# ent

id: cord-018398-24pkhgn8
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Joint Commision on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations Requirement 3B of Joint Commission 2006


id: cord-015172-hya08ch9
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ein hypertrophes Neugeborenes sind 1 ein maternales Gewicht 70 kg OR 1 9 95 CI 1 86 1 95 und mütterliche Adipositas BMI 30 OR 2 15 2 Ein Schwangerschaftsdiabetes OR 2 18 3 eine überstarke Gewichtszunahme 19


id: cord-015172-hya08ch9
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  mit einer Wirksamkeit von 53 3 HFOV wurde bei 33 3 aller Fälle mit einer Wirksamkeit von 61 4 angewendet


id: cord-015172-hya08ch9
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  pro Jahr Hierbei erfüllten zwei Drittel der seit 2005 abgeholten Neugeborenen die ECMO Kriterien und ein Drittel konnte


id: cord-015172-hya08ch9
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  initiale aEEG zeigte ein Anfallsgeschehen Im MRT zeigten sich parietooccipital bilaterale Diffusionsrestriktionen und eine verminderte Mark Rindendifferenzierung


id: cord-015172-hya08ch9
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  einem Perinatalzentrum Die postnatale Anpassung verlief regelrecht Apgar 9 9 10 Nach Anlage eines Nabelvenenkatheters


id: cord-015172-hya08ch9
type: DISEASE
entity:
  während der Adaptationsphase Sauerstoff und oder respiratorische Unterstützung erhielten wurden ausgeschlossen Hintergrund Nahinfrarotspektroskopie


id: cord-015172-hya08ch9
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  wurde aufgrund des morphologischen Befundes mit dem Potential einer vollständigen Obstruktion des LVOT u a die Indikation zur chirurgischen


id: cord-014673-bb59z38j
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  zur Durchführung hochskalierter Substanzscreening Untersuchungen 15 50 aller Schwangeren nehmen im ersten Trimenon Medikamente ein


id: cord-014673-bb59z38j
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nicht ausgegeben Empfängerkollektiv Profil FG 1500 g GG bis zum Gewicht von 2000 g oder nach abdominellen Operationen ohne eigene Muttermilch 33 36 92 von diesen FG


id: cord-014673-bb59z38j
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  der Gründung eines sektorübergreifenden ABS Netzwerks Bielefeld Ostwestfalen Lippe beteiligt AnTiB wird auch wissenschaftlich evaluiert etwa durch die Erfassung der Antibiotikaverordnungsdaten vor


id: cord-014673-bb59z38j
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Die Diktion zur 1 1 Versorgung stellte den wesentlichen Faktor dar der zu Nicht Erfüllung der Vorgaben


id: cord-014673-bb59z38j
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  optimale Koagulationsmanagement nach wie vor umstritten und variiert stark unter den verschiedenen ECMO Zentren weltweit Heutzutage liegt


id: cord-014673-bb59z38j
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  UFNH Dosierung sowie thrombotische und Blutungskomplikationen und die Notwendigkeit von Blutprodukttransfusionen wurden mit


id: cord-014673-bb59z38j
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nach Geburt rasch fortschreiten wobei auch die Schleimhäute betroffen sind Zudem bildet sich Granulationsgewebe


id: cord-014673-bb59z38j
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nicht Die hinzugezogenen Kinderchirurgen sehen keine Indikation für eine notfallmäßige Laparoskopie Nach Stabilisierung des Jungen auf der Kinderintensivstation wird bei unverändertem abdominellen Befund am Folgetag eine Kontrollsonographie durchgeführt Dort


id: cord-014673-bb59z38j
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  eine verminderte Zufuhr zum Beispiel im Rahmen einer Nahrungsverweigerung 1 Sekundär müssen das Adrenogenitale


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
type: DNA
entity:
  HICPACISHENAPICIIDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force Society for Health Care Epidemiology of Association for Professionals in Infection Control Infectious Diseases Society of America Pertussis adults


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
type: ORG
entity:
  the HICPACISHENAPICIIDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force Society for Health Care Epidemiology of Association for Professionals in Infection Control Infectious Diseases Society of America Pertussis


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
type: ORG
entity:
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Health Care Quality Promotion National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Human milk Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Care


id: cord-286479-p9d78t6v
type: ORG
entity:
  Departments of Neonatology of Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research SRIHER Chennai Christian Medical College CMC Vellore


id: cord-286479-p9d78t6v
type: ORG
entity:
  Neonatology Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research Puducherry Corresponding


id: cord-286479-p9d78t6v
type: ORG
entity:
  Sreedhara MS Prakash A Umamaheswari B Ashok C Department of Neonatology Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research Chennai Corresponding


id: cord-286479-p9d78t6v
type: ORG
entity:
  Sunantha Perumal Chitra Andrew Division of Fetal Medicine Department of Obstetrics Gynecology Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and


id: cord-286479-p9d78t6v
type: DISEASE
entity:
  cognitive language gross and fine motor development behavioral and emotional regulation Programs that


id: cord-258778-er0ug8w4
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Full Term Infants Case Control Study and Review of the Literature date 2004


id: cord-258778-er0ug8w4
type: DISEASE
entity:
  intrauterine growth retardation IUGR birth asphyxia congenital heart disease gastroschisis polycythemia hypoglycemia sepsis


id: cord-303322-d69o3z8d
type: ORG
entity:
  the Northern Territory 2006 Department of Health andCommunity Services Hospitalisation of Indigenous


id: cord-303322-d69o3z8d
type: DISEASE
entity:
  human rhinoviruses paramyxoviruses coronaviruses and bocavirus during acute respiratory tract infections


id: cord-008165-qwyddp69
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Monoclonal anti turnout necrosis factor antibody Monoclonal anti IL 6 antibody Soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor IL 6 receptor


id: cord-008165-qwyddp69
type: DISEASE
entity:
  haemolytic uraemic syndrome microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia leukemoid reactions thrombocytopaenia


id: cord-011257-d12cj9v5
type: GGP
entity:
  IL 8 69 13 vs MCP1 60 21 NS We explored possible factors related to the chemokine response to budesonide Of interest the predose levels of IL 8


id: cord-016241-qom2rokn
type: DISEASE
entity:
  critically ill neonatal infant in the developed areas the constant in depth development of the relevant basic and clinical research improvement of the treatment


id: cord-022544-7jn4ns6x
type: GGP
entity:
  interferon γ secretory immunoglobulin Ig A interleukins IL 3 IL 6 IL 10 tumor necrosis factor TNF α lactoferrin


id: cord-022544-7jn4ns6x
type: DISEASE
entity:
  enteroviruses poliovirus coxsackie and echovirus cytomegalovirus CMV herpes simplex virus human immunodeficiency virus HIV Semliki Forest virus respiratory syncytial virus RSV rubella reovirus type 3 rotavirus measles Norovirus


id: cord-314190-fvdock94
type: DISEASE
entity:
  rhinovirus metapneumovirus coronavirus human bocavirus infl uenza virus adenovirus and parainfl uenza virus


id: cord-023942-vrs3je1x
type: ORG
entity:
  American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis Diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis


id: cord-329022-0pymqxwq
type: ORG
entity:
  the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Cincinnati Children s Medical Center the Institute of Medicine at Tribhuvan University Kathmandu


id: cord-022592-g7rmzsv5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Toll like receptors TLRs NOD like receptors NLRs retinoic acid inducible protein I like receptors RLRs peptidoglycan recognition proteins


id: cord-022592-g7rmzsv5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  adhesion molecules e g vascular cell adhesion molecule intercellular cell adhesion molecule L selectin P selectin


id: cord-305085-bv7udg9k
type: ORG
entity:
  Committee on Infectious Diseases American Academy of Pediatrics Red Book Report of the Committee on Infectious Disease Committee on Infectious Diseases American Academy of Pediatrics Red Book Report of the Committee on Infectious Disease Committee on Infectious Disease American Academy of Pediatrics Red Book Report of the Committee on Infectious Disease Mother


id: cord-305085-bv7udg9k
type: ORG
entity:
  comparison Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee Recommendations


id: cord-305085-bv7udg9k
type: DISEASE
entity:
  erythema migrans lesions cranial nerve palsies meningitis conjunctivitis arthralgia myalgia headache fatigue


id: cord-022448-ungitgh9
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  lips jaw tongue palate pharynx larynx and esophagus and each of these structures may be affected by somatic dysfunction Conversely the functions of sucking and swallowing are of paramount importance for the development of structures to which they are related Oropharyngeal development is infl uenced by the functional posture of the tongue lips and jaws The pharynx is attached superiorly to the base of the skull the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone the petrous portions of the temporal bones


id: cord-022448-ungitgh9
type: SO
entity:
  base of the skull on the posterior borders of the medial plates of the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone on the petrous parts


id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  chemokines e g interleukm IL 8 monocyte chemotactic protein type 1 MCP 1 1 granulocyte macrophage cell stimulating factor GM CSF


id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d
type: GGP
entity:
  adenosine diphosphate ribosylation of a guanosine triphosphate binding regulatory subunit of adenylate cy


id: cord-005646-xhx9pzhj
type: DNA
entity:
  SANCH S 1L AlL GO L VARAS K FOLGADO S GARCIA E P 1 C U LA FE Valencia Spain CASE REPORT The patient was a 2 year o d gift


id: cord-005646-xhx9pzhj
type: ORG
entity:
  Mayer Sagv Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Schneider Children s Hospital New Hyde Park NY


id: cord-005646-xhx9pzhj
type: DISEASE
entity:
  congenital heart disease ventricular septal defect _ other septal defects VSD atrioventricular AV canal Tetralogy of Fallot TOF


# bib

id: cord-000285-7p3b6tyf
author: HARTERT, Tina V.
date: 2010-04-08
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2992986/
doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01743.x
title:
  The Tennessee Children's Respiratory Initiative: Objectives, design and recruitment results of a prospective cohort study investigating infant viral respiratory illness and the development of asthma and allergic diseases

abstract:
  Background and objective: The ‘attack rate’ of asthma following viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) is about 3–4 fold higher than that of the general population; however, the majority of children who develop viral LRTI during infancy do not develop asthma, and asthma incidence has been observed to continuously decrease with age. Thus, we do not understand how viral LRTI either predispose or serve as a marker of children to develop asthma. The Tennessee Children's Respiratory Initiative has been established as a longitudinal prospective investigation of infants and their biological mothers. The primary goals are to investigate both the acute and the long‐term health consequences of varying severity and aetiology of clinically significant viral respiratory tract infections on early childhood outcomes. Methods: Over four respiratory viral seasons, 2004–2008, term, non‐low birth weight previously healthy infants and their biological mothers were enrolled during an infant's acute viral respiratory illness. Longitudinal follow up to age 6 years is ongoing. Results: This report describes the study objectives, design and recruitment results of the over 650 families enrolled in this longitudinal investigation. The Tennessee Children's Respiratory Initiative is additionally unique because it is designed in parallel with a large retrospective birth cohort of over 95 000 mother–infant dyads with similar objectives to investigate the role of respiratory viral infection severity and aetiology in the development of asthma. Conclusions: Future reports from this cohort will help to clarify the complex relationship between infant respiratory viral infection severity, aetiology, atopic predisposition and the subsequent development of early childhood asthma and atopic diseases.


id: cord-004657-kmluql8h
author: Eibl, Martha M.
date: 1990
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086514/
doi: 10.1007/bf00918694
title:
  Prophylaxis of necrotizing enterocolitis by oral IgA-IgG: Review of a clinical study in low birth weight infants and discussion of the pathogenic role of infection

abstract:
  Necrotizing enterocolitis, a severe gastrointestinal disease in the neonatal period, affects primarily premature infants. Perinatal complications that predispose the neonate to systemic hypoxia are frequent in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. Ischemia of the intestinal mucosa may facilitate the invasion of enteric microorganisms in stressed low birth weight infants. Geographical and temporal clustering of outbreaks of the disease and the termination of epidemics by standard infection control underline the importance of infectious agents in the development of this disease. Several studies have established the immunoprotective effect of orally administered antibodies against infection of the gastrointestinal mucosa in children and adults. Anecdotal evidence suggested that feeding of human immune globulin might have a positive effect on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. This paper reviews a prospective, randomized, controlled trial of the efficacy of an oral immune globulin preparation (published in detail in theNew England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 319, pp. 1–7, 1988) and discusses the pathogenic role of infection in necrotizing enterocolitis.


id: cord-005646-xhx9pzhj
author: nan
date: 1996
txt: ./txt/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095092/
doi: 10.1007/bf02316512
abstract: nan
summary:
  Aims and methods The aim of both a prospective and retrospective survey conducted in German pediatric intensive care units in 1993 was to accumulate data on the epidemiology, risk factors, natural history and treatment strategies in a large group of pediatric ARDS patients who were treated in the tt~ee year period from 1991 to 1993.All patients had acute bilateral alveolar infiltration of noncardiogenic origin and a pO2~iO2 ratio < 150mmHg. The influence of sex, underlying disease and single organ failure was analyzed using the Fischer''s exact test, the influence of additional organ failure on mortality was tested with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszet statistics.

title:
  2nd World Congress on Pediatric Intensive Care 1996 Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 23–26 June 1996 Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Posters and Nursing Programme


id: cord-005774-7z6uyn6p
title: Infant lung function testing in the intensive care unit
author: Hammer, J.
date: 1995
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095417/
doi: 10.1007/bf01704742
abstract:
  As a result of the previous shortage of tools to assess objectively the overall physiological status of the respiratory system in infants and young children, it has been difficult to measure the degree of physiological disorder or the response to therapy in respiratory diseases such as BPD, the pediatric version of ARDS, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, asthma and croup in this patient population. The newborn — four-year old child is particularly difficult to study because of their lack of cooperation and size. The recent progress in computer technology made pulmonary function testing available for this age range and opened up new possibilities for monitoring changes in disease processes affecting the respiratory system. This may improve medical management of infants and children with lung and heart diseases in particular. In 1989, Shannon [49] proposed in this Journal that the minimum physiological information needed for the intelligent use of mechanical ventilation (particularly if lower airway and/or pulmonary parenchymal disease was apparent) required the measurement of at least 4 variables: i) arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide; ii) arterial oxygen saturation; iii) the mechanical time constant of the lung and iv) FRC. In many circumstances, arterial CO(2) is approximated by alveolar (end-tidal) CO(2) and the arterial oxygen saturation is obtained from pulse oximetry accurately if perfusion is adequate. The mechanical time constant and FRC are easily measured by the techniques described above and together provide important information concerning appropriate ventilator settings for a given disease. The described techniques bring new insights and awareness, but also new responsibilities in the management of infants and children with respiratory compromise. Not all of these techniques need to be applied to all infants in the ICU. Not all the assumptions upon which some of the techniques we have described are based will prove true. Any such methods which do not withstand solid scientific testing must be quickly discarded and replaced with better and (hopefully) easier methods.


id: cord-007036-gcdn13yc
title: Pneumocystis primary infection in infancy: Additional French data and review of the literature
author: Nevez, Gilles
date: 2019-05-25
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7107579/
doi: 10.1093/mmy/myz040
abstract:
  Data on features of Pneumocystis primary infection in infancy are still fragmented. To study Pneumocystis primary infection, 192 infants who were monitored for acute pulmonary disease or fever over a 40-month period were retrospectively investigated. P. jirovecii detection on archival nasopharyngeal aspirates was performed using a qPCR assay. Factors associated with P. jirovecii were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses. P. jirovecii genotypes in infants and a control group of adults contemporaneously diagnosed with Pneumocystis pneumonia were identified using unilocus, bilocus, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). P. jirovecii was detected in 35 infants (18.2%). The univariate analysis pointed out four factors: viral infection (P = .035, OR [IC 95], 2.2 [1.1–4.7]), lower respiratory tract infection (P = .032, OR [IC 95], 2.5 [1.1–5.9]), absence of hospital discharge after birth (P = .003, OR (IC 95), 0.1 (0.02–0.5]), and the 63–189-day group (P < .001, OR [IC 95], 42.2 [5.4–332]). The multivariate analysis confirmed these two latter factors (P = .02, OR [IC 95], 0.1 [0.02–0.72]; P = .005, OR [IC 95], 11.5 [2.1–63.5]). Thus, P. jirovecii acquisition mostly takes place in the community. A comparison of these data with those of previously published studies showed that median and interquartile range of positive-infant ages were close to those observed in Chile, Denmark, and Peru, highlighting similar characteristics. Common unilocus or bilocus genotypes were identified in infants and adults, whereas no MLST genotypes were shared. Therefore, a common reservoir made up of infected infants and adults is still hypothetical. Finally, primary infection is a worldwide phenomenon occurring at the same time in childhood regardless of geographical location, rather than an incidental event.


id: cord-007528-no92pmw0
title: Preterm infant feeding performance at term equivalent age differs from that of full-term infants
author: Pineda, Roberta
date: 2020-02-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117861/
doi: 10.1038/s41372-020-0616-2
abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To identify differences in feeding skill performance among preterm infants at term equivalent age compared with full-term infants. STUDY DESIGN: Ninety-two infants (44 preterm infants born ≤32 weeks gestation at term equivalent age and 48 full-term infants within 4 days of birth) had a standardized oral feeding assessment. RESULT: Preterm infants at term equivalent age had lower Neonatal Eating Outcome Assessment scores (67.8 ± 13.6 compared with 82.2 ± 8.1; p < 0.001) and were more likely to have poor arousal (p = 0.04), poor tongue positioning (p = 0.04), suck–swallow–breathe discoordination (p < 0.001), inadequate sucking bursts (p = 0.01), tonal abnormalities (p < 0.001), discoordination of the jaw and tongue during sucking (p < 0.001), lack of positive engagement with the feeder and/or discomfort (p < 0.001), signs of aspiration (p < 0.001), difficulty regulating breathing (p < 0.001), and have an inability to maintain an appropriate state (p < 0.001), and complete the feeding (<0.001). CONCLUSION: A broad range of feeding-related difficulties appear to remain evident in preterm infants at term equivalent age.


id: cord-008165-qwyddp69
title: Role of micro-organisms in necrotizing enterocolitis
author: Candy, David C.A.
date: 2006-12-24
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7129339/
doi: 10.1016/s1084-2756(97)80032-2
abstract:
  The frequency with which necrotizing enterocolitis occurs in outbreaks makes it likely that the illness can have an infective origin. Immunological and non-immunological defences of the gastrointestinal are impaired in early life. Consequently the gut of the preterm infant is predisposed to bacterial overgrowth. A wide range of pathogenic bacteria and viruses have been isolated from infants with necrotizing enterocolitis or detected histologically. The presence of bacterial metabolites in the breath, intestinal bullae (hydrogen) and urine (D-lactate) during the course of the illness is further confirmatory evidence. The presence of bacteria or bacterial products (such as exo- and endotoxin) in the circulation will lead to ischaemia of the intestine and other organs either directly or via mediators such as cytokines or platelet activating factor. Future studies in necrotizing enterocolitis should be directed to understanding and modulating inflammatory mediators in necrotizing enterocolitis and preventing the disease with breast milk and nutritional supplements (glutamine, short chain fatty acids), chemoprophylaxis, and antibodies.


id: cord-009144-3slh1nbk
title: RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL AND OTHER VIRUSES ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN INFANTS
author: Jacobs, J.W.
date: 1971-05-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135715/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)92440-8
abstract:
  Diagnosis by virus isolation and serology was attempted in 377 cases of respiratory-tract infection in infants under one year of age admitted to hospital during two winters. A diagnosis of infection with respiratory syncytial (R.S.) virus was made in 40%, rhinovirus in 6·1%, adenovirus in 3·7%, parainfluenza in 2·1%, enterovirus in 1·9%, and influenza in 1·3%. R.S.-virus infections were more severe than others and occurred mostly in the first five months of life, with a peak at two months. Rhinovirus infections occurred at all ages, and often involved the lower respiratory tract. Of the 12 deaths, only 1 (due to R.S. virus) was not associated with a contributory cause. Maternal antibody to R.S. virus did not notably affect the incidence or severity of R.S.-virus infections.


id: cord-010818-yz0gynn0
title: Respiratory outcomes of late preterm infants of mothers with early and late onset preeclampsia
author: Soliman, Yasser
date: 2019-09-24
txt: ./txt/cord-010818-yz0gynn0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-010818-yz0gynn0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7222144/
doi: 10.1038/s41372-019-0497-4
summary:
  OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of early and late onset preeclampsia (EOPE, LOPE, respectively) on outcomes of late preterm infants. The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of early and late onset preeclampsia on the outcomes of late preterm infants, with the primary objective being respiratory outcomes. Late preterm infants born between 34 +0 and 36 +6 gestation to a mother with early onset preeclampsia between January 2014 and July 2015 were included in the study. Gouyon et al., using a large cohort from France, reported higher risk of severe respiratory morbidity, in late preterm infants of mothers with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy [9] . Respiratory morbidity, defined by the need for oxygen, CPAP or mechanical ventilation was higher at each gestational age in infants of hypertensive mothers but reached statistical significance only at 37 weeks. compared outcomes of late preterm infants of mothers with preeclampsia, gestational hypertension and normotensive pregnancies in a large cohort from the Netherlands [25] .

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of early and late onset preeclampsia (EOPE, LOPE, respectively) on outcomes of late preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study of late preterm infants admitted to a tertiary care NICU from January 2014–July 2015. Outcomes of late preterm infants of EOPE mothers were compared with the next late preterm infant of a LOPE mother and the next two late preterm infants of normotensive non-PE mothers. Primary outcome comprised use of continuous positive airway pressure, mechanical ventilation and/or surfactant in the 24 h after birth. RESULTS: Compared to normotensives (n = 131), adjusted odds ratio (AORs) of the primary outcome was higher in the EOPE (n = 64) and LOPE (n = 65) groups but reached statistical significance only in the EOPE group, AORs 12.9, 95% CI 3.5–37 and 2.7, 95% CI 0.95–8.1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to late preterm infants of normotensive and LOPE mothers, infants of mothers with EOPE have significantly higher respiratory morbidity.


id: cord-010848-090yk40o
author: Wang, Yan
date: 2019-10-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7222868/
doi: 10.1038/s41430-019-0522-x
title:
  Continuous feeding versus intermittent bolus feeding for premature infants with low birth weight: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

abstract:
  BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Clinical risks and advantages of both continuous feeding and intermittent feeding for preterm infants have been presented in previous studies. To determine the most appropriate feeding method for low-birth-weight infants, a meta-analysis was conducted. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Articles related to this topic were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library electronic database from the onset to May 2019. Heterogeneity analysis was performed with Chi-square and I(2) test. Pooled analysis was based on fixed effects model, if heterogeneity between the eligible studies was negligible (I(2) < 50%, P > 0.05). In contrast, a random effects model was carried out. The quality of including studies were evaluated by Cochrane assessment tool. RESULTS: A total of 1030 articles identified. Altogether, eight articles including 707 infants were included in final analysis based on eligibility criteria. In continuous feeding infants, time to achieving full feeds was longer (weight mean difference 0.98 (95% CI 0.26–1.71, P = 0.008) days) compared with intermittent feeding infants. Pooled analysis indicated there were no significant difference in other variables such as feeding intolerance, duration of hospitalization, days to regain birth weight, days to first successful oral feeding, duration of parenteral feeding, weight growth, length increment, head circumference growth, proven necrotizing enterocolitis, and probable necrotizing enterocolitis. In subgroup analysis for birth weight (<1000 g and >1000 g), we did not identify significant difference in time to full feeds, time to regain birth weight, and duration of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent feeding may be more beneficial for low-birth weight infants, However, well-designed studies and evidenced-based clinical practice are required to determine the most appropriate feeding method for premature infants with low birth weight.


id: cord-010863-m36kxc4x
author: Croop, Sarah E. W.
date: 2019-11-11
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7222905/
doi: 10.1038/s41372-019-0545-0
title:
  The Golden Hour: a quality improvement initiative for extremely premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Following delivery, extremely premature infants are vulnerable to rapid development of hypothermia and hypoglycemia. To reduce local rates of these morbidities, a multidisciplinary team developed a protocol standardizing evidence-based care practices during the first hour after birth. METHODS: Using quality improvement methodology, the Golden Hour protocol was implemented for all inborn infants <27 weeks’ gestation. Data were collected (2012–2017) over three phases; pre-protocol (n = 80), Phase I (n = 42), and Phase II (n = 92). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in infant characteristics. Improvements in hypothermia (59% vs 26% vs 38%; p = 0.001), hypoglycemia (18% vs 7% vs 4%; p = 0.012), and minutes to completion of stabilization [median (Q1,Q3) 110 (89,138) vs 111 (94,135) vs 92 (74,129); p = 0.0035] were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of an evidence-based, Golden Hour protocol is an effective intervention for reducing hypothermia and hypoglycemia in extremely premature infants.


id: cord-011257-d12cj9v5
author: McEvoy, Cindy T.
date: 2020-02-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223897/
doi: 10.1038/s41390-020-0792-y
title:
  Dose-escalation trial of budesonide in surfactant for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low gestational age high-risk newborns (SASSIE)

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Initial trials of lung-targeted budesonide (0.25 mg/kg) in surfactant to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature infants have shown benefit; however, the optimal safe dose is unknown. METHODS: Dose-escalation study of budesonide (0.025, 0.05, 0.10 mg/kg) in calfactatant in extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) requiring intubation at 3−14 days. Tracheal aspirate (TA) cytokines, blood budesonide concentrations, and untargeted blood metabolomics were measured. Outcomes were compared with matched infants receiving surfactant in the Trial Of Late SURFactant (TOLSURF). RESULTS: Twenty-four infants with mean gestational age 25.0 weeks and 743 g birth weight requiring mechanical ventilation were enrolled at mean age 6 days. Budesonide was detected in the blood of all infants with a half-life of 3.4 h. Of 11 infants with elevated TA cytokine levels at baseline, treatment was associated with sustained decrease (mean 65%) at all three dosing levels. There were time- and dose-dependent decreases in blood cortisol concentrations and changes in total blood metabolites. Respiratory outcomes did not differ from the historic controls. CONCLUSIONS: Budesonide/surfactant had no clinical respiratory benefit at any dosing levels for intubated ELGANs. One-tenth the dose used in previous trials had minimal systemic metabolic effects and appeared effective for lung-targeted anti-inflammatory action.


id: cord-011688-8g0p3vtm
title: Perinatal risk factors for pulmonary hemorrhage in extremely low-birth-weight infants
author: Wang, Ting-Ting
date: 2019-11-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7312118/
doi: 10.1007/s12519-019-00322-7
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) is a life-threatening respiratory complication of extremely low-birth-weight infants (ELBWIs). However, the risk factors for PH are controversial. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the perinatal risk factors and short-term outcomes of PH in ELBWIs. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of live born infants who had birth weights that were less than 1000 g, lived for at least 12 hours, and did not have major congenital anomalies. A logistic regression model was established to analyze the risk factors associated with PH. RESULTS: There were 168 ELBWIs born during this period. A total of 160 infants were included, and 30 infants were diagnosed with PH. Risk factors including gestational age, small for gestational age, intubation in the delivery room, surfactant in the delivery room, repeated use of surfactant, higher FiO(2) during the first day, invasive ventilation during the first day and early onset sepsis (EOS) were associated with the occurrence of PH by univariate analysis. In the logistic regression model, EOS was found to be an independent risk factor for PH. The mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage rate of the group of ELBWIs with PH were significantly higher than those of the group of ELBWIs without PH. The rates of periventricular leukomalacia, moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia and severe retinopathy of prematurity, and the duration of the hospital stay were not significantly different between the PH and no-PH groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although PH did not extend hospital stay or increase the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, it increased the mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage rate in ELBWIs. EOS was the independent risk factor for PH in ELBWIs.


id: cord-014673-bb59z38j
author: nan
date: 2019-05-20
txt: ./txt/cord-014673-bb59z38j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-014673-bb59z38j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079845/
doi: 10.1007/s00112-019-0700-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  Schlussfolgerung: Die aktuelle Studie zeigt, dass die Zebrafischlarve unter Zuhilfenahme innovativer mikroskopischer Technologien ein gutes Tier-Im Rahmen der europäischen ALBINO Studie wird die neuroprotektive Wirkung von Allopurinol bei Neugeborenen mit schwerer perinataler Aspyhxie zusätzlich zur Hypothermiebehandlung geprüft. They provide daily reference weights from birth to 42 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA) Objective: The study aims to: 1) compare observed deviations of weight (∆W) from the GTC trajectory between cohorts and 2) analyze relationships between ∆W and short-term outcomes. Design/Methods: International multicohort study, including infants with a gestational age (GA) from 22 to 33 weeks with weekly or daily weight data from eight local cohorts (Austria, Germany, Sweden, Australia, Canada, USA) and the German Neonatal Network (birth weight (BW), 35 weeks PMA, discharge) during 2001 to 2017. Ein Säugling mit 3500 g und einer Compliance von 1,0 ml/mbar muss für 6 Background: We report on the latest progress made in the development of a lung assist device in the artificial placenta configuration.

title:
  Abstracts 2019 der GNPI und DGPI: 45. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Neonatologie und Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin gemeinsam mit der 27. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Infektiologie, 23.–25. Mai 2019, Leipzig


id: cord-014951-2931ep31
author: El Basha, Noussa R.
date: 2019-03-22
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091660/
doi: 10.1186/s42506-019-0015-8
title:
  Prematurity, a significant predictor for worse outcome in viral bronchiolitis: a comparative study in infancy

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The rate of admissions to hospital with bronchiolitis has increased over the past years. The reasons for this are likely to be multifactorial including improved survival of preterm infants. AIM: To assess the severity of viral bronchiolitis in preterm compared to term infants admitted at a tertiary hospital in Cairo, Egypt, based on the outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted throughout a 3-year period from September 2011 to October 2014. It included 153 infants, 74 healthy preterm, and 79 healthy term infants admitted with clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis at a tertiary hospital in Cairo, Egypt. Bronchiolitis severity score (BSS) was recorded, and nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from each patient at the time of presentation. Viruses were identified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The clinical course and patient’s outcome were recorded. RESULTS: This study recorded a significantly more severe BSS for preterm compared to term infants. The preterm group had an increased mean length of hospital stay and oxygen therapy and was more likely to need intensive care unit admission and mechanical ventilation (MV) compared to the term group. The mean (± SD) BSS for infections with h-MPV, RSV, and para-influenza 3 was more significantly severe in preterm compared to term infants. Bacterial co-infection was significantly correlated with severity scoring in both groups. CONCLUSION: Prematurity significantly affects the severity of bronchiolitis, and this underscores the importance of early categorization as a high-risk group on their first visit. The physician should be aware that their illness runs a more severe course, even if they have no underlying disorders.


id: cord-016241-qom2rokn
title: Post-Newborn: A New Concept of Period in Early Life
author: Chen, Long
date: 2013-12-06
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120469/
doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7618-0_143
abstract:
  Post-newborn infants refer to infants from >28 days to <100 days after birth. During this period, infants are still completely dependent on breast milk or/and formula milk for feeding. Up to now, the concept of post-newborn has not been mentioned in classic textbooks. With the development of perinatal medicine, mortality rate of diseases in neonates such as premature infants, asphyxia, infectious diseases have decreased significantly, and consequently, issues of the quality of life for these survivors have aroused widespread concerns. The post-newborn infants have some important characteristics differing from both newborn infants and infants after the period: (1) different fatal diseases and mortality rate; (2) the diseases inherited from newborn period requiring early and prompt treatments; (3) some peculiar diseases during this period requiring much attention; (4) either similar or different immune function; (5) rapid growth and uneven development of organ systems. Establishment of the new concept of post-newborn will further reveal the nature of life, reduce the mortality rate of infants, and improve the quality of life.


id: cord-018398-24pkhgn8
title: Neonatal Care and Data
author: O'Riordan, Declan
date: 2009
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123259/
doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-76446-7_4
abstract:
  Neonatology encompasses the care of all infants: from term newborns to extremely premature infants, from healthy infants to those suffering from severe infections or genetic disorders. While the management of infants can vary greatly, there are essential core data and knowledge that is needed to care for them.


id: cord-018604-ua5h47jg
title: Assessment Considerations in Pediatric Patients
author: Dersch-Mills, Deonne
date: 2018-12-28
txt: ./txt/cord-018604-ua5h47jg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018604-ua5h47jg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123523/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-11775-7_28
summary:
  Pharmacists need to be aware of this variability and use every patient encounter as an opportunity for assessment of many aspects of medication including dose, formulation, administration, and indication. Infants and children also have physiological differences that need to be considered especially when assessing efficacy, toxicity, and the patient''s overall response to medications through physical exam or use of laboratory values. Lastly, a lack of appropriate medication formulations for children creates a requirement for pharmacists to specifically assess the formulations, measurement, and administration of pediatric medications. Until children are mature enough to provide this information themselves (note that this age varies depending on the child), parents and other caregivers are relied upon to provide an accurate history of the patient''s illness(s) and medication(s). Because of the lack of appropriate information in the product labeling, alternative data sources need to be accessed to assess the use of the medication in an infant or child.

abstract:
  Pharmacy assessment of pediatric patients is similar in many ways to that of adults; however there are many specific nuances that need to be considered in addition to the typical aspects included in an adult assessment. There is a lack of pediatric-specific medication research and a much higher rate of “off label” medication use, so children are at higher risk of medication errors and related harm. Pharmacokinetic differences and other age-related differences result in highly variable responses to medications throughout childhood. Pharmacists need to be aware of this variability and use every patient encounter as an opportunity for assessment of many aspects of medication including dose, formulation, administration, and indication. Infants and children also have physiological differences that need to be considered especially when assessing efficacy, toxicity, and the patient’s overall response to medications through physical exam or use of laboratory values. Lastly, a lack of appropriate medication formulations for children creates a requirement for pharmacists to specifically assess the formulations, measurement, and administration of pediatric medications. This chapter provides an approach to pediatric assessment, highlights common sources of error, and provides strategies for managing pediatric medications.


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
title: Infections Acquired in the Nursery: Epidemiology and Control
author: Heath, Joan A.
date: 2009-05-19
txt: ./txt/cord-021571-7kbq0v9w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021571-7kbq0v9w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150280/
doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50037-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  The fact that a hand hygiene campaign was associated with increased hand hygiene compliance and a lower rate of CONS-positive cultures supports this ~ontention.''~ Enterococcus has been shown to account for 10% of total nosocomial infections in neonates, 6% to 15% of bloodstream infections, 0% to 5% of cases of pneumonia, 17% of urinary tract infections, and 9% of surgical site Sepsis and meningitis are common manifestations of enterococcal infection during NICU outbreak^''^,^^; however, polymicrobial bacteremia and NEC frequently accompany enterococcal sepsis.77 Identified risk factors for enterococcal sepsis, after adjustment for birth weight, include use of a nonumbilical CVC, prolonged presence of a CVC, and bowel resection?'' Because Enterococcus colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and can survive for long periods of time on inanimate surfaces, the patient''s environment may become contaminated and, along with the infant, serve as a reservoir for ongoing spread of the organism.


id: cord-022448-ungitgh9
title: Clinical Conditions
author: Sergueef, Nicette
date: 2009-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-022448-ungitgh9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022448-ungitgh9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155703/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-443-10352-0.50013-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  Brachial plexus injury, fracture of the clavicle, pectus excavatum and carinatum, scoliosis, kyphosis and vertebral somatic dysfunctions are other commonly encountered conditions with structural and functional consequences that can be addressed with osteopathic manipulative treatment. Palpate the infant to identify membranous, myofascial and interosseous somatic dysfunction, particularly in the upper thoracic spine, pectoral girdle, cervico-occipital area and cranium (temporal bone, occiput, occipitomastoid suture and jugular foramen). Secondly, but concomitant with the above, the progressive fl exion of the cranial base, associated with the anteroposterior growth of the skull, contributes to positional changes of both the pterygoid processes, which become longer and more vertical, and the petrous portions of the temporal bones, which become externally rotated. Because of the relationships between the sympathetic nervous system and the upper thoracic spinal segments, the second and third cervical vertebrae, and between the parasympathetic nervous system and the sphenoid, maxilla or palatine bones, somatic dysfunction of any of these vertebral and cranial areas can result in dysfunction of the ANS with impact on nasal function.


id: cord-022544-7jn4ns6x
title: Host-Resistance Factors and Immunologic Significance of Human Milk
author: Lawrence, Robert M.
date: 2010-12-27
txt: ./txt/cord-022544-7jn4ns6x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022544-7jn4ns6x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158292/
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0788-5.10005-7
abstract: nan
summary:
  The immunologically active components of breast milk make up an important aspect of the host defenses of the mammary gland in the mother; at the same time, they complement, supplement, and stimulate the ongoing development of the infant'' s immune system. A number of other long-term studies demonstrated greater protection from infection with increased exclusivity of breastfeeding and durations of at least 3 months.* A couple papers demonstrated a "dose" effect relative to decreased occurrence of late onset sepsis in very low-birth-weight infants 73 and premature infants 245 associated with the infants receiving at least 50 mL/kg per day of mother'' s milk compared with receiving other nutrition. Evidence shows that neutrophils found in human milk demonstrate signs of activation, including increased expression of CD11b (an adherence glycoprotein), decreased expression of L-selectin, spontaneous production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and the ability to transform into CD1 + dendritic cells (DCs).


id: cord-022592-g7rmzsv5
title: Pathophysiology of Neonatal Sepsis
author: Wynn, James L.
date: 2016-07-06
txt: ./txt/cord-022592-g7rmzsv5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022592-g7rmzsv5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158364/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00152-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  14, 15, [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] Prematurity, low birth weight (especially infants weighing less than 1,000 g), male sex, a maternal vaginal culture positive for group B streptococcus (GBS), prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal intrapartum fever, and chorioamnionitis are strongly associated with an increased risk for early-onset sepsis. In addition to the initial inflammatory response including complement activation, molecular detection of PAMPs promotes IL-1β and IL-6 production, which in turn increases the production of multiple other innate proteins that possess valuable immune function and serve to reduce pathogen load. Very low birth weight preterm infants with early onset neonatal sepsis: the predominance of gram-negative infections continues in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network Very low birth weight preterm infants with early onset neonatal sepsis: the predominance of gram-negative infections continues in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network


id: cord-023767-rcv4pl0d
title: Microorganisms Responsible for Neonatal Diarrhea
author: O’Ryan, Miguel L.
date: 2009-05-19
txt: ./txt/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023767-rcv4pl0d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173613/
doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50022-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  coli may disappear completely from stools of breast-fed children during the ensuing weeks, this disappearance is believed to be related to factors present in the human milk rather than the gastric secretions.5~302~303 The use of breast-feeding or expressed human milk has even been effective in terminating nursery epidemics caused by EPEC 0 11 1:B4, probably by reducing the incidence of crossinfections among infants.3033304 Although dose-effect studies have not been performed among newborns, severe diarrhea has occurred after ingestion of 10'' EPEC organisms by very young The clinical syndrome is that of bloody, noninflammatory (sometimes voluminous) diarrhea that is distinct from febrile dysentery with fecal leukocytes seen in shigellosis or EIEC infection^.^^ Most cases of EHEC infections have been recognized in outbreaks of bloody diarrhea or HUS in daycare centers, schools, nursing homes, and c o m m~n i t i e s .~~~-~~~ Although EHEC infections often involve infants and young children, the frequency of this infection in neonates remains unclear; animal studies suggest that receptors for the Shiga toxin may be developmentally regulated and that susceptibility to disease may be age related.


id: cord-023942-vrs3je1x
title: Acute Pulmonary Infections
author: Powers, Karen S.
date: 2011-12-16
txt: ./txt/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7178869/
doi: 10.1007/978-0-85729-923-9_25
summary:
  Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Viral bronchiolitis remains the leading cause for hospital admission in infancy and the most frequent cause of acute respiratory failure in children admitted to pediatric intensive care units in North America. In a study of hospitalized infants with congenital heart disease infected with RSV, 33% required intensive care, 19% received mechanical ventilation, and 3.4% died. In the 1990s, fi ve randomized trials involving 225 infants, evaluating the effect of nebulized adrenaline (epinephrine) on bronchiolitis showed clinical improvement, with reductions in oxygen requirement, respiratory rate, wheezing, and decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. High incidence of pulmonary bacterial co-infection in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis

abstract:
  Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Viral bronchiolitis and bacterial pneumonia account for the majority of lower respiratory tract infections that lead to respiratory insufficiency and pediatric intensive care admission. Twenty-seven percent of children who require mechanical ventilation for at least 24 h in pediatric intensive care units are diagnosed with bronchiolitis and 16% have the diagnosis of pneumonia. The median length of time intubated for an acute pulmonary infection leading to respiratory failure is approximately 7 days.


id: cord-032806-o6p861ms
title: Very low birth weight infants receive full enteral nutrition within 2 postnatal weeks
author: Fenin, Audrey
date: 2020-09-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7522453/
doi: 10.1038/s41372-020-00819-4
abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: Identify whether an enteral nutrition goal of reaching full feeds by 7 postnatal days for infants 1–1.5 kg and by 14 postnatal days for infants <1 kg was feasible and its associated outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Very low birth weight infant cohort admitted in the first postnatal day and categorized as either Epoch 1 or Epoch 2, 12 months before and after implementation of a revised feeding protocol were compared. RESULT: In Epoch 2, 83% infants born 1–1.5 kg and 77% infants born <1 kg reached full feeds by 7 and 14 days compared to 26% and 25%, respectively in Epoch 1 (p < 0.0001). Central line and parental nutrition days were significantly lower in Epoch 2 compared to Epoch 1 with sustained and potentially improved infant growth. CONCLUSION: An evidence-based advancement feeding protocol was associated with achieving full feeds within the first 2 postnatal weeks for very low birth weight infants.


id: cord-253520-phtmgy6g
title: Vaccination schedule for infants and COVID-19
author: nan
date: 2020-05-23
txt: ./txt/cord-253520-phtmgy6g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253520-phtmgy6g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0001407920303150
doi: 10.1016/j.banm.2020.05.078
abstract: nan
summary:
  authors: nan title: Vaccination schedule for infants and COVID-19 Many parents have cancelled vaccination appointments for their infants as well as their older children. Fear of contagion in waiting rooms, doubts about the effects of vaccination on immunity in a pandemic period, and then containment, has led to a sharp decrease in vaccinations, mainly in infants. On April 1, 2020, the French Health Authority issued an opinion so that the vaccination schedule would not be delayed. The EPI-PHARE report on the use of city drugs during the Covid-19 period reveals that penta and hexavalent vaccines for infants have fallen by 23% and that deliveries of MMR and HPV vaccines have dropped by 50 to 70% during the last two weeks of March 2020 [1] . Infants must imperatively be vaccinated from the 2nd month, in order to acquire an effective protection as soon as possible against frequent and serious diseases at this age, particularly Usage des médicaments de ville en France durant l''épidémie de Covid-19 -point de situation à la fin mars 2020


id: cord-258778-er0ug8w4
title: Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Full-Term Infants: Case–Control Study and Review of the Literature
author: Maayan-Metzger, Ayala
date: 2004-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-258778-er0ug8w4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258778-er0ug8w4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15229620/
doi: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211135
summary:
  OBJECTIVE: To examine the increasing number of full-term infants at our hospital exhibiting necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in order to characterize these cases and to discover common risk factors. METHODS: Medical charts were reviewed for all full-term infants (gestational age > 36 weeks) that were born in our institution during a 5-year period (from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2002) and that developed definite NEC. NEC in full-term infants is well documented, accounting for about 10% of babies with NEC; it usually involves babies with known risk factors, such as intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), birth asphyxia, congenital heart disease, gastroschisis, polycythemia, hypoglycemia, sepsis, exchange transfusion, umbilical lines, milk allergy, premature rupture of membranes with and without chorioamnionitis and gestational diabetes. The findings of the current study show that only half of these full-term infants with NEC exhibited known predisposing risk factors, including congenital heart disease, undiagnosed syndrome, birth asphyxia, intrauterine growth retardation and congenital hypothyroidism.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To examine the increasing number of full-term infants at our hospital exhibiting necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in order to characterize these cases and to discover common risk factors. METHODS: Medical charts were reviewed for all full-term infants (gestational age > 36 weeks) that were born in our institution during a 5-year period (from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2002) and that developed definite NEC. Data regarding the rate of Cesarean section (CS) in our institution over the study period and five years prior to the study was also recorded. RESULTS: During the 5 years of the study, 14 full-term infants were found to have NEC. The incidence of NEC in full-term infants increased from 0.16 to 0.71 per 1000 live births in the 5-year period. Mean birth weight was 2829 g. All the NEC infants except one were delivered by CS, and all of them were fed either with a mixture of breast milk and formula or entirely by formula. Seven of the infants (50%) had no major known risk factors predisposing them for NEC. Mean age of disease onset was very early (4.1 days) in most of the infants (12 infants), and the colon was the main NEC site. The short-term outcome was favorable in all but one case, which required explorative laparotomy for intestinal perforation. The number of infants born by CS has been steadily increasing, and was almost three times greater during the study period in comparison to the preceding years. CONCLUSIONS: The etiology of NEC in the full-term population seems to differ from the etiology for the preterm group in its intestinal location and in the timing of its onset. The increase in the rate of CS over the years might be related to the concurrent increase in NEC, and this relationship should be further investigated.


id: cord-265366-vmuqbpkk
author: Leibowitz, Jill
date: 2020-10-09
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347620312646?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.10.002
title:
  Comparison of Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics of Young Febrile Infants with and without SARS-CoV-2 Infection

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To determine features that distinguish febrile young infants with SARS-CoV-2 infection. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective single-center study included febrile infants <57 days evaluated in the Emergency Department of Cohen Children’s Medical Center of Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York during March 1-April 30 of 2018, 2019, and 2020. Sociodemographic and clinical features were compared between those seen during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic and previous years, as well as between SARS-CoV-2 infected infants and SARS-CoV-2 uninfected infants (SARS-CoV-2 negative or evaluated during 2018 and 2019). RESULTS: In all, 124 febrile infants <57 days of age were identified; 38 during the 2-month study period in 2018, 33 in 2019, and 53 in 2020. During 2020, fewer febrile infants had a serious bacterial infection (SBI) or a positive respiratory viral panel (RVP) than in prior years (6% versus 21%, P = .02; 15% versus 53%, p<.001, respectively). SARS-CoV-2 was the most frequent pathogen detected in 2020; of 30 infants tested, 20 tested positive. Infants with SARS-CoV-2 were more likely to identify as Hispanic (p=.004), have public insurance or were uninsured (p=.01), exhibited lethargy (p=.02), had feeding difficulties (p=.002), and had lower white blood cell (p=.001), neutrophil (p<.001), and lymphocyte counts (p=.005) than the 81 infants without SARS-CoV-2 infection. None of the infants with SARS-CoV-2 had concurrent SBI or detection of another virus. Overall, disease in infants with SARS-CoV-2 was mild. CONCLUSIONS: During the peak of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 was the predominant pathogen among febrile infants. Socioeconomic, historical, and laboratory features differed significantly between SARS-CoV-2 infected and uninfected infants. None of the 20 infants with SARS-CoV-2 infection had an identified co-viral or serious bacterial infection.


id: cord-269652-t7ghng17
title: A Practical Guide to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Neonatal Infections
author: Santos, Roberto Parulan
date: 2015-04-30
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0031395514002557
doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2014.11.010
abstract:
  Neonatal infections continue to cause morbidity and mortality in infants. Among approximately 400,000 infants followed nationally, the incidence rates of early-onset sepsis infection within 3 days of life are 0.98 cases per 1000 live births. Newborn infants are at increased risk for infections because they have relative immunodeficiency. This article provides evidence-based practical approaches to the diagnosis, management, and prevention of neonatal infections.


id: cord-279257-a7d9a2w1
author: Puig, Carme
date: 2008-07-09
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18631341/
doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00939.x
title:
  Incidence and risk factors of lower respiratory tract illnesses during infancy in a Mediterranean birth cohort

abstract:
  Aim: To investigate the incidence rate, viral respiratory agents and determinants of lower respiratory tract illnesses (LRTIs) in infants younger than 1 year. Methods: A total of 487 infants were recruited at birth for the Asthma Multicenter Infant Cohort Study in Barcelona (Spain). Cases of LRTIs were ascertained through an active register including a home visit and viral test in nasal lavage specimens during the first year of life. Cotinine in cord blood, household aeroallergens, indoor NO(2) and maternal and neonatal IgE were measured. Other maternal and infants' characteristics were obtained from structured questionnaires. Results: The incidence rate of at least one LRTI was 38.7 infants per 100 persons‐years. The most frequently isolated viral agent was respiratory syncytial virus (44.7%). The risk of LRTIs was higher in infants with a maternal history of asthma and in those with siblings (OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 0.98–6.08 and OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.04–3.21, respectively). The risk of LRTIs was lower in infants who were breast fed for more than 12 weeks (OR = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.26–0.86) and in those from a low socioeconomic class (OR = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.06–0.42). Conclusion: Viral LRTIs are frequent in infants younger than 1 year of age and there is an inter‐relationship between maternal asthma, siblings, breast feeding and socioeconomic status.


id: cord-288113-ex4yi28u
title: Role of Viral Molecular Panels in Diagnosing the Etiology of Fever in Infants Younger Than 3 Months
author: Epalza, Cristina
date: 2019-11-09
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31709801/
doi: 10.1177/0009922819884582
abstract:
  As infants with proven viral infection present lower risk of bacterial infection, we evaluated how molecular methods detecting viruses on respiratory secretions could contribute to etiological diagnostic of these febrile episodes. From November 2010 to May 2011, we enrolled all febrile infants <90 days presenting to emergency room. Standard workup included viral rapid antigenic test and viral culture on nasopharyngeal aspirate. Samples negative by rapid testing were tested by molecular methods. From 208 febrile episodes (198 infants) with standard techniques, rate of documented microbiological etiology was 13% at emergency department, 47% during hospitalization, and 64% with viral cultures. Molecular methods increased microbiologically documented etiology rate by 12%, to 76%. Contribution of molecular methods was the highest in infants without clinical source of infection, increasing documentation by 18%, from 50% to 68%. Making viral molecular results rapidly available could help identifying a higher proportion of infants at low risk of serious bacterial infection.


id: cord-296114-cyd9msls
title: Common cold decreases lung function in infants with recurrent wheezing
author: Mallol, J.
date: 2009-11-27
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301054609001098
doi: 10.1016/j.aller.2009.10.001
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Common acute viral respiratory infections (colds) are the most frequent cause of exacerbations in infants with recurrent wheezing (RW). However, there is no quantitative information about the effect of colds on the lung function of infants with RW. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of common cold on forced expiratory parameters measured from raised lung volume in infants with RW. METHODS: Spirometric lung function (expiratory flows from raised lung volume) was randomly assessed in 28 infants with RW while they had a common cold and when asymptomatic. RESULTS: It was found that during colds there was a significant decrease in all forced expiratory parameters and this was much more evident for flows (FEF(50%), FEF(75%) and FEF(25–75%)) which were definitively abnormal (less than −1.65 z-score) in the majority of infants. There was not association between family asthma, tobacco exposure, and other factors, with the extent of lung function decrease during colds. Tobacco during pregnancy but not a history of family asthma was significantly associated to lower expiratory flows; however, the association was significant only when infants were asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: This study shows that common colds cause a marked reduction of lung function in infants with RW.


id: cord-303322-d69o3z8d
author: Chang, Anne B
date: 2011-04-14
txt: ./txt/cord-303322-d69o3z8d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-303322-d69o3z8d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-12-94
doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-12-94
summary:
  Our randomised, placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin in Indigenous infants hospitalised with bronchiolitis is designed to determine whether it can reduce short-term (and potentially long-term) morbidity from respiratory illness in Australian Indigenous infants who are at high risk of developing chronic respiratory illness. Indigenous infants (aged ≤ 24-months, expected number = 200) admitted to one of two regional hospitals (Darwin, Northern Territory and Townsville, Queensland) with a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis and fulfilling inclusion criteria are randomised (allocation concealed) to either azithromycin (30 mg/kg/dose) or placebo administered once weekly for three doses. Indigenous infants (aged ≤ 24-months, expected number = 200) admitted to one of two regional hospitals (Darwin, Northern Territory and Townsville, Queensland) with a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis and fulfilling inclusion criteria are randomised (allocation concealed) to either azithromycin (30 mg/kg/dose) or placebo administered once weekly for three doses.

title:
  Randomized placebo-controlled trial on azithromycin to reduce the morbidity of bronchiolitis in Indigenous Australian infants: rationale and protocol

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Acute lower respiratory infections are the commonest cause of morbidity and potentially preventable mortality in Indigenous infants. Infancy is also a critical time for post-natal lung growth and development. Severe or repeated lower airway injury in very young children likely increases the likelihood of chronic pulmonary disorders later in life. Globally, bronchiolitis is the most common form of acute lower respiratory infections during infancy. Compared with non-Indigenous Australian infants, Indigenous infants have greater bacterial density in their upper airways and more severe bronchiolitis episodes. Our study tests the hypothesis that the anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties of azithromycin, improve the clinical outcomes of Indigenous Australian infants hospitalised with bronchiolitis. METHODS: We are conducting a dual centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial in northern Australia. Indigenous infants (aged ≤ 24-months, expected number = 200) admitted to one of two regional hospitals (Darwin, Northern Territory and Townsville, Queensland) with a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis and fulfilling inclusion criteria are randomised (allocation concealed) to either azithromycin (30 mg/kg/dose) or placebo administered once weekly for three doses. Clinical data are recorded twice daily and nasopharyngeal swab are collected at enrolment and at the time of discharge from hospital. Primary outcomes are 'length of oxygen requirement' and 'duration of stay,' the latter based upon being judged as 'ready for respiratory discharge'. The main secondary outcome is readmission for a respiratory illness within 6-months of leaving hospital. Descriptive virological and bacteriological (including development of antibiotic resistance) data from nasopharyngeal samples will also be reported. DISCUSSION: Two published studies, both involving different patient populations and settings, as well as different macrolide antibiotics and treatment duration, have produced conflicting results. Our randomised, placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin in Indigenous infants hospitalised with bronchiolitis is designed to determine whether it can reduce short-term (and potentially long-term) morbidity from respiratory illness in Australian Indigenous infants who are at high risk of developing chronic respiratory illness. If azithromycin is efficacious in reducing the morbidly of Indigenous infants hospitalised with bronchiolitis, the intervention would lead to improved short term (and possibly long term) health benefits. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ACTRN12610000326099


id: cord-305085-bv7udg9k
title: Chapter 13 Transmission of Infectious Diseases Through Breast Milk and Breastfeeding
author: Lawrence, Robert M.
date: 2011-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-305085-bv7udg9k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-305085-bv7udg9k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9781437707885100136
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0788-5.10013-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  Postnatal exposure of susceptible infants to CMV, including premature infants without passively acquired maternal antibodies against CMV, infants born to CMV-seronegative mothers, and immunodeficient infants, can cause significant clinical illness (pneumonitis, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia).* In one study of premature infants followed up to 12 months, Vochem et al 430 found CMV transmission in 17 of 29 infants (59%) exposed to CMV virolactia and breastfed compared with no infants infected of 27 exposed to breast milk without CMV. 38, 104, 121 Laboratory reports demonstrate the presence of cell-free virus and cell-associated virus in breast milk as well as various immunologic factors that could block or limit infection.* A dose-response relationship has been observed, correlating the HIV viral load in human milk as well as a mother'' s plasma viral load with an increased transmission risk for the breastfed infant. 76 No case of transmission of yellow fever virus from an infected mother to her infant via breastfeeding or breast milk has been reported.


id: cord-314190-fvdock94
title: Viral bronchiolitis
author: Florin, Todd A
date: 2017-01-01
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30951-5
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30951-5
abstract:
  Viral bronchiolitis is a common clinical syndrome affecting infants and young children. Concern about its associated morbidity and cost has led to a large body of research that has been summarised in systematic reviews and integrated into clinical practice guidelines in several countries. The evidence and guideline recommendations consistently support a clinical diagnosis with the limited role for diagnostic testing for children presenting with the typical clinical syndrome of viral upper respiratory infection progressing to the lower respiratory tract. Management is largely supportive, focusing on maintaining oxygenation and hydration of the patient. Evidence suggests no benefit from bronchodilator or corticosteroid use in infants with a first episode of bronchiolitis. Evidence for other treatments such as hypertonic saline is evolving but not clearly defined yet. For infants with severe disease, the insufficient available data suggest a role for high-flow nasal cannula and continuous positive airway pressure use in a monitored setting to prevent respiratory failure.


id: cord-323354-igzs1rdm
title: Nutritional Status, Breastfeeding, and Evolution of Infants with Acute Viral Bronchiolitis
author: Dornelles, Cristina T.L.
date: 2007-09-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18330067/
doi: nan
abstract:
  Acute viral bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infectious disease of infancy. A prospective study was carried out with 175 infants aged up to six months to evaluate their nutritional and breastfeeding status as possible risk factors for unfavourable evolution of previously-healthy infants from a care hospital. Immunofluorescence test for virus and anthropometric assessment were performed. Outcomes were length of oxygen-use, length of hospital stay, and type of hospital unit needed. Seventy-three percent of the infants were well-nourished, 6% undernourished, 8.6% at a nutritional risk, 10.9% overweight, and 1.7% obese. Eighty-one percent of the undernourished and nutritionally at-risk infants and 72% of the well-nourished, overweight, and obese infants did not receive exclusive breastfeeding. The median length of hospital stay was four days and of oxygen-use was 60 hours. The nutritional status did not affect the clinical course of previously-healthy infants with acute viral brochiolitis. The duration of exclusive breastfeeding, but not type of breastfeeding, was inversely related to the length of oxygen-use and the length of hospital stay. Shorter exclusive breastfeeding was observed in infants who were assigned to a paediatric ward or to an intensive care unit. In conclusion, longer duration of breastfeeding was associated with better clinical outcomes.


id: cord-329022-0pymqxwq
title: Population-Based Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors in Infants Less Than 6 Months in Nepal
author: Hughes, Michelle M
date: 2017-03-01
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piw079
doi: 10.1093/jpids/piw079
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Pertussis is estimated to cause 2 percent of childhood deaths globally and is a growing public health problem in developed countries despite high vaccination coverage. Infants are at greatest risk of morbidity and mortality. Maternal vaccination during pregnancy may be effective to prevent pertussis in young infants, but population-based estimates of disease burden in infants are lacking, particularly in low-income countries. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of pertussis in infants less than 6 months of age in Sarlahi District, Nepal. METHODS: Nested within a population-based randomized controlled trial of influenza vaccination during pregnancy, infants were visited weekly from birth through 6 months to assess respiratory illness in the prior week. If any respiratory symptoms had occurred, a nasal swab was collected and tested with a multitarget pertussis polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The prospective cohort study includes infants observed between May 2011 and August 2014. RESULTS: The incidence of PCR-confirmed Bordetella pertussis was 13.3 cases per 1000 infant-years (95% confidence interval, 7.7–21.3) in a cohort of 3483 infants with at least 1 day of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In a population-based active home surveillance for respiratory illness, a low risk for pertussis was estimated among infants in rural Nepal. Nepal’s immunization program, which includes a childhood whole cell pertussis vaccine, may be effective in controlling pertussis in infants.


id: cord-330834-zqm4egei
author: Drall, Kelsea M.
date: 2020-08-11
url: https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1799734
doi: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1799734
title:
  Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and early infancy in relation to gut microbiota composition and C. difficile colonization: implications for viral respiratory infections

abstract:
  In Canada and the US, the infant diet is supplemented with vitamin D via supplement drops or formula. Pregnant and nursing mothers often take vitamin D supplements. Since little is known about the impact of this supplementation on infant gut microbiota, we undertook a study to determine the association between maternal and infant vitamin D supplementation, infant gut microbiota composition and Clostridioides difficile colonization in 1,157 mother-infant pairs of the CHILD (Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development) Cohort Study over 2009–2012. Logistic and MaAsLin regression were employed to assess associations between vitamin D supplementation, and C. difficile colonization, or other gut microbiota, respectively. Sixty-five percent of infants received a vitamin D supplement. Among all infants, infant vitamin D supplementation was associated with a lower abundance of genus Megamonas (q = 0.01) in gut microbiota. Among those exclusively breastfed, maternal prenatal supplementation was associated with lower abundance of Bilophila (q = 0.01) and of Lachnospiraceae (q = 0.02) but higher abundance of Haemophilus (q = 0.02). There were no differences in microbiota composition with vitamin D supplementation among partially and not breastfed infants. Neither infant nor maternal vitamin D supplementation were associated with C. difficile colonization, after adjusting for breastfeeding status and other factors. However, maternal consumption of vitamin-D fortified milk reduced the likelihood of C. difficile colonization in infants (adjustedOR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.19–0.82). The impact of this compositional difference on later childhood health, especially defense against viral respiratory infection, may go beyond the expected effects of vitamin D supplements and remains to be ascertained.


id: cord-332113-37g4regv
title: The Microbiome and Its Impact on Disease in the Preterm Patient
author: Neu, Josef
date: 2013-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-332113-37g4regv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332113-37g4regv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25422793/
doi: 10.1007/s40124-013-0031-7
summary:
  Although a commonly held belief is that the intestinal tract of the fetus is sterile, recent studies using a combination of culture and non-culture-based techniques suggest that many preterm infants are exposed to microbes found in the amniotic fluid, even without a history of rupture of membranes or culture-positive chorioamnionitis [10 • , 11] . Those infants born via C-section, fed formula milk and exposed to antibiotics have a decrease in diversity of intestinal microbiota and abnormal patterns of colonization with suppression of ''''healthy'''' bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria. [31] Since many mothers delivered by C-section also receive antibiotics, whether they have a role in perturbing the newborn intestinal microecology remains unknown but is a confounding factor when one evaluates the epidemiology studies showing atopic disease, type 1 diabetes and food allergies in C-section versus vaginally delivered infants. Studies in animals and premature infants have shown that human milk decreases the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) [32, 33] .

abstract:
  Emerging technologies derived largely from the Human Genome Project are being applied to evaluating the intestinal microbiota in preterm infants. The microbial ecology of the developing intestine is highly related to health and disease and new discoveries are emerging that will help us understand disorders in the development of the intestinal microbial ecosystem and how to eventually manipulate them to prevent diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis and late onset sepsis. Here, a brief overview of the developing microbiome as it pertains to several aspects of health and disease in the preterm infant is presented.


id: cord-337878-hiylqqie
title: Atypical case of COVID-19 in a critically unwell 5-week old infant
author: Namasivayam, Abirami
date: 2020-09-14
txt: ./txt/cord-337878-hiylqqie.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337878-hiylqqie.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32928837/
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237142
summary:
  To our knowledge, he is the youngest reported case in the UK to require mechanical ventilation and intensive care treatment as a direct result of COVID-19 following horizontal transmission. 4 A larger nationwide study investigating 134 paediatric cases across China reported that 76% cases had fever, 64.9% cases presented as acute upper respiratory tract infection, 26.9% as mild pneumonia and 1.5% cases were critical; unfortunately, the specific age groups and comorbidities were not reported. At present there are few reports of paediatric patients requiring intensive care support with confirmed COVID-19. This case demonstrates the need for vigilance in considering COVID-19 infection in infants presenting with less discriminatory symptoms such as lethargy or reduced feeding. Dong et al report a case series of 2135 paediatric patients with confirmed and suspected coronavirus; infants (<1 year) were noted to be particularly vulnerable.

abstract:
  The effect of COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2 on the paediatric population remains an evolving mystery. Early reports from China stated that children seem to be unharmed by its dangerous effects, yet more recently there has been evidence of a systemic inflammatory response in a small number of children who are affected. We discuss a 5-week-old male infant who presented atypically with severe COVID-19 infection. To our knowledge, he is the youngest reported case in the UK to require mechanical ventilation and intensive care treatment as a direct result of COVID-19 following horizontal transmission. This case has generated several learning points with regard to atypical presentations of COVID-19 and identifying a potential cohort of ‘at risk’ infants. We also highlight a number of new challenges that have arisen for paediatricians and anaesthetists providing airway management for infants with SARS-CoV-2.


id: cord-346214-8ev9w4ko
title: Gut microbiota of the very-low-birth-weight infant
author: Unger, Sharon
date: 2014-10-13
txt: ./txt/cord-346214-8ev9w4ko.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346214-8ev9w4ko.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2014.162
doi: 10.1038/pr.2014.162
summary:
  Colonization of the GIT is perturbed by a number of factors prevalent among VLBW infants including: cesarean delivery, antibiotics (mother or infant), prolonged rupture of the membranes, parenteral feeding, delayed enteral feeding, slower GIT transit time, gestational age, birth weight, living in a populated neonatal intensive care unit with an enriched pathogen load, and lack of exposure to mother''s skin and breast milk microbiome (1, (3) (4) (5) (6) 13, (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) . There appear to be significant differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota of preterm compared to term infants, with decreased bacterial diversity, increased pathogens potentially related to NEC, and a surprising increase in eukaryotic and viral diversity (3,6,23-30). The differences in colonization of human milk-fed compared with formula-fed infants are believed due, in part, to breast milk inoculating the GIT with its own rich microbiome and abundant source of oligosaccharides that selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria (40, 41) .

abstract:
  The microbiome, of which the bacterial component alone (microbiota), is estimated to include 10 times more cells than human cells of the body, blooms immediately after birth and evolves in composition and complexity throughout childhood. The gut microbiome has a profound impact on gastrointestinal tract development, maintenance of mucosal surface integrity, and contributes to the nutritional status of the host and thus plays a pivotal role in health and disease. New technologies have enabled the detailed characterization of normal microbial symbionts and dysbiosis–disease associations. This review summarizes the stepwise establishment of the intestinal microbiota, influential environmental factors, and how this may be perturbed in preterm very-low-birth-weight infants. The contribution of the microbiota to provision of energy and nutrients for intestinal development and the nutritional status of the host are reviewed. In addition, the crucial role of the gut microbiota in maintaining mucosal integrity is explored along with how its breakdown can lead to sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Finally, the role of enteral feeding type (human milk, formula, and nutrient fortification) in mediating these processes is discussed, and guidance is provided for nutritional strategies to promote health in these fragile infants. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/pr.2014.162) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-355292-n6sq2jz9
title: Infants Born to Mothers With a New Coronavirus (COVID-19)
author: Chen, Yan
date: 2020-03-16
txt: ./txt/cord-355292-n6sq2jz9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-355292-n6sq2jz9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32266184/
doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00104
summary:
  A novel viral respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is responsible for an epidemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in cases in China and worldwide. Four full-term, singleton infants were born to pregnant women who tested positive for COVID-19 in the city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, China, where the disease was first identified. The other infant was born by vaginal delivery to a mother experiencing fever (highest temperature 38.3 • C), with a diagnostically confirmed infection. Recently, a finding from nine other cases suggested that there is no evidence for intrauterine infection caused by vertical transmission in women who develop COVID-19 pneumonia in late pregnancy (1) . This case report describes the clinical course of four live born infants born to pregnant women with the COVID-19 infection. This case report describes the clinical course of four live born infants born to pregnant women with the COVID-19 infection.

abstract:
  A novel viral respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is responsible for an epidemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in cases in China and worldwide. Four full-term, singleton infants were born to pregnant women who tested positive for COVID-19 in the city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, China, where the disease was first identified. Of the three infants, for who consent to be diagnostically tested was provided, none tested positive for the virus. None of the infants developed serious clinical symptoms such as fever, cough, diarrhea, or abnormal radiologic or hematologic evidence, and all four infants were alive at the time of hospital discharge. Two infants had rashes of unknown etiology at birth, and one had facial ulcerations. One infant had tachypnea and was supported by non-invasive mechanical ventilation for 3 days. One had rashes at birth but was discharged without parental consent for a diagnostic test. This case report describes the clinical course of four live born infants, born to pregnant women with the COVID-19 infection.


