cord-000285-7p3b6tyf	2010	
cord-004657-kmluql8h	1990	
cord-005646-xhx9pzhj	1996	Aims and methods The aim of both a prospective and retrospective survey conducted in German pediatric intensive care units in 1993 was to accumulate data on the epidemiology, risk factors, natural history and treatment strategies in a large group of pediatric ARDS patients who were treated in the tt~ee year period from 1991 to 1993.All patients had acute bilateral alveolar infiltration of noncardiogenic origin and a pO2~iO2 ratio < 150mmHg. The influence of sex, underlying disease and single organ failure was analyzed using the Fischer''s exact test, the influence of additional organ failure on mortality was tested with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszet statistics.
cord-005774-7z6uyn6p	1995	
cord-007036-gcdn13yc	2019	
cord-007528-no92pmw0	2020	
cord-008165-qwyddp69	2006	
cord-009144-3slh1nbk	1971	
cord-010818-yz0gynn0	2019	OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of early and late onset preeclampsia (EOPE, LOPE, respectively) on outcomes of late preterm infants. The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of early and late onset preeclampsia on the outcomes of late preterm infants, with the primary objective being respiratory outcomes. Late preterm infants born between 34 +0 and 36 +6 gestation to a mother with early onset preeclampsia between January 2014 and July 2015 were included in the study. Gouyon et al., using a large cohort from France, reported higher risk of severe respiratory morbidity, in late preterm infants of mothers with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy [9] . Respiratory morbidity, defined by the need for oxygen, CPAP or mechanical ventilation was higher at each gestational age in infants of hypertensive mothers but reached statistical significance only at 37 weeks. compared outcomes of late preterm infants of mothers with preeclampsia, gestational hypertension and normotensive pregnancies in a large cohort from the Netherlands [25] .
cord-010848-090yk40o	2019	
cord-010863-m36kxc4x	2019	
cord-011257-d12cj9v5	2020	
cord-011688-8g0p3vtm	2019	
cord-014673-bb59z38j	2019	Schlussfolgerung: Die aktuelle Studie zeigt, dass die Zebrafischlarve unter Zuhilfenahme innovativer mikroskopischer Technologien ein gutes Tier-Im Rahmen der europäischen ALBINO Studie wird die neuroprotektive Wirkung von Allopurinol bei Neugeborenen mit schwerer perinataler Aspyhxie zusätzlich zur Hypothermiebehandlung geprüft. They provide daily reference weights from birth to 42 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA) Objective: The study aims to: 1) compare observed deviations of weight (∆W) from the GTC trajectory between cohorts and 2) analyze relationships between ∆W and short-term outcomes. Design/Methods: International multicohort study, including infants with a gestational age (GA) from 22 to 33 weeks with weekly or daily weight data from eight local cohorts (Austria, Germany, Sweden, Australia, Canada, USA) and the German Neonatal Network (birth weight (BW), 35 weeks PMA, discharge) during 2001 to 2017. Ein Säugling mit 3500 g und einer Compliance von 1,0 ml/mbar muss für 6 Background: We report on the latest progress made in the development of a lung assist device in the artificial placenta configuration.
cord-014951-2931ep31	2019	
cord-015172-hya08ch9	2015	
cord-016241-qom2rokn	2013	
cord-018398-24pkhgn8	2009	
cord-018604-ua5h47jg	2018	Pharmacists need to be aware of this variability and use every patient encounter as an opportunity for assessment of many aspects of medication including dose, formulation, administration, and indication. Infants and children also have physiological differences that need to be considered especially when assessing efficacy, toxicity, and the patient''s overall response to medications through physical exam or use of laboratory values. Lastly, a lack of appropriate medication formulations for children creates a requirement for pharmacists to specifically assess the formulations, measurement, and administration of pediatric medications. Until children are mature enough to provide this information themselves (note that this age varies depending on the child), parents and other caregivers are relied upon to provide an accurate history of the patient''s illness(s) and medication(s). Because of the lack of appropriate information in the product labeling, alternative data sources need to be accessed to assess the use of the medication in an infant or child.
cord-021571-7kbq0v9w	2009	The fact that a hand hygiene campaign was associated with increased hand hygiene compliance and a lower rate of CONS-positive cultures supports this ~ontention.''~ Enterococcus has been shown to account for 10% of total nosocomial infections in neonates, 6% to 15% of bloodstream infections, 0% to 5% of cases of pneumonia, 17% of urinary tract infections, and 9% of surgical site Sepsis and meningitis are common manifestations of enterococcal infection during NICU outbreak^''^,^^; however, polymicrobial bacteremia and NEC frequently accompany enterococcal sepsis.77 Identified risk factors for enterococcal sepsis, after adjustment for birth weight, include use of a nonumbilical CVC, prolonged presence of a CVC, and bowel resection?'' Because Enterococcus colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and can survive for long periods of time on inanimate surfaces, the patient''s environment may become contaminated and, along with the infant, serve as a reservoir for ongoing spread of the organism.
cord-022216-k4pi30sd	2009	
cord-022448-ungitgh9	2009	Brachial plexus injury, fracture of the clavicle, pectus excavatum and carinatum, scoliosis, kyphosis and vertebral somatic dysfunctions are other commonly encountered conditions with structural and functional consequences that can be addressed with osteopathic manipulative treatment. Palpate the infant to identify membranous, myofascial and interosseous somatic dysfunction, particularly in the upper thoracic spine, pectoral girdle, cervico-occipital area and cranium (temporal bone, occiput, occipitomastoid suture and jugular foramen). Secondly, but concomitant with the above, the progressive fl exion of the cranial base, associated with the anteroposterior growth of the skull, contributes to positional changes of both the pterygoid processes, which become longer and more vertical, and the petrous portions of the temporal bones, which become externally rotated. Because of the relationships between the sympathetic nervous system and the upper thoracic spinal segments, the second and third cervical vertebrae, and between the parasympathetic nervous system and the sphenoid, maxilla or palatine bones, somatic dysfunction of any of these vertebral and cranial areas can result in dysfunction of the ANS with impact on nasal function.
cord-022544-7jn4ns6x	2010	The immunologically active components of breast milk make up an important aspect of the host defenses of the mammary gland in the mother; at the same time, they complement, supplement, and stimulate the ongoing development of the infant'' s immune system. A number of other long-term studies demonstrated greater protection from infection with increased exclusivity of breastfeeding and durations of at least 3 months.* A couple papers demonstrated a "dose" effect relative to decreased occurrence of late onset sepsis in very low-birth-weight infants 73 and premature infants 245 associated with the infants receiving at least 50 mL/kg per day of mother'' s milk compared with receiving other nutrition. Evidence shows that neutrophils found in human milk demonstrate signs of activation, including increased expression of CD11b (an adherence glycoprotein), decreased expression of L-selectin, spontaneous production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and the ability to transform into CD1 + dendritic cells (DCs).
cord-022592-g7rmzsv5	2016	14, 15, [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] Prematurity, low birth weight (especially infants weighing less than 1,000 g), male sex, a maternal vaginal culture positive for group B streptococcus (GBS), prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal intrapartum fever, and chorioamnionitis are strongly associated with an increased risk for early-onset sepsis. In addition to the initial inflammatory response including complement activation, molecular detection of PAMPs promotes IL-1β and IL-6 production, which in turn increases the production of multiple other innate proteins that possess valuable immune function and serve to reduce pathogen load. Very low birth weight preterm infants with early onset neonatal sepsis: the predominance of gram-negative infections continues in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network Very low birth weight preterm infants with early onset neonatal sepsis: the predominance of gram-negative infections continues in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
cord-023721-e0zp2gux	2013	
cord-023767-rcv4pl0d	2009	coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10'' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related.
cord-023942-vrs3je1x	2011	Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Viral bronchiolitis remains the leading cause for hospital admission in infancy and the most frequent cause of acute respiratory failure in children admitted to pediatric intensive care units in North America. In a study of hospitalized infants with congenital heart disease infected with RSV, 33% required intensive care, 19% received mechanical ventilation, and 3.4% died. In the 1990s, fi ve randomized trials involving 225 infants, evaluating the effect of nebulized adrenaline (epinephrine) on bronchiolitis showed clinical improvement, with reductions in oxygen requirement, respiratory rate, wheezing, and decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. High incidence of pulmonary bacterial co-infection in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis
cord-032806-o6p861ms	2020	
cord-253520-phtmgy6g	2020	authors: nan title: Vaccination schedule for infants and COVID-19 Many parents have cancelled vaccination appointments for their infants as well as their older children. Fear of contagion in waiting rooms, doubts about the effects of vaccination on immunity in a pandemic period, and then containment, has led to a sharp decrease in vaccinations, mainly in infants. On April 1, 2020, the French Health Authority issued an opinion so that the vaccination schedule would not be delayed. The EPI-PHARE report on the use of city drugs during the Covid-19 period reveals that penta and hexavalent vaccines for infants have fallen by 23% and that deliveries of MMR and HPV vaccines have dropped by 50 to 70% during the last two weeks of March 2020 [1] . Infants must imperatively be vaccinated from the 2nd month, in order to acquire an effective protection as soon as possible against frequent and serious diseases at this age, particularly Usage des médicaments de ville en France durant l''épidémie de Covid-19 -point de situation à la fin mars 2020
cord-258778-er0ug8w4	2004	OBJECTIVE: To examine the increasing number of full-term infants at our hospital exhibiting necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in order to characterize these cases and to discover common risk factors. METHODS: Medical charts were reviewed for all full-term infants (gestational age > 36 weeks) that were born in our institution during a 5-year period (from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2002) and that developed definite NEC. NEC in full-term infants is well documented, accounting for about 10% of babies with NEC; it usually involves babies with known risk factors, such as intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), birth asphyxia, congenital heart disease, gastroschisis, polycythemia, hypoglycemia, sepsis, exchange transfusion, umbilical lines, milk allergy, premature rupture of membranes with and without chorioamnionitis and gestational diabetes. The findings of the current study show that only half of these full-term infants with NEC exhibited known predisposing risk factors, including congenital heart disease, undiagnosed syndrome, birth asphyxia, intrauterine growth retardation and congenital hypothyroidism.
cord-265366-vmuqbpkk	2020	
cord-266373-8wuvk5cz	2020	
cord-269652-t7ghng17	2015	
cord-279257-a7d9a2w1	2008	
cord-286479-p9d78t6v	2020	
cord-288113-ex4yi28u	2019	
cord-296114-cyd9msls	2009	
cord-303322-d69o3z8d	2011	Our randomised, placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin in Indigenous infants hospitalised with bronchiolitis is designed to determine whether it can reduce short-term (and potentially long-term) morbidity from respiratory illness in Australian Indigenous infants who are at high risk of developing chronic respiratory illness. Indigenous infants (aged ≤ 24-months, expected number = 200) admitted to one of two regional hospitals (Darwin, Northern Territory and Townsville, Queensland) with a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis and fulfilling inclusion criteria are randomised (allocation concealed) to either azithromycin (30 mg/kg/dose) or placebo administered once weekly for three doses. Indigenous infants (aged ≤ 24-months, expected number = 200) admitted to one of two regional hospitals (Darwin, Northern Territory and Townsville, Queensland) with a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis and fulfilling inclusion criteria are randomised (allocation concealed) to either azithromycin (30 mg/kg/dose) or placebo administered once weekly for three doses.
cord-305085-bv7udg9k	2011	Postnatal exposure of susceptible infants to CMV, including premature infants without passively acquired maternal antibodies against CMV, infants born to CMV-seronegative mothers, and immunodeficient infants, can cause significant clinical illness (pneumonitis, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia).* In one study of premature infants followed up to 12 months, Vochem et al 430 found CMV transmission in 17 of 29 infants (59%) exposed to CMV virolactia and breastfed compared with no infants infected of 27 exposed to breast milk without CMV. 38, 104, 121 Laboratory reports demonstrate the presence of cell-free virus and cell-associated virus in breast milk as well as various immunologic factors that could block or limit infection.* A dose-response relationship has been observed, correlating the HIV viral load in human milk as well as a mother'' s plasma viral load with an increased transmission risk for the breastfed infant. 76 No case of transmission of yellow fever virus from an infected mother to her infant via breastfeeding or breast milk has been reported.
cord-314190-fvdock94	2017	
cord-323354-igzs1rdm	2007	
cord-329022-0pymqxwq	2017	
cord-330834-zqm4egei	2020	
cord-332113-37g4regv	2013	Although a commonly held belief is that the intestinal tract of the fetus is sterile, recent studies using a combination of culture and non-culture-based techniques suggest that many preterm infants are exposed to microbes found in the amniotic fluid, even without a history of rupture of membranes or culture-positive chorioamnionitis [10 • , 11] . Those infants born via C-section, fed formula milk and exposed to antibiotics have a decrease in diversity of intestinal microbiota and abnormal patterns of colonization with suppression of ''''healthy'''' bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria. [31] Since many mothers delivered by C-section also receive antibiotics, whether they have a role in perturbing the newborn intestinal microecology remains unknown but is a confounding factor when one evaluates the epidemiology studies showing atopic disease, type 1 diabetes and food allergies in C-section versus vaginally delivered infants. Studies in animals and premature infants have shown that human milk decreases the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) [32, 33] .
cord-337878-hiylqqie	2020	To our knowledge, he is the youngest reported case in the UK to require mechanical ventilation and intensive care treatment as a direct result of COVID-19 following horizontal transmission. 4 A larger nationwide study investigating 134 paediatric cases across China reported that 76% cases had fever, 64.9% cases presented as acute upper respiratory tract infection, 26.9% as mild pneumonia and 1.5% cases were critical; unfortunately, the specific age groups and comorbidities were not reported. At present there are few reports of paediatric patients requiring intensive care support with confirmed COVID-19. This case demonstrates the need for vigilance in considering COVID-19 infection in infants presenting with less discriminatory symptoms such as lethargy or reduced feeding. Dong et al report a case series of 2135 paediatric patients with confirmed and suspected coronavirus; infants (<1 year) were noted to be particularly vulnerable.
cord-338575-c04xxo8d	2020	
cord-346214-8ev9w4ko	2014	Colonization of the GIT is perturbed by a number of factors prevalent among VLBW infants including: cesarean delivery, antibiotics (mother or infant), prolonged rupture of the membranes, parenteral feeding, delayed enteral feeding, slower GIT transit time, gestational age, birth weight, living in a populated neonatal intensive care unit with an enriched pathogen load, and lack of exposure to mother''s skin and breast milk microbiome (1, (3) (4) (5) (6) 13, (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) . There appear to be significant differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota of preterm compared to term infants, with decreased bacterial diversity, increased pathogens potentially related to NEC, and a surprising increase in eukaryotic and viral diversity (3,6,23-30). The differences in colonization of human milk-fed compared with formula-fed infants are believed due, in part, to breast milk inoculating the GIT with its own rich microbiome and abundant source of oligosaccharides that selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria (40, 41) .
cord-355292-n6sq2jz9	2020	A novel viral respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is responsible for an epidemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in cases in China and worldwide. Four full-term, singleton infants were born to pregnant women who tested positive for COVID-19 in the city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, China, where the disease was first identified. The other infant was born by vaginal delivery to a mother experiencing fever (highest temperature 38.3 • C), with a diagnostically confirmed infection. Recently, a finding from nine other cases suggested that there is no evidence for intrauterine infection caused by vertical transmission in women who develop COVID-19 pneumonia in late pregnancy (1) . This case report describes the clinical course of four live born infants born to pregnant women with the COVID-19 infection. This case report describes the clinical course of four live born infants born to pregnant women with the COVID-19 infection.