Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 440 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10925 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 46 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 437 ICU 180 patient 81 COVID-19 39 study 38 covid-19 31 ARDS 27 Care 26 SARS 23 result 22 group 21 method 21 day 20 VAP 19 Hospital 18 care 16 conclusion 15 mortality 15 AKI 14 Intensive 13 TBI 12 introduction 12 high 12 case 12 ICP 12 Fig 12 ECMO 11 University 11 H1N1 11 APACHE 10 sofa 10 level 10 NIV 10 January 10 GCS 9 sepsis 9 infection 9 EEG 8 pneumonia 8 peep 8 LOS 8 IQR 8 HIV 7 increase 7 cap 6 score 6 respiratory 6 outcome 6 model 6 delirium 6 blood Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 63527 patient 42002 % 19023 study 11873 care 11608 group 10968 day 9594 mortality 9450 result 8989 hospital 8861 case 8657 infection 8318 p 8267 outcome 8080 datum 7898 time 7478 treatment 7288 level 7125 risk 6918 analysis 6905 rate 6843 admission 6523 method 5959 year 5917 disease 5906 injury 5791 blood 5257 therapy 5216 age 5117 score 5096 factor 4795 use 4787 ventilation 4695 conclusion 4634 effect 4499 unit 4351 sepsis 4237 pressure 4167 failure 4160 model 4019 pneumonia 3991 number 3892 value 3845 period 3797 hour 3747 test 3697 difference 3626 control 3459 death 3454 system 3381 complication Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 19111 ICU 4257 COVID-19 2384 ARDS 2150 Care 1970 CI 1908 SARS 1838 II 1837 ED 1820 al 1807 mg 1805 CT 1517 et 1485 Hospital 1413 ± 1413 . 1317 VAP 1317 S. 1222 Intensive 1194 Fig 1157 C 1155 AKI 1134 CoV-2 1100 C. 1056 PCR 1044 L 1021 APACHE 976 ICH 975 University 972 kg 955 ICP 948 TBI 945 China 924 Table 923 ECMO 877 January 858 IQR 850 Health 834 SAH 829 M. 826 LPS 820 LOS 813 Group 803 E. 783 A 778 GCS 763 IL-6 753 IV 752 T 700 ICUs 692 NIV Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 15586 we 6778 it 2591 they 1279 i 1226 them 790 he 604 she 325 us 168 one 165 itself 138 you 116 themselves 35 me 35 him 25 her 17 himself 10 mrs 10 em 9 iicas 8 s 7 rrt 7 ours 5 theirs 5 cha 4 ourselves 4 oneself 4 myself 3 herself 3 's 2 thee 2 n20s 2 mg 2 enroll 2 aptt 1 ≥110 1 ζ 1 ¼0.57 1 yourself 1 wi~ 1 u 1 tv/ 1 tsd 1 trs\3 1 tnf~ 1 tnfrt 1 thereof 1 ta 1 t 1 sleep/ 1 sglt2-inhibitors Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 157773 be 24145 have 13670 use 8474 include 7633 associate 6335 increase 6036 show 5910 compare 5453 do 5276 perform 4899 follow 4540 require 4314 receive 4098 admit 3935 report 3846 identify 3710 base 3658 find 3477 evaluate 3371 treat 3366 assess 3255 reduce 3187 develop 3013 determine 2918 improve 2909 present 2860 consider 2746 provide 2700 measure 2684 relate 2640 suggest 2347 make 2341 need 2324 occur 2321 decrease 2308 define 2294 observe 2275 remain 2153 obtain 2106 undergo 2100 accord 2066 collect 2029 describe 2026 predict 1991 give 1922 lead 1920 induce 1911 study 1841 cause 1748 demonstrate Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 13538 not 10562 high 10163 - 8669 clinical 6573 severe 6421 more 6359 respiratory 6197 acute 5670 low 5071 also 4969 other 4881 significant 4396 intensive 4271 only 4240 non 4232 first 4183 most 4041 well 3990 early 3964 however 3637 ill 3619 medical 3596 significantly 3504 critically 3437 such 3225 mean 3222 cardiac 3164 critical 3120 mechanical 2911 positive 2813 different 2765 septic 2765 patient 2748 pulmonary 2700 respectively 2677 surgical 2529 as 2403 available 2369 common 2242 long 2198 new 2112 median 2111 old 2090 large 2059 less 2024 prospective 2006 initial 1992 retrospective 1984 important 1960 further Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1055 most 668 least 620 good 495 high 469 Most 202 low 180 large 125 bad 117 great 75 late 68 common 65 strong 40 close 36 early 35 near 27 long 24 old 18 short 16 sick 16 big 15 young 14 small 12 fast 9 simple 7 tough 7 poor 5 safe 5 p=0.016 5 new 4 wide 4 postt 4 busy 4 Least 3 weak 3 steep 3 northernmost 3 easy 3 broad 2 η 2 severe 2 red 2 narrow 2 healthy 2 full 2 deep 2 dark 2 cheap 2 cfDNA 2 \10 2 -t Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3128 most 636 least 92 well 8 worst 7 highest 5 hard 4 long 3 fast 2 early 1 ~20 1 themost 1 lowest 1 farthest 1 close 1 -ctz 1 -0.2881 Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 331 doi.org 21 links.lww.com 11 ccforum.com 9 www 8 github.com 5 www.who.int 5 www.cdc.gov 4 orcid.org 4 links.lww 4 journals.lww.com 3 www.youtube.com 3 www.data.gouv.fr 3 www.biomedcentral.com 2 www.springer.com 2 www.risc-19-icu.net 2 www.r-project.org 2 www.nutritioncare.org 2 www.mdpi.com 2 www.ecdc.europa.eu 2 www.clinicaltrials.gov 2 www.auspen.org.au 2 www.r-project.org 2 ouhsc.edu 2 dx.doi.org 2 creativecommons.org 2 covid19score.azurewebsites.net 2 covid.saude.gov.br 2 clinicaltrials.gov 1 wwwnc 1 www2c.cdc.gov 1 www2.census.gov 1 www.youtu 1 www.wsj.com 1 www.worldometers.info 1 www.wjx.cn 1 www.timesofisrael 1 www.theguardian.com 1 www.surgeongeneral.gov 1 www.stat.ubc.ca 1 www.springer 1 www.shef.ac.uk 1 www.recoverytrial.net 1 www.python.org 1 www.pandemicflu.gov 1 www.nytimes.com 1 www.nytimes 1 www.neli.org.uk 1 www.medrxiv.org 1 www.mbio.ncsu.edu 1 www.kaggle.com Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 31 http://doi.org/10.1101 29 http://doi.org/10 22 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.27.20183442 19 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.14.20131045 13 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.07.20208561 13 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.14.20193920 12 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.23.20110916 12 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03 11 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.02.20224253 10 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.17.20195867 10 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.08.20125245 9 http://www 9 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.04.20225474 9 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.27.20221085 9 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.23.20077255 8 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.08.20202606 8 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.18.20103390 8 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.30.20165050 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.20118018 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.24.20112136 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.02.20120295 6 http://ccforum.com/supplements/17/S2 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.22.20076190 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020 4 http://links.lww 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.16.20195974 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.31.20118679 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.14.20100537 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.09.20096719 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.06.20055103 3 http://links.lww.com/CCM/F805 3 http://links.lww.com/ 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.25.20181909 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.27.20141614 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.02.20120147 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.03.20089318 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.28.20083154 3 http://ccforum.com/content/6/S3/S1 2 http://www.who.int 2 http://www.springer.com/series/8901 2 http://www.risc-19-icu.net 2 http://www.clinicaltrials.gov 2 http://www.cdc.gov/ 2 http://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2020 2 http://ouhsc.edu/platelets/ditp.html 2 http://links.lww.com/CCX/A203 2 http://links.lww.com/CCX/A194 2 http://links.lww.com/CCM/F804 2 http://journals.lww.com/ccejournal Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 2 yacine001@yahoo.fr 2 oussamajaoued@gmail.com 2 benhamzasabah5@gmail.com 1 zhaoyunhe@medmail.com.cn 1 tosimartina@gmail.com 1 stefano.greco@asst-valleolona.it 1 sophie.jacquier@chr-orleans.fr 1 sonia.labeau@hogent.be 1 samia.ayed@yahoo.fr 1 salsi.pierpaolo@ausl.re.it 1 sadatsouhila@hotmail.fr 1 roberto.keim@asst-bergamoest.it 1 paul.jaubert@gmail.com 1 painvinbe@gmail.com 1 nicolas.garbez@umontpellier.fr 1 nico.sella@hotmail.it 1 nabilghomari@hotmail.fr 1 mraurell@ub.edu 1 mel.fromentin@wanadoo.fr 1 mauroantonio.calo@aulss3.veneto.it 1 massimo_borelli@asst-bgovest.it 1 martina.bordini3@studio.unibo.it 1 martaraure@gmail.com 1 mark.mikkelsen@uphs.upenn.edu 1 mario.saia@azero.veneto.it 1 mariem241090@gmail.com 1 marielemerle@yahoo.fr 1 marcelo.park@hc.fm.usp.br 1 luca.cabrini@uninsubria.it 1 lubing@nic.bmi.ac.cn 1 loretovidaurtello@gmail.com 1 lisaleon1307@gmail.com 1 libosubmit@163.com 1 lea.savary@hotmail.com 1 kremy@wustl.edu 1 khaoula87@hotmail.fr 1 kais.regaieg@gmail.com 1 julien.goutay@gmail.com 1 jean-luc.baudel@aphp.fr 1 jabirachid@gmail.com 1 j.devlin@neu.edu 1 ivo.tiberio@aulss6.veneto.it 1 hgheerbrant@chu-grenoble.fr 1 guillaume.voiriot@aphp.fr 1 guillaume.geri@aphp.fr 1 guido.merli@asst-crema.it 1 guido.frascaroli@aosp.bo.it 1 giovanni.marino@asst-melegnanomartesana.it 1 giovanni.albano@gavazzeni.it 1 giorgio.gallioli@asst-vimercate.it Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92 patients did not 70 % were male 56 mortality was higher 55 patients were male 53 patients were not 52 levels were significantly 51 patients requiring icu 49 data are available 46 study has several 45 mortality was significantly 45 patients receiving mechanical 43 % were female 39 patients requiring mechanical 35 patients were more 33 study did not 31 patients do not 29 levels were higher 28 data were available 27 groups were similar 27 patients were eligible 26 patients were randomly 25 mortality was not 24 groups did not 24 patients had at 24 study are available 23 case report form 23 patients were prospectively 22 patients were also 22 study was not 21 patients had higher 20 % were men 20 patients are not 20 patients had more 20 patients is not 20 patients required mechanical 19 patients are often 19 rate was significantly 18 % were males 18 group was significantly 18 groups were comparable 18 patient did not 18 studies are necessary 17 levels were not 17 mortality was similar 17 patients requiring intensive 17 patients were still 17 study does not 16 % did not 16 mortality was lower 16 patients are still Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 mortality was not different 6 results were not statistically 6 study are not publicly 5 data were not available 5 patients is not well 4 levels were not significantly 4 rate was not different 4 rates were not statistically 3 % had no effect 3 groups was not significantly 3 groups was not statistically 3 groups were not significantly 3 groups were not statistically 3 levels were not different 3 mortality was not significantly 3 patient was not able 3 patients had no significant 3 patients showed no evidence 3 patients was not significantly 3 rates did not statistically 3 study found no significant 2 admission was not different 2 analysis showed no significant 2 data were not normally 2 group received no treatment 2 group showed no significant 2 group were not significantly 2 icu are not yet 2 infection do not substantially 2 mortality did not significantly 2 mortality were not significantly 2 outcome was not different 2 patients are not fully 2 patients are not infrequent 2 patients found no significant 2 patients had no major 2 patients is not clear 2 patients receiving no more 2 patients showed no abnormal 2 patients were not able 2 rate was not significantly 2 rates were not significantly 2 results are not surprising 2 results are not yet 2 results showed no significant 2 results were not available 2 scores were not different 2 studies have not yet 2 study found no association 2 study had no role A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-295332-wlnss6bg author = AL Shareef, Khaled title = Cytokine Blood Filtration Responses in COVID-19 date = 2020-05-28 keywords = ICU; IL-6; patient summary = This work reviews effective methods of using filtration devices in treatment to reduce the level of various inflammatory mediators and discharge patients from the ICU faster. Another study involved 38 patients with septic shock associated with AKI who were treated with CVVHD with HCO membrane for 72 h. A crossover randomized double-blinded study was conducted to investigate the effect of the oXiris membrane on 16 septic shock patients with AKI. This membrane with continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) was used to treat 34 septic shock patients in addition to the conventional treatment according to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines. Severe acute pancreatitis patients (the study group) were treated with a combination of CPFA and CVVH, while the control group received CVVH. The authors recommend using blood filtration devices in addition to current treatment to reduce the number of patients admitted to ICUs. Correction to: clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. doi = 10.1159/000508278 id = cord-028164-yn53209z author = Abe, Toshikazu title = Epidemiology of sepsis and septic shock in intensive care units between sepsis-2 and sepsis-3 populations: sepsis prognostication in intensive care unit and emergency room (SPICE-ICU) date = 2020-06-30 keywords = ICU; definition; sepsis-3 summary = Sepsis-3 was established to improve risk stratification among patients with infection based on organ failures, but it has been still controversial compared with previous definitions. RESULTS: In total, 618 patients with suspected infection were admitted to 22 ICUs during the study, of whom 530 (85.8%) met the sepsis-2 definition and 569 (92.1%) met the sepsis-3 definition. Patients with infection in ICUs were compared according to whether they met sepsis-2 or sepsis-3 definition. Characteristics and in-hospital mortality were compared according to sepsis-2 and sepsis-3 definitions in this prospective observational cohort of ICU patients. In our cohort, 96 (16%) patients had "not available" (NA) sepsis-3 baseline SOFA, which was indicated as zero according to the sepsis-3 definition, although all data of chronic organ failures were tried to obtain. A majority of the patients who were admitted to the ICU with suspected infection met sepsis-2 and sepsis-3 definitions. doi = 10.1186/s40560-020-00465-0 id = cord-033291-190taco9 author = Aboelnile, Diaaeldin Badr Metwally Kotb title = Prediction of fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients in surgical intensive care unit by pleth variability index and inferior vena cava diameter date = 2020-10-07 keywords = AUC; ICU; PVI; fluid summary = This study is aiming to compare the effectiveness and reliability of the pleth variability index (PVI) and IVC distensibility index (dIVC) as predictors of fluid responsiveness by simultaneous recordings in all sedated mechanically ventilated patients in the surgical intensive care unit (ICU). Based on this idea, dynamic measurements such as pulse pressure variation (PPV) and stroke volume variation (SVV) were used to predict fluid responsiveness in a more accurate way, especially in sedated mechanically ventilated patients, but due to being invasive and affected by multiple clinical factors (Marik & Lemson, 2014) , non-invasive bedside and continuous techniques became more popular (Haas et al., 2012) . The results of our study showed that assessment of PVI and dIVC non-invasively were good predictors for fluid management and responsiveness prediction using PLR technique in the surgical ICU mechanically ventilated patients. Value of variation index of inferior vena cava diameter in predicting fluid responsiveness in patients with circulatory shock receiving mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1186/s42077-020-00097-4 id = cord-346495-irtdqbeb author = Ackland, G. J. title = The long term predictions from Imperial College CovidSim Report 9 date = 2020-06-22 keywords = ICU; Report summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.06.18.20135004 id = cord-347833-b3yrxkt0 author = Ahlström, Björn title = A nationwide study of the long-term prevalence of dementia and its risk factors in the Swedish intensive care cohort date = 2020-09-04 keywords = ICU; dementia; sepsis summary = doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03203-y id = cord-340069-v7yrc0q5 author = Al Maani, Amal title = Ongoing Challenges with Healthcare-Associated Candida auris Outbreaks in Oman date = 2019-10-23 keywords = Candida; ICU; auris summary = Most isolates had non-susceptible fluconazole (100%) and amphotericin B (33%) minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), but had low echinocandin and voriconazole MICs. Despite multimodal infection prevention and control measures, new cases continued to appear, challenging all the containment efforts. The first case of candidemia during this outbreak was identified in June Among the infected cohort, 20 (63%) patients had been admitted to the ICU prior to the diagnosis but 11 (34.4%) were in other medical or surgical wards ( Figure 1 ). auris (rapid acquisition and spread within affected facilities, high mortality rates, challenging environmental decontamination, and high levels of antifungal resistance) underscore the importance of rapid containment of the spread of this public health pathogen, including developing rapid and accurate diagnostic tools at the point of care [20, 44] and investing in infection control and antimicrobial stewardship programs. doi = 10.3390/jof5040101 id = cord-331481-zeaqi1uc author = Al-Ani, Fatimah title = Thrombosis risk associated with COVID-19 infection. A scoping review date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = DISCUSSION: A number of pressing issues were identified by this review, including defining the true incidence of VTE in COVID patients, developing algorithms to identify those susceptible to develop thrombotic complications and severe disease, determining the role of biomarkers and/or scoring systems to stratify patients'' risk, designing adequate and feasible diagnostic protocols for PE, establishing the optimal thromboprophylaxis strategy, and developing uniform diagnostic and reporting criteria. Given the rapid emergence of new evidence we sought to conduct a scoping review of coagulopathy and thrombosis risk associated with COVID-19 infection with the aim of providing an overview of the current knowledge on this topic and potentially inform new areas of research. Limitations of evidence include: 1) all studies were limited to a single ethnic population, and extrapolation of this data to other populations might not be accurate, and 2) except for the study by Tang With regards to association with mortality, Zhou and colleagues reported a significantly higher prothrombin time (>16 seconds) in non-survivors (n=54) compared to survivors (n=137) (13% vs. doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.05.039 id = cord-345591-zwh1xj5u author = Al-Dorzi, Hasan M. title = The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study date = 2016-10-24 keywords = East; ICU; MERS; Middle summary = doi = 10.1186/s13613-016-0203-z id = cord-354167-j6l3hq1h author = Algassim, Abdulrahman A. title = Prognostic significance of hemoglobin level and autoimmune hemolytic anemia in SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-09-12 keywords = Fig; Hgb; ICU summary = In a disease where there are acute inflammation and compromised oxygenation, we investigated the impact of initial hemoglobin (Hgb) levels at Emergency Department (ED) triage on the severity and the clinical course of COVID-19. All COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital with at least one anemic reading (Hgb < 12.5 g/dL) and higher than normal LDH levels were screened for IgG and C3 DAT using ORTHO VISION® MAX Analyzer from Ortho Clinical Diagnostics (Raritan, NJ). In a total of 601 adult patients confirmed by PCR to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 ( Fig. 1) , the mean Hgb level at ED triage for patients requiring admission was significantly lower than that of patients sent to hotel isolation (13.08 g/dL vs. In COVID-19 patients, there is also a higher propensity to bleed due to either iatrogenic anticoagulation or DIC; both can be additional contributing factors for the decrease of Hgb. Since ICU patients have a deeper decline in Hgb, our data suggests that the drop is related to the severity of inflammation associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1007/s00277-020-04256-3 id = cord-270628-jtj30v0r author = Alharthy, Abdulrahman title = Prospective Longitudinal Evaluation of Point‐of‐Care Lung Ultrasound in Critically Ill Patients With Severe COVID‐19 Pneumonia date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; POCUS; patient summary = [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Lung US was suggested to be particularly useful during the COVID-19 pandemic because of its ability to identify subtle lung parenchymal changes early in the course of disease, monitor the evolution of pulmonary lesions in hospitalized patients, and guide mechanical ventilation therapy in critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] Chest computed tomography (CT) rapidly became the mainstream imaging method in the diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19 pneumonia by identifying the typical pattern of ground glass opacities with variable infiltrates and consolidations, while showing a high correlation with laboratory detection of the virus by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] Hence, in this study, the primary end point was to analyze the lung US findings in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia or admission to the ICU longitudinally throughout their disease course. doi = 10.1002/jum.15417 id = cord-331369-q7opbz7v author = Alharthy, Abdulrahman title = Configuring a hospital in the COVID-19 era by integrating crisis management logistics date = 2020-07-23 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.365 id = cord-256294-9gmn4fcj author = Almazrou, Saja H. title = Comparing the impact of Hydroxychloroquine based regimens and standard treatment on COVID-19 patient outcomes: A retrospective cohort study date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; ICU summary = title: Comparing the impact of Hydroxychloroquine based regimens and standard treatment on COVID-19 patient outcomes: A retrospective cohort study Despite the recommendation to use HCQ in COVID-19 patients in the MOH protocol, no observational studies or RCTs that evaluate the efficacy of these drugs in the Saudi Arabian population have been published. Therefore, the objective of this observational study is to compare the effects of HCQ and standard care (SC) on length of hospital stay, ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation use among COVID-19 patients. Collected data included patients'' basic information (e.g. age, gender, nationality); medication prescribed; and information on hospitalization, cases requiring ICU care, and mechanical ventilation. Despite the shorter length of hospital stay and time in ICU among patients who received HCQ based treatment, as well as the smaller proportions of patients who needed ICU care and mechanical ventilation in this group, the results indicated no significant differences in these outcomes between the two cohorts. doi = 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.09.019 id = cord-297062-dmiplvt2 author = Almekhlafi, Ghaleb A. title = Presentation and outcome of Middle East respiratory syndrome in Saudi intensive care unit patients date = 2016-05-07 keywords = East; ICU; MERS; Middle summary = authors: Almekhlafi, Ghaleb A.; Albarrak, Mohammed M.; Mandourah, Yasser; Hassan, Sahar; Alwan, Abid; Abudayah, Abdullah; Altayyar, Sultan; Mustafa, Mohamed; Aldaghestani, Tareef; Alghamedi, Adnan; Talag, Ali; Malik, Muhammad K.; Omrani, Ali S.; Sakr, Yasser BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection is associated with high mortality rates but limited clinical data have been reported. We describe the clinical features and outcomes of patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from all adult (>18 years old) patients admitted to our 20-bed mixed ICU with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection between October 1, 2012 and May 31, 2014. We performed a retrospective study to describe the clinical features and outcomes of patients admitted to our ICU with laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection. This report describes the clinical features and outcomes of 31critically ill patients with confirmed Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. doi = 10.1186/s13054-016-1303-8 id = cord-271146-levsbye2 author = Almuabbadi, Basel title = Novel transportation capsule technology could reduce the exposure risk to SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers: A feasibility study date = 2020-07-22 keywords = ICU summary = title: Novel transportation capsule technology could reduce the exposure risk to SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers: A feasibility study Also, 109 HCWs were employed for the transportation of COVID-19 patients: 39 physicians, 20 respiratory physiotherapists, 20 ICU nurses, and 30 paramedics (Fig. 1) . Moreover, all awake (ie, nonintubated) patients reported a high level of comfort during transportation. In conclusion, the insulated patient capsule has proven to be an efficient technology for the transportation of COVID-19 patients. Most importantly, none of our HCWs was infected in the transportation process. COVID-19: protecting health-care workers Escalating infection control response to the rapidly evolving epidemiology of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong COVID-19 and the risk to healthcare workers: a case report No financial support was provided relevant to this article.Conflicts of interest. All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.352 id = cord-303024-a1y01vdv author = Alshukry, A. title = Clinical characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in Kuwait date = 2020-06-16 keywords = ICU; June summary = Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 showed a high degree of variability including asymptomatic carriers, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARD), and pneumonia with variable severity 4, 5 . The medical records of the confirmed COVID-19 cases admitted to Jaber Al-Ahmad Hospital in Kuwait between 24/2/2020 and 24/5/2020 were included in the study. Numerous markers showed significant differences between the symptomatic/mild group and patients admitted to ICU, including complete blood count (CBC) ( Table. Markers related to renal function showed significant abnormalities in the ICU death group, including declined eGFR and increased urea (Table. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.14.20131045 doi: medRxiv preprint injury including Troponin and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) showed significant increase in subjects admitted to ICU and in particular the ICU death group (Table. We tracked the levels of 6 blood markers associated with infection, inflammation, and kidney function in ICU patients to study disease progression and outcome. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.14.20131045 id = cord-256790-odlcfhcr author = Alviset, S. title = Continuous positive airway pressure face-mask ventilation to manage massive influx of patients requiring respiratory support during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak date = 2020-06-03 keywords = CPAP; ICU; June summary = From 27th March to 23rd April, consecutive patients receiving 10 to 15 l/min of oxygen with a non-rebreather mask, who had signs of respiratory failure or were unable to maintain an SpO2 > 90%, were treated by CPAP with a face-mask unless the ICU physician judged that immediate intubation was indicated. The following baseline patient characteristics were retrieved from patient electronic medical record : sex, age, comorbidities, body mass index (BMI), withholding / withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies, associated COVID-19 therapies (antivirals, steroids, immuno-modulating therapies, prone positioning), oxygen flow rate and SpO2 before and after starting CPAP treatment, duration of CPAP treatment, medical unit where CPAP treatment was performed, reasons for discontinuation of CPAP, duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, SAPS2 score for patients admitted in ICU, driving pressure and P/F ratio on first day of mechanical ventilation. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.01.20118018 id = cord-311074-j3fw4dfc author = Alviset, Sophie title = Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) face-mask ventilation is an easy and cheap option to manage a massive influx of patients presenting acute respiratory failure during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: A retrospective cohort study date = 2020-10-14 keywords = COVID-19; CPAP; ICU; patient summary = title: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) face-mask ventilation is an easy and cheap option to manage a massive influx of patients presenting acute respiratory failure during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: A retrospective cohort study From 27th March to 23rd April, consecutive patients who had respiratory failure or were unable to maintain an SpO2 > 90%, despite receiving 10–15 l/min of oxygen with a non-rebreather mask, were treated by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) unless the ICU physician judged that immediate intubation was indicated. The following baseline patient characteristics were retrieved from patient electronic medical record: sex, age, comorbidities, body mass index (BMI), withholding / withdrawal of lifesustaining therapies, associated COVID-19 therapies administered before the primary outcome under study occurred (antivirals, corticosteroids, immuno-modulating therapies, prone positioning), oxygen flow rate and SpO2 before and after starting CPAP treatment, duration of CPAP treatment, medical unit where CPAP treatment was performed, duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, SAPS2 score for patients admitted in ICU, driving pressure and P/F ratio on first day of mechanical ventilation. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240645 id = cord-287102-o19uwryp author = Amit, Moran title = Clinical Course and Outcomes of Severe Covid-19: A National Scale Study date = 2020-07-18 keywords = ICU; Israel; covid-19; patient summary = The factors associated with outcomes of critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) who required treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU) are yet to be determined. The recorded data included the following: age, sex, medical comorbidities (i.e., smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, chronic heart failure, cancer, chronic kidney disease, immunosuppression, cirrhosis, and dementia), medication history, vital signs, chest X-rays, laboratory studies on admission to the ICU, anti-Covid-19 pharmacological therapy in the ICU (antimalarials, antivirals, anti-inflammatories, and plasma from recovered patients), respiratory support method (invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation and oxygen mask), renal replacement therapy, nutrition methods (enteral and total parenteral nutrition), the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), complications, and outcome. In this nation-based registry study of critically ill patients with Covid-19 who were admitted to ICUs in Israel, the majority of patients were 55 years and older men, and a large proportion required mechanical ventilation. doi = 10.3390/jcm9072282 id = cord-016208-u12ngkpc author = Andersen, Bjørg Marit title = Intensive Patient Treatment date = 2018-09-25 keywords = ICU; infection; intensive; patient summary = Intensive care units (ICUs) are treating hospital''s poorest patients that need medical assistance during the most extreme period of their life. Intensive patients are treated with extensive invasive procedures, which may cause a risk of hospital infections in 10–30% of the cases. The hospital''s management should provide resources and written guidelines regarding infection control work, proper patient/care ratio, sufficient patient areas, isolation capacity and documented competence. Intensive care unit (ICU) should have a large enough area and furnished for a good, safe and effective infection protection [1] . Recent studies indicate that patients in separate ICU rooms will have fewer hospital infections and thus a lower risk of fatal outcome [72, 73] . An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with increased risk of patient death in an intensive care unit Single rooms may help to prevent nosocomial blood stream infection and cross-transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in intensive care units doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_45 id = cord-031710-1xl2isee author = Andrei, Stefan title = Successful treatment of pulmonary haemorrhage and acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by fulminant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia respiratory infection in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia – case report date = 2020-09-10 keywords = ICU; Stenotrophomonas; patient summary = title: Successful treatment of pulmonary haemorrhage and acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by fulminant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia respiratory infection in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia – case report CASE PRESENTATION: We present the rare case of successful outcome in a 61-year-old female who developed alveolar haemorrhage and acute respiratory distress syndrome 8 days after a chemotherapy session for her acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, in the context of secondary bone marrow aplasia. We report the case of successfully treated severe Stenotrophomonas maltophilia respiratory infection complicated with pulmonary haemorrhage in a chemotherapyinduced pancytopenia patient diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of pulmonary haemorrhage and ARDS caused by a fulminant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia respiratory infection in Eastern Europe, and it seems to be a rare case of positive outcome in a patient with haematological malignancy. doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05378-9 id = cord-004532-flo9139j author = Andrews, Peter title = Year in review in intensive care medicine, 2004. I. Respiratory failure, infection, and sepsis date = 2004-12-18 keywords = ARDS; CVC; ICU; VAP; patient summary = The authors concluded that their findings are important for trial design because of the observed differences in outcome, and proposed the use of standardized ventilator settings for patient enrollment. As indicated by Yu and Singh [46] , "over 300 studies have been published in peer-review journals in the past 8 years dealing with management of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)." However, no consensus exists to date on the best way for identifying patients with true lung infection, for selecting early appropriate antimicrobial therapy, or for avoiding unnecessary use of antibiotics. [52] designed a study in 108 patients with 171 VAPs to assess the impact on the duration of MV and the use of antibiotic treatment of the results of a diagnostic technique: the percentage of infected cells in liquid obtained with BAL, i.e., the value of direct examination. doi = 10.1007/s00134-004-2529-5 id = cord-263883-7ba0huwy author = Ansarin, Khalil title = Effect of bromhexine on clinical outcomes and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A randomized clinical trial date = 2020-07-19 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of bromhexine in intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and mortality in patients with COVID-19. The current study, an open-label, randomized clinical trial, examined the efficacy of early start of oral bromhexine, in the intensive care unit (ICU) admission, rate of mechanical ventilation, and mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. The data presented in this clinical trial confirmed that the early-onset treatment with oral bromhexine 8 mg three times a day not only effectively mitigated the respiratory symptoms, but also significantly decreased the rate of ICU admissions, intubation, mechanical ventilation, and mortality in COVID-19 disease. The data analysis of this clinical trial also showed that cardinal respiratory symptoms (cough, lassitude, and dyspnea) in patients with COVID-19 disease who received bromhexine treatment was remarkably less than the standard group. doi = 10.34172/bi.2020.27 id = cord-291886-phl8kh3f author = Anthi, Anastasia title = A Severe COVID-19 Case Complicated by Right Atrium Thrombus date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = Patient: Male, 73-year-old Final Diagnosis: Severe COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by right atrium thrombus Symptoms: Fever • dyspnea • cough Medication:— Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Critical Care Medicine OBJECTIVE: Educational purpose BACKGROUND: Recent studies demonstrated evidence of coagulation dysfunction in hospitalized patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to excessive inflammation, hypoxia, platelet activation, endothelial dysfunction, and stasis. CONCLUSIONS: The presented COVID-19 case, one of the first reported cases with evidence of right heart thrombus by transesophageal echocardiography, highlights the central role of diagnostic imaging strategies and the importance of adequate anticoagulation therapy in the management of severe COVID-19 cases in the ICU. We report our experience to highlight the crucial role of efficient anticoagulation therapy in the management of severe COVID-19 cases requiring ICU admission; the importance of diagnostic imaging strategies, including transesophageal echocardiography, is also emphasized. doi = 10.12659/ajcr.926915 id = cord-267373-nzxbogga author = Antinori, Spinello title = Compassionate remdesivir treatment of severe Covid-19 pneumonia in intensive care unit (ICU) and Non-ICU patients: Clinical outcome and differences in post_treatment hospitalisation status date = 2020-05-11 keywords = ICU; IDW; SARS summary = title: Compassionate remdesivir treatment of severe Covid-19 pneumonia in intensive care unit (ICU) and Non-ICU patients: Clinical outcome and differences in post_treatment hospitalisation status This prospective (compassionate), open-label study of remdesivir, which was conducted at Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy, between February 23 and March 20, 2020, involved patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia aged ≥18 years undergoing mechanical ventilation or with an oxygen saturation level of ≤94% in air or a National Early Warning Score 2 of ≥4. Patients were eligible to receive remdesivir for compassionate use if they were a male or non-pregnant female aged >18 years, had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by a positive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test of a respiratory tract sample and pneumonia confirmed by a chest X-ray or computed tomography (CT) scan, and were mechanically ventilated or had an oxygen saturation (SaO2) level of <94% in room air or a National Early Warning Score (NEWS)2 of  4 [19] . doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104899 id = cord-005569-9d51l6bn author = Antonelli, Massimo title = Year in review in Intensive Care Medicine, 2008: I. Brain injury and neurology, renal failure and endocrinology, metabolism and nutrition, sepsis, infections and pneumonia date = 2008-12-09 keywords = ICP; ICU; NTM; TBI; VAP; patient; sepsis; study summary = Key recommendations, listed by category, include: early goal-directed resuscitation of the septic patient during the first 6 h after recognition (1C); blood cultures prior to antibiotic therapy (1C); imaging studies performed promptly to confirm potential source of infection (1C); administration of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy within 1 h of diagnosis of septic shock (1B) and severe sepsis without septic shock (1D); reassessment of antibiotic therapy with microbiology and clinical data to narrow coverage, when appropriate (1C); a usual 7-10 days of antibiotic therapy guided by clinical response (1D); source control with attention to the balance of risks and benefits of the chosen method (1C); administration of either crystalloid or colloid fluid resuscitation (1B); fluid challenge to restore mean circulating filling pressure (1C); reduction in rate of fluid administration with rising filling pressures and no improvement in tissue perfusion (1D); vasopressor preference for norepinephrine or dopamine to maintain an initial target of mean arterial pressure [ or =65 mm Hg (1C); dobutamine inotropic therapy when cardiac output remains low despite fluid resuscitation and combined inotropic/vasopressor therapy (1C); stress-dose steroid therapy given only in septic shock after blood pressure is identified to be poorly responsive to fluid and vasopressor therapy (2C); recombinant activated protein C in patients with severe sepsis and clinical assessment of high risk for death (2B except 2C for post-operative patients). doi = 10.1007/s00134-008-1371-6 id = cord-005750-54hul2lw author = Antonelli, Massimo title = Year in review in Intensive Care Medicine, 2008: III. Paediatrics, Ethics, outcome research and critical care organization, sedation, pharmacology and miscellanea date = 2009-02-10 keywords = ICU; care; child; patient; study summary = In their paper, the authors present a detailed description of sequential analysis methodologies and describe their potential prospective use as tools for monitoring the performance of intensive care units. [2] undertook a study to determine whether outcomes were influenced by time of admission to an Australian tertiary paediatric intensive care unit without 24 h per day in-house intensivist cover. [6] who reported a prospective observational study across 15 Italian paediatric intensive care units conducted over a period of 1 year. In this randomised controlled trial, there was a significant difference in mortality rate with use of ACCM/ PALS haemodynamic support guidelines for septic shock between patients with or without ScvO 2 guided therapy. The authors concluded that their results support the finding that the clinical scales do not evaluate the level of sedation accurately in critically ill children with neuromuscular relaxation, leading to a higher risk of over or undersedation. doi = 10.1007/s00134-009-1433-4 id = cord-318954-pj5lsvsa author = Arabi, Yaseen title = Feasibility, safety, clinical, and laboratory effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a study protocol date = 2015-11-19 keywords = ICU; MERS; patient summary = title: Feasibility, safety, clinical, and laboratory effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a study protocol We aim to study the feasibility of CP therapy as well as its safety and clinical and laboratory effects in critically ill patients with MERS-CoV infection. In the CP therapy phase, 20 consecutive critically ill patients admitted to intensive care unit with laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection will be enrolled and each will receive 2 units of CP. Post enrollment, patients will be followed for clinical and laboratory outcomes that include anti-MERS-CoV antibodies and viral load. Since seriously ill MERS-CoV-infected patients may have detectable viral RNA in various locations that can be sampled (for example lower respiratory tract secretions) for prolonged periods, it might be possible to first determine the relationship between neutralizing antibody dose and antiviral effects on clinical and laboratory features in a small open-label study. doi = 10.1186/s40064-015-1490-9 id = cord-004031-sw60qbbj author = Aylward, Ryan E. title = Risk factors and outcomes of acute kidney injury in South African critically ill adults: a prospective cohort study date = 2019-12-10 keywords = AKI; HIV; ICU summary = title: Risk factors and outcomes of acute kidney injury in South African critically ill adults: a prospective cohort study CONCLUSIONS: In this large prospective multidisciplinary ICU cohort of younger patients, AKI was common, often associated with trauma in addition to traditional risk factors and was associated with good functional renal recovery at 90 days in most survivors. However, there is a marked paucity of data from African ICU''s concerning the incidence, aetiology and effect of AKI on mortality and functional renal recovery, where the prevalence of HIV and trauma is high and where resources are often limited [6, 14, 15] . In this large prospective multidisciplinary ICU cohort of younger patients in a LMI country with a high HIV prevalence and many trauma related admissions, AKI was frequently encountered, and was associated with a high mortality, but good functional renal recovery in most survivors. Five-year risk of end-stage renal disease among intensive care patients surviving dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury: a nationwide cohort study doi = 10.1186/s12882-019-1620-7 id = cord-335802-1kiqfy68 author = Azoulay, Elie title = Increased mortality in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted within seven days of disease onset date = 2020-08-11 keywords = ICU; SARS; patient summary = METHODS: In a multicentre retrospective study, we included 379 COVID-19 patients admitted to four ICUs between 20 February and 24 April 2020 and categorised according to time from disease onset to ICU admission. To test the hypothesis that COVID-19-related critical illness differs according to time from viral symptom onset to ICU admission, we assessed patient characteristics and outcomes in a cohort of 379 critically ill patients admitted to four university-affiliated hospitals in Paris. This study collecting data from 379 COVID-19 patients showed that mortality decreased with increasing time from viral symptom onset to ICU admission. Mortality was significantly higher in patients admitted to the ICU within a week after viral symptom onset, independently from acute illness severity at ICU admission. Second, the excess mortality in patients admitted to the ICU within 7 days after viral symptom onset was associated with an increased prevalence of non-respiratory injury and, more specifically, of acute kidney and myocardial injury. doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-06202-3 id = cord-329098-vefgi5h6 author = BANI-SADR, Firouzé title = Corticosteroid therapy for patients with CoVID-19 pneumonia: a before-after study date = 2020-07-04 keywords = ICU; March summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106077 id = cord-289304-9srk0ohb author = Bagnato, Sergio title = Critical illness myopathy after COVID-19 date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = We describe a patient who developed diffuse and symmetrical muscle weakness after a long stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We describe a patient who developed diffuse and symmetrical muscle weakness after a long stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to coronavirus disease 2019 . The patient underwent a neurophysiological protocol, including nerve conduction studies, concentric needle electromyography (EMG) of the proximal and distal muscles, and direct muscle stimulation (DMS). In this report, we describe neurophysiological findings from a patient who developed severe muscular weakness, likely due to CIM, after hospitalization for COVID-19. The patient described here had myopathy, with greater involvement of the proximal muscles in the lower limbs, probably reflecting ICU-acquired weakness. Since rehabilitation programs can be effective to reverse muscle weakness caused by CIM, health systems must plan to provide adequate access to rehabilitative facilities for patients requiring both pulmonary and motor rehabilitative treatment after COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.072 id = cord-001725-pw7coi3v author = Ballus, Josep title = Surgical site infection in critically ill patients with secondary and tertiary peritonitis: epidemiology, microbiology and influence in outcomes date = 2015-07-30 keywords = ICU; SSI; surgical summary = title: Surgical site infection in critically ill patients with secondary and tertiary peritonitis: epidemiology, microbiology and influence in outcomes We therefore aimed to assess the incidence, epidemiology and microbiology of SSI and its association with outcomes in patients with severe peritonitis in the intensive care unit (ICU). Physicians may consider antibiotic-resistant pathogens, gram-positive cocci and fungi when choosing empiric antibiotic treatment for SSI, although more studies are needed to confirm our results due to the inherent limitations of the microbiological sampling with swabs performed in our research. This study therefore aimed to describe the incidence, epidemiology, microbiology and outcomes of SSI in patients admitted with secondary or tertiary peritonitis to the ICU of a tertiary referral hospital. This study provides data on the incidence and microbiology of SSIs for a large cohort of critically ill patients admitted with secondary or tertiary peritonitis to a surgical ICU. doi = 10.1186/s12879-015-1050-5 id = cord-018412-kv3vxmcw author = Bambi, Stefano title = Evolution of Intensive Care Unit Nursing date = 2017-10-06 keywords = ICU; care; critical; nurse; nursing; patient summary = In future, increases in the number of ICU beds relative to bed numbers in other hospital wards will probably be contemplated, even in a scenario of decreasing costs; clinical protocols will be computerized and/or nurse-driven; more multicenter and international trials will be performed; and organizational strategies will concentrate ICU personnel in a few large units, to promote the flexible management of these healthcare workers. Moreover, extracorporeal organ support technologies will be improved; technology informatics will cover all the bureaucratic aspects of healthcare work, aiding the staff in workload assessment; and critical care multidisciplinary rounds and follow-up services for post-ICU patients will be implemented. • Development of methods for fast recognition of acute patients at high risk of rapid deterioration • Minimally invasive organ support technologies • New approaches to enhance patient comfort while reducing changes of consciousness • Effective process and outcome measurements for critical illness research and palliative and EOL care. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-50559-6_19 id = cord-254818-dzsyuwpy author = Bangash, Mansoor N title = COVID-19 recovery: potential treatments for post-intensive care syndrome date = 2020-10-12 keywords = ICU; PICS summary = In the MANAGE trial, 8 a population having non-cardiac surgery, which overlaps COVID-19 recovery: potential treatments for post-intensive care syndrome and shares similarities with the PICS population through the presence of non-ischaemic myocardial injuries, was found to have reduced cardiovascular morbidity at follow-up when treated with the antithrombotic dabigatran; further trials of dabigatran in patients with PICS are warranted. We suggest that the research pathway for such trials should be based on prognostic enrichment through clinical and cardiovascular or immune biomarker profiles, and initially use established drugs that modify cardiometabolic risk in ICU survivors who might not have traditionally recognised cardiovascular risk factors, through randomised controlled trials led by intensive care specialists. Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) often occurs after prolonged critical illnesses, such as COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome, and involves persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism. doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30457-4 id = cord-337705-snwktcz5 author = Bansal, Agam title = The Association of D-dimers with Mortality, Intensive Care Unit admission or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients Hospitalized with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis date = 2020-09-18 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.08.024 id = cord-294270-do6i6ymq author = Banu, Buyukaydin title = Pneumonia date = 2019-11-29 keywords = ICU; cap; elderly; patient; pneumonia summary = A population-based cohort study with 46,237 elderly patients found that immunosuppression, COPD, smoking, congestive heart failure, diabetes, malignancy, and previous hospitalizations for pneumonia are independent risk factors for developing the disease in this age group (Barlow et al., 2007) . Presence of comorbidities such as chronic heart, lung, liver or renal disease; diabetes mellitus; alcoholism; malignancies; asplenia; immunosuppressing conditions or use of immunosuppressing drugs; or use of antimicrobials within the previous 3 months A respiratory fluoroquinolone (moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin, or levofloxacin [750 mg]) (strong recommendation) (1 point) ATS, American Thoracic Society; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; ICU, ıntensive care unit; IDST, Infectious Diseases Society of America; PIRO, predisposition, infection, response and organ dysfunction score; PS CURXO80, pH, systolic blood pressure, confusion, urea nitrogen, respiratory rate, x-ray finding, oxygen arterial pressure and age of 80 years or more; SMART-COP, systolic blood pressure, multilobar chest radiography, albumin level, respiratory rate, tachycardia, confusion, oxygenation and pH; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; WBC, white blood cell. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.62174-8 id = cord-005585-lc3fqhb0 author = Barbier, François title = Etiologies and outcome of acute respiratory failure in HIV-infected patients date = 2009-07-03 keywords = HIV; ICU; art summary = OBJECTIVE: To assess the etiologies and outcome of acute respiratory failure (ARF) in HIV-infected patients over the first decade of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) use. Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is the leading reason for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in HIV-infected patients, with bacterial pneumonia and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) accounting for most cases [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Significant results HIV human immunodeficiency syndrome, ICU intensive care unit, PCP Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, IRIS immune restorationinduced syndrome, ARF acute respiratory failure, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome a Clinically documented bacterial pneumonia was defined as an appropriate history and response to empiric antimicrobial therapy with focal pneumonia on chest X-ray, and either septic shock or predominantly neutrophils on BAL fluid examination, without documented bacterial pathogen b Including co-infection with Haemophilus influenzae (n = 1) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1) c Including co-infection with Streptococcus pneumonia (n = 1) and S. doi = 10.1007/s00134-009-1559-4 id = cord-268211-egy8rgtl author = Barrasa, Helena title = SARS-Cov-2 in Spanish Intensive Care: Early Experience with 15-day Survival In Vitoria date = 2020-04-09 keywords = ICU; SARS; patient summary = Methods: We identified patients from the two public hospitals in Vitoria who were admitted to ICU with confirmed infection by SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion: This early experience with SARS-CoV-2 in Spain suggests that a strategy of right oxygenation avoiding non-invasive mechanical ventilation was life-saving. Seven-day mortality in SARS-CoV-2 requiring intubation was lower than 15%, with 80% of patients still requiring mechanical ventilation. Because of mortality reports in Wuhan [5] suggesting a close association, we assessed correlation between plasma procalcitonin at ICU admission and 7-day mortality. Our findings suggest that an oxygenation strategy emphasising optimisation of oxygenation, intubation based on clinical criteria of hyperventilation and avoiding ventilator-induced lung injury associated with non-invasive mechanical ventilation would be life-saving in a significant proportion of patients. Seven-day mortality in SARS-CoV-2 requiring intubation was lower than 15%, with 80% of patients still requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.04.001 id = cord-336395-v157jzvv author = Battaglini, Denise title = Chest physiotherapy: an important adjuvant in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = In this line, the current review discusses the important role of chest physiotherapy in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19, around the weaning process, and how it can be safely applied with careful organization, including the training of healthcare staff and the appropriate use of personal protective equipment to minimize the risk of viral exposure. The current review discussed the data regarding the important role J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f of chest physiotherapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19, during mechanical ventilation and after weaning process, and how it can be safely applied with careful organization, including the training of healthcare staff and the appropriate use of personal protective equipment to minimize the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103529 id = cord-004646-zhessjqh author = Bawazeer, Mohammed title = Adjunct low-dose ketamine infusion vs standard of care in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients at a Tertiary Saudi Hospital (ATTAINMENT Trial): study protocol for a randomized, prospective, pilot, feasibility trial date = 2020-03-20 keywords = ICU; KFSH&RC; ketamine; patient summary = title: Adjunct low-dose ketamine infusion vs standard of care in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients at a Tertiary Saudi Hospital (ATTAINMENT Trial): study protocol for a randomized, prospective, pilot, feasibility trial The 2018 Pain, Agitation/sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep disruption guideline suggested low-dose ketamine infusion as an adjunct to opioid therapy to reduce opioid requirements in post-surgical patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Therefore, we propose a prospective, randomized, active controlled, open-label, pilot, feasibility study to assess the effect and safety of Analgo-sedative ad-juncT keTAmine Infusion iN Mechanically vENTilated ICU patients (the ATTAINMENT trial) compared to standard of care alone. Physician decline after randomization Ketamine will be discontinued Subject will be included in the data analysis a In cases of death (either within the first 48 h, until ICU or hospital discharge, or 28 days after randomization, whichever comes first), detailed documentation will be carried out in the medical record for the cause of death, group allocation, and relation to study protocol allocation and initiation of the trial intervention. doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-4216-4 id = cord-004096-obrq7q57 author = Benghanem, Sarah title = Brainstem dysfunction in critically ill patients date = 2020-01-06 keywords = ICU; brainstem; dysfunction; patient; table summary = OCR: oculocephalic reflex BRASS is a clinical score that has been developed for scoring brainstem dysfunction in deeply sedated, non-brain-injured, mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients and ranges from 0 to 7 The BRASS has prognostic value, as 28-day mortality proportionally increases with the BRASS score applicable to ICU patients. The "brainstem dysfunction" hypothesis originates from our study on usefulness of neurological examination in non-brain-injured critically ill patients who required deep sedation. In deeply sedated non-brain-injured critically ill patients, the cessation of brainstem responses follows two distinct patterns. Middle latency BAEP responses and SSEP latencies were increased in 24% and 45% of deeply sedated non-brain-injured critically ill patients, respectively [34] , indicating an impairment of the brainstem conduction. Brainstem dysfunction can present with central sensory and motor deficits, cranial nerve palsies and abnormal brainstem reflexes, disorders of consciousness, respiratory failure, and dysautonomia. doi = 10.1186/s13054-019-2718-9 id = cord-292474-dmgd99d6 author = Berardi, Giammauro title = Continuing our work: transplant surgery and surgical oncology in a tertiary referral COVID-19 center date = 2020-06-04 keywords = ICU; Italy; covid-19; patient summary = As the Italian National Institute for the Infectious Diseases, we have hospitalized the first Italian COVID-19 patients and since then, our general surgery department had to face this reality [16] . Pancreatic resections, total gastrectomies, major hepatectomies, and multivisceral resections as well as liver and kidney transplantations were considered as the high-risk surgical procedures because of the increased likelihood of postoperative ICU admission. On January 31, 2020 (Day 0), the first two COVID-19-positive patients in Italy were admitted to the department of infectious diseases of our hospital with mild fever and atypical pneumonia requiring no invasive treatment. Considering only the transplantations and the operations performed for cancer, patients in the second period had fewer comorbidities, lower ASA score, CCI, and RCRI, being overall at lower risk of postoperative ICU admission (Table 3) . As an institutional policy, our transplant center remained opened and we decided to continue with our standard surgical oncology activity, improving selection of patients to limit the need for postoperative intensive care management. doi = 10.1007/s13304-020-00825-3 id = cord-348137-dzmbfp2g author = Bi, Qifang title = Characterization of clinical progression of COVID-19 patients in Shenzhen, China date = 2020-04-27 keywords = ICU; clinical; figure summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.04.22.20076190 id = cord-289973-1mczuxsy author = Biran, Noa title = Tocilizumab among patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit: a multicentre observational study date = 2020-08-14 keywords = COVID19; ICU; patient; tocilizumab summary = 14 Understanding the limitations of observational studies, but with the urgency to assess potential therapeutic approaches, the 13 hospitals within the Hackensack Meridian Health network (NJ, USA) considered offlabel use of tocilizumab in patients with severe SARSCoV2 infection who required intensive care unit (ICU) support. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models were fitted to estimate the associ ation between tocilizumab use and overall survival, using clini cally likely confounders including age, gender, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma, hypertension, cancer, renal failure, obesity, oxygena tion less than 94%, quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score, use of steroids, Creactive protein 15 mg/dL or higher, and intubation or mech anical ven tilator support. Propensity score-matched patients (n=630)* First, we calculated a propensity score of receiv ing tocilizumab treatment for each patient using multi variable logistic regression with the confounders age, gender, diabetes, COPD or asthma, hypertension, cancer, renal failure, obesity, oxygenation less than 94%, qSOFA score, use of steroids, Creactive protein 15 mg/dL or higher, and intubation or mechanical ventilator support. doi = 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30277-0 id = cord-004427-dy9v9asg author = Bissell, Brittany D. title = Impact of protocolized diuresis for de-resuscitation in the intensive care unit date = 2020-02-28 keywords = ICU; additional; fluid; protocol summary = Adult patients admitted to the Medical ICU receiving mechanical ventilation with either (1) clinical signs of volume overload via chest radiography or physical exam or (2) any cumulative fluid balance ≥ 0 mL since hospital admission were eligible for inclusion. Previous protocols guiding volume removal in the critically ill can be found in specific populations including acute decompensated heart failure, AKI, or RRT weaning, with protocolized approaches often improving clinical outcomes versus standard of care [9] [10] [11] . In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of a novel diuresis protocol utilizing common bedside monitoring parameters and simplified loop diuretic dosing on cumulative fluid balance over the first 72 h following hemodynamic stability, as compared to standard of care. Using a diuresis protocol for volume de-resuscitation, we demonstrated a significant decrease in net cumulative fluid balance at 72 h following shock resolution, with potential benefit on clinical outcomes including renal recovery, mortality, and ICU length of stay. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-2795-9 id = cord-316938-64jxtg9y author = Blasi, Annabel title = In vitro hypercoagulability and ongoing in vivo activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in COVID‐19 patients on anticoagulation date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = doi = 10.1111/jth.15043 id = cord-312467-kbhljong author = Boilève, Alice title = COVID-19 management in a cancer center: the ICU storm date = 2020-07-31 keywords = ICU; covid-19; patient summary = We report here management of a dedicated intensive care unit of a cancer center during the COVID-19 infection pandemic, considering resource allocation and redistribution of healthcare workers. In a situation of predictable shortage of beds and resources due to patients with COVID-19 requiring intensive care, the usual perception of cancer with a poor life expectancy population may lead to a limitation of aggressive management of this cohort. Here, we report management of such a specific ICU during the COVID-19 infection pandemic, considering resource allocation and redistribution of healthcare workers, and anticipation of the influx of patients. To increase ICU capacity, and to reduce the number of patients admitted in the post-surgical care ward, a large number of non-urgent surgery were postponed, as well as cancer treatments that were adapted to preserve available beds in ICU. doi = 10.1007/s00520-020-05658-9 id = cord-291481-ov1gkgpc author = Bonizzoli, Manuela title = Human herpesviruses respiratory infections in patients with acute respiratory distress (ARDS) date = 2016-05-02 keywords = ARDS; EBV; ICU summary = In patients requiring mechanical ventilation, herpesviruses, mainly HSV1 and hCMV, may be frequently detected from either upper or lower respiratory tract Abstract Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is today a leading cause of hospitalization in intensive care unit (ICU). A higher ICU mortality was significantly related to the presence of herpesvirus infection in the lower respiratory tract as well as to impaired immunophenotype, as patients with poor outcome showed severe lymphopenia, affecting in particular T (CD3+) cells, since the first days of ICU hospitalization. One hundred and eight clinical samples from upper and lower respiratory tract from the 54 ICU patients were analyzed to detect influenza and other respiratory viruses and a group of herpesviruses (EBV, hCMV and HSV1). This report concerns a group of 54 patients admitted to ICU because of ARDS with unknown causative agent; 19 of them were infected by influenza virus, as demonstrated by the detection of viral RNA in both upper and lower respiratory tract samples. doi = 10.1007/s00430-016-0456-z id = cord-256424-t3dtabi4 author = Bousbia, Sabri title = Repertoire of Intensive Care Unit Pneumonia Microbiota date = 2012-02-28 keywords = Fig; ICU; bal; pneumonia summary = Recently, the bacterial microbiota of patients with cystic fibrosis and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) were studied using 16S rDNA gene amplification followed by clone libraries sequencing [9] [10] [11] . Bacterial microbiota as evaluated by 16S rDNA Molecular assays were positive for at least one bacterium for 129 out of 185 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from patients with pneumonia as well as from 13 out of 25 from control individuals (p = 0.07). Fungal microbiota obtained from patients showed the presence of 22 different species belonging to 2 phyla (8 orders, 11 families and 12 genera) among which 6 phylotypes had not been previously identified in BAL fluids from pneumonia. Indeed, our study reveals that some pathogens that till now had been considered typical for ICU pneumonia, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus species, or viruses, such CMV and HSV, can be detected as commonly in controls as in patients (Fig. S1 and S2 ). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0032486 id = cord-005603-kjcbbgse author = Brun-Buisson, C. title = The epidemiology of the systemic inflammatory response date = 2000 keywords = ICU; SIRS; sepsis summary = Objective: To examine the incidence, risk factors, aetiologies and outcome of the various forms of the septic syndromes (the systemic inflammatory response syndrome [SIRS] sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock) and their relationships with infection.¶Design: Review of published cohort studies examining the epidemiology of the septic syndromes, with emphasis on intensive care unit (ICU) patients.¶Results: The prevalence of SIRS is very high, affecting one-third of all in-hospital patients, and > 50 % of all ICU patients; in surgical ICU patients, SIRS occurs in > 80 % patients. In the French Bacteraemia/Sepsis study, including 24 hospitals on the one hand [5] and 170 ICUs on the other [13] both surveyed during a 2-month period, the overall incidence of severe sepsis and shock (including clinically and microbiologically documented infection) was of 6/1000 of all hospital admissions, but only of 2.9/ 1000 in medical/surgical wards and 119/1000 in ICUs ( Table 2 ). doi = 10.1007/s001340051121 id = cord-332074-s824m91f author = Caillet, Anaëlle title = Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on ICU Caregivers date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.08.006 id = cord-347790-7h25gzzl author = Calligaro, Keith D. title = COVID (Co-Operative Vascular Intervention Disease) Team of Greater Philadelphia date = 2020-06-17 keywords = ICU; Philadelphia summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.05.058 id = cord-326989-l8nfd03a author = Cammarota, Gianmaria title = Critical Care Surge Capacity to Respond to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: A Rapid and Affordable Solution in the Novara Hospital date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = The rapid insurgence and spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exceeded the limit of the intensive care unit (ICU) contingency plan of the Maggiore della Carità University Hospital (Novara, Italy) generating a crisis management condition. In a short time and at a relatively low cost, a structural modification of a hospital aisle allowed to convert the general ICU into a COVID-19 unit, increasing the number of COVID-19 critical care beds by 107%. While the general ICU were progressively converted to COVID-19 unit and the contingency plan was implemented, anesthesiologists, nurses, and other health care professionals, recruited from surgical teams, underwent a specific just-in-time training to improve technical skills in the application of PPE and in the clinical management of mechanically ventilated ARF patients. By addressing the key elements of health care system surge capacity from contingency to crisis, a prompt response to the sudden request of IMV was provided, converting the general ICU into a COVID-19 unit and increasing the number of COVID-19 ICU beds by 107%. doi = 10.1017/s1049023x20000692 id = cord-277621-mvsdrxzf author = Canavera, Kristin title = Mental Health Care During and After the ICU: A Call to Action date = 2020-06-27 keywords = ICU summary = In response, we must be prepared for the possibility that COVID-19 ICU patients and survivors may require intensified mental health care interventions to address PICs. Even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, our country had an unmet yet important need to improve our provision of mental health care for critically ill patients and ICU survivors. We urge public health experts, hospital administrators, and clinicians to prioritize actions developed to address these mental health care needs both during and after critical illness. Amidst this global pandemic we are facing and the unprecedented surge in ICU admissions, it is likely that mental health clinicians may be providing services to patients or families negatively impacted by critical care during this era of COVID-19. As such, more mental health care clinicians should familiarize themselves with the psychological outcomes of critical illness and receive additional training and education in this realm and/or mentorship. Public health experts, hospitals, and clinicians need to prioritize mental health care both during and after ICU admissions. doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.028 id = cord-301336-rycbeax7 author = Cao, Jianlei title = Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 18 patients with corona virus disease 2019 in intensive care unit date = 2020-03-02 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-05987-7 id = cord-103686-er8llst4 author = Carboni Bisso, I. title = Influenza season 2019: analysis of 143 hospitalized cases date = 2020-09-18 keywords = ICU; patient summary = Among the patients hospitalized due to influenza severe respiratory infection, it has been estimated that 29 to 6% require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). In Argentina, there is a significant absence of data regarding influenza severe respiratory disease and, therefore, a lack of knowledge about the impact of this disease at health institutions, hospital mortality, and the profile of patients requiring ICU. Thus, the objective of this work is to describe the history of comorbidities as well as the clinical, laboratory and imaging findings of patients who required hospitalization in a general ward or ICU during 2019 in a high-complexity care hospital from Buenos Aires, capital of Argentina. In this cohort study, we reported the clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with clinical outcomes in patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza who required hospitalization during 2019. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.16.20195974 id = cord-314737-2fun90ze author = Cardoso, Filipe S. title = Age, sex, and comorbidities predict ICU admission or mortality in cases with SARS-CoV2 infection: a population-based cohort study date = 2020-07-28 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03173-1 id = cord-302177-8w3ojgd4 author = Cavayas, Yiorgos Alexandros title = Early experience with critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Montreal date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; IMV; patient summary = doi = 10.1007/s12630-020-01816-z id = cord-335894-6m0nnufu author = Ceriello, Antonio title = Issues for the management of people with diabetes and COVID-19 in ICU date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; diabetes summary = doi = 10.1186/s12933-020-01089-2 id = cord-302997-39o08tt1 author = Ceruti, S. title = Reduced mortality and shorten ICU stay in SARS-COV-2 pneumonia: a low PEEP strategy date = 2020-05-08 keywords = ICU; patient; peep summary = We implemented a "care map", as a standardized multidisciplinary approach to improve patients monitoring using: uniform patient selection for ICU admission, a low-PEEP strategy and a pharmacologic strategic thromboembolism management. To date, ten patients (24%) died, four (9.7%) received mechanical ventilation, two were transferred to another hospital and 25 (60.9%) were discharged from ICU after a median of nine days. Deep vein thrombosis, PE, Ventilator-Associated-Pneumonia (VAP) and Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) have been the main complications arose in patients admitted to ICU: DVTs and PEs were defined as suspected with an increase in serum D-dimer values over 1,500 ng/ml, while they were considered as confirmed by ultrasound or CT-scan positive finding, defined according to current clinical standards. In all, this suggests that a less traumatic approach to ventilation by low PEEP and avoiding unnecessary MV by delaying ICU admission can be of help in managing COVID-19 patients and in improving survival. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.03.20089318 id = cord-027678-k64whepc author = Chan, Kai Man title = Pneumonia date = 2020-06-22 keywords = HIV; ICU; Society; patient; pneumonia summary = The differential diagnosis and the likely causative organisms can be narrowed by using epidemiological clues, the most important of which are whether the pneumonia is community-acquired or healthcare-associated and whether the patient is immunocompromised. An acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma that is associated with at least some symptoms of acute infection, accompanied by an acute infiltrate on a chest radiograph (CXR), or auscultatory findings consistent with pneumonia (e.g. altered breath sounds, localised crackles) in a patient not hospitalised or residing in a long-term care facility for ≥14 days prior to the onset of symptoms. Diagnosis may be difficult: the clinical features of pneumonia are non-specific and many non-infectious conditions (e.g. atelectasis, pulmonary embolus, aspiration, heart Table 36 .2 Procedure for obtaining microbiological samples using bronchoscopy and protected specimen brushing and/or bronchoalveolar lavage 35, 49 Infection control doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7020-4762-6.00036-9 id = cord-029516-tj93wo1s author = Chelly, Jonathan title = Automated vs. conventional ventilation in the ICU: a randomized controlled crossover trial comparing blood oxygen saturation during daily nursing procedures (I-NURSING) date = 2020-07-22 keywords = DNP; ICU summary = METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled crossover trial was carried out in a French intensive care unit to compare blood oxygen pulse saturation (SpO(2)) during DNPs performed on patients mechanically ventilated in automated and conventional ventilation modes (AV and CV, respectively). In a prospective study on 16 ICU patients undergoing MV, 668 nursing procedures were observed and blood oxygen desaturation ≤ 90% was the most frequent adverse event described, representing 29% of the overall major physiological changes reported by the authors [10] . Our study suggests AV may have a protective effect when compared to CV in terms of SpO 2 values and the incidence and severity of blood oxygen desaturation during DNPs. A prospective randomized controlled study of 60 post-cardiac surgery patients showed that in comparison to CV, INTELLiVENT-ASV® significantly reduces MV duration before inclusion-days 4 ± 4 (4-5) doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03155-3 id = cord-318984-8m9ygzn5 author = Chen, Yin-Yin title = Surveillance on secular trends of incidence and mortality for device–associated infection in the intensive care unit setting at a tertiary medical center in Taiwan, 2000–2008: A retrospective observational study date = 2012-09-10 keywords = DAI; ICU; infection summary = We examined the rates of DAI by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, and 30–day and in–hospital mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU). Decreased susceptibility of both gram-positive and gram-negative microbes to antibiotics has been well described in several surveillance studies over the past decade, and increases in the rate of bloodstream infection caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) gramnegative bacteria have been reported to be 16-fold [5, [8] [9] [10] [11] . In this study, prospective surveillance was conducted to determine the DAI rate and prevalence of antibiotic-resistant isolates at an adult medical-surgical ICU (MS ICU). Our aim was to analyze the secular trend of incidence for different types of DAIs, determine the common pathogens involved, and determine the rates of antimicrobial resistance and overall 30-day and in-hospital mortality during the period 2000-2008. The involved patient demographic information, the dates and sites of infection, device-utilization (DU) ratio, pathogens, antimicrobial susceptibilities, invasive procedures, and overall 30-day mortality and in-hospital crude mortality were recorded. doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-12-209 id = cord-332180-dw4h69tp author = Cheng, Fu-Yuan title = Using Machine Learning to Predict ICU Transfer in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = doi = 10.3390/jcm9061668 id = cord-278325-ykcd7d59 author = Cheung, Carmen Ka Man title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Haematologist''s Perspective date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; ICU; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = Two meta-analyses showed that a lower platelet count is associated with an increased risk of severe disease and mortality in patients with COVID-19 and may serve as a marker for progression of illness [53, 54] . Experience from previous SARS patients, caused by SARS-CoV-1, suggested that coronavirus could cause thrombocytopenia by direct viral infection of bone marrow haematopoietic stem cells via CD13 or CD66a, formation of auto-antibodies and immune complexes, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), and consumption of platelet in lung epithelium [61, 62] . The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) suggested all patients (including non-critically ill) who require hospital admission for COVID-19 infection should receive a prophylactic dose of LMWH unless contraindicated (Table 2 ) [102] . Clinical Course and Outcomes of Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Preliminary Report of the First 28 Patients from the Korean Cohort Study on COVID-19 doi = 10.1159/000510178 id = cord-003701-i70ztypg author = Chow, Eric J. title = Influenza virus-related critical illness: prevention, diagnosis, treatment date = 2019-06-12 keywords = H1N1; ICU; influenza; patient summary = Based upon observational data that suggest harms, adjunctive corticosteroid treatment is currently not recommended for children or adults hospitalized with influenza, including critically ill patients, unless clinically indicated for another reason, such as treatment of asthma or COPD exacerbation, or septic shock. No completed randomized, placebo-controlled trials of antiviral treatment have been conducted in hospitalized influenza patients to establish the efficacy of oseltamivir or other NAIs. A number of observational studies have reported clinical benefit of neuraminidase inhibitors in hospitalized patients, including reduction in duration of hospitalization and risk of death, including in ICU patients [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] . A cohort study of early versus late oseltamivir treatment reported a significant reduction in mortality and median duration of ICU hospitalization in severely ill patients with influenza A(H3N2), but not A(H1N1pdm09) or B virus infection in Greece [78] . doi = 10.1186/s13054-019-2491-9 id = cord-133273-kvyzuayp author = Christ, Andreas title = Artificial Intelligence: Research Impact on Key Industries; the Upper-Rhine Artificial Intelligence Symposium (UR-AI 2020) date = 2020-10-05 keywords = CNN; Fig; ICU; base; datum; feature; figure; learn; model; network; result; robot; system summary = During the literature review it was evident the presence of few works dedicated to evaluating comprehensively the complete cycle of biofeedback, which comprises using the wearable devices, applying Machine Learning patterns detection algorithms, generate the psychologic intervention, besides monitoring its effects and recording the history of events [9, 3] . This solution is being proposed by several literature study about stress patterns and physiological aspects but with few results, for this reason, our project will address topics like experimental study protocol on signals acquisition from patients/participants with wearables to data acquisition and processing, in sequence will be applied machine learning modeling and prediction on biosignal data regarding stress (Fig. 1) . We will present first results of the project concerning a new process model for cooperating data scientists and quality engineers, a product testing model as knowledge base for machine learning computing and visual support of quality engineers in order to explain prediction results. doi = nan id = cord-279520-zccd1mq5 author = Christian, Michael D. title = Possible SARS Coronavirus Transmission during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation date = 2004-02-17 keywords = ICU; SARS; transmission summary = Infection of healthcare workers with the severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is thought to occur primarily by either contact or large respiratory droplet transmission. We investigated a possible cluster of SARS-CoV infections in healthcare workers who used contact and droplet precautions during attempted cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a SARS patient. On the basis of the results of this investigation and previous reports of SARS transmission during aerosol-generating procedures, a systematic approach to the problem is outlined, including the use of the following: 1) administrative controls, 2) environmental engineering controls, 3) personal protective equipment, and 4) quality control. However, despite the use of infection control precautions and personal protective equipment designed to prevent contact and droplet transmission, episodes of SARS-CoV transmission to health-care workers have continued to occur under certain circumstances. We present the results of an investigation of the first reported transmission of SARS-CoV to healthcare workers that occurred during attempted cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a completely unresponsive SARS patient. doi = 10.3201/eid1002.030700 id = cord-326315-ncfxlnpj author = Cillóniz, Catia title = Community-acquired polymicrobial pneumonia in the intensive care unit: aetiology and prognosis date = 2011-09-14 keywords = ICU; aetiology; cap; polymicrobial summary = INTRODUCTION: The frequency and clinical significance of polymicrobial aetiology in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients admitted to the ICU have been poorly studied. The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcomes of severe CAP of polymicrobial aetiology in patients admitted to the ICU. Patients with polymicrobial aetiology had previously received antibiotics less frequently, had a higher proportion of chronic respiratory and neurological diseases, less frequently presented fever at admission, had higher rates of PSI risk class V, had severe CAP according to the IDSA/ATS definition, and fulfilled ARDS criteria. Among these variables, chronic respiratory disease and ARDS criteria at hospital admission were independent predictors of polymicrobial aetiology in the multivariate analysis. • Polymicrobial aetiology is frequent among patients with CAP admitted to the ICU and may result in inappropriate empiric antimicrobial treatment. doi = 10.1186/cc10444 id = cord-332979-eln7n6zb author = Ciminelli, G. title = How Emergency Care Congestion Increases Covid-19 Mortality: Evidence from Lombardy, Italy date = 2020-10-29 keywords = ICU; Lombardy; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.10.27.20221085 id = cord-306210-ny3vvu9h author = Clarfield, A. Mark title = Age, ageing, ageism and “age-itation” in the Age of COVID-19: rights and obligations relating to older persons in Israel as observed through the lens of medical ethics date = 2020-11-12 keywords = ICU; Israel; age; covid-19; old; person summary = doi = 10.1186/s13584-020-00416-y id = cord-030927-wo8r8zny author = Collins, Curtis D title = Perspectives from the frontline: A pharmacy department’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-22 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = Patient monitoring, interprofessional communication, and intervention documentation by pharmacy staff was facilitated through the development of a COVID-19–specific care bundle integrated into the electronic medical record. 3, 4 Many of these treatments also come with the potential for significant toxicity and a need for close monitoring, which requires the NOTE PHARMACY DEPARTMENT''S RESPONSE TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC leadership of the pharmacist as a key part of the multidisciplinary team. The primary objectives of this analysis are to describe strategies used to standardize pharmacy processes to optimize the management of patients with COVID-19 and to quantify the volume and scope of pharmacist interventions during the peak of our pandemic response. • Results of a retrospective descriptive analysis show the quantity and scope of interventions clinical pharmacists are making in the care of patients with COVID-19. The study quantified the volume and scope of interventions by clinical pharmacists in the care of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 at our institution. doi = 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa176 id = cord-354194-hf5ndv5f author = Cook, Mackenzie title = Prioritizing Communication in the Provision of Palliative Care for the Trauma Patient date = 2020-10-29 keywords = ICU; care; family; patient summary = Communicating clearly as part of providing high-quality palliative care in the intensive care unit (ICU) is about guiding difficult decisions, defining goals of care, explaining the impact of acute surgical problems on future quality of life, and facilitating transitions to end of life care [2, 3] . Given that the vast majority of severely injured trauma patients in the ICU have limited abilities to function as their own decision makers, this discussion will primarily focus on the interactions with family and surrogate decision makers as this is the group most in need of high-quality communication [6, 37] . The routine integration of trained palliative care subspecialists in the ICU has been associated with improved quality of life, higher rates of formal advance directives, and greater utilization of hospice service as well as less frequent use of certain non-beneficial life-prolonging treatments for critically ill patients at the end of life [49] . doi = 10.1007/s40719-020-00201-x id = cord-326708-92lsnv4g author = Craig, J. title = Estimating critical care capacity needs and gaps in Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-04 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = Comparing current national capacities to estimated needs at outbreak peak, we found that 31of 50 countries (62%) do not have a sufficient number of hospital beds per 100,000 people if 100% of patients with severe infections seek out health services and assuming that all hospital beds are empty and available for use by patients with COVID-19. Only four countries (Cabo Verde, Egypt, Gabon, and South Africa) have a sufficient number of ventilators to meet projected national needs if 100% of severely infected individuals seek health services assuming all ventilators are functioning and available for COVID-19 patients, while 35 other countries require two or more additional ventilators per 100,000 people. The average number of hospital beds needed at the peak of respective national COVID-19 outbreaks across 52 countries assuming 100% of infected patients with severe symptoms seek out health services was 131.7 beds per 100,000 people (SD: 9.2) ranging from 96.8 per 100,000 in Egypt to 137.8 beds per 100,000 in Equatorial Guinea. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.02.20120147 id = cord-346229-jxlrz0ce author = Craxì, Lucia title = Rationing in a Pandemic: Lessons from Italy date = 2020-06-16 keywords = ICU; Italy; SIAARTI summary = At the beginning of March 2020, the Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation, and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) issued recommendations aimed at supporting physicians in prioritizing patients when the number of critically ill patients overwhelm the capacity of ICUs. One motivating concern for the SIAARTI guidance was that, if no balanced and consistent allocation procedures were applied to prioritize patients, there would be a concrete risk for unfair choices, and that the prevalent "first come, first served" principle would lead to many avoidable deaths. As difficult allocation choices were already being made, clinicians (including one of the authors, MV) of the ethics section of the Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation, and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) were asked to publish guidance on the allocation of limited resources. Clinical ethics recommendations for the allocation of intensive care treatments in exceptional, resource-limited circumstances: The Italian perspective during the COVID-19 epidemic doi = 10.1007/s41649-020-00127-1 id = cord-304061-nfpzcago author = Crispi, F. title = LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AS A RISK FACTOR FOR SEVERE COVID-19 IN ADULTS date = 2020-09-15 keywords = ICU; international summary = Results were reproduced in an independent cohort, from a web-based survey in 1,822 subjects who self-reported laboratory-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection, where 46 patients (2.5%) needed ICU admission (AUC 0.74 [95% CI 0.68-0.81]). For studies in adults, birth weight is an accessible and robust surrogate for fetal growth restriction and preterm births, and a strong predictor of short and long-term morbidity. 24 From the above observations, we hypothesized that LBW could increase the risk of developing severe illness in non-elderly adults with COVID-19. To test this hypothesis, we designed a prospective study in confirmed COVID-19 patients (18-70 years) admitted to our institution, a public, tertiary, referral, university hospital in Spain (development dataset) and validated the model in an independent cohort of self-reported laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 subjects recruited through a web-based survey (validation dataset). Low birth weight increases the risk of severe COVID-19 in non-elderly adults. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.14.20193920 id = cord-308188-oid3n8qf author = Cuquemelle, E. title = Can procalcitonin help identify associated bacterial infection in patients with severe influenza pneumonia? A multicentre study date = 2011-03-03 keywords = ICU; PCT summary = PURPOSE: To determine whether procalcitonin (PCT) levels could help discriminate isolated viral from mixed (bacterial and viral) pneumonia in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) during the A/H1N1v2009 influenza pandemic. Abstract Purpose: To determine whether procalcitonin (PCT) levels could help discriminate isolated viral from mixed (bacterial and viral) pneumonia in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) during the A/H1N1v2009 influenza pandemic. This study aimed to examine whether PCT levels may help discriminate between viral from mixed (bacterial and viral) pneumonia among patients presenting to the ICU with severe community-acquired pneumonia during the H1N1v2009 influenza pandemic. Of the 52 patients having PCT levels measured on admission, 19 (36.5%) had a documented bacterial co-infection associated with influenza A/H1N1v2009 infection, mostly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (52%) or Staphylococcus aureus (35%). Measurements of PCT levels at admission can help discriminate patients having bacterial co-infection from those with isolated viral pneumonia. doi = 10.1007/s00134-011-2189-1 id = cord-026392-cvb44v5v author = Dahlberg, Jørgen title = Barriers and challenges in the process of including critically ill patients in clinical studies date = 2020-06-08 keywords = ICU; patient; study summary = RESULTS: Among 279 eligible critically ill patients, 204 (73%) were omitted from the study due to challenges and barriers in the inclusion process. Previous studies have identified obstacles when performing research in critically ill patients at intensive care units (ICU) related to challenges in the recruitment process [1] [2] [3] [4] . The legislation and clinical practice vary across the world, and a prior PubMed search did not disclose any resent Scandinavian research covering the overall barriers and challenges in the process of including critically ill patients in clinical studies. The purpose of this study was to identify practical, medical, legal or ethical barriers and challenges in the process of including critically ill patients in the Norwegian Intensive Care Unit Dalteparin Effect (NORIDES) study. The study revealed that most critically ill patients at ICU were unable to provide written, informed consent for study participation. doi = 10.1186/s13049-020-00732-x id = cord-302571-vb9ks4mq author = Damiani, Giovanni title = Biologics increase the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and hospitalization, but not ICU admission and death: Real‐life data from a large cohort during red‐zone declaration date = 2020-05-19 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1111/dth.13475 id = cord-016109-vbzy11hc author = Damjanovic, V. title = Outbreaks of Infection in the ICU: What’s up at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century? date = 2011-08-10 keywords = ICU; MRSA; infection; outbreak summary = We used the same framework as in the second edition of this book; however, outbreaks were not presented separately per ICU type but according to causative organisms, in the following order: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), aerobic Gramnegative bacilli (AGNB), Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp. A paper from Italy published in 2002 reported a unique experience of controlling a MRSA outbreak of 8 months'' duration in a medical/surgical AICU in 1998 using enterally administered vancomycin in mechanically ventilated patients [5] . In 2005, a report from Italy described an outbreak of VRE colonisation and infection in an ICU that lasted 16 months (2001-2002) [12] . A report from The Netherlands published in 2001 described an outbreak of infections with a multi-drug-resistant Klebsiella strain [19] associated with contaminated roll boards in operating rooms. doi = 10.1007/978-88-470-1601-9_12 id = cord-004168-rqd9b13s author = Daneman, Nick title = A pilot randomized controlled trial of 7 versus 14 days of antibiotic treatment for bloodstream infection on non-intensive care versus intensive care wards date = 2020-01-15 keywords = BALANCE; ICU; RCT summary = The Bacteremia Antibiotic Length Actually Needed for Clinical Effectiveness (BALANCE) pilot randomized clinical trial (RCT) determined that it was feasible to enroll and randomize intensive care unit (ICU) patients with bloodstream infection to 7 versus 14 days of treatment, and served as the vanguard for the ongoing BALANCE main RCT. METHODS: We conducted an open pilot RCT among a subset of six sites participating in the ongoing BALANCE RCT, randomizing patients with positive non-Staphylococcus aureus blood cultures on non-ICU wards to 7 versus 14 days of antibiotic treatment. Conclusion: It is feasible to enroll non-ICU patients in a trial of 7 versus 14 days of antibiotics for bloodstream infection, and expanding the BALANCE RCT hospital-wide has the potential to improve the timeliness and generalizability of trial results. Conclusion: It is feasible to enroll non-ICU patients in a trial of 7 versus 14 days of antibiotics for bloodstream infection, and expanding the BALANCE RCT hospital-wide has the potential to improve the timeliness and generalizability of trial results. doi = 10.1186/s13063-019-4033-9 id = cord-013443-x74uxdi4 author = Daniel, Dennis A. title = Pediatric Resident Engagement With an Online Critical Care Curriculum During the Intensive Care Rotation* date = 2020-06-25 keywords = ICU; resident; site summary = DESIGN: Prospective cohort study examining curriculum completion data and cross-referencing timestamps for preand posttest attempts with resident schedules to determine the hours that they accessed the curriculum and whether or not they were scheduled for clinical duty. For our ICU residents, we designed curricula that included short videos with pre-and posttests and hypothesized that residents would use these materials most frequently during breaks in patient care while on clinical duty. We collected curriculum completion data for each resident and timestamps for every pre-and the first posttest attempt that occurred during the ICU rotation and in the 14 days preceding. Our data show that residents will engage with online learning materials during and immediately prior to their ICU rotation but do so most often at nighttime and when off-duty, with a portion of use occurring during midnight and 6 am while offduty. doi = 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002477 id = cord-280942-ej8fx52u author = Daunizeau, J. title = On the reliability of model-based predictions in the context of the current COVID epidemic event: impact of outbreak peak phase and data paucity date = 2020-04-29 keywords = April; ICU; international summary = title: On the reliability of model-based predictions in the context of the current COVID epidemic event: impact of outbreak peak phase and data paucity In particular, we evaluate the prediction accuracy of a recent SIR-type model that follows from augmenting the set of data to be explained (in particular, we focus on ICU occupancy and negative testing rates 3 , in addition to positive test results and death rates records), depending on whether the outbreak has already been observed or not. This effectively reduces the available data to the death and positive test counts, on which most model predictions rely, including outcomes of interest that are only indirectly informed by these data (e.g., acquired population immunity at the end of the current epidemic outbreak). In addition, we have shown that data paucity (in particular, ignoring ICU occupancy and negative test rates) can accentuate these prediction errors, even when the outbreak peak has already been observed. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.24.20078485 id = cord-315864-zadogqiu author = Davido, Benjamin title = nImpact of medical care including anti-infective agents use on the prognosis of COVID-19 hospitalized patients over time date = 2020-08-02 keywords = COVID-19; HCQ; ICU summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106129 id = cord-254688-1poiheen author = De Brouwer, E. title = Can herd immunity be achieved without breaking ICUs? date = 2020-05-27 keywords = ICU summary = A key aspect of the current COVID-19 pandemic has been the rapid overload of Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in countries and regions where the epidemic was not quickly controlled [1, 2] because many patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and need respiratory support [1] . Assuming R 0 between 2 and 3, a COVID ICU capacity between 15 and 30 beds per 100,000 inhabitants (or between 49,000 and 98,000 beds), an average ICU stay duration between 10 and 15 days, and a percentage of ICU admission following SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population between 0.7% and 1.5%, we obtain a time to herd immunity ranging between 5 and 18 months. By contrast, taking the case of the United Kingdom with a baseline capacity of 6.6 beds per 100,000 inhabitants, assuming a long-term COVID ICU bed capacity between 5 and 10 beds per 100,000 inhabitants, and keeping all the other parameters the same as for the US scenarios, the range for the time to immunity would be between 16 and 55 months. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.26.20113746 id = cord-303292-iheq50ub author = De Jong, Audrey title = How to ventilate obese patients in the ICU date = 2020-10-23 keywords = ARDS; ICU; NIV; peep summary = Regarding mechanical ventilation in patients with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), low tidal volume (6 ml/kg of predicted body weight) and moderate to high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), with careful recruitment maneuver in selected patients, are advised. During invasive mechanical ventilation, patients with obesity are more prone to lung collapse and require higher PEEP to avoid it; low V T is calculated on predicted body weight. In a randomized controlled trial of the same team comparing HFNC to standard oxygen [87] in high-risk non-hypercapnic patients including 22% of patients with obesity, the study was stopped due to low recruitment after 155 patients, without any difference in extubation failure rate found between the two groups. PBW predicted body weight, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, CPAP continuous positive airway pressure, NIV noninvasive ventilation, HFNC high-flow nasal cannula oxygen patients. doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-06286-x id = cord-005600-gsbbjb5y author = De Jonghe, B. title = Acquired neuromuscular disorders in critically ill patients: a systematic review date = 1998 keywords = CINMA; ICU; study summary = Two studies showed a clinically important increase (5 and 9 days, respectively) in duration of mechanical ventilation and a mortality twice as high in patients with critical illness neuromuscular abnormalities, compared to those without. Two studies showed a clinically important increase (5 and 9 days, respectively) in duration of mechanical ventilation and a mortality twice as high in patients with critical illness neuromuscular abnormalities, compared to those without. Conclusions: Prospective studies of ICU-acquired neuromuscular abnormalities include a small number of patients with various electrophysiologic findings but insufficiently reported clinical correlations. Conclusions: Prospective studies of ICU-acquired neuromuscular abnormalities include a small number of patients with various electrophysiologic findings but insufficiently reported clinical correlations. C.) independently: studies had to enroll critically ill adult patients presenting acquired peripheral nervous system and/or muscular and/or neuromuscular transmission abnormalities, described clinically and/or electrphysiologically and/or histologically, involving limbs and/or respiratory muscle, in prospective cohort studies. doi = 10.1007/s001340050757 id = cord-272349-cqzfjg5t author = De Lorenzo, Antonino title = Fat mass affects nutritional status of ICU COVID-19 patients date = 2020-08-03 keywords = BMI; COVID-19; FM%; ICU summary = METHODS: Prospective observational study of 22 adult patients, affected by COVID-19 pneumonia and admitted to the ICU and classified in two sets: (10) lean and (12) obese, according to FM% and age (De Lorenzo classification). Obesity, measured as body mass index (BMI), is reported to associate with increase the risk of developing severe pneumonia in COVID-19 [1] . Indeed, the risk correlated to obesity with COVID-19 severity is greater in metabolic associated fatty liver patients [2] . Aim of this prospective observational study, in patients admitted to ICU for COVID-19, is to evaluate the relationship between FM% and immune-inflammatory response, after 10 days in ICU. Rather than considering only the BMI, patients recruited in this study were categorized in two sets: "lean" or "obese" according to FM% and age, based on criteria presented by De Lorenzo [15] . Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease doi = 10.1186/s12967-020-02464-z id = cord-011359-3lcjw873 author = De Waele, Jan J. title = Antimicrobial de-escalation as part of antimicrobial stewardship in intensive care: no simple answers to simple questions—a viewpoint of experts date = 2020-02-05 keywords = ADE; AMR; ICU; antimicrobial summary = It is most commonly recommended in the intensive care unit (ICU) patient who is treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics as a strategy to reduce antimicrobial pressure of empirical broad-spectrum therapy and prevent antimicrobial resistance, yet this has not been convincingly demonstrated in a clinical setting. In this manuscript, we aim to highlight recent insights into ADE, its value in ASPs and the practical application as well as discuss the controversies and Fig. 1 Schematic overview of the timeline of antimicrobial therapy including antimicrobial de-escalation, with the pivotal and companion antimicrobial components of the empirical regimen and most common changes within a short antibiotic course for critically ill patients with an infection. For example, when empirical treatment with meropenem is switched to levofloxacin, this may be considered as narrowing of the spectrum, but that patient is exposed to two courses of short duration antimicrobial therapy with a different -and potentially-cumulative damaging effect on the microbiome. doi = 10.1007/s00134-019-05871-z id = cord-011314-at65nvda author = De Weerdt, Annick title = Pre-admission air pollution exposure prolongs the duration of ventilation in intensive care patients date = 2020-03-17 keywords = ICU; air summary = For each patient''s home address, daily air pollutant exposure [particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM(2.5)) and ≤ 10 µm (PM(10)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and black carbon (BC)] up to 10 days prior to hospital admission was modeled using a high-resolution spatial–temporal model. In analogy with the recent finding that patient preadmission medical and sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., medication use, immune status, frailty) can influence the course and outcome and even the degree of respiratory failure during intensive care unit (ICU) admission [8] [9] [10] , we investigated the association between short-term exposure to residential ambient air pollution and the duration of mechanical ventilation in ICU patients. Short-term ambient particulate and gaseous air pollution exposure prior to ICU admission significantly prolongs the duration of mechanical ventilation irrespective of preexisting lung disease or ICU admission diagnosis. doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-05999-3 id = cord-276374-i37ygb2z author = Deasy, Jacob title = Forecasting ultra-early intensive care strain from COVID-19 in England date = 2020-03-23 keywords = England; ICU; covid-19 summary = Here we present an attempt at an agile short-range forecast based on published real-time COVID-19 case data from the seven National Health Service commissioning regions in England (East of England, London, Midlands, North East and Yorkshire, North West, South East and South West). In this paper we use published COVID-19 diagnosis data for England to generate the earliest possible estimates of additional ICU demand due to infections in the coming days, based on cautious epidemiological data from the literature and under the assumption that the current increase in cases represents the exponential phase of an outbreak rather than a change in ascertainment. 19.20039057 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 4: Projected regional COVID-19 ICU occupancy as a percentage of regional capacity in the seven National Health Service commissioning regions in England. Our data suggests that traditional ICU capacity could be rapidly consumed over a period of approximately 14 days from the time of modelling/writing, such figures hide substantial regional heterogeneity, with London and the Midlands demonstrating the most rapid growth. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.19.20039057 id = cord-012560-p5s0p7fd author = Decavèle, Maxens title = One-year survival of patients with high-grade glioma discharged alive from the intensive care unit date = 2020-08-29 keywords = HGG; ICU; patient summary = We sought to quantify 1-year mortality and evaluate the association between mortality and (1) functional status, and (2) management of anticancer therapy in patients with high-grade glioma discharged alive from the intensive care unit. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, two factors were independently associated with lower mortality 1 year after ICU admission: continuation of anticancer therapy after ICU discharge (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.03-0.75, p = 0.028), and Karnofsky performance status at ICU admission (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.85-0.95, p < 0.001). The main results of the study can be summarized as follows: in HGG patients discharged alive after an unplanned medical ICU stay (1), we observed a substantial proportion of survivors 1 year after ICU admission (more than one quarter of patients) and most of these patients exhibited relatively favorable performance status even 1 year after ICU admission, (2) continuation of anticancer therapy was possible in almost 50% of patients and was strongly associated with cancer progression and use of corticosteroids at admission, and (3) continuation of anticancer therapy and Karnofsky performance status at admission were associated with higher 1-year survival rates. doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10191-0 id = cord-010813-94v8zchf author = Deemer, Kirsten title = Effect of early cognitive interventions on delirium in critically ill patients: a systematic review date = 2020-04-24 keywords = ICU; cognitive; delirium; intervention summary = PURPOSE: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to determine the effects of early cognitive interventions on delirium outcomes in critically ill patients. [23] [24] [25] This systematic review will focus on the elements of early cognitive interventions and their effects on delirium outcomes such as incidence, duration, and severity in critically ill patients. 27 Data extraction Data extraction was conducted independently and in duplicate by two reviewers (K.D. and K.Z.) using a data extraction table that included study methodology, population, objectives, country of origin, specific cognitive interventions conducted, the healthcare professionals conducting interventions, outcomes measured (e.g., delirium incidence, severity and duration), study limitations, and key findings. 30 conducted an RCT of 140 elderly ICU patients and reported a reduced delirium incidence (20% in the control group vs 3% in experimental group) after implementation of an occupational therapy led cognitive intervention protocol that included stimulation, rehabilitation, and training exercises (P = 0.001). doi = 10.1007/s12630-020-01670-z id = cord-006714-q7wy76e2 author = Delannoy, P.-Y. title = Impact of combination therapy with aminoglycosides on the outcome of ICU-acquired bacteraemias date = 2012-02-15 keywords = ICU; patient summary = Our study supports the hypothesis that combination short-term antibiotherapy with an aminoglycoside for ICU-acquired bacteraemias could increase survival. Meta-analysis failed to demonstrate improved outcomes in patients treated with antibiotic combinations over those receiving monotherapy [1] [2] [3] [4] and resulted in a decreased use of combination therapy. We performed a retrospective study to evaluate the impact of AGs in antimicrobial combination on ICU-acquired bacteraemia in our universityaffiliated ICU [8] [9] [10] [11] . The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of AGs in antibiotic combination on the outcome of patients with ICU-acquired bacteraemia. We found a survival benefit with the use of combination therapy with AGs for ICU-acquired bacteraemias. In the ICU, inadequate empirical antibiotic therapy is associated with an increased mortality risk in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and bacteraemia. Our study suggests that short-term combination beta-lactams plus AGs therapy in intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired bacteraemia could reduce mortality. doi = 10.1007/s10096-012-1568-z id = cord-000683-mig5zt5p author = Delgado-Rodríguez, Miguel title = Prognosis of hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in Spain: influence of neuraminidase inhibitors date = 2012-03-30 keywords = H1N1; ICU summary = 4, 6, 7 We reviewed nationwide Spanish data on hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza A in order to: (i) evaluate the frequency of adverse outcomes during hospitalization; and (ii) identify the factors influencing poor/good outcome, including the use of neuraminidase inhibitors shortly after the onset of symptoms. The following demographic variables and pre-existing medical conditions were recorded for all study participants: age, sex, ethnicity, educational level, smoking, alcoholism, pregnancy in women aged 15 -49 years, history of pneumonia in the previous two years, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, cardiovascular disease, renal failure, diabetes, HIV infection, disabling neurological disease, cancer, transplantation, morbid obesity (body mass index ≥40), use of neuraminidase inhibitors before hospital admission (and their timing relative to the onset of symptoms, verified after contacting the prescribing general practitioner), use of other medications in the 90 days before hospital admission (corticosteroids, antibiotics etc.) and treatment received during hospitalization (medications, catheters and mechanical ventilation). doi = 10.1093/jac/dks098 id = cord-350390-ukoi8jyg author = Demkina, A. E. title = Risk factors for outcomes of COVID-19 patients: an observational study of 795 572 patients in Russia date = 2020-11-04 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.11.02.20224253 id = cord-334367-w96iqo6q author = Devlin, John W. title = Strategies to Optimize ICU Liberation (A to F) Bundle Performance in Critically Ill Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-06-12 keywords = ICU; bundle; covid-19; patient summary = doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000139 id = cord-309733-x4crng5j author = Dhesi, Z. title = Organisms causing secondary pneumonias in COVID-19 patients at 5 UK ICUs as detected with the FilmArray test date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.06.22.20131573 id = cord-006308-s5le8ugm author = Dimopoulos, G. title = Candidemia in immunocompromised and immunocompetent critically ill patients: a prospective comparative study date = 2007-05-25 keywords = Candida; ICU; NIC summary = The purpose of this study was to compare the risk factors, clinical manifestations, and outcome of candidemia in immunocompromised (IC) and nonimmunocompromised (NIC) critically ill patients. No study to date has been specifically designed to compare risk factors, manifestations, and outcome of candidemia in IC and NIC critically ill patients. Thus, we performed the present study to assess possible clinically significant differences between IC and NIC patients with candidemia receiving care in the ICU setting. The investigational work-up for invasive candidiasis in our patients (other than blood cultures, esophageal endoscopy, and oral scrapings) included (a) identification of predisposing factors, (b) surveillance cultures to detect possible colonization, (c) eye exam, and (d) CT scans of the suspected site of infection. The NIC patients in our study developed candidemia during their ICU hospitalization, and none manifested esophageal candidiasis, although one developed oral thrush. doi = 10.1007/s10096-007-0316-2 id = cord-300230-a3jk6w90 author = Ding, Ji-Guang title = Retrospective analysis of nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in China during 2003 and 2007 date = 2009-07-25 keywords = ICU; infection; nosocomial summary = RESULTS: Among 1980 patients admitted over the period of time, the overall patient nosocomial infection rate was 26.8% or 51.0 per 1000 patient days., Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) accounted for most of the infections (68.4%), followed by urinary tract infections (UTI, 15.9%), bloodstream (BSI, 5.9%), and gastrointestinal tract (GI, 2.5%) infections. In conclusion, there was a high and relatively stable rate of nosocomial infections in the ICU of a tertiary hospital in China through year 2003-2007, with some differences in the distribution of the infection sites, and pathogen and antibiotic susceptibility profiles from those reported in the Western countries. In conclusion, there was a high and relatively stable rate of nosocomial infections in the ICU of a tertiary hospital in China through year 2003-2007, with some differences in the distribution of the infection sites, and pathogen and antibiotic susceptibility profiles from those reported in the Western countries. doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-9-115 id = cord-017518-u2gsa4lg author = Divatia, J. V. title = Nosocomial Infections and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Cancer Patients date = 2019-07-09 keywords = CAUTI; HAP; ICU; VAP; infection; patient summary = These infection rates can be significantly reduced by the implementing and improving compliance with the "care bundles." This chapter will address the common nosocomial infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), and surgical site infections (SSI), including preventive strategies and care bundles for the same. (a) Patient factors such as extremes of age, immunosuppression due to malignancy, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), patients requiring emergency admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), duration of stay more than 7 days, chronic illness like renal failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, presence of indwelling catheters, ventilation, total parenteral nutrition, trauma, abdominal surgeries, and impaired functional status [44, 45] (b) Organizational factors such as the poor environmental hygiene inside the hospital or ICU, lack of efficient infection control measures, inadequate manpower such as an inadequate nurse to patient ratio or inadequate waste management staff, and inadequate equipment for patient use (c) Iatrogenic factors such as ignorance regarding infection control practices, lack of training in infection control, etc. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-74588-6_125 id = cord-326272-ya3r0h1t author = Dobesh, Paul P. title = Coagulopathy, Venous Thromboembolism, and Anticoagulation in Patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; VTE; patient summary = doi = 10.1002/phar.2465 id = cord-297327-19dfgfz6 author = Drożdżal, Sylwester title = COVID-19: Pain Management in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection—Molecular Mechanisms, Challenges, and Perspectives date = 2020-07-20 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; SARS; pain; patient summary = Many patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection will suffer from severe pain and require reliable pain assessment to provide adequate analgesia, often with multiple drugs, including opioids, nonPutative mechanisms of myalgia and headache during viral infection. Many patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection will suffer from severe pain and require reliable pain assessment to provide adequate analgesia, often with multiple drugs, including opioids, non-steroidal inflammatory drugs or analgosedation [52] . Recently, concerns about the possible higher frequency of adverse effects and exacerbation of symptoms of viral respiratory tract infections, such as COVID-19, in patients treated with NSAIDs have been raised [67] . There are reports of a significantly higher use of opioids because of sedation requirements during respiratory failure caused by SARS-CoV-2, which highlights the importance of undertaking a study aiming to determine efficacious and safe procedures of pain management in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.3390/brainsci10070465 id = cord-300897-lih5f6cj author = Du, Bin title = Clinical review: Critical care medicine in mainland China date = 2010-02-25 keywords = Care; China; ICU summary = Two years later, it became the fi rst Department of Critical Care Medicine in mainland China, with a seven-bed general ICU in the Peking Union Medical College Hospital, chaired by Dr Dechang Chen, the well-recognized founding father of critical care medicine in mainland China. Th ere is no census on critical care resources in China, including the number of ICUs, intensivists, ICU nurses, and relevant facilities (for example, bedside monitors, artifi cial ventilators), because no national survey has ever been performed. Considering the above limitations and potential improve ment, we do believe that Chinese intensivists may benefi t from academic exchange with the international medical community with regard to the following: development of a series of training programs fulfi lling international standards; development of a national board exam for critical care medicine; and conduction of multicenter trials compatible with good clinical practice. doi = 10.1186/cc8222 id = cord-257504-tqzvdssb author = Dubost, Clément title = Preparation of an intensive care unit in France for the reception of a confirmed case of Ebola virus infection() date = 2015-11-24 keywords = EVD; Ebola; ICU; patient summary = title: Preparation of an intensive care unit in France for the reception of a confirmed case of Ebola virus infection() The current Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa is a major challenge for the worldwide medical community. The current Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa is a major challenge for the worldwide medical community. The preparation of a modern Intensive Care Unit (ICU) to treat an EVD patient in good conditions requires time and specific equipment. The preparation of a modern Intensive Care Unit (ICU) to treat an EVD patient in good conditions requires time and specific equipment. Thus, the preparation of intensive care units in affluent countries is necessary in order to be able to receive a confirmed case of EVD with two main goals: (i) to treat the patient and (ii) to protect the healthcare providers. doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2015.10.002 id = cord-264614-2x7cdul3 author = Díaz-Guio, Diego Andrés title = COVID-19: Biosafety in the Intensive Care Unit date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; PPE; SARS summary = PURPOSE OF REVIEW: COVID-19 is a new, highly transmissible disease to which healthcare workers (HCWs) are exposed, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU). This article aims to show the different strategies to prevent the widespread of the disease to critical care healthcare workers based on the review of the recent literature and the author''s experience with the personal protective equipment (PPE) in the care of patients with COVID-19 and work on human factors in crisis management. Nonetheless, to date, there is no robust evidence that medical masks are inferior to N95/FFP2 respirators for protecting healthcare workers against laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 during patients care and non-AGPs [31] . While personal protective equipment is an essential part of safety to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission, it must be employed appropriately, together with frequent hand hygiene, and mastering specific techniques and non-technical skills like awareness, closed-loop communication, leadership, team working, appropriate resource management, and cognitive aids [14, 34] . doi = 10.1007/s40475-020-00208-z id = cord-311872-09jzyyin author = Effenberger, Maria title = Systemic inflammation as fuel for acute liver injury in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; IL-6 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.dld.2020.08.004 id = cord-262729-qcijsyo6 author = Eichberg, Daniel G title = Letter: Academic Neurosurgery Department Response to COVID-19 Pandemic: The University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital Model date = 2020-04-11 keywords = ICU; patient summary = Therefore, we have empowered a small neurosurgery COVID team consisting of senior neurosurgeons with multidisciplinary backgrounds who review a brief history and select imaging studies and make decisions for urgent surgical cases. We continue to schedule clinic visits to evaluate potentially urgent surgical patients, which are determined during a clinic prescreen. Since implementation, we have decreased the number of clinic visits by 80%; however, we continue to see and evaluate the same number of patients prior to this protocol. Only the minimal number of residents and/or fellows required for patient care are allowed to come to the hospital. To minimize faculty exposure, we have re-organized the call schedules so that one provider covers multiple hospitals and sub-specialties -with appropriate at home Postoperative neurosurgical patients are often medically fragile; thus exposure to COVID-19 may be extremely deleterious. During the COVID-19 pandemic, emergent and urgent neurosurgical procedures should continue to be performed, while deferring elective surgeries. doi = 10.1093/neuros/nyaa118 id = cord-276181-5gh0i394 author = Eimer, J. title = Tocilizumab shortens time on mechanical ventilation and length of hospital stay in patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = Conclusions: Treatment of critically ill patients with ARDS due to COVID-19 with tocilizumab was not associated with reduced 30-day all-cause mortality, but shorter duration on ventilatory support as well as shorter overall length of stay in hospital and in ICU. Several small studies from China and Europe have reported promising results of the treatment with tocilizumab in patients with COVID-19, preventing the need for admission to an intensive care unit and improving clinical outcomes (4, 5) . In this retrospective cohort study, the administration of tocilizumab did not reduce all cause mortality but was associated with a shorter time on mechanical ventilation and a shorter length of stay in hospital and in ICU in critically ill patients with ARDS due to COVID-19. In summary, our findings indicate that treatment with tocilizumab of critically ill patients with severe ARDS due to COVID-19 may reduce time on mechanical ventilation and overall length of stay in ICU and in hospital. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.29.20164160 id = cord-306315-vt2e0crh author = Elabbadi, Alexandre title = Respiratory virus-associated infections in HIV-infected adults admitted to the intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure: a 6-year bicenter retrospective study (HIV-VIR study) date = 2020-09-14 keywords = CD4; HIV; ICU; respiratory summary = CONCLUSIONS: Viruses are frequently identified in the respiratory tract of HIV-infected patients with acute respiratory failure that requires ICU admission, but with a non-viral copathogen in two-thirds of cases. Indeed, using nucleic acid amplification test such as multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR), these pathogens have been shown highly prevalent (20-56%) in large cohorts of adult patients admitted to the ICU for all-cause ARF [7, 8] , community-acquired pneumonia [9, 10] , hospitalacquired pneumonia [11] , acute exacerbation of COPD [12, 13] , and asthma [14] , compared to asymptomatic adults [15, 16] . We investigated whether a respiratory virus-associated infection Table 2 Causative diagnosis of acute respiratory failure in 123 HIV-infected patients admitted to the ICU Data are presented as number (%). Viruses are frequently identified in the respiratory tract of HIV-infected patients with ARF that required ICU admission, but with a non-viral copathogen in two-thirds of cases. doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00738-9 id = cord-005795-sgi54hq8 author = Ely, E. title = The impact of delirium in the intensive care unit on hospital length of stay date = 2001-11-08 keywords = ICU; care; delirium; patient summary = Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are at very high risk for the development of delirium due to factors such as multi-system illnesses and comorbidities, the use of psychoactive medications, and age. While recent studies have selected delirium and pharmacologic issues (which are inter-related) as two of the top three most important target areas for quality of care improvement in vulnerable older adults [13] , nearly all delirium investigations have excluded medical ICU patients who are often receiving prolonged sedation on mechanical ventilators [1, 2, 14, 15, 16, 17] . Two study nurses enrolled patients each morning and recorded baseline demographics, severity of illness data using the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score [21] , activities of daily living [22] , and risk factors for delirium derived from data in the literature [2, 3, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27] . doi = 10.1007/s00134-001-1132-2 id = cord-029770-72ncfyc5 author = Farasat, Sadaf title = Sleep and Delirium in Older Adults date = 2020-07-27 keywords = EEG; ICU; delirium; patient; sleep summary = PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Poor sleep and delirium are common in older patients but recognition and management are challenging, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. In the hospital setting, poor sleep and delirium are associated with adverse outcomes; non-pharmacological interventions are recommended, but tend to be resource intensive and hindered by a lack of reliable sleep measurement tools. Over the past two decades, delirium, in particular in older adults (≥ 65 years old) hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs), has gained substantial attention as a common and major health problem. For example, poor hospital sleep quality is believed to hinder participation in self-care and rehabilitation activities during post-illness recovery [58] , increasing older adults'' risk of falls, functional impairment, institutionalization, and early death. Data are also mixed regarding specific nonpharmacologic sleep promoting interventions in non-ICU hospitalized patients, as noted in a recent systematic review of 13 studies. doi = 10.1007/s40675-020-00174-y id = cord-301011-xbuqd0j5 author = Felten-Barentsz, Karin M title = Recommendations for Hospital-Based Physical Therapists Managing Patients With COVID-19 date = 2020-06-18 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient; respiratory summary = In line with international initiatives, this article aims to provide guidance and detailed recommendations for hospital-based physical therapists managing patients hospitalized with COVID-19 through a national approach in the Netherlands. A working group conducted a purposive scan of the literature and drafted initial recommendations based on the knowledge of symptoms in patients with COVID-19, and current practice for physical therapist management for patients hospitalized with lung disease and patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). 12 In line with this international study 12 and the consensus statement of Italian respiratory therapists 13 we aim to provide guidance and detailed recommendations for hospital-based physical therapists managing patients hospitalized with COVID-19 through a national approach in the Netherlands. Physical therapist management for patients hospitalized with COVID-19 comprises elements of respiratory support and active mobilization. Physical therapist management for patients hospitalized with COVID-19 comprises elements of respiratory support and active mobilization. doi = 10.1093/ptj/pzaa114 id = cord-263703-5csf9z6s author = Fernandez Villalobos, N. V. title = Quantification of the association between predisposing health conditions, demographic, and behavioural factors with hospitalisation, intensive care unit admission, and death from COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = Background Comprehensive evidence synthesis on the associations between comorbidities and behavioural factors with hospitalisation, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, and death due to COVID-19 is lacking leading to inconsistent national and international recommendations on who should be targeted for non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccination strategies. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on studies and publicly available data to quantify the association between predisposing health conditions, demographics, and behavioural factors with hospitalisation, ICU admission, and death from COVID-19. We extracted relevant variables in the smallest reported unit and according to the main stratification variable, either comorbidity or behavioural risk factor, author and link, country, data source, age-range, study time-frame, baseline population group, outcome (mortality, severity, or other), number of individuals in the risk group, total sample, number of individuals among risk group with outcome, total number of individuals people with the outcome, and effect measures of association reported as well as relative risks computed automatically. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.30.20165050 id = cord-305074-wz17u4e7 author = Fernandez, Javier title = Plasma Exchange: An Effective Rescue Therapy in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection date = 2020-08-24 keywords = ICU; exchange; plasma summary = CONCLUSIONS: Plasma exchange mitigates cytokine storm, reverses organ failure, and could improve survival in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 infection. We report a case series of four critically ill patients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 www.ccmjournal.org XXX 2020 • Volume XX • Number XXX (SARS-CoV-2) successfully treated with plasma exchange. Upon suspicion of hyperinflammatory state due to cytokine storm and macrophage activation like syndrome, therapeutic plasma exchange was started on day 10. The patient condition improved in the following days: fever resolved 3 days following the fourth session of plasma exchange (day 19), renal, cardiac, and respiratory function normalized, and laboratory findings showed sustained improvement ( Fig. 1 Table 2 , Supplemental Digital Content 3, http://links.lww.com/CCM/F805). Fever resolved, cardiac and renal function normalized in few days, and regular laboratory tests ( Fig. 1 Table 2 , Supplemental Digital Content 3, http://links.lww.com/CCM/F805) and plasma cytokines also improved (Fig. 2) . doi = 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004613 id = cord-004147-9bcq3jnm author = Fernando, Shannon M. title = New-onset atrial fibrillation and associated outcomes and resource use among critically ill adults—a multicenter retrospective cohort study date = 2020-01-13 keywords = ICU; NOAF; patient summary = title: New-onset atrial fibrillation and associated outcomes and resource use among critically ill adults—a multicenter retrospective cohort study CONCLUSIONS: While NOAF was not associated with death or requiring discharge to long-term care among critically ill patients, it was associated with increased length of stay in ICU and increased total costs. We primarily sought to evaluate the association between NOAF and outcomes, resource utilization, and costs among critically ill adult patients. However, NOAF was associated with higher hospital mortality among ICU patients with suspected infection (aOR 1.21 [95% CI 1.08-1.37]), sepsis (aOR 1.24 [95% CI 1.10-1.39]), and septic shock (aOR 1.28 [95% CI 1.14-1.44]). Among patients with NOAF, factors associated with increased risk of hospital mortality included increasing age, increased MODS score, history of CHF (as identified in the Data Warehouse), and sustained AF (Additional file 5: Table S5 ). doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-2730-0 id = cord-019043-cqmqwl3i author = Fidalgo, Pedro title = Chronic Kidney Disease in the Intensive Care Unit date = 2014-03-08 keywords = AKI; CKD; ESRD; ICU; RRT; patient summary = The incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease are increasing, and these patients have a higher risk of developing critical illness and being admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) compared to the general population. Factors that have been shown to be associated with ICU mortality in ESRD patients are older age, higher illness severity score (i.e., APACHE II or SAPS II), burden of nonrenal organ dysfunction/failure, medical or nonsurgical admission type, and provision and duration of life-sustaining technologies (i.e., mechanical ventilation, vasopressor therapy). Synthetic colloids, such as hydroxyethyl starch (HES), have appeal for resuscitation fluids based on the premise that they attenuate the inflammatory response, mitigate endothelial barrier dysfunction, improve microcirculatory flow, and contribute to more rapid hemodynamic stabilization; however, accumulated data have now suggested use of these fluids in critical illness is associated with dosedependent risk for severe AKI requiring RRT, bleeding complications, and death (Box 32.2). doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-54637-2_32 id = cord-004268-raayrjmd author = Flattres, Aurelien title = Real-time shear wave ultrasound elastography: a new tool for the evaluation of diaphragm and limb muscle stiffness in critically ill patients date = 2020-02-03 keywords = ICU; SWE; muscle; shear summary = title: Real-time shear wave ultrasound elastography: a new tool for the evaluation of diaphragm and limb muscle stiffness in critically ill patients METHODS: Two operators tested in healthy controls and in critically ill patients the intraand inter-operator reliability of the SWE using transversal and longitudinal views of the diaphragm and limb muscles. We therefore designed the present study with the aim of determining the reliability and reproducibility of SWE measurements for limb muscles and the diaphragm in both healthy subjects and in critically ill patients. This study shows that intra-and inter-operator reliability of shear modulus evaluation, a parameter of muscle quality in limb muscles and the diaphragm in both healthy controls and in critically ill patients, is excellent. No study has ever been performed to evaluate shear modulus measurement feasibility and reliability in the critically ill population at high risk of muscle edema. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-2745-6 id = cord-351735-x1lng449 author = Flikweert, Antine W. title = Late histopathologic characteristics of critically ill COVID-19 patients: Different phenotypes without evidence of invasive aspergillosis, a case series date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.07.002 id = cord-256746-ggnd8y06 author = Flythe, Jennifer E. title = Characteristics and Outcomes of Individuals With Pre-existing Kidney Disease and COVID-19 Admitted to Intensive Care Units in the United States date = 2020-09-19 keywords = CKD; ICU; covid-19 summary = PREDICTOR(S): Presence (versus absence) of pre-existing kidney disease OUTCOME(S): In-hospital mortality (primary); respiratory failure, shock, ventricular arrhythmia/ cardiac arrest, thromboembolic event, major bleed, and acute liver injury (secondary) ANALYTICAL APPROACH: We used standardized differences to compare patient characteristics (values >0.10 indicate a meaningful difference between groups) and multivariable adjusted Fine and Gray survival models to examine outcome associations. In this study of over 4,200 critically ill adult patients admitted to 68 U.S. ICUs with COVID-19, we found that having pre-existing kidney disease was associated with higher inhospital mortality rates, with the strength of this association varying by degree of baseline kidney dysfunction. Association between pre-existing kidney disease and 14-day in-hospital outcomes among critically ill COVID-19 patients J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Supplemental Table S8 . doi = 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.09.003 id = cord-016498-j72vrvqf author = Fong, I. W. title = Issues in Community-Acquired Pneumonia date = 2020-03-07 keywords = ICU; acquire; cap; patient; pneumonia summary = In a recent study of 70 children <5 years of age hospitalized for CAP without an identifiable etiology and 90 asymptomatic controls, metagenomics [next-generation sequencing] and pan-viral PCR were able to identify a putative pathogen in 34% of unidentifiable cases from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs [18] . More recently in Britain, 325 adult patients with confirmed pneumonia admitted to two tertiary-care hospitals had cultures and comprehensive molecular testing [multiplex real-time PCR for 26 respiratory viruses and bacteria] from sputum [96%] and endotracheal aspirate [4% or 13 cases] [32] . Incidence of respiratory viral infections detected by PCR and real-time PCR in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis Severe thinness is associated with mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective observational study Effect of corticosteroids on treatment failure among hospitalized patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and high inflammatory response: a randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-36966-8_3 id = cord-285381-6e9umbpi author = Fort, Daniel title = Locally Informed Modeling to Predict Hospital and Intensive Care Unit Capacity During the COVID-19 Epidemic date = 2020 keywords = ICU; March summary = Methods: We developed a susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model that was adopted from the University of Pennsylvania COVID-19 Hospital Impact Model for Epidemics and employed at 8 hospitals within Ochsner Health, the largest integrated delivery system in Louisiana, between March 16 and April 15, 2020. During the uncertainty of the early phase of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, hospitals and health system leaders faced the urgent task of translating the unknown into forecasting models of acute care, critical care, and ventilator capacity. This report describes the development of a simplified COVID-19 forecasting tool that was derived from the CHIME concepts, demonstrates the validity of our early modeling using real-world hospital census data, and shows how the tool was used to make operational decisions for a large health system in one of the COVID-19 epicenters. Figure 2 displays the follow-up forecast and subsequent observed ICU/ventilator census and expanded bed capacity after real-time hospital data were acquired. doi = 10.31486/toj.20.0073 id = cord-295712-35i0mhz4 author = Fox, Gregory J title = Modelling the impact of COVID‐19 on intensive care services in New South Wales date = 2020-05-08 keywords = ICU summary = A modelling group at Imperial College London, a WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, has modelled the effect of different mitigation policies upon peak healthcare demand. We applied the outcomes of the Imperial College model to the population of NSW, accounting for local demographic distribution. The trajectory of the epidemic, and the magnitude of peak ICU demand will be highly dependent upon the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. Further modelling is needed to inform resource planning for the COVID-19 epidemic in Australia, including for critical care services. 8,9 Figure 1 Table 2 shows the estimated cumulative hospitalisations, ICU admissions and deaths in one Local Health District (Sydney LHD) under an optimal mitigation scenario comprising case isolation, household quarantine and social distancing of over 70 year-olds. The timing and magnitude of the peak demand will be strongly dependent upon the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. doi = 10.5694/mja2.50606 id = cord-344641-rog2h4g7 author = Franco, Cosimo title = Feasibility and clinical impact of out-of-ICU non-invasive respiratory support in patients with COVID-19 related pneumonia date = 2020-08-03 keywords = ICU; NIV; NRS summary = doi = 10.1183/13993003.02130-2020 id = cord-325700-f102uk2m author = Fraser, Douglas D. title = Metabolomics Profiling of Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: Identification of Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers date = 2020-10-21 keywords = ICU; coronavirus; covid19; disease; patient summary = doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000272 id = cord-027811-vk3qnumx author = Freedberg, Daniel E. title = Impact of Fiber-Based Enteral Nutrition on the Gut Microbiome of ICU Patients Receiving Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics: A Randomized Pilot Trial date = 2020-06-11 keywords = ICU; SCFA; day summary = title: Impact of Fiber-Based Enteral Nutrition on the Gut Microbiome of ICU Patients Receiving Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics: A Randomized Pilot Trial CONCLUSIONS: Enteral fiber was associated with nonsignificant trends toward increased relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid–producing bacteria and increased short-chain fatty acid levels among ICU patients receiving broad-spectrum IV antibiotics. This pilot study was designed to test the hypothesis that fiber-based enteral nutrition increases the levels of SCFA-producing bacteria and SCFA levels in ICU patients receiving broad-spectrum IV antibiotics, with a goal of generating effect size estimates that could be used as the basis for future studies involving fiber. A study testing 7 days of 7 g/d inulin versus maltodextrin supplementation in 22 ICU adults initiating enteral nutrition found no difference in fecal abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii or Bifidobacteria, or in fecal SCFA levels (24) . doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000135 id = cord-351943-ouukwv73 author = Frobert, Emilie title = Respiratory viruses in children admitted to hospital intensive care units: Evaluating the CLART® Pneumovir DNA array, , date = 2010-11-24 keywords = ICU; RSV summary = The CLART® Pneumovir DNA array was useful for examining severe viral respiratory infections, when other viruses than those detected by conventional methods could be involved, particularly in an ICU. The CLART 1 Pneumovir DNA array was useful for examining severe viral respiratory infections, when other viruses than those detected by conventional methods could be involved, particularly in an ICU. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequently reported virus in infants admitted to hospital, but many other viral agents can be associated with acute respiratory infections [Mentel et al., 2005; Freymuth et al., 2006] . The CLART 1 Pneumovir DNA array assay (Genomica, Coslada, Madrid, Spain) detects and characterizes the most frequent human viruses causing respiratory symptoms in a total of 8 hr after nucleic acid extraction. But there was no difference in distress severity between single and multiple infections when HBoV was detected (P ¼ 0.5), probably because of the low number of cases (n ¼ 8). doi = 10.1002/jmv.21932 id = cord-282958-9bi6pobg author = Ganem, Fabiana title = The impact of early social distancing at COVID-19 Outbreak in the largest Metropolitan Area of Brazil. date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = To tackle the spread of disease, a range of interventions have been implemented in China, including increasing test capacity, rapid isolation of suspected and confirmed cases and their contacts, social distancing measures, as well as restricting mobility (6) . The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Brazil was on February 26th in the city of São Paulo and, since March 17th, the state of São Paulo has recommended a series of social distancing measures. Considering the significant expected burden of the COVID-19 pandemic, nonpharmacological interventions are necessary to flatten the epidemic curve and prepare the public response to the shortage of ICU beds and healthcare workers needed to treat critically ill patients (4). We evaluated the impact of early social distancing measures in the transmission of COVID-19 in the SPMA, and projected the number of ICU beds necessary for COVID-19 patients in Brazil. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.06.20055103 id = cord-276782-3fpmatkb author = Garbey, M. title = A Model of Workflow in the Hospital During a Pandemic to Assist Management date = 2020-05-02 keywords = ICU; model; patient summary = The objective is to assist management in anticipating the load of each care unit, such as the ICU, or ordering supplies, such as personal protective equipment, but also to retrieve key parameters that measure the performance of the health system facing a new crisis. In some hospitals, the floor might be shared by patients who are 92 recovering from COVID-19 and palliative care patients.Despite this, we will separate 93 these functional units in our model to clarify the workflow process according to what 94 each patient stage requires in terms of resources and time to deliver adequate care. Number of Staff required at each care unit per beds in reference to the Workflow of Figure 1 Let us describe the data set we are using to construct our model. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.28.20083154 id = cord-309294-ax6sr3zr author = Garrigues, Eve title = Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19 date = 2020-08-25 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.029 id = cord-252286-377y9aqx author = Gauss, Tobias title = Preliminary pragmatic lessons from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from France date = 2020-05-13 keywords = ICU; SARS summary = Abstract The first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic required an unprecedented and historic increase in critical care capacity on a global scale in France. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic requires an unprecedented and historic increase in critical care capacity on a global scale. The ongoing fight against the pandemic and potential resurgence of the virus made it compelling for the authors to share specific concepts for the management of critical care surge capacity. One particularity of any exceptional situation (mass casualty, pandemic, etc.) is the activation of a structured crisis mode during which authority lies within the crisis committee, relying on a chain of command and clearly defined principles of control. ICU/HDU capacities management required conscious effort to preserve protected space for non-SARS-CoV-2 critical care and respond to the evolving situation. Training was essential to prepare healthcare professionals in the first days of the pandemic for PPE use, airway management, cleaning, cardiac arrest, etc. doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.05.005 id = cord-284526-a5kgo4ct author = Gavriilaki, Eleni title = Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19: Lessons Learned from Coronaviruses date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; SARS; endothelial; patient summary = Experience from previous coronaviruses has triggered hypotheses on the role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which are currently being tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Recent evidence suggests that signs and symptoms of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection resemble the clinical phenotype of endothelial dysfunction and share mutual pathophysiological mechanisms [1] . Experience from previous coronaviruses has triggered studies testing hypotheses on the role of the endothelial dysfunction in patients with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Α high rate of VTE (43%, mainly PE) overall was reported in another series of 150 ICU patients in which patients with COVID-19associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) had higher rates of thrombotic complications compared with non-COVID-19-ARDS [65] . Autoantibodies against human epithelial cells and endothelial cells after severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus infection doi = 10.1007/s11906-020-01078-6 id = cord-325021-rv5fsitx author = Giacobbe, Daniele Roberto title = Bloodstream infections in critically ill patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-14 keywords = BSI; COVID-19; ICU summary = BACKGROUND: Little is known about the incidence and risk of intensive care unit (ICU)‐acquired bloodstream infections (BSI) in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). While the demographics, clinical characteristics, and overall survival of patients with COVID-19 admitted to ICU have been already extensively characterized by large reports from several parts of the word, little is still known about non-viral infectious complications such as bacterial or fungal bloodstream infections (BSI), that may participate in adversely influencing the outcome of any ICU-admitted patient 6, 7 . In the present study, we aimed to retrospectively assess the incidence rate, cumulative risk, predictors, and survival of ICU-acquired BSI in patients with COVID-19 admitted to two ICUs in a large teaching hospital in Northern Italy, one of the most affected areas in Europe to date 8 . doi = 10.1111/eci.13319 id = cord-266935-bkan3mwy author = Giannakoulis, Vassilis G. title = Effect of Cancer on Clinical Outcomes of Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis of Patient Data date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = We aimed to quantify the effect (if any) of the presence as opposed to absence of cancer on important clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 by carrying out a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, medRxiv, COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19), and references of relevant articles up to April 27, 2020, to identify observational studies comparing patients with versus without cancer infected with COVID-19 and to report on mortality and/or need for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). 2 We therefore aimed to quantify the effect (if any) of the presence as opposed to absence of cancer on important clinical outcomes, such as mortality and need for admission in the intensive care unit (ICU), of patients with COVID-19 by carrying out a systematic review and meta-analysis. doi = 10.1200/go.20.00225 id = cord-000891-5r2in1gw author = Giannella, Maddalena title = Should lower respiratory tract secretions from intensive care patients be systematically screened for influenza virus during the influenza season? date = 2012-06-14 keywords = ICU; influenza; patient summary = Suspected and unsuspected cases were compared, and significant differences were found for age (53 versus 69 median years), severe respiratory failure (68.8% versus 20%), surgery (6.3% versus 60%), median days of ICU stay before diagnosis (1 versus 4), nosocomial infection (18.8% versus 66.7%), cough (93.8% versus 53.3%), localized infiltrate on chest radiograph (6.3% versus 40%), median days to antiviral treatment (2 versus 9), pneumonia (93.8% versus 53.3%), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (75% versus 26.7%). The variables recorded were age, sex, classification of the severity of underlying conditions according to the Charlson comorbidity index [6] , type of ICU, date and cause of ICU admission, APACHE II score [7] on admission to the ICU, date of onset of influenza symptoms, clinical manifestations and radiologic findings at diagnosis, date of TA sample collection, other samples tested for influenza and result, date of initiation of antiviral treatment, complications (septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)), outcome including mortality within 30 days after influenza diagnosis, and length of ICU and hospital stay. doi = 10.1186/cc11387 id = cord-350240-bmppif8g author = Girardi, Paolo title = Robust inference for nonlinear regression models from the Tsallis score: application to COVID‐19 contagion in Italy date = 2020-08-12 keywords = ICU; Tsallis; model summary = doi = 10.1002/sta4.309 id = cord-287628-lzqsh3jf author = Gomersall, Charles D. title = Transmission of SARS to healthcare workers. The experience of a Hong Kong ICU date = 2006-02-25 keywords = ICU; SARS summary = CONCLUSIONS: In an ICU in which infection control procedures are rigorously applied, the risk to staff of contracting SARS from patients is low, despite long staff exposure times and a sub-standard physical environment. Conclusions: In an ICU in which infection control procedures are rigorously applied, the risk to staff of contracting SARS from patients is low, despite long staff If our protective measures were effective when fully developed and rigorously applied, then the logical con-clusion is that intensive care units should have strategies in place to prevent infection of healthcare workers; all staff should be fully aware of the procedures and be fully trained in the use of protective equipment. In summary, our data indicate that, with infection control measures, the risk to ICU healthcare workers of acquiring SARS is low, despite prolonged exposure to patients with SARS. doi = 10.1007/s00134-006-0081-1 id = cord-256533-slbfft33 author = Gomez Rial, J. title = Increased serum levels of sCD14 and sCD163 indicate a preponderant role for monocytes in COVID-19 immunopathology date = 2020-06-04 keywords = June; icu summary = Fifty-nine SARS-Cov-2 positive hospitalized patients, classified according to ICU or non-ICU admission requirement, were prospectively recruited and analyzed by ELISA for levels of sCD14 and sCD163, along with other laboratory parameters, and compared to a healthy control group. Fifty-nine SARS-Cov-2 positive hospitalized patients, classified according to ICU or non-ICU admission requirement, were prospectively recruited and analyzed by ELISA for levels of sCD14 and sCD163, along with other laboratory parameters, and compared to a healthy control group. Emerging evidence from SARS-Cov-2 infected patients suggests a key role for monocyte-macrophage in the immunopathology of COVID-19 infection, with a predominant monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration observed in severely damaged lungs [1] , and morphological and inflammation-related changes in peripheral blood monocytes that correlate with the patients'' outcome [2] An overexuberant inflammatory immune response with production of a cytokine storm and T-cell immunosuppression are the main hallmarks of severity in these patients [3] . doi = 10.1101/2020.06.02.20120295 id = cord-310089-kfxtctn3 author = Gomez, Sofia title = Benchmarking Critical Care Well-Being: Before and After the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date = 2020-10-21 keywords = ICU; burnout; care summary = doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000233 id = cord-335927-sbou89vg author = González-Calle, David title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 Intermediate Care Units: Containing Escalation of ICUs date = 2020-08-25 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004602 id = cord-005606-c8c2rfzi author = Gordon, Sharon M. title = Clinical identification of cognitive impairment in ICU survivors: insights for intensivists date = 2004-10-02 keywords = ICU; cognitive; impairment; patient summary = -Personality changes -Increased apathy -Loss of social inhibitions, display of socially inappropriate behavior with staff -Increased irritability or suspiciousness toward family, visitors, or medical team -Outbursts of inappropriate or unprovoked anger -Memory complaints -Difficulty learning new facts and information about one''s medical condition -Persistent word finding problems -Inability to recall conversations with medical staff and recent events in the hospital such as visits by staff, family, or friends -Inability to remember having eaten or what was eaten at meal time -Executive dysfunction -Difficulty following nurses'', physicians'', or therapists'' directions -Problems with planning and decision making related to such things as discharge planning -Confusion when trying to perform multiple tasks -Functional deficits -Difficulty looking up telephone numbers or using the telephone or other equipment such as the television and hospital bed -Decline in self-care not attributable to physical problems or limitations -Inability to find one''s room -Inability to follow a conversation -Difficulty following through with tasks Caution should be exercised when drawing conclusions about cognitive functioning based on in-hospital assessments as performance may be adversely affected by factors such as fatigue and residual effects of sedative and narcotic medications. doi = 10.1007/s00134-004-2418-y id = cord-140624-lphr5prl author = Grundel, Sara title = How much testing and social distancing is required to control COVID-19? Some insight based on an age-differentiated compartmental model date = 2020-11-02 keywords = ICU; model; social summary = To this end, we develop a compartmental model that accounts for key aspects of the disease: 1) incubation time, 2) age-dependent symptom severity, and 3) testing and hospitalization delays; the model''s parameters are chosen based on medical evidence, and, for concreteness, adapted to the German situation. Then, optimal mass-testing and age-dependent social-distancing policies are determined by solving optimal control problems both in open loop and within a model predictive control framework. We address the above questions by proposing a novel compartmental model and using optimal control as well as MPC to compute open and closed-loop social distancing and testing strategies. The model contains three age groups, and it accounts for several of the key challenging characteristics of COVID-19, i.e. 1) the incubation time, 2) different levels of symptom severity depending on age, 3) delay of testing results (and the following self-isolation), and 4) delay of hospitalization. doi = nan id = cord-292273-xu9pb9ul author = Guillamet, C. V. title = TOWARD A COVID-19 SCORE-RISK ASSESSMENTS AND REGISTRY date = 2020-04-20 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; TACS summary = Main Outcomes TACS was created with 16 readily available predictive variables for risk assessment of hospital mortality 24 hours after ICU Admission and the need for prolonged assisted mechanical ventilation (PAMV) ( >>96 hours) at 24and 48-hours post ICU admission. SOFA scores for triage in a COVID-19 pandemic may then not discriminate who would benefit from intubation and only be useful late in a patient''s course, after they have received multiple days or weeks of mechanical ventilation. TACS achieved an Area Under the Curve (AUC) for predicting hospital mortality after 24 hours of ICU treatment of 0.80 in the development dataset; 0.81 in the internal validation dataset. We also performed an external validation of the TACS 24-hour mortality model on 1,1175 ICU patients to Washington University/BJH treated between 2016-19. We have developed an initial model of a respiratory oriented Toward a COVID 19 Score designed to be useful in possible triage decisions and to compare outcomes from various treatment approaches in the current pandemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.20066860 id = cord-271536-pscw933i author = Guo, Zhen-Dong title = Aerosol and Surface Distribution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Hospital Wards, Wuhan, China, 2020 date = 2020-07-17 keywords = ICU; SARS summary = To determine distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in hospital wards in Wuhan, China, we tested air and surface samples. To determine distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in hospital wards in Wuhan, China, we tested air and surface samples. Furthermore, we found that rates of positivity differed by air sampling site, which reflects the distribution of virus-laden aerosols in the wards ( Figure 2 , panel A). SARS-CoV-2 aerosol was detected at all 3 sampling sites; rates of positivity were 35.7% (5/14) near air outlets, 44.4% (8/18) in patients'' rooms, and 12.5% Figure 2 (1/8) in the doctors'' office area. First, SARS-CoV-2 was widely distributed in the air and on object surfaces in both the ICU and GW, implying a potentially high infection risk for medical staff and other close contacts. doi = 10.3201/eid2607.200885 id = cord-005496-cnwg4dnn author = Gutierrez, Guillermo title = Artificial Intelligence in the Intensive Care Unit date = 2020-03-24 keywords = ICU; machine; patient summary = Whereas humans develop generalized concepts on the basis of just a few examples, training a machine learning algorithm requires large quantities of data. Other studies have been published describing the use of machine learning models in generating patient-specific risk scores for pulmonary emboli [30] , risk stratification of ARDS [31] , prediction of acute kidney injury in severely burned patients [32] and in general ICU populations [33] , prediction of volume responsiveness after fluid administration [34] and identification of patients likely to develop complicated Clostridium difficile infection [35] . evaluated several types of machine learning algorithms, including random forest, naïve Bayes, and AdaBoost on data recorded from 62 mechanically ventilated patients with or at risk of ARDS. Machine learning algorithms have been used to analyze data stored in electronic medical records to predict ICU mortality and length of stay. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-2785-y id = cord-353890-dzauzjm7 author = Guzzi, Pietro Hiram title = Spatio-Temporal Resource Mapping for Intensive Care Units at Regional Level for COVID-19 Emergency in Italy date = 2020-05-12 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph17103344 id = cord-267237-wbwlfx7q author = Gómez-Rial, Jose title = Increased Serum Levels of sCD14 and sCD163 Indicate a Preponderant Role for Monocytes in COVID-19 Immunopathology date = 2020-09-23 keywords = icu; level summary = METHODS: Fifty-nine SARS-Cov-2 positive hospitalized patients, classified according to ICU or non-ICU admission requirement, were prospectively recruited and analyzed by ELISA for levels of sCD14 and sCD163, along with other laboratory parameters, and compared to a healthy control group. CONCLUSIONS: Monocyte-macrophage activation markers are increased and correlate with other inflammatory markers in SARS-Cov-2 infection, in association to hospital admission. In this paper, we analyze serum levels of soluble monocyte activation markers in COVID-19 patients and their correlation with severity and other inflammatory markers. We found significant correlations between sCD14 and sCD163 levels and several clinical laboratory parameters in infected patients (in these analysis, adjusted significance under Bonferrori correction is 0.01), but only in the non-ICU group, possibly reflecting an interference of the use of tocilizumab or corticoids in the ICU group. Our results thus suggest that monocyte-macrophage activation can act as driver cells of the cytokine storm and immunopathology associated to severe clinical course of COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.560381 id = cord-326532-2ehuuvnx author = Götzinger, Florian title = COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; Europe; ICU; SARS; child summary = doi = 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30177-2 id = cord-288580-onzzpkye author = HALAÇLI, Burçin title = Critically ill COVID-19 patient date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; high; patient summary = This pandemic is accepted as a viral pneumonia pandemic not a simple flu, therefore, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, follow-up, and management of the critically ill patients with COVID-19 is extremely important. HFNO therapy and NIMV support may be applied in selected hypoxemic respiratory failure cases with proper PPE because of high risk of aerosol generation. However, these patients should be followed closely in terms of clinical deterioration, if no positive response is obtained in the first few hours (refractory hypoxemia, tachypnoea, tidal volume (Vt) > 9 mL/kg meaning increased minute ventilation and work of breathing). In the light of the data obtained from COVID-19 pandemic and hospital follow-up of these critically ill patients, the needfulness of intensive care units with well-organized structure and trained HCW, has emerged once again. Expert consensus on preventing nosocomial transmission during respiratory care for critically ill patients infected by 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia doi = 10.3906/sag-2004-122 id = cord-291955-mlju5f9u author = Haas, Lenneke E. M. title = Should we deny ICU admission to the elderly? Ethical considerations in times of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-09 keywords = ICU summary = The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic leads to severe shortages of intensive care unit (ICU) facilities in many countries. In this article, we discuss the use of age as a criterion for ICU treatment in times of scarce ICU capacity by contrasting it with deciding under normal conditions. It is proxy for the medical condition of the patient, and advanced age is clearly a factor that should be weighed together with other risk factors for a poor outcome of ICU treatment. Elderly patients admitted to the ICU with COVID-19 are at increased risk of death [7, 8] . Although we need more robust data about short-and long-term outcomes of elderly patients admitted to the ICU because of COVID-19, the mortality rates reported up to now are 40 to 80% [7, 9] . It cannot be justified to withhold ICU admission for all patients above a certain age. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03050-x id = cord-004450-daxz9yhp author = Haeberle, Helene title = Therapeutic iloprost for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (the ThIlo trial): a prospective, randomized, multicenter phase II study date = 2020-03-04 keywords = ARDS; ICU; iloprost; patient summary = Several preclinical studies have revealed a beneficial effect of iloprost on the control of pulmonary inflammation, and in a small number of patients with ARDS, iloprost treatment resulted in improved oxygenation. For safety reasons, after treatment of 100 patients (day 28 after last dose investigational medicinal product [IMP] Patient 100) within the study, an interim analysis for an increased risk for pulmonary hemorrhage ≥ grade III according to Common Terminology (Toxicity) Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 5.0 in the treatment (iloprost) arm will be performed and the results discussed with the Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB). When possible, however, the patient or his legal representative is to be informed both in writing and verbally by the investigator before any study-specific procedure is Iloprost or NaCl 0.9% (control) X X X X X Clinical assessment including outcome X X X X X X X X X Laboratory testing X X X X X X X X Adverse/serious adverse event monitoring X X X X X X X Plasma biomarkers X X X X X X Barthel Index X X X X SOFA score X X X X X X X X Health-related questionnaire X VES X performed. doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-4163-0 id = cord-308677-dr9a3ug0 author = Hall, William J. title = Benefits of Intensive Care Unit Hospitalization for Patients Older than 90 Years date = 2020-06-27 keywords = ICU; old summary = doi = 10.1111/jgs.16626 id = cord-319642-ceur0n0b author = Hamdan Alshehri, Hanan title = Factors influencing the integration of a palliative approach in intensive care units: a systematic mixed-methods review date = 2020-07-22 keywords = ICU; care; palliative; study summary = doi = 10.1186/s12904-020-00616-y id = cord-288222-8fqfbys2 author = Hardy, Michaël title = Prothrombotic Disturbances of Hemostasis of Patients with Severe COVID-19: a Prospective Longitudinal Observational Study date = 2020-10-24 keywords = ICU; patient summary = The aim of this prospective study was therefore to describe the longitudinal changes in hemostasis parameters assessed daily in 21 COVID-19 patients during their intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Our main findings were that (i) daily standard measurements consistent with a prothrombotic state persisted over the first days and improved thereafter, but did not normalize in all patients; (ii) increased thrombin potential (hypercoagulability) and decreased fibrinolysis were frequent and (iii) a high inter-patient variability was observed. Patients initially were in a high inflammatory state (median CRP levels of 204 mg/dL during the first ten days after ICU admission); CRP levels progressively decreased over time thereafter. In light of these results and of the current knowledge on hemostasis disturbances of COVID-19 patients, we suggest that a close monitoring of a sensible set hemostatic parameters would be useful to assess individual thrombotic risk. doi = 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.10.025 id = cord-314465-5beuvt8u author = Hardy, Michaël title = Prothrombotic Hemostasis Disturbances in Patients with Severe COVID-19: Individual daily data date = 2020-11-10 keywords = ICU; STA summary = doi = 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106519 id = cord-338531-hsh9425f author = Harris, Gavin H. title = Design for Implementation of a System-Level ICU Pandemic Surge Staffing Plan date = 2020-06-15 keywords = Care; Critical; ICU summary = doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000136 id = cord-275445-d3i12m3l author = Hashmi, Madiha title = A national survey of critical care services in hospitals accredited for training in a lower-middle income country: Pakistan date = 2020-08-21 keywords = ICU; Pakistan; care summary = title: A national survey of critical care services in hospitals accredited for training in a lower-middle income country: Pakistan Conclusion: Pakistan, a lower middle-income country, has an established network of critical care facilities with access to basic equipment, but inequalities in its distribution. Since then, regional efforts to map critical care services in Asia have contributed valuable information regarding intensive care unit (ICU) bed availability in the region [9] . This paper details a national survey of critical care services in Pakistan including organisational structures, equipment, infrastructure and training capacity. This national survey from Pakistan reports very limited critical care bed availability but where available ICUs are well resourced with basic equipment for invasive ventilation and monitoring. As Pakistan seeks to improve diagnosis and management of critically ill patients with SARI, sepsis and following trauma, better access to POC services and invasive monitoring, along with specially trained staff to interpret and respond to this information, is essential. doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.08.017 id = cord-335351-8hdok02n author = Hashmi, Muhammad Daniyal title = Assessing the need for transfer to the intensive care unit for Coronavirus-19 disease: Epidemiology and risk factors date = 2020-10-27 keywords = ICU; covid-19; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106203 id = cord-006975-u5ecibta author = Haviland, Kelly title = Outcomes after long-term mechanical ventilation of cancer patients date = 2020-03-30 keywords = ICU; patient summary = The outcomes achieved by medical care of patients requiring mechanical ventilation have been incompletely characterized with regard to the likelihood of both weaning and survival, and even less so with regard to quality of life during the time these patients remain alive. To measure whether the creation of a dedicated weaning program altered the outcomes seen in this patient population, we performed a single-institution retrospective study of cancer patients requiring long-term mechanical ventilation who were cared for in a specialized intermediate care weaning unit. Design, setting, and eligibility criteria After a waiver of authorization (WA0023-13) was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, we performed a retrospective review of a single institution''s experience with all patients treated with prolonged mechanical ventilation with weaning as a goal of care after ICU discharge, subject to intensivist discretion, between 2008 and 2012 and between January and December 2018. doi = 10.1186/s12904-020-00544-x id = cord-272314-6suu8n75 author = Hetland, Breanna title = 2020 - The Year that Needed the Nurse: Considerations for Critical Care Nursing Research and Practice Emerging in the Midst of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-03 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = As experienced critical care nurse scientists conducting research studies in these dynamic settings, we provide our perspectives on the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the ICU and highlight implications for nursing practice and research. Specifically, this editorial addresses the: 1) need for agile, rapid innovation and implementation strategies; 2) importance of research policies that ensure continuation of scientific discovery and dissemination amidst crises; and, 3) necessity to develop creative strategies to promote a culture of patient and family engagement during critical situations. Not only does the current healthcare crisis highlight the need to embrace an agile implementation model that mirrors our ever-changing clinical environment, it also emphasizes the value of applying adaptive research designs. Doing so allows us to address research questions and integrate emerging evidence in real-time, applying clinically driven data that provides immediate feedback to the healthcare team and to the broader critical care community. doi = 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.04.021 id = cord-004540-2b1vjhgn author = Hick, John L. title = Chapter 2. Surge capacity and infrastructure considerations for mass critical care date = 2010-03-07 keywords = ICU; capacity; care; hospital summary = RESULTS: Key recommendations include: (1) hospitals should increase their ICU beds to the maximal extent by expanding ICU capacity and expanding ICUs into other areas; (2) hospitals should have appropriate beds and monitors for these expansion areas; hospitals should develop contingency plans at the facility and government (local, state, provincial, national) levels to provide additional ventilators; (3) hospitals should develop a phased staffing plan (nursing and physician) for ICUs that provides sufficient patient care supervision during contingency and crisis situations; (4) hospitals should provide expert input to the emergency management personnel at the hospital both during planning for surge capacity as well as during response; (5) hospitals should assure that adequate infrastructure support is present to support critical care activities; (6) hospitals should prioritize locations for expansion by expanding existing ICUs, using postanesthesia care units and emergency departments to capacity, then step-down units, large procedure suites, telemetry units and finally hospital wards. doi = 10.1007/s00134-010-1761-4 id = cord-346811-gorp9n1g author = Hippisley-Cox, Julia title = Risk of severe COVID-19 disease with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: cohort study including 8.3 million people date = 2020-07-31 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; ace summary = We report a large, population-based study where we examined the drug histories of approximately 20% of all patients tested positive for coronavirus in England to determine if there was an independent association between ACE inhibitor and ARB drug prescription and severe COVID-19 disease susceptibility and progression. We extracted data from the GP record for explanatory and potential confounding variables including variables with some evidence of being risk factors for COVID-19 disease or severe disease as measured by ICU admission and variables likely to influence prescribing of ACE inhibitors and ARB medications. In this very large population-based study, ACE inhibitor and ARB prescriptions were associated with a reduced risk of COVID-19 RT-PCR positive disease, having adjusted for a wide range of demographic factors, potential comorbidities and other medication. 11 In our study, prior prescription of ACE inhibitor and ARB drugs did not have a significant effect on the risk of patients developing COVID-19 disease severe enough to require ICU care. doi = 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317393 id = cord-339021-mhdaov1f author = Hong, Kyung Soo title = Clinical Features and Outcomes of 98 Patients Hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Daegu, South Korea: A Brief Descriptive Study date = 2020-05-01 keywords = ICU; patient summary = doi = 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.5.431 id = cord-294591-793ywpcd author = Hu, Xiaoyun title = Self-Reported Use of Personal Protective Equipment among Chinese Critical Care Clinicians during 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic date = 2012-09-05 keywords = H1N1; ICU; PPE summary = This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported behaviors, and barriers to compliance with the use of PPE among ICU healthcare workers (HCWs) during the pandemic influenza. As the second part of the above survey, we wish to evaluate the self-reported compliance to the use of PPE during the current influenza pandemic among critical care clinicians in Chinese ICUs, as well as independent predictors of the compliance. In this survey of Chinese critical care clinicians, only 55% of respondents reported high compliance (.80%) to recommended PPE use, consistent with other relevant studies [16, 19] . Despite the lack of data validating such concept with regards to 2009 H1N1 influenza in ICU, studies did suggest that implementation of protocoled care and/or educational program, by addressing knowledge, attitude, and behavioral barriers, might significantly reduce catheter-related bloodstream infection [31] , and improve mortality in patients with severe sepsis [32] . Only 55% of Chinese critical care clinicians reported high compliance to PPE use during pandemic influenza, putting HCWs and their patients at risk. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0044723 id = cord-313028-0nhgxoim author = Huang, Chaolin title = Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China date = 2020-01-24 keywords = ICU; MERS; SARS; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5 id = cord-278638-2dm54f6l author = Huang, Ian title = Lymphopenia in severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-05-24 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; Wuhan summary = Research articles in adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with information on lymphocyte count and several outcomes of interest, including mortality, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), intensive care unit (ICU) care, and severe COVID-19, were included in the analysis. We used standardized forms that included author, year, study design, age, gender, cardiac comorbidities, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking, lymphocyte count, lymphopenia, mortality, ARDS, ICU care, and severe COVID-19. Random-effects meta-regression analysis showed that the association between lower lymphocyte count in patients with composite poor outcome was affected by age (p = 0.034) (Fig. 3a) , but not by gender (p = 0.109), cardiac comorbidity (p = 0.953) (Fig. 3b) , hypertension (p = 0.065) (Fig. 3c) , diabetes mellitus (p = 0.931), COPD (p = 0.798), and smoking (p = 0.581). This meta-analysis showed that lower lymphocyte count was associated with increased mortality, ARDS, need for ICU care, and severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s40560-020-00453-4 id = cord-270837-xvauo76d author = Hui, David S. title = The 1-Year Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome on Pulmonary Function, Exercise Capacity, and Quality of Life in a Cohort of Survivors date = 2005-10-31 keywords = Dlco; ICU; SARS summary = Our assessment included: lung volume (total lung capacity [TLC], vital capacity, residual volume, functional residual capacity), spirometry (FVC, FEV1), diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (Dlco), inspiratory and expiratory respiratory muscle strength, 6-min walk distance (6MWD), chest radiographs (CXRs), and HRQoL by Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form General Health Survey questionnaire. The lung function tests at 12 months showed significantly lower percentage of predicted FVC, VC, TLC, RV, and Dlco in survivors who required ICU support than those who were treated on medical wards, although no significant difference was noted for 6MWD and respiratory muscle strength between the two groups ( Table 5) . The 1-year lung function indexes (percentage of predicted FVC, VC, TLC, RV, and Dlco) in survivors who required ICU support were remarkably lower than those of patients who were treated on medical wards, although no significant differences were noted for 6MWD, respiratory muscle strength, and health status between the two groups. doi = 10.1378/chest.128.4.2247 id = cord-017227-66dx2dkv author = Humphreys, Hilary title = Immunocompromised Patients date = 2012-08-21 keywords = HIV; ICU; PCP; patient summary = doi = 10.1007/978-1-4471-4318-5_10 id = cord-018005-53cl75gk author = Humphreys, Hilary title = Lower Respiratory Tract Infections date = 2012-08-21 keywords = COPD; ICU; cap; patient summary = doi = 10.1007/978-1-4471-4318-5_6 id = cord-325664-9ool5z9s author = Immovilli, Paolo title = COVID-19 mortality and ICU admission: the Italian experience date = 2020-05-15 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-02957-9 id = cord-343973-n5ogyxz7 author = Ip, Andrew title = Hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab therapy in COVID-19 patients—An observational study date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; EHR; ICU; patient summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0237693 id = cord-293093-cq43592t author = Ismaeil, Taha title = Survival of mechanically ventilated patients admitted to intensive care units: Results from a tertiary care center between 2016-2018 date = 2019-08-17 keywords = ICU; mechanical summary = OBJECTIVES: To estimate the survival of adult and pediatric patients receiving mechanical ventilation and determine the associated risk factors METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was carried out in the intensive care unit (ICU) at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) and King Abdullah Children''s Specialist Hospital (KACSH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. [1] [2] [3] Thus, many observational studies have examined the use of mechanical ventilation and its associated outcomes, some of which have focused on estimating the mortality rate and identifying the factors related to the survival of patients who received mechanical ventilation. 8, 10 In Saudi Arabia, many studies have examined the mortality outcome of patients admitted to ICUs; however, some of those studies have evaluated the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation for specific indications, such as with severe respiratory conditions, 11, 12 or have focused on a specific population such as that with a hematological malignancy. doi = 10.15537/smj.2019.8.24447 id = cord-264889-1vsvcza2 author = Jackson, Craig T. title = The Ties That Bind: A Coronavirus Disease Journey date = 2020-10-16 keywords = ICU; patient summary = We certainly could not know that we would face that challenge in complementary roles-as patient and as critical care physician. Like so many other friends from distant pasts, we reconnected on social media, sharing advice and personal experiences during the current pandemic. " Although the critical care community is changing practice to improve outcomes (1-3), our shared experience of COVID delirium-one as patient and the other as physicianfriend-offered a powerful lesson for both of us. Each patient''s ties to the outside serve as reminders of the importance of team-the care team and the patient''s own team of partner, friends, and family-during the critical care journey. Thus, a partner can become a "project manager" to help share in the patient experience. As friends on a COVID journey, we shared our appreciation of ICU care as a team sport. COVID-19: ICU delirium management during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic COVID-19: What do we need to know about ICU delirium during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000250 id = cord-349558-vof63qat author = Jain, Vageesh title = Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictive symptoms and comorbidities for severe COVID-19 infection date = 2020-03-16 keywords = ICU; covid-19; severe summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.03.15.20035360 id = cord-275457-buq2d4k2 author = Jannes, G. title = Beta regression with spatio-temporal effects as a tool for hospital impact analysis of initial phase epidemics: the case of COVID-19 in Spain date = 2020-06-29 keywords = Hosp; ICU; beta; case summary = First, a Beta distribution will describe the probability function for all possible values of the ratios of interest; second, a logistic distribution will be used to estimate the time evolution of raw data of diagnosed, hospitalized, ICU patients, and recovered patients; third and foremost, a Beta regression will be used to develop a prediction method for the ratios described earlier based on their lagged values and on the proportion of recovered patients. These auxiliary results are used as input for the third and main step, namely the Beta regression in which the ratios and their evolution is predicted, and which also includes an analysis of the temporal patterns and spatial effects in the variance of the modelization. The Beta regression model developed here depends on the 1-day lagged value of the Hosp/Cases and ICU/Hosp ratios, as well as the patient recovery rate. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.27.20141614 id = cord-269914-75to9xr2 author = Jansson, Miia title = Artificial Intelligence for clinical decision support in Critical Care, required and accelerated by COVID-19 date = 2020-10-21 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = Diagnostic models have been proposed in a variety of clinical situations including early detection or stratification of sepsis [5] , bacterial and viral infections (e.g., COVID-19) [5] , and delirium in the ICU [5] , as well as pulmonary embolism in primary care [6] . Prognostic models have focused on predicting ICU-related mortality [7] , infections (e.g., positive blood culture, MRSA) [5] , responses to treatments [5] , antibiotic resistance [5] , asynchronies during assisted ventilation [8] , prolonged MV [9] , extubation failure [10] , and death in influenza [11] , COVID-19 [12, 13] , and community-acquired pneumonia [14] . Geolocated critical care demand prediction, optimal hospital resource planning, and intelligent patient flow management with decision support algorithms can also be achieved by integrating real time clinical data with population statistics and health interventions. doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.09.010 id = cord-025749-mip9mkef author = Jo, Sungyang title = Newly developed stroke in patients admitted to non-neurological intensive care units date = 2020-06-02 keywords = ICU; IOS; patient summary = OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate characteristics and outcomes of newly developed stroke in patients admitted to the non-neurological intensive care units (ICU-onset stroke, IOS). In multivariable analysis, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.03−1.06, P < 0.001), prothrombin time (AOR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98−0.99, P = 0.013), cardiovascular surgery (AOR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.34−2.50, P < 0.001), mechanical ventilation (AOR = 6.75, 95% CI = 4.87−9.45, P < 0.001), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (AOR = 2.77, 95% CI = 1.62−4.55, P < 0.001) were related to the development of IOS. (Table I The main reasons for delays in stroke recognition included the use of sedative agents following surgery (n = 51) or mechanical ventilation (n = 29), presumed metabolic encephalopathy (n = 18), and missed findings of neurological deficits during routine hourly evaluations (n = 4) (as described for 102 patients who had such a time interval beyond the median time of 8.9 h). doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-09955-5 id = cord-349516-00qqpkfd author = Jonmarker, S. title = DOSING OF THROMBOPROPHYLAXIS AND MORTALITY IN CRITICALLY ILL COVID-19 PATIENTS date = 2020-09-23 keywords = ICU; preprint summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.09.17.20195867 id = cord-343555-pre6bzne author = Kalligeros, Markos title = Association of Obesity with Disease Severity among Patients with COVID‐19 date = 2020-04-30 keywords = ICU; IMV summary = OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential association of obesity and other chronic diseases with severe outcomes, such as intensive care unit (ICU) admission and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), in patients hospitalized with COVID‐19. In this study we utilize data from the largest healthcare network in Rhode Island, USA, with the aim of exploring the potential association of the above-mentioned chronic diseases with severe outcomes such as ICU admission and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection. All rights reserved Our primary outcome was to assess if specific risk factors, namely age, race, gender, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, chronic heart disease, and chronic lung disease are associated with ICUadmission within the first 10 days of hospital admission with COVID-19. We also examined the association of ICU admission and the need for IMV with the following variables: age, race, gender, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and chronic lung disease. doi = 10.1002/oby.22859 id = cord-011159-k2kca8zl author = Kamel, Toufik title = Benefit-to-risk balance of bronchoalveolar lavage in the critically ill. A prospective, multicenter cohort study date = 2020-01-07 keywords = ICU; bal; event; patient summary = b Patient recruitment exceeded the 500 expected, because we anticipated a number of non-workable case report forms h More than one indication could be present for each BAL i Significantly higher than in the nasal high-flow oxygen therapy or non-invasive ventilation group (p < 0.001), and then in the invasive mechanical ventilation group (p = 0.001) j H0 indicates the time at which BAL has began k Experience in years in the specialty and in terms of number of BAL performed are detailed in Table S1 of the Online resource 1 l We defined the physician performing the BAL as an "experienced physician" when he/she was a pulmonologist or when he/she was an intensivist with the greatest experience (i.e., > 10 years in the specialty or > 50 BAL performed) 35-3.50 ]; p = 0.002) and the amount of BAL fluid (in ml) recovered handled as a linear predictor (OR 1.02 [1.01-1.03] per 1 ml increase; p < 0.01), were statistically significant predictors of a BAL fluid of good quality (Table S6 ). doi = 10.1007/s00134-019-05896-4 id = cord-014538-6a2pviol author = Kamilia, Chtara title = Proceedings of Réanimation 2017, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date = 2017-01-10 keywords = ARDS; Antoine; Ben; Care; ECMO; EEG; Fig; France; François; ICU; Intensive; January; Jean; Mohamed; NIV; Nicolas; Pierre; VAP; acute; associate; day; group; high; mortality; patient; study summary = doi = 10.1186/s13613-016-0224-7 id = cord-002847-w3r0oetd author = Kanafani, Zeina A. title = Multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter species: a seven-year experience from a tertiary care center in Lebanon date = 2018-01-22 keywords = ICU; MDR summary = At the American University of Beirut Medical Center, the incidence of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-Ab) infections in the ICU increased sharply in 2007 by around 120%, and these infections have continued to cause a serious problem to this day. baumannii (MDR-Ab) has become a significant cause of hospitalacquired infections (HAI) and hospital-acquired colonizations (HAC) resulting in high morbidity and mortality [3] in patients admitted to the intensive care units (ICU) over the past two decades [4] . Repeated cleaning and disinfection was performed for all surfaces or equipment identified to be contaminated with MDR-Ab. A nested retrospective case-control study from January 2007 till June 2008 was performed in the ICU and the Respiratory Care Unit (RCU) to analyze patient related risk factors leading to MDR-Ab transmissions. Controls were randomly selected from patients admitted to the ICU and the RCU during the same study period but who did not have a positive screening culture for MDR-Ab. Moreover, cases consisted of patients with one or more cultures growing MDR-Ab (either colonized or infected). doi = 10.1186/s13756-017-0297-6 id = cord-018182-lleti89n author = Kassutto, Stacey M. title = Care of the Surgical ICU Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension date = 2016-10-09 keywords = AECOPD; ICU; patient summary = Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are frequently encountered in the intensive care unit (ICU). Important differential diagnoses in patients with severe dyspnea and/or impending respiratory failure include congestive heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary embolism, cardiac arrhythmia, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, acute infectious processes such as bacterial or viral pneumonia, and exacerbations of other underlying pulmonary conditions such as interstitial lung disease. Given their complexity, the use of RHC and ongoing invasive hemodynamic monitoring is recommended for patients with evidence of RV failure requiring ICU admission, particularly in the setting of vasoactive agent titration [32] . Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Antibiotic therapy and treatment failure in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the setting of severe acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: more effective and less expensive doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-33341-0_13 id = cord-339015-qn8wbnlw author = Kayingo, Gerald title = Bacteria and Viruses: The Bogeymen in the Intensive Care Unit date = 2019-03-06 keywords = ICU; VAP; patient summary = Late-onset VAP (>7 days after mechanical ventilation) is usually caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter species, methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA), and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. For the management of VAP, advance practice providers (APPs) should direct initial antibiotic therapy against organisms that are known to frequently cause pneumonia in the ICU. APPs working in the ICU need to recognize viral community-acquired pneumonia early and manage it aggressively to prevent complications and improve outcomes. Nosocomial viral pneumonia in the ICU is frequently caused by Herpesviridae family of viruses, which include HSV and cytomegalovirus (CMV). 10, 11 The clinical manifestations of bacterial and viral infections are highly variable in the ICU patient, ranging from severe respiratory disease to sepsis (Box 5). doi = 10.1016/j.cpha.2018.11.003 id = cord-339478-v7by6dnp author = Kessler, Remi A. title = Changes in Neurosurgery Resident Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Institutional Experience from a Global Epicenter date = 2020-05-08 keywords = ICU summary = Here we present our detailed institutional experience -from an 1,141-bed, tertiary care academic center and six other affiliate hospitals of the Mount Sinai Health System in NYC-on how the re-organization efforts changed our neurosurgical graduate medical education program from the heart of the pandemic. The changes to neurosurgery resident education at Mount Sinai were borne out of a necessity for re-deployment of our physicians to assist in the fight against COVID-19, given the sheer abundance of positive patients in NYC. The Emory University Department of Neurosurgery reported similar changes for residents covering their neurosurgical service and each resident is to spend one week during the month of April caring for COVID-19 patients. The COVID-19 pandemic has required our department to change resident education to an exceptional degree, but we are continuing neurosurgical learning in innovative ways while heeding the call to care for NYC''s sickest patients. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.244 id = cord-323898-054gv684 author = Khan, Anas A. title = Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Short Title: COVID-19 Survival and Cost in Saudi Arabia) date = 2020-10-13 keywords = ICU; Saudi; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207458 id = cord-324869-f14n0hk6 author = Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Waqas title = Unusual Early Recovery of a Critical COVID-19 Patient After Administration of Intravenous Vitamin C date = 2020-07-25 keywords = ARDS; ICU summary = CONCLUSIONS: This report highlights the potential benefits of high-dose intravenous vitamin C in critically ill COVID-19 patients in terms of rapid recovery and shortened length of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay. We describe a case of COVID-19 with septic shock and ARDS who received high doses of intravenous vitamin C and was the first case to be able to be taken off of mechanical ventilation (MV) early and recover from the disease at our institute. In our case, the patient was treated with high-dose vitamin C as a continuous intravenous infusion and was the first COVID-19 patient to be able to be taken off mechanical ventilation early and recover from the disease at our institution. Our results show the importance of further investigation of intravenous vitamin C in the form of randomized controlled trials for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 to accurately assess its efficacy in critically ill COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation and ICU care. doi = 10.12659/ajcr.925521 id = cord-291742-donflx7w author = Khan, Raymond M. title = Implementing the comprehensive unit-based safety program model to improve the management of mechanically ventilated patients in Saudi Arabia date = 2018-09-05 keywords = ICU; VAP summary = We joined the Johns Hopkins Armstrong Institute Comprehensive Unit-Based Safety Program for Mechanically Ventilated Patients and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (CUSP 4 MVP-VAP) project in October 2015 with the objective of improving the care delivery process and reducing the mortality of our mechanically ventilated patients. The implementation of each care process bundle element, along with the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) score and the maximum level of mobility for that day were recorded on a standard data collection form and entered into the Johns Hopkins Armstrong Institute database, which generated a compliance rate for our hospital. In our study the implementation of the multifaceted CUSP 4-MVP VAP approach resulted in an increase in SAT (51.5%-76.9%, P = .0008) and SBT (54.2%-72.2%, P = .02) compliance; an increase in the number of mechanically ventilated patients without sedation (36.1%-50.9%, P = .06); and a decrease in IVACs (4.2-3.5 per 1,000 MV days), PVAP (2.1-1.7 per 1,000 MV days), ICU mortality rates (45.3%-19.1%, P = .045), and VAE mortality rates (33.3%-8.3%, P < .37). doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2018.06.022 id = cord-327032-4bet4e8l author = Khan, S. H. title = Delirium Incidence, Duration and Severity in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-01 keywords = CAM; COVID-19; ICU summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.05.31.20118679 id = cord-262022-kvezhyt5 author = Kim, L. title = Interim Analysis of Risk Factors for Severe Outcomes among a Cohort of Hospitalized Adults Identified through the U.S. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) date = 2020-05-22 keywords = ICU summary = Results: Ninety-two percent of patients had at least 1 underlying condition; 32% required intensive care unit (ICU) admission; 19% invasive mechanical ventilation; 15% vasopressors; and 17% died during hospitalization. Questions remain about the independent 92 association of sex, race/ethnicity and specific underlying conditions with severe outcomes among 93 persons hospitalized with COVID-19, after adjusting for age and other important potential confounders. Having ≥3 underlying medical conditions was significantly associated with higher risk of 250 ICU admission and death after adjusting for age group, sex, and race/ethnicity (Appendix Table 8 ). Older age, being male, 257 and the presence of certain underlying medical conditions were associated with a higher risk of ICU 258 admission and in-hospital mortality. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.18.20103390 doi: medRxiv preprint of patients hospitalized in New York City did not find race/ethnicity to be associated with ICU admission 269 or death (4). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.18.20103390 id = cord-006366-qpjvmwmp author = Kinikar, Aarti Avinash title = Predictors of Mortality in Hospitalized Children with Pandemic H1N1 Influenza 2009 in Pune, India date = 2011-10-20 keywords = ARDS; H1N1; ICU summary = METHODS: Data were abstracted from available hospital records of children less than 12 y of age, who were admitted to Sassoon General Hospital in Pune, India, with confirmed pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza infection from August 2009 through January 2010. A recent publication reported that factors independently associated with in-hospital mortality in adults and children were, requirement for invasive ventilation at intensive care unit (ICU) admission, older age and presence of any co-existing conditions [6] . The following data were collected: demographic characteristics like age, gender and location of residence; clinical characteristics on admission including duration of symptoms, co-morbid illnesses; clinical findings at presentation; and hospital course including use of antibiotics, corticosteroids and antiviral drugs, requirement of bubble continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)or mechanical ventilation, presence of co-infections, laboratory and radiologic findings. doi = 10.1007/s12098-011-0578-7 id = cord-290460-d5e6y2r8 author = Knighton, Andrew J. title = Multi-factorial barriers and facilitators to high adherence to lung-protective ventilation using a computerized protocol: a mixed methods study date = 2020-07-28 keywords = ARDS; CDS; ICU; LPV summary = We analyzed 47 key informant interviews of ICU physicians, respiratory therapists (RTs), and nurses in 3 of the ICUs using a qualitative content analysis paradigm to investigate site variation as defined by adherence level (low, medium, high) and to identify barriers and facilitators to LPV and LPV CDS tool use. We developed an interview guide using a deductive, multi-method approach: a scoping review [21] [22] [23] [24] to examine the barriers and facilitators to the use of LPV and the LPV CDS tool and interventions to improve adherence; a technical expert panel that included 4 critical care physicians, 2 hospitalists/health services researchers, 2 ICU nurse managers, 1 emergency department (ED) physician, 1 respiratory therapist (RT), and 1 implementation scientist, to identify already known or suspected barriers to implementation (simultaneous triangulation) [25] ; and categorization and summary of findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) [26, 27] by two experienced implementation scientists (AK, RS). doi = 10.1186/s43058-020-00057-x id = cord-004263-m1ujhhsc author = Koekkoek, W. A. C. title = The effect of cisatracurium infusion on the energy expenditure of critically ill patients: an observational cohort study date = 2020-02-03 keywords = ICU; patient summary = title: The effect of cisatracurium infusion on the energy expenditure of critically ill patients: an observational cohort study METHODS: We studied a cohort of adult critically ill patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation and treatment with continuous infusion of cisatracurium for at least 12 h. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that continuous infusion of cisatracurium in mechanically ventilated ICU patients is associated with a significant reduction in EE, although the magnitude of the effect is small. Our data suggest that continuous infusion of cisatracurium in mechanically ventilated ICU patients is associated with a significant reduction in EE as estimated by the VCO 2 method, although the magnitude of the effect is small. Validation of carbon dioxide production (VCO2) as a tool to calculate resting energy expenditure (REE) in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a retrospective observational study doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-2744-7 id = cord-286837-j2sqs20q author = Koetsier, Antonie title = Do Intensive Care Data on Respiratory Infections Reflect Influenza Epidemics? date = 2013-12-31 keywords = ICU; ILI; week summary = METHODS: We calculated the time lag and correlation between ILI incidence (from ILI sentinel surveillance, based on general practitioners (GP) consultations) and percentages of ICU admissions with a respiratory infection (from the Dutch National Intensive Care Registry) over the years 2003–2011. In the season 2009/2010 as well as in the season 2010/2011, ILI incidence as measured by GP sentinel practices, reached the epidemic threshold of 5.1 consultations per 10.000 enlisted patients at a time when already more than 100 patients had been hospitalized, with several ICU admissions and deaths from laboratory confirmed Influenza (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, unpublished surveillance data). In our study we built three additive Poisson GEE regression models with ICU data to predict the incidence of ILI patients, thereby detecting influenza epidemics and aimed at detecting opportunities for enhancing the current national surveillance method. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0083854 id = cord-031327-uhrkb1p6 author = Koeze, Jacqueline title = Bundled care in acute kidney injury in critically ill patients, a before-after educational intervention study date = 2020-09-03 keywords = AKI; ICU; STK summary = The educational STK bundle consisted of optimizing the fluid balance (based on urine output, serum lactate levels and/or central venous oxygen saturation), discontinuation of diuretics, maintaining a mean arterial pressure of at least 65 mmHg with the potential use of vasopressors and critical evaluation of the indication and dose of nephrotoxic drugs. Serious adverse events defined as ICU mortality, the need for RRT and/or the progression of AKI was observed in 451 patients (33%) in the STK group compared to 375 patients (29%) in the usual care group (RR 1.16, 95% confidence interval CI 1.03-1.3, p < 0.001) ( Table 3) . This study showed that implementation of an educational ''Save the Kidney bundle care in critically ill patients aiming at a reduction of AKI had no beneficial effect on patient outcome when evaluated by a composite of ICU mortality, the need for RRT and AKI progression. doi = 10.1186/s12882-020-02029-8 id = cord-234254-svjajpp4 author = Kohler, J. title = Robust and optimal predictive control of the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-05-07 keywords = ICU; MPC; covid-19; section summary = Our theoretical findings support various recent studies by showing that 1) adaptive feedback strategies are required to reliably contain the COVID-19 outbreak, 2) well-designed policies can significantly reduce the number of fatalities compared to simpler ones while keeping the amount of social distancing measures on the same level, and 3) imposing stronger social distancing measures early on is more effective and cheaper in the long run than opening up too soon and restoring stricter measures at a later time. Another example for an open-loop optimal policy applied to the COVID-19 pandemic is presented in [14] where the authors consider optimal control of the German outbreak using a slightly simpler model as the one chosen in the present paper (without distinguishing between detected and undetected individuals), which also includes an increased mortality rate if the ICU capacity is exceeded. doi = nan id = cord-325941-1sogg526 author = Komaru, Yohei title = Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-08-20 keywords = ICU; NGAL summary = Here, we report a retrospective analysis of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in ICU patients with COVID-19-associated respiratory failure. In this study involving 17 critically ill COVID-19 patients, we found that urinary NGAL level at ICU admission was elevated in patients who went on to develop AKI during their ICU stay. The direct infection of SARS-CoV-2 to renal tubular epithelial cells may enhance the clinical value of urinary NGAL as AKI marker among COVID-19 patients. Another finding in this study was the correlation between urinary NGAL level in the early phase of ICU stay and the length of mechanical ventilation. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) level in ICU patients with coronavirus disease 2019 associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) diagnosis and length of mechanical ventilation. In conclusion, the urinary NGAL level was significantly associated with AKI diagnosis of ICU patients. doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000181 id = cord-355410-oinbicza author = Kormann, Raphaël title = Coronavirus disease 2019: acute Fanconi syndrome precedes acute kidney injury date = 2020-06-08 keywords = AKI; Fanconi; ICU summary = We hypothesized that Fanconi syndrome may be a clinical feature of infection of proximal tubular epithelial kidney cells in patients hospitalized with a severe form of COVID-19, and that the most severe patients admitted to ICUs may develop a more frequent and/or a more severe Fanconi syndrome. After clinical and biological signs of proximal tubule injury were detected in three COVID-19 cases, all laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients cared for in the University Regional Hospital (CHRU) of Nancy from 20 to 29 March 2020 underwent a systematic screening of tubular function by four clinicians (A.J., M.K., P.V. and S.B.). Chi-square test for trend was used for the analysis of AKI, and to compare the number of abnormalities related to proximal tubule injury between the two groups (ICU patients group and other inpatients). doi = 10.1093/ckj/sfaa109 id = cord-265022-p5cab562 author = Kotfis, Katarzyna title = COVID-19: ICU delirium management during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic date = 2020-04-28 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; SARS; delirium; patient summary = Indeed, patients with COVID-19 are at accelerated risk for delirium due to at least seven factors including (1) direct central nervous system (CNS) invasion, (2) induction of CNS inflammatory mediators, (3) secondary effect of other organ system failure, (4) effect of sedative strategies, (5) prolonged mechanical ventilation time, (6) immobilization, and (7) other needed but unfortunate environmental factors including social isolation and quarantine without family. Given early insights into the pathobiology of the virus, as well as the emerging interventions utilized to treat the critically ill patients, delirium prevention and management will prove exceedingly challenging, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU). Many hospitalized patients with COVID-19 will develop delirium, and given early insights into the pathobiology of this virus indicating invasion into the brain stem, as well as the emerging interventions utilized to treat these critically ill patients, delirium prevention and management may prove exceedingly challenging, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU). doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-02882-x id = cord-003832-q1422ydi author = Koyama, Kansuke title = Biomarker profiles of coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome with idiopathic/immune-related disease or common direct risk factors date = 2019-08-19 keywords = ARDS; ICU; patient summary = title: Biomarker profiles of coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome with idiopathic/immune-related disease or common direct risk factors This study aimed to investigate the biomarker profiles of coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in two subtypes of ARDS: patients with direct common risk factors (dARDS) and those with idiopathic or immune-related diseases (iARDS), which are classified as "ARDS without common risk factors" based on the Berlin definition. Although no risk factors or causes are identified in this subgroup of ARDS, recent studies have shown that many patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia have clinical features that suggest an underlying immune process, indicating that the pathobiology of idiopathic and immunerelated diseases may partially overlap [9, 10] . The aim of this study was to examine the profiles of the plasma biomarkers that reflect coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in patients with idiopathic/immune-related ARDS (iARDS) and in those with common direct risk factors (dARDS). doi = 10.1186/s13054-019-2559-6 id = cord-314349-rhm1ii3d author = Kraft, Miquel title = Incidence, features, outcome and impact on health system of de-novo abdominal surgical diseases in patients admitted with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.surge.2020.08.006 id = cord-291434-oktu3ieq author = Krishna, Lalit Kumar Radha title = The role of palliative medicine in ICU bed allocation in COVID-19: a joint position statement of the Singapore Hospice Council and the Chapter of Palliative Medicine Physicians date = 2020-06-01 keywords = ICU summary = Facing the possibility of a surge of COVID-19-infected patients requiring ventilatory support in Intensive Care Units (ICU), the Singapore Hospice Council and the Chapter of Palliative Medicine Physicians forward its position on the guiding principles that ought to drive the allocation of ICU beds and its role in care of these patients and their families. Involvement of PM physicians in triaging patients for ventilated ICU beds (British Medical Association 2020) should be led by clear ethical and practical considerations. This will facilitate clear communication with the public regarding the practical and ethical issues surrounding allocation of scarce ICU resources and attenuate concerns about discrimination against minority groups, boost trust in the public healthcare system, facilitate transparent, accountable and evidence-based decision making, and build solidarity within the community. In addition the PM team must be involved in supporting healthcare professionals in the ICU and those caring for patients not been allocated ICU beds. For patients not allocated ICU beds, PM physicians and MSWs should be involved immediately to support the patient''s and their family''s needs. doi = 10.1007/s41649-020-00128-0 id = cord-297544-h5dsnex9 author = Kulkarni, Sagar title = The bone prone team date = 2020-06-26 keywords = ICU summary = This article tells the tale of the orthopaedic surgeons who rose to the challenge of helping to treat coronavirus patients on the intensive care unit. Authors: Sagar Kulkarni 1 I recall the first time we called the orthopaedic surgeons for assistance. Once, an orthopaedic surgeon attended the ICU after a challenging trauma case, asking, "I got bleeped two hours ago; is everything okay? With typical orthopaedic precision, proning would happen on a schedule -every day, the bone prone team, composed of several consultants, registrars and senior house officers, would attend the ICU at 8am and 5pm, ready to prone. One morning, the bone prone team attended the ICU, like a sports team descending from a tour bus. Once we (the ICU and orthopaedic teams) had all donned our PPE, we entered the unit together. Six weeks later, all patients who were proned on that day survived ICU. doi = 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.06.031 id = cord-315143-s0nfejq8 author = Kumar, Abhyuday title = COVID-19 pandemic and the need for objective criteria for ICU admissions date = 2020-06-01 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109945 id = cord-311159-qatiqnac author = Kupczyk, Maciej title = Life threatening pneumonia in a lupus patient: a case report date = 2008-07-31 keywords = ICU; SLE summary = doi = 10.1186/1757-1626-1-70 id = cord-010775-1f9g4t5y author = Labeau, S. O. title = Less daily oral hygiene is more in the ICU: not sure date = 2020-04-01 keywords = ICU summary = Accumulating evidence of the effectiveness of oral care with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) or postoperative pneumonia [1, 2] has led to adopting CHG oral care as the gold standard for intubated patients. Although the authors report no measures of reliability or validity of the instrument, their tool might be a first step towards better matching timing and frequency of oral care to the specific needs of individual ICU patients and to turn ''more'' into a ''less'' of at least equal quality. Optimal frequency for various aspects of daily oral hygiene (teeth brushing, moisturizing, mouthwash) Outcome: oral health as measured through specific, valid and reliable oral assessment tools for intubated and non-intubated ICU patients, respectively Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-06021-6 id = cord-325599-2gutb4m1 author = Lapidus, Nathanael title = Biased and unbiased estimation of the average length of stay in intensive care units in the Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-16 keywords = ICU; LOS; covid-19 summary = METHODS: Two estimation methods of ICU_ALOS were compared: the average LOS of already discharged patients at the date of estimation (DPE), and a standard parametric method used for analyzing time-to-event data which fits a given distribution to observed data and includes the censored stays of patients still treated in the ICU at the date of estimation (CPE). In this study, we present a detailed examination of the timeline of the whole cohort of consecutive COVID-19 patients admitted to a devoted ICU of the Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University (ZHWU) in which we investigated the evolution of the ALOS estimation according to the accumulation of the cases, using two methods of estimation. The study also recalls that appropriate methods of estimation require the inclusion of censored cases in the analysis, and we also demonstrate the important bias associated with calculations only based on the stays of already discharged patients. doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00749-6 id = cord-011483-zc6ve6le author = Leclerc, Angela M. title = Amantadine and Modafinil as Neurostimulants Following Acute Stroke: A Retrospective Study of Intensive Care Unit Patients date = 2020-05-20 keywords = ICU; neurostimulant; patient; stroke summary = Neurostimulant administration data were extracted from the electronic medication administration record, including medication (amantadine, modafinil, or both), starting dose, time from stroke to initiation, and whether the neurostimulant was continued at hospital discharge. Amantadine and modafinil are administered to patients following acute stroke in our intensive care unit (ICU) on an ad hoc basis, but data supporting this practice are largely limited to delayed treatment in rehabilitation or outpatient facilities with very few reports during the acute care hospitalization [17] [18] [19] . Two hundred five patients received amantadine and/ or modafinil during the 3.7 year study period and 118 patients were initially excluded: neurostimulant administered for an indication other than acute stroke (TBI [n = 50], cardiac arrest [n = 15], brain tumor [n = 6], encephalitis [n = 5], or encephalopathy [n = 4]); neurostimulant prescribed prior to hospital admission (n = 27) or administered for < 72 h (n = 8); or history of seizures (n = 3). doi = 10.1007/s12028-020-00986-4 id = cord-006760-mgrxo21j author = Lee, James C. title = Critical care management of the lung transplant recipient date = 2012-06-22 keywords = ECMO; ICU; lung; transplant summary = Given the severity of illness of such patients at the time of surgery, lung transplant recipients require particular attention in the immediate post-operative period to ensure optimal short-term and long-term outcomes. Causes and treatment of conditions affecting early morbidity and mortality in lung transplant recipients will be detailed, including primary graft dysfunction, cardiovascular and surgical complications, and immunologic and infectious issues. This review aims to summarize the most important aspects of the critical care management of the lung transplant recipient in the peri-operative time period [3] [4] [5] [6] . The immediate post-operative period in the ICU remains the most critical for the lung transplant recipient, requiring continuous hemodynamic monitoring, often maximal ventilatory support, and close observation of chest tube output for evidence of bleeding or other surgical complications. If the critically ill lung transplant recipient experiences peri-operative hypotension, aggressive diuresis for PGD, and is on numerous potentially other nephrotoxic medications, renal dysfunction may be prolonged and severe, leading to serious long-term complications. doi = 10.1007/s13665-012-0018-9 id = cord-257361-7q0vbvvd author = Lee, James S. title = Critical care for COVID-19 during a humanitarian crisis—lessons learnt from Yemen date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = In May 2020, Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders (MSF) opened three COVID-19 treatment centres (CTC) in Sanaa and Aden, Yemen [1] . MSF''s three CTCs included wards and ICUs. Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) received global attention but is only the visible "tip of the iceberg" for COVID-19 care. Each ICU had contextspecific resource constraints resulting in differences in the package of care related to equipment (ultrasound), investigations (laboratory, x-ray), oxygen supply, nutrition, medications, and staff (specialist doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, social workers, pharmacists, logisticians). Prone positioning had never been performed locally, but successfully taught in all 3 ICUs. Teaching critical care concepts within a few days (which typically take years of training) was challenging enough, but further complexity was added by simultaneously managing patients with a new disease, where medical knowledge of COVID-19 was evolving daily. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03281-y id = cord-275838-un11s2mr author = Levy, Jonathan title = A model for a ventilator-weaning and early rehabilitation unit to deal with post-ICU impairments with severe COVID-19 date = 2020-04-18 keywords = ICU summary = title: A model for a ventilator-weaning and early rehabilitation unit to deal with post-ICU impairments with severe COVID-19 Median length of hospital stay was 12 days (1), but patients with severe disease may remain in intensive care units (ICUs) for 2 to 3 weeks, and survival time for non-survivors has been reported to be 1 to 2 weeks (2). There is a growing need for ventilator weaning units that could help ICUs discharge ventilator-dependent patients with stable disease and no other organ failure but respiratory or neurological features. Mean ICU length of stay before admission in the weaning unit was 11 (4.0) days (vs 3 weeks in the Chinese series (2)). By the date of final acceptance of this article (April 11), we counted 86,740 active cases of COVID-19 in France; 7,004 patients were considered to have serious or critical disease and were in an ICU. It also allows for a physical medicine and rehabilitation holistic evaluation of post-critical COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.rehab.2020.04.002 id = cord-294992-p50jdpt7 author = Levy, Yael title = Unexpected benefits of the COVID challenge: When critically ill adult patients are managed in a pediatric PACU date = 2020-09-22 keywords = ICU summary = title: Unexpected benefits of the COVID challenge: When critically ill adult patients are managed in a pediatric PACU As surgical procedures were restricted to emergency cases, we decided to locate the temporary COVID-ICU in the pediatric postanesthesia care unit (PACU). One of our physicians had worked for five years in adult critical care before joining the pediatric anesthesia team: She gathered resources from several adult ICUs, and coordinated the redaction of medical and paramedical protocols for our team. In addition, doctors were encouraged to use the online resources dedicated to COVID management: webinars, MOOCs…, etc A daily teleconference was held to exchange information, provide medical advice, and discuss cases between the different ICUs of Paris. Managing critically ill COVID-19-infected adults was medically and scientifically challenging for our pediatric team. Unexpected benefits of the COVID challenge: When critically ill adult patients are managed in a pediatric PACU | 959 doi = 10.1111/pan.13980 id = cord-338403-mfde6juv author = Li, Bo title = Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China date = 2020-03-11 keywords = SARS; icu summary = METHODS: A meta-analysis of eligible studies that summarized the prevalence of cardiovascular metabolic diseases in COVID-19 and compared the incidences of the comorbidities in ICU/severe and non-ICU/severe patients was performed. Inclusion criteria are as follows: (1) comparative studies: randomised controlled trials RCTs or non-RCTs published in English; (2) study population: more than ten participants were included in the study; (3) study intervention: patients in the studies should be confirmed to have been infected by 2019 novel coronavirus; (4) parameters: the comorbidities of cardiovascular metabolic diseases and the outcome of cardiac injury should be given. Systematic analysis of studies that described the epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19 cases and reported the prevalence of cardiovascular metabolic diseases as well as the impact on cardiac injury in the infectious disease, has identified six reports with 1527 patients ( Table 1 ). doi = 10.1007/s00392-020-01626-9 id = cord-304124-ym9mf5wz author = Li, Jia title = Meta-analysis investigating the relationship between clinical features, outcomes, and severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia date = 2020-06-12 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.008 id = cord-347662-yk3cz0hq author = Li, Michael title = Tocilizumab in the Management of COVID-19: A Preliminary Report date = 2020-11-09 keywords = ICU; Tocilizumab; covid-19 summary = EXPOSURES: Confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Outcomes data related to length of stay, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), requirement of mechanical ventilation, and mortality were collected and analyzed. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Our retrospective analysis revealed an association between Tocilizumab administration and increased mortality, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and length of stay in subjects with COVID-19. On this basis, physicians at our hospitals have administered Tocilizumab to COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory impairment off-label and outside of a clinical trial hoping to improve outcomes by preventing or ameliorating the development or progression of the COVID-19 related cytokine storm, thereby inhibiting the development of ARDS in both the intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU settings. Criteria for inclusion in the Tocilizumab treatment group included: 1) age of 18 years or older with a clinical presentation consistent with COVID-19 (e.g., fever, respiratory symptoms, and new pulmonary infiltrates), 2) laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection by an RT-PCR test, and 3) outcome data available. doi = 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.11.005 id = cord-003085-7krf1yxz author = Li, Xi title = Cytomegalovirus infection and outcome in immunocompetent patients in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2018-06-28 keywords = CMV; ICU summary = When analysis was limited to detection in blood, CMV infection without antiviral drug treatment or reactivation was not significantly associated with higher mortality (OR: 1.69, 95%CI 0.81–3.54, I(2) = 52%, n = 722; OR: 1.49, I(2) = 63%, n = 469). Thus, to acquire a better understanding of the potential role of CMV infection in contributing to mortality in critically ill patients, especially those not receiving antiviral agents and CMV detected in blood, we performed a meta-analysis of data available in the literature, focusing on the outcome in immunocompetent ICU patients with CMV infection. We obtained information on basic study characteristics (author, year of publication, country of origin, study period, setting, and study design), characteristic population, the site and detection method of sample, CMV seropositivity, CMV infection incidence, all-cause mortality, length of ICU/hospital stay, length of mechanical ventilation, and administration of antiviral drugs. doi = 10.1186/s12879-018-3195-5 id = cord-035216-gdhz7mr4 author = Li, Xiaoran title = Deep learning prediction of likelihood of ICU admission and mortality in COVID-19 patients using clinical variables date = 2020-11-06 keywords = ICU; LDH; covid-19 summary = title: Deep learning prediction of likelihood of ICU admission and mortality in COVID-19 patients using clinical variables BACKGROUND: This study aimed to develop a deep-learning model and a risk-score system using clinical variables to predict intensive care unit (ICU) admission and in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients. A deep neural network model and a risk-score system were constructed to predict ICU admission and in-hospital mortality. The performance of the DNN model yielded an AUC = 0.780 (95% CI [0.760-0.785]), sensitivity = 0.760, specificity = 0.709 and F1 score = 0.551 in predicting ICU admission for the testing set (Table 2) . Although these variables have been previously associated with COVID-19 infection, most previous studies did not rank these clinical variables, or develop predictive models or risk scores to predict ICU admission or mortality. We implemented a deep-learning algorithm and a risk score model to predict the likelihood of ICU admission and mortality in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.7717/peerj.10337 id = cord-304746-7yzybukk author = Li, Xinye title = Cardiac injury associated with severe disease or ICU admission and death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03183-z id = cord-004422-oep1grwq author = Li, Yuting title = Comparison of T-piece and pressure support ventilation as spontaneous breathing trials in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-02-26 keywords = ICU summary = title: Comparison of T-piece and pressure support ventilation as spontaneous breathing trials in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis Thus, further research is needed to determine the best approach for SBTs. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis, which extracted results from published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two strategies, a T-piece and PSV, for weaning adult patients with respiratory failure that required mechanical ventilation, measuring extubation success and other clinically important outcomes. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) randomized controlled trials; (2) adult patients (> 18 years) who underwent at least two different SBT methods; (3) all authors reported our primary outcome of successful extubation rate; (4) clearly comparing PS versus T-piece with clinically relevant secondary outcomes. The major finding of our study suggests that both spontaneous breathing using T-piece and PSV are suitable methods for successful extubation of patients with critical illness from mechanical ventilation. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-2764-3 id = cord-262623-lmf2h6oc author = Light, R. Bruce title = Plagues in the ICU: A Brief History of Community-Acquired Epidemic and Endemic Transmissible Infections Leading to Intensive Care Admission date = 2009-01-31 keywords = ICU; case; disease; outbreak; respiratory; syndrome summary = In addition to the HIV pandemic, the smaller epidemic outbreaks of Legionnaire''s disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and severe acute respiratory syndrome, among many others, points out the potential risk associated with a lack of preplanning and preparedness. In the late 1970s, emergency rooms and ICUs throughout North America began to see an increasing number of young menstruating women presenting with a previously little-known syndrome characterized by sudden onset of a high fever, often associated with vomiting and diarrhea, quickly followed by severe hypotension. At the beginning of the epidemic, most patients presenting for care with HIV/AIDS and Pneumocystosis were severely ill with diffuse pneumonia and hypoxemic respiratory failure and many died, 80%-90% in most centers, prompting widespread debate about whether such patients should even be admitted to ICU for mechanical ventilatory support. doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2008.11.002 id = cord-007560-nck4f5ny author = Ling, Lowell title = COVID-19: A critical care perspective informed by lessons learnt from other viral epidemics date = 2020-02-20 keywords = China; ICU; SARS summary = Infection control Outbreak SARS-CoV-2 strategies during mechanical ventilation and prevention of hospital acquired infections is likely to contribute to improved outcomes in critically ill patients. If full airborne precautions are not possible due to limited facilities or overwhelming numbers of cases, other measures that may decrease risk of nosocomial transmission include cohorting of patients in dedicated wards, or physical separation, supported by disciplined use of PPE, universal contact and droplet precautions and adequate ward ventilation [15, [19] [20] [21] . Within the ICU, and with HCW protected by high-level PPE (including an N95 mask), non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and HFNO use during SARS-CoV and 2009 influenza epidemic was not clearly associated with an increased risk in HCW [24, 25] . Anyone who develops symptoms that could suggest a coronavirus infection are encouraged to call a single emergency number and if COVID-19 is suspected, they are managed at their location by a specialised medical team equipped with PPE to prevent viral contamination, and when necessary, hospitalised in an intensive care unit. doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.02.002 id = cord-268254-1mg7a17c author = Liu, Li title = High neutralizing antibody titer in intensive care unit patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-07-20 keywords = ICU; SARS; patient summary = This study determined the seroprevalence of 733 non-COVID-19 individuals from April 2018 to February 2020 in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and compared the neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses of eight COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with those of 42 patients not admitted to the ICU. In this study, the absence of NAb in the serum of over 733 HKSAR residents indicates that SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely to have spread silently in Hong Kong before its emergence in COVID-19 patients. During our manuscript revision, a preprint paper indicated that SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses are more robust in patients with severe disease [26] . Neutralizing antibodies responses to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 inpatients and convalescent patients. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses are more robust in patients with severe disease Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a COVID-19 recovered patient cohort and their implications. doi = 10.1080/22221751.2020.1791738 id = cord-308303-tgpqnoq2 author = Liu, X. title = Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is associated with a high risk of mortality in critical COVID-19 patients receiving heparin-involved treatment date = 2020-04-28 keywords = ICU; PLT; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.04.23.20076851 id = cord-017771-g72qaoub author = Lohan, Rahul title = Imaging of ICU Patients date = 2019-01-15 keywords = Fig; ICU; pulmonary summary = Besides the evaluation of these conditions, imaging is routinely used for the assessment of various catheters and tubes commonly used in ICUs. The common pulmonary parenchymal disease processes in ICU patients include hydrostatic pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), atelectasis, pneumonia, aspiration, and pulmonary hemorrhage. Indistinctness of pulmonary vasculature is subtle but often the most useful radiographic sign of early interstitial edema in ICU patients. The CT findings of hydrostatic pulmonary edema include smooth interlobular septal thickening, ground-glass opacities, consolidation, and pleural effusions ( Fig. 7.4) . The diagnosis of pneumonia in ICU patients is often challenging as the airspace opacities seen on chest radiographs in these patients can be caused by atelectasis, aspiration, pulmonary hemorrhage, noninfectious lung inflammation (e.g., drug reaction), pulmonary edema, or ARDS [12] . The radiographic abnormalities commonly seen with aspiration are patchy ill-defined ground-glass opacities, nodular opacities, or consolidation in the dependent regions of the lungs (Fig. 7.10 ). doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-2544-1_7 id = cord-287468-e5h4tmy6 author = Lopez, Alexandre title = Effects of Hydroxychloroquine on Covid-19 in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Preliminary Results date = 2020-08-08 keywords = ICU; patient summary = The primary objective of our study was to assess the effects of hydroxychloroquine according to its plasma concentration in ICU patients. reported that hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with viral load reduction in nasopharyngeal samples in patients after six days of treatment [6] . The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines on the management of Covid-19 patients concluded there was insufficient evidence to recommend the use of antiviral drugs and hydroxychloroquine in ICU patients [7] . Confirmed Covid-19 patients with acute respiratory failure were included in the study if they completed the criteria: i) age of 18 or older and; ii) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) documented SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal samples upon ICU admission. In conclusion, our results showed that there was no association between the plasma concentration of hydroxychloroquine and the viral and clinical evolution of ICU patients admitted for Covid-19. doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106136 id = cord-290140-mmbzxz06 author = Lord, Heidi title = Effective communication is key to ICU nurses willingness to provide nursing care amidst the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-01 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study to explore ICU nurses'' willingness to provide care during the COVID-19 pandemic was undertaken between 25 March to 3 April 2020 at a large principal and referral teaching hospital in Sydney, NSW Australia. This prospective cross-sectional study design to explore ICU nurses'' willingness to provide nursing care during the COVID-19 pandemic was undertaken at a large principal and referral teaching hospital in Sydney, NSW Australia. Information collected in the questionnaire included: (1) demographic data (age, gender, employment status, and length of time worked as a registered nurse and in the ICU, (2) willingness to work in ICU during the pandemic (1 item) (3) knowledge about COVID-19 (4 items), (4) communication from managers about COVID-19 (2 items), (5) preparedness of the ICU (2 items) and (6) personal concerns about COVID-19 (1 item). Only scores for knowledge of the COVID-19 pandemic, communication from managers, preparedness of the ICU and personal concerns scores were included in a standard multiple linear regression analysis to determine the predictors of willingness to provide nursing care. doi = 10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102946 id = cord-260822-4bselbkq author = Lotz, Christopher title = Unconventional approaches to mechanical ventilation—step-by-step through the COVID-19 crisis date = 2020-05-18 keywords = ICU; ventilator summary = Unconventional approaches to mechanical ventilation-step-by-step through the COVID-19 crisis Christopher Lotz , Quirin Notz, Peter Kranke, Markus Kredel and Patrick Meybohm * Health care systems around the world face extreme challenges during the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2. ICU ventilators provide the highest performance, fast responding efficient triggering mechanisms, and often a plethora of different ventilation modes to best suit the individual patient. There is also a case study reporting a oneventilator technique during air medical transport of twin newborns [5] and an article that pressure controlled ventilation was simultaneously achieved in two healthy volunteers via mask ventilation [6] . It is of further importance to emphasize that in case of ICU ventilator shortage, the allocation of the ventilators to each patient requires triage. In case of ICU ventilator shortage, this resource can and should be primarily used with a clear conscience in ARDS patients (Fig. 1) . Use of a single ventilator to support 4 patients: laboratory evaluation of a limited concept doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-02954-y id = cord-009417-458rrhcm author = Luce, Judith A. title = Use of Blood Components in the Intensive Care Unit date = 2009-05-15 keywords = FFP; ICU; blood; cell; donor; patient; platelet; risk; transfusion summary = Benefi ts to the patient with more judicious use of platelet transfusion include decreased donor exposure, which lessens the risk of transfusion-transmitted disease; fewer febrile and allergic reactions that may complicate the hospital course; and the potential delay or prevention of alloimmunization to HLA and platelet antigens. If anti-IgA antibodies are determined to be the cause of this reaction, the patient must receive blood components donated by IgA-defi cient individuals or, if unavailable, specially prepared washed RBCs and platelet concentrates. These patients may have intensive red cell and platelet transfusion requirements and need specialized products such as CMV-negative and irradiated blood components. A blood bank problem uniquely encountered in BMT is the need to switch the patient''s ABO group because of an ABO-mismatched transplant, thus necessitating an exchange transfusion of red cells and plasma-containing products (i.e., platelet concentrates) of differing ABO type to avoid hemolysis of donor and recipient cells. doi = 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50082-0 id = cord-284883-bkydu285 author = Luis Silva, L. title = Brazil Health Care System preparation against COVID-19 date = 2020-05-13 keywords = Brazil; Health; ICU; covid-19 summary = The historic challenges regarding an insufficient number of health professionals, iniquities in the distribution of human resources (10) , low accessibility to emergency care services (11) , and economic issues create additional pressures to be addressed, aiming is to achieve an adequate COVID-19 response. Taking this point into consideration the present work addresses critical aspects regarding the organization of the emergency network system in Brazil, jointly with the spatial expansion of COVID-19 cases within the country, and to highlight where the efforts currently performed in Brazil were capable of coping with the lack of access to emergency care needed to cope COVID-19 consequences. The result suggests that the use of scarce resources needed to put in order ICU beds are not being directed to municipalities lacking access to emergency care services, despite their high levels of COVID-19 incidence. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096719 id = cord-331500-l3hkn2li author = Luyt, Charles-Edouard title = Pulmonary infections complicating ARDS date = 2020-11-11 keywords = ARDS; ECMO; ICU; VAP; infection; patient summary = Whatever the initial lung injury, patients with ARDS are prone to develop secondary pulmonary infection, namely ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). While glucocorticoids are classically considered as immunosuppressive drugs, it has been shown that they can prevent the immune reprogramming observed after inflammatory response [16] , thus limiting the susceptibility of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) to respiratory complications such as pneumonia or ARDS and improving outcomes of patients with ARDS [17] . Peripheral blood markers have the advantage of avoiding the need for bronchoscopic sampling and are therefore easier to obtain; however, they are generally less able to discriminate pneumonia from other infections Table 1 Summary of host-based biomarkers for diagnosis of pneumonia in ARDS ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, RCT randomized controlled trial, sTREM soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, HLA human leukocyte antigen doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-06292-z id = cord-252737-sbalcd8v author = Ma, Xiya title = Critical care capacity during the COVID-19 pandemic: Global availability of intensive care beds date = 2020-04-23 keywords = ICU summary = title: Critical care capacity during the COVID-19 pandemic: Global availability of intensive care beds As the COVID-19 pandemic grows, the need for rapid, innovative, and cost-effective emergency response mechanisms and the presence of gaps in critical care capacity become glaringly obvious in most countries and territories worldwide. 1 Furthermore, low-and middleincome countries (LMICs) are at-risk for an inability to manage an anticipated surge of critically ill COVID-19 patients, with current estimates suggesting the availability of 0.1 to 2.5 ICU beds per 100,000 population. Globally, at least 96 countries and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof territories had a density of less than 5.0 ICU beds per 100,000 population. Whilst the critical care capacity in LMICs was insufficient prior to the pandemic, deficiencies grow to include highly-resourced health systems around the world. A Framework for Rationing Ventilators and Critical Care Beds During the COVID-19 Pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.04.012 id = cord-322243-5js5nudx author = Mac, S. title = COVID-19 Demographics, Acute Care Resource Use and Mortality by Age and Sex in Ontario, Canada: Population-based Retrospective Cohort Analysis date = 2020-11-06 keywords = ICU; September summary = We conducted a population-based cohort study using public health data to describe COVID-19 associated ageand sex-specific acute care use, length of stay (LOS), and mortality. Methods: We used Ontario Case and Contact Management (CCM) Plus database of individuals who tested positive for COVID-19 in Ontario from March 1 to September 30, 2020 to determine ageand sex-specific hospitalizations, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) use, LOS, and mortality. The objective of our study was to describe COVID-19 cases in Ontario between March 1, 2020 and September 30, 2020, and to provide estimates of age-and sex-specific acute care resource utilization (hospitalization, ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV)), length of stay (LOS), and mortality. (8) CCM Plus includes individual-level data on demographics (e.g., age, sex, region), epidemiology (e.g., likely acquisition), patient characteristics (e.g., co-morbidities), acute care resource utilization (e.g., hospitalization, ICU admission, IMV), health outcomes (e.g., mortality), and long-term . doi = 10.1101/2020.11.04.20225474 id = cord-321735-c40m2o5l author = Manca, Davide title = A simplified math approach to predict ICU beds and mortality rate for hospital emergency planning under Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-04 keywords = Gompertz; ICU; Lombardy; model summary = Besides the predicted numbers, those models allowed also forecasting the different phases of the pandemic and quantifying some basic indicators about the daily variations, the key times, the key figures, the expected decrease, the progressive reach of a maximum plateau before facing with the decrease of ICU beds for Covid-19 which we are measuring right now. Usually, patients remain in ICU wards at least fifteen days (with twenty-day stay the standard value) (Cutuli, 2020) and, respect to Covid-19 emergency, this quite a long time allows describing the whole ICU beds inflation period with curves such as the logistic (Hosmer et al., 2013) or the Gompertz (Panik, 2014) ones. The models of Section 2.3 applied to the case study of Lombardy and Italy proved their efficiency in reproducing real data and were used to forecast the evolution of key parameters as the number of ICU patients and deaths on both short and long-time horizons. doi = 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.106945 id = cord-292094-vmsdhccp author = Mandell, Lionel A. title = Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults date = 2007-03-01 keywords = ICU; Legionella; PSI; antibiotic; cap; community; patient; pneumonia; risk; therapy summary = Severity-of-illness scores, such as the CURB-65 criteria (confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, low blood pressure, age 65 years or greater), or prognostic models, such as the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), can be used to identify patients with CAP who may be candidates for outpatient treatment. A respiratory fluoroquinolone should be used for penicillin-allergic patients.) Increasing resistance rates have suggested that empirical therapy with a macrolide alone can be used only for the treat-ment of carefully selected hospitalized patients with nonsevere disease and without risk factors for infection with drug-resistant pathogens. Advantages include the high specificity, the ability of some assays to distinguish between influenza A and B, the rapidity with which the results can be obtained, the possibly reduced use of antibacterial agents, and the utility of establishing this diagnosis for epidemiologic purposes, especially in hospitalized patients who may require infection control precautions. doi = 10.1086/511159 id = cord-334834-qg23x2pw author = Marshall, Andrea P. title = A critical care pandemic staffing framework in Australia date = 2020-10-08 keywords = Australia; Care; ICU; recommendation summary = Recognising the potential strain on intensive care units (ICUs), particularly on staffing, a working group was formed for the purpose of developing recommendations to support decision-making during rapid service expansion. METHODS: The Critical Care Pandemic Staffing Working Party (n = 21), representing nursing, allied health, and medical disciplines, has used a modified consensus approach to provide recommendations to inform multidisciplinary workforce capacity expansion planning in critical care. These strategies include the use of a strong interdisciplinary approach to identify and develop consensus for recommendations, through independent voting, to inform intensive care pandemic staffing that is reflective of the way in which care is delivered in Australian ICUs. In developing these recommendations, we actively engaged the relevant nursing, allied health, and medical professional organisations and ensured the Working Party members had broad experience in clinical practice, management, education, and research. doi = 10.1016/j.aucc.2020.08.007 id = cord-335977-f00758o2 author = Martin-Loeches, I. title = Use of early corticosteroid therapy on ICU admission in patients affected by severe pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection date = 2010-11-24 keywords = ARDS; ICU; corticosteroid; patient summary = doi = 10.1007/s00134-010-2078-z id = cord-011327-zsoc4wec author = Martin-Loeches, Ignacio title = Antibiotic prophylaxis in the ICU: to be or not to be administered for patients undergoing procedures? date = 2019-11-28 keywords = ICU; patient summary = However, SAP is also commonly practiced in many ICUs. A single-centre study conducted recently in a Belgian ICU showed that SAP and prophylaxis for immunocompromised patients constituted two-thirds of prophylactic antibiotic treatments prescribed [13] . There are no randomised controlled trials on the effects of timing or choice of antibiotic prophylaxis on the outcomes of ICU patients requiring unplanned surgical procedures. However, French guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia in ICU suggest consideration of selective digestive decontamination with both topical and systemic antibiotics (for a maximum of 96 h) to decrease the rate of pneumonia immediately after urgent intubation based on indirect evidence from several studies [22] . A metaanalysis of studies focused on antibiotic prophylaxis for chest drain insertion in non-ICU patients (i.e. thoracic injury), concluded that treatment after chest drain insertion was significantly associated with a reduced risk of empyema (RR 0.25; 95% CI 0.13-0.49) and pneumonia (RR 0.41; 95% CI 0.24-0.71) when compared with placebo alone [28] . doi = 10.1007/s00134-019-05870-0 id = cord-287732-abzpfdcu author = Martindale, Robert title = Nutrition Therapy in Critically Ill Patients with Coronavirus Disease (COVID‐19) date = 2020-05-27 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = These variables have implications for nutritional interventions: [1] older patients are at-risk for pre-existing disease and sarcopenia which increases their risk for pre-existing malnutrition and increased risk of refeeding syndrome, [2] severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with refractory hypoxemia may require prone-positioning and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), [3] circulatory failure and concomitant feeding may increase the risk of gut ischemia and feeding intolerance, [4] multiple organ failure (MOF) and the need for early enteral nutrition (EN) to attenuate or mitigate gut derived inflammation, and [5] cytokine release syndrome which alters nutrient utilization (especially lipids). Recommendation 1: We recommend all healthcare providers, including dietitians, nurses, and physicians follow PPE standards set forth by the CDC and/or the WHO and adhere to their institutional guidelines when conducting bedside nutritional assessments for all patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 disease. doi = 10.1002/jpen.1930 id = cord-277879-7ftu9b9q author = Martinez-Sanz, J. title = Effects of Tocilizumab on Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; crp summary = Propensity score logistic models predicted exposure at baseline and censoring over time as a result of recognized confounders of severe COVID-19 17, 18 including age, gender, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, kidney disease, congestive heart failure, lung disease), oxygen blood saturation and need for oxygen therapy at baseline, and time-varying parameters of clinical severity (blood pressure, heart rate, total lymphocyte and neutrophil count, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, D-dimers, and CRP). . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.08.20125245 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 3 and Table S2 show the adjusted hazard ratios for exploratory sensitivity analyses restricted to patients with baseline lymphocyte count <1000 cell/µl and baseline D-dimer >1000 ng/mL segregated by CRP levels. 14 However, there are key analytical issues in this setting, including the risk of immortal time bias (i.e., the requirement for patients to survive long enough to receive the intervention of interest, which can lead to a potentially incorrect estimation of a positive treatment effect), and indication bias from time-varying confounding (e.g., the use of tocilizumab following elevations of CRP). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.08.20125245 id = cord-201783-66fmse66 author = Maslov, Sergei title = Window of Opportunity for Mitigation to Prevent Overflow of ICU capacity in Chicago by COVID-19 date = 2020-03-21 keywords = Chicago; ICU summary = We estimate the growth in demand for ICU beds in Chicago during the emerging COVID-19 epidemic, using state-of-the-art computer simulations calibrated for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We estimate the growth in demand for ICU beds in Chicago during the emerging COVID-19 epidemic, using state-of-the-art computer simulations calibrated for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Our conclusion is that, being fully cognizant of the societal trade-offs, there is a rapidly closing window of opportunity to avert a worst-case scenario in Chicago, but only with strong mitigation/lockdown implemented in the next week at the latest. Our conclusion is that, being fully cognizant of the societal trade-offs, there is a rapidly closing window of opportunity to avert a worst-case scenario in Chicago, but only with strong mitigation/lockdown implemented in the next week at the latest. The just-in-time mitigation scenario predicts that at the peak of the epidemic, the demand for ICU beds does not exceed the number of available beds, and is significantly below the city''s total ICU capacity. doi = nan id = cord-023669-3ataw6gy author = Masur, Henry title = Critically Ill Immunosuppressed Host date = 2009-05-15 keywords = CD4; CMV; HIV; ICU; infection; patient; therapy summary = As the population of patients with cancer, organ transplants, vasculitides, and human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) infection has grown, intensivists are seeing more and more patients with altered immunity. For instance, if a patient presents with severe hypoxemia and diffuse pulmonary infi ltrates, a health care provider who recognizes a prior splenectomy as the major predisposition to infection would focus the diagnostic evaluation and the empiric therapy on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus infl uenzae. Patients with HIV infection develop clinical disease as a result of three basic processes: the direct effect of HIV on specifi c organs (e.g., cardiomyopathy, enteropathy, dementia); immunologically mediated processes (e.g., glomerulonephritis, thrombocytopenia); or opportunistic infections and tumors that are enabled by HIV-induced immunosuppression. For instance, if a patient with HIV infection and a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of 700 cells/µL presents with diffuse pulmonary infi ltrates, the diagnostic evaluation and empiric antimicrobial regimen should focus on S. doi = 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50056-x id = cord-295329-y7rx3ky4 author = Mattioli, Francesco title = Tracheostomy in the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-22 keywords = ICU; tracheostomy summary = The mortality appears to be around 2%; early published data indicate 25.9% with COVID-19 pneumonia required intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 20.1% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [1, 2] . During the last 2 weeks, we performed 28 tracheostomies on patients with ARDS due to COVID-19 infection who were treated with IMV. In this early phase, aggressive treatments and intensive care are needed for critically ill patients and tracheostomy could not result in improvement in hypoxia, multiple organ dysfunction, virus clearance, and in shorter duration of IMV. In our experience, several delayed (> 14 OTI days) tracheostomies were performed especially in the first-affected intubated cases who required re-intubation without clinical improvement, and in case of lack of ICU places. In the context of prolonged IMV required in COVID-19 experience, tracheostomy should be suggested to avoid potential tracheal damages within 7 and 14 days. doi = 10.1007/s00405-020-05982-0 id = cord-254990-nrzwn6oz author = Mayer, Kirby P. title = Recovery from COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: the potential role of an intensive care unit recovery clinic: a case report date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = The purpose of this case report is to highlight the potential role of intensive care unit recovery or follow-up clinics for patients surviving acute hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019. CASE PRESENTATION: Our patient was a 27-year-old Caucasian woman with a past medical history of asthma transferred from a community hospital to our medical intensive care unit for acute hypoxic respiratory failure due to bilateral pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation (ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fraction of inspired oxygen, 180). CONCLUSION: We present this case report to suggest that patients surviving coronavirus disease 2019 with subsequent development of acute respiratory distress syndrome will require more intense intensive care unit recovery follow-up. The patient''s family reported no travel history or exposure risk, but, given the Fig. 1 Chest radiograph obtained on day 1 of admission to intensive care unit revealed bibasilar airspace disease patient''s clinical symptoms, a test for COVID-19 was performed. doi = 10.1186/s13256-020-02481-y id = cord-352280-nn1rgdw0 author = Mayorga, Lía title = Detection and isolation of asymptomatic individuals can make the difference in COVID-19 epidemic management date = 2020-04-29 keywords = ICU summary = Here we present a compartmental model for the disease that can provide healthcare burden parameters allowing to infer possible containment and suppression strategies, explicitly including asymptomatic individuals. The main conclusion of our work is that efficient and timely detection and isolation of these asymptomatic individuals can have dramatic effects on the effective reproduction number and healthcare burden parameters. In a basic reproduction number scenario of 2, isolating half of the asymptomatic individuals within four days of becoming infectious can effectively double the time it takes for clinical cases to duplicate in the exponential growth phase. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.23.20077255 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 10 : The effect of detecting and isolating different percentages of asymptomatic individuals on a model triggering on-off suppression measures in the whole territory (trigger=50% ICU occupancy, stopper=30% ICU occupancy) in a 0 = 2 scenario. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.23.20077255 id = cord-023873-fidpskcs author = Meersseman, Wouter title = Invasive Aspergillosis in the Intensive Care Unit: Beyond the Typical Haematological Patient date = 2009-05-04 keywords = ICU; aspergillus; patient summary = Finally, to date, the diagnostic utility of recently available non-culture based microbiological tools, including the detection of fungal antigens and the detection of Aspergillus-specific DNA through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, has not been properly validated in the non-haematology ICU population. In addition, typical ICU patients such as those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or liver disorders were not considered amongst hosts at high risk for IA in the recently updated EORTC/MSG guidelines [2] . In a recent study published by our group [10] , patients with fever new lung infiltrates were screened for IA using galactomannan testing in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid. The concept that increasing fungal burden due to specific ICU treatments for other diseases than IA (e.g. steroids for septic shock) parallels the progression from subclinical to clinical aspergillosis, needs to be explored with more sensitive markers (e.g. PCR). Corticosteroid treatment as a risk factor for invasive aspergillosis in patients with lung disease doi = 10.1007/978-90-481-2408-4_29 id = cord-291421-mrm9paiq author = Meijer, Eelco F. J. title = Azole-Resistant COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in an Immunocompetent Host: A Case Report date = 2020-06-06 keywords = ICU; aspergillus summary = COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is a recently described disease entity affecting patients with severe pulmonary abnormalities treated in intensive care units. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is a recently described disease entity affecting patients in intensive care unit (ICUs) with severe pulmonary abnormalities. We present the first case of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in a SARS-CoV-2-positive immunocompetent patient admitted to the ICU. A prospective comparison of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis in medical patients under intensive care: Comparison with the diagnostic performance of galactomannan and of (1→3)-β-d-glucan chromogenic assay in serum samples Aspergillus-specific lateral-flow device and real-time PCR testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: A combination biomarker approach for clinical diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis Performance of galactomannan, 1,3-β-d-glucan, Aspergillus lateral-flow device, conventional culture, and PCR tests with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis doi = 10.3390/jof6020079 id = cord-346507-w9aaalgo author = Mejia-Vilet, J. M. title = DERIVATION OF A SCORE TO PREDICT ADMISSION TO INTENSIVE CARE UNIT IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19: THE ABC-GOALS SCORE date = 2020-05-16 keywords = ABC; ICU summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.05.12.20099416 id = cord-295287-j3gm9vpz author = Michard, Frédéric title = Haemodynamic Monitoring and Management in COVID-19 Intensive Care Patients: An International Survey date = 2020-08-09 keywords = America; COVID-19; ICU summary = CONCLUSION: Our survey confirms that vasopressor support is not uncommon in COVID-19 ICU patients and suggests that different cardiac function phenotypes may be observed. Despite these pathophysiological considerations, large observational studies published so far focused on lung injury [11] , mentioned myocardial injury and arrhythmia as possible complications [12] , but did not report much information about the haemodynamic status and management of critically ill COVID-19 patients. An electronic survey was designed to investigate current haemodynamic monitoring and management practices in COVID-19 ICU patients, as well as alignment with recent guidelines. From a monitoring standpoint, SvO2 was reported to be frequently measured from central venous catheters, and ultrasounds were reported to be widely used, not only to assess cardiac function but also to predict fluid responsiveness and to assess pulmonary oedema. Many respondents used echo not only to assess biventricular function but also to measure cardiac output, to predict fluid responsiveness and to detect lung B lines. doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.08.001 id = cord-048343-nzk8m912 author = Milbrandt, Eric B title = Bench-to-bedside review: Critical illness-associated cognitive dysfunction – mechanisms, markers, and emerging therapeutics date = 2006-11-15 keywords = ICU; brain; delirium; patient summary = A large number of pathophysiologic mechanisms are thought to underlie critical illness-associated cognitive dysfunction, including neuro-transmitter abnormalities and occult diffuse brain injury. Markers that could be used to evaluate the influence of specific mechanisms in individual patients include serum anticholinergic activity, certain brain proteins, and tissue sodium concentration determination via high-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. Many of the data supporting occult diffuse brain injury as a cause of critical illness-associated CD come from studies of sepsis and septic encephalopathy, a form of delirium. Lending support to the hypothesis that acute inflammation leads to brain injury and subsequent development of delirium, a recent study found that delirium in postoperative hipfractured patients was significantly associated with serum levels of C-reactive protein, an acute-phase protein that is a marker of acute inflammation [55] . Elevated serum S-100β levels were recently demonstrated in critically ill patients with respiratory failure [69] and in porcine models of endotoxic shock [70] and acute lung injury [71] . doi = 10.1186/cc5078 id = cord-278838-qraq5aho author = Mirouse, Adrien title = Severe varicella-zoster virus pneumonia: a multicenter cohort study date = 2017-06-07 keywords = CAP; ICU; VZV; patient summary = Half the patients received mechanical ventilation within 1 (1–2) day following ICU admission (the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO(2)/FiO(2)) = 150 (80–284), 80% with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)). Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score on day 1 (odds ratio (OR) 1.90 (1.33–2.70); p < 0.001), oxygen flow at ICU admission (OR 1.25 (1.08–1.45); p = 0.004), and early bacterial co-infection (OR 14.94 (2.00–111.8); p = 0.009) were independently associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Results are presented for the imputed data Candidate predictors were: age, any comorbidity, underlying immunosuppression, SOFA score at day 1, oxygen flow at ICU admission, alveolar consolidation on chest X-ray, antibiotics at ICU admission, and early bacterial co-infection CI confidence interval, ICU intensive care unit, OR odds ratio, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment In our study, the overall mortality was 24% and reached 43% in patients who received invasive mechanical ventilation. doi = 10.1186/s13054-017-1731-0 id = cord-276676-lgt0rzob author = Moka, Eleni title = Best Practice in Cardiac Anesthesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Practical Recommendations date = 2020-07-03 keywords = ICU; cardiac; covid-19; patient; surgery summary = Indeed, the pandemic has already affected cardiac surgery units in multiple ways: limited number of available ICU beds and ventilation sites, necessity to postpone or cancel elective and/or complex cardiac interventional procedures, patients developing COVID-19 post cardiac surgery, coronavirus patients necessitating urgent cardiac operations, cardiac anesthetists'' in-hospital transfer to staff and support ICUs in front of the pandemic, infected health care providers with consequent shortage of medical and nursing practitioners, restrictions in clinical meetings, and cancelation of training and continuing medical education [6, 8] . Based on the current understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology and the clinical characteristics of cardiovascular surgical patients, in this review, the authors highlight related anesthesia concerns and provide practical recommendations in reference to perioperative planning and management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery, along with a focus on disease control and prevention in the times of COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.bpa.2020.06.008 id = cord-264829-ynel6ore author = Momtazmanesh, Sara title = Cardiovascular disease in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 10,898 patients and proposal of a triage risk stratification tool date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = The aims of this systematic review and meta-analyses were (1) to calculate pooled frequency of newly developed and pre-existing CVD, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiac symptoms as the initial presentations of COVID-19, elevation of cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers, acute hepatic, and renal injury; (2) to investigate association of newly developed and pre-existing CVD (including any acquired cardiac disease, encompassing ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, or congenital heart disease) hypertension, and elevated cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers with severity of the disease and mortality; (3) to define the clinical spectrum and mechanisms of the newly developed cardiovascular diseases in the pediatric and adult population, the spectrum of newly developed arrhythmias and electrocardiographic changes and the pathologic findings of cardiac autopsies; and (4) to propose a TRST for timely detection and appropriate pathophysiologically targeted treatment of high-risk COVID-19 patients with associated CVD. doi = 10.1186/s43044-020-00075-z id = cord-005808-w0763esk author = Moreno, Gerard title = Corticosteroid treatment in critically ill patients with severe influenza pneumonia: a propensity score matching study date = 2018-08-03 keywords = Hospital; ICU; corticosteroid; patient summary = CONCLUSION: Administration of corticosteroids in patients with severe influenza pneumonia is associated with increased ICU mortality, and these agents should not be used as co-adjuvant therapy. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify the factors associated with corticosteroid use and its impact on intensive care unit (ICU) mortality using propensity score (PS) matching analysis in ICU patients with influenza pneumonia. Our results strongly suggest that administration of corticosteroids as co-adjuvant therapy to standard antiviral treatment in critically ill patients with severe influenza pneumonia is associated with increased ICU mortality. Three recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses [41] [42] [43] concluded that corticosteroid therapy is significantly associated with mortality, even in the subgroup of patients with influenza hospitalized in or outside the ICU. In a homogeneous group of critically ill patients with severe influenza pneumonia, after adequate adjustment by PS matching and competing risks, co-adjuvant corticosteroid therapy was significantly associated with increased ICU mortality. doi = 10.1007/s00134-018-5332-4 id = cord-319427-jkxioc1j author = Mughal, Mohsin Sheraz title = The prevalence of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG antibodies in intensive care unit (ICU) healthcare personnel (HCP) and its implications—a single-center, prospective, pilot study date = 2020-06-12 keywords = ICU summary = title: The prevalence of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG antibodies in intensive care unit (ICU) healthcare personnel (HCP) and its implications—a single-center, prospective, pilot study To the Editor-Healthcare personnel (HCP), including practitioners, nursing staff, respiratory therapists, and the pronepositioning team caring for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are considered to have a high risk of exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). 2 To our knowledge, no other study has addressed the prevalence of subclinical seroconversion of SARS-CoV-2 among HCP in the ICU setting. In this study, we investigated the seroconversion of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in ICU HCP exposed to critically ill COVID-19 patients. In total, 134 ICU HCP responded to the survey, and 121 HCP were eligible for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibody testing. Of 134 ICU HCP eligible staff, 13 were excluded and 121 underwent SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibody testing. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.298 id = cord-284417-pmn6ll1q author = Mulet Bayona, Juan V. title = Characteristics and Management of Candidaemia Episodes in an Established Candida auris Outbreak date = 2020-08-30 keywords = Candida; ICU summary = An increase in the prevalence of Candida bloodstream infections (candidaemia) and a shift in the epidemiology have been observed in recent years, especially since the emergence of the multidrug-resistant yeast Candida auris [1] . This yeast is considered a growing menace to global health for several reasons, which include its resistance to multiple commonly used antifungals, its problematic identification in the laboratory and its facility to spread among patients, causing nosocomial outbreaks, especially in intensive care units (ICU) [4] . Secondly, we analyse the evolution in the Candida species distribution causing candidaemia in our setting since 2011 and the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of all patients diagnosed with C. These infection control practices include the strict isolation/cohorting of cases, decolonisation with chlorhexidine, regular environmental cleaning and the implementation of screening colonisation studies in the high-risk hospital environments such as the ICU. doi = 10.3390/antibiotics9090558 id = cord-297682-knd6avhu author = Mulpuru, Sunita title = Hospital Resource Utilization and Patient Outcomes Associated with Respiratory Viral Testing in Hospitalized Patients date = 2015-08-17 keywords = ICU summary = As a result, infection control practices, including strict hand hygiene, viral testing of patient samples, and use of isolation precautions, quarantine rooms, and personal protective equipment, were mandated for routine use with all patients who sought treatment at emergency departments (EDs) with respiratory symptoms and fever (7, 8) . First, we aimed to determine the association between the use of viral testing and subsequent hospital resource utilization (antibiotic/antiviral drugs prescribed; radiology studies conducted; cultures and bronchoscopies performed), including the duration of isolation precautions. Table 2 describes likelihood of deaths, ICU admission, length of stay, and use of isolation precautions in the study cohort and among hospitalizations in which the patient had a positive or negative NP swab sample. In this study, viral testing of respiratory samples during hospitalization was not associated with a significant reduction in odds of patient deaths or length of hospital stay after adjustment for critical clinical confounding factors. doi = 10.3201/eid2108.140978 id = cord-258582-ksfs27kv author = Nadeem, Ashraf title = ICU outcomes of COVID-19 critically ill patients: an international comparative study date = 2020-07-03 keywords = ICU summary = Mechanical ventilation (MV) rate in our patients was the same as in Seattle and Atlanta reports (75% and 76%, respectively), but higher than in the Wuhan series (42%), and lower than in Lombardy and Vitoria series (89% and 94%, respectively) ( Table 1) . The mortality rate in Wuhan and Seattle were much higher (61% and 50%, respectively) compared with the other reported ICU cohorts ranging from 26% to 33% (Table 1 and Figure 1 ). The mortality rate among mechanically ventilated patients was much higher in the Wuhan study (81%) than in the other case series (34% to 36%) ( Table 1) . The younger age, lower SOFA score, and a higher rate of prone position might explain the mortality difference between our and the reported studies (Table 1) Our data, along with the recent findings, suggest that the mortality rate in ICU COVID-19 patients are comparable and might be lower than those observed with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by other viral infections [6] . doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.07.001 id = cord-001536-ta1i0ata author = Nair, Girish B title = Year in review 2013: critical care - respiratory infections date = 2014-10-29 keywords = ICU; MDR; VAP; patient summary = New studies have suggested strategies to identify patients at risk for resistant pathogen infection and therapies that optimize efficacy, without the overuse of broad-spectrum therapy in patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia. Infections, mostly nosocomial, are a major cause of mortality in hospitalized patients related to an increased risk of infection with multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens and the widespread use of indiscriminate broad-spectrum antibiotics. In a study including 519 patients with CAP and 419 with HCAP, the authors compared the performance of Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) and CURB-65 risk scores for predicting 30-day mortality [20] . Maruyama and colleagues [23] , in a prospective study of 425 patients (CAP = 124, HCAP = 321), applied a therapeutic algorithm based on the presence of MDR risk factors (immunosuppression, hospitalization within the last 90 days, poor functional status indicated by a Barthel Index score <50, and antibiotic therapy within the past 6 months) and severity of illness (need for ICU admission or requiring MV) to determine its impact on outcomes. doi = 10.1186/s13054-014-0572-3 id = cord-300356-oorac5he author = Nair, Girish B. title = Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An Unfinished Battle date = 2011-10-05 keywords = CAP; ICU; community; patient; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2011.08.007 id = cord-289550-b8f4a7o3 author = Neuwirth, C. title = Investigating duration and intensity of Covid-19 social-distancing strategies date = 2020-04-29 keywords = April; ICU; covid-19 summary = Meanwhile, most countries apply social distancing with the objective to keep the number of critical cases below the capabilities of the health care system. In this study, we present a model-based systems analysis to assess the effectiveness of social distancing measures in terms of intensity and duration of application. 30 Specific objectives of this research are: 1) to investigate the effectiveness of contact 31 reduction policies with respect to intensity and duration and 2) to estimate the amount 32 of time to establish herd immunity by considering the national health care systems of 33 Austria and Sweden, which are very different in terms of critical care capabilities. If the use of 220 mitigation interventions is well balanced against capability limits, the time required to 221 establish herd immunity linearly scales with available capabilities of the health care 222 system (defined by the number of ICU beds in the simulation). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.24.20078022 id = cord-339695-3ij5pjjy author = Nopp, Stephan title = Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; VTE; patient summary = [1] [2] [3] Early studies already reported on coagulation abnormalities and coagulopathy with a rather prothrombotic phenotype in patients with 5] With the better understanding of COVID-19 and its clinical course, venous thromboembolism (VTE), a disease entity covering pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), has been recognized as a particular complication of the disease. These included methodological specifics of the studies (study design, health care setting), clinical information of the study population (demographics, comorbidities, disease severity, use of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis, ultrasound screening, and D-dimer levels), and outcome specifics (definition, type, and rate of VTE). After excluding studies with a high risk of underlying bias, quantitative results from 66 studies were aggregated within a meta-analysis, including 28,173 patients (1, Figure 2 shows a Forrest plot of VTE rates, together with information on health care setting, the performance of screening and outcome definition of respective studies. doi = 10.1002/rth2.12439 id = cord-000349-k0p166fr author = Olive, David title = Severe pneumococcal pneumonia: impact of new quinolones on prognosis date = 2011-03-15 keywords = ICU; cap summary = BACKGROUND: Most guidelines have been proposing, for more than 15 years, a β-lactam combined with either a quinolone or a macrolide as empirical, first-line therapy of severe community acquired pneumonia (CAP) requiring ICU admission. METHODS: Retrospective study of consecutive patients admitted in a 16-bed general intensive care unit (ICU), between January 1996 and January 2009, for severe (Pneumonia Severity Index > or = 4) community-acquired pneumonia due to non penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and treated with a β-lactam combined with a fluoroquinolone. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that, when combined to a β-lactam, levofloxacin is associated with lower mortality than ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin in severe pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia. Firstly, we retrospectively collected all consecutive patients aged > 18 years who were admitted into our ICU (16-bed medical and surgical intensive care unit in a 450-bed general hospital) between January 1996 and January 2009 for severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and who received a definite diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-11-66 id = cord-321472-n4nnmlv1 author = Oliveira, E. title = ICU Outcomes and Survival in Patients with Severe COVID-19 in the Largest Health Care System in Central Florida date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.08.25.20181909 id = cord-011210-afcmln4w author = Olsen, Markus Harboe title = Automated pupillometry and the FOUR score — what is the diagnostic benefit in neurointensive care? date = 2020-05-07 keywords = GCS; ICU; score summary = INTRODUCTION: The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and visual inspection of pupillary function are routine measures to monitor patients with impaired consciousness and predict their outcome in the neurointensive care unit (neuro-ICU). METHODS: Supervised trained nursing staff examined a consecutive sample of patients admitted to the neuro-ICU of a tertiary referral centre using GCS and FOUR score and assessing pupillary function first by visual inspection and then by automated pupillometry. In this feasibility study, we aimed to assess how the FOUR score and automated pupillometry add meaningful clinical information in a regular neuro-ICU setting, compared to GCS and visual inspection of pupils. These assessments were used to analyse (1) if the FOUR score results in a more granular evaluation of different levels of consciousness, (2) how well visual inspection of pupillary function reflects results from automated pupillometry and (3) if nursing staff can be trained to collect FOUR scores and perform automated pupillometry in a true-to-life neuro-ICU setting. doi = 10.1007/s00701-020-04381-y id = cord-302393-hrz3bypr author = Omrani, Ali S. title = The first consecutive 5000 patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 from Qatar; a nation-wide cohort study date = 2020-10-19 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; SARS summary = Multivariable logistic regression showed that older age [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.041, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.022–1.061 per year increase; P < 0.001], male sex (aOR 4.375, 95% CI 1.964–9.744; P < 0.001), diabetes (aOR 1.698, 95% CI 1.050–2.746; P 0.031), chronic kidney disease (aOR 3.590, 95% CI 1.596–8.079, P 0.002), and higher BMI (aOR 1.067, 95% CI 1.027–1.108 per unit increase; P 0.001), were all independently associated with increased risk of ICU admission. In this study, we describe 60-day outcomes of a nationwide COVID-19 cohort from Qatar, and explore patient characteristics associated with the need for admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). In the multivariable logistic regression, we found that older age, male sex, co-existing diabetes or chronic kidney disease, and higher BMI were all independently associated with increased risk of need for ICU admission ( Table 2) . doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05511-8 id = cord-001938-n2d5fw2f author = Ong, David S. Y. title = Cytomegalovirus reactivation and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2016-03-01 keywords = ARDS; CMV; ICU summary = Furthermore, CMV reactivation in critically ill patients has been associated with a prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation [2, 4, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] , an increased length of stay in the ICU [3, 5, 9, 10, 13] , and excess mortality [2, 4, [7] [8] [9] . Nevertheless, it remains uncertain whether these findings imply that CMV reactivation is a truly independent risk factor with respect to these observed poor clinical outcomes because most studies that have assessed these associations did not adequately account for all possible sources of bias. Possible confounders that were screened included all patient characteristics and therapeutic interventions listed in Table 1 , and some markers of disease severity: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ICU intensive care unit, PEEP positive end expiratory pressure, P/F partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (APACHE) IV score, presence of septic shock, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio, and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) setting. doi = 10.1007/s00134-015-4071-z id = cord-343483-puly7tyv author = Pak, Jamie S. title = A Urology Department's Experience at the Epicenter of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; resident summary = doi = 10.1016/j.urology.2020.06.024 id = cord-007818-jfp9uumb author = Papali, Alfred title = Infrastructure and Organization of Adult Intensive Care Units in Resource-Limited Settings date = 2019-02-09 keywords = Ebola; ICU; care; intensive; oxygen; patient; resource; setting; study summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-03143-5_3 id = cord-005692-n4vxazst author = Papazian, Laurent title = Ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a narrative review date = 2020-03-10 keywords = ICU; MDR; VAP; patient; pneumonia; ventilator summary = Empirical treatment takes into account the underlying disease and its severity, the presence of risk factors for multiple-drug-resistant pathogens (antibiotic therapy in the previous 90 days, hospital stay > 5 days, septic shock at VAP onset, ARDS prior to VAP onset, acute renal replacement therapy prior to VAP onset, previous colonization with MDR pathogen) and local pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility. While lower respiratory tract surveillance cultures may help to predict the involvement of MDR microorganisms in patients that develop VAP and thus decrease unnecessary broad-spectrum antibiotics use, there are no clear data that this strategy improves clinical outcomes or lowers costs [89, 90] . Subglottic secretion drainage has repeatedly been associated with lower VAP rates in both individual randomized trials and meta-analyses but does not appear to shorten the time to extubation, ICU length-of-stay, prevent ventilator-associated events, or lower mortality rates [94] . Effect of oropharyngeal povidone-iodine preventive oral care on ventilator-associated pneumonia in severely brain-injured or cerebral hemorrhage patients: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-05980-0 id = cord-323180-3ih0i81s author = Pardo, Emmanuel title = Nutritional support for critically ill patients with COVID-19: New strategy for a new disease? date = 2020-10-12 keywords = ICU; patient summary = These disabling clinical signs associated with an exacerbated systemic inflammatory syndrome may explain the high incidence of dehydration and malnutrition at ICU admission and the necessity to provide early adequate nutritional support. Enteral nutrition is feasible in patients requiring prone positioning and/or receiving nerve blocking agents, however, a close monitoring for gastric feeding intolerance is advised, associated with the early use of prokinetics and the elevation of the bed in reverse Trendelenburg position to at least 10 to 25°. Expert groups suggest starting, in high risk patients, at 25% of caloric target, regardless of nutrition route, and increasing slowly while closely monitoring serum phosphate, magnesium and potassium, especially during the first 72 hours of ICU stay. Nutrition Therapy in the Patient with COVID-19 Disease Requiring ICU Care Nutrition of the COVID-19 patient in the intensive care unit (ICU): A practical guidance doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.10.002 id = cord-018801-amet0wx4 author = Park, Caroline title = Care of the Patient with Liver Failure Requiring Transplantation date = 2018-05-04 keywords = ICU; failure; liver; patient; transplantation summary = Depending on acuity, patients with decompensated chronic or acute fulminant liver failure generally require preoperative intensive care unit admission to manage organ dysfunction. Depending on acuity, patients with decompensated chronic or acute fulminant liver failure generally require preoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admission to manage organ dysfunction. In patients that develop AKI post-liver transplantation, treatment includes the prevention of hypotension and decreased use of unnecessary blood products. Early postoperative infections in liver transplant patients are typically bacterial and related to the donor''s status (previous infections from advanced cirrhosis), the surgical procedure itself, prolonged use of invasive catheters, and duration of mechanical ventilation. The resulting lack of blood flow and developing ischemia and necrosis from hepatic artery thrombosis present with signs and symptoms similar to fulminant liver failure patients with elevated liver serum tests, coagulopathy, and severe metabolic acidosis. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-71712-8_55 id = cord-329713-dqmvpqtd author = Pasin, Laura title = Regional COVID-19 Network for Coordination of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Veneto, Italy date = 2020-05-15 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.05.005 id = cord-313136-ab56mg6j author = Pavoni, Vittorio title = Evaluation of coagulation function by rotation thromboelastometry in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-05-11 keywords = ICU; ROTEM; patient summary = doi = 10.1007/s11239-020-02130-7 id = cord-325290-hbzbyqi4 author = Payne, Anna title = Redeployment of surgical trainees to intensive care during the COVID-19 pandemic: evaluation of the impact on training and wellbeing date = 2020-09-14 keywords = ICU; surgical summary = title: Redeployment of surgical trainees to intensive care during the COVID-19 pandemic: evaluation of the impact on training and wellbeing OBJECTIVE: : The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of redeployment of surgical trainees to intensive care units (ICUs) during the COVID-19 pandemicin terms of transferrable technical and non-technical skills and wellbeing. SETTING: : The study involved surgical trainees that had been redeployed to the (ICU) across all hospitals in London during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: : Redeployment of surgical trainees to ICU led to increased confidence in a number of technical and non-technical skills. 4 The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the redeployment of surgical trainees to critical care units during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of transferrable skills, wellbeing and career development. Doctors working at postgraduate years two to four who were redeployed from surgical specialties to ICU during the COVID-19 pandemic were included. doi = 10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.09.009 id = cord-355028-1x7w1749 author = Piazza, Cesare title = Long-term intubation and high rate of tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients might determine an unprecedented increase of airway stenoses: a call to action from the European Laryngological Society date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; LTS; airway; patient summary = doi = 10.1007/s00405-020-06112-6 id = cord-034185-e0am7pa6 author = Piccioni, Federico title = Recommendations from the Italian intersociety consensus on Perioperative Anesthesa Care in Thoracic surgery (PACTS) part 2: intraoperative and postoperative care date = 2020-10-23 keywords = ICU; NIV; Strength; patient; postoperative; surgery; thoracic summary = We do not recommend the routine use of either continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or non invasive ventilation (NIV) to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications, prolonged length of stay, and mortality (both in ICU and in hospital) in patients undergoing major thoracic surgery. Level of evidence: Fair Strength of recommendation: C A meta-analysis of 45 studies including almost 5800 patients showed that a single perioperative dose of intravenous dexamethasone resulted in significant reductions in pain scores and opioid use, and was associated with shorter stays in the post-anesthesia recovery room, compared with placebo or antiemetic treatment (Waldron et al. Level of evidence: Fair Strength of recommendation: A Multiple clinical trials have shown that, in patients undergoing open thoracotomy or other major surgical procedures, thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) is superior to intravenous opioid administration in terms of postoperative pain relief, length of hospital stay, and incidence of postoperative complications (Hazelrigg et al. doi = 10.1186/s13741-020-00159-z id = cord-006545-c12m75gq author = Pinilla, Inmaculada title = Radiological prognostic factors in patients with pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) infection requiring hospital admission date = 2011-05-27 keywords = H1N1; ICU; patient summary = The aim of this study was to determine the radiologic findings associated with admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with pH1N1 infection. A higher number of lung zones involved and consolidation on the initial chest radiograph as well as a rapid progression of the radiological abnormalities were identified in patients requiring ICU admission and development of ARDS. Several reports describe the initial radiographic and CT findings in patients with H1N1 infection of both mild and severe cases including interstitial markings, nodules, ground-glass opacities (GGO), and consolidations with focal, multifocal, or diffuse distribution [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . The presence on the initial chest radiograph of lung consolidation, multifocal, diffuse, and bilateral involvement (Fig. 2 ) was associated with a statistically higher risk of requiring ICU admission (p<0.001). doi = 10.1007/s10140-011-0964-5 id = cord-031143-a1qyadm6 author = Pinto Neto, Osmar title = Compartmentalized mathematical model to predict future number of active cases and deaths of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-30 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; model summary = RESULTS: The main results were: (a) Our model was able to accurately fit the either deaths or active cases data of all tested countries using optimized coefficient values in agreement with recent reports; (b) when trying to fit both sets of data at the same time, fit was good for most countries, but not all. The red circles (deaths) and blue circles (active cases) indicate real data up to June 18 Table 3 Inverse of the model optimized coefficients of γ, δ, ζ, and ε representing latent, infectious, hospitalization, and critical cases mean duration in days, as well as the model estimated basic reproductive number (R 0 ) and the death rate (DR) for June 18, 2020, for Germany, Brazil, Spain, Italy, South Korea, Portugal, Switzerland, Thailand, and USA, respectively. doi = 10.1007/s42600-020-00084-6 id = cord-305068-9qh8vgtc author = Pinto Pereira, João title = Management of COVID-19 Coagulopathy in a Patient with Severe Haemophilia A date = 2020-09-25 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1159/000510591 id = cord-276359-syr9av09 author = Piva, Simone title = Clinical presentation and initial management critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Brescia, Italy date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = title: Clinical presentation and initial management critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Brescia, Italy In addition to describing the clinical management of such patients, this study details a proposed severity scale that was used to communicate with non-intensivists for management and triage, and for a step-up approach to drug therapy including antivirals, desamethasone and selective cytokine blockers. Creation of a severity scale to assess patients with COVID is of value to hospitals and physicians facing such shortages. The pandemic spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its disease, COVID-19, has resulted in massive strain in healthcare systems in several countries. The experience of Lombardy is interesting in that despite Italy having the third most number of ICU beds per capita, after the United States and Germany, physicians have had to limit resources due to shortages [1] . doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.04.004 id = cord-273737-t6j3leec author = Poeran, Jashvant title = Cancellation of Elective Surgery and Intensive Care Unit Capacity in New York State: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis date = 2020-06-30 keywords = ICU; York summary = BACKGROUND: In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, New York State ordered the suspension of all elective surgeries to increase intensive care unit (ICU) bed capacity. Descriptions of ICU utilization and mechanical ventilation were stratified by admission type (elective surgery, emergent/urgent/trauma surgery, and medical admissions) and by geographic location (New York metropolitan region versus the rest of New York State). In NYC, 221,970 patients required an ICU stay with mechanical ventilation (Table 3) ; 12,726 of those patients were admitted after elective surgery (12,726/221,970 = 5.7%), versus emergent/urgent/trauma surgery (n = 75,334) and medical reasons (n=133,910). While suspending elective surgeries clearly increases hospital (non-ICU) bed capacity, our analysis suggests a limited impact on ICU resource allocation, especially in the context of the much larger share of ICU admissions due to emergent/urgent/trauma surgery and medical etiologies. doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000005083 id = cord-011029-sbds5sda author = Portran, Philippe title = Improving the prognostic value of ∆PCO(2) following cardiac surgery: a prospective pilot study date = 2019-07-10 keywords = ERO; ICU; ΔPCO summary = We compared the prognostic value of ∆PCO(2) on intensive care unit (ICU) admission to an original algorithm combining ∆PCO(2), ERO(2) and lactate to identify different risk profiles. An algorithm incorporating ICU admission values of ∆PCO(2), ERO(2) and lactate defined a high-risk profile that predicted prolonged ICU and hospital stays better than ∆PCO(2) alone. Surrogate markers like central venous to arterial PCO 2 difference (ΔPCO 2 ), oxygen extraction ratio (ERO 2 ) and lactate are used to evaluate this adequacy [2, 3] . In this pilot study, we evaluate the prognostic value of ΔPCO 2 at the time of ICU admission and compare it to an original algorithm combining ΔPCO 2 , ERO 2 and lactate to identify different risk profiles after elective conventional cardiac surgery. The algorithm combining ΔPCO 2 with ERO 2 and lactate identified 12 patients with a low-risk profile and 13 patients with a high-risk profile at the time of admission. doi = 10.1007/s10877-019-00352-6 id = cord-312864-km07zhn1 author = Potalivo, A. title = Sixty-day mortality among 520 Italian hospitalized COVID-19 patients according to the adopted ventilatory strategy in the context of an integrated multidisciplinary clinical organization: a population-based cohort study date = 2020-08-15 keywords = ICU; IMV; NIV; covid-19 summary = title: Sixty-day mortality among 520 Italian hospitalized COVID-19 patients according to the adopted ventilatory strategy in the context of an integrated multidisciplinary clinical organization: a population-based cohort study 4, 8, 9, 11 Thus, the number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients treated with oxygen supplementation and NIV has been markedly underreported leading to inaccurate information regarding the overall use of the different respiratory supports and outcomes. Using clinical and demographics information routinely collected in a unique database including all residents in the entire province, we performed the present population-based cohort study with the following aims: 1) to describe the characteristics of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 2) to examine patient outcomes overall and stratified by the adopted respiratory support, 3) to describe the organization of local healthcare system. It should be noted that in our study we documented for patients treated with NIV and/or IMV -despite a similar P/F ratio (median 98.0; IQR 84.0-124.5) and a higher SOFA score (median 8; IQR 6-10)-a considerably lower 60-day mortality rate, overall and in individual groups. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.13.20174615 id = cord-004515-x22q1f21 author = Pottecher, Julien title = Protocol for TRAUMADORNASE: a prospective, randomized, multicentre, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of aerosolized dornase alfa to reduce the incidence of moderate-to-severe hypoxaemia in ventilated trauma patients date = 2020-03-18 keywords = ARDS; ICU; dna; patient; study; trauma summary = title: Protocol for TRAUMADORNASE: a prospective, randomized, multicentre, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of aerosolized dornase alfa to reduce the incidence of moderate-to-severe hypoxaemia in ventilated trauma patients Dornase alfa is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved recombinant DNase, which cleaves extracellular DNA and may therefore break up the backbone of NETs and DAMPs. Aerosolized dornase alfa was shown to reduce trauma-induced lung injury in experimental models and to improve arterial oxygenation in ventilated patients. The primary trial objective is to demonstrate a reduction in the incidence of moderate-to-severe hypoxaemia in severe trauma patients during the first 7 days from 45% to 30% by providing aerosolized dornase alfa as compared to placebo. The primary objective of the TRAUMADORNASE study is to demonstrate a reduction in the incidence of moderateto-severe hypoxaemia from 45% to 30% in severe trauma patients during the first 7 ICU days by providing aerosolized dornase alfa once during the first 2 ICU days as compared to equivalent provision of placebo (NaCl 0.9%). doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-4141-6 id = cord-307287-zpq6byml author = Poulsen, Nadia Nicholine title = Cyclosporine and COVID‐19: Risk or Favorable? date = 2020-08-10 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; SARS; patient summary = doi = 10.1111/ajt.16250 id = cord-290658-r2bqqovo author = Qian, Hao title = Myocardial Injury on Admission as a Risk in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: a Retrospective in-ICU Study date = 2020-10-16 keywords = ICU; myocardial; patient summary = OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, clinical presentation, cardiovascular (CV) complications and mortality risk of myocardial injury on admission in critically ill ICU inpatients with COVID-19. We conducted a retrospective study of data from 77 patients admitted to a newly constructed ICU in Wuhan, compared patients with and without myocardial injury, detailed the relationship of myocardial injury with the survival rate and CV outcomes, and presented the following conclusions: 1) Myocardial injury is a common complication in critically ill COVID-19 patients; 2) Additionally, we further compared the mortality and time from ICU admission to death between the myocardial injury and non-myocardial injury patients, which suggested the predictive value of co-existing myocardial injury on admission as a high-risk factor in critically ill patients with COVID-19 in this study. doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.10.019 id = cord-308105-u5eri058 author = Qian, Z. title = Between-centre differences for COVID-19 ICU mortality from early data in England date = 2020-04-27 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.04.19.20070722 id = cord-351264-zp41u14l author = Quah, Pipetius title = Mortality rates of patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit: a systematic review of the emerging literature date = 2020-06-04 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03006-1 id = cord-259984-csdf1a69 author = Raffiq, Azman title = COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Neurosurgery Practice in Malaysia: Academic Insights, Clinical Experience and Protocols from March till August 2020 date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; Malaysia; N95; PPE; care; case; patient; surgical summary = For emergent/unavoidable case for a known or undetermined COVID-19 patient, the surgeon and all OT personnel in the surgical suite should use PAPR, which filter the air being breathed in addition to face shields and other standard PPE. In routine clinical care of COVID-19 suspected or confirmed infections, surgical masks are acceptable PPE, except in the case of aerosol generating procedures (intubation, high flow nasal cannula, non-invasive ventilation, bronchoscopy, administration of nebulised medications, etc). Hospitals, professional societies and ministries of health could also provide physician and nursing staff with basic ICU and ventilator management refresher education to improve their capacity to care for COVID-19 patients. Designated COVID-19 hospitals may not be able to support all elective cases, in particular those that require post-operative intensive care or significant use of blood and blood products Surgeons, in consultation with anaesthetist, nursing colleagues as well as patients (or legally accepted next of kin), should weigh the risks of proceeding (exposure, lack of resources) against those of deferment, (progression of disease, worse patients outcomes) including the expectation of delay of 2-3 months or more or until the COVID-19 is less prevalent Figure 6 . doi = 10.21315/mjms2020.27.5.14 id = cord-035315-j5mknuv5 author = Rahim, Fawad title = Mortality of Patients With Severe COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit: An Observational Study From a Major COVID-19 Receiving Hospital date = 2020-10-12 keywords = ICU; covid-19; patient summary = title: Mortality of Patients With Severe COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit: An Observational Study From a Major COVID-19 Receiving Hospital Objective To determine the mortality of patients with severe COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU) in relation to age, gender, co-morbidities, ventilatory status, and length of stay (LOS). Methods This was a cross-sectional study based on data retrieved for 204 patients admitted to the ICU of Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan, from April to August 2020. The data in terms of mortality, ventilatory support, comorbid conditions, and length of hospital stay is conflicting because different authors have reported the outcomes of a fraction of admitted patients and at variable durations since admission [7] [8] . Study variables were age, gender, comorbidities, ventilatory status, length of stay (LOS), and outcomes in terms of survival and death. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10906 id = cord-005503-hm8tvkt3 author = Rasulo, Frank A. title = Essential Noninvasive Multimodality Neuromonitoring for the Critically Ill Patient date = 2020-03-24 keywords = EEG; Fig; ICP; ICU; patient summary = Recently, automated infrared pupillometry has been introduced into clinical practice, quickly gaining popularity due to its quantitative precision, low cost, noninvasiveness, bedside applicability, and easy-to-use technology, contributing to a modern precision-oriented approach to medicine. reported that power mode transcranial Doppler had high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of brain death, respectively 100% and 98% (flow velocity was assessed in the middle cerebral artery using a transtemporal approach) [32] (Fig. 9 ). Processed EEG was originally intended for the management of the anesthetic state during surgery to avoid accidental awareness and to titrate sedation in critically ill patients where clinical scales represent the gold standard. In addition, clinical scale assessment is performed by disturbing sedated or sleeping patients (processed EEG does not require modification of the sedation state) and can never identify phases of burst suppression or isoelectric traces (total suppression) [39] , which are associated with negative outcomes (e.g., delirium occurrence, prolonged mechanical ventilation, mortality). doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-2781-2 id = cord-267296-u4svwcpt author = Rauch, Antoine title = Endotheliopathy Is Induced by Plasma From Critically Ill Patients and Associated With Organ Failure in Severe COVID-19 date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = 4 We further investigated the association of plasma-induced cytotoxicity with levels of circulating biomarkers related to organ dysfunction (Pao 2 [partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood]/Fio 2 [fraction of inspired oxygen], widely used as an indicator of oxygenation requirements, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, and aspartate transaminase), endothelial damage (von Willebrand factor antigen; ADAMTS13; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; syndecan-1), tissue injury (cell-free DNA, a damage-associated molecular patterns marker), and levels of circulating cytokines related to the activation of innate (interleukin [IL]-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and adaptative immune cell responses (soluble IL-2 receptor). Overall, the degree of vascular endothelial cell injury induced by plasma sampled from patients with COVID-19 correlated to both clinical illness severity at admission and the levels of biomarkers related to endothelial injury, tissue injury, and proinflammatory cytokines. Our data shed new light on the pathophysiology of COVID-19 by demonstrating the direct and rapid cytotoxic effect of plasma collected from critically ill patients on vascular endothelial cells. doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.120.050907 id = cord-287132-ellr5l4z author = Reif, Sarah Jordan title = A pilot volunteer reader programme decreases delirium days in critically ill, adult ICU patients date = 2020-07-20 keywords = ICU; delirium summary = title: A pilot volunteer reader programme decreases delirium days in critically ill, adult ICU patients Delirium, a form of acute brain dysfunction presenting as altered mental status, and impairment of memory, emotion, thinking, perception and behaviour 1 develops over hours to days 2 and is seen in 20%-80% 1 3 of adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients, depending on the diagnostic method and severity of illness. We hypothesised that a programme of interaction-reading to critically ill ICU patients on a daily basis-might decrease delirium days. The ICU Reader Programme was born as a service project, using volunteers, in which we hoped to identify a decrease in delirium days-the ''signal''-that would prove our hypothesis. Delirium was diagnosed using the 2014 updated version of the Confusion Assessment Method-ICU (CAM-ICU) scoring system, [11] [12] [13] shown to tightly correlate with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 delirium diagnosis. An ICU Reader Programme appears to decrease risk for, and duration of, delirium in adult ICU patients. doi = 10.1136/bmjoq-2019-000761 id = cord-352065-960xqft4 author = Rello, Jordi title = Update in COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit from the 2020 HELLENIC Athens International Symposium date = 2020-10-22 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; ICU; SARS; patient summary = Experts reviewed the latest literature relating to the COVID-19 pandemic in critically ill patients, such as epidemiology, pathophysiology, phenotypes of infection, COVID-19 as a systematic infection, molecular diagnosis, mechanical ventilation, thromboprophylaxis, COVID-19 associated co-infections, immunotherapy, plasma treatment, Catheter-Related bloodstream infections, artificial intelligence for COVID-19, and vaccination. A major problem of the coronavirus pandemic is the considerable burden imposed on National Health Systems worldwide due to the hyperacute outbreak and the proportional increase of patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) support in an extremely limited period of time, while outcomes vary according to the burden of the disease in each country. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the primary cause of death in COVID-19 [7] and a recent scope review found that for COVID-19, < 5% of patients were reported as experiencing bacterial/fungal coinfection at admission, but development of secondary infections during ICU admission is common [8, 9] . doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.10.008 id = cord-285291-pep4opiq author = Remy, Kenneth E. title = Caring for Critically Ill Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a PICU: Recommendations by Dual Trained Intensivists* date = 2020-04-29 keywords = Care; Critical; ICU; acute; adult; covid-19; patient summary = T he worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has already resulted in critical care demands overwhelming resources in nations such as Italy (1) . Prone positioning for at least 12 hours daily in adults with severe ARDS may increase ventilator-free days, reduce in-hospital mortality, and reduce the need for rescue therapies like inhaled nitric oxide and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (16, (65) (66) (67) (68) . Nonpharmacologic approaches to these modifiable risk factors include frequent environmental reorientation, cognitive stimulation, minimizing sleep interruptions, engaging familiar visitors, limiting use of sedative medications, and scheduled sedation "holidays." These strategies have consistently shown improved clinical outcomes in critically ill patients and are now considered standard of care (117) . EPVent-2 Study Group: Effect of titrating positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) with an esophageal pressure-guided strategy vs an empirical high PEEP-FIO 2 strategy on death and days free from mechanical ventilation among patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002429 id = cord-025164-hqj22yxe author = Renew, J. Ross title = Neuromuscular blockade management in the critically Ill patient date = 2020-05-24 keywords = ICU; NMBA; blockade; care; neuromuscular; patient summary = ACh: Acetylcholine; AMG: Acceleromyography; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; CIM: Critical illness myopathy; CINM: Critical illness neuromyopathy; CIP: Critical illness polyneuropathy; DVT: Deep venous thrombosis; ED95: Effective dose that decreases the twitch by 95% from baseline; EEG: Electroencephalography; EMG: Electromyography; GRADE: Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation; ICP: Intracranial pressure; ICU: Intensive care unit; ICUAW: Intensive care unit-acquired weakness; KMG: Kinemyography; nAChR: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; NAP4: 4th National Audit Project; NMBA: Neuromuscular blocking agent; NMJ: Neuromuscular junction; OR: Operating room; OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea; PaO 2 /FiO 2 : Partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen; pEEG: Processed electroencephalography; PNS: Peripheral nerve stimulator; RSII: Rapid sequence induction and intubation; SCCM: Society of Critical Care Medicine for all aspects of the work. doi = 10.1186/s40560-020-00455-2 id = cord-264907-y4vefr98 author = Renke, Christine title = Utilization of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners as Adult Critical Care Providers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Novel Approach date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; care summary = Detroit-area hospitals were tasked with mobilizing institutional resources including personnel, personal protective equipment (PPE) , and the necessary medical supplies required to provide care for the surge of COVID-19 patients. To meet the challenge of the frontline provider deficit, Pediatric Nurse Practitioners (PNPs), with experience in the management of acute and critically ill patients, were a valuable resource to the COVID-19 ICU. This group of PNPs, equipped with evolving global and institutional COVID-19 standards of care and adult critical care guidelines, combined with support from adult critical care medicine faculty, provided frontline care to critically ill COVID-19 patients. An initial call for volunteers to staff the COVID-19 ICU was sent to inpatient advanced practice providers (APPs), including NPs, certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), and physician assistants (PAs). Following deployment, an email survey was sent to all APPs who worked in the COVID-19 ICU regarding their background, education, usual scope of practice, and overall experience during deployment. doi = 10.1016/j.pedhc.2020.06.005 id = cord-341088-bqdvx458 author = Rice, Ken title = Effect of school closures on mortality from coronavirus disease 2019: old and new predictions date = 2020-10-07 keywords = ICU; Report; number summary = Table 3 also illustrates the counterintuitive result that adding school closures to a scenario with case isolation, household quarantine, and social distancing in people older than 70 years would increase the total number of deaths across the full simulation. However, this suppression then leads to a second wave with a higher peak demand for ICU beds than during the intervention period, and total numbers of deaths that exceed those of the same scenario without place closures. For example, adding general social distancing to case isolation and household quarantine was also strongly associated with suppression of the infection during the intervention period, but then a second wave occurs that actually concerns a higher peak demand for ICU beds than for the equivalent scenario without general social distancing. the scenario of place closures, case isolation, household quarantine, and social distancing of over 70s would minimise peak demand for intensive care but prolong the epidemic, resulting in more people needing intensive care and more deaths. doi = 10.1136/bmj.m3588 id = cord-000892-l9862er0 author = Richard, Jean-Christophe Marie title = Interest of a simple on-line screening registry for measuring ICU burden related to an influenza pandemic date = 2012-07-09 keywords = Flu; H1N1; ICU summary = An on-line screening registry allowed a daily report of ICU beds occupancy rate by flu infected patients (Flu-OR) admitted in French ICUs. METHODS: We conducted a prospective inception cohort study with results of an on-line screening registry designed for daily assessment of ICU burden. Here, we report the exact rate of ICU bed occupancy by flu-infected patients (Flu-OR) during the pandemic in a representative subset of French ICUs. The French REVA-SRLF registry was a multi-center prospective observational survey based on a website registry, and several results of this registry have been published elsewhere [13] [14] [15] . Even if ICUs were encouraged to do a daily assessment of the presence of patients with A (H1N1), we chose to report the calculation per week first to be consistent with the French organization and the National Institute for Public Health Surveillance (NIPHS), which displayed the time course of the pandemic weekly, and also to simplify data notification for participating centers. doi = 10.1186/cc11412 id = cord-017489-ftz9190a author = Richards, Guy A. title = Viruses in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) date = 2005 keywords = ICU; SARS; patient; pneumonia; virus summary = Pneumonia is the most common complication, which occurs in high-risk patients including those with comorbid illness such as cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, diabetes, renal failure, immunosuppression, the elderly, or residents of nursing homes. A study performed in our ICU indicates that corticosteroids may dramatically alter the course of the most severe disease and should be considered in addition to antiviral therapy along with appropriate supportive care in any previously well patient with life threatening varicella pneumonia (42). Patients with HIV or AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) who are hospitalized with chickenpox appear to be at high risk for developing varicella pneumonia, which manifests in a similar clinical fashion to that in immunocompetent individuals. In another study of 68 adult patients admitted with measles diagnosed on clinical and serological grounds, 9 required intensive care, six mechanical ventilation for approximately 15 days, and two deaths occurred. doi = 10.1007/0-387-23380-6_3 id = cord-299104-kb5gsig5 author = Riou, Marianne title = Clinical characteristics of and outcomes for patients with COVID-19 and comorbid lung diseases primarily hospitalized in a conventional pulmonology unit: a retrospective study date = 2020-11-12 keywords = CLD; COVID-19; ICU summary = title: Clinical characteristics of and outcomes for patients with COVID-19 and comorbid lung diseases primarily hospitalized in a conventional pulmonology unit: a retrospective study Background: Scant data are currently available about a potential link between comorbid chronic lung diseases and the risk and severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Methods: To describe the clinical characteristics of and outcomes for patients with COVID-19 infection, including patients with comorbid respiratory diseases, who have been primarily hospitalized in the pulmonology department of Strasbourg University Hospital, France. Further studies are warranted to determine the risk of COVID-19 for patients with comorbid chronic lung diseases. Despite a relative poor characterization of the mechanisms of COVID-19, known complications including pneumonia and acute respiratory failure led pulmonologists to prepare for the worst for their patients with comorbid chronic lung diseases (CLD) [2, 3] . doi = 10.1016/j.resmer.2020.100801 id = cord-325649-zzhsrytw author = Rispoli, Rossella title = Spine surgery in Italy in the COVID-19 era: Proposal for assessing and responding to the regional state of emergency date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.001 id = cord-011211-79stfqrd author = Robba, Chiara title = Tracheostomy practice and timing in traumatic brain-injured patients: a CENTER-TBI study date = 2020-02-05 keywords = ICU; TBI summary = This study aims to describe the characteristics of those TBI patients who undergo a tracheostomy and the current state of its timing; to identify the factors involved in performing the procedure and the different strategies between countries, and to assess the effect of the timing on patients'' outcome. • Tracheostomy is commonly performed in TBI patients in ICU, and is most frequently undertaken after the first week in ICU; • The likelihood of receiving a tracheostomy increases significantly with age, the severity of neurological injury (expressed as lower GCS and pupillary abnormalities), extra-cranial injury (particularly thoracic trauma), and early secondary insults (such as hypoxemia); • There are significant variations in tracheostomy rates across countries and centres in Europe; • When assessed as a discrete variable, later tracheostomies are associated with an increase in unfavourable outcome and LOS. doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-05935-5 id = cord-346062-q0trgj12 author = Robert, René title = Ethical dilemmas due to the Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; care; family; patient summary = The devastating pandemic that has stricken the worldwide population induced an unprecedented influx of patients in ICUs, raising ethical concerns not only surrounding triage and withdrawal of life support decisions, but also regarding family visits and quality of end-of-life support. As a result, four new options never applied to date were considered with the common aim of saving a maximum number of lives: to prioritize ICU beds for patients with the best prognosis; to increase at all costs the number of ICU beds, thereby creating stepdown ICUs; to organize transfer to distant ICUs with more beds available, or to accelerate withdrawal of life support in ICUs. Additionally, to protect the patients'' relatives, visits for families were prohibited or strongly limited and adequate communication between caregivers and families was disrupted, counteracting more than 20 years of research aimed at improving interaction with families and quality of care during EOL [1] . doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00702-7 id = cord-305434-c1jzty0u author = Roberts, Matthew B. title = COVID‐19 in solid organ transplant recipients: Dynamics of disease progression and inflammatory markers in ICU and non‐ICU admitted patients date = 2020-07-22 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1111/tid.13407 id = cord-310457-l3d1dc93 author = Robinson, A. J. title = A modification to the Maquet Flow-i anaesthesia machinefor ICU ventilation date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19; Flow; ICU summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.04.06.20054882 id = cord-324764-w68y4fjw author = Rodriguez-Rubio, Miguel title = The Role of the Pediatric Intensivist in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date = 2020-05-20 keywords = ICU; adult summary = With an increased ICU bed capacity and ventilator availability, the next challenge arises: critically ill adults with COVID-19 are highly complex patients who have important requirements of specialized ICU management, including nursing, respiratory support, and supportive care. In an unprecedented situation for ICUs around the world and with healthcare systems suffering severe shortages of equipment and staff, pediatric critical care physicians can be of great value in providing temporary support to adult ICUs (8). (2) highlight an important alternative role for pediatric intensivists outside the PICU in supporting adult ICUs in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatric intensivists are comprehensively trained in principles of critical care (e.g., respiratory physiology and mechanical ventilation) which can be easily transposed to adult patients making them qualified to oversee care in an adult ICU as described (2) . Caring for critically ill adults with coronavirus disease 2019 in a PICU: Recommendations by dual trained intensivists doi = 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002433 id = cord-349263-mmfrqyrc author = Rodríguez, A. title = Severe infection due to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus: Experience of a tertiary hospital with COVID-19 patients during the 2020 pandemic date = 2020-11-09 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; IMV; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.medine.2020.05.005 id = cord-318920-njurbf3d author = Romana Ponziani, Francesca title = Liver involvement is not associated with mortality: results from a large cohort of SARS‐CoV‐2 positive patients date = 2020-07-06 keywords = ICU; SARS summary = CONCLUSIONS: In SARS‐CoV‐2 positive patients without pre‐existing severe chronic liver disease, baseline liver tests abnormalities are associated with the risk of ICU admission and tend to normalize over time. To investigate the prevalence of liver damage in our cohort of patients, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and albumin were collected at baseline, then on the date closest to 15 days from the admission. This study demonstrates that in patients without severe chronic liver disease liver involvement during SARS-CoV-2 infection is usually mild, is not associated with increased risk of ICU admission or mortality, and tends to resolve over time. Baseline liver tests abnormalities can be found in more than 30% of cases, especially in patients with ARDS; these alterations are associated with the risk of ICU admission but not with mortality, and tend to normalize over time. doi = 10.1111/apt.15996 id = cord-276808-sax7qc85 author = Rosas, I. title = Tocilizumab in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia date = 2020-09-01 keywords = ICU; September; preprint summary = CONCLUSIONS In this randomized placebo-controlled trial in hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients, tocilizumab did not improve clinical status or mortality. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.27.20183442 doi: medRxiv preprint This is the first global, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to investigate whether tocilizumab has clinical benefit in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. The ratio of the odds of being in a better clinical status category for tocilizumab versus placebo was determined using a proportional odds model to give odds ratios and 95% CIs. Data from the last available postbaseline assessment on the ordinal scale were used for patients who withdrew before day 28, and all deaths and hospital discharges were carried forward. Among treatments for patients hospitalized with COVID-19 investigated in randomized controlled trials, dexamethasone reduced mortality in patients receiving is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint doi = 10.1101/2020.08.27.20183442 id = cord-305363-4msd8mqo author = Roselli, Lucia Reis Peixoto title = Utility-Based Multicriteria Model for Screening Patients under the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; decision summary = doi = 10.1155/2020/9391251 id = cord-336973-z8mwzmf6 author = Rubulotta, Francesca title = In Response date = 2020-07-14 keywords = ICU summary = In Response W e thank esteemed colleagues Drs Brull and Kopman, 1 both well-known experts in the field of neuromuscular monitoring and blockade for their interest in our article and their comments. 2 The creation of dedicated anesthesia intubation teams during the COVID-19 crisis as well as the increasing engagement of anesthesiologists in the ICU setting led us to believe that presenting basic principles of neuromuscular monitoring could be of interest for all readers. NMB monitoring is not standard of care in the ICU, despite the infusion of NMBAs is common for adult with severe ARDS or during proning maneuvers. The COVID-19 pandemic peak has significantly increased the workload in most ICUs and the frequency of TOF monitoring has been compromised at times. We do not recommend the corrugator supercilii as the monitoring site of choice but wanted to point out that it best reflects NMB or neuromuscular transmission at the diaphragm or larynx, anatomic areas of particular interest for ICU physicians. doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000005121 id = cord-316681-b46ycocg author = Rutsaert, Lynn title = COVID-19-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis date = 2020-06-01 keywords = ICU; IPA summary = doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00686-4 id = cord-000705-w52dc97h author = Ríos, Fernando G title = Lung Function and Organ Dysfunctions in 178 Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation During The 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic date = 2011-08-17 keywords = H1N1; ICU; NIV; day summary = METHOD: This was a multicenter, prospective inception cohort study including adult patients with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) admitted to 20 ICUs in Argentina between June and September of 2009 during the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. Although a mild form of the disease was prevalent, it soon became evident that the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus could also provoke severe, acute respiratory failure requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) for mechanical ventilation [16] , which was reflected in the severe pathological injury found at autopsy [17] . This was a multicenter, inception cohort study that included patients aged > 15 years admitted to the ICU with a previous history of influenza-like illness, evolving to acute respiratory failure that required mechanical ventilation during the 2009 winter in the Southern Hemisphere. We report on a large, prospective cohort of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) patients that were mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure due to diffuse pneumonitis during the pandemic in Argentina. doi = 10.1186/cc10369 id = cord-309378-sfr1x0ob author = Röst, Gergely title = Early Phase of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Hungary and Post-Lockdown Scenarios date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; case; number summary = doi = 10.3390/v12070708 id = cord-253049-vm46wq1m author = Rößler, Steve title = Influenza-associated in-hospital mortality during the 2017/2018 influenza season: a retrospective multicentre cohort study in central Germany date = 2020-09-27 keywords = ICU; influenza summary = title: Influenza-associated in-hospital mortality during the 2017/2018 influenza season: a retrospective multicentre cohort study in central Germany The aim of this retrospective cohort study at eight hospitals in Germany was to specify influenza-associated in-hospital mortality during the 2017/2018 flu season, which was the strongest in Germany in the past 30 years. For example, according to the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), an estimated 25,100 people in Germany died due to influenza during the 2017/2018 flu season, but only 1674 influenza-associated deaths were officially reported [3] . Applying our observed in-hospital mortality of 6.7% to the 60,000 hospitalized patients with a laboratoryconfirmed influenza infection reported to the RKI would correspond to approximately 4000 deceased hospitalized patients during the 2017/2018 flu season in Germany. This proportion was lower than that in our study, in which influenza infection was considered to be the immediate cause of death in 82.8% of the deceased patients. Intrahospital mortality of influenza patients during the 2017-2018 influenza season: report from a tertiary care hospital in Austria doi = 10.1007/s15010-020-01529-x id = cord-261485-0ke5nqy0 author = Sabir, A. M. title = Effects of Anticoagulants and Corticosteroids therapy in patients affected by severe COVID-19 Pneumonia date = 2020-06-29 keywords = ICU; covid-19; patient summary = Severe COVID-19 pneumonia group were 63 patients who received methylprednisolone, enoxaparin, antiviral drugs, empirical antibiotics for pneumonia, and standard treatment for comorbidity. Conclusion Early use of a combined anti-inflammatory (corticosteroids and Enoxaparin) and antiviral drugs treatment in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia prevent complications of the disease and improve clinical outcomes. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a combination treatment of anti-inflammatory (corticosteroids and Enoxaparin) and antiviral drugs to treat severe COVID-19 pneumonia. There is one patient in medical ward needs low flow oxygen therapy and methylprednisolone for more than 21 days due to unknown reason or confirmed significant lung disease or infection, but Bactrim was given empirically for possible pneumocystis pneumonia, then improved and discharged home. Extra days of length of stay, and virus clearance time, higher oxygen therapy among patients with comorbidity and moderate COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.22.20134957 id = cord-289188-hf9sh9vs author = Salazar, M. R. title = EFFECT OF CONVALESCENT PLASMA ON MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 PNEUMONIA date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = Logistic regression analysis identified age, ICU admission with and without MV requirement, diabetes and preexistent cardiovascular disease as independent predictors of 28-day mortality, whereas convalescent plasma administration acted as a protective factor. Conclusions Our study suggests that the administration of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to the hospital might be associated with decreased mortality. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.08.20202606 doi: medRxiv preprint administered early in the course of COVID-19 [14] [15] .Convalescent plasma is currently being evaluated in 126 clinical trials [16] . Accordingly, the objective of the present study is to compare the epidemiological characteristics, outcomes and independent predictors of mortality among patients who received convalescent plasma and those who did not receive it, who were admitted to hospitals in Buenos Aires Province for COVID-19 throughout the pandemic. The main finding of our study was that the administration of convalescent plasma to patients with COVID-19 pneumonia was associated with a decrease of 24.4% in adjusted mortality. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.08.20202606 id = cord-268662-mw8ec7u2 author = Salton, Francesco title = Prolonged low-dose methylprednisolone in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, observational study to explore the association between exposure to prolonged, low-dose, MP treatment and need for ICU referral, intubation or death within 28 days (composite primary endpoint) in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to Italian respiratory high-dependency units. [6] We hypothesized that early MP treatment in hypoxemic patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia at higher risk for ARF progression requiring invasive MV, may quicken disease resolution, reducing the need for ICU support and mortality. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazard models estimated the hazard ratio (HR) of both the primary composite endpoint and all-cause death, with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), taking into account the confounding factors (i.e., sex, age, and baseline values of SOFA score, PaO 2 :FiO 2 , CRP levels) potentially associated with the outcome. In our multicenter study, patients exposed to MP encountered the primary composite endpoint of ICU referral, need for invasive MV or in-hospital all-cause death significantly less compared to the control group (adjusted HR 0.41). doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofaa421 id = cord-287333-h89tmi0w author = Sanfilippo, Filippo title = The importance of a “socially responsible” approach during COVID-19: the invisible heroes of science in Italy date = 2020-05-26 keywords = ICU summary = title: The importance of a "socially responsible" approach during COVID-19: the invisible heroes of science in Italy The importance of a "socially responsible" approach during COVID-19: the invisible heroes of science in Italy Filippo Sanfilippo 1* , Elena Bignami 2 , Ferdinando Luca Lorini 3 and Marinella Astuto 1 We summarize the "socially responsible" approach of our ICU community in three key points. In summary, Italian ICU physicians avoided "compulsory public notoriety," behaving as "invisible heroes of science." Unfortunately, the same has not happened in other disciplines with compulsory appearance on TV, social media, and newspapers by physicians with low h-index, predatory publication attitude, and no experience in coronavirus delivering highly misleading and scientifically unsupported information. A "socially responsible" approach to public information should be implemented to all fields involved in COVID-19, and the one delivered by the Italian ICU "invisible heroes" should be a leading worldwide example for other disciplines and countries. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-02998-0 id = cord-342680-1cr2ph8x author = Sarpong, Nana O. title = What’s Important: Redeployment of the Orthopaedic Surgeon During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives from the Trenches date = 2020-04-14 keywords = ICU summary = However, our hospital''s capacity, resources, and health-care personnel are rapidly dwindling as front-line workers are falling ill to COVID-19 or have been redeployed to de novo makeshift ICUs. The initial hospital response included the reallocation of capacity and resources, with our dedicated orthopaedic surgery operating rooms and suites being converted to ICUs shortly after the New York State order to cancel all elective surgeries 4 . To that end, every available practitioner in our orthopaedic department-including attending surgeons, fellows, residents, nurse practitioners, nurses, physician assistants, medical assistants, and support staff-has been redeployed to another area of the hospital with unmet need, particularly the ER and ICU. In our first redeployment shift in the ER, we expected the majority of patients to be coughing and dyspneic, and had prepared for a virus-driven cacophony by wearing an N95 respirator covered by a surgical mask and face shield. doi = 10.2106/jbjs.20.00574 id = cord-316504-od7zex3f author = Savary, D. title = Reliability and limits of transport-ventilators to safely ventilate severe patients in special surge situations. date = 2020-10-09 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.10.07.20208561 id = cord-327452-fl7yrpzs author = Sayde, George title = Implementing an intensive care unit (ICU) diary program at a Large Academic Medical Center: Results from a randomized control trial evaluating psychological morbidity associated with critical illness date = 2020-07-02 keywords = ICU; PTSD summary = title: Implementing an intensive care unit (ICU) diary program at a Large Academic Medical Center: Results from a randomized control trial evaluating psychological morbidity associated with critical illness In addition, the use of an ICU diary, where everyday events can be prospectively recorded by family members and healthcare workers, has been shown in some studies to reduce J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f new-onset PTSD, anxiety, and depressive symptoms and promote psychological wellbeing in both patients and their families [5, 11, 12] . J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f On behalf of my coauthors, I would like to thank you for the opportunity to revise and resubmit our manuscript GHP-D-20-00200, entitled -Implementing an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Diary Program at a Large Academic Medical Center: Results from a Randomized Control Trial Evaluating Psychological Morbidity Associated with Critical Illness.‖ We greatly appreciate the thoughtful feedback and suggestions for improvement. doi = 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.017 id = cord-221717-h1h2vd3r author = Scabini, Leonardo F. S. title = Social Interaction Layers in Complex Networks for the Dynamical Epidemic Modeling of COVID-19 in Brazil date = 2020-05-16 keywords = Brazil; ICU; brazilian; case summary = Therefore this study presents a new approach to model the COVID-19 epidemic using a multi-layer complex network, where nodes represent people, edges are social contacts, and layers represent different social activities. The SIR model on networks works as follows: each node represents a person and, the elements are connected according to some criteria and the epidemic propagation happens through an agent-based approach. At the end of the evolution of a SIR model applied to a network, the number of nodes in each SIR category (susceptible, infected and recovered) can be calculated for each unit of time evaluated and then compare these data with real information, for example, the hospital capabilities of the health system. Unlike the traditional SIR model, which consists of a single β term to describe the probability of infection, here we propose a dynamic strategy to better represent the real world and the new COVID-19 disease. doi = nan id = cord-321149-hffj7s4o author = Schmidt, Matthieu title = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-08-13 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; ECMO; ICU; patient summary = Methods This retrospective cohort study was done in the Paris–Sorbonne University Hospital Network, comprising five intensive care units (ICUs) and included patients who received ECMO for COVID-19 associated ARDS. This retrospective study, with 83 patients included and a complete follow-up until day 60 post-ECMO initiation is, to our knowledge, the largest to date reporting the outcomes after rescue ECMO for the most severe forms of COVID-19 ARDS, in the Paris-Sorbonne University Hospital Network (Paris, France), the principal hospital referral network for ICU care in Greater Paris, including one of the largest European ECMO centres (Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital). Following early reports of severe COVID-19 associated coagulopathy [16] [17] [18] and frequent thromboembolic events on ECMO, inclu ding massive pulmonary embolism, 19, 20 we decided to increase the targeted activated partial thromboplastin time for anticoagulation of venovenous ECMO with unfractionated heparin to 60-75 s or anti-Xa activity 0·3-0·5 IU/mL (respective values were 40-55 s or 0·2-0·3 IU/mL in the EOLIA trial 3 ) before we treated our first patients with COVID-19 ARDS. doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30328-3 id = cord-319615-p2labgd8 author = Schulman, Sam title = Coronavirus Disease 2019, Prothrombotic Factors, and Venous Thromboembolism date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1710337 id = cord-124012-5zxkd2jy author = Schwab, Patrick title = predCOVID-19: A Systematic Study of Clinical Predictive Models for Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-05-17 keywords = CoV-2; ICU; SARS summary = Here, we study clinical predictive models that estimate, using machine learning and based on routinely collected clinical data, which patients are likely to receive a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, require hospitalisation or intensive care. In addition, [48] performed a cohort study for clinical and laboratory predictors of COVID-19 related inhospital mortality that identified baseline neutrophil count, age Fig. 2 : The presented multistage machine-learning pipeline consists of preprocessing (light purple) the input data x, developing multiple candidate models using the given dataset (orange), selecting the best candidate model for evaluation (blue), and evaluating the selected best model''s outputsŷ. Owing to the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2, there currently exists, to the best of our knowledge, no prior systematic study on clinical predictive models that predict likelihood of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, hospital and intensive care unit admission from clinical, demographic and blood analysis data that accounts for the missingness that is characteristic for the clinical setting. doi = nan id = cord-333146-d55kybmz author = Sedes, P. Rascado title = Contingency Plan for the Intensive Care Services for the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-14 keywords = ICU; care summary = doi = 10.1016/j.enfie.2020.03.002 id = cord-032335-6c9gt7t9 author = Segrelles-Calvo, Gonzalo title = Therapeutic limitation in elderly patients: Reflections regarding COVID19() date = 2020-09-19 keywords = ICU; patient summary = In a recent editorial, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, the authors address the problem of having to choose between 2 or more patients for the assignment of resources, such as ICU admission. This real situation that arose during the Covid-19 pandemic underlines the need to develop fair resource allocation procedures that include all the stakeholders involved in patient care, and the patient and family themselves, in order to develop prioritization criteria for decisionmaking in times of adversity, without transferring this burden to a single healthcare professional in a specific situation. Among the many changes that will emerge after the Covid-19 pandemic, we believe that one of the most relevant will surely be the expansion of RICUs and the leadership of respiratory medicine in decision-making on borderline patients, such as the elderly, unifying selection criteria, clarifying the concept of frailty, and integrating its use into our clinical practice. doi = 10.1016/j.arbr.2020.05.008 id = cord-004404-s6udpwxq author = Seifi, Najmeh title = Effects of synbiotic supplementation on energy and macronutrients homeostasis and muscle wasting of critical care patients: study protocol and a review of previous studies date = 2020-02-24 keywords = ICU; gut; muscle; patient summary = METHODS: This is a prospective, single-center, double-blind, parallel randomized controlled trial with the aim to evaluate the effects of synbiotic supplementation on energy and macronutrient homeostasis and muscle wasting in critically ill patients. DISCUSSION: Gut microbiota modulation through synbiotics is proposed to improve clinical prognosis and reduce infectious complications, ventilator dependency, and length of ICU stay by improving energy and macronutrient homeostasis and reducing muscle protein catabolism. Previous studies suggest that modulating gut microbiota by novel therapeutics, such as prebiotics, probiotics, or synbiotics, can have an effect on gastrointestinal tolerance and complications of enteral nutrition, which eventually lead to the regulation of energy intake. Considering the extreme dysbiosis in critically ill patients and related energy and macronutrients homeostasis disturbance and muscle wasting, prompted us to evaluate the effect of synbiotic supplementation on the elimination of this condition. The primary objective is to evaluate the effects of synbiotic supplementation on energy and macronutrient homeostasis and muscle wasting in patients under critical care. doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-4136-3 id = cord-261354-8uwtwsug author = Settembre, Nicla title = The use of exoskeletons to help with prone positioning in the intensive care unit during COVID-19 date = 2020-06-10 keywords = ICU summary = Postural analysis of the PP maneuver without After testing each exoskeleton, these 2 participants completed a technology acceptance questionnaire adapted from (4) to evaluate the perceived effort, safety, comfort, efficacy, installation, and intention to use. The use of exoskeletons to cope with an exhausting task such as prone positioning in the ICU to safely maintain a large number of patients on mechanical ventilation during the surge of the COVID-19 outbreak is a consistent topic of research. However, although occupational exoskeletons are deployed in the industrial sector (11) , their use in the healthcare system is rarely reported, with no reported use in ICUs. The medical staff using the passive exoskeleton Laevo during the PP maneuvers in the ICU perceived physical relief in the low back during bent postures, particularly when working at the patient''s head. doi = 10.1016/j.rehab.2020.05.004 id = cord-344824-myaiilra author = Sha, D. title = Spatiotemporal Analysis of Medical Resource Deficiencies in the U.S. under COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-25 keywords = CCS; COVID-19; ICU; U.S. summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.05.24.20112136 id = cord-322533-adqqm0n9 author = Sha, Dexuan title = Spatiotemporal analysis of medical resource deficiencies in the U.S. under COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-14 keywords = CCS; ICU; MRDI; U.S. summary = The study duration was mainly from February 15, 2020 to May 1, 2020 in the U.S. Multiple data sources were used to extract local population, hospital beds, critical care staff, COVID-19 confirmed case numbers, and hospitalization data at county level. Then, we developed two medical resource deficiency indices that measured the local medical burden based on the number of accumulated active confirmed cases normalized by local maximum potential medical resources, and the number of hospitalized patients that can be supported per ICU bed per critical care staff, respectively. In this report, three fundamental elements or features, i.e. ventilators, ICU beds, and critical care staff (CCS) were identified as medical resources to plan for or manage a COVID-19 pandemic, and it would be wise to consider the interconnections among these factors in a spatiotemporal data analysis framework. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240348 id = cord-316647-jj8anf5g author = Shang, You title = Management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in ICU: statement from front-line intensive care experts in Wuhan, China date = 2020-06-06 keywords = AKI; ARDS; China; ICU; SARS; clinical; covid-19; patient summary = doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00689-1 id = cord-314826-usfvulc2 author = Sharifipour, Ehsan title = Evaluation of bacterial co-infections of the respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU date = 2020-09-01 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05374-z id = cord-255435-mr239gai author = Sher, Yelizaveta title = A CASE REPORT OF COVID-19 ASSOCIATED HYPERACTIVE ICU DELIRIUM WITH PROPOSED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND TREATMENT date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = Delirium, which is highly prevalent in general intensive care unit (ICU) populations, is expected to be frequent and prominent in COVID-19 patients hospitalized with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in ICU. Delirium, which is highly prevalent in general intensive care unit (ICU) populations, is expected to be frequent and prominent in COVID-19 patients hospitalized with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in ICU. In addition to case presentation, we discuss a proposed delirium pathophysiology in COVID-19 associated delirium and a systematized approach to evaluation and management of such patients. Intravenous valproic acid (VPA; titrated to 1250 mg per day) was also started for management of agitation and symptoms of hyperactive delirium and to facilitate tapering of multiple other sedative deliriogenic medications. At our center, the following medications have been used in management of agitation in patients with COVID-19 ICU-associated hyperactive delirium, including the described patient, with following considerations. doi = 10.1016/j.psym.2020.05.007 id = cord-255827-xz87wg74 author = Sills, Marion R. title = Inpatient Capacity at Children’s Hospitals during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak, United States date = 2011-09-17 keywords = H1N1; ICU summary = Assessing use of capacity in the context of a lowvirulence infl uenza pandemic can provide insight into how a more virulent virus might directly affect children''s hospitals and indirectly affect all health care systems throughout their catchment areas. The objectives of this study were to 1) compare occupancy at US tertiary care children''s hospitals during the pandemic period with occupancy during the 2008-09 seasonal infl uenza outbreak, 2) measure how close each hospital came to exhausting capacity for inpatient beds, and 3) measure the effect on capacity if pandemic (H1N1) 2009 during fall 2009 had been more severe. To measure the effect on capacity of a more severe outbreak of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, we calculated the number of ED IRI visits and the ED-to-inpatient admission rate for ED IRI visits for the 26 PHIS hospitals for which ED data were available. doi = 10.3201/eid1709.101950 id = cord-276952-nkaow79h author = Sim, Starling A. title = Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients in the Era of Molecular Testing date = 2018-03-09 keywords = HSCT; ICU; LRTI summary = Viral respiratory tract infection (vRTI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). This study aimed to assess the epidemiologic characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of vRTI occurring in the period from conditioning to 100 days after allo-HSCT in the era of molecular testing. Demographic and clinical data were collected from hospital clinical records using a case report form and included age, sex, underlying disease, previous therapy, stem cell source, conditioning therapy, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and outcomes (ie intensive care unit [ICU] admission and death). For patients with RV infection, the number of vRTIs, type of RVs, clinical presentation, antiviral therapy, and outcomes (ie, ICU admission, death, use of mechanical ventilation, and progression to lower respiratory tract infection [LRTI]) were also obtained during the 100-day period. doi = 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.03.004 id = cord-305498-8tmtvw1r author = Singh Saraj, K. title = Modification of Neurosurgical Practice during Corona Pandemic: Our Experience at AIIMS Patna And Long Term Guidelines date = 2020-09-10 keywords = ICU; India; case; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.inat.2020.100895 id = cord-010566-tciwtxud author = Singh, Nina title = Outcome of patients with cirrhosis requiring intensive care unit support: Prospective assessment of predictors of mortality date = 1998 keywords = ICU; patient summary = Determinants of outcome and the utility of the Child-Pugh score and the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score as predictors of outcome were prospectively assessed in 54 consecutive patients with cirrhosis requiring intensive care unit (ICU) management. 9,10 Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) scores were determined to be of prognostic significance in a study in ICU patients with cirrhosis; however, neither Child-Pugh scores nor etiology of liver disease were assessed in that study. 35 Mental status has been shown to be a significant predictor of outcome in ICU patients in a number of clinical settings, e.g., patients with acute renal failure requiring dialysis and transplant recipients. Although Child-Pugh scores, serum bilirubin, creatinine, or the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding was not different, the patients with liver disease not caused by alcohol may have been more debilitated, as indicated by a significantly greater requirement for mechanical ventilation and a higher incidence of pulmonary infiltrates. doi = 10.1007/s005350050047 id = cord-310621-wnd47uss author = Singh, Shalendra title = Challenges faced in establishing a dedicated 250 bed COVID-19 intensive care unit in a temporary structure date = 2020-11-06 keywords = ICU; hospital summary = doi = 10.1016/j.tacc.2020.10.006 id = cord-029429-egoso04w author = Sinha, Vikas title = Bedside Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital date = 2020-07-20 keywords = ICU; tracheostomy summary = In the critically ill patients, it is one of the most frequently done procedure especially in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for those requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. In the critically ill patients, it is one of the most frequently done procedure especially in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for those requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. Study consists of 200 patients who underwent bedside tracheostomies in a tertiary care center from 2014 to 2017 in Medical/Surgical/Paediatric ICU''s. Study consists of 200 patients who underwent bedside tracheostomies in a tertiary care center from 2014 to 2017 in Medical/Surgical/Paediatric ICU''s. It is better than tracheostomy in operating room for patients who need prolonged mechanical ventilation in ICU as it eliminates the need of patient transport to OR and its associated complications and also minimizing cost. It is better than tracheostomy in operating room for patients who need prolonged mechanical ventilation in ICU as it eliminates the need of patient transport to OR and its associated complications and also minimizing cost. doi = 10.1007/s12070-020-01976-w id = cord-329727-h47q76y8 author = Sisó-Almirall, Antoni title = Prognostic factors in Spanish COVID-19 patients: A case series from Barcelona date = 2020-08-21 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; patient summary = CONCLUSION: Determining the clinical, biological and radiological characteristics of patients with suspected COVID-19 infection will be key to early treatment and isolation and the tracing of contacts. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the clinical, biological and radiological manifestations, the evolution, treatments and mortality rate of patients with COVID-19 infection in the population of Barcelona city and determine the most important predictors of a poor prognosis. Signs and symptoms, the main available haematological and biochemical data and the results of imaging tests were recorded, as were comorbidities, the evolution, the hospitalization rate, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and the treatments received. This study summarizes the clinical, biological and radiological characteristics, evolution and prognostic factors of patients with COVID-19 disease in primary and community healthcare. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237960.t002 In bold, statistically significant independent predictive factors associated with hospitalization, death or ICU admission (logistic multivariate regression adjusted for age and sex). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0237960 id = cord-273350-b2exkw6x author = Soh, Mitsuhito title = Impaired mental health status following ICU care in a patient with COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-11 keywords = ICU summary = Thus, severe respiratory failure patients with COVID-19 sometimes generally do not receive the PICS prevention bundle, which is commonly applied in standard intensive care unit (ICU) practice 4 . Here, we report a COVID-19 case that developed an impaired mental health status following intensive care unit ICU care. All rights reserved nurse examined his medical condition, the patient said, "When I try to sleep, I can''t sleep because I remember ICU stay," "The news that popular comedian died from a coronavirus made me feel anxious and scared," and "It''s hard to see people die while playing games." Therefore, in his outpatient visit 28 days after discharge, we assessed his mental status. Further actual condition evaluation, prevention, treatment, and follow-up activities for mental disorder PICS should be systematically developed in actual clinical practice to improve the long-term prognosis of patients with COVID-19 who underwent ICU treatment. doi = 10.1002/ams2.562 id = cord-014464-m5n250r2 author = Sole-Violan, J title = Lethal influenza virus A H1N1 infection in two relatives with autosomal dominant GATA-2 deficiency date = 2013-03-19 keywords = AKI; APACHE; ARDS; Care; ICU; IL-6; Introduction; RBC; TBI; day; figure; group; hour; method; mortality; outcome; patient; peep; result; signifi; sofa; study summary = Results In preliminary analysis of categorical data, a signifi cantly (Fisher exact test) greater proportion of patients with compared with without the following fi ndings did not survive; history of alcohol use (P = 0.05); the presence of lethargy (P = 0.01), confusion (P = 0.03), nausea (P = 0.04), abdominal pain (P = 0.02), or the need for vasopressors (P = 0.002), oxygen, mechanical ventilation, or steroids (all P = 0.004) at presentation; and excessive bleeding at surgery (P = 0.01). Methods To prospectively re-evaluate the normal range and to analyze the potential impact of biometric data on ICG-PDR, we measured ICG-PDR (i.v. injection of 0.25 mg/kg ICG; LiMON, Pulsion, Munich, Introduction Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SVO 2 ) represents a well-recognized parameter of oxygen delivery (DO 2 )-consumption (VO 2 ) mismatch and its use has been advocated in critically ill patients in order to guide hemodynamic resuscitation [1] and oxygen delivery optimization. doi = 10.1186/cc11953 id = cord-029537-hzy13fuw author = Soltani, Farhad title = The effect of melatonin on reduction in the need for sedative agents and duration of mechanical ventilation in traumatic intracranial hemorrhage patients: a randomized controlled trial date = 2020-07-22 keywords = ICU; melatonin summary = title: The effect of melatonin on reduction in the need for sedative agents and duration of mechanical ventilation in traumatic intracranial hemorrhage patients: a randomized controlled trial PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the effect of exogenous melatonin on the number of sedative drugs and the duration of mechanical ventilation in traumatic intracranial hemorrhage patients in ICU. CONCLUSION: This study presented that morphine consumption and mechanical ventilation time were significantly lower in the melatonin group than in the control. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of exogenous melatonin on the reduction in the need for sedative agents and the duration of mechanical ventilation in TICH patients in ICU. This study was a double-blind randomized controlled trial that was considered to evaluate the effect of melatonin on the need for sedative agents and duration of mechanical ventilation after TICH. doi = 10.1007/s00068-020-01449-3 id = cord-263671-2b54qfo7 author = Soriano, María Cruz title = Low incidence of co-infection, but high incidence of ICU-acquired infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-19 keywords = ICU summary = title: Low incidence of co-infection, but high incidence of ICU-acquired infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19 ICU admission is a risk factor for hospital-acquired infections and nosocomial infections by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria 2, 3 . Here, we report our findings of a retrospective cohort study to asses the incidence of co-infections, ICU-acquired infections and their relation to mortality in patients with COVID-19. Frequency measurements have been calculated using the incidence rates of each ICU-acquired infections expressed in relation to the number of patients at risk or the number of days at risk. A study conducted in Wuhan, China shows a series of 150 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in whom the presence of secondary infection during hospital admission was one of the risk factors for increased mortality 5 . A recent study found that frequency of hospital-acquired superinfections remained low and this finding was mainly related with ICU admission 6 . doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.010 id = cord-290326-umv0q4d7 author = Stachowska, Ewa title = Nutritional Support in Coronavirus 2019 Disease date = 2020-06-12 keywords = ICU; covid-19; nutrition; patient summary = Consequently, due to lack of specific COVID-19 data, the recommendations in our review are based on viral and bacterial pneumonia studies, as well as recommendations made for critically ill patients. Nutritional treatment for critically ill patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (especially in case of respiratory and multiorgan failure) [22] is a key element of comprehensive treatment aimed to reduce the mortality. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) criteria for increased risk for aspiration are: inability to protect the airway, mechanical ventilation, age > 70 years, reduced level of consciousness, poor oral care, inadequate nurse: patient ratio, supine positioning, neurologic deficits, gastroesophageal reflux, transport out of the ICU, and use of bolus intermittent EN. Poor nutritional status is a prognostic factor for mortality in severe pneumonia and critical illness, especially for elderly patients. ESPEN and ASPEN guidelines for nutritional support in critical illness are applicable for COVID-19 patients requiring ICU support. doi = 10.3390/medicina56060289 id = cord-017302-xez0zso3 author = Stephens, R. Scott title = ICU Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant, Including Graft vs Host Disease date = 2019-07-24 keywords = GVHD; HSCT; ICU; acute; patient summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-26710-0_80 id = cord-021917-z9wpjr0d author = Stephens, R. Scott title = Bioterrorism and the Intensive Care Unit date = 2009-05-15 keywords = ICU; agent; care; disease; patient summary = • Health care workers, accustomed to putting the welfare of patients ahead of their own in emergency situations, must be prepared for the proper use of personal protective equipment and trained in specific plans for the response to an infective or bioterrorism event. Although intensivists working in developed countries generally have little experience treating specific illnesses caused by serious bioweapon pathogens, these diseases result in clinical conditions that commonly require treatment in intensive care units (ICUs) (e.g., severe sepsis and septic shock, hypoxemic respiratory failure, and ventilatory failure). An optimal medical response to a bioweapon attack will require all or most of the following: early diagnosis, rapid case finding, large-scale distribution of countermeasures for postexposure prophylaxis or early treatment, immediate isolation of contagious victims, and enhanced capacity for providing medical care to seriously and critically ill victims. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-02844-8.50069-x id = cord-011332-dzl09afq author = Stoclin, A. title = Ventilator-associated pneumonia and bloodstream infections in intensive care unit cancer patients: a retrospective 12-year study on 3388 prospectively monitored patients date = 2019-04-17 keywords = BSI; ICU; VAP summary = PURPOSE: Some publications suggest high rates of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and of nosocomial pneumonia portending a poor prognosis in ICU cancer patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all the patients hospitalized for ≥ 48 h during a 12-year period in the 12-bed ICU of the Gustave Roussy hospital, monitored prospectively for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and bloodstream infection (BSI) and for use of medical devices. The cumulative incidence during the first 25 days of exposure was 58.8% (95% CI 49.1–66.6%) for VAP, 8.9% (95% CI, 6.2–11.5%) for primary, 15.1% (95% CI 11.6–18.5%) for secondary and 5.0% (95% CI 3.2–6.8%) for catheter-related BSIs. VAP or BSIs were not associated with a higher risk of ICU mortality. The case report forms include information on the following: invasive devices (mechanical ventilation [MV] and central venous catheters [CVCs]), HAIs (VAP, primary BSIs, catheter-related BSIs, and secondary BSIs), neutropenia (white blood cell [WBC] count < 1000/mm 3 or acute leukemia) before admission (duration and nadir), and outcomes at discharge from ICU (infections [date of diagnosis, pathogen] and death. doi = 10.1007/s00520-019-04800-6 id = cord-322167-cpjkltsu author = Stubington, Thomas J. title = Tracheotomy in COVID‐19 patients: Optimizing patient selection and identifying prognostic indicators date = 2020-05-22 keywords = ICU summary = • Patients should ideally be at least 14 days post-positive swab result • Low oxygen requirements (FiO 2 ≤ 40%), sustained for at least 24 hours • Patient able to tolerate clamped tube for 1 minute in ICU ("clamp test") • Two failed trials of sedation withholding prior to considering tracheotomy • Patients that will not require prone ventilation Correlation between data sets was determined using the "R" statistical software (v3.6.1, © The R Foundation, Vienna, Austria). The selection criteria proposed in this study (FiO 2 ≤ 50% and PEEP ≤ 8 cm of H 2 O in the 24 hours prior to the tracheotomy) were derived on the basis of our early experience with the first five COVID-19 tracheotomies; of which, one survived (patient A), two died (patients B and C) and the remaining two had a prolonged wean off the ventilator (patient D, who was taken off ventilation at day 17 post-procedure, and patient E, who continues to be on ventilation at the time of writing). doi = 10.1002/hed.26280 id = cord-300892-zzl0c9nj author = Sukhonthamarn, Kamolsak title = Response to Letter to the Editor titled ‘Risk Modeling for Unplanned Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Admission’ date = 2020-05-08 keywords = ICU summary = title: Response to Letter to the Editor titled ''Risk Modeling for Unplanned Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Admission'' We are grateful to the letter authors for their interest in our study regarding risk factors for unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) admission after elective total joint arthroplasty, which was recently published in the Journal of Arthroplasty [1] . Therefore, the American College of Surgeons (ACS) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) have recommended postponing or canceling elective procedures, including total joint arthroplasty (TJA) [2, 3] . We report significantly increased risks with bilateral versus unilateral hip There is previously published work on predictors and risk-stratified model development, which was created from stratified preoperative and intraoperative factors to predict unplanned ICU admission after total hip arthroplasty (THA) [5] [6] [7] . Risk Factors for Unplanned Admission to the Intensive Care Unit After Elective Total Joint Arthroplasty Unplanned Admission to the Intensive Care Unit After Total Hip Arthroplasty Prospective Study of Unplanned Admission to the Intensive Care Unit after Total Hip Arthroplasty doi = 10.1016/j.arth.2020.05.005 id = cord-299254-kqpnwkg5 author = Sun, Yingcheng title = INSMA: An integrated system for multimodal data acquisition and analysis in the intensive care unit date = 2020-04-28 keywords = ICU; INSMA; datum; patient summary = In this paper, we proposed a multimodal data acquisition and analysis system called INSMA, with the ability to acquire, store, process, and visualize multiple types of data from the Philips IntelliVue patient monitor. Enormous volumes of multimodal physiological data are generated including physiological waveform signals, patient monitoring alarm messages, and numerics and if acquired, synchronized and analyzed, this data can been effectively used to support clinical decision-making at the bedside [10, 18] . We have been working on building the Integrated Medical Environment (tIME) [10] to address this critical opportunity and in this paper, we discuss an integrated system (INSMA) that supports multimodal data acquisition, parsing, real-time data analysis and visualization in the ICU. Advances in informatics, whether through data acquisition, physiologic alarm detection, or signal analysis and visualization for decision support have the potential to markedly improve patient treatment in ICUs. Clinical monitors have the ability to collect and visualize important numerics or waveforms, but more work is needed to interface to the monitors and acquire and synchronize multimodal physiological data across a diverse set of clinical devices. doi = 10.1016/j.jbi.2020.103434 id = cord-326644-5war06j2 author = Supino, M. title = World governments should protect their population from COVID-19 pandemic using Italy and Lombardy as precursor date = 2020-03-27 keywords = ICU; Italy summary = preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in temporally to superpose one on another, so that for all countries day zero represents the onset of COVID-19 outbreak. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in While NHS are prepared to receive a certain number of ICU patients distributed during the influenza season, which lasts several months, no NHS can manage an exponentially growing number of COVID-19 patients. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in Here we show that it is possible to predict the date of saturation of the ICUs in a region early on, by using the temporal information about the number of available ICU beds. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.25.20042713 id = cord-304736-lkjsh3fu author = Taccone, Fabio Silvio title = Higher Intensity Thromboprophylaxis Regimens and Pulmonary Embolism in Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients date = 2020-08-18 keywords = ICU summary = The use of high-regimen thromboprophylaxis was associated with a lower occurrence of pulmonary embolism (2/18; 11%) than standard regimen (11/22, 50%—odds ratio 0.13 [0.02–0.69]; p = 0.02); this difference remained significant even after adjustment for confounders. The primary endpoint of this study was the occurrence of pulmonary embolism according to the use of standard thromboprophylaxis (i.e. subcutaneous enoxaparin 4,000 international units once daily) or high regimen thromboprophylaxis (i.e. subcutaneous enoxaparin 4,000 international units bid or therapeutic unfractioned heparin). The primary endpoint of this study was the occurrence of pulmonary embolism according to the use of standard thromboprophylaxis (i.e. subcutaneous enoxaparin 4,000 international units once daily) or high regimen thromboprophylaxis (i.e. subcutaneous enoxaparin 4,000 international units bid or therapeutic unfractioned heparin). Nevertheless, CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) was not routinely performed in all patients, and no data on the role of different thromboprophylaxis regimens on the occurrence of PE were reported. doi = 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004548 id = cord-339670-lq46nj8j author = Takahashi, Nozomi title = Clinical course of a critically ill patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) date = 2020-06-16 keywords = ICU; SARS summary = Although several studies have reported on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), clinical course of the most severe cases requiring treatment in ICU have been insufficiently reported. A 73-year-old man traveling on a cruise ship with history of hypertension and dyslipidemia developed high fever, dyspnea and cough after 7 days of steroid treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in sputa polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination. The sustained excessive inflammatory cytokines in the present case might have led to the exacerbation of the disease, requiring vigorous organ support therapies to allow for survival and recovery from the rapid progression of multiple organ dysfunctions and severe respiratory failure. (SARS-CoV-2), who developed multiple organ dysfunctions, treated with artificial organ supports including mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). doi = 10.1007/s10047-020-01183-y id = cord-337917-vvvo5t4h author = Tempe, Dr. Deepak K. title = Challenges in Preparing and managing the critical care services for a large urban area during COVID-19 outbreak: Perspective from Delhi date = 2020-05-26 keywords = Delhi; ICU; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.05.028 id = cord-251977-rgae9jy9 author = Terrasi, Benjamin title = French ICUs fight back: an example of regional ICU organisation to tackle the SARS Cov-2 outbreak date = 2020-04-30 keywords = ICU summary = To tackle this surge, an organisation was set in order to coordinate and facilitate the admission of critically ill Covid-19 infected patients, and to avoid or at least delay the overrun of ICU capacities in the region. To tackle the outbreak, the number of ICU beds doubled in less than 2 weeks in these public and private hospitals. This on-call intensivist dispatcher answers to phone calls, gives advices for patient management and finds an available ICU bed if required. Hence, the on-call regional intensivist dispatcher can access in real time to a synthesis of beds availability (Fig.1 ) using a web browser or a smart phone. Hence, the on-call regional intensivist dispatcher was immediately able to find an available ICU bed for every patient in the region. The cardiac thoracic and respiratory ICU of Amiens University hospital, a 30-bed facility, is the only ICU in Picardy with the ability to initiate ECMO therapy. doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.03.018 id = cord-345973-fb3gkc0f author = Thibault, Ronan title = Nutrition of the COVID-19 patient in the intensive care unit (ICU): a practical guidance date = 2020-07-19 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03159-z id = cord-325201-yoy7kdli author = Timsit, Jean-François title = Year in review in Intensive Care Medicine 2014: III. Severe infections, septic shock, healthcare-associated infections, highly resistant bacteria, invasive fungal infections, severe viral infections, Ebola virus disease and paediatrics date = 2015-03-26 keywords = BSI; Candida; ICU; PICU; patient; study summary = doi = 10.1007/s00134-015-3755-8 id = cord-278993-w5aa0elj author = Tonetti, Tommaso title = Use of critical care resources during the first 2 weeks (February 24–March 8, 2020) of the Covid-19 outbreak in Italy date = 2020-10-12 keywords = ICU; Italy; covid-19; patient summary = We retrospectively studied consecutive critically ill patients with confirmed Covid-19 who were referred to the hospitals of the Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna regions during the first 2 weeks of the Italian outbreak (February 24March 8, 2020) . The present study describes how the Italian health-care system of three northern Italian regions responded to the increasing need for clinical resources for critically ill patients during the first 14 days of the Covid-19 outbreak through the 28.7% increase in ICU beds and the increasing use of non-invasive respiratory support outside the ICU. Our data show that, compared to patients admitted to the ICU, patients receiving respiratory support outside the ICU were significantly older, had more comorbidities and had a higher PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio and a lower PaCO 2 . doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-00750-z id = cord-015640-zdwmxaz3 author = Tong, C. Y. W. title = Clinical Virology in NICU, PICU and AICU date = 2011-08-10 keywords = H1N1; ICU; RSV; infection; patient summary = Viruses are significant causes of nosocomial infections, particularly in intensive care unit (ICU) where seriously ill and vulnerable patients are being cared for. Adherence to effective infection control measures (hand hygiene, enteric precautions; Table 20 .3), as well as adequate staffing and patient cohorting/ isolation can therefore help prevent or manage an outbreak [41] . Neonates and immunocompromised patients can shed the virus for a prolonged time over months, which emphasises the need for rigorous adherence to effective infection control measures (Table 20. Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) should therefore be offered to all health care workers who have significant exposure to blood or body fluid from a patient known to be at high risk of or to have HIV infection. Preliminary estimation of risk factors for admission to intensive care units and for death in patients infected with A(H1N1)2009 influenza virus doi = 10.1007/978-88-470-1601-9_20 id = cord-005589-ocnce92z author = Torres, Antoni title = Challenges in severe community-acquired pneumonia: a point-of-view review date = 2019-01-31 keywords = ICU; PES; SCAP; cap summary = In this point-of-view review paper, a group of experts discuss the main controversies in SCAP: the role of severity scores to guide patient settings of care and empiric antibiotic therapy; the emergence of pathogens outside the core microorganisms of CAP; viral SCAP; the best empirical treatment; septic shock as the most lethal complication; and the need for new antibiotics. The IDSA/ATS criteria remain the most pragmatic and robust tools to predict patients requiring ICU admission We recommend empirically covering PES pathogens in SCAP when at least two specific risk factors are present Corticosteroids can be used in cases of refractory shock and high systemic inflammatory response Based on available data, new antibiotics providing existing limitations in empiric therapy (including macrolide resistant species and MRSA) are needed 38.6% previously) and reduced delayed ICU admissions. A recent observational study found that corticosteroid administration as adjuvant therapy to standard antiviral treatment in critically ill patients with severe influenza pneumonia was associated with increased ICU mortality [46] . doi = 10.1007/s00134-019-05519-y id = cord-356371-w9ejgzvu author = Torres-González, JI title = What has happened to care during the COVID-19 pandemic? date = 2020-07-28 keywords = ICU; SEEIUC; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.enfie.2020.07.001 id = cord-002011-u6dfp6gf author = Toubiana, Julie title = Association of REL polymorphisms and outcome of patients with septic shock date = 2016-04-08 keywords = ICU; REL summary = CONCLUSION: In a large ICU population, we report a significant clinical association between a variation in the human REL gene and severity and mortality of septic shock, suggesting for the first time a new insight into the role of cRel in response to infection in humans. Hence, the present study aims to test the hypothesis of an association between clinically significant REL genetic variants and severity of septic shock in a large cohort of well-defined intensive care unit (ICU) patients. In order to study the link between REL SNPs and septic shock severity, we compared acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and MODS frequencies, and VFD value between patients carrying REL rs842647*G and rs13031237*T minor alleles and in those homozygous for the major alleles. This study was the first to investigate the importance of two polymorphisms within REL gene in a large European population of septic shock patients. doi = 10.1186/s13613-016-0130-z id = cord-347512-veavzt6d author = Ueland, Thor title = Elevated plasma sTIM-3 levels in severe Covid-19 patients date = 2020-09-21 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.007 id = cord-004284-2prli5s1 author = Vahedian-Azimi, Amir title = Natural versus artificial light exposure on delirium incidence in ARDS patients date = 2020-02-05 keywords = ICU summary = title: Natural versus artificial light exposure on delirium incidence in ARDS patients on the impact of natural light (NL) exposure on delirium-associated outcomes in mechanically ventilated (MV) intensive care unit (ICU) patients [1] . In this single-center, prospective, observational study, the authors report an improvement in the secondary outcomes of hallucination incidence and haloperidol administration for agitation. Here, we report the results of a retrospective secondary analysis of 4200 patients from the mixed medical-surgical ICUs of two academic hospitals to assess the impact of NL exposure on delirium incidence. Impact of natural light exposure on delirium burden in adult patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation in the ICU: a prospective study Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) Delirium and effect of circadian light in the intensive care unit: a retrospective cohort study doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-0630-8 id = cord-347935-jfx9037u author = Valdivia, Andrés Reyes title = Adapting vascular surgery practice to the current COVID-19 era at a tertiary academic center in Madrid. date = 2020-06-04 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.avsg.2020.06.001 id = cord-316829-wm6y6uwm author = Vargas, Maria title = Logistic and organizational aspects of a dedicated intensive care unit for COVID-19 patients date = 2020-05-18 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-02955-x id = cord-034578-i9rdubix author = Vaschetto, Rosanna title = Outcomes of COVID-19 patients treated with continuous positive airway pressure outside ICU date = 2020-10-30 keywords = CPAP; ICU; NIV; patient summary = AIM: We aim at characterising a large population of Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) patients with moderate-to-severe hypoxemic acute respiratory failure (ARF) receiving CPAP outside intensive care unit (ICU), and ascertaining whether the duration of CPAP application increased the risk of mortality for patients requiring intubation. We designed this retrospective multicentre study to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 treated with CPAP outside ICU, to assess 60-day in-hospital mortality, and hospital length of stay (LOS), and to ascertain whether the duration CPAP application prior to CPAP failure affects outcome in patients requiring endotracheal intubation. This multicentre retrospective observational study on 537 patients hypoxemic ARF secondary to laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection, shows that CPAP applied to different therapeutic goals i.e., candidate to intubation in the case of CPAP failure and do-not-intubate in which CPAP is considered the ceiling of treatment, is feasible outside ICU. doi = 10.1183/23120541.00541-2020 id = cord-014533-6qfecv5h author = Velasquez, T. title = ESICM LIVES 2016: part three: Milan, Italy. 1–5 October 2016 date = 2016-09-29 keywords = AKI; ARDS; CPR; Care; Hospital; ICU; Intensive; group; introduction; method; objective; patient; peep; result; study summary = P. Tirapu; Navarro-Guillamón, L.; Cordovilla-Guardia, S.; Iglesias-Santiago, A.; Guerrero-López, F.; Fernández-Mondéjar, E.; Vidal, A.; Perez, M.; Juez, A.; Arias, N.; Colino, L.; Perez, J. Methods: This descriptive observational study was conducted on consecutive 100 pediatric surgical patients who admitted to PSICUs at Cairo University Hospitals starting from 1/6-1/12/2015.After approval by research ethics committee,informed consents were obtained from parents and pediatric cases aged from 1 month-18 years and stayed for > 48 h were enrolled.MPV and PLC were obtained and recorded at baseline(preoperative values),on the day of ICU admission(day 0),1 st ,2 nd ,3 rd ,5 th and 7 th days.To measure daily MPV changes; (ΔMPV) was constructed and computed where ΔMPV = ([MPVday(X) − MPVday (0)]/MPVday(0) × 100 %. Results: The results obtained after analyzing the two homogeneous groups according to age, gender, type of admission and severity influencing the physiotherapy care in ICU quality indicators, in the Sagrada Esperança clinic, highlights the decrease of the average number of days with mechanical ventilation but it is not observed a significant relation between physical therapy and this indicator (p = 0:06). doi = 10.1186/s40635-016-0100-7 id = cord-353069-xkb3xy6k author = Vellieux, Geoffroy title = COVID-19 associated encephalopathy: is there a specific EEG pattern? date = 2020-06-24 keywords = EEG; ICU summary = We report the history of two patients with coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) whose electroencephalograms (EEG) found a unique pattern, never described up to now. Continuous long duration EEG was performed for neurological evaluation three days after arrival, under a regimen of sedative drugs composed of propofol 200 mg/h + sufentanyl 15 g/h. EEG revealed a strictly similar pattern compared to patient #1 with continuous, symmetric, monomorphic, diphasic (or even triphasic), delta slow waves with diffuse projection but greater amplitude over both frontal areas. recently reported the case of an 80-year-old woman with COVID-19 whose EEG successively found frontal status epilepticus, then alterations compatible with toxic/metabolic encephalopathy and finally periodic triphasic activity with short periods of 1-1.5 s (Flamand et al. To our knowledge, our report is the first to describe strikingly similar EEG patterns in two patients with COVID-19, i.e., non-reactive bifrontal monomorphic diphasic periodic delta slow waves, irrespective of sedative drugs. EEG should be more broadly performed in any patients with COVID-19 displaying neurological symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.06.005 id = cord-335033-cwhm7v0s author = Vergano, Marco title = Clinical ethics recommendations for the allocation of intensive care treatments in exceptional, resource-limited circumstances: the Italian perspective during the COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-04-22 keywords = ICU; patient summary = doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-02891-w id = cord-292490-djp9onk5 author = Verma, V. R. title = Projecting Demand-Supply Gap of Hospital Capacity in India in the face of COVID-19 pandemic using Age-Structured Deterministic SEIR model date = 2020-05-19 keywords = ICU; India; case; covid-19 summary = Within a short span of time, a localized outbreak evolved into pandemic with three defining characteristics: a) Speed and Scale-the disease has spread quickly to all corners of the world, and its capacity for explosive spread has overwhelmed even the most resilient health systems b) Severity-Overall, 20% cases are severe or critical, with a crude clinical case fatality rate currently of over 3%, increasing in older age groups and in those with certain underlying conditions c) Societal and economic disruption-shocks to health and social care systems and measures taken to control transmission having deep socio-economic consequences (3) . Under case-3, where 10% of capacity in public facilities and 30% in private facilities is apportioned for COVID-19, and testing coverage is 200,000 per day with TTP of 5%, the estimated demand for severe and critical cases can only be met if supply of ICU beds and ventilators is increased by 8.4% and 2.6% before 27 th July 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.14.20100537 id = cord-292856-7hjzzxtm author = Viasus, Diego title = Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-related pneumonia and other complications date = 2012-10-31 keywords = H1N1; ICU; influenza; patient summary = The main complications reported in hospitalized adults with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 were pneumonia (primary influenza pneumonia and concomitant/secondary bacterial pneumonia), exacerbations of chronic pulmonary diseases (mainly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), the need for intensive unit care admission (including mechanical ventilation, acute respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock), nosocomial infections and acute cardiac events. The main complications reported in hospitalized adults with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 were pneumonia (primary influenza pneumonia and concomitant/secondary bacterial pneumonia), exacerbations of chronic pulmonary diseases (mainly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), the need for intensive unit care admission (including mechanical ventilation, acute respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock), nosocomial infections and acute cardiac events. 6, 34, 35 Chronic pulmonary diseases, mainly COPD and asthma, are frequent comorbidities reported in hospitalized patients with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection. doi = 10.1016/s0213-005x(12)70104-0 id = cord-003798-nki2sasr author = Vidaur, Loreto title = Human metapneumovirus as cause of severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults: insights from a ten-year molecular and epidemiological analysis date = 2019-07-24 keywords = ICU; patient; respiratory summary = BACKGROUND: Information on the clinical, epidemiological and molecular characterization of human metapneumovirus in critically ill adult patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and the role of biomarkers identifying bacterial coinfection is scarce. METHODS: This is a retrospective epidemiological study of adult patients with hMPV severe CAP admitted to ICU during a ten-year period with admission PSI score ≥ 3. The main objective of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of adults with severe pneumonia caused by hMPV who required intensive care unit (ICU) admission, over a long period of time. Interestingly, three patients (10.7%) were young adult patients without comorbidities and without bacterial coinfection that developed ARDS pointing out a main role of hMPV in the etiology of severe respiratory infections requiring mechanical ventilation. Main characteristics of immunosuppressed adult patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit due to a severe community-acquired pneumonia associated with human metapneumovirus infection (Guipuzcoa, Basque Country, Spain, 2007-2017). doi = 10.1186/s13613-019-0559-y id = cord-004487-hrkj2y8o author = Villa, Gianluca title = Validation of END-of-life ScorING-system to identify the dying patient: a prospective analysis date = 2020-03-09 keywords = ICU; ending summary = BACKGROUND: The "END-of-Life ScorING-System" (ENDING-S) was previously developed to identify patients at high-risk of dying in the ICU and to facilitate a practical integration between palliative and intensive care. In a pilot study, ENDING-S presented acceptable calibration and discrimination properties in identifying patients at very high risk of dying in the ICU, with a receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve (ROC-AUC) analysis equal to 0.98 (95%CI, 0.97 to 1) and agreement between the predicted probability and the observed frequency of death in the ICU (p > 0.05 at Hosmer-Lemeshow test) were preliminarily observed [11] . In this observational study, the previously defined ENDING-score was prospectively tested in a cohort of critical care patients with an ICU length of stay longer than 4 days in order to validate its discriminative effect in identifying patient at very high risk of dying in the ICU. doi = 10.1186/s12871-020-00979-y id = cord-000522-d498qj2b author = Vincent, Jean-Louis title = Reducing mortality in sepsis: new directions date = 2002-12-05 keywords = EGDT; ICU; mortality; patient; sepsis; severe summary = Five topics were selected that have been shown in randomized, controlled trials to reduce mortality: limiting the tidal volume in acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome, early goal-directed therapy, use of drotrecogin alfa (activated), use of moderate doses of steroids, and tight control of blood sugar. The present article provides guidelines from experts in the field on optimal patient selection and timing for each intervention, and provides advice on how to integrate new therapies into ICU practice, including protocol development, so that mortality rates from this disease process can be reduced. The interventions discussed encompassed low tidal volume in patients with acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (Edward Abraham), early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) (Emanuel Rivers), drotrecogin alfa (activated) (Gordon Bernard), moderate-dose corticosteroids (Djillali Annane), and tight control of blood sugar (Greet Van den Berghe). doi = 10.1186/cc1860 id = cord-028923-gzqd5g0k author = Vitug, Sarah title = Sedation with ketamine and fentanyl combination improves patient outcomes in intensive care units date = 2020-07-10 keywords = ICU summary = title: Sedation with ketamine and fentanyl combination improves patient outcomes in intensive care units Psychological manifestations such as depression and suicidal ideation are commonly caused by poorly controlled pain, anxiety, and sleep deprivation in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. We have shown that appropriate combinations of ketamine and fentanyl are effective, and if further supplementation is needed, we utilize additional pharmacological agents in low doses and regional techniques that ultimately lower the overall opioid consumption. For the last 25 years, we have adopted a multimodal approach for pain and sedation, such as ketamine and fentanyl combinations for many of our postoperative ICU patients. In patients who are resistant to sedation, we add medication in addition to ketamine and fentanyl, such as low-dose propofol, midazolam, or dexmedetomidine [3] . The purpose of our multimodal approach to pain and sedation in the postoperative ICU setting is to improve the quality of care for our patients by minimizing undesired effects associated with analgesic agents. doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00275-3 id = cord-003198-1kw5v6rm author = Vuillard, Constance title = Clinical features and outcome of patients with acute respiratory failure revealing anti-synthetase or anti-MDA-5 dermato-pulmonary syndrome: a French multicenter retrospective study date = 2018-09-11 keywords = ARDS; ICU; patient; syndrome summary = The following data were collected on a standardized anonymized case record form: demographic characteristics (age, gender), severity scores upon ICU admission (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [23] and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II [24] ), main comorbidities, delay between first respiratory sign and ICU admission, clinical examination (respiratory and extra-respiratory manifestations) and laboratory findings at the time of ICU admission (blood leukocytes and platelets counts, serum procalcitonine, C-reactive protein, creatine kinase and creatinine levels, PaO 2 /FiO 2 with FiO 2 calculated according to the following formula [25, 26] : FiO 2 = oxygen flow in liter per minute × 0.04 + 0.21 when standard oxygen was used), radiological findings on chest X-ray and CT scan, cytological and bacteriological analyses of broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, type of positive autoantibodies (Jo-1, PL7, PL12, OJ, EJ, KS, Zo, YRS/Tyr/ Ha or aMDA-5), immunosuppressive treatments received (corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, basiliximab, tacrolimus, cyclosporine, methotrexate, intravenous immunoglobulins or plasma exchange), organ supports in the ICU (invasive mechanical ventilation, extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), renal replacement therapy, vasopressors), ICU and hospital length of stay, ICU and hospital mortality. doi = 10.1186/s13613-018-0433-3 id = cord-329996-f2hxpat3 author = Wahlster, Sarah title = The COVID-19 Pandemic’s Impact on Critical Care Resources and Providers: A Global Survey date = 2020-09-11 keywords = America; COVID-19; ICU summary = doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.070 id = cord-025861-nsrs6dmc author = Waldeck, Frederike title = Influenza-associated aspergillosis in critically-ill patients—a retrospective bicentric cohort study date = 2020-06-03 keywords = IAA; ICU summary = We aimed to describe prognostic factors for influenza-associated IA (IAA) and poor outcome and mortality in critically ill patients in Switzerland. Aspergillus is a common superinfection in critically ill influenza patients associated with poor outcome and longer duration of organ supportive therapies. Since no data on IAA was available from Switzerland, we retrospectively analysed all patients with severe influenza infection needing treatment in two large Swiss ICUs during the 2017/2018 influenza season with regard to predictors of IAA, mortality and poor outcome. In this retrospective cohort study, sixteen ICUs of tertiary hospitals in Switzerland were asked if they had observed cases of IAA and severe influenza and routinely looked for IAA based on clinical suspicion with galactomannan and fungal cultures in BAL; only two of them met the criteria (Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen and University Hospital of Geneva). IAA is a severe and relatively frequent complication affecting 11% of patients with influenza treated in two Swiss ICUs. Aspergillus represented the most frequent respiratory co-infection of influenza in this cohort. doi = 10.1007/s10096-020-03923-7 id = cord-001322-7xmxcm35 author = Walden, Andrew P title = Patients with community acquired pneumonia admitted to European intensive care units: an epidemiological survey of the GenOSept cohort date = 2014-04-01 keywords = ICU; patient; severe summary = Phenotypic data was recorded using a robust clinical database allowing a contemporary analysis of the clinical characteristics, microbiology, outcomes and independent risk factors in patients with severe CAP admitted to ICUs across Europe. A number of more recent, larger studies have focussed on identifying patients with CAP at increased risk of severe sepsis and death, as well as those who may require ventilator or vasopressor support [3, [24] [25] [26] . The aim of the study reported here was to define the clinical characteristics, microbiological aetiology, outcomes and independent risk factors for mortality in a large, contemporary cohort of patients with severe CAP admitted to ICUs across Europe. The British Thoracic Society Research Committee and The Public HealthLaboratory Service: The aetiology, management and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia on the intensive care unit A five-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on prognosis in patients admitted to an intensive care unit doi = 10.1186/cc13812 id = cord-017772-zpf1xjqi author = Walter, James M. title = Thrombocytopenia in the Intensive Care Unit date = 2019-07-24 keywords = DIC; ICU; patient; platelet summary = In general, ICU patients who develop thrombocytopenia are sicker than patients with normal platelet counts, with higher illness severity scores, more need for vasoactive infusions, and more organ dysfunction [8, 9] . TMAs are a diverse group of disorders that can be classified broadly as primary (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, drug-mediated, etc.) or secondary to a systemic disorder (disseminated intravascular coagulation, severe hypertension, hemolysis with elevated liver enzymes and low platelets during pregnancy, etc.) [23] . The diagnosis of DIC should be suspected in any critically ill patient with thrombocytopenia, abnormal coagulation parameters (e.g., a prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times), MAHA, and laboratory evidence of fibrinolysis (e.g., an elevated d-dimer and reduced fibrinogen) [38] . Indeed, a recent systematic review did not identify a single high-quality study that investigated the impact of prophylactic platelet transfusions on bleeding rates in critically ill patients [72] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-26710-0_83 id = cord-011418-hy8xmtiq author = Walz, Alice title = The ICU Liberation Bundle and Strategies for Implementation in Pediatrics date = 2020-05-16 keywords = Care; Crit; ICU; PICU summary = The effects of the full ICU liberation bundle in children have not been published, but in adults, bundle implementation (even partial) resulted in significant improvement in survival, mechanical ventilation use, coma, delirium, restraint-free care, ICU readmissions, and post-ICU discharge disposition. The ICU Liberation Collaborative was a quality improvement initiative hosted by the Society of Critical Care Medicine among 76 hospitals (67 adult and 9 pediatric) formed to implement and assess changes in clinical practice aimed at improving patient outcomes. In two large multicenter studies at varied types of ICUs [18••, 19] , even partial bundle implementation resulted in improvement in survival, mechanical ventilation use, coma, delirium, restraint-free care, ICU readmissions, and post-ICU discharge disposition. This large-scale quality improvement strategy offers guidance for the daily care of critically ill patients that can reduce pain, agitation, and delirium, in an effort to prevent physical, psychological, and cognitive morbidities that limit or prolong recovery. doi = 10.1007/s40124-020-00216-7 id = cord-328948-m5h2hgpb author = Wang, Hanyin title = Patient Care Rounds in the Intensive Care Unit During COVID-19 date = 2020-07-04 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jcjq.2020.06.006 id = cord-296435-6dergkha author = Wang, Tiehua title = Thrombocytopenia Is Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Mortality: An International Study date = 2014-04-14 keywords = ARDS; Beijing; Boston; ICU summary = BACKGROUND: Early detection of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) has the potential to improvethe prognosis of critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). CONCLUSIONS: This study of ICU patients in both China and US showed that thrombocytopenia is associated with an increased risk of ARDS and platelet count in combination with ARDS had a high predictive value for patient mortality. Although patient specific data was not available, protocolled low tidal volume ventilation was standardized in study ICUs. Among predisposing conditions for ARDS in all enrolled patients, sepsis and/or septic shock (n = 149, 83%) were the most [20] were associated with development of ARDS.Respiratory rate (.30 breaths/min), aspiration, and .1 risks for ARDS were also evaluated in model selection but were eliminated during model selection (not significant). In both Beijing and Boston cohorts, the combination of thrombocytopenia and ARDS further increased risk of 60-day mortality among critically ill patients. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0094124 id = cord-284177-otr38534 author = Wax, Randy S. title = Preparing the Intensive Care Unit for Disaster date = 2019-08-21 keywords = ICU; care; critical; disaster summary = The emergency department (ED) and operating room would typically experience a huge impact in a sudden onset trauma surge (such as a mass casualty shooting), whereas a bioterrorism or pandemic event with a prolonged incubation period may have a greater effect on the intensive care unit (ICU) because of the prolonged need for mechanical ventilation and ICU support for disaster-related patients. Critical care nursing leadership involvement will ensure adequate planning for the required interfaces between the ICU and other areas of the hospital from a patient safety and administrative perspective, including strategies for bed management and patient flow into and out of the ICU. Encouraging the involvement of relevant interprofessional team members in critical care disaster planning can help determine potential limitations in services during a disaster, suggest mitigation strategies to minimize the impact of a surge in demand for their expertise, and propose educational strategies to use other health care staff and even family members to assist as extenders with less frequent available input from these health care professionals. doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2019.06.008 id = cord-028639-mk798t8f author = Weeden, M. title = Functional Outcomes in Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit with Traumatic Brain Injury and Exposed to Hyperoxia: A Retrospective Multicentre Cohort Study date = 2020-07-06 keywords = ICU; TBI summary = title: Functional Outcomes in Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit with Traumatic Brain Injury and Exposed to Hyperoxia: A Retrospective Multicentre Cohort Study Indeed, retrospective studies have raised concern about greater mortality with hyperoxia [6] [7] [8] , albeit a recent large, multicenter randomized controlled trial (ICU-ROX) demonstrated no effect of liberal oxygen exposure on ventilator-free days or mortality in a mixed intensive care unit (ICU) population [9] . In view of this knowledge gap, we designed a retrospective cohort study to explore the association between early hyperoxia (as measured by the partial arterial pressure of oxygen [P a O 2 ]) and 6, 12, and 24 months functional outcomes in ventilated TBI patients admitted to the ICU. In a large cohort study of TBI patients, managed in a comprehensive state-wide trauma system, we found no association between hyperoxia in the first 24-h of ICU admission, and adverse long-term functional outcomes. doi = 10.1007/s12028-020-01033-y id = cord-320572-94fvtj4a author = Wendel Garcia, Pedro David title = Prognostic factors associated with mortality risk and disease progression in 639 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Europe: Initial report of the international RISC-19-ICU prospective observational cohort date = 2020-07-06 keywords = COVID-19; Care; ICU; Intensive; patient summary = title: Prognostic factors associated with mortality risk and disease progression in 639 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Europe: Initial report of the international RISC-19-ICU prospective observational cohort METHODS: Following the critical developments in ICUs in regions experiencing early inception of the pandemic, the European-based, international RIsk Stratification in COVID-19 patients in the Intensive Care Unit (RISC-19-ICU) registry was created to provide near real-time assessment of patients developing critical illness due to COVID-19. Inclusion criteria for the RISC-19-ICU registry were (I) a laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by nucleic acid amplification according to the WHO-issued testing guidelines [10] , and (II) severe manifestation of COVID-19 requiring treatment in an ICU or intermediate care unit, defined as a hospital ward specialized in the care of critically ill patients with the availability of organ support therapies including invasive mechanical ventilation and/or non-invasive ventilation. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100449 id = cord-299650-lhphdjeu author = Whittle, John title = Persistent hypermetabolism and longitudinal energy expenditure in critically ill patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = Longitudinal IC data presented here demonstrate a progressive hypermetabolic phenotype beginning 1 week post-intubation in COVID-19 ICU patients, with significantly greater mREE versus predictive equations or ASPEN-recommended 11-14 kcal/kg ABW for obese subjects used currently to determine energy requirements. Our data support use of standard predictive equations or~20 kcal/kg as a reasonable approximation of mREE in 1st ICU week in COVID-19 patients. These data suggest personalization of nutrition delivery, including IC use [3, 5] , should be considered to provide more accurate assessments of energy expenditure and help guide nutrition delivery in COVID-19 ICU patients. Only the authors and investigators at Duke University participated in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03286-7 id = cord-000812-mu5u5bvj author = Wiesen, Jonathan title = Relative cost and outcomes in the intensive care unit of acute lung injury (ALI) due to pandemic influenza compared with other etiologies: a single-center study date = 2012-08-28 keywords = ALI; H1N1; ICU summary = Based on clinical bedside observations and published reports [4, 5, 8] , we hypothesize that ALI/ARDS secondary to pandemic influenza is associated with similar ICU outcomes but increased resource utilization and higher hospital charges due to the frequent need for rescue interventions and prolonged ventilatory assistance. A Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) database was constructed with a complete listing of the patient''s demographic and clinical information, including age, gender, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), presenting symptoms, past medical history, primary reason for admission to the ICU, vital signs, presence of vasopressors, laboratory values, ventilator settings and respiratory parameters, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores on admission to the MICU, number of intubated days, duration of ICU and hospital stay, mortality, and rescue therapies (namely inhaled nitric oxide, proning, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO]) [22] . doi = 10.1186/2110-5820-2-41 id = cord-034286-m1c98nv7 author = Wijdicks, Eelco F. M. title = Communicating Neurocritical Illness: The Anatomy of Misunderstanding date = 2020-10-27 keywords = ICU; communication; patient summary = One starting point for those practicing acute neurology and neurocritical care is a new mnemonic TELL ME (Time course, Essence, Laboratory, Life-sustaining interventions, Management, Expectation), which will assist physicians in standardizing their communication skills before they start a conversation or pick up a phone. These include knowing the time course (new and "out of the blue" or ongoing for some time); extracting the essentials (eliminating all irrelevancies); communicating what tests are known and pending (computerized tomography and laboratory); relaying how much critical support will be needed (secretion burden, intubation, vasopressors); knowing fully which emergency drugs have been administered (e.g., mannitol, antiepileptics, tranexamic acid), when transport is anticipated, and what can be expected in the following hours. In any case, improved provider perceptions of transfer workflow efficiency and patient safety may not be enough; communication must also include solutions for active medical problems and an outline of anticipatory guidance ("what if-what then" scenarios) in the event an acute change in clinical condition occurs. doi = 10.1007/s12028-020-01131-x id = cord-253281-95ubt4k1 author = Wilson, Lauren A. title = Return to Normal: Prioritizing Elective Surgeries With Low Resource Utilization date = 2020-05-04 keywords = ICU summary = We therefore evaluated intensive care unit (ICU) utilization and mechanical ventilation following common elective surgical procedures to (1) determine which procedures are the least resource intensive and (2) which patient populations are less likely to require postoperative ICU admission or ventilation. Multivariable logistic regression models measured the association between patient age/comorbidity burden as measured by Charlson-Deyo index, 3 and the outcomes of ICU admission and ventilation, to validate the perception that younger and healthier patients are less likely to require these resources. Of the 15 elective surgeries evaluated, cardiac procedures were the most resource intensive with 83.9% of patients admitted to the ICU and 27.9% requiring ventilation, followed by abdominal procedures that had an average ICU admission rate of 20.3%. In almost all procedure cohorts, younger patients with a low comorbidity burden were less likely to require ICU admission and/or ventilation. doi = 10.1213/ane.0000000000004930 id = cord-293552-k3wvvnmd author = Yifan, Tang title = Symptom Cluster of ICU nurses treating COVID-19 pneumonia patients in Wuhan, China date = 2020-04-08 keywords = ICU summary = title: Symptom Cluster of ICU nurses treating COVID-19 pneumonia patients in Wuhan, China Abstract Objective In treating highly infectious COVID-19 pneumonia, ICU nurses face a high risk of developing somatic symptom disorder (SSD). The present study aims to investigate the symptoms and causes of SSD of ICU nurses treating COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods This study enrolled a total of 140 ICU nurses who were selected by Jiangsu Province Hospital to work in Wuhan (the epicenter of the COVID-19 epidemic in China) on 3rd February 2020. A questionnaire "Somatic Symptom Disorders for ICU Nurses in Wuhan No.1 Hospital" was designed based on the "International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health" (ICF). In exploratory factor analysis, the symptoms were classified into three clusters: Cluster A of breathing and sleep disturbances (dizziness, sleepiness, dyspnea); Cluster B of gastrointestinal complaints and pain (nausea, headache), and Cluster C of general symptoms (xerostomia, fatigue, chest-discomfort-and-palpitation). doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.03.039 id = cord-337499-jzpgtkai author = Yong Choi, Sung title = Safe surgical tracheostomy during the COVID-19 pandemic: A protocol based on experiences with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and COVID-19 outbreaks in South Korea date = 2020-06-17 keywords = ICU; MERS; PPE; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104861 id = cord-305575-mdy0fcnn author = Zampieri, Fernando Godinho title = How to evaluate intensive care unit performance during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020 keywords = ICU summary = (5, 9) Of course, many pressing issues may hamper the attempts to measure and improve performance during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the abrupt shift in the ICU case-mix (e.g. increased severity and number of ventilated patients), need for changes in the whole ICU operation due to droplet precautions measures, costs increases due to additional personal protection equipment, and even a reduction of the available staff either due to illness or burnout. This analysis is flexible in the sense it accommodates with different metrics; for example, inputs may include staff levels, available equipment for organ support, number of beds and number of requested admissions (and their respective average illness severity) and outputs can include the number of survivors, mechanical ventilation free-days, ICU-free days, etc. While few data on prognostic scores is available, therefore limiting the use of more traditional metrics, ICUs should focus on measuring indirect performance parameters, especially analyzing case-mix, outcomes, and the rate of adherence to best practices. doi = 10.5935/0103-507x.20200040 id = cord-257325-pvf0uon3 author = Zeitoun, Jean-David title = Impact of Local Care Environment and Social Characteristics on Aggregated Hospital-Fatality Rate from COVID-19 in France: Nationwide Observational Study date = 2020-10-10 keywords = France; ICU summary = Objectives We aimed to investigate possible differences in aggregated hospital-fatality rate from COVID-19 in France at the early phase of the outbreak, and to determine whether factors related to population or healthcare supply before the pandemic could be associated with outcome differences. After multivariable analysis, four factors were independently associated with a significantly higher aggregated hospital-fatality rate: a higher ICU capacity at baseline (estimate=1.47; p=0.00791), a lower density of general practitioners (estimate=0.95; p=0.0205), a higher fraction of activity from the for-profit private sector (estimate=0.99; p<0.001), and the ratio of people over 75 (estimate=0.91; p=0.0023). Apart from the population, four factors were independently associated with a significantly higher aggregated hospital-fatality rate from Covid-19: a higher ICU capacity at baseline (estimate=1.47; p=0.00791), a lower density of general practitioners (estimate=0.95; p=0.0205), a higher fraction of activity from the for-profit private sector (estimate=0.99; p<0.001) and the ratio of people over 75 (estimate=0.91; p=0.0023). doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.015 id = cord-283780-h4lwzpl9 author = Zhang, John J Y title = Risk Factors of Severe Disease and Efficacy of Treatment in Patients Infected with COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression Analysis date = 2020-05-14 keywords = ARDS; ICU summary = title: Risk Factors of Severe Disease and Efficacy of Treatment in Patients Infected with COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression Analysis We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of all published studies up to March 15, 2020 which reported COVID-19 clinical features and/or treatment outcomes. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression to 1) investigate the predictive value of laboratory investigations for severe disease and adverse outcomes, and 2) evaluate the efficacy of antivirals and corticosteroids for COVID-19. Among the patients with antiviral use reported in our meta-analysis, overall rates of mortality, ICU admission and ARDS were 5.7%, 11.8% and 20.2%, respectively. Our meta-analysis suggested that the use of corticosteroids is associated with disease severity (ICU admission) and higher ARDS rates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of COVID-19 to describe specific laboratory predictors of severe disease and adverse outcomes. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa576 id = cord-296511-y2vhh6oq author = Zhang, YiMin title = Prevalence and characteristics of hypoxic hepatitis in the largest single-centre cohort of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus-infected patients with severe liver impairment in the intensive care unit date = 2016-01-06 keywords = A(H7N9; ICU summary = title: Prevalence and characteristics of hypoxic hepatitis in the largest single-centre cohort of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus-infected patients with severe liver impairment in the intensive care unit 9 Hence, HH is likely one possible cause of severe liver impairment in A(H7N9)-infected patients with respiratory failure. Patients who met all of the following criteria were diagnosed as having HH according to previous reports 7, 8, 12 : (i) a massive but transient elevated ALT level (more than 20-fold the upper limit of normal (ULN)), (ii) the presence of respiratory, cardiac or circulatory failure and (iii) exclusion of other causes of liver injury. The extent of Hypoxic hepatitis in A(H7N9)-infected patients Y Zhang et al 2 ALT elevation was considerably higher in HH patients than in non-HH patients with liver injury (on admission, 1079.50 6 41.72 U/L vs. 8 H7N9 influenza-infected patients with chronic heart disease accompanying acute heart failure are at elevated risk of severe liver damage. doi = 10.1038/emi.2016.1 id = cord-305213-bt0qsbyf author = Zhou, Jian title = Epidemiological and clinical features of 201 COVID-19 patients in Changsha city, Hunan, China date = 2020-08-21 keywords = Changsha; ICU; Wuhan summary = doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000021824 id = cord-011189-c0ytamge author = da Fonseca Pestana Ribeiro, Jose Mauro title = Less empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics is more in the ICU date = 2019-11-27 keywords = ICU; antibiotic summary = The real impact of MDRs on the outcomes of ICU patients is debatable, but despite this controversy, the incidence of MDRs is related to poor quality-of-care, as an expression of reduced compliance to hand hygiene [14] , and a high burden of antibiotic exposure [15] . De-escalation decreases the time of antibiotic use, but a short exposure still exists; in this way, a single antibiotic dose may be enough to treat severe infections such as Fig. 1 Two different mindsets in the decision making process to initiate antibiotics to critically ill patients who are getting worse. Empiric antibiotic treatment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour: results from a guideline-based performance improvement program Aggressive versus conservative initiation of antimicrobial treatment in critically ill surgical patients with suspected intensivecare-unit-acquired infection: a quasi-experimental, before and after observational cohort study doi = 10.1007/s00134-019-05863-z id = cord-277248-7qnymo98 author = dos Reis, Helena Lucia Barroso title = Severe coronavirus infection in pregnancy: challenging cases report date = 2020-07-13 keywords = COVID-19; ICU summary = This is a report of three cases of COVID-19 confirmed by real-time reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of nasopharyngeal secretions collected in swabs from pregnant women in the city of Vitoria, Espirito Santo State, Brazil. This study reports three cases of COVID-19 comprising pregnant women with severe respiratory failure and evaluates the clinical management of COVID-19 infection in obstetric clinics in Vitoria, Espirito Santo State, Brazil. The newborns were premature in two of the three cases due to the need to perform the C-section, but none of the newborns presented symptoms of infection, and all three tested negative for COVID-19 using RT-PCR that tested nasopharyngeal secretions. An analysis of 38 Pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes doi = 10.1590/s1678-9946202062049 id = cord-003532-lcgeingz author = nan title = 39th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium, 19-22 March 2019 date = 2019-03-19 keywords = AKI; APACHE; ARDS; AUC; Care; Critical; DIC; ECMO; Fig; Hospital; ICU; Intensive; LOS; MAP; conclusion; figure; group; high; introduction; level; method; mortality; patient; result; score; sofa; study; table summary = doi = 10.1186/s13054-019-2358-0 id = cord-005497-w81ysjf9 author = nan title = 40th International Symposium on Intensive Care & Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 24-27 March 2020 date = 2020-03-24 keywords = AKI; AUC; CRP; CRRT; Care; Critical; ECMO; Fig; Hospital; ICU; IQR; Intensive; LOS; LPS; OHCA; PCT; ROC; TBI; Unit; University; VAP; blood; day; figure; group; high; introduction; mortality; patient; result; sepsis; sofa; study; table summary = The positive NC group had more plasma transfusion (p-value 0.03) and a lower median hematocrit at 24 hrs (p-value 0.013), but similar hospital length of stay (p=0.17) and mortality rate (p=0.80) Conclusions: NC at ICU admission identifies subclinical AKI in TBI patients and it maight be used to predictclinical AKI. In patients with pneumonia requiring intensive care (ICU) admission, we hypothesise that abnormal right ventricular (RV) function is associated with an increased 90-day mortality. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence of each AKI stages as defined by KDIGO definition (with evaluation of urine output, serum creatinine and initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT)), in a mixed medical and surgical population of patients hospitalized in ICU and PCU over a 10-year period (2008-2018). This study aimed at investigating the relationship of goal-directed energy and protein adequacy on clinical outcomes which includes mortality, intensive care unit(ICU) and hospital length of stay (LOS), and length of mechanical ventilation (LOMV). doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-2772-3 id = cord-005646-xhx9pzhj author = nan title = 2nd World Congress on Pediatric Intensive Care 1996 Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 23–26 June 1996 Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Posters and Nursing Programme date = 1996 keywords = ARDS; CPB; Care; Children; ECMO; Hospital; ICU; Intensive; PICU; Pediatric; Unit; age; blood; case; child; conclusion; day; failure; group; high; hour; increase; infant; level; mean; method; patient; prism; pulmonary; respiratory; result; severe; study; ventilation; year summary = Aims and methods The aim of both a prospective and retrospective survey conducted in German pediatric intensive care units in 1993 was to accumulate data on the epidemiology, risk factors, natural history and treatment strategies in a large group of pediatric ARDS patients who were treated in the tt~ee year period from 1991 to 1993.All patients had acute bilateral alveolar infiltration of noncardiogenic origin and a pO2~iO2 ratio < 150mmHg. The influence of sex, underlying disease and single organ failure was analyzed using the Fischer''s exact test, the influence of additional organ failure on mortality was tested with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszet statistics. doi = 10.1007/bf02316512 id = cord-005727-li8pwigg author = nan title = ESICM 2010 MONDAY SESSIONS 11 October 2010 date = 2010-08-31 keywords = AKI; APACHE; CRP; Care; GCS; Hospital; ICP; ICU; Intensive; January; LPS; NIV; PCT; Unit; University; VAP; conclusion; day; group; introduction; method; objectives; patient; result; sofa; study summary = Since, continuous epidural analgesia provides the required level of analgesia to support early mobilization and significant reduction in pulmonary and cardiovascular morbidity in the early postoperative period, we postulated that the use of low dose of continuous epidural morphine might improve postoperative analgesia and reduce undesirable side effects in elderly patientsTherefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of morphine administered via epidural patients controlled analgesia and intravenous tramadol + metamizol on postoperative pain control and side effects in elderly patients after major abdominal surgery. For each ventilated patient the following data was registered:Age, APACHE II, the reason of admission, risk factors, use NIV, MV duration, timing of tracheostomy, time of diagnosis of VAP, microbiological data, length of stay and mortality in ICU. 23rd ESICM ANNUAL CONGRESS -BARCELONA, SPAIN -9-13 OCTOBER 2010 S131 Evaluated factors: patient characteristics, signs, symptoms, abscess location, time between symptoms and hospital admission and surgery, lab results, microbiology, antibiotic therapy, APACHE2, SAPS2, SOFA, length of ICU stay, surgical re-intervention, duration of mechanical ventilation, infectious complications, critical illness myopathy (CIM), renal replacement therapy (RRT), re-intubation, tracheotomy, mortality. doi = 10.1007/s00134-010-1999-x id = cord-005777-6rvfsx4p author = nan title = PS 0420-0716 date = 2007-08-25 keywords = APACHE; ARDS; CVVH; Care; GCS; Glasgow; Hospital; ICP; ICU; Intensive; TEG; VAP; conclusion; day; group; mean; method; mortality; patient; peep; result; study summary = We prospectively recorded data of all patients who were newly diagnosed with AF and all those with a septic shock on a surgical ICU (no cardiac surgery) during a one year period according to the requirements of the local ethical committee. Our aim was to evaluate the predictive role of admission APACHE II, admission and total maximum SOFA score, hypoalbuminemia, increased serum creatinine, C-reactive protein, lactate, and serum blood glucose for the 30-day mortality of septic patients admitted to medical ICU. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical presentation and to evaluate mortality associated factors (timing and accurancy of diagnosis, timing of surgery, severity score and organ failure, surgical and medical treatments). Data were extracted independently to assess intention to treat intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital mortality, days of mechanical ventilation, length of stay, incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and pneumothorax, and associated complications of the implemented intervention. doi = 10.1007/s00134-007-0823-8 id = cord-005814-ak5pq312 author = nan title = 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts date = 1995 keywords = AMI; APACHE; ARDS; ARF; COPD; CPB; CPR; CVP; Care; ECG; ECMO; Group; H20; Hospital; ICP; ICU; III; IL-6; Intensive; January; LPS; MOF; PSV; SAPS; TNF; Unit; University; acute; blood; cardiac; change; conclusion; control; day; effect; failure; follow; high; hour; increase; level; mean; measure; method; mortality; objective; patient; peep; pressure; pulmonary; respiratory; result; study; treatment; value summary = Results: In 5 patients with treated SS, 16 tests were performed (VL n=8; Dobu n=4; NA n=4 Method: Septic shock was defined as severe sepsis with either persistent hypotension (mean arterial pressure; MAP<70 mmHg) or the requirement for a noradrenaline (NA) infusion ~> 0.1 ~g/kg/min with a MAP _< 90mmHg. Cardiovascular support was limited to NA + dobutamine (DB), 546C88 was administered for up to 8 h at a fixed dose-rate of either i, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/h iv. Methods: Fourteen cases were s~udied,their gestational age ranged from(27-32)ws.Continnous positive air way pressure was applied to six cases at Peep level from (3-6)cm H2o through nasal pronge,(group I),the other 8 cases were managed as routine,(group II).Blood gases, TcPO2,TcCo2,resp.rate,depth and pattern were monitored for assessment of tissue Oxygenation and ventilation, Results: Our rasults showed that early application of CPAP improve ventilation among (83.3%)of cases,while (16.7%)of cases need IMV.The cases of group II need IMV among (75%)of the studied cases during the second or the third day of life. doi = 10.1007/bf02426401 id = cord-005816-i54q5gsu author = nan title = 10(th) European Congress of Trauma and Emergency Surgery: May 13–17, 2009 Antalya, Turkey date = 2009-08-06 keywords = Department; GCS; Hospital; ICU; ISS; Istanbul; January; Turkey; University; abdominal; case; conclusion; day; fracture; group; injury; introduction; method; mortality; patient; result; score; study; surgery; trauma; treatment; year summary = Several factors such as the initial lack of symptoms, a low diagnostic sensitivity of the CT (34% false negatives), and the nonoperative management of solid organ injuries, have contributed to a delayed diagnosis in one of every five patients in our series, but this has not led to a significant increase in septic complications in this group. Method: The demographic features, the treatments, the intensity of the illness and mortality rate of the 155 patients in Afyon Kocatepe University General Surgery clinic between the years 2006 Background: Enterocutaneous fistula continues to be a serious surgical problem. Introduction: In our previous study, we examined the treatment results of burn patients older than 45 years, and found a significant increase in mortality with increasing age groups. Methods: Data on emergency surgical cases and admissions to the surgical service over a 3-month period were collected and analyzed; this included patient demographics, referral sources, diagnosis, operation, and length of stay (LOS Conclusion: Emergency workload represents a significant part of the work for the general surgeons. doi = 10.1007/s00068-009-8001-z id = cord-005881-oswgjaxz author = nan title = Abstracts: 11(th) European Congress of Trauma and Emergency Surgery May 15–18, 2010 Brussels, Belgium date = 2010 keywords = Hospital; ICU; ISS; case; complication; conclusion; follow; fracture; group; high; injury; introduction; material; mean; method; patient; result; score; screw; significant; study; surgery; trauma; treatment; year summary = Prospective case series with historical control group.(Level III) Results: Preliminary data indicate: *a shorter time on ventilator than anticipated (based on comparisson to historical data) * a shorter time on ICU * less pneumoniae * no intra-operative complications * good healing results of the rib fractures * no implant failures * acceptable pain scores * good overal satisfaction * acceptable cosmetic results Conclusion: Internal fixation of rib fractures (flair chest or multiple sequential fractures with pulmonary function compromise) results in a earlier recuperation of pulmonary function with shortened ICU stay. (Regional Association Sanitary Emergencies) Material and Methods: The ARES, whose members are about 600, all over the nation, is configured as an extraordinary health resource, activated by the National Civil Defence operations centre, in according with the Regional centre of Marche, in disater situations Results: The main objectives of ARES are training and organization of medical staff and structures and its growth crosses several missions including: AE Earthquake in Molise, 2002 Introduction: Cephalomedullary nails rely on a large lag screw that provides fixation into the femoral head. doi = 10.1007/s00068-010-8888-z id = cord-006182-kck5e1ry author = nan title = 17th Annual Meeting, Neurocritical Care Society, October 15–18, 2019, Vancouver, Canada date = 2019-10-01 keywords = AIS; Care; DCI; EEG; EVD; GCS; ICH; ICP; ICU; IQR; January; LOS; MRI; NCC; NIHSS; SAH; SDH; Scale; TBI; TCD; TTM; TXA; day; outcome; patient; stroke; study summary = The primary objective of COGiTATE (CppOpt GuIded Therapy Assessment of Target Effectiveness) is to demonstrate feasibility of individualising CPP at CPPopt in TBI patients, expressed as the percentage of monitoring time for which CPP is within 5 mmHg of regularly updated CPPopt targets during the first 5 days of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. Neurocritical care has become increasingly subspecialized.Yet, due to limited availability of dedicated Neurocritical Care units (NCCUs), often patients may need to be admitted to ICUs other than NCCUs. This survey based study was conducted to explore self-reported knowledge in recognizing and managing some common neurological emergencies such as stroke, status epilepticus, raised intracranial pressure etc among critical care nurses at a Comprehensive Stroke Center. Coagulation factor Xa (recombinant), inactivated-Xa inhibitor associated life--factor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) was utilized offRetrospective, single center, cohort study including adult intracranial hemorrhage patients who received discharge between efficacy (defined by International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis criteria), thrombotic events, ICU and hospital length of stay, and mortality. doi = 10.1007/s12028-019-00857-7 id = cord-006869-g2q1gpp0 author = nan title = Neurocritical Care Society 7th Annual Meeting date = 2009-10-08 keywords = ACA; CSF; EEG; GCS; ICH; ICP; ICU; IVH; LOS; MCA; MRI; PRES; SAH; TBI; VAP; outcome; patient summary = This was a pilot study to compare the cerebral neurochemical changes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who underwent conventional blood glucose level (BGL) control and intensive BGL control with continuous titrated insulin. We studied 14 comatose SAH patients who underwent multimodality neuromonitoring with intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral microdialysis, and brain tissue oxygen (PbtO 2 ) as part of their clinical care. We studied 46 consecutive comatose patients with subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, or cardiac arrest who underwent cerebral microdialysis and intracranial pressure monitoring.Continuous insulin infusion was used to maintain target serum glucose levels of 80-120 mg/dl. This suggests that risk of cerebral vasospasm following traumatic brain injury is increased not only in subarachnoid hemorrhage, but also intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and that Rotterdam CT score may be a useful metric for assessing risk of csPTV in severe TBI patients. doi = 10.1007/s12028-009-9282-0 id = cord-006870-f5w6fw6q author = nan title = Abstracts Presented at the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) 15th Annual Meeting date = 2017-09-19 keywords = AED; CSF; Care; DCI; EEG; EVD; GCS; Glasgow; ICH; ICP; ICU; IQR; January; LOS; MAP; MRI; NCCU; NIHSS; SAH; SDH; SRSE; Scale; TBI; VTE; brain; day; high; outcome; patient; stroke; study; time summary = Subjective perceptions of recovery were assessed via responses to the forced-choice dichotomized question, "Do you feel that you have made a complete recovery from the arrest?"Objective outcome measures of recovery included: Repeatable Battery for Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), Modified Lawton Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (L-ADL), Barthel Index (BI), Cerebral Performance Category Scale (CPC), Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D), and Post traumatic stress disorder-checklist (PTSD-C). Utilizing data from the Citicoline Brain Injury Treatment (COBRIT) trial, a prospective multicenter study, we identified 224 patients who met the inclusion criteria; 1) placement of an ICP monitoring device, 2) Glasgow coma score (GCS) less than 9, 3) EVD placement prior to arrival or within 6 hours of arrival at the study institution. The objective of this study was to examine the incidence rates of pre-specified medical and neurological ICU complications, and their impact on post-traumatic in-hospital mortality and 12month functional outcomes. doi = 10.1007/s12028-017-0465-9 id = cord-006876-v2m5l5wz author = nan title = Neurocritical Care Society 14(th) Annual Meeting date = 2016-08-11 keywords = CPP; Care; DCI; EEG; GCS; ICH; ICP; ICU; INR; January; MRI; NIHSS; PCC; SAGE-547; SAH; SRSE; TBI; USA; University; brain; day; outcome; patient; study summary = doi = 10.1007/s12028-016-0301-7 id = cord-006880-9dgmdtj8 author = nan title = Neurocritical Care Society 10th Annual Meeting: October 4 - 7, 2012 Sheraton Denver Downtown Hotel Denver, Colorado date = 2012-09-19 keywords = CSF; Care; DCI; EEG; GCS; GOS; Glasgow; ICH; ICP; ICU; IQR; IVH; MRI; NIHSS; Neurocritical; SAH; Scale; TBI; TCD; brain; day; outcome; patient; study summary = Patients initially comatose after cardiac arrest treated who awoke after therapeutic hypothermia (TH) were evaluated by a neuropsychologist prior to hospital discharge with the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), a well-validated tool that assesses function in multiple domains compared to standardized normal values. Clinical data including the pre-admission-status, neuroradiological, initial presentation, treatment, and outcome were evaluated through institutional databases, patient''s medical charts and by mailed questionnaires. To determine the differences in hospital outcomes among adult mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients where the severity of TBI is defined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. Retrospective chart analysis was performed on all adult patients arriving to emergency department with history of fall at a level one trauma center for parameters like vomiting, alteration of consciousness (AOC) & loss of consciousness (LOC) after TBI; post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) and history of seizures before or after injury, along with outcomes such as ICU admission & ICU length of stay. doi = 10.1007/s12028-012-9775-0 id = cord-010980-sizuef1v author = nan title = ECTES Abstracts 2020 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = AIS; Department; Emergency; Fig; GCS; Hospital; ICU; ISS; January; Japan; MCI; Progressions; REBOA; TBI; Trauma; University; case; clinical; conclusion; fracture; group; injury; introduction; material; method; mortality; patient; result; retrospective; score; study; surgery; treatment; year summary = We hypothesized that presentation to a PTC would yield increased mortality when subspecialty intervention was required and that this would be most pronounced at night when in-house attending coverage is absent at all state PTCs. Materials and methods: A review of the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study (PTOS) database was performed to capture patients aged 12-18 who underwent any non-orthopedic trauma surgery. Traumatic subaxial cervical fractures: functional prognostic factors and survival analysis Introduction: The main goal of this study is to identify the risk factors for poor functional outcomes and to analyze the overall survival (OS) and complications rate in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) and subaxial cervical fracture (SACF) treated with open surgical fixation. After applying a multiple imputation on all the study variables, a logistic regression generalized estimating equation after adjustment for age, sex, mechanism of trauma, and the injury severity score as covariates and hospitals as a cluster assessed an association between quartile of patient volume in intensive care unit and hospital mortality. doi = 10.1007/s00068-020-01343-y id = cord-014670-e31g8lns author = nan title = Poster Sessions 313-503 date = 2004-10-05 keywords = APACHE; Care; Hospital; ICP; ICU; Intensive; Unit; University; conclusion; group; patient; study summary = Over a 12-month period patients who needed reintubation after successful trial of weaning and planned extubation, in a polyvalent intensive care unit (ICU) were identified.Data including clinical features (age, sex, SAPS II on admission, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) on day of extubation, type of patient, length of intubation and mechanical ventilation (MV) before extubation, length of ICU stay (LOS), ICU and hospital mortality) were collected.Moreover we considered two parameters that asses airway patency and protection like predictors of EF:cough strength and suctioning frequency after extubation.Cough strength on command was measured with a semiobjective scale of 0 to 5 (0= weak cough, 5= strong cough). (3/23)(13.2%), pulmonary embolism(1/23)(4.3%)and severe sepsis(1/23)(4.3%).Seven of patients who received reintubation a cause of defective airway manage needed at least one suctioning every two hours; moreover the same patients and other three with alteration in neurological function had weak cough (grade 0 to 2).The LOS of EF patients was 23±24.3 days, their ICU and hospital mortality were 39.1% and 47.8%, respectively, both higher when compared with not reintubated patients.Results of logistic regression showed that SAPS II is the only independent risk-factor of reintubation (odds ratio 1.056, sig. doi = 10.1007/s00134-004-2406-2 id = cord-014987-nycbjqn6 author = nan title = OP 0364-0412 date = 2006-08-24 keywords = Care; ICU; VAP; patient; study summary = doi = 10.1007/s00134-006-0318-z id = cord-014996-p6q0f37c author = nan title = Posters_Monday_12 October 2009 date = 2009-08-06 keywords = AKI; ALI; APACHE; Care; Hospital; ICU; LPS; PCT; SAPS; VAP; conclusion; group; introduction; method; mortality; objectives; patient; result; sepsis; sofa; study summary = Data recorded on admission were the patient demographics with, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score (APACHE II), and type of admission; during intensive care stay, sepsis-related organ failure assessment score (SOFA) and clinical concomitant factors and conditions. For each severe septic patient the following data was registered: time delay, APACHE II and SOFA scores at ICU admission, diagnosis, the rate of compliance with the resucitation and management bundles, microbiological data, evolution of levels of serum lactate, empiric antibiotic therapy, length of stay and mortality in ICU. Sepsis and septic shock remain the most important causes of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients and account for more than 50% of cases of acute renal failure (ARF) in intensive care units (ICU). There were no significant differences between the demographic data (sex, age) or the data on admission to intensive care (APACHE II score, ratio of medical to surgical patients) and duration of mechanical ventilation between the two groups. doi = 10.1007/s00134-009-1593-2 id = cord-015021-pol2qm74 author = nan title = Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date = 1994 keywords = APACHE; ARDS; CD14; CD4; CLP; CRP; CSF; ELISA; ICU; IFN; III; IL-1; IL-2; IL-4; IL-6; IL-8; LEH; LPS; MOF; PAF; PMN; SIRS; TNF; University; animal; blood; cell; control; cytokine; day; effect; endotoxin; factor; follow; group; high; increase; injury; level; method; mouse; patient; production; rat; release; response; result; sepsis; septic; shock; study; trauma summary = It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. doi = 10.1007/bf02258437 id = cord-015024-2xzc0uc5 author = nan title = ESICM 2010 WEDNESDAY SESSIONS 13 October 2010 date = 2010-08-31 keywords = APACHE; ARDS; CVP; Care; ECMO; Hospital; ICU; Intensive; conclusion; day; group; high; increase; introduction; level; method; objectives; patient; result; sepsis; sofa; study summary = doi = 10.1007/s00134-010-2001-7 id = cord-015061-pl5ag6zz author = nan title = Editor’s picks, 2011–2012: fifteen articles in open access in Intensive Care Medicine date = 2013-10-23 keywords = AKI; ICU summary = [2] In a retrospective study, IPA was diagnosed in as many as 23 % of critically ill patients with severe H1N1 virus infection at a median of 3 days after ICU admission! [3] In neutropenic critically ill patients with severe abdominal condition at ICU admission, b-d-glucan [259 pg/mL with a positive Candida albicans germ tube antibody accurately differentiated Candida colonization from deep-seated candidiasis. Contrast-associated acute kidney injury occurs in one out of six ICU patients who undergo a contrast-enhanced noncoronary radiography examination and is associated with worse short-and long-term outcomes (i.e., renal replacement therapy, kidney function at discharge, increased length of ICU and hospital stays, and mortality). Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a frequent complication of critically ill H1N1 patients: a retrospective study Characteristics and determinants of outcome of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in intensive care units: the EUROBACT International Cohort Study doi = 10.1007/s00134-013-3140-4 id = cord-015082-l629n8is author = nan title = Poster Sessions 323-461 date = 2002-08-29 keywords = ICU; IL-10; LPS; conclusion; group; increase; level; method; mortality; patient; result; sepsis; study summary = 14 patients awaiting urgent cardiac surgical re-vascularisation were studied with measurement of: spirometry; percentage increase in transfer factor from sitting to lying position (TF) as an indicator of micro-vascular lung disease; overnight oximetry on air; and 24hour holter monitoring Patients, who were reintubated on decreased indices of arterial oxygenation under MOSF progressing died in 100% cases ( NIMV is effective method in complex therapy of ARF, developing in postoperative period after cardiac surgery, that leads to significant improvement of lungs biomechanics and gases change function. In a prospective observational study we performed bedside ptO2 measurements in 8 patients with sepsis/septic shock to gain insight in ptO2 values and their dynamic changes related to the course of the illness, as well as investigating the practical applicability of tissue oxygen measurement in the ICU setting. doi = 10.1007/s00134-002-1455-7 id = cord-015090-n6f4xupw author = nan title = PS 339-563 date = 2005-09-10 keywords = Care; Hospital; ICP; ICU; Intensive; PCT; University; conclusion; day; level; method; patient; study summary = We designed this study to examine the effects of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) with and without BAL on body temperature, systemic arterial pressure, heart rate and supportive therapies requirements in mechanically ventilated patients. Clinical characteristics (Glasgow scale, heart rate, systolic blood pressure), cardiac enzymes (troponin I, total serum creatine kinase and myocardial isoenzyme, myoglobin), ECG changes (ST-T changes, prolonged QT and corrected QT intervals), echocardiographic assessment of cardiac function (left ventricular ejection fraction, hypokinesia) were studied on the day of the admission. It is a prospective study performed during 12 months of the patients with brain trauma admitted in a 24-beds medical-surgical ICU of a 650-beds university hospital. This prospective observational study included 200 adult patients admitted to a 31-bed university hospital medical-surgical ICU during a 3-month period. doi = 10.1007/s00134-005-2780-4 id = cord-015126-cyhcbk1j author = nan title = PS 0036-0344 date = 2007-08-25 keywords = APACHE; ARDS; Care; HFOV; Hospital; ICU; Intensive; PCT; VAP; blood; conclusion; day; group; increase; introduction; method; mortality; patient; peep; pressure; result; sofa; study summary = doi = 10.1007/s00134-007-0820-y id = cord-015372-76xvzvdg author = nan title = National scientific medical meeting 1996 abstracts date = 1996 keywords = CAD; HCV; HIV; HSP; ICU; PCR; age; case; disease; group; increase; irish; level; mean; patient; positive; study; year summary = One, two and five-year survival rates were examined; age at diagnosis and lesion type were extremely significant factors in relation to patient outcome. Patients'' age, sex, risk group, CDC stage, CD4 count, indication for therapy, complication rate and response to treatment are described. Fifty-eight patients (34 male, 24 female) ranging in age from 15 to 65 years (Mean + SD = 28.4 + 10.8) were included in the study. Among these 48 patients (mean age 68.0+12.7), after controlling for age and for the duration and continuity of subsequent antipsychotic treatment, increasing duration of initially untreated psychosis was associated with greater severity of negative symptoms (p<0.005) and with lower scores on the MMSE (p<0.05) but not with executive dysfunction on the EXIT (p=0.3). Conclusion Although not a population based study, care of IDDM in Ireland is almost totally hospital clinic based Cigarette smoking is identified as the major problem to be addressed Patients with diabetes meltitus (DM) are at a higher risk of developing vascular complications, including coronary artery disease (CAD). doi = 10.1007/bf02945204 id = cord-022501-9wnmdvg5 author = nan title = P1460 – P1884 date = 2015-12-28 keywords = 16S; CDAD; CFU; ELISA; ESBL; Enterococcus; GRN; ICU; MIC; MRSA; PCR; Staphylococcus; TGC; dna; gram; infection; isolate; method; objective; patient; resistance; result; strain; study summary = Methods: Using published data on (1) the prevalence of MRSA and other bacterial pathogens causing cSSSI in the US, (2) the in-vitro susceptibility rates of commonly used regimens in cSSSI in the US in relation to the most pervasive pathogens identified above, and (3) estimated costs of failure of initial, empiric treatment from a recent study of a large US multi-hospital database, we developed a model to predict the expected clinical and economic impact of increasing prevalence of MRSA. Small outbreaks of VEB-1 ESBL producing Acinetobacter baumannii in Belgian nursing homes and hospitals through cross-border transfer of patients from northern France Methods: From 01/04 to 03/05, all Belgian acute hospitals were invited to report cases of nosocomial infections/colonisations due to MDR Ab isolates presenting a resistance profile similar to the French epidemic strain (resistance to all agents except carbapenems and colistin) and to send such isolates to the reference laboratory for phenotypic confirmation and for genotypic characterization (PCR of VEB-1 and class 1 Integron, PFGE typing). doi = 10.1111/j.1470-9465.2006.12_4_1431.x id = cord-022633-fr55uod6 author = nan title = SAEM Abstracts, Plenary Session date = 2012-04-26 keywords = ACS; AED; Background; COPD; CPR; EMS; ETCO; Emergency; HIV; Hospital; ICU; IQR; LOS; MDD; OHCA; TBI; University; conclusion; datum; group; level; method; objective; patient; rate; result; study; time summary = Staff satisfaction was evaluated through pre/ post-shift and study surveys; administrative data (physician initial assessment (PIA), length of stay (LOS), patients leaving without being seen (LWBS) and against medical advice [LAMA] ) were collected from an electronic, real-time ED information system. Communication Background: The link between extended shift lengths, sleepiness, and occupational injury or illness has been shown, in other health care populations, to be an important and preventable public health concern but heretofore has not been fully described in emergency medical services (EMS Objectives: To assess the effect of an ED-based computer screening and referral intervention for IPV victims and to determine what characteristics resulted in a positive change in their safety. Objectives: Using data from longitudinal surveys by the American Board of Emergency Medicine, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate if resident self-assessments of performance in required competencies improve over the course of graduate medical training and in the years following. doi = 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01332.x id = cord-023592-w96h4rir author = nan title = Abstracts cont. date = 2015-12-28 keywords = CFU; Candida; ESBL; ICU; MIC; MRSA; NCCLS; NVP; PCR; PFGE; Salmonella; dna; gram; isolate; method; patient; result; strain summary = Conclusions: Although the risk of developing more serious gastric lesions increased as the number of virulence factor genes are accumulated in a given Hp strain, we did not find any significant differences or relationship in the cagA, vacA or babA2 status between the Hp isolates from patients with gastritis or peptic ulcer in this study. pneumophila at the serogroup level, it was used in two different outbreaks to demonstrate rapidly the identity of the sequences between strains responsible for severe human infection and those isolated in the hot water reservoir, suggesting a common origin. To determine the antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella and Shigella strains isolated from stool specimens during a 2-year period, from patients admitted to our clinics with a diagnosis of diarrhoea. In our study the susceptibility of 65 bacterial strains isolated in hospital environment (colonising or infecting patients or carried by German cockroaches) to antibiotics and chemical disinfectants was determined. doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.0902c.x id = cord-255256-8uckmya4 author = nan title = Akzeptierte Abstracts für die COVID-19-bedingt abgesagte DGIIN/ÖGIAIN-Jahrestagung 2020 date = 2020-08-18 keywords = CVVH; ECMO; ICU; patient summary = High to low bicarbonate replacement fluid switch in alkalotic patients during continuous venovenous hemofiltration with regional citrate anticoagulation-a retrospective single centre analysis Goal of the study: The aim of our study was to compare the replacement fluids (RF) Phoxilium (30 mmol/ l HCO3-) and Biphozyl (22 mmol/ l HCO3-) during continuous renal replacement therapy (CVVH) with regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) in alkalotic critically ill patients. Gender differences in acid-base metabolism during continuous venovenous hemofiltration with regional citrate anticoagulation Goal of the study: The aim of our study was to compare the replacement fluids (RF) Phoxilium (30 mmol/ l HCO3-) and Biphozyl (22 mmol/ l HCO3-) during continuous renal replacement therapy (CVVH) with regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) in alkalotic critically ill women and men. doi = 10.1007/s00063-020-00711-1 id = cord-335975-m6lkrehi author = nan title = Proceedings of Réanimation 2018, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date = 2018-02-05 keywords = AKI; ARDS; CKD; December; ECMO; Fig; ICU; IQR; January; NIV; SAPS; VAP; care; day; group; introduction; mortality; patient; result; sofa; study summary = A qSOFA score relying on 3 simple clinical criteria (respiratory rate, mental status and systolic blood pressure) has been proposed to better identify septic patients with associated higher mortality outside the intensive care unit (Seymour CW et al., JAMA 2016) . We propose to determine whether the arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) at intensive care unit (ICU) admission affects mortality at day 28 (D28) in patients with septic shock subjected to mechanical out-of-hospital ventilation. Conclusion: In this study, we report a significant association between hyperoxemia at ICU admission and mortality at D28 in patients with septic shock subjected to pre-hospital invasive mechanical ventilation. The aim of this study was to describe outcome of pediatric patient with hematologic disease hospitalized in our intensive care unit for respiratory failure and to investigate the clinical variables associated with mortality. doi = 10.1186/s13613-017-0345-7 id = cord-341063-3rqnu5bu author = nan title = 38th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 20-23 March 2018 date = 2018-03-29 keywords = AKI; APACHE; ARDS; Care; Critical; Fig; Hospital; ICU; IQR; IVC; Intensive; LOS; TBI; University; VAP; conclusion; day; group; high; introduction; method; mortality; patient; peep; result; score; sofa; study; table summary = Procacitonin (PCT) emerges as a possible predictive tool in cardiothoracic intensive care unit (CTICU).We aim at testing the predictive power of PCT for early morbidity, prolonged ventilation, ICU and hospital stay, in patients developing early fever after cardiac surgery Methods: A retrospective descriptive study done in tertiary cardiac center, enrolling patients who stayed for more than 24 hours post-operatively in the CTICU Risk stratification included additive Euro score and PCT immunoluminometricaly prior to surgery and every 48 hours in response to onset of fever. Prognostic accuracy of quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score for mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis Introduction: The purpose of this study was to summarize the evidence assessing the qSOFA [1] , calculated in admission of the patient in emergency department (ED) or intensive care unit (ICU), as a predictor of mortality. doi = 10.1186/s13054-018-1973-5 id = cord-355038-o2hr5mox author = nan title = Proceedings of Réanimation 2020, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date = 2020-02-11 keywords = AKI; ARDS; CHU; COPD; Care; Correspondence; December; ECMO; Fig; France; Hospital; ICU; IQR; January; NIV; PICU; VAP; day; french; group; high; invitation; method; mortality; patient; rationale; result; sofa; study summary = Conclusion: In patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS, a higher tidal volume under PSV within the 72 h following neuromuscular blockers cessation is independently associated with the 28-day mortality.Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of survival according to the mean tidal volume (Vt)-lower of higher than 8 ml/ kg-under pressure support ventilation (PSV) during the "transition period" transfusion is associated with adverse events, and equipoise remains on the optimal transfusion strategy in oncologic patients in surgical setting. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Patients and methods: In a retrospective monocentric study (01/2013-01/2017) conducted in cardio-vascular surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in Henri Mondor teaching hospital, all consecutive adult patients who underwent peripheral VA-ECMO were included, with exclusion of those dying in the first 24 h. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Rationale: Acute respiratory failure is the leading reason for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in immunocompromised patients and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation has become a major clinical end-point in randomized controlled trials (RCT). doi = 10.1186/s13613-020-0623-7 id = cord-353398-jrz163v2 author = van Arkel, Andreas L. E. title = COVID-19–associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis date = 2020-07-01 keywords = ICU summary = doi = 10.1164/rccm.202004-1038le id = cord-300176-lurzcliy author = van Mol, Margo M. C. title = Developing and testing a nurse-led intervention to support bereavement in relatives in the intensive care (BRIC study): a protocol of a pre-post intervention study date = 2020-08-18 keywords = ICU; care; relative; study summary = doi = 10.1186/s12904-020-00636-8 id = cord-003376-2qi4aibx author = van de Groep, Kirsten title = Effect of cytomegalovirus reactivation on the time course of systemic host response biomarkers in previously immunocompetent critically ill patients with sepsis: a matched cohort study date = 2018-12-18 keywords = CMV; ICU; patient summary = title: Effect of cytomegalovirus reactivation on the time course of systemic host response biomarkers in previously immunocompetent critically ill patients with sepsis: a matched cohort study Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is observed in 14-41% of intensive care unit (ICU) patients without known prior immune deficiency [1] [2] [3] and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality [4] [5] [6] . Therefore, this longitudinal study aimed to investigate whether the temporal course of seven host response biomarkers, including both pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines, in previously immunocompetent ICU patients with sepsis differs between patients with and without CMV reactivation. Time trends of various markers within patients were described by symmetric percentage differences relative to their levels 2 days prior to CMV viremia onset (Fig. 2 for primary comparison, Additional file 1: Figure S1 for secondary comparison). We performed an explorative study to compare time trends of host response biomarkers in patients with reactivation that were matched to non-reactivating control patients who were either seropositive or seronegative for CMV. doi = 10.1186/s13054-018-2261-0 id = cord-313980-jutof78v author = van de Veerdonk, F. L. title = A systems approach to inflammation identifies therapeutic targets in SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-05-24 keywords = ICU; covid-19 summary = Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ARDS and circulating concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and interferon- inducible protein (IP)-10 are higher in COVID-19 patients on the intensive care unit (ICU) than in those who do not require ICU admission. 23.20110916 doi: medRxiv preprint Whereas from these data an exuberant innate immune response appears to represent the main immune dysregulation in patients with severe COVID-19 infection, so far only a limited number of inflammatory mediators known to be involved in other diseases have been assessed. 23.20110916 doi: medRxiv preprint In addition to the inflammatory factors that are upregulated in COVID-19 patients in the ICU, a number of cytokines were shown to be lower in the severely ill patients. However, unbiased clustering of COVID-19 patients differentiated patients based on disease severity (ICU versus non ICU), rather than identifying different inflammatory clusters ( Figure 2 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.23.20110916 id = cord-258027-f3rr5el1 author = Østby, Anne‐Cathrine title = Respiratory virology and microbiology in intensive care units: a prospective cohort study date = 2013-05-18 keywords = ICU; patient; virus summary = Our aim was to determine the frequency of 12 common respiratory viruses in patients admitted to intensive care units with respiratory symptoms, evaluate the clinical characteristics and to compare the results to routine microbiological diagnostics. The information included the following: age, gender, underlying comorbidity, use of immunosuppressant drugs, respiratory symptoms, diagnoses on admission, diagnoses on discharge, length of hospital stay, ICU stay and intubation, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II)scores, administration of antibiotics, non-invasive ventilation, chest x-ray, laboratory analyses and results of the physical examination, which included temperature, saturation, stethoscopic findings and clinical signs of respiratory infection or distress. Viruses -Of the 122 patients included in the study group, 19 (16%) were positive for a virus, of which the most frequently detected were influenza A (n = 9) and RSV (n = 3, Fig. 2 ). doi = 10.1111/apm.12089