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 142 9 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 10 steadily steadily RB cord-018182-lleti89n 142 11 increasing increase VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 142 12 time time NN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 13 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 14 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 15 support support NN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 16 trials trial NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 142 17 admixed admix VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 18 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 19 periods period NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 142 20 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 21 assist assist VB cord-018182-lleti89n 142 22 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 142 23 control control NN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 24 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 25 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 142 26 cycled cycle VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 27 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 28 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 29 rest rest NN cord-018182-lleti89n 142 30 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 143 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 143 2 weaning weaning NN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 3 process process NN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 4 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 143 5 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 143 6 augmented augment VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 7 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 8 tracheostomy tracheostomy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 9 placement placement NN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 10 given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 11 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 143 12 ability ability NN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 13 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 143 14 perform perform VB cord-018182-lleti89n 143 15 tracheostomy tracheostomy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 16 collar collar NN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 17 trials trial NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 143 18 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 19 intermittent intermittent JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 143 20 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 21 support support NN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 22 rather rather RB cord-018182-lleti89n 143 23 than than IN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 24 proceeding proceed VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 143 25 directly directly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 143 26 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 27 extubation extubation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 28 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 143 29 independent independent JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 143 30 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 143 31 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 144 1 Tracheostomy tracheostomy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 144 2 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 144 3 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 144 4 generally generally RB cord-018182-lleti89n 144 5 more more RBR cord-018182-lleti89n 144 6 comfortable comfortable JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 144 7 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 144 8 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 144 9 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 144 10 thereby thereby RB cord-018182-lleti89n 144 11 reducing reduce VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 144 12 sedation sedation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 144 13 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 144 14 analgesia analgesia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 144 15 needs need VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 144 16 that that WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 144 17 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 144 18 accelerate accelerate VB cord-018182-lleti89n 144 19 weaning wean VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 144 20 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 145 1 NPPV NPPV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 145 2 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 145 3 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 145 4 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 145 5 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 145 6 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 145 7 salvage salvage NN cord-018182-lleti89n 145 8 mode mode NN cord-018182-lleti89n 145 9 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 145 10 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 145 11 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 145 12 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 145 13 who who WP cord-018182-lleti89n 145 14 initially initially RB cord-018182-lleti89n 145 15 fail fail VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 145 16 extubation extubation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 145 17 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 145 18 only only RB cord-018182-lleti89n 145 19 require require VB cord-018182-lleti89n 145 20 intermittent intermittent JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 145 21 ventilatory ventilatory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 145 22 support support NN cord-018182-lleti89n 145 23 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 146 1 Clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 146 2 decision decision NN cord-018182-lleti89n 146 3 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 146 4 making make VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 146 5 regarding regard VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 146 6 tracheostomy tracheostomy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 146 7 versus versus IN cord-018182-lleti89n 146 8 palliative palliative JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 146 9 extubation extubation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 146 10 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 146 11 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 146 12 based base VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 146 13 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 146 14 individual individual JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 146 15 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 146 16 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 146 17 family family NN cord-018182-lleti89n 146 18 preferences preference NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 146 19 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 147 1 Prognostication prognostication NN cord-018182-lleti89n 147 2 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 147 3 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 147 4 patient patient JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 147 5 population population NN cord-018182-lleti89n 147 6 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 147 7 often often RB cord-018182-lleti89n 147 8 challenging challenging JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 147 9 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 147 10 complex complex JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 147 11 but but CC cord-018182-lleti89n 147 12 early early JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 147 13 involvement involvement NN cord-018182-lleti89n 147 14 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 147 15 palliative palliative JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 147 16 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 147 17 consultants consultant NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 147 18 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 147 19 where where WRB cord-018182-lleti89n 147 20 available available JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 147 21 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 147 22 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 147 23 recommended recommend VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 147 24 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 148 1 An an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 148 2 episode episode NN cord-018182-lleti89n 148 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 148 4 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 148 5 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 148 6 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 148 7 prompt prompt VB cord-018182-lleti89n 148 8 discussions discussion NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 148 9 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 148 10 patient patient JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 148 11 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 148 12 goals goal NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 148 13 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 148 14 values value NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 148 15 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 148 16 both both CC cord-018182-lleti89n 148 17 short short JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 148 18 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 148 19 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 148 20 long long JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 148 21 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 148 22 term term NN cord-018182-lleti89n 148 23 advanced advanced JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 148 24 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 148 25 planning planning NN cord-018182-lleti89n 148 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 149 1 When when WRB cord-018182-lleti89n 149 2 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 149 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 149 4 formal formal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 149 5 hospice hospice NN cord-018182-lleti89n 149 6 referrals referral NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 149 7 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 149 8 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 149 9 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 149 10 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 150 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 150 2 all all DT cord-018182-lleti89n 150 3 cases case NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 150 4 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 150 5 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 150 6 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 150 7 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 150 8 dyspnea dyspnea NN cord-018182-lleti89n 150 9 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 150 10 pain pain NN cord-018182-lleti89n 150 11 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 150 12 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 150 13 provided provide VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 150 14 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 151 1 Pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 151 2 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 151 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 151 4 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 151 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 151 6 refers refer VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 151 7 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 151 8 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 151 9 complex complex JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 151 10 group group NN cord-018182-lleti89n 151 11 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 151 12 clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 151 13 conditions condition NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 151 14 defined define VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 151 15 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 151 16 abnormal abnormal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 151 17 elevation elevation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 151 18 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 151 19 blood blood NN cord-018182-lleti89n 151 20 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 151 21 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 151 22 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 151 23 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 151 24 circulation circulation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 151 25 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 152 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 152 2 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 152 3 further further RB cord-018182-lleti89n 152 4 defined define VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 152 5 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 152 6 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 152 7 mean mean JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 152 8 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 152 9 arterial arterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 152 10 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 152 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 152 12 mPAP mpap NN cord-018182-lleti89n 152 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 152 14 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 152 15 ≥25 ≥25 NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 152 16 mmHg mmHg NNPS cord-018182-lleti89n 152 17 at at IN cord-018182-lleti89n 152 18 rest rest NN cord-018182-lleti89n 152 19 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 152 20 right right JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 152 21 heart heart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 152 22 catheterization catheterization NN cord-018182-lleti89n 152 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 152 24 RHC RHC NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 152 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 152 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 152 27 26 26 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 152 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 152 29 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 153 1 Typically typically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 153 2 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 153 3 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 153 4 discussed discuss VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 153 5 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 153 6 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 153 7 context context NN cord-018182-lleti89n 153 8 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 153 9 true true JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 153 10 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 153 11 arterial arterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 153 12 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 153 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 153 14 PAH PAH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 153 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 153 16 resulting result VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 153 17 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 153 18 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 153 19 elevations elevation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 153 20 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 153 21 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 153 22 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 153 23 arterial arterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 153 24 system system NN cord-018182-lleti89n 153 25 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 153 26 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 153 27 venous venous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 153 28 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 153 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 153 30 PVH PVH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 153 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 153 32 occurring occur VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 153 33 secondary secondary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 153 34 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 153 35 pressure pressure VB cord-018182-lleti89n 153 36 elevations elevation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 153 37 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 153 38 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 153 39 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 153 40 venous venous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 153 41 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 153 42 capillary capillary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 153 43 systems system NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 153 44 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 154 1 PVH PVH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 154 2 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 154 3 typically typically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 154 4 seen see VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 154 5 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 154 6 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 154 7 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 154 8 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 154 9 elevated elevated JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 154 10 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 154 11 artery artery NN cord-018182-lleti89n 154 12 occlusion occlusion NN cord-018182-lleti89n 154 13 pressures pressure NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 154 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 154 15 PAOP PAOP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 154 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 154 17 resulting result VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 154 18 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 154 19 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 154 20 overload overload NN cord-018182-lleti89n 154 21 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 154 22 left left JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 154 23 ventricular ventricular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 154 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 154 25 LV LV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 154 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 154 27 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 154 28 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 155 1 This this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 155 2 distinction distinction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 155 3 becomes become VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 155 4 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 155 5 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 155 6 understanding understand VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 155 7 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 155 8 pathophysiology pathophysiology NN cord-018182-lleti89n 155 9 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 155 10 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 155 11 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 155 12 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 155 13 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 155 14 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 155 15 decisions decision NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 155 16 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 156 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 156 2 World World NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 156 3 Symposium Symposium NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 156 4 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 156 5 Pulmonary Pulmonary NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 156 6 Hypertension Hypertension NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 156 7 updated update VBD cord-018182-lleti89n 156 8 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018182-lleti89n 156 9 classification classification NN cord-018182-lleti89n 156 10 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 156 11 2013 2013 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 156 12 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 156 13 incorporate incorporate VB cord-018182-lleti89n 156 14 five five CD cord-018182-lleti89n 156 15 groups group NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 156 16 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 156 17 disorders disorder NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 156 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 156 19 Table table NN cord-018182-lleti89n 156 20 13 13 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 156 21 .7 .7 NFP cord-018182-lleti89n 156 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 157 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 157 2 27 27 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 157 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 157 4 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 158 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 158 2 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 158 3 evaluation evaluation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 158 4 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 158 5 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 158 6 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 158 7 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 158 8 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 158 9 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 158 10 clinically clinically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 158 11 stable stable JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 158 12 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 158 13 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 158 14 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 158 15 separate separate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 158 16 topic topic NN cord-018182-lleti89n 158 17 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 158 18 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 158 19 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 158 20 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 158 21 addressed address VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 158 22 here here RB cord-018182-lleti89n 158 23 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 159 1 Rather rather RB cord-018182-lleti89n 159 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 159 3 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 159 4 focus focus NN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 5 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 6 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 159 7 discussion discussion NN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 8 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 159 9 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 159 10 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 11 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 159 12 pathophysiology pathophysiology NN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 13 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 159 14 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 159 15 evaluation evaluation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 16 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 159 17 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 159 18 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 19 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 20 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 159 21 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 159 22 resulting result VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 159 23 right right JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 159 24 ventricular ventricular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 159 25 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 159 27 RVF RVF NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 159 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 159 29 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 30 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 159 31 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 159 32 most most RBS cord-018182-lleti89n 159 33 commonly commonly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 159 34 observed observe VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 35 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 36 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 159 37 intensive intensive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 159 38 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 39 unit unit NN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 159 41 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 159 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 159 43 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 159 44 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 160 1 Pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 160 2 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 160 3 results result NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 160 4 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 160 5 increases increase NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 160 6 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 160 7 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 160 8 vascular vascular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 160 9 resistance resistance NN cord-018182-lleti89n 160 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 160 11 PVR PVR NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 160 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 160 13 present present JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 160 14 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 160 15 both both DT cord-018182-lleti89n 160 16 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 160 17 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 160 18 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 160 19 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 160 20 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 161 1 Rising rise VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 161 2 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 161 3 pressures pressure NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 161 4 create create VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 161 5 increases increase NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 161 6 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 161 7 afterload afterload NN cord-018182-lleti89n 161 8 that that WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 161 9 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 161 10 difficult difficult JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 161 11 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 161 12 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 161 13 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 161 14 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 161 15 overcome overcome VB cord-018182-lleti89n 161 16 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 162 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 162 2 right right JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 162 3 heart heart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 162 4 attempts attempt VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 162 5 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 162 6 compensate compensate VB cord-018182-lleti89n 162 7 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 162 8 rising rise VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 162 9 pressures pressure NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 162 10 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 162 11 dilating dilate VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 162 12 acutely acutely RB cord-018182-lleti89n 162 13 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 162 14 hypertrophying hypertrophy VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 162 15 chronically chronically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 162 16 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 163 1 However however RB cord-018182-lleti89n 163 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 163 3 these these DT cord-018182-lleti89n 163 4 compensatory compensatory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 163 5 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 163 6 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 163 7 maladaptive maladaptive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 163 8 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 163 9 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 163 10 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 163 11 resulting result VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 163 12 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 163 13 overload overload NN cord-018182-lleti89n 163 14 that that WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 163 15 ensues ensue VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 163 16 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 163 17 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 163 18 output output NN cord-018182-lleti89n 163 19 declines decline NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 163 20 ultimately ultimately RB cord-018182-lleti89n 163 21 leads lead VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 163 22 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 163 23 RVF RVF NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 163 24 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 164 1 As as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 164 2 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 164 3 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 164 4 fails fail VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 164 5 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 164 6 stroke stroke NN cord-018182-lleti89n 164 7 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 164 8 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 164 9 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 164 10 output output NN cord-018182-lleti89n 164 11 drop drop NN cord-018182-lleti89n 164 12 further further RB cord-018182-lleti89n 164 13 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 164 14 leading lead VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 164 15 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 164 16 cardiogenic cardiogenic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 164 17 shock shock NN cord-018182-lleti89n 164 18 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 165 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 165 2 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 165 3 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 165 4 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 165 5 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 165 6 RVF RVF NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 165 7 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 165 8 typically typically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 165 9 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 165 10 but but CC cord-018182-lleti89n 165 11 occasionally occasionally RB cord-018182-lleti89n 165 12 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 165 13 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 165 14 due due JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 165 15 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 165 16 worsening worsen VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 165 17 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 165 18 underlying underlie VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 165 19 chronic chronic NN cord-018182-lleti89n 165 20 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 165 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 165 22 28 28 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 165 23 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 165 24 29 29 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 165 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 165 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 166 1 Additional additional JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 2 elements element NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 166 3 that that WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 166 4 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 166 5 contribute contribute VB cord-018182-lleti89n 166 6 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 7 impaired impair VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 8 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 9 function function NN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 10 include include VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 166 11 compromised compromise VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 12 filling filling NN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 13 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 14 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 166 15 right right JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 16 coronary coronary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 17 arteries artery NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 166 18 due due JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 19 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 20 elevated elevated JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 21 right right RB cord-018182-lleti89n 166 22 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 166 23 sided sided JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 24 wall wall NN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 25 tension tension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 26 leading lead VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 166 27 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 28 myocardial myocardial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 29 ischemia ischemia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 30 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 166 31 tricuspid tricuspid JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 32 valvular valvular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 33 insufficiency insufficiency NN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 34 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 166 35 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 166 36 bowing bowing NN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 37 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 38 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 166 39 interventricular interventricular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 40 septum septum NN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 41 which which WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 166 42 impinges impinge VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 43 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 44 LV LV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 166 45 diastolic diastolic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 46 filling filling NN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 166 48 enlargement enlargement NN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 49 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 50 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 166 51 right right JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 52 heart heart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 53 due due JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 54 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 55 increased increase VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 56 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 57 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 166 58 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 59 displaces displace VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 60 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 166 61 interventricular interventricular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 166 62 septum septum NN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 63 toward toward IN cord-018182-lleti89n 166 64 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 166 65 LV LV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 166 66 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 166 67 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 167 1 Because because IN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 2 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 167 3 heart heart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 4 functions function VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 167 5 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 6 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 167 7 fixed fix VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 8 space space NN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 9 within within IN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 10 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 167 11 pericardium pericardium NN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 167 13 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 167 14 displacement displacement NN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 15 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 16 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 167 17 interventricular interventricular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 167 18 septum septum NN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 19 impedes impede VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 167 20 LV LV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 167 21 filling filling NN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 22 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 167 23 causing cause VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 167 24 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 167 25 further further JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 167 26 decrease decrease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 27 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 28 systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 167 29 stroke stroke NN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 30 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 31 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 167 32 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 167 33 output output NN cord-018182-lleti89n 167 34 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 168 1 This this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 168 2 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 168 3 result result VB cord-018182-lleti89n 168 4 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 168 5 hypotension hypotension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 168 6 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 168 7 ultimately ultimately RB cord-018182-lleti89n 168 8 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 168 9 collapse collapse NN cord-018182-lleti89n 168 10 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 168 11 28 28 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 168 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 168 13 29 29 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 168 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 168 15 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 169 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 2 general general JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 169 3 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 169 4 outcome outcome NN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 5 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 6 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 169 7 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 8 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 169 9 admitted admit VBD cord-018182-lleti89n 169 10 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 11 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 169 12 hospital hospital NN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 13 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 14 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 169 15 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 16 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 169 17 poor poor JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 169 18 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 169 19 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 20 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 169 21 estimated estimate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 22 mortality mortality NN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 23 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 24 30 30 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 169 25 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 169 26 40 40 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 169 27 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 28 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 29 those those DT cord-018182-lleti89n 169 30 requiring require VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 169 31 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 169 32 admission admission NN cord-018182-lleti89n 169 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 169 34 30 30 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 169 35 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 169 36 31 31 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 169 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 169 38 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 170 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 170 2 majority majority NN cord-018182-lleti89n 170 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 170 4 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 170 5 admitted admit VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 170 6 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 170 7 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 170 8 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 170 9 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 170 10 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 170 11 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 170 12 have have VB cord-018182-lleti89n 170 13 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 170 14 that that WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 170 15 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 170 16 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 170 17 result result NN cord-018182-lleti89n 170 18 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 170 19 underlying underlie VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 170 20 critical critical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 170 21 illness illness NN cord-018182-lleti89n 170 22 rather rather RB cord-018182-lleti89n 170 23 than than IN cord-018182-lleti89n 170 24 preexisting preexist VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 170 25 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 170 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 171 1 Although although IN cord-018182-lleti89n 171 2 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 171 3 impossible impossible JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 171 4 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 171 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 171 6 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 171 7 uncommon uncommon JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 171 8 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 171 9 diagnose diagnose VB cord-018182-lleti89n 171 10 de de NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 171 11 novo novo NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 171 12 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 171 13 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 171 14 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 171 15 primary primary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 171 16 reason reason NN cord-018182-lleti89n 171 17 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 171 18 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 171 19 admission admission NN cord-018182-lleti89n 171 20 except except IN cord-018182-lleti89n 171 21 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 171 22 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 171 23 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 171 24 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 171 25 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 171 26 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 171 27 embolism embolism NN cord-018182-lleti89n 171 28 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 172 1 Many many JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 172 2 triggering trigger VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 172 3 factors factor NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 172 4 causing cause VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 172 5 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 172 6 aggravating aggravate VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 172 7 RV rv NN cord-018182-lleti89n 172 8 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 172 9 include include VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 172 10 infection infection NN cord-018182-lleti89n 172 11 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 172 12 anemia anemia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 172 13 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 172 14 injury injury NN cord-018182-lleti89n 172 15 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 172 16 surgery surgery NN cord-018182-lleti89n 172 17 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 172 18 pregnancy pregnancy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 172 19 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 172 20 medical medical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 172 21 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 172 22 nonadherence nonadherence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 172 23 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 172 24 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 172 25 embolism embolism NN cord-018182-lleti89n 172 26 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 172 27 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 172 28 arrhythmia arrhythmia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 172 29 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 173 1 However however RB cord-018182-lleti89n 173 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 173 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 173 4 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 173 5 frequently frequently RB cord-018182-lleti89n 173 6 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 173 7 case case NN cord-018182-lleti89n 173 8 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 173 9 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 173 10 exact exact JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 173 11 trigger trigger NN cord-018182-lleti89n 173 12 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 173 13 decompensation decompensation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 173 14 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 173 15 never never RB cord-018182-lleti89n 173 16 identified identify VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 173 17 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 174 1 Identification identification NN cord-018182-lleti89n 174 2 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 174 3 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 174 4 infection infection NN cord-018182-lleti89n 174 5 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 174 6 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 174 7 patient patient JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 174 8 population population NN cord-018182-lleti89n 174 9 at at IN cord-018182-lleti89n 174 10 any any DT cord-018182-lleti89n 174 11 time time NN cord-018182-lleti89n 174 12 during during IN cord-018182-lleti89n 174 13 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 174 14 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 174 15 stay stay NN cord-018182-lleti89n 174 16 generally generally RB cord-018182-lleti89n 174 17 portends portend VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 174 18 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 174 19 poor poor JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 174 20 prognosis prognosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 174 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 174 22 31 31 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 174 23 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 174 24 32 32 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 174 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 174 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 175 1 Acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 175 2 RVF RVF NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 175 3 typically typically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 175 4 clinically clinically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 175 5 presents present VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 175 6 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 175 7 systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 175 8 congestion congestion NN cord-018182-lleti89n 175 9 and/or and/or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 175 10 low low JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 175 11 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 175 12 output output NN cord-018182-lleti89n 175 13 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 176 1 This this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 176 2 usually usually RB cord-018182-lleti89n 176 3 manifests manifest VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 176 4 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 176 5 chest chest NN cord-018182-lleti89n 176 6 pain pain NN cord-018182-lleti89n 176 7 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 176 8 dyspnea dyspnea NN cord-018182-lleti89n 176 9 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 176 10 lightheadedness lightheadedness NN cord-018182-lleti89n 176 11 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 176 12 syncope syncope NN cord-018182-lleti89n 176 13 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 176 14 altered alter VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 176 15 mental mental JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 176 16 status status NN cord-018182-lleti89n 176 17 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 176 18 cool cool JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 176 19 extremities extremity NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 176 20 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 176 21 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 176 22 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 176 23 kidney kidney NN cord-018182-lleti89n 176 24 injury injury NN cord-018182-lleti89n 176 25 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 177 1 On on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 177 2 exam exam NN cord-018182-lleti89n 177 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 177 4 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 177 5 jugular jugular NN cord-018182-lleti89n 177 6 venous venous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 177 7 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 177 8 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 177 9 most most RBS cord-018182-lleti89n 177 10 often often RB cord-018182-lleti89n 177 11 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 177 12 elevated elevate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 177 13 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 178 1 Other other JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 178 2 overt overt JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 178 3 signs sign NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 178 4 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 178 5 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 178 6 overload overload NN cord-018182-lleti89n 178 7 include include VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 178 8 hepatomegaly hepatomegaly NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 178 9 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 178 10 peripheral peripheral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 178 11 edema edema NN cord-018182-lleti89n 178 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 178 13 ascites ascites NN cord-018182-lleti89n 178 14 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 178 15 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 178 16 crackles crackle VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 178 17 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 178 18 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 178 19 auscultation auscultation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 178 20 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 179 1 Cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 179 2 exam exam NN cord-018182-lleti89n 179 3 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 179 4 reveal reveal VB cord-018182-lleti89n 179 5 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 179 6 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 179 7 heave heave NN cord-018182-lleti89n 179 8 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 179 9 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 179 10 tricuspid tricuspid JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 179 11 regurgitant regurgitant NN cord-018182-lleti89n 179 12 murmur murmur NN cord-018182-lleti89n 179 13 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 179 14 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 179 15 accentuated accentuate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 179 16 P2 P2 NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 179 17 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 179 18 and/or and/or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 179 19 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 179 20 S3 S3 NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 179 21 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 179 22 S4 S4 NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 179 23 gallop gallop NN cord-018182-lleti89n 179 24 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 180 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 180 2 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 180 3 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 180 4 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 180 5 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 180 6 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 180 7 present present VB cord-018182-lleti89n 180 8 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 180 9 extremis extremis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 180 10 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 180 11 tachycardia tachycardia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 180 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 180 13 tachypnea tachypnea NN cord-018182-lleti89n 180 14 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 180 15 hypoxia hypoxia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 180 16 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 180 17 hypotension hypotension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 180 18 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 180 19 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 180 20 shock shock NN cord-018182-lleti89n 180 21 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 180 22 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 180 23 result result NN cord-018182-lleti89n 180 24 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 180 25 inadequate inadequate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 180 26 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 180 27 output output NN cord-018182-lleti89n 180 28 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 180 29 elevated elevated JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 180 30 filling filling NN cord-018182-lleti89n 180 31 pressures pressure NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 180 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 180 33 26 26 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 180 34 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 180 35 33 33 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 180 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 180 37 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 181 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 181 2 initial initial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 181 3 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 181 4 workup workup NN cord-018182-lleti89n 181 5 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 181 6 any any DT cord-018182-lleti89n 181 7 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 181 8 admitted admit VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 181 9 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 181 10 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 181 11 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 181 12 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 181 13 known know VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 181 14 underlying underlie VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 181 15 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 181 16 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 181 17 suspected suspect VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 181 18 decompensation decompensation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 181 19 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 181 20 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 181 21 possible possible JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 181 22 new new JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 181 23 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 181 24 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 181 25 undifferentiated undifferentiated JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 181 26 RVF RVF NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 181 27 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 181 28 include include VB cord-018182-lleti89n 181 29 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 181 30 following follow VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 181 31 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 181 32 • • XX cord-018182-lleti89n 182 1 Infectious infectious JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 182 2 workup workup NN cord-018182-lleti89n 182 3 including include VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 182 4 chest chest NN cord-018182-lleti89n 182 5 radiograph radiograph NN cord-018182-lleti89n 182 6 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 182 7 cultures culture NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 182 8 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 182 9 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 182 10 blood blood NN cord-018182-lleti89n 182 11 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 182 12 urine urine NN cord-018182-lleti89n 182 13 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 182 14 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 182 15 sputum sputum NN cord-018182-lleti89n 182 16 when when WRB cord-018182-lleti89n 182 17 clinically clinically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 182 18 indicated indicate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 182 19 • • NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 182 20 Basic basic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 182 21 laboratory laboratory NN cord-018182-lleti89n 182 22 evaluation evaluation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 182 23 including include VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 182 24 complete complete JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 182 25 blood blood NN cord-018182-lleti89n 182 26 count count NN cord-018182-lleti89n 182 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 182 28 CBC CBC NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 182 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 182 30 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 182 31 comprehensive comprehensive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 182 32 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 182 33 panel panel NN cord-018182-lleti89n 182 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 182 35 CMP CMP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 182 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 182 37 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 182 38 assess assess VB cord-018182-lleti89n 182 39 renal renal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 182 40 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 182 41 hepatic hepatic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 182 42 function function NN cord-018182-lleti89n 183 1 Ongoing ongoing JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 183 2 monitoring monitoring NN cord-018182-lleti89n 183 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 183 4 end end NN cord-018182-lleti89n 183 5 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 183 6 organ organ NN cord-018182-lleti89n 183 7 perfusion perfusion NN cord-018182-lleti89n 183 8 including include VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 183 9 renal renal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 183 10 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 183 11 hepatic hepatic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 183 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 183 13 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 183 14 neurological neurological JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 183 15 function function NN cord-018182-lleti89n 183 16 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 183 17 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 183 18 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 184 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 184 2 addition addition NN cord-018182-lleti89n 184 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 184 4 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 184 5 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 184 6 embolism embolism NN cord-018182-lleti89n 184 7 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 184 8 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 184 9 excluded exclude VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 184 10 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 184 11 any any DT cord-018182-lleti89n 184 12 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 184 13 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 184 14 decompensated decompensated JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 184 15 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 184 16 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 184 17 RVF RVF NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 184 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 184 19 32 32 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 184 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 184 21 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 185 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 185 2 general general JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 185 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 185 4 noninvasive noninvasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 185 5 testing testing NN cord-018182-lleti89n 185 6 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 185 7 assessment assessment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 185 8 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 185 9 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 185 10 function function NN cord-018182-lleti89n 185 11 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 185 12 preferred prefer VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 185 13 prior prior RB cord-018182-lleti89n 185 14 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 185 15 RHC RHC NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 185 16 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 186 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-018182-lleti89n 186 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 186 3 transthoracic transthoracic NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 186 4 echocardiography echocardiography NN cord-018182-lleti89n 186 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 186 6 TTE TTE NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 186 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 186 8 remains remain VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 186 9 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 186 10 cornerstone cornerstone NN cord-018182-lleti89n 186 11 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 186 12 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 186 13 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 186 14 evaluation evaluation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 186 15 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 186 16 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 186 17 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 186 18 suspected suspect VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 186 19 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 186 20 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 187 1 Assessment assessment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 187 2 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 187 3 both both CC cord-018182-lleti89n 187 4 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 187 5 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 187 6 arterial arterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 187 7 systolic systolic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 187 8 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 187 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 187 10 PASP PASP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 187 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 187 12 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 187 13 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 187 14 structure structure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 187 15 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 187 16 function function NN cord-018182-lleti89n 187 17 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 187 18 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 187 19 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 187 20 parameter parameter NN cord-018182-lleti89n 187 21 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 187 22 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 187 23 evaluation evaluation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 187 24 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 188 1 Right right JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 188 2 atrial atrial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 188 3 enlargement enlargement NN cord-018182-lleti89n 188 4 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 188 5 pericardial pericardial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 188 6 effusion effusion NN cord-018182-lleti89n 188 7 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 188 8 low low JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 188 9 tricuspid tricuspid JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 188 10 annular annular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 188 11 plane plane NN cord-018182-lleti89n 188 12 systolic systolic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 188 13 excursion excursion NN cord-018182-lleti89n 188 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 188 15 TAPSE TAPSE NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 188 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 188 17 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 188 18 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 188 19 septal septal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 188 20 displacement displacement NN cord-018182-lleti89n 188 21 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 188 22 poor poor JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 188 23 prognostic prognostic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 188 24 indicators indicator NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 188 25 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 189 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 189 2 general general JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 189 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 189 4 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 189 5 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 189 6 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 189 7 estimated estimate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 189 8 PASP PASP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 189 9 > > XX cord-018182-lleti89n 189 10 40 40 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 189 11 mmHg mmHg NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 189 12 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 189 13 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 189 14 peak peak JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 189 15 TR tr NN cord-018182-lleti89n 189 16 jet jet NN cord-018182-lleti89n 189 17 velocity velocity NN cord-018182-lleti89n 189 18 ≥3 ≥3 NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 189 19 m m NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 189 20 / / SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 189 21 s s NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 189 22 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 189 23 likely likely JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 189 24 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 189 25 have have VB cord-018182-lleti89n 189 26 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 189 27 confirmed confirm VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 189 28 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 189 29 RHC RHC NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 189 30 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 190 1 However however RB cord-018182-lleti89n 190 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 190 3 RHC RHC NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 190 4 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 190 5 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 190 6 gold gold NN cord-018182-lleti89n 190 7 standard standard NN cord-018182-lleti89n 190 8 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 190 9 confirming confirm VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 190 10 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 190 11 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 190 12 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 190 13 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 191 1 Invasive invasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 191 2 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 191 3 monitoring monitoring NN cord-018182-lleti89n 191 4 remains remain VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 191 5 key key JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 191 6 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 191 7 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 191 8 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 191 9 evaluation evaluation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 191 10 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 191 11 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 191 12 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 191 13 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 191 14 these these DT cord-018182-lleti89n 191 15 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 191 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 191 17 28 28 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 191 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 191 19 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 192 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 192 2 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 192 3 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 192 4 confirmed confirm VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 192 5 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 192 6 suspected suspect VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 192 7 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 192 8 and/or and/or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 192 9 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 192 10 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 192 11 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 192 12 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 192 13 thoughtful thoughtful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 192 14 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 192 15 systematic systematic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 192 16 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 192 17 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 192 18 multidisciplinary multidisciplinary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 192 19 approach approach NN cord-018182-lleti89n 192 20 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 192 21 medical medical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 192 22 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 192 23 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 192 24 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 192 25 pursued pursue VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 192 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 193 1 Early early JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 193 2 consultation consultation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 193 3 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 193 4 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 193 5 expert expert NN cord-018182-lleti89n 193 6 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 193 7 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 193 8 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 193 9 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 193 10 advised advise VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 193 11 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 193 12 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 193 13 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 193 14 often often RB cord-018182-lleti89n 193 15 misdiagnosed misdiagnose VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 193 16 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 193 17 referred refer VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 193 18 late late RB cord-018182-lleti89n 193 19 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 193 20 consideration consideration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 193 21 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 193 22 advanced advanced JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 193 23 therapies therapy NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 193 24 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 194 1 Consultation consultation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 194 2 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 194 3 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 194 4 experts expert NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 194 5 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 194 6 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 194 7 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 194 8 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 194 9 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 194 10 discern discern VB cord-018182-lleti89n 194 11 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 194 12 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 194 13 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 194 14 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 194 15 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 194 16 other other JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 194 17 causes cause NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 194 18 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 194 19 clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 194 20 decompensation decompensation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 194 21 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 195 1 Collaboration collaboration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 195 2 between between IN cord-018182-lleti89n 195 3 local local JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 195 4 medical medical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 195 5 centers center NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 195 6 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 195 7 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 195 8 specialty specialty NN cord-018182-lleti89n 195 9 centers center NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 195 10 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 195 11 facilitate facilitate VB cord-018182-lleti89n 195 12 referral referral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 195 13 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 195 14 patient patient JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 195 15 transfer transfer NN cord-018182-lleti89n 195 16 when when WRB cord-018182-lleti89n 195 17 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 195 18 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 195 19 advised advise VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 195 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 195 21 26 26 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 195 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 195 23 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 196 1 Careful careful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 196 2 monitoring monitoring NN cord-018182-lleti89n 196 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 196 4 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 196 5 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 196 6 renal renal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 196 7 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 196 8 neurologic neurologic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 196 9 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 196 10 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 196 11 hepatic hepatic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 196 12 function function NN cord-018182-lleti89n 196 13 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 196 14 essential essential JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 196 15 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 196 16 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 196 17 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 196 18 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 196 19 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 196 20 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 196 21 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 196 22 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 196 23 and/or and/or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 196 24 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 196 25 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 196 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 197 1 Urine urine NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 2 output output NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 197 4 laboratory laboratory NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 5 data datum NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 197 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 197 7 liver liver NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 8 function function NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 9 tests test NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 197 10 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 197 11 serum serum NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 12 creatinine creatinine NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 13 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 197 14 lactate lactate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 15 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 197 16 troponin troponin JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 197 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 197 18 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 197 19 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 197 20 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 197 21 parameters parameter NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 197 22 obtained obtain VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 23 either either CC cord-018182-lleti89n 197 24 from from IN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 25 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 197 26 central central JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 197 27 venous venous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 197 28 catheter catheter NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 197 30 e.g. e.g. RB cord-018182-lleti89n 197 31 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 197 32 central central JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 197 33 venous venous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 197 34 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 197 36 CVP CVP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 197 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 197 38 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 197 39 central central JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 197 40 venous venous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 197 41 saturation saturation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 197 43 ScVO ScVO NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 197 44 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 197 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 197 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 197 47 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 197 48 PA PA NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 197 49 catheter catheter NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 197 51 right right JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 197 52 atrial atrial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 197 53 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 54 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 197 55 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 197 56 index index NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 57 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 197 58 mean mean VB cord-018182-lleti89n 197 59 PA PA NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 197 60 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 61 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 197 62 PVR PVR NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 197 63 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 197 64 mixed mixed JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 197 65 venous venous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 197 66 saturation saturation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 67 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 197 68 SvO SvO NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 197 69 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 197 70 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 197 71 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 197 72 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 197 73 useful useful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 197 74 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 75 making make VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 197 76 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 197 77 decisions decision NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 197 78 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 198 1 Given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 2 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-018182-lleti89n 198 3 complexity complexity NN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 4 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 198 5 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 198 6 use use NN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 7 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 8 RHC RHC NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 198 9 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 198 10 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 198 11 invasive invasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 198 12 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 198 13 monitoring monitoring NN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 14 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 198 15 recommended recommend VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 16 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 17 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 198 18 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 19 evidence evidence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 20 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 21 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 198 22 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 23 requiring require VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 198 24 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 198 25 admission admission NN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 26 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 198 27 particularly particularly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 198 28 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 29 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 198 30 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 31 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 32 vasoactive vasoactive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 198 33 agent agent NN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 34 titration titration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 198 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 198 36 32 32 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 198 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 198 38 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 199 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 2 general general JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 199 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 199 4 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 5 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 6 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 199 7 RVF RVF NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 199 8 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 199 9 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 199 10 PH ph NN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 11 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 12 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 199 13 critically critically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 199 14 ill ill JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 199 15 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 16 focuses focus VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 199 17 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 18 optimization optimization NN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 19 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 20 RV rv NN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 21 preload preload NN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 22 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 199 23 afterload afterload NN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 24 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 199 25 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 199 26 contractility contractility NN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 27 while while IN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 28 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 199 29 carefully carefully RB cord-018182-lleti89n 199 30 controlling control VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 199 31 oxygenation oxygenation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 32 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 199 33 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 34 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 199 35 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 199 36 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 199 37 rhythm rhythm NN cord-018182-lleti89n 199 38 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 200 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 200 2 search search NN cord-018182-lleti89n 200 3 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 200 4 potentially potentially RB cord-018182-lleti89n 200 5 reversible reversible JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 200 6 causes cause NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 200 7 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 200 8 decompensation decompensation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 200 9 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 200 10 critical critical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 200 11 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 201 1 If if IN cord-018182-lleti89n 201 2 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 201 3 specific specific JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 201 4 cause cause NN cord-018182-lleti89n 201 5 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 201 6 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 201 7 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 201 8 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 201 9 identified identify VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 201 10 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 201 11 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 201 12 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 201 13 include include VB cord-018182-lleti89n 201 14 consideration consideration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 201 15 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 201 16 one one CD cord-018182-lleti89n 201 17 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 201 18 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 201 19 directed direct VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 201 20 therapies therapy NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 201 21 listed list VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 201 22 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 201 23 Table Table NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 201 24 13 13 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 201 25 .8 .8 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 201 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 202 1 Consideration consideration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 202 2 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 202 3 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 202 4 PE PE NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 202 5 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 202 6 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 202 7 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 202 8 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 202 9 population population NN cord-018182-lleti89n 202 10 ; ; : cord-018182-lleti89n 202 11 however however RB cord-018182-lleti89n 202 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 202 13 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018182-lleti89n 202 14 specific specific JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 202 15 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 202 16 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 202 17 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 202 18 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 202 19 discussed discuss VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 202 20 here here RB cord-018182-lleti89n 202 21 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 203 1 Careful careful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 203 2 attention attention NN cord-018182-lleti89n 203 3 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 203 4 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 203 5 evaluation evaluation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 203 6 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 203 7 fluid fluid JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 203 8 status status NN cord-018182-lleti89n 203 9 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 203 10 critical critical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 203 11 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 203 12 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 203 13 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 203 14 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 203 15 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 203 16 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 204 1 Assessment assessment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 204 2 based base VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 204 3 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 204 4 clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 204 5 exam exam NN cord-018182-lleti89n 204 6 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 204 7 CVP CVP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 204 8 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 204 9 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 204 10 invasive invasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 204 11 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 204 12 monitoring monitoring NN cord-018182-lleti89n 204 13 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 204 14 RHC RHC NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 204 15 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 204 16 aid aid VB cord-018182-lleti89n 204 17 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 204 18 accurate accurate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 204 19 determination determination NN cord-018182-lleti89n 204 20 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 204 21 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 204 22 status status NN cord-018182-lleti89n 204 23 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 204 24 fluid fluid JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 204 25 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 204 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 205 1 Occasionally occasionally RB cord-018182-lleti89n 205 2 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 205 3 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 205 4 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 205 5 hypovolemic hypovolemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 205 6 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 205 7 require require VB cord-018182-lleti89n 205 8 fluid fluid JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 205 9 administration administration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 205 10 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 206 1 However however RB cord-018182-lleti89n 206 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 206 3 even even RB cord-018182-lleti89n 206 4 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 206 5 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 206 6 case case NN cord-018182-lleti89n 206 7 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 206 8 suspected suspect VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 206 9 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 206 10 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 206 11 overly overly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 206 12 judicious judicious JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 206 13 administration administration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 206 14 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 206 15 fluids fluid NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 206 16 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 206 17 have have VB cord-018182-lleti89n 206 18 detrimental detrimental JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 206 19 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 206 20 effects effect NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 206 21 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 206 22 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 206 23 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 206 24 compromised compromise VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 206 25 RV rv NN cord-018182-lleti89n 206 26 function function NN cord-018182-lleti89n 206 27 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 207 1 Thus thus RB cord-018182-lleti89n 207 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 207 3 cautious cautious JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 207 4 administration administration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 207 5 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 207 6 advised advise VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 207 7 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 208 1 A a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 208 2 reasonable reasonable JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 208 3 fluid fluid JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 208 4 challenge challenge NN cord-018182-lleti89n 208 5 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 208 6 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 208 7 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 208 8 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 208 9 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 208 10 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 208 11 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 208 12 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 208 13 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 208 14 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 208 15 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 208 16 500 500 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 208 17 ml ml NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 208 18 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 208 19 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 208 20 normotonic normotonic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 208 21 fluid fluid NN cord-018182-lleti89n 208 22 over over IN cord-018182-lleti89n 208 23 15 15 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 208 24 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 208 25 20 20 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 208 26 min min NN cord-018182-lleti89n 208 27 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 208 28 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 208 29 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 208 30 general general JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 208 31 goal goal NN cord-018182-lleti89n 208 32 CVP CVP NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 208 33 target target NN cord-018182-lleti89n 208 34 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 208 35 10 10 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 208 36 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 208 37 12 12 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 208 38 mmHg mmHg NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 208 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 208 40 26 26 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 208 41 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 208 42 29 29 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 208 43 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 208 44 33 33 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 208 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 208 46 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 209 1 More more RBR cord-018182-lleti89n 209 2 often often RB cord-018182-lleti89n 209 3 than than IN cord-018182-lleti89n 209 4 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 209 5 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 209 6 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 209 7 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 209 8 RVF RVF NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 209 9 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 209 10 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 209 11 hypervolemic hypervolemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 209 12 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 209 13 require require VB cord-018182-lleti89n 209 14 administration administration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 209 15 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 209 16 intravenous intravenous NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 209 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 209 18 IV IV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 209 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 209 20 diuretics diuretic NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 209 21 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 209 22 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 209 23 hemofiltration hemofiltration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 209 24 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 209 25 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 209 26 removal removal NN cord-018182-lleti89n 209 27 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 210 1 IV IV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 210 2 loop loop NN cord-018182-lleti89n 210 3 diuretics diuretic NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 210 4 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 210 5 potentially potentially RB cord-018182-lleti89n 210 6 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 210 7 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 210 8 form form NN cord-018182-lleti89n 210 9 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 210 10 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 210 11 continuous continuous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 210 12 infusion infusion NN cord-018182-lleti89n 210 13 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 210 14 avoid avoid VB cord-018182-lleti89n 210 15 abrupt abrupt JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 210 16 swings swing NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 210 17 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 210 18 filling fill VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 210 19 pressures pressure NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 210 20 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 210 21 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 210 22 preferred prefer VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 210 23 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 211 1 Extracorporeal extracorporeal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 211 2 fluid fluid JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 211 3 removal removal NN cord-018182-lleti89n 211 4 via via IN cord-018182-lleti89n 211 5 ultrafiltration ultrafiltration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 211 6 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 211 7 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 211 8 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 211 9 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 211 10 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 211 11 presence presence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 211 12 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 211 13 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 211 14 cardiorenal cardiorenal NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 211 15 syndrome syndrome NN cord-018182-lleti89n 211 16 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 211 17 diuretic diuretic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 211 18 resistance resistance NN cord-018182-lleti89n 211 19 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 212 1 However however RB cord-018182-lleti89n 212 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 212 3 either either DT cord-018182-lleti89n 212 4 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 212 5 these these DT cord-018182-lleti89n 212 6 generally generally RB cord-018182-lleti89n 212 7 portends portend VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 212 8 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 212 9 poor poor JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 212 10 prognosis prognosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 212 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 212 12 33 33 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 212 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 212 14 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 213 1 Afterload Afterload NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 213 2 reduction reduction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 213 3 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 213 4 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 213 5 use use NN cord-018182-lleti89n 213 6 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 213 7 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 213 8 vasodilators vasodilator NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 213 9 remains remain VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 213 10 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 213 11 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 213 12 consideration consideration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 213 13 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 213 14 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 213 15 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 213 16 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 213 17 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 213 18 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 213 19 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 214 1 However however RB cord-018182-lleti89n 214 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 214 3 systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 214 4 PAH pah NN cord-018182-lleti89n 214 5 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 214 6 specific specific JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 214 7 therapies therapy NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 214 8 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 214 9 discouraged discourage VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 214 10 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 214 11 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 214 12 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 214 13 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 214 14 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 214 15 unknown unknown JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 214 16 etiology etiology NN cord-018182-lleti89n 214 17 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 215 1 Pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 215 2 vasodilators vasodilator NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 215 3 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 215 4 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 215 5 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 215 6 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 215 7 cases case NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 215 8 where where WRB cord-018182-lleti89n 215 9 immediate immediate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 215 10 reduction reduction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 215 11 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 215 12 PVR PVR NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 215 13 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 215 14 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 215 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 215 16 33 33 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 215 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 215 18 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 216 1 Both both DT cord-018182-lleti89n 216 2 IV IV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 216 3 medications medication NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 216 4 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 216 5 selective selective JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 216 6 effects effect NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 216 7 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 216 8 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 216 9 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 216 10 vasculature vasculature NN cord-018182-lleti89n 216 11 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 216 12 inhaled inhale VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 216 13 agents agent NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 216 14 delivered deliver VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 216 15 directly directly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 216 16 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 216 17 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 216 18 lungs lung NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 216 19 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 216 20 available available JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 216 21 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 216 22 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 216 23 purpose purpose NN cord-018182-lleti89n 216 24 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 217 1 See see VB cord-018182-lleti89n 217 2 Table table NN cord-018182-lleti89n 217 3 13 13 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 217 4 .9 .9 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 217 5 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 217 6 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 217 7 summary summary NN cord-018182-lleti89n 217 8 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 217 9 available available JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 217 10 vasodilatory vasodilatory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 217 11 medications medication NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 217 12 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 217 13 PAH PAH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 217 14 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 217 15 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 217 16 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 217 17 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 217 18 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 218 1 Oral oral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 218 2 agents agent NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 218 3 including include VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 218 4 PDE-5 PDE-5 NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 218 5 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 218 6 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 218 7 endothelin endothelin JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 218 8 receptor receptor NN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 9 antagonists antagonist NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 218 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 218 11 ERAs era NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 218 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 218 13 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 218 14 typically typically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 218 15 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 218 16 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 218 17 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 18 use use NN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 19 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 20 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 218 21 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 218 22 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 218 23 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 218 25 except except IN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 26 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 27 selected select VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 28 treatmentnaïve treatmentnaïve NN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 29 PAH PAH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 218 30 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 218 31 who who WP cord-018182-lleti89n 218 32 have have VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 218 33 been be VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 34 stabilized stabilize VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 35 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 36 IV IV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 218 37 prostanoids prostanoids NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 218 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 218 39 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 218 40 thus thus RB cord-018182-lleti89n 218 41 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 218 42 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 218 43 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 218 44 covered cover VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 45 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 46 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 218 47 chapter chapter NN cord-018182-lleti89n 218 48 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 219 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 219 2 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 219 3 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 219 4 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 219 5 note note VB cord-018182-lleti89n 219 6 that that DT cord-018182-lleti89n 219 7 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 219 8 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 219 9 PAH pah NN cord-018182-lleti89n 219 10 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 219 11 specific specific JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 219 12 drugs drug NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 219 13 has have VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 219 14 only only RB cord-018182-lleti89n 219 15 been be VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 219 16 associated associate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 219 17 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 219 18 improved improved JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 219 19 outcomes outcome NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 219 20 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 219 21 outpatients outpatient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 219 22 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 219 23 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 219 24 PAH PAH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 219 25 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 220 1 Given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 220 2 that that DT cord-018182-lleti89n 220 3 few few JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 220 4 critically critically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 220 5 ill ill JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 220 6 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 220 7 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 220 8 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 220 9 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 220 10 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 220 11 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 220 12 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 220 13 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 220 14 have have VB cord-018182-lleti89n 220 15 underlying underlie VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 220 16 PAH PAH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 220 17 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 220 18 many many JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 220 19 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 220 20 these these DT cord-018182-lleti89n 220 21 PAH PAH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 220 22 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 220 23 specific specific JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 220 24 drugs drug NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 220 25 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 220 26 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 220 27 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 220 28 warranted warrant VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 220 29 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 221 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 221 2 addition addition NN cord-018182-lleti89n 221 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 221 4 no no DT cord-018182-lleti89n 221 5 studies study NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 221 6 have have VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 221 7 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 221 8 clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 221 9 superiority superiority NN cord-018182-lleti89n 221 10 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 221 11 one one CD cord-018182-lleti89n 221 12 agent agent NN cord-018182-lleti89n 221 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 221 14 29 29 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 221 15 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 221 16 32 32 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 221 17 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 221 18 33 33 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 221 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 221 20 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 222 1 One one PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 222 2 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 222 3 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 222 4 recall recall VB cord-018182-lleti89n 222 5 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 222 6 systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 222 7 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 222 8 results result NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 222 9 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 222 10 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 222 11 arterial arterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 222 12 vasoconstriction vasoconstriction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 222 13 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 223 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-018182-lleti89n 223 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 223 3 abrogation abrogation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 4 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 5 acidosis acidosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 6 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 223 7 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 223 8 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 223 9 useful useful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 223 10 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 223 11 goal goal NN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 12 using use VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 223 13 either either CC cord-018182-lleti89n 223 14 augmented augment VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 15 minute minute NN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 16 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 17 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 223 18 intravenous intravenous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 223 19 fluids fluid NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 223 20 that that WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 223 21 influence influence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 22 pH ph NN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 23 such such JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 223 24 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 25 those those DT cord-018182-lleti89n 223 26 constructed construct VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 27 entirely entirely RB cord-018182-lleti89n 223 28 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 29 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 223 30 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 223 31 supplemented supplement VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 32 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 33 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 223 34 sodium sodium NN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 35 bicarbonate bicarbonate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 36 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 223 37 sodium sodium NN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 38 acetate acetate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 223 40 especially especially RB cord-018182-lleti89n 223 41 when when WRB cord-018182-lleti89n 223 42 NaHCO nahco JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 223 43 3 3 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 223 44 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 223 45 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 46 short short JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 223 47 supply supply NN cord-018182-lleti89n 223 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 223 49 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 224 1 A a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 224 2 variety variety NN cord-018182-lleti89n 224 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 224 4 vasoactive vasoactive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 224 5 drugs drug NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 224 6 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 224 7 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 224 8 used use VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 224 9 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 224 10 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 224 11 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 224 12 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 224 13 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 224 14 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 224 15 critical critical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 224 16 illness illness NN cord-018182-lleti89n 224 17 including include VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 224 18 vasodilators vasodilator NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 224 19 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 224 20 inotropes inotrope NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 224 21 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 224 22 and/or and/or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 224 23 vasopressors vasopressor NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 224 24 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 225 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 225 2 goal goal NN cord-018182-lleti89n 225 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 225 4 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 225 5 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 225 6 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 225 7 maintain maintain VB cord-018182-lleti89n 225 8 end end NN cord-018182-lleti89n 225 9 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 225 10 organ organ NN cord-018182-lleti89n 225 11 perfusion perfusion NN cord-018182-lleti89n 225 12 through through IN cord-018182-lleti89n 225 13 reduction reduction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 225 14 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 225 15 PVR PVR NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 225 16 without without IN cord-018182-lleti89n 225 17 compromising compromise VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 225 18 systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 225 19 mean mean JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 225 20 arterial arterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 225 21 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 225 22 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 225 23 increasing increase VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 225 24 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 225 25 output output NN cord-018182-lleti89n 225 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 226 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 226 2 selection selection NN cord-018182-lleti89n 226 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 226 4 specific specific JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 226 5 therapies therapy NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 226 6 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 226 7 combinations combination NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 226 8 thereof thereof RB cord-018182-lleti89n 226 9 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 226 10 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 226 11 tailored tailor VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 226 12 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 226 13 each each DT cord-018182-lleti89n 226 14 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 226 15 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 226 16 taking take VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 226 17 into into IN cord-018182-lleti89n 226 18 account account NN cord-018182-lleti89n 226 19 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-018182-lleti89n 226 20 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 226 21 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 226 22 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 226 23 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 226 24 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 226 25 volume volume NN cord-018182-lleti89n 226 26 status status NN cord-018182-lleti89n 226 27 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 227 1 Patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 227 2 requiring require VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 227 3 initiation initiation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 227 4 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 227 5 titration titration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 227 6 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 227 7 these these DT cord-018182-lleti89n 227 8 therapies therapy NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 227 9 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 227 10 have have VB cord-018182-lleti89n 227 11 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 227 12 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 227 13 artery artery NN cord-018182-lleti89n 227 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 227 15 PA PA NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 227 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 227 17 catheter catheter NN cord-018182-lleti89n 227 18 placed place VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 227 19 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 227 20 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 227 21 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 227 22 optimization optimization NN cord-018182-lleti89n 227 23 ; ; : cord-018182-lleti89n 227 24 while while IN cord-018182-lleti89n 227 25 other other JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 227 26 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 227 27 monitoring monitoring NN cord-018182-lleti89n 227 28 techniques technique NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 227 29 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 227 30 available available JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 227 31 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 227 32 none none NN cord-018182-lleti89n 227 33 directly directly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 227 34 measure measure VB cord-018182-lleti89n 227 35 PA PA NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 227 36 pressures pressure NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 227 37 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 228 1 A a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 228 2 combination combination NN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 4 overstretching overstretching NN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 5 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 228 6 derangements derangement NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 228 7 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 8 cellular cellular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 228 9 metabolism metabolism NN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 10 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 228 11 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 228 12 insufficient insufficient JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 228 13 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 14 delivery delivery NN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 15 lead lead NN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 16 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 17 decreased decrease VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 18 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 228 19 contractility contractility NN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 20 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 21 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 228 22 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 23 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 24 critical critical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 228 25 illness illness NN cord-018182-lleti89n 228 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 229 1 Dobutamine Dobutamine NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 229 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 229 3 dopamine dopamine NN cord-018182-lleti89n 229 4 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 229 5 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 229 6 milrinone milrinone NN cord-018182-lleti89n 229 7 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 229 8 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 229 9 agents agent NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 229 10 most most RBS cord-018182-lleti89n 229 11 commonly commonly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 229 12 used use VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 229 13 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 229 14 inotropic inotropic NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 229 15 support support NN cord-018182-lleti89n 229 16 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 229 17 this this DT cord-018182-lleti89n 229 18 patient patient JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 229 19 population population NN cord-018182-lleti89n 229 20 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 230 1 See see VB cord-018182-lleti89n 230 2 Table Table NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 230 3 13 13 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 230 4 .10 .10 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 230 5 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 230 6 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 230 7 summary summary NN cord-018182-lleti89n 230 8 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 230 9 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 230 10 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 230 11 effects effect NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 230 12 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 230 13 commonly commonly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 230 14 used use VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 230 15 vasoactive vasoactive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 230 16 drugs drug NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 230 17 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 231 1 There there EX cord-018182-lleti89n 231 2 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 231 3 debate debate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 4 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 5 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 6 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 231 7 first first JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 231 8 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 231 9 line line NN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 10 agent agent NN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 11 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 12 inotropic inotropic NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 231 13 support support NN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 14 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 231 15 but but CC cord-018182-lleti89n 231 16 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 17 general general JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 231 18 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 231 19 dobutamine dobutamine NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 231 20 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 231 21 preferred prefer VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 22 over over IN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 23 dopamine dopamine NN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 24 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 25 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 231 26 inotropic inotropic NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 231 27 support support NN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 28 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 29 unstable unstable JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 231 30 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 231 31 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 32 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 231 33 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 231 34 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 231 35 especially especially RB cord-018182-lleti89n 231 36 since since IN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 37 dopamine dopamine NN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 38 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 231 39 strongly strongly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 231 40 pro pro JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 231 41 - - JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 231 42 arrhythmogenic arrhythmogenic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 231 43 at at IN cord-018182-lleti89n 231 44 higher high JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 231 45 doses dose NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 231 46 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 232 1 Milrinone Milrinone NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 232 2 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 232 3 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 232 4 often often RB cord-018182-lleti89n 232 5 strongly strongly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 232 6 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 232 7 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 232 8 particularly particularly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 232 9 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 232 10 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 232 11 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 232 12 biventricular biventricular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 232 13 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 232 14 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 233 1 However however RB cord-018182-lleti89n 233 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 233 3 caution caution NN cord-018182-lleti89n 233 4 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 233 5 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 233 6 exercised exercise VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 233 7 given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 233 8 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 233 9 vasodilatory vasodilatory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 233 10 properties property NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 233 11 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 233 12 both both DT cord-018182-lleti89n 233 13 agents agent NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 233 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 233 15 dobutamine dobutamine NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 233 16 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 233 17 milrinone milrinone NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 233 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 233 19 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 233 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-018182-lleti89n 233 21 potential potential NN cord-018182-lleti89n 233 22 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 233 23 provoke provoke VB cord-018182-lleti89n 233 24 systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 233 25 hypotension hypotension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 233 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 234 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 234 2 some some DT cord-018182-lleti89n 234 3 cases case NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 234 4 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 234 5 concomitant concomitant JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 234 6 administration administration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 234 7 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 234 8 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 234 9 vasopressor vasopressor NN cord-018182-lleti89n 234 10 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 234 11 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 234 12 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 234 13 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 234 14 maintain maintain VB cord-018182-lleti89n 234 15 systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 234 16 precapillary precapillary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 234 17 arteriolar arteriolar JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 234 18 sphincter sphincter NN cord-018182-lleti89n 234 19 tone tone NN cord-018182-lleti89n 234 20 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 234 21 mean mean VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 234 22 arterial arterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 234 23 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 234 24 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 234 25 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 234 26 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 234 27 output output NN cord-018182-lleti89n 234 28 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 235 1 Adequate adequate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 235 2 systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 235 3 blood blood NN cord-018182-lleti89n 235 4 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 235 5 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 235 6 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 235 7 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 235 8 maintain maintain VB cord-018182-lleti89n 235 9 coronary coronary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 235 10 perfusion perfusion NN cord-018182-lleti89n 235 11 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 235 12 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 235 13 function function NN cord-018182-lleti89n 235 14 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 235 15 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 235 16 thus thus RB cord-018182-lleti89n 235 17 vasopressors vasopressor NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 235 18 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 235 19 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 235 20 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 235 21 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 235 22 first first JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 235 23 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 235 24 line line NN cord-018182-lleti89n 235 25 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 235 26 adjunct adjunct NN cord-018182-lleti89n 235 27 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 235 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 235 29 32 32 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 235 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 235 31 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 236 1 As as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 236 2 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 236 3 inotropic inotropic NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 236 4 support support NN cord-018182-lleti89n 236 5 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 236 6 careful careful JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 236 7 selection selection NN cord-018182-lleti89n 236 8 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 236 9 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 236 10 most most RBS cord-018182-lleti89n 236 11 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 236 12 vasopressor vasopressor NN cord-018182-lleti89n 236 13 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 236 14 vary vary VB cord-018182-lleti89n 236 15 depending depend VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 236 16 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 236 17 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 236 18 clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 236 19 scenario scenario NN cord-018182-lleti89n 236 20 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 237 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 237 2 increased increased JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 237 3 risk risk NN cord-018182-lleti89n 237 4 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 237 5 tachyarrhythmias tachyarrhythmias XX cord-018182-lleti89n 237 6 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 237 7 all all DT cord-018182-lleti89n 237 8 vasoactive vasoactive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 237 9 agents agent NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 237 10 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 237 11 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 237 12 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 237 13 consideration consideration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 237 14 given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 237 15 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 237 16 potential potential JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 237 17 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 237 18 impact impact NN cord-018182-lleti89n 237 19 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 237 20 myocardial myocardial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 237 21 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018182-lleti89n 237 22 consumption consumption NN cord-018182-lleti89n 237 23 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 237 24 coronary coronary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 237 25 artery artery NN cord-018182-lleti89n 237 26 flow flow NN cord-018182-lleti89n 237 27 demand demand NN cord-018182-lleti89n 237 28 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 237 29 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 237 30 RV rv NN cord-018182-lleti89n 237 31 filling fill VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 237 32 time time NN cord-018182-lleti89n 237 33 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 237 34 _SP cord-018182-lleti89n 238 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 238 2 presence presence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 238 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 238 4 atrioventricular atrioventricular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 238 5 synchrony synchrony NN cord-018182-lleti89n 238 6 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 238 7 critical critical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 238 8 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 238 9 optimal optimal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 238 10 RV rv NN cord-018182-lleti89n 238 11 filling filling NN cord-018182-lleti89n 238 12 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 238 13 maintenance maintenance NN cord-018182-lleti89n 238 14 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 238 15 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 238 16 output output NN cord-018182-lleti89n 238 17 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 239 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 239 2 presence presence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 4 atrial atrial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 239 5 arrhythmias arrhythmia NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 239 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 239 7 e.g. e.g. RB cord-018182-lleti89n 239 8 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 239 9 atrial atrial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 239 10 fibrillation fibrillation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 11 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 239 12 atrial atrial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 239 13 flutter flutter NN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 14 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 239 15 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 239 16 supraventricular supraventricular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 239 17 tachycardia tachycardia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 239 19 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 239 20 electrical electrical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 239 21 conduction conduction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 22 delays delay NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 239 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 239 24 e.g. e.g. RB cord-018182-lleti89n 239 25 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 239 26 complete complete JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 239 27 heart heart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 28 block block NN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 239 30 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 239 31 associated associate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 32 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 33 worse bad JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 239 34 outcomes outcome NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 239 35 given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 36 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 37 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 239 38 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 239 39 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 239 40 highly highly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 239 41 dependent dependent JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 239 42 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 43 atrial atrial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 239 44 contraction contraction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 45 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 239 46 maintain maintain VB cord-018182-lleti89n 239 47 adequate adequate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 239 48 filling filling NN cord-018182-lleti89n 239 49 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 240 1 Rate rate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 240 2 control control NN cord-018182-lleti89n 240 3 alone alone RB cord-018182-lleti89n 240 4 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 240 5 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 240 6 typically typically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 240 7 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 240 8 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 240 9 rhythm rhythm NN cord-018182-lleti89n 240 10 control control NN cord-018182-lleti89n 240 11 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 240 12 recommended recommend VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 240 13 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 241 1 Electrical electrical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 241 2 cardioversion cardioversion NN cord-018182-lleti89n 241 3 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 241 4 tachyarrhythmias tachyarrhythmias NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 241 5 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 241 6 atrioventricular atrioventricular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 241 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 241 8 AV av NN cord-018182-lleti89n 241 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 241 10 pacing pace VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 241 11 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 241 12 bradyarrhythmias bradyarrhythmias NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 241 13 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 241 14 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 241 15 first first JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 241 16 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 241 17 line line NN cord-018182-lleti89n 241 18 treatments treatment NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 241 19 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 241 20 unstable unstable JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 241 21 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 241 22 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 242 1 Amiodarone Amiodarone NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 242 2 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 242 3 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 242 4 recommended recommend VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 242 5 first first JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 242 6 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 242 7 line line NN cord-018182-lleti89n 242 8 medication medication NN cord-018182-lleti89n 242 9 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 242 10 most most JJS cord-018182-lleti89n 242 11 tachyarrhythmias tachyarrhythmia NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 242 12 due due IN cord-018182-lleti89n 242 13 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 242 14 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018182-lleti89n 242 15 lower low JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 242 16 risk risk NN cord-018182-lleti89n 242 17 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 242 18 hypotension hypotension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 242 19 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 242 20 comparatively comparatively RB cord-018182-lleti89n 242 21 fewer few JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 242 22 negative negative JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 242 23 inotropic inotropic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 242 24 effects effect NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 242 25 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 243 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 243 2 use use NN cord-018182-lleti89n 243 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 243 4 beta beta NN cord-018182-lleti89n 243 5 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 243 6 blockers blocker NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 243 7 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 243 8 calcium calcium NN cord-018182-lleti89n 243 9 channel channel NN cord-018182-lleti89n 243 10 blockers blocker NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 243 11 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 243 12 generally generally RB cord-018182-lleti89n 243 13 avoided avoid VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 243 14 given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 243 15 that that IN cord-018182-lleti89n 243 16 both both DT cord-018182-lleti89n 243 17 classes class NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 243 18 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 243 19 agents agent NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 243 20 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 243 21 impair impair VB cord-018182-lleti89n 243 22 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 243 23 contractility contractility NN cord-018182-lleti89n 243 24 as as RB cord-018182-lleti89n 243 25 well well RB cord-018182-lleti89n 243 26 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 243 27 AV av NN cord-018182-lleti89n 243 28 nodal nodal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 243 29 conduction conduction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 243 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 243 31 32 32 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 243 32 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 243 33 33 33 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 243 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 243 35 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 244 1 Hypoxemia Hypoxemia NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 244 2 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 244 3 hypercapnia hypercapnia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 244 4 place place VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 244 5 additional additional JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 244 6 strain strain NN cord-018182-lleti89n 244 7 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 244 8 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 244 9 heart heart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 244 10 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 244 11 inducing induce VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 244 12 hypoxic hypoxic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 244 13 vasoconstriction vasoconstriction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 244 14 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 244 15 resultant resultant JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 244 16 increases increase NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 244 17 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 244 18 PVR PVR NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 244 19 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 244 20 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 244 21 afterload afterload NN cord-018182-lleti89n 244 22 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 245 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-018182-lleti89n 245 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 245 3 maintenance maintenance NN cord-018182-lleti89n 245 4 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 245 5 normoxia normoxia NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 245 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 245 7 peripheral peripheral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 245 8 O o NN cord-018182-lleti89n 245 9 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 245 10 saturation saturation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 245 11 > > XX cord-018182-lleti89n 245 12 90 90 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 245 13 % % NN cord-018182-lleti89n 245 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 245 15 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 245 16 normocapnia normocapnia NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 245 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 245 18 PaCO paco NN cord-018182-lleti89n 245 19 2 2 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 245 20 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 245 21 35 35 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 245 22 - - SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 245 23 40 40 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 245 24 mmHg mmHg NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 245 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 245 26 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 245 27 recommended recommend VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 245 28 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 246 1 Any any DT cord-018182-lleti89n 246 2 other other JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 246 3 impedance impedance NN cord-018182-lleti89n 246 4 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 246 5 adequate adequate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 246 6 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018182-lleti89n 246 7 delivery delivery NN cord-018182-lleti89n 246 8 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 246 9 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 246 10 tissues tissue NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 246 11 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 246 12 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 246 13 corrected correct VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 246 14 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 246 15 including include VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 246 16 anemia anemia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 246 17 if if IN cord-018182-lleti89n 246 18 present present JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 246 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 247 1 goal goal NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 247 2 Hgb Hgb NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 247 3 > > XX cord-018182-lleti89n 247 4 10 10 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 247 5 g g NN cord-018182-lleti89n 247 6 / / SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 247 7 dL dl NN cord-018182-lleti89n 247 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 248 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 248 2 32 32 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 248 3 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 248 4 33 33 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 248 5 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 248 6 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 249 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 249 2 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 249 3 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 249 4 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 249 5 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 249 6 decline decline NN cord-018182-lleti89n 249 7 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 249 8 every every DT cord-018182-lleti89n 249 9 effort effort NN cord-018182-lleti89n 249 10 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 249 11 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 249 12 made make VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 249 13 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 249 14 avoid avoid VB cord-018182-lleti89n 249 15 invasive invasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 249 16 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 249 17 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 249 18 if if IN cord-018182-lleti89n 249 19 possible possible JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 249 20 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 250 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 250 2 risk risk NN cord-018182-lleti89n 250 3 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 250 4 systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 250 5 hypotension hypotension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 250 6 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 250 7 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 250 8 collapse collapse NN cord-018182-lleti89n 250 9 during during IN cord-018182-lleti89n 250 10 intubation intubation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 250 11 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 250 12 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 250 13 result result NN cord-018182-lleti89n 250 14 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 250 15 sedative sedative JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 250 16 administration administration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 250 17 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 250 18 significant significant JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 250 19 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 251 1 Ongoing ongoing JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 251 2 ventilator ventilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 251 3 support support NN cord-018182-lleti89n 251 4 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 251 5 positive positive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 251 6 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 251 7 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 251 8 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 251 9 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 251 10 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 251 11 have have VB cord-018182-lleti89n 251 12 untoward untoward JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 251 13 effects effect NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 251 14 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 251 15 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 251 16 positive positive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 251 17 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 251 18 increases increase VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 251 19 intrathoracic intrathoracic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 251 20 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 251 21 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 251 22 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 251 23 result result VB cord-018182-lleti89n 251 24 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 251 25 decreased decreased JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 251 26 venous venous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 251 27 return return NN cord-018182-lleti89n 251 28 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 251 29 hypotension hypotension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 251 30 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 252 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-018182-lleti89n 252 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 252 3 noninvasive noninvasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 252 4 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 252 5 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 252 6 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 252 7 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 252 8 prior prior RB cord-018182-lleti89n 252 9 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 252 10 intubation intubation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 252 11 if if IN cord-018182-lleti89n 252 12 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 252 13 patient patient NN cord-018182-lleti89n 252 14 's 's POS cord-018182-lleti89n 252 15 clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 252 16 condition condition NN cord-018182-lleti89n 252 17 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 252 18 stable stable JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 252 19 enough enough RB cord-018182-lleti89n 252 20 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 252 21 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 252 22 trial trial NN cord-018182-lleti89n 252 23 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 253 1 However however RB cord-018182-lleti89n 253 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 253 3 if if IN cord-018182-lleti89n 253 4 intubation intubation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 253 5 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 253 6 necessary necessary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 253 7 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 253 8 etomidate etomidate NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 253 9 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 253 10 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 253 11 preferred preferred JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 253 12 drug drug NN cord-018182-lleti89n 253 13 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 253 14 induction induction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 253 15 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 253 16 general general JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 253 17 anesthesia anesthesia NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 253 18 given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 253 19 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018182-lleti89n 253 20 minimal minimal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 253 21 effect effect NN cord-018182-lleti89n 253 22 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 253 23 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 253 24 contractility contractility NN cord-018182-lleti89n 253 25 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 253 26 vascular vascular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 253 27 tone tone NN cord-018182-lleti89n 253 28 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 254 1 One one PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 254 2 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 254 3 recognize recognize VB cord-018182-lleti89n 254 4 that that DT cord-018182-lleti89n 254 5 controversy controversy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 254 6 exists exist VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 254 7 regarding regard VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 254 8 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 254 9 effects effect NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 254 10 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 254 11 etomidate etomidate NN cord-018182-lleti89n 254 12 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 254 13 later later JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 254 14 adrenal adrenal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 254 15 function function NN cord-018182-lleti89n 254 16 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 254 17 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 254 18 alternative alternative JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 254 19 agents agent NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 254 20 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 254 21 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 254 22 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 254 23 dictated dictate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 254 24 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 254 25 provider provider NN cord-018182-lleti89n 254 26 training training NN cord-018182-lleti89n 254 27 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 254 28 agent agent NN cord-018182-lleti89n 254 29 availability availability NN cord-018182-lleti89n 254 30 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 255 1 Preemptive preemptive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 255 2 administration administration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 255 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 255 4 vasopressors vasopressor NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 255 5 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 255 6 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 255 7 inotropes inotropes NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 255 8 prior prior RB cord-018182-lleti89n 255 9 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 255 10 intubation intubation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 255 11 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 255 12 offset offset VB cord-018182-lleti89n 255 13 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 255 14 commonly commonly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 255 15 induced induce VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 255 16 hypotension hypotension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 255 17 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 255 18 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 255 19 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 255 20 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 255 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 255 22 32 32 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 255 23 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 255 24 35 35 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 255 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 255 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 256 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 256 2 select select JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 256 3 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 256 4 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 256 5 medically medically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 256 6 refractory refractory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 256 7 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 256 8 and/or and/or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 256 9 RVF RVF NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 256 10 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 256 11 advanced advanced JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 256 12 therapies therapy NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 256 13 including include VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 256 14 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 256 15 circulatory circulatory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 256 16 support support NN cord-018182-lleti89n 256 17 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 256 18 bilateral bilateral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 256 19 lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 256 20 transplantation transplantation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 256 21 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 256 22 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 256 23 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 256 24 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 257 1 Right right UH cord-018182-lleti89n 257 2 ventricular ventricular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 257 3 assist assist VB cord-018182-lleti89n 257 4 devices device NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 257 5 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 257 6 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 257 7 used use VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 257 8 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 257 9 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 257 10 bridge bridge NN cord-018182-lleti89n 257 11 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 257 12 durable durable JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 257 13 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 257 14 support support NN cord-018182-lleti89n 257 15 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 257 16 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 257 17 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 257 18 bridge bridge NN cord-018182-lleti89n 257 19 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 257 20 recovery recovery NN cord-018182-lleti89n 257 21 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 258 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 258 2 have have VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 258 3 been be VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 258 4 successfully successfully RB cord-018182-lleti89n 258 5 used use VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 258 6 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 258 7 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 258 8 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 258 9 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 258 10 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 258 11 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 258 12 due due JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 258 13 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 258 14 myocardial myocardial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 258 15 infarction infarction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 258 16 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 258 17 cardiopulmonary cardiopulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 258 18 bypass bypass NN cord-018182-lleti89n 258 19 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 258 20 left leave VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 258 21 ventricular ventricular JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 258 22 assist assist VB cord-018182-lleti89n 258 23 device device NN cord-018182-lleti89n 258 24 implantation implantation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 258 25 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 258 26 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 258 27 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 258 28 transplant transplant NN cord-018182-lleti89n 258 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 258 30 29 29 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 258 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 258 32 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 259 1 Extracorporeal extracorporeal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 259 2 membrane membrane NN cord-018182-lleti89n 259 3 oxygenation oxygenation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 259 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 259 5 ECMO ECMO NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 259 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 259 7 has have VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 259 8 been be VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 259 9 used use VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 259 10 successfully successfully RB cord-018182-lleti89n 259 11 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 259 12 treat treat VB cord-018182-lleti89n 259 13 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 259 14 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 259 15 due due JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 259 16 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 259 17 massive massive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 259 18 PE PE NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 259 19 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 259 20 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 259 21 thromboembolic thromboembolic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 259 22 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 259 23 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 259 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 259 25 CTEPH CTEPH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 259 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 259 27 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 259 28 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 259 29 PAH PAH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 259 30 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 259 31 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 259 32 bridge bridge NN cord-018182-lleti89n 259 33 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 259 34 endarterectomy endarterectomy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 259 35 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 259 36 lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 259 37 transplantation transplantation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 259 38 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 260 1 Typically typically RB cord-018182-lleti89n 260 2 venoarterial venoarterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 260 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 260 4 VA VA NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 260 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 260 6 ECMO ECMO NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 260 7 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 260 8 utilized utilize VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 260 9 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 260 10 unload unload VB cord-018182-lleti89n 260 11 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 260 12 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 260 13 while while IN cord-018182-lleti89n 260 14 maintaining maintain VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 260 15 systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 260 16 oxygenation oxygenation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 260 17 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 261 1 In in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 261 2 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 261 3 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 261 4 PAH PAH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 261 5 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 261 6 it -PRON- PRP cord-018182-lleti89n 261 7 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 261 8 also also RB cord-018182-lleti89n 261 9 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 261 10 used use VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 261 11 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 261 12 support support VB cord-018182-lleti89n 261 13 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 261 14 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 261 15 during during IN cord-018182-lleti89n 261 16 initiation initiation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 261 17 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 261 18 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 261 19 vasodilator vasodilator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 261 20 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 261 21 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 262 1 However however RB cord-018182-lleti89n 262 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 262 3 complications complication NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 262 4 including include VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 262 5 hemorrhage hemorrhage NN cord-018182-lleti89n 262 6 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 262 7 infection infection NN cord-018182-lleti89n 262 8 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 262 9 anemia anemia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 262 10 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 262 11 thrombocytopenia thrombocytopenia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 262 12 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 262 13 thromboembolism thromboembolism NN cord-018182-lleti89n 262 14 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 262 15 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 262 16 neurologic neurologic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 262 17 sequelae sequela NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 262 18 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 262 19 possible possible JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 262 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 262 21 28 28 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 262 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 262 23 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 263 1 Percutaneous percutaneous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 263 2 interventions intervention NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 263 3 such such JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 263 4 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 263 5 balloon balloon NN cord-018182-lleti89n 263 6 atrioseptostomy atrioseptostomy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 263 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 263 8 BAS BAS NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 263 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 263 10 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 263 11 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 263 12 used use VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 263 13 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 263 14 either either CC cord-018182-lleti89n 263 15 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 263 16 bridge bridge NN cord-018182-lleti89n 263 17 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 263 18 lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 263 19 transplantation transplantation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 263 20 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 263 21 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 263 22 palliative palliative JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 263 23 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 263 24 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 264 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 264 2 procedure procedure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 264 3 works work VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 264 4 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 264 5 creating create VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 264 6 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 264 7 atrial atrial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 264 8 level level NN cord-018182-lleti89n 264 9 right right NN cord-018182-lleti89n 264 10 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 264 11 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 264 12 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 264 13 left left JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 264 14 shunt shunt NN cord-018182-lleti89n 264 15 that that WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 264 16 bypasses bypass VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 264 17 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 264 18 obstructed obstruct VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 264 19 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 264 20 circulation circulation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 264 21 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 264 22 allowing allow VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 264 23 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 264 24 improved improved JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 264 25 LV LV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 264 26 filling fill VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 264 27 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 264 28 systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 264 29 oxygenation oxygenation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 264 30 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 264 31 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 264 32 blood blood NN cord-018182-lleti89n 264 33 flow flow NN cord-018182-lleti89n 264 34 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 265 1 However however RB cord-018182-lleti89n 265 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 265 3 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018182-lleti89n 265 4 use use NN cord-018182-lleti89n 265 5 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 265 6 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 265 7 emergent emergent JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 265 8 rescue rescue NN cord-018182-lleti89n 265 9 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 265 10 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 265 11 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 265 12 recommended recommend VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 265 13 given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 265 14 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 265 15 high high JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 265 16 risk risk NN cord-018182-lleti89n 265 17 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 265 18 fatal fatal JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 265 19 complications complication NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 265 20 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 265 21 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 265 22 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 265 23 markedly markedly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 265 24 elevated elevated JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 265 25 RV rv NN cord-018182-lleti89n 265 26 filling filling NN cord-018182-lleti89n 265 27 pressures pressure NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 265 28 and/or and/or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 265 29 low low JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 265 30 oxygen oxygen NN cord-018182-lleti89n 265 31 saturations saturation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 265 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 265 33 32 32 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 265 34 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 265 35 33 33 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 265 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 265 37 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 266 1 Lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 266 2 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 266 3 or or CC cord-018182-lleti89n 266 4 heart heart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 266 5 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 266 6 lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 266 7 transplantation transplantation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 266 8 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 266 9 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 266 10 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 266 11 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 266 12 option option NN cord-018182-lleti89n 266 13 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 266 14 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 266 15 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 266 16 progressive progressive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 266 17 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 266 18 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 266 19 particularly particularly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 266 20 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 266 21 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 266 22 presence presence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 266 23 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 266 24 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 266 25 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 266 26 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 267 1 Bilateral bilateral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 267 2 lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 267 3 transplantation transplantation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 267 4 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 267 5 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 267 6 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 267 7 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 267 8 select select JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 267 9 cases case NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 267 10 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 267 11 dual dual JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 267 12 heart heart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 267 13 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 267 14 lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 267 15 transplant transplant NN cord-018182-lleti89n 267 16 reserved reserve VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 267 17 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 267 18 selected select VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 267 19 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 267 20 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 267 21 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 267 22 irreversible irreversible JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 267 23 PH ph NN cord-018182-lleti89n 267 24 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 267 25 concomitant concomitant JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 267 26 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 267 27 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 267 28 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 267 29 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 268 1 Indications indication NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 268 2 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 268 3 contraindications contraindication NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 268 4 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 268 5 transplant transplant NN cord-018182-lleti89n 268 6 will will MD cord-018182-lleti89n 268 7 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 268 8 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 268 9 reviewed review VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 268 10 herein herein RB cord-018182-lleti89n 268 11 as as IN cord-018182-lleti89n 268 12 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018182-lleti89n 268 13 consideration consideration NN cord-018182-lleti89n 268 14 is be VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 268 15 complex complex JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 268 16 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 268 17 uncommon uncommon JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 268 18 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 268 19 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 268 20 typical typical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 268 21 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 268 22 setting set VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 268 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 268 24 32 32 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 268 25 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 268 26 33 33 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 268 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 268 28 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 269 1 Patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 269 2 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 269 3 end end NN cord-018182-lleti89n 269 4 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 269 5 stage stage NN cord-018182-lleti89n 269 6 RVF RVF NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 269 7 who who WP cord-018182-lleti89n 269 8 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 269 9 refractory refractory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 269 10 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 269 11 medical medical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 269 12 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 269 13 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 269 14 not not RB cord-018182-lleti89n 269 15 candidates candidate NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 269 16 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 269 17 advanced advanced JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 269 18 therapies therapy NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 269 19 have have VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 269 20 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 269 21 poor poor JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 269 22 prognosis prognosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 269 23 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 269 24 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 269 25 unlikely unlikely JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 269 26 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 269 27 survive survive VB cord-018182-lleti89n 269 28 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 269 29 arrest arrest NN cord-018182-lleti89n 269 30 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 270 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-018182-lleti89n 270 2 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 270 3 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 270 4 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 270 5 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 270 6 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 270 7 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 270 8 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 270 9 dysfunction dysfunction NN cord-018182-lleti89n 270 10 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 270 11 early early JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 270 12 conversations conversation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 270 13 regarding regard VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 270 14 patient patient JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 270 15 preferences preference NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 270 16 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 270 17 goals goal NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 270 18 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 270 19 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 270 20 are be VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 270 21 essential essential JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 270 22 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 270 23 particularly particularly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 270 24 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 270 25 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 270 26 ICU ICU NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 270 27 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 270 28 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 271 1 Recommendations recommendation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 271 2 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 271 3 limiting limit VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 271 4 life life NN cord-018182-lleti89n 271 5 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 271 6 sustaining sustain VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 271 7 therapies therapy NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 271 8 may may MD cord-018182-lleti89n 271 9 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 271 10 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 271 11 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 272 1 Palliative palliative JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 272 2 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 272 3 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 272 4 hospice hospice NN cord-018182-lleti89n 272 5 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 272 6 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 272 7 considered consider VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 272 8 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 272 9 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 272 10 correct correct JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 272 11 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 272 12 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 273 1 Patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 273 2 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 3 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 273 4 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 5 have have VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 273 6 significantly significantly RB cord-018182-lleti89n 273 7 elevated elevate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 8 morbidity morbidity NN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 9 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 273 10 mortality mortality NN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 11 associated associate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 12 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 13 surgery surgery NN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 14 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 273 15 anesthesia anesthesia NN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 16 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 273 17 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 18 large large JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 273 19 part part NN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 20 due due IN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 21 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 22 fluid fluid JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 273 23 shifts shift NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 273 24 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 273 25 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 273 26 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 27 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 273 28 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 273 29 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 273 30 mediator mediator NN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 31 release release NN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 32 that that WDT cord-018182-lleti89n 273 33 results result VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 273 34 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 35 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 273 36 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 37 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 273 38 surgical surgical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 273 39 interventions intervention NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 273 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 273 41 33 33 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 273 42 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 273 43 36 36 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 273 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 273 45 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 274 1 Both both DT cord-018182-lleti89n 274 2 cardiac cardiac NN cord-018182-lleti89n 274 3 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 274 4 noncardiac noncardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 274 5 surgical surgical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 274 6 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 274 7 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 274 8 PH PH NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 274 9 have have VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 274 10 higher high JJR cord-018182-lleti89n 274 11 incidences incidence NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 274 12 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 274 13 postoperative postoperative JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 274 14 congestive congestive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 274 15 heart heart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 274 16 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 274 17 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 274 18 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 274 19 instability instability NN cord-018182-lleti89n 274 20 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 274 21 sepsis sepsis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 274 22 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 274 23 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 274 24 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 274 25 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 274 26 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 274 27 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 274 28 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 274 29 hospital hospital NN cord-018182-lleti89n 274 30 death death NN cord-018182-lleti89n 274 31 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 275 1 Given give VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 275 2 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 275 3 associated associate VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 275 4 risks risk NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 275 5 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 275 6 nonemergent nonemergent NN cord-018182-lleti89n 275 7 surgeries surgery NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 275 8 should should MD cord-018182-lleti89n 275 9 generally generally RB cord-018182-lleti89n 275 10 be be VB cord-018182-lleti89n 275 11 avoided avoid VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 275 12 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 275 13 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 275 14 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 275 15 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 275 16 PH ph NN cord-018182-lleti89n 275 17 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 275 18 induced induce VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 275 19 RV RV NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 275 20 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 275 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 275 22 37 37 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 275 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 275 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 275 25 38 38 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 275 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 275 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 275 28 39 39 CD cord-018182-lleti89n 275 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 275 30 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 276 1 Standards standard NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 276 2 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 276 3 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 276 4 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 276 5 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 276 6 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 276 7 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 276 8 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 276 9 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 276 10 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 276 11 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 276 12 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 276 13 summary summary NN cord-018182-lleti89n 276 14 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 276 15 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 276 16 ATS ATS NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 276 17 / / SYM cord-018182-lleti89n 276 18 ERS ERS NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 276 19 position position VBP cord-018182-lleti89n 276 20 paper paper NN cord-018182-lleti89n 276 21 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 276 22 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 276 23 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 276 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 276 25 2 2 LS cord-018182-lleti89n 276 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 276 27 aetiology aetiology NN cord-018182-lleti89n 276 28 Outcomes outcome NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 276 29 following follow VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 276 30 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 276 31 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 276 32 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 276 33 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 276 34 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 276 35 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 276 36 lung lung NN cord-018182-lleti89n 276 37 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 276 38 . . . cord-018182-lleti89n 277 1 The the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 277 2 SUPPORT SUPPORT NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 277 3 investigators investigator NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 277 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 277 5 Study study NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 6 to to TO cord-018182-lleti89n 277 7 Understand understand VB cord-018182-lleti89n 277 8 Prognoses Prognoses NNPS cord-018182-lleti89n 277 9 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 277 10 Preferences Preferences NNPS cord-018182-lleti89n 277 11 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 12 Outcomes Outcomes NNPS cord-018182-lleti89n 277 13 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 277 14 Risks risk NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 277 15 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 16 Treatments Treatments NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 277 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 277 18 Hospital Hospital NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 277 19 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 277 20 1-year 1-year CD cord-018182-lleti89n 277 21 survival survival NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 22 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 23 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 277 24 admitted admit VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 25 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 26 intensive intensive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 27 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 28 units unit NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 277 29 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 30 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 31 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 277 32 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 33 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 34 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 35 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 36 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 37 Infection infection NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 38 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 39 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 277 40 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 41 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 277 42 course course NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 43 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 44 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 45 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 46 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 47 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 48 Prevalence prevalence NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 49 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 50 viral viral JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 51 infection infection NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 52 detected detect VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 53 by by IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 54 PCR PCR NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 277 55 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 277 56 RT RT NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 277 57 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 277 58 PCR PCR NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 277 59 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 60 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 277 61 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 62 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 63 exacerbation exacerbation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 64 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 65 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 277 66 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 277 67 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 277 68 systematic systematic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 69 review review NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 70 Pathophysiology pathophysiology NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 71 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 72 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 73 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 277 74 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 75 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 76 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 77 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 78 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 79 Global global JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 277 80 strategy strategy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 81 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 82 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 277 83 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 84 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 277 85 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 86 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 277 87 prevention prevention NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 88 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 89 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 277 90 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 277 91 Global Global NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 277 92 Initiative Initiative NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 277 93 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 94 Chronic Chronic NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 277 95 Obstructive Obstructive NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 277 96 Lung Lung NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 277 97 Disease Disease NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 277 98 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 277 99 GOLD gold NN cord-018182-lleti89n 277 100 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 278 1 Global global JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 2 strategy strategy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 3 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 4 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 278 5 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 6 , , , cord-018182-lleti89n 278 7 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 8 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 278 9 prevention prevention NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 10 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 11 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 12 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 13 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 14 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 15 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 278 16 GOLD gold NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 17 executive executive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 18 summary summary NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 19 Validation validation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 20 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 21 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 278 22 novel novel JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 23 risk risk NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 24 score score NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 25 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 26 severity severity NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 27 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 28 illness illness NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 29 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 30 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 31 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 278 32 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 33 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 278 34 Clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 35 practice practice NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 36 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 278 37 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 38 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 278 39 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 40 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 41 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 42 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 43 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 44 Effect effect NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 45 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 46 systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 47 glucocorticoids glucocorticoid NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 278 48 on on IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 49 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 278 50 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 51 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 52 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 53 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 54 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 55 Short short JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 56 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 278 57 term term NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 58 vs vs IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 59 conventional conventional JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 60 glucocorticoid glucocorticoid NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 61 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 62 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 63 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 64 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 278 65 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 66 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 67 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 68 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 69 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 70 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 278 71 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 278 72 REDUCE reduce NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 73 randomized randomize VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 74 clinical clinical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 75 trial trial NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 76 Acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 77 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 78 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 79 due due JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 80 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 81 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 82 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 83 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 84 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 85 Exacerbations Exacerbations NNPS cord-018182-lleti89n 278 86 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 87 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 88 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 89 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 90 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 91 Contemporary contemporary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 92 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 93 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 94 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 95 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 278 96 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 97 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 278 98 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 278 99 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 278 100 systematic systematic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 101 review review NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 102 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 278 103 meta meta NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 278 104 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 278 105 analysis analysis NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 106 Antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 107 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 108 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 278 109 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 110 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 111 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 112 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 278 113 hospitalized hospitalize VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 114 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 115 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 116 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 278 117 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 118 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 119 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 120 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 121 disease disease NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 278 122 Association Association NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 278 123 between between IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 124 antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 125 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 126 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 278 127 outcomes outcome NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 278 128 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 129 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 278 130 hospitalized hospitalize VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 131 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 132 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 133 exacerbation exacerbation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 134 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 135 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 278 136 treated treat VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 137 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 138 systemic systemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 139 steroids steroid NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 278 140 Antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 141 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 142 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 143 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 278 144 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 278 145 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 146 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 147 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 278 148 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 1 Once once IN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 2 daily daily JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 3 ofloxacin ofloxacin NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 279 4 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 5 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 6 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 7 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 8 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 9 exacerbation exacerbation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 10 requiring require VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 279 11 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 12 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 13 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 279 14 a a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 279 15 randomized randomized JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 16 placebo placebo NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 17 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 279 18 controlled control VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 19 trial trial NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 20 Non non JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 21 - - JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 22 invasive invasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 23 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 24 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 25 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 26 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 27 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 28 Noninvasive noninvasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 29 positive positive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 30 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 31 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 32 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 33 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 279 34 setting setting NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 35 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 36 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 37 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 38 exacerbations exacerbation NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 279 39 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 40 chronic chronic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 41 obstructive obstructive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 42 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 43 disease disease NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 44 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 279 45 more more RBR cord-018182-lleti89n 279 46 effective effective JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 47 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 279 48 less less RBR cord-018182-lleti89n 279 49 expensive expensive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 50 Does do VBZ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 51 noninvasive noninvasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 52 positive positive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 53 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 54 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 55 improve improve VB cord-018182-lleti89n 279 56 outcome outcome NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 57 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 58 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 59 hypoxemic hypoxemic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 60 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 279 61 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 279 62 ? ? . cord-018182-lleti89n 280 1 A a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 280 2 systematic systematic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 280 3 review review NN cord-018182-lleti89n 281 1 A a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 281 2 chart chart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 281 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 281 4 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 281 5 risk risk NN cord-018182-lleti89n 281 6 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 281 7 noninvasive noninvasive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 281 8 ventilation ventilation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 281 9 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 281 10 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 281 11 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 281 12 COPD COPD NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 281 13 exacerbation exacerbation NN cord-018182-lleti89n 281 14 Auto Auto NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 281 15 - - HYPH cord-018182-lleti89n 281 16 positive positive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 281 17 endexpiratory endexpiratory NN cord-018182-lleti89n 281 18 pressure pressure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 281 19 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 282 1 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 282 2 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 282 3 treatment treatment NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 4 Management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 5 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 6 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 7 arterial arterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 8 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 9 Updated update VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 10 classification classification NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 11 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 12 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 13 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 14 Management Management NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 282 15 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 16 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 17 right right JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 18 heart heart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 19 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 20 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 21 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 282 22 intensive intensive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 23 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 24 unit unit NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 25 Management Management NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 282 26 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 27 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 28 right right JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 29 heart heart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 30 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 31 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 32 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 282 33 intensive intensive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 34 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 35 unit unit NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 36 Prognostic prognostic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 37 factors factor NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 282 38 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 282 39 outcomes outcome NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 282 40 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 41 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 282 42 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 43 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 44 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 45 admitted admit VBN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 46 to to IN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 47 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 282 48 intensive intensive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 49 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 50 unit unit NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 51 Prognostic prognostic JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 52 factors factor NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 282 53 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 54 acute acute JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 55 heart heart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 56 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 57 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 58 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 282 59 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 60 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 61 arterial arterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 62 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 63 Intensive Intensive NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 282 64 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 65 unit unit NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 66 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 67 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 68 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 282 69 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 70 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 71 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 72 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 73 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 282 74 right right JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 282 75 heart heart NN cord-018182-lleti89n 282 76 failure failure NN cord-018182-lleti89n 283 1 Pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 283 2 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 283 3 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 283 4 the the DT cord-018182-lleti89n 283 5 intensive intensive JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 283 6 care care NN cord-018182-lleti89n 283 7 unit unit NN cord-018182-lleti89n 284 1 A a DT cord-018182-lleti89n 284 2 comparison comparison NN cord-018182-lleti89n 284 3 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 284 4 continuous continuous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 284 5 intravenous intravenous JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 284 6 epoprostenol epoprostenol NN cord-018182-lleti89n 284 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 284 8 prostacyclin prostacyclin NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 284 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-018182-lleti89n 284 10 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 284 11 conventional conventional JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 284 12 therapy therapy NN cord-018182-lleti89n 284 13 for for IN cord-018182-lleti89n 284 14 primary primary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 284 15 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 284 16 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 284 17 Management Management NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 284 18 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 284 19 severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 284 20 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 284 21 arterial arterial JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 284 22 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 1 Pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 285 2 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 3 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 285 4 major major JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 285 5 surgery surgery NN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 6 Pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 285 7 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 8 : : : cord-018182-lleti89n 285 9 an an DT cord-018182-lleti89n 285 10 important important JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 285 11 predictor predictor NN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 12 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 13 outcomes outcome NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 285 14 in in IN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 15 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 285 16 undergoing undergo VBG cord-018182-lleti89n 285 17 noncardiac noncardiac NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 285 18 surgery surgery NN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 19 Severe severe JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 285 20 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 285 21 hypertension hypertension NN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 22 complicated complicated JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 285 23 postoperative postoperative JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 285 24 outcome outcome NN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 25 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 26 non non JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 285 27 - - JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 285 28 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 285 29 surgery surgery NN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 30 Perioperative Perioperative NNP cord-018182-lleti89n 285 31 risk risk NN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 32 and and CC cord-018182-lleti89n 285 33 management management NN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 34 of of IN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 35 patients patient NNS cord-018182-lleti89n 285 36 with with IN cord-018182-lleti89n 285 37 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018182-lleti89n 285 38 hypertension hypertension NN