Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 40 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 646 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 48 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 individual 7 disease 6 network 6 model 5 COVID-19 3 social 3 risk 3 human 3 epidemic 2 self 2 number 2 infection 2 datum 2 case 2 behavior 2 Fig 1 vaccine 1 vaccination 1 user 1 treatment 1 topic 1 structure 1 strategy 1 sovereignty 1 size 1 right 1 result 1 resistance 1 region 1 public 1 privacy 1 prevention 1 precaution 1 pathogen 1 pandemic 1 node 1 natural 1 nation 1 mobility 1 microbial 1 medium 1 location 1 layer 1 kind 1 isolation 1 increase 1 household 1 health 1 forensic 1 figure Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 2535 individual 1325 network 1273 disease 1086 model 865 time 859 infection 811 epidemic 795 treatment 772 contact 743 population 726 case 723 number 675 effect 640 datum 623 health 605 location 551 transmission 529 behavior 507 self 464 outbreak 416 information 406 rate 395 risk 394 control 385 strategy 373 % 369 study 361 probability 349 process 340 distance 337 group 335 level 331 dynamic 300 value 299 result 297 region 293 people 291 method 281 term 275 outcome 272 analysis 271 state 265 pathogen 262 example 260 household 252 size 250 use 247 r 246 system 246 impact Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 745 al 625 et 535 . 211 COVID-19 180 Fig 159 SARS 145 AR 132 Health 101 China 80 SIR 77 k 77 j 77 CVLP 74 VL 72 S 67 ADRD 63 N 63 HIV 58 t 58 Twitter 56 Table 56 GPS 55 Social 50 Wuhan 48 Disease 47 SIS 46 − 44 World 43 D 42 United 42 M 39 PKDL 38 India 35 H1N1 34 TE 34 Global 34 Control 34 AIDS 33 u 33 Data 32 sha 32 m 32 States 31 US 31 DOI 31 Coronavirus 31 A 29 Human 28 University 28 Figure Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1340 we 986 it 472 they 452 i 201 them 168 one 94 us 52 you 46 he 42 themselves 39 itself 17 she 17 me 14 oneself 5 her 4 him 3 himself 3 herself 2 u 2 mine 1 ∈ 1 ϕ 1 βsi 1 thee 1 s 1 ourselves 1 myself Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 9498 be 1764 have 790 use 494 base 438 do 367 consider 337 show 336 infect 333 take 332 give 293 make 281 increase 272 spread 266 reduce 262 include 248 provide 243 estimate 238 find 236 allow 235 become 226 follow 215 see 199 assume 191 propose 191 need 188 identify 182 occur 178 know 174 develop 172 require 167 obtain 157 suggest 155 represent 153 determine 148 describe 148 depend 147 discuss 146 model 146 lead 144 remain 143 affect 139 compare 138 observe 138 control 137 define 132 understand 129 focus 129 associate 128 change 126 treat Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1125 not 961 social 665 also 615 more 605 such 558 other 551 human 524 individual 425 large 418 high 405 only 401 different 392 infectious 378 - 355 well 332 infected 330 however 314 most 302 first 288 susceptible 287 small 279 public 269 same 251 new 249 spatial 246 average 245 then 240 many 234 thus 229 as 218 even 213 natural 206 long 204 important 185 further 184 possible 182 low 177 global 174 potential 173 particular 172 second 172 likely 171 e.g. 154 non 151 very 145 so 141 real 141 antibiotic 140 close 138 therefore Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 135 most 74 least 31 good 25 Most 20 large 17 near 14 high 13 short 11 close 10 simple 9 big 8 great 8 bad 6 small 5 old 5 late 4 low 2 slight 2 outermost 2 long 2 frail 2 easy 2 -which 1 wide 1 w(x 1 strong 1 sick 1 likeli 1 few 1 fast 1 early 1 ear 1 dense 1 cheap Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 179 most 24 least 10 well 3 near 1 highest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 doi.org 2 www.who.int 2 github.com 2 colab.research.google.com 1 www.statista.com 1 www.projecthelix.eu 1 www.isglobal.org 1 www Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.04.20053173 2 http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports 2 http://colab.research.google.com/drive/1tbB47uSGIA0WehY-hvIYgdO0mpnZU5A8 1 http://www.statista.com/topics/755/uk/ 1 http://www.projecthelix.eu/en 1 http://www.isglobal.org/en/web/guest/healthisglobal/-/custom-blog-portlet/prova/5620053/7201 1 http://www 1 http://github.com/thomasallanhouse/covid19-growth 1 http://github.com/thomasallanh 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120337 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.08.017 Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 individuals are more 7 individuals do not 5 individuals are not 4 diseases are not 4 individual is able 4 individuals are often 4 risk are predominantly 3 data are not 3 data were not 3 disease does not 3 diseases are infections 3 epidemic spreading process 3 individual is contagious 3 individuals become susceptible 3 individuals were also 3 network does not 3 networks is not 3 rate is constant 3 transmission is high 2 cases is much 2 data were normally 2 disease did not 2 disease is not 2 diseases are merely 2 diseases are value 2 diseases are zoonotic 2 epidemics using search 2 health is not 2 individual has not 2 individual is equally 2 individual is more 2 individuals are about 2 individuals are equally 2 individuals are infectious 2 individuals are randomly 2 individuals become much 2 individuals have access 2 individuals increase rapidly 2 individuals is higher 2 individuals is not 2 infection spreading prevention 2 infection spreads inefficiently 2 infections are not 2 locations are everywhere 2 locations are rarely 2 locations is independent 2 model is too 2 models are extremely 2 models is essential 2 network has time Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 treatment has no effect 2 data are not available 2 data were not normally 2 individuals are not willing 2 individuals is not sufficient 1 % is not sufficient 1 cases need not necessarily 1 cases showed no evidence 1 contact is not necessary 1 contacts are not heterogeneous 1 contacts were not immediately 1 data are not directly 1 data does not directly 1 data showed no decay 1 diseases are not arbitrary 1 diseases are not natural 1 diseases are not physically 1 diseases are not primary 1 diseases have no essences 1 diseases have no objective 1 effects are not negligible 1 health are not mutually 1 health is not so 1 health is not surprising 1 individual has no previous 1 individual has no probability 1 individual has not yet 1 individuals are no longer 1 individuals are not subject 1 individuals do not all 1 individuals had no obvious 1 individuals have no chances 1 infections are not applicable 1 infections have no available 1 locations is not sufficient 1 model was not able 1 networks are not static 1 networks do not directly 1 networks is not homogeneous 1 networks is not information 1 networks is not only 1 strategies are not perfect 1 transmissions is not always 1 treatments have no effect 1 treatments have no effects 1 treatments have not yet A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-223332-51670qld author = Agrawal, Prashant title = An operational architecture for privacy-by-design in public service applications date = 2020-06-08 keywords = India; SGX; access; data; datum; individual; privacy summary = In this paper, we present an operational architecture for privacy-by-design based on independent regulatory oversight stipulated by most data protection regimes, regulated access control, purpose limitation and data minimisation. an interest in preventing information about the self from being disseminated and controlling the extent of access to information." It would be the role of a future Indian data protection law to create some objective standards for informational privacy to give all actors in society an understanding of the "ground rules" for accessing an individuals'' personal information. The need for early alignment of legal and technical design principles of data systems, such as access controls, purpose limitation and clear liability frameworks under appropriate regulatory jurisdictions are essential to create secure and trustworthy public data infrastructures [5, 6, 7] . We have presented the design sketch of an operational architecture for privacy-by-design [3] based on regulatory oversight, regulated access control, purpose limitation and data minimisation. doi = nan id = cord-270679-heg1h19l author = Ahmad, Munir title = Perception-based influence factors of intention to adopt COVID-19 epidemic prevention in China date = 2020-07-27 keywords = IAEP; epidemic; individual; prevention summary = title: Perception-based influence factors of intention to adopt COVID-19 epidemic prevention in China OBJECTIVE: This work has attempted to examine the perception-based influence factors of individuals'' intention to adopt COVID-19 epidemic prevention in a modified behavioral framework. Therefore, there is a clear scope of identifying perception-based influence factors (PIFs) of individuals'' intention to adopt epidemic prevention (IAEP) during the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic. To sum up, first, governments'' guidelines on epidemic prevention, risk perception, epidemic knowledge, risk aversion, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and attitude towards epidemic prevention are suspected to be the drivers of individuals'' IAEP. A modified behavioral framework depicting the influence factors of individuals'' intention to adopt epidemic prevention. The core focus of this work was to examine the perception-based factors influencing the individuals'' intention to adopt COVID-19 epidemic prevention in a modified behavioral framework in terms of estimating the relevance as well as the relative importance of those factors. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109995 id = cord-227156-uy4dykhg author = Albanese, Federico title = Predicting Shifting Individuals Using Text Mining and Graph Machine Learning on Twitter date = 2020-08-24 keywords = Twitter; individual; topic; user summary = Moreover, this machine learning framework allows us to identify not only which topics are more persuasive (using low dimensional topic embedding), but also which individuals are more likely to change their affiliation given their topological properties in a Twitter graph. Using graph topological information and detecting topics of discussion of the first network, we built and trained a model that effectively predicts when an individual will change his/her community over time, identifying persuasive topics and relevant features of the shifting users. Given that our objective was to identify shifting individuals and persuasive arguments, we implemented a predictive model whose instances are the Twitter users who were active during both time periods [34] and belonged to one of the biggest communities in both time periods networks. In this paper we presented a machine learning framework approach in order to identify shifting individuals and persuasive topics that, unlike previous works, focused on the persuadable users rather than studying the political polarization on social media as a whole. doi = nan id = cord-198272-s0lk1812 author = Bairagi, Anupam Kumar title = Controlling the Outbreak of COVID-19: A Noncooperative Game Perspective date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; individual; isolation summary = Furthermore, the sustainability of the lockdown policy is interpreted with the help of our proposed game-theoretic incentive model for maintaining social distancing where there exists a Nash equilibrium. Finally, we perform an extensive numerical analysis that shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of achieving the desired social-distancing to prevent the outbreak of the COVID-19 in a noncooperative environment. Therefore, different from the existing literature, we focus on the design of a model that can measure individual''s isolation and social distance to prevent the epidemic of COVID-19. The model considers both isolation and social distancing features of individuals to control the outbreak of COVID-19. Our objective is to keep δ minimum for reducing the spread of COVID-19 from infected individuals, which is an isolation strategy. In this paper, we have introduced a mathematical model for controlling the outbreak of COVID-19 by augmenting isolation and social distancing features of individuals. doi = nan id = cord-345789-lze2ye3q author = Bialasiewicz, Luiza title = ‘Individual sovereignty’ in pandemic times – A contradiction in terms? date = 2020-09-04 keywords = individual; sovereignty summary = In articulating their claims to ''individual sovereignty'', many of the European protesters against COVID-19 measures have appealed to the language of ''fundamental rights''. This double role of fundamental rights is what defines their essential role in ensuring that the inherent tension between individual autonomy and collective self-rule, i.e. sovereignty, does not result in the destruction of one or the other. Within modern constitutional democratic states, individual autonomy is expressed and protected through fundamental rights, which have a double-edged relationship with sovereignty. On the one hand, fundamental rights are, in their specific codified form, an expression of a sovereign choice; on the other hand, they protect individual liberty and autonomy (or self-rule) and limit the exercise of sovereignty. In this core meaning, sovereignty connects state authority with democracy and collective self-rule. doi = 10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102277 id = cord-308261-hxlebas8 author = Broekhuis, Femke title = Using GPS collars to investigate the frequency and behavioural outcomes of intraspecific interactions among carnivores: A case study of male cheetahs in the Maasai Mara, Kenya date = 2019-04-03 keywords = Mara; encounter; individual summary = title: Using GPS collars to investigate the frequency and behavioural outcomes of intraspecific interactions among carnivores: A case study of male cheetahs in the Maasai Mara, Kenya To determine the static interactions between male cheetahs we calculated their space use and the amount of overlap for each dyad to determine the possibility that individuals could encounter each other either directly or indirectly. In general, cheetahs were closer to the encounter location after a possible encounter compared to before for all four time lags, apart from individual M03 in Dyad 3 where the opposite trend was Intraspecific interactions among carnivores: A case study of male cheetahs observed, however none of the results were significant (S1 Table) . Using GPS collar data we documented static and dynamic interactions between male cheetahs in Kenya''s Maasai Mara and investigated the outcomes of these interactions in terms of movement behaviour and mortalities. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0213910 id = cord-284424-6gljl7n5 author = Brown, Eric E. title = Anticipating and Mitigating the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Alzheimer''s Disease and Related Dementias date = 2020-04-18 keywords = ADRD; COVID-19; individual; risk summary = The COVID-19 pandemic is causing global morbidity and mortality, straining health systems, and disrupting society, putting individuals with Alzheimer''s disease and related dementias (ADRD) at risk of significant harm. We discuss and propose mitigation strategies for: the risk of COVID-19 infection and its associated morbidity and mortality for individuals with ADRD; the impact of COVID-19 on the diagnosis and clinical management of ADRD; consequences of societal responses to COVID-19 in different ADRD care settings; the effect of COVID-19 on caregivers and physicians of individuals with ADRD; mental hygiene, trauma, and stigma in the time of COVID-19; and the potential impact of COVID-19 on ADRD research. Thus, in the context of a rapidly evolving situation, this Special Article discusses and proposes mitigation strategies for six major issues: (1) why individuals with ADRD are at high risk for COVID-19 and its associated morbidity and mortality; (2) how COVID-19 will impact the diagnosis and clinical doi = 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.010 id = cord-243634-4qcq5soy author = Caravita, Ruggero title = PeopleTraffic: a common framework for harmonizing privacy and epidemic risks date = 2020-05-20 keywords = Fig; GSM; LTE; individual summary = The system is based on a real-time people'' locations gathering and mapping system from available 2G, 3G and 4G mobile networks operators, enforcing privacy-by-design through the adoption of an innovative data anonymizing algorithm inspired by quantum information de-localizing processes. Here we consider the two limiting cases: A) the mere counting of number of connections per mobile network cell (also known as localization through cell identity, CI) and B) accurate individual UE positioning by the net-work via the highest accuracy available methods, e.g. RSSI triangulation or observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA). The spatial resolution analysis here performed shows that anonymous number of connections data (scenario A) could provide reliable information about population density on the scale of hundreds of meters in most urban contexts, i.e. allowing only big crowds to be distinguished, unless further capillarization of the networks are made available. doi = nan id = cord-103291-nqn1qzcu author = Chapman, Lloyd A. C. title = Inferring transmission trees to guide targeting of interventions against visceral leishmaniasis and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis date = 2020-02-25 keywords = PKDL; case; individual summary = ú CI = credible interval, calculated as the 95% highest posterior density interval † risk of subsequent VL/asymptomatic infection if susceptible ‡ based on assumed infectiousness § in the absence of background transmission and relative to living directly outside the case household. Based on the relative infectiousness of VL and the di erent 151 types of PKDL from the xenodiagnostic data, in the absence 152 of any other sources of transmission, the estimated probability 153 of being infected and developing VL if living in the same 154 household as a single symptomatic individual for 1 month 155 following their onset was 0.018 (95% CI: 0.013, 0.024) for VL 156 and ranged from 0.009 to 0.023 (95% CIs: (0.007,0.013)-(0.018, 157 0.031)) for macular/papular PKDL to nodular PKDL. We estimate the historical asymptomatic infection rate, ⁄0, by fitting the model to age-prevalence data on leishmanin skin 186 test (LST) positivity amongst non-symptomatic individuals from a cross-sectional survey of three of the study paras conducted 187 in 2002 (28) (see Figure S4 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.02.24.20023325 id = cord-319170-idv2cio4 author = Devita, Maria title = The psychological and cognitive impact of Covid-19 on individuals with neurocognitive impairments: research topics and remote intervention proposals date = 2020-06-24 keywords = covid-19; individual summary = An increasing amount of data is becoming available on the psychological and social problems resulting from Covid-19 and the interventions to tackle them in the general population [3] ; yet little attention is being paid to elderly population and, in particular, to a frail subgroup of this age: individuals with neurocognitive disorders. Finally, also the possible motor impairments associated to quarantine should not be underestimated: a forced reduction of motor/physical activity can cause, particularly in older individuals with neurocognitive disorders, a progressive loss of personal and instrumental autonomy, as well as a possible worsening of other agingrelated clinical problems, as sarcopenia, with a consequent increased risk of falls, and subsequent medical geriatrics complications. Although the face-to-face clinical visit is undoubtedly always fundamental for cognitive impairment diagnosis and follow-up, remote assessment could be a valid transitional measure for public health needs in the coming months, and would guarantee continuity in patient care (against the currently imposed, though necessary, interruption), while reducing the risk of contagion and the consequent potential negative outcome of infection. doi = 10.1007/s40520-020-01637-6 id = cord-282035-jibmg4ch author = Dunbar, R. I. M. title = Structure and function in human and primate social networks: implications for diffusion, network stability and health date = 2020-08-26 keywords = Dunbar; individual; layer; network; size; social; structure summary = doi = 10.1098/rspa.2020.0446 id = cord-017590-w5copp1z author = Fresnadillo, María J. title = A SIS Epidemiological Model Based on Cellular Automata on Graphs date = 2009 keywords = individual; node summary = The main goal of this work is to introduce a new SIS epidemic model based on a particular type of finite state machines called cellular automata on graphs. The state of each cell stands for the fraction of the susceptible and infected individuals of the cell at a particular time step and the evolution of these classes is given in terms of a local transition function. The model introduced in this paper deals with SIS epidemic diseases (for example the group of those responsible for the common cold), that is, the population is divided into susceptible individuals (S) and infected individuals (I). The main goal of this work is to introduce a new SIS model to simulate the spread of a general epidemic based on cellular automata on graph. Nevertheless, in this paper we will consider a more efficient topology to model an epidemic disease, which is given by an undirected graph where its nodes stand for the cells of the cellular automata. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-02481-8_160 id = cord-149069-gpnaldjk author = Gomes, M. Gabriela M. title = A pragmatic approach to account for individual risks to optimise health policy date = 2020-09-02 keywords = individual; risk summary = As the virus spreads in the human population, individuals at higher risk are predominantly infected as indicated at endemic equilibrium (Figure 1 A, B , C, density plots on the right, coloured red) and after 100 years of control (Figure 1 D, E, F). The control strategy applied to endemic equilibrium in the figure is the 90-90-90 treatment as prevention target advocated by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 4 whereby 90% of infected individuals should be detected, with 90% of these receiving antiretroviral therapy, and 90% of these should achieve viral suppression (becoming effectively non-infectious). Selection on individual variation in disease susceptibility thus offers an explanation for vaccine efficacy trends that is entirely based on population level heterogeneity, in contrast with waning vaccine-induced immunity, an individual-level effect 20 . doi = nan id = cord-026742-us7llnva author = Gonçalves, Judite title = Effects of self-employment on hospitalizations: instrumental variables analysis of social security data date = 2020-06-15 keywords = employment; individual; model; self summary = Our main findings, based on a sample of about 6,500 individuals followed monthly from 2005 to 2011 and who switch between self-employment and wage work along that period, suggest that self-employment has a positive effect on health as it reduces the likelihood of hospital admission by at least half. A recent study finds significantly lower work-related stress among self-employed individuals without employees compared with wage workers, using longitudinal data from Australia and controlling for individual fixed effects (Hessels et al. The main research question in this study is "What is the impact of self-employment on the likelihood of hospital admission?" We answer this question based on a large sample of administrative social security records representative of the working-age population in Portugal, that includes almost 130,000 self-employed and wage workers followed between January 2005 and December 2011. doi = 10.1007/s11187-020-00360-w id = cord-281836-j1r771nq author = Hernando-Amado, Sara title = Antibiotic Resistance: Moving From Individual Health Norms to Social Norms in One Health and Global Health date = 2020-08-28 keywords = Global; Health; antibiotic; arg; human; individual; resistance; social summary = doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01914 id = cord-262966-8b1esll4 author = Huang, Ganyu title = Prediction of COVID-19 Outbreak in China and Optimal Return Date for University Students Based on Propagation Dynamics date = 2020-04-07 keywords = individual; model summary = Furthermore, we propose the BAT model, which is composed of three parts: simulation of the return rush (Back), analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) method, to figure out the best return date for university students. Nomenclature c-The average number of contacts of an exposed person without isolation each day n-The number of individuals nD-The death toll nE-The number of exposed individuals nI-The number of infectious individuals nR-The number of recovered individuals nS-The number of susceptible individuals N -The total population of China p-Intensity of isolation for exposed individuals r-Correlation coefficient R 2 -Coefficient of determination t0-Moment when the government began to take measures t-Outbreak duration α-Incubation rate β-Infectious rate of contacts of an exposed person γ-Recovery rate μ-Pneumonia mortality 0 Introduction On 12 December 2019, the first patient with unexplained pneumonia was admitted into the hospital in Wuhan. doi = 10.1007/s12204-020-2167-2 id = cord-355689-mo4mvwch author = Huang, Jiechen title = Role of vaccine efficacy in the vaccination behavior under myopic update rule on complex networks date = 2019-09-06 keywords = individual; vaccination; vaccine summary = The results indicate that healthy individuals are often willing to inoculate the vaccine under the myopic update rule, which can stop the infectious disease from being spread, in particular, it is found that the vaccine efficacy influences the fraction of vaccinated individuals much more than the relative cost of vaccination on the regular lattice, Meanwhile, vaccine efficacy is more sensitive on the heterogeneous scale-free network. On the one hand, they classify these models according to source and type of information that individuals base their neighbors on, in which source of information may be local or global and the type of information that individuals change their behaviors are prevalence-based or belief-based; On the other hand, they classify the previous works based on the impact of individual behavior changes on the disease dynamics, which include the following three aspects: (i) the disease state; (ii) model parameters (infection or recovering rate); and (iii) the network contact structure relevant for the spread of epidemics. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2019.109425 id = cord-018101-zd4v222b author = Kawashima, Kent title = Disease Outbreaks: Critical Biological Factors and Control Strategies date = 2016-05-31 keywords = SARS; disease; individual; infection; pathogen summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-39812-9_10 id = cord-253711-a0prku2k author = Mao, Liang title = Coupling infectious diseases, human preventive behavior, and networks – A conceptual framework for epidemic modeling date = 2011-11-26 keywords = behavior; disease; individual; network summary = title: Coupling infectious diseases, human preventive behavior, and networks – A conceptual framework for epidemic modeling Both infectious diseases and preventive behavior diffuse simultaneously through human networks and interact with one another, but few existing models have coupled them together. In the current literature, models of disease transmission and behavioral diffusion have been developed separately for decades, both based on human networks (Deffuant, Huet, & Amblard, 2005; Keeling & Eames, 2005; Valente, 1996; Watts & Strogatz, 1998) . Corresponding to the five assumptions, this article introduces a number of approaches to represent individuals, networks, infectious diseases, and preventive behavior, as four model components, and depicts the relationships between the four. To illustrate the proposed coupled-diffusion model, an influenza epidemic was simulated in a hypothetic population of 5000 individuals (N ¼ 5000), each with characteristics and behaviors as described in Fig. 2 . The key to simulate the diffusion of preventive behavior was to estimate thresholds of infection risk and that of adoption pressure for individuals. doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.012 id = cord-268298-25brblfq author = Mao, Liang title = Modeling triple-diffusions of infectious diseases, information, and preventive behaviors through a metropolitan social network—An agent-based simulation date = 2014-03-04 keywords = diffusion; disease; individual; model summary = title: Modeling triple-diffusions of infectious diseases, information, and preventive behaviors through a metropolitan social network—An agent-based simulation The disease could be transmitted through person-to-person contact, the information is circulated by communication channels, and the preventive behavior can spread via the ''social contagion'' process, such as the observational learning. Without a complete model, health policy makers would not be able to systematically evaluate social-network interventions for disease control, such as mass-media campaigns and behavior promotion strategies. First, the event of symptom manifestation will motivate individuals to discuss disease information, and prompt their social contacts to adopt preventive behavior by posing infection risks. The conceptual framework integrates three interactive processes: the diffusion of influenza, the diffusion of information, and that of preventive behavior, upon a human social network. Particularly, since the model explicitly represents the diffusion of information and human preventive behavior, it permits a systematic evaluation of disease control policies that have not been well studied before, such as the mass-media campaigns and behavioral incentive strategies. doi = 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.02.005 id = cord-349476-iac9fak3 author = Mao, Liang title = Evaluating the Combined Effectiveness of Influenza Control Strategies and Human Preventive Behavior date = 2011-10-17 keywords = figure; individual; strategy summary = The simulation outcomes suggest that weaker control strategies could suffice to contain influenza epidemics, because individuals voluntarily adopt preventive behavior, rendering these weaker strategies more effective than would otherwise have been expected. Health policy makers are recommended to review current control strategies and comprehend preventive behavior patterns of local populations before making decisions on influenza containment. The control of influenza primarily involves applying health resources to affected people, known as control strategies, for example, medical treatment for infected individuals, closure of affected workplaces/schools, and travel restriction to affected communities [4] . Results from the influenza-only model indicate the effectiveness of control strategies without individual preventive behavior. Meanwhile, outcomes from the dual-diffusion model show the combined effectiveness of both control strategies and individual preventive behavior. These two modeled effectiveness are compared to a baseline epidemic scenario, which represents a worst situation of no control strategies and no preventive behavior. This research estimates the combined effectiveness of both control strategies and individual preventive behavior. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0024706 id = cord-321491-d0y7r4di author = Marshall, J. A. title = Coronavirus‐like particles in adults in melbourne, Australia date = 2005-12-09 keywords = CVLP; individual summary = CVLP was found most commonly in three groups: first, intellectually retarded individuals who were usually inmates of institutions; second, recent overseas travellers who were either Indochinese refugees/immigrants or were overseas travellers who had usually visited developing communities for lengthy periods; and, third, male homosexuals who had a history of multiple sexual contacts and/or venereal disease. One individual who was intellectually handicapped but not institutionalised was in the CVLP-excreting gastroenteritis group (Table I) . Two individuals, both male homosexuals, belonged to this category in the CVLP excreting gastroenteritis group (Table I) . (In addition, one over-seas traveller with gastroenteritis, a male airline steward who was excreting CVLP, was also noted to be a homosexual with a history of multiple sexual contacts and venereal disease). In the histories of individuals in the unclassified category of the gastroenteritis control group, no such relationship with poor hygiene was noted. doi = 10.1002/jmv.1890290404 id = cord-005068-3ddb38de author = Meslin, Eric M. title = Biobanking and public health: is a human rights approach the tie that binds? date = 2011-07-15 keywords = ethical; health; human; individual; public; right summary = One definition of public health illustrates its breadth and focus: the promotion of health and the prevention of disease and disability; the collection and use of epidemiological data, population surveillance, and other forms of empirical quantitative assessment; a recognition of the multidimensional nature of the determinants of health; and a focus on the complex interactions of many factors -biological, behavioral, social, and environmental -in developing effective interventions (Childress et al. These developments notwithstanding, commentators have been quick to point out the limitations of adopting human rights approach for public health and genome-based medicine. Adopting human rights as a public health ethic is not an ideal guide for drafting specific rules governing individual focused biobanking issues such as consent, privacy and secondary uses. We have taken the view that one of the ethical challenges raised by genomic medicine reflects an enduring problem in public health: the appropriate balancing of individual and collective values, rights and interests. doi = 10.1007/s00439-011-1061-2 id = cord-017137-6pmts7ui author = Nema, Vijay title = Microbial Forensics: Beyond a Fascination date = 2018-07-12 keywords = dna; forensic; individual; microbial summary = When leftover microbes in the biological material or objects used by the culprit or the person in question are used to correlate the identity of the individual, it takes us to the new field of science—"microbial forensics." Technological advances in the field of forensics, molecular biology, and microbiology have all helped to refine the techniques of collecting and processing of the samples for microbiological identification using DNA-based methods followed by its inference in the form of evidence. Herein the microbial forensics could be defined as "the discipline of applying scientific methods to the analysis of evidence related to bioterrorism, biocrimes, hoaxes, or the accidental release of a biological agent or toxin for attribution purposes" [21] . Microbial forensics has a role in such cases by applying scientific methods for the analysis of evidence from such a bioterrorism attack. The most reliable technique till date for microbial forensics is metagenomics-a culture-independent approach for identifying and enumerating microbes. doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-1583-1_17 id = cord-320953-1st77mvh author = Overton, ChristopherE. title = Using statistics and mathematical modelling to understand infectious disease outbreaks: COVID-19 as an example date = 2020-07-04 keywords = Wuhan; case; household; individual; model summary = doi = 10.1016/j.idm.2020.06.008 id = cord-019055-k5wcibdk author = Pacheco, Jorge M. title = Disease Spreading in Time-Evolving Networked Communities date = 2017-10-05 keywords = disease; individual; network summary = We show that the effective infectiousness of a disease taking place along the edges of this temporal network depends on the population size, the number of infected individuals in the population and the capacity of healthy individuals to sever contacts with the infected, ultimately dictated by availability of information regarding each individual''s health status. Furthermore, the knowledge an individual has (based on local and/or social media information) about the health status of acquaintances, partners, relatives, etc., combined with individual preventive strategies [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] (such as condoms, vaccination, the use of face masks or prophylactic drugs, avoidance of visiting specific web-pages, staying away from public places, etc.), also leads to changes in the structure and shape of the contact networks that naturally acquire a temporal dimension that one should not overlook. doi = 10.1007/978-981-10-5287-3_13 id = cord-018746-s9knxdne author = Perra, Nicola title = Modeling and Predicting Human Infectious Diseases date = 2015-04-23 keywords = disease; individual; model summary = Building on these concepts we present two realistic data-driven epidemiological models able to forecast the spreading of infectious diseases at different geographical granularities. The unprecedented amount of data on human dynamics made available by recent advances technology has allowed the development of realistic epidemic models able to capture and predict the unfolding of infectious disease at different geographical scales [59] . The new approach allows for the early detection of disease outbreaks [62] , the real time monitoring of the evolution of a disease with an incredible geographical granularity [63] [64] [65] , the access to health related behaviors, practices and sentiments at large scales [66, 67] , inform data-driven epidemic models [68, 69] , and development of statistical based models with prediction power [67, [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-14011-7_4 id = cord-193947-vcm3v0ix author = Pollmann, Michael title = Causal Inference for Spatial Treatments date = 2020-10-31 keywords = distance; effect; individual; location; region; treatment summary = Even when the differences in levels between inner and outer ring are differenced out with individual fixed effects in panel data, the parallel trends assumption is particularly strong in spatial treatment settings. With individuals and treatment locations distributed across space, a large number of covariates, such as population density or average income at different distances, are predictive of both outcomes and treatment assignment probabilities. In the ideal spatial experiment considered in this section, treatment is randomized similar to a completely randomized experiment across regions with outcomes aggregated within regions (and distance bins).Ë�( ) ( ) is the variance of aggregated treated potential outcomes,Ë�( 0) ( ) is the variance of aggregated control potential outcomes, and ( ) ( ) resembles a variance of treatment effects, such thatË�( ) ( ) +Ë�( 0) ( ) â�� ( ) ( ) resembles the variance of the difference in means under repeated sampling of fixed individuals but varying treatment assignment, the framework of this paper. doi = nan id = cord-302937-3yivxfi8 author = Robertson, Christopher T title = Indemnifying precaution: economic insights for regulation of a highly infectious disease date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; cost; individual; precaution; risk summary = For insights, we review health insurance moral hazard, agricultural infectious disease policy, and deterrence theory, but find that classic enforcement strategies of punishing noncompliant people are stymied. Under a strategy of social distancing, lockdown, or quarantine, individuals are directed or suggested to exercise precautions including staying home, closing businesses, wearing masks, and avoiding physical proximity to other persons. 17 For health insurance design, primary moral hazard may have a relatively small effect on risk-taking behavior, because individuals personally suffer many of the other risks associated with illness or injury (including pain, suffering, lost work, chance of death). In this case, although the risk does not approach zero, it is as if relative youth provides partial indemnity insurance against not only the healthcare costs, but also the pain, suffering, lost work, and chance of death that are associated with COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa032 id = cord-151198-4fjya9wn author = Rogers, L C G title = Ending the COVID-19 epidemic in the United Kingdom date = 2020-04-26 keywords = individual; number summary = Social distancing and lockdown are the two main non-pharmaceutical interventions being used by the UK government to contain and control the COVID-19 epidemic; these are being applied uniformly across the entire country, even though the results of the Imperial College report by Ferguson et al show that the impact of the infection increases sharply with age. We will denote by N j (t) the total number of j-individuals in the population at time t, and allow this to change gradually with the influx of new births, visitors from other countries; this is to model the possibility that new infecteds come in from outside and reignite the epidemic. where ι j and σ j are known functions of time representing the arrival of new asymptomatic infec-1 https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1tbB47uSGIA0WehY-hvIYgdO0mpnZU5A8 tives and susceptibles respectively 2 ; and the final term on the right-hand side of (3) allows for the possibility that removed infectives may not in fact be immune, and some may return to the population ready for reinfection. doi = nan id = cord-336283-3q0ujnjq author = Sanderson, William C. title = The Nature and Treatment of Pandemic-Related Psychological Distress date = 2020-06-27 keywords = COVID; COVID-19; increase; individual; pandemic; result summary = Scientific data are not available to fully understand the nature of the resulting mental health impact given the very recent onset of the pandemic, nevertheless, there is a need to act immediately to develop psychotherapeutic strategies that may alleviate pandemic-related distress. The psychological distress, in particular fear and sadness, is a function of the pandemic''s negative impact upon people''s ability to meet their most basic needs (e.g., physical safety, financial security, social connection, participation in meaningful activities). Once we created this list we developed strategies that would allow people to manage these negative emotional states using a self-help format (this guide can be accessed at www.psych rescu e-covid 19.com or at the permanent DOI address provided in the reference section). While there has been progress, as outlined above, in understanding the nature and interventions for COVID related psychological distress, an additional problem has emerged as a result: the already overburdened mental health system must now provide treatment for a substantial wave of persons in need. doi = 10.1007/s10879-020-09463-7 id = cord-034566-rfncgtnf author = Sarukkai, Sundar title = Self-reliant India: self of a nation or a national self? date = 2020-11-02 keywords = individual; nation; self summary = Then I try and attempt to understand why the notion of the self (which is so much related to the individual) is invoked in the context of the nation. As I also mentioned above, these new examples of self-reliance came in response to the prior situation of our society functioning largely as a ''service society'' as well as the deeply social nature of individual lives in places like India. (It is important not to conflate the outsider and the other in this context.) The idea of self-rule is an essential component of any notion of the nation since the nation, by definition, gets defined with respect to the insider-outsider dichotomy. Gandhi''s understanding of self-rule illustrates the need for invoking the idea of self in the context of the nation. The difference between these formulations is quite stark and impacts the way we understand self-reliance in the context of the nation. doi = 10.1007/s40847-020-00115-z id = cord-265372-vytmwmoj author = Shah, Nita H title = Control Strategies to Curtail Transmission of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-07 keywords = COVID-19; individual summary = During the initial stages of COVID-19 outbreak, such human transmissions were taking place because, wide-range of public was unaware of these risk factors, and the infected individuals were also not isolated and were spreading the virus unknowingly to other individuals. Moreover, to minimise mortality rate of COVID-19, 3 u control variable is taken which helps to reduce critically infected cases by taking extra medical care of infected individuals. [1] In this section, the COVID-19 model is simulated numerically, wherein the parametric values for simulation are taken from recent pandemic outbreak of coronavirus (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports). Figure 6 (e) shows that mortality rate due to COVID-19 can be reduced effectively within three weeks of outbreak by applying 1 u , 2 u and 3 u control strategies. That means self-quarantine for an exposed individual, isolation of an infected individual and reducing critical cases by taking extra care of infected individuals are effective strategies to control further transmission of COVID-19. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.04.20053173 id = cord-306056-4jx0u7js author = Sulmasy, Daniel P. title = “Diseases and Natural Kinds” date = 2005 keywords = disease; human; individual; kind; natural summary = (3) The aim of this classification must be to provide at least a provisional basis for explaining the causes and/or natural history of a disturbance in the internal biological relations of the affected members of X (and, if X is a self-reflective natural kind, can serve as an explanation of the illness of those so affected), (4) and at least some individuals of whom (or which) this class of states of affairs can be predicated are, by virtue of that state, inhibited from flourishing as Xs. I must further explicate this fairly dense definition. H. Setting as the telos the flourishing of the individual as the kind of thing that it is also explains why it can be controversial to classify as diseases certain patterns of variation in the law-like biological principles that determine the characteristic development and typical history of a living natural kind. doi = 10.1007/s11017-005-2206-x id = cord-015967-kqfyasmu author = Tagore, Somnath title = Epidemic Models: Their Spread, Analysis and Invasions in Scale-Free Networks date = 2015-03-20 keywords = epidemic; individual; infection; network summary = For instance, hub individuals of such high-risk individuals help in maintaining sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in different populations where majority belong to long-term monogamous relationships, whereas in case of SARS epidemic, a significant proportion of all infections are due to high risk connected individuals. Likewise, models for epidemic spread in static heavy-tailed networks have illustrated that with a degree distribution having moments resulted in lesser prevalence and/or termination for smaller rates of infection [14] . Generally, epidemic models consider contact networks to be static in nature, where all links are existent throughout the infection course. But, in cases like HIV, which spreads through a population over longer time scales, the course of infection spread is heavily dependent on the properties of the contact individuals. Likewise, for a wide range of scale-free networks, epidemic threshold is not existent, and infections with low spreading rate prevail over the entire population [10] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15916-4_1 id = cord-337992-g4bsul8u author = Voinson, Marina title = Stochastic dynamics of an epidemic with recurrent spillovers from an endemic reservoir date = 2018-11-14 keywords = individual; number summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.08.017 id = cord-288024-1mw0k5yu author = Wang, Wei title = Entrepreneurial entry: The role of social media date = 2020-09-29 keywords = entrepreneurial; individual; medium; network; social summary = Thus, we propose that trust propensity, an individual''s tendency to believe in others (Choi, 2019; Gefen et al., 2003) , moderates the relationship between social media use and entrepreneurial entry. Our findings reveal that social media use https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120337 Received 8 August 2020; Accepted 21 September 2020 has a positive impact on entrepreneurial entry with individuals'' offline network serving as a partial mediator. Second, our study specified a mechanism for the impact of individuals'' social media use on entrepreneurial entry via their offline network and used instrumental variables to help infer the causality. Thus, with higher social media use, individuals will have an expanded offline social network, which provides them the resources needed for successful entrepreneurial entry. We believe trust propensity in social media moderates the impact of individuals'' social media use on entrepreneurial entry by influencing their ability to network with strangers and known associates. doi = 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120337 id = cord-288342-i37v602u author = Wang, Zhen title = Coupled disease–behavior dynamics on complex networks: A review date = 2015-07-08 keywords = Fig; behavior; disease; epidemic; individual; model; network summary = doi = 10.1016/j.plrev.2015.07.006 id = cord-017272-r5en82s1 author = Watanabe, Chiho title = Health Impact of Urban Physicochemical Environment Considering the Mobility of the People date = 2018-08-14 keywords = area; exposure; individual; mobility summary = [11] pointed out that due to the accumulation of highly sophisticated spatial and spatiotemporal technology like GIS, GPS, remote sensing, and computer cartography, collectively termed as geographic information science, it becomes possible to model the disease process involving multiple spatiotemporal data obtained in different disciplines. Also, mobility has been one of a classical topic in the area of human ecology since it is associated with the question of how a population utilizes the environment spatially as well as temporally (time allocation studies). Time allocation studies observe the individuals in the targeted field and record the location and type of activity for a given period, which is useful to answer some of the basic questions in human Unlikely Large ecology or other related fields as noted above. A relatively large spatial scale study has been conducted covering approximately 80 × 200 km area in Belgium [3] , which compared regional exposure estimates for two representative air pollutants, NOx and ozone, under two alternative assumptions. doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-2526-7_2 id = cord-010310-jqh75340 author = nan title = Next Generation Technology for Epidemic Prevention and Control: Data-Driven Contact Tracking date = 2018-12-24 keywords = GPS; HIV; contact; datum; individual summary = Furthermore, the transmission networks of infectious diseases established using contact tracking technology can aid in the visualization of actual virus transmission paths, which enables simulations and predictions of the transmission process, assessment of the outbreak trend, and further development and deployment of more effective prevention and control strategies. Tracking the contact interactions of individuals can effectively restore the ''''invisible'''' virus transmission paths, quickly locate and isolate high-risk individuals who were in contact with infected persons, and can aid in quantitative analysis of the transmission paths, processes, and trends of the infectious diseases, all leading to the development of corresponding effective epidemic control strategies. With the aim to collect dynamic, complete, and accurate individual contact information, some researchers began to use mobile phone, wireless sensors, RFID, and GPS devices to track individual contact behaviors. Although detailed individual contact information can be collected through non-automatic methods, e.g., offline and online questionnaire, and automatic methods, e.g., mobile phone, wearable wireless sensors, RFID, and GPS devices. doi = 10.1109/access.2018.2882915