id sid tid token lemma pos cord-332113-37g4regv 1 1 key key JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 1 2 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 1 3 cord-332113 cord-332113 NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 1 4 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 1 5 37g4regv 37g4regv CD cord-332113-37g4regv 1 6 authors author NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 1 7 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 1 8 Neu Neu NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 1 9 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 2 1 Josef Josef NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 2 2 title title NN cord-332113-37g4regv 2 3 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 3 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 3 2 Microbiome Microbiome NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 3 3 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 3 4 Its -PRON- PRP$ cord-332113-37g4regv 3 5 Impact Impact NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 3 6 on on IN cord-332113-37g4regv 3 7 Disease Disease NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 3 8 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 3 9 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 3 10 Preterm Preterm NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 3 11 Patient Patient NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 3 12 date date NN cord-332113-37g4regv 3 13 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 3 14 2013 2013 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 3 15 - - SYM cord-332113-37g4regv 3 16 10 10 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 3 17 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 3 18 01 01 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 3 19 journal journal NN cord-332113-37g4regv 3 20 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 3 21 Current Current NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 3 22 Pediatrics Pediatrics NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 3 23 Reports Reports NNPS cord-332113-37g4regv 3 24 DOI DOI NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 3 25 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 3 26 10.1007 10.1007 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 3 27 / / SYM cord-332113-37g4regv 3 28 s40124 s40124 NN cord-332113-37g4regv 3 29 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 3 30 013 013 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 3 31 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 3 32 0031 0031 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 3 33 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 3 34 7 7 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 3 35 sha sha NN cord-332113-37g4regv 3 36 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 3 37 06d6d390070c6feaf0cc9c56d047195de97d9996 06d6d390070c6feaf0cc9c56d047195de97d9996 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 3 38 doc_id doc_id CD cord-332113-37g4regv 3 39 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 3 40 332113 332113 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 3 41 cord_uid cord_uid NN cord-332113-37g4regv 3 42 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 4 1 37g4regv 37g4regv LS cord-332113-37g4regv 4 2 Emerging Emerging NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 4 3 technologies technology NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 4 4 derived derive VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 4 5 largely largely RB cord-332113-37g4regv 4 6 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 4 7 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 4 8 Human Human NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 4 9 Genome Genome NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 4 10 Project Project NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 4 11 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 4 12 being be VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 4 13 applied apply VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 4 14 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 4 15 evaluating evaluate VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 4 16 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 4 17 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 4 18 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 4 19 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 4 20 preterm preterm JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 4 21 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 4 22 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 5 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 5 2 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 5 3 ecology ecology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 5 4 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 5 5 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 5 6 developing develop VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 5 7 intestine intestine NN cord-332113-37g4regv 5 8 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 5 9 highly highly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 5 10 related relate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 5 11 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 5 12 health health NN cord-332113-37g4regv 5 13 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 5 14 disease disease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 5 15 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 5 16 new new JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 5 17 discoveries discovery NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 5 18 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 5 19 emerging emerge VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 6 1 that that DT cord-332113-37g4regv 6 2 will will MD cord-332113-37g4regv 6 3 help help VB cord-332113-37g4regv 6 4 us -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 6 5 understand understand VB cord-332113-37g4regv 6 6 disorders disorder NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 6 7 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 6 8 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 6 9 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 6 10 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 6 11 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 6 12 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 6 13 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 6 14 ecosystem ecosystem NN cord-332113-37g4regv 6 15 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 6 16 how how WRB cord-332113-37g4regv 6 17 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 6 18 eventually eventually RB cord-332113-37g4regv 6 19 manipulate manipulate VB cord-332113-37g4regv 6 20 them -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 6 21 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 6 22 prevent prevent VB cord-332113-37g4regv 6 23 diseases disease NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 6 24 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 6 25 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 6 26 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 6 27 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 6 28 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 6 29 late late JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 6 30 onset onset NN cord-332113-37g4regv 6 31 sepsis sepsis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 6 32 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 7 1 Here here RB cord-332113-37g4regv 7 2 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 7 3 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 7 4 brief brief JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 7 5 overview overview NN cord-332113-37g4regv 7 6 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 7 7 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 7 8 developing develop VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 7 9 microbiome microbiome NN cord-332113-37g4regv 7 10 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 7 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 7 12 pertains pertain VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 7 13 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 7 14 several several JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 7 15 aspects aspect NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 7 16 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 7 17 health health NN cord-332113-37g4regv 7 18 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 7 19 disease disease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 7 20 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 7 21 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 7 22 preterm preterm JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 7 23 infant infant NN cord-332113-37g4regv 7 24 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 7 25 presented present VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 7 26 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 8 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 8 2 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 8 3 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 8 4 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 8 5 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 8 6 complex complex JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 8 7 ecosystem ecosystem NN cord-332113-37g4regv 8 8 shaped shape VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 8 9 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 8 10 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 8 11 millennia millennium NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 8 12 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 8 13 evolution evolution NN cord-332113-37g4regv 8 14 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 8 15 normally normally RB cord-332113-37g4regv 8 16 exists exist VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 8 17 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 8 18 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 8 19 commensal commensal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 8 20 and/or and/or CC cord-332113-37g4regv 8 21 symbiotic symbiotic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 8 22 relationship relationship NN cord-332113-37g4regv 8 23 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 8 24 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 8 25 host host NN cord-332113-37g4regv 8 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 8 27 1 1 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 8 28 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 8 29 2 2 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 8 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 8 31 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 9 1 This this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 9 2 relationship relationship NN cord-332113-37g4regv 9 3 promotes promote VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 9 4 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 9 5 delicate delicate JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 9 6 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-332113-37g4regv 9 7 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 9 8 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 9 9 capability capability NN cord-332113-37g4regv 9 10 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 9 11 modulate modulate VB cord-332113-37g4regv 9 12 immune immune JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 9 13 responses response NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 9 14 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 9 15 promote promote VB cord-332113-37g4regv 9 16 health health NN cord-332113-37g4regv 9 17 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 10 1 In in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 2 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 10 3 past past JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 10 4 few few JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 10 5 years year NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 10 6 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 10 7 emerging emerge VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 10 8 technologies technology NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 10 9 derived derive VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 10 largely largely RB cord-332113-37g4regv 10 11 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 12 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 10 13 Human Human NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 10 14 Genome Genome NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 10 15 Project Project NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 10 16 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 10 17 applied apply VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 18 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 19 evaluating evaluate VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 10 20 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 10 21 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 10 22 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 23 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 10 24 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 10 25 new new JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 10 26 discoveries discovery NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 10 27 using use VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 10 28 these these DT cord-332113-37g4regv 10 29 techniques technique NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 10 30 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 10 31 prompted prompt VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 32 new new JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 10 33 initiatives initiative NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 10 34 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 10 35 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 36 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 10 37 Human Human NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 10 38 Microbiome Microbiome NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 10 39 Roadmap Roadmap NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 10 40 designed design VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 41 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 10 42 evaluate evaluate VB cord-332113-37g4regv 10 43 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 10 44 role role NN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 45 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 46 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 10 47 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 10 48 microbiome microbiome NN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 49 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 50 health health NN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 51 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 10 52 disease disease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 10 53 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 10 54 3 3 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 10 55 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 10 56 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 11 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-332113-37g4regv 11 2 current current JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 11 3 state state NN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 4 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 5 knowledge knowledge NN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 6 suggests suggest VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 11 7 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 8 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 11 9 neonatal neonatal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 11 10 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 11 11 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 12 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 11 13 highly highly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 11 14 variable variable JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 11 15 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 16 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-332113-37g4regv 11 17 composition composition NN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 18 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 11 19 depends depend VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 11 20 on on IN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 21 factors factor NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 11 22 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 11 23 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 24 gestational gestational JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 11 25 age age NN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 26 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 11 27 mode mode NN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 28 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 29 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 30 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 11 31 type type NN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 32 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 33 feeding feeding NN cord-332113-37g4regv 11 34 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 11 35 other other JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 11 36 environmental environmental JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 11 37 exposures exposure NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 11 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 11 39 4 4 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 11 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 11 41 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 12 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 12 2 host host NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 3 's 's POS cord-332113-37g4regv 12 4 need need NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 5 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 6 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 12 7 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 8 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 12 9 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 10 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 11 studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 12 12 showing show VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 12 13 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 14 germ germ NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 15 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 12 16 free free JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 12 17 animals animal NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 12 18 do do VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 12 19 not not RB cord-332113-37g4regv 12 20 develop develop VB cord-332113-37g4regv 12 21 normal normal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 12 22 lymph lymph NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 23 node node NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 24 architecture architecture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 25 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 12 26 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 27 extensive extensive JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 12 28 defects defect NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 12 29 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 30 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 12 31 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 32 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 33 gut gut NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 34 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 12 35 associated associate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 36 lymphoid lymphoid JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 12 37 tissue tissue NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 38 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 12 39 arrested arrest VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 40 capillary capillary JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 12 41 network network NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 42 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 43 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 44 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 12 45 gut gut NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 46 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 12 47 reduced reduce VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 48 antibody antibody NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 49 production production NN cord-332113-37g4regv 12 50 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 12 51 5 5 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 12 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 12 53 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 13 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 13 2 traditional traditional JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 13 3 view view NN cord-332113-37g4regv 13 4 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 13 5 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 13 6 human human NN cord-332113-37g4regv 13 7 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 13 8 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 13 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 13 10 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 13 11 composed compose VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 13 12 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 13 13 ten ten CD cord-332113-37g4regv 13 14 trillion trillion CD cord-332113-37g4regv 13 15 cells cell NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 13 16 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 13 17 which which WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 13 18 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 13 19 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 13 20 product product NN cord-332113-37g4regv 13 21 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 13 22 * * NFP cord-332113-37g4regv 13 23 23,000 23,000 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 13 24 genes gene NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 13 25 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 14 1 However however RB cord-332113-37g4regv 14 2 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 14 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 14 4 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 14 5 long long RB cord-332113-37g4regv 14 6 been be VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 14 7 known know VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 14 8 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 14 9 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 14 10 various various JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 14 11 niches niche NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 14 12 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 14 13 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 14 14 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 14 15 body body NN cord-332113-37g4regv 14 16 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 14 17 there there EX cord-332113-37g4regv 14 18 resides reside VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 14 19 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 14 20 number number NN cord-332113-37g4regv 14 21 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 14 22 species specie NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 14 23 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 14 24 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 14 25 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 14 26 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 14 27 genes gene NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 14 28 that that WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 14 29 vastly vastly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 14 30 outnumber outnumber VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 14 31 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 14 32 cells cell NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 14 33 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 14 34 genes gene NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 14 35 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 14 36 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 14 37 human human NN cord-332113-37g4regv 14 38 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 14 39 ' ' `` cord-332113-37g4regv 14 40 host host NN cord-332113-37g4regv 14 41 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 14 42 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 14 43 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 15 1 Until until IN cord-332113-37g4regv 15 2 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 15 3 beginning beginning NN cord-332113-37g4regv 15 4 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 15 5 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 15 6 last last JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 15 7 decade decade NN cord-332113-37g4regv 15 8 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 15 9 culture culture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 15 10 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 15 11 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 15 12 techniques technique NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 15 13 were be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 15 14 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 15 15 mainstay mainstay NN cord-332113-37g4regv 15 16 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 15 17 evaluating evaluate VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 15 18 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 15 19 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 15 20 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 16 1 However however RB cord-332113-37g4regv 16 2 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 16 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 16 4 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 16 5 long long RB cord-332113-37g4regv 16 6 been be VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 16 7 recognized recognize VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 16 8 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 16 9 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 16 10 majority majority NN cord-332113-37g4regv 16 11 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 16 12 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 16 13 cells cell NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 16 14 seen see VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 16 15 microscopically microscopically RB cord-332113-37g4regv 16 16 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 16 17 feces fece NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 16 18 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 16 19 not not RB cord-332113-37g4regv 16 20 currently currently RB cord-332113-37g4regv 16 21 cultured culture VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 16 22 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 16 23 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 16 24 laboratory laboratory NN cord-332113-37g4regv 16 25 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 17 1 Recently recently RB cord-332113-37g4regv 17 2 developed develop VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 17 3 high high JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 17 4 throughput throughput NN cord-332113-37g4regv 17 5 molecular molecular JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 17 6 techniques technique NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 17 7 analyze analyze VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 17 8 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 17 9 DNA DNA NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 17 10 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 17 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 17 12 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 17 13 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 17 14 moved move VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 17 15 beyond beyond IN cord-332113-37g4regv 17 16 culture culture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 17 17 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 17 18 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 17 19 technologies technology NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 17 20 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 18 1 There there EX cord-332113-37g4regv 18 2 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 18 3 two two CD cord-332113-37g4regv 18 4 general general JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 18 5 approaches approach NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 18 6 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 18 7 both both DT cord-332113-37g4regv 18 8 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 18 9 which which WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 18 10 comprise comprise VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 18 11 several several JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 18 12 variants variant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 18 13 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 19 1 One one CD cord-332113-37g4regv 19 2 commonly commonly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 19 3 used use VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 19 4 general general JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 19 5 approach approach NN cord-332113-37g4regv 19 6 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 19 7 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 19 8 utilize utilize VB cord-332113-37g4regv 19 9 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 19 10 16S 16S NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 19 11 rRNA rRNA NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 19 12 gene gene NN cord-332113-37g4regv 19 13 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 19 14 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 19 15 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 19 16 other other JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 19 17 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 19 18 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 19 19 more more RBR cord-332113-37g4regv 19 20 complex complex JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 19 21 metagenomic metagenomic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 19 22 approach approach NN cord-332113-37g4regv 19 23 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 19 24 which which WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 19 25 community community NN cord-332113-37g4regv 19 26 DNA dna NN cord-332113-37g4regv 19 27 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 19 28 subject subject JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 19 29 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 19 30 shotgun shotgun NN cord-332113-37g4regv 19 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 19 32 whole whole JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 19 33 genome genome NN cord-332113-37g4regv 19 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 19 35 sequencing sequencing NN cord-332113-37g4regv 19 36 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 20 1 A a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 20 2 detailed detailed JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 20 3 description description NN cord-332113-37g4regv 20 4 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 20 5 these these DT cord-332113-37g4regv 20 6 techniques technique NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 20 7 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 20 8 beyond beyond IN cord-332113-37g4regv 20 9 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 20 10 scope scope NN cord-332113-37g4regv 20 11 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 20 12 this this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 20 13 review review NN cord-332113-37g4regv 20 14 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 20 15 can can MD cord-332113-37g4regv 20 16 be be VB cord-332113-37g4regv 20 17 found find VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 20 18 elsewhere elsewhere RB cord-332113-37g4regv 20 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 20 20 6 6 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 20 21 • • NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 20 22 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 20 23 7 7 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 20 24 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 20 25 8 8 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 20 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 20 27 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 21 1 Even even RB cord-332113-37g4regv 21 2 if if IN cord-332113-37g4regv 21 3 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 21 4 taxonomy taxonomy NN cord-332113-37g4regv 21 5 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 21 6 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 21 7 particular particular JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 21 8 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 21 9 community community NN cord-332113-37g4regv 21 10 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 21 11 identified identify VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 21 12 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 21 13 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 21 14 functional functional JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 21 15 expression expression NN cord-332113-37g4regv 21 16 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 21 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 21 18 relates relate VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 21 19 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 21 20 physiology physiology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 21 21 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 21 22 interaction interaction NN cord-332113-37g4regv 21 23 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 21 24 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 21 25 host host NN cord-332113-37g4regv 21 26 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 21 27 not not RB cord-332113-37g4regv 21 28 clarified clarify VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 21 29 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 22 1 Simple simple JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 22 2 identification identification NN cord-332113-37g4regv 22 3 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 22 4 individual individual JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 22 5 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 22 6 or or CC cord-332113-37g4regv 22 7 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 22 8 genotypes genotype NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 22 9 often often RB cord-332113-37g4regv 22 10 does do VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 22 11 not not RB cord-332113-37g4regv 22 12 clarify clarify VB cord-332113-37g4regv 22 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-332113-37g4regv 22 14 phenotypic phenotypic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 22 15 expression expression NN cord-332113-37g4regv 22 16 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 23 1 Thus thus RB cord-332113-37g4regv 23 2 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 23 3 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 23 4 addition addition NN cord-332113-37g4regv 23 5 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 23 6 microbiome microbiome NN cord-332113-37g4regv 23 7 identification identification NN cord-332113-37g4regv 23 8 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 23 9 technologies technology NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 23 10 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 23 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 23 12 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 23 13 important important JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 23 14 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 23 15 clarify clarify VB cord-332113-37g4regv 23 16 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 23 17 function function NN cord-332113-37g4regv 23 18 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 23 19 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 23 20 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 23 21 communities community NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 23 22 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 23 23 interest interest NN cord-332113-37g4regv 23 24 within within IN cord-332113-37g4regv 23 25 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 23 26 particular particular JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 23 27 niche niche NN cord-332113-37g4regv 23 28 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 24 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 24 2 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 24 3 thus thus RB cord-332113-37g4regv 24 4 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 24 5 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 24 6 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 24 7 interest interest NN cord-332113-37g4regv 24 8 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 24 9 identify identify VB cord-332113-37g4regv 24 10 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 24 11 mRNA mrna NN cord-332113-37g4regv 24 12 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 24 13 protein protein NN cord-332113-37g4regv 24 14 expression expression NN cord-332113-37g4regv 24 15 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 24 16 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 24 17 genes gene NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 24 18 as as RB cord-332113-37g4regv 24 19 well well RB cord-332113-37g4regv 24 20 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 24 21 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 24 22 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 24 23 that that WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 24 24 result result VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 24 25 before before IN cord-332113-37g4regv 24 26 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 24 27 after after IN cord-332113-37g4regv 24 28 interaction interaction NN cord-332113-37g4regv 24 29 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 24 30 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 24 31 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 24 32 gene gene NN cord-332113-37g4regv 24 33 products product NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 24 34 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 24 35 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 24 36 host host NN cord-332113-37g4regv 24 37 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 25 1 Additional Additional NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 25 2 ' ' `` cord-332113-37g4regv 25 3 ' ' `` cord-332113-37g4regv 25 4 omic omic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 25 5 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 25 6 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 25 7 disciplines discipline NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 25 8 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 25 9 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 25 10 thus thus RB cord-332113-37g4regv 25 11 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 25 12 being be VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 25 13 applied apply VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 25 14 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 25 15 augment augment VB cord-332113-37g4regv 25 16 studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 25 17 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 25 18 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 25 19 microbiome microbiome NN cord-332113-37g4regv 25 20 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 26 1 Metatranscriptomics metatranscriptomic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 26 2 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 26 3 metaproteinomics metaproteinomic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 26 4 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 26 5 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 26 6 metabolomics metabolomic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 26 7 identify identify VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 26 8 gene gene NN cord-332113-37g4regv 26 9 expression expression NN cord-332113-37g4regv 26 10 products product NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 26 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 26 12 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 26 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 26 14 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 26 15 proteins protein NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 26 16 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 26 17 metabolites metabolite NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 26 18 resulting result VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 26 19 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 26 20 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 26 21 genes gene NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 26 22 within within IN cord-332113-37g4regv 26 23 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 26 24 complex complex JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 26 25 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 26 26 community community NN cord-332113-37g4regv 26 27 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 26 28 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 26 29 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 26 30 that that DT cord-332113-37g4regv 26 31 found find VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 26 32 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 26 33 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 26 34 fecal fecal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 26 35 sample sample NN cord-332113-37g4regv 26 36 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 27 1 Metaproteomics Metaproteomics NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 27 2 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 27 3 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 27 4 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 27 5 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 27 6 proteins protein NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 27 7 collectively collectively RB cord-332113-37g4regv 27 8 expressed express VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 27 9 within within IN cord-332113-37g4regv 27 10 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 27 11 communities community NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 27 12 that that WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 27 13 usually usually RB cord-332113-37g4regv 27 14 employ employ VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 27 15 mass mass NN cord-332113-37g4regv 27 16 spectrometry spectrometry NN cord-332113-37g4regv 27 17 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 27 18 analyses analysis NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 27 19 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 27 20 detect detect VB cord-332113-37g4regv 27 21 proteins protein NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 27 22 associated associate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 27 23 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 27 24 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 27 25 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 27 26 identified identify VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 27 27 within within IN cord-332113-37g4regv 27 28 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 27 29 given give VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 27 30 niche niche NN cord-332113-37g4regv 27 31 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 28 1 These these DT cord-332113-37g4regv 28 2 studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 28 3 usually usually RB cord-332113-37g4regv 28 4 also also RB cord-332113-37g4regv 28 5 employ employ VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 28 6 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 28 7 systems system NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 28 8 biology biology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 28 9 approach approach NN cord-332113-37g4regv 28 10 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 28 11 evaluate evaluate VB cord-332113-37g4regv 28 12 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 28 13 likely likely JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 28 14 functions function NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 28 15 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 28 16 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 28 17 proteins protein NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 28 18 produced produce VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 28 19 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 28 20 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 28 21 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 28 22 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 29 1 A a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 29 2 recent recent JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 29 3 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 29 4 employed employ VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 29 5 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 29 6 nontargeted nontargeted JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 29 7 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 29 8 shotgun shotgun NN cord-332113-37g4regv 29 9 mass mass NN cord-332113-37g4regv 29 10 spectrometry spectrometry NN cord-332113-37g4regv 29 11 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 29 12 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 29 13 whole whole JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 29 14 community community NN cord-332113-37g4regv 29 15 proteomics proteomic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 29 16 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 29 17 or or CC cord-332113-37g4regv 29 18 metaproteomics metaproteomic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 29 19 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 29 20 approach approach VB cord-332113-37g4regv 29 21 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 29 22 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 29 23 first first JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 29 24 deep deep JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 29 25 proteome proteome NN cord-332113-37g4regv 29 26 measurements measurement NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 29 27 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 29 28 thousands thousand NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 29 29 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 29 30 proteins protein NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 29 31 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 29 32 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 29 33 fecal fecal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 29 34 samples sample NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 29 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 29 36 9 9 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 29 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 29 38 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 30 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 30 2 resulting result VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 30 3 metaproteomes metaproteome NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 30 4 had have VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 30 5 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 30 6 distribution distribution NN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 7 that that WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 30 8 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 30 9 unexpected unexpected JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 30 10 relative relative NN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 11 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 12 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 30 13 metagenome metagenome NN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 14 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 30 15 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 16 more more JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 30 17 proteins protein NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 30 18 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 19 translation translation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 20 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 30 21 energy energy NN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 22 production production NN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 23 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 30 24 carbohydrate carbohydrate NN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 25 metabolism metabolism NN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 26 when when WRB cord-332113-37g4regv 30 27 compared compare VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 28 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 29 what what WP cord-332113-37g4regv 30 30 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 30 31 earlier early RBR cord-332113-37g4regv 30 32 predicted predict VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 33 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 30 34 metagenomics metagenomic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 30 35 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 31 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 31 2 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 31 3 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 31 4 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 31 5 involved involve VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 31 6 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 31 7 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 31 8 regulation regulation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 31 9 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 31 10 multiple multiple JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 31 11 host host NN cord-332113-37g4regv 31 12 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 31 13 pathways pathway NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 31 14 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 31 15 giving give VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 31 16 rise rise NN cord-332113-37g4regv 31 17 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 31 18 interactive interactive JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 31 19 host host NN cord-332113-37g4regv 31 20 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 31 21 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 31 22 metabolic metabolic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 31 23 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 31 24 signaling signal VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 31 25 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 31 26 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 31 27 immune immune JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 31 28 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 31 29 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 31 30 processes process NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 31 31 connecting connect VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 31 32 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 31 33 intestine intestine NN cord-332113-37g4regv 31 34 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 31 35 liver liver NN cord-332113-37g4regv 31 36 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 31 37 muscle muscle NN cord-332113-37g4regv 31 38 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 31 39 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 31 40 brain brain NN cord-332113-37g4regv 31 41 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 32 1 These these DT cord-332113-37g4regv 32 2 interactions interaction NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 32 3 begin begin VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 32 4 at at IN cord-332113-37g4regv 32 5 birth birth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 32 6 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 32 7 likely likely RB cord-332113-37g4regv 32 8 even even RB cord-332113-37g4regv 32 9 during during IN cord-332113-37g4regv 32 10 fetal fetal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 32 11 life life NN cord-332113-37g4regv 32 12 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 33 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 33 2 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 3 shapes shape VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 33 4 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 33 5 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 6 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 7 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 33 8 immune immune JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 33 9 system system NN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 10 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 33 11 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 33 12 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 33 13 immune immune JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 33 14 system system NN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 15 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 16 turn turn NN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 17 shapes shape VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 33 18 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 33 19 composition composition NN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 20 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 21 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 33 22 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 23 through through IN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 24 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 33 25 cross cross NN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 26 talk talk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 27 between between IN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 28 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 33 29 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 33 30 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 33 31 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 33 32 host host NN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 33 immune immune JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 33 34 system system NN cord-332113-37g4regv 33 35 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 34 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 34 2 signaling signal VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 34 3 processes process NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 34 4 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 34 5 together together RB cord-332113-37g4regv 34 6 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 34 7 direct direct JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 34 8 chemical chemical NN cord-332113-37g4regv 34 9 interactions interaction NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 34 10 between between IN cord-332113-37g4regv 34 11 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 34 12 microbe microbe NN cord-332113-37g4regv 34 13 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 34 14 host host NN cord-332113-37g4regv 34 15 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 34 16 act act VB cord-332113-37g4regv 34 17 upon upon IN cord-332113-37g4regv 34 18 multiple multiple JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 34 19 organs organ NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 34 20 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 34 21 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 34 22 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 34 23 gut gut NN cord-332113-37g4regv 34 24 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 34 25 liver liver NN cord-332113-37g4regv 34 26 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 34 27 muscle muscle NN cord-332113-37g4regv 34 28 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 34 29 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 34 30 brain brain NN cord-332113-37g4regv 34 31 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 35 1 Although although IN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 2 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 35 3 commonly commonly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 35 4 held hold VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 5 belief belief NN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 6 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 35 7 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 8 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 35 9 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 35 10 tract tract NN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 11 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 12 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 35 13 fetus fetus NN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 14 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 35 15 sterile sterile JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 35 16 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 35 17 recent recent JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 35 18 studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 35 19 using use VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 35 20 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 35 21 combination combination NN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 22 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 23 culture culture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 24 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 35 25 non non JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 35 26 - - JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 35 27 culture culture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 28 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 35 29 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 30 techniques technique NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 35 31 suggest suggest VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 35 32 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 33 many many JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 35 34 preterm preterm JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 35 35 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 35 36 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 35 37 exposed expose VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 38 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 39 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 35 40 found find VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 41 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 42 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 35 43 amniotic amniotic NN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 44 fluid fluid NN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 45 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 35 46 even even RB cord-332113-37g4regv 35 47 without without IN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 48 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 35 49 history history NN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 50 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 51 rupture rupture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 52 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 53 membranes membrane NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 35 54 or or CC cord-332113-37g4regv 35 55 culture culture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 56 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 35 57 positive positive JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 35 58 chorioamnionitis chorioamnionitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 35 59 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 35 60 10 10 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 35 61 • • NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 35 62 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 35 63 11 11 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 35 64 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 35 65 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 36 1 This this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 36 2 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 36 3 led lead VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 4 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 5 speculation speculation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 6 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 7 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 36 8 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 36 9 ecology ecology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 10 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 11 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 36 12 swallowed swallow VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 13 amniotic amniotic NN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 14 fluid fluid NN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 15 may may MD cord-332113-37g4regv 36 16 have have VB cord-332113-37g4regv 36 17 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 36 18 role role NN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 19 not not RB cord-332113-37g4regv 36 20 only only RB cord-332113-37g4regv 36 21 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 22 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 36 23 fetal fetal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 36 24 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 36 25 physiology physiology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 26 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 36 27 inflammation inflammation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 28 but but CC cord-332113-37g4regv 36 29 also also RB cord-332113-37g4regv 36 30 perhaps perhaps RB cord-332113-37g4regv 36 31 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 32 premature premature JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 36 33 labor labor NN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 36 35 10 10 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 36 36 • • NN cord-332113-37g4regv 36 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 36 38 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 37 1 Studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 37 2 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 37 3 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 37 4 ecology ecology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 37 5 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 37 6 premature premature JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 37 7 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 37 8 using use VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 37 9 non non JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 37 10 - - JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 37 11 culture culture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 37 12 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 37 13 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 37 14 techniques technique NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 37 15 remain remain VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 37 16 few few JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 37 17 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 37 18 but but CC cord-332113-37g4regv 37 19 this this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 37 20 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 37 21 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 37 22 area area NN cord-332113-37g4regv 37 23 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 37 24 active active JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 37 25 investigation investigation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 37 26 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 38 1 Recent recent JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 38 2 polymerase polymerase NN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 3 chain chain NN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 4 reaction reaction NN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 38 6 PCR)-based pcr)-base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 7 studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 38 8 estimate estimate VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 38 9 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 38 10 prevalence prevalence NN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 11 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 12 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 38 13 invasion invasion NN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 14 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 15 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 38 16 amniotic amniotic NN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 17 cavity cavity NN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 18 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 38 19 be be VB cord-332113-37g4regv 38 20 C30 C30 NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 38 21 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 38 22 50 50 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 38 23 % % NN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 24 higher high JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 38 25 than than IN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 26 that that DT cord-332113-37g4regv 38 27 detected detect VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 28 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 29 cultivation cultivation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 30 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 38 31 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 38 32 methods method NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 38 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 38 34 12 12 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 38 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 38 36 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 39 1 From from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 39 2 these these DT cord-332113-37g4regv 39 3 studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 39 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 39 5 now now RB cord-332113-37g4regv 39 6 know know VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 39 7 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 39 8 cultivation cultivation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 39 9 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 39 10 resistant resistant JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 39 11 anaerobes anaerobe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 39 12 belonging belong VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 39 13 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 39 14 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 39 15 family family NN cord-332113-37g4regv 39 16 Fusobacteriaceae Fusobacteriaceae NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 39 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 39 18 particularly particularly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 39 19 Sneathia Sneathia NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 39 20 sanguinegens sanguinegen NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 39 21 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 39 22 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 39 23 Leptotrichia Leptotrichia NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 39 24 spp spp NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 39 25 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 39 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 40 1 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 40 2 also also RB cord-332113-37g4regv 40 3 commonly commonly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 40 4 found find VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 40 5 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 40 6 amniotic amniotic NN cord-332113-37g4regv 40 7 fluid fluid NN cord-332113-37g4regv 40 8 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 41 1 Other other JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 41 2 diverse diverse JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 41 3 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 41 4 detected detect VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 41 5 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 41 6 PCR PCR NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 41 7 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 41 8 amniotic amniotic NN cord-332113-37g4regv 41 9 fluid fluid NN cord-332113-37g4regv 41 10 include include VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 41 11 as as RB cord-332113-37g4regv 41 12 yet yet RB cord-332113-37g4regv 41 13 uncultivated uncultivated JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 41 14 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 41 15 uncharacterized uncharacterized JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 41 16 species specie NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 41 17 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 42 1 A a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 42 2 causal causal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 42 3 relationship relationship NN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 4 between between IN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 5 diverse diverse JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 42 6 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 42 7 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 42 8 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 9 detected detect VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 10 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 11 PCR PCR NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 42 12 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 42 13 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 42 14 preterm preterm NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 42 15 birth birth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 16 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 42 17 supported support VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 18 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 19 types type NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 42 20 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 21 association association NN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 42 23 e.g. e.g. RB cord-332113-37g4regv 42 24 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 42 25 space space NN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 26 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 42 27 time time NN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 28 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 42 29 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 42 30 dose dose NN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 42 32 proposed propose VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 42 33 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 34 alternatives alternative NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 42 35 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 36 Koch Koch NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 42 37 's 's POS cord-332113-37g4regv 42 38 postulates postulate NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 42 39 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 40 inferring infer VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 42 41 causality causality NN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 42 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 42 43 molecular molecular JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 42 44 findings finding NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 42 45 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 43 1 Whether whether IN cord-332113-37g4regv 43 2 this this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 43 3 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 43 4 affects affect VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 43 5 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 43 6 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 43 7 tract tract NN cord-332113-37g4regv 43 8 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 43 9 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 43 10 fetus fetus NN cord-332113-37g4regv 43 11 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 43 12 not not RB cord-332113-37g4regv 43 13 known know VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 43 14 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 44 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 44 2 do do VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 44 3 know know VB cord-332113-37g4regv 44 4 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 44 5 however however RB cord-332113-37g4regv 44 6 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 44 7 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 8 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 44 9 fetus fetus NN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 10 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 44 11 known know VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 12 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 44 13 swallow swallow VB cord-332113-37g4regv 44 14 large large JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 44 15 quantities quantity NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 44 16 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 17 amniotic amniotic NN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 18 fluid fluid NN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 19 during during IN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 20 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 44 21 last last JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 44 22 trimester trimester NN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 23 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 24 pregnancy pregnancy NN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 25 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 44 26 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 44 27 there there EX cord-332113-37g4regv 44 28 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 44 29 been be VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 30 recent recent JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 44 31 findings finding NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 44 32 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 33 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 44 34 DNA dna NN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 35 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 44 36 present present JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 44 37 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 38 meconium meconium NN cord-332113-37g4regv 44 39 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 45 1 These these DT cord-332113-37g4regv 45 2 both both DT cord-332113-37g4regv 45 3 suggest suggest VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 45 4 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 45 5 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 45 6 fetal fetal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 45 7 intestine intestine NN cord-332113-37g4regv 45 8 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 45 9 exposed expose VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 45 10 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 45 11 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 45 12 amniotic amniotic NN cord-332113-37g4regv 45 13 fluid fluid JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 45 14 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 45 15 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 46 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 46 2 high high JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 46 3 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-332113-37g4regv 46 4 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 46 5 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 46 6 fetal fetal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 46 7 intestine intestine NN cord-332113-37g4regv 46 8 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 46 9 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 46 10 mediators mediator NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 46 11 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 46 12 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 46 13 LPS LPS NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 46 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 46 15 13 13 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 46 16 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 46 17 14 14 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 46 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 46 19 suggests suggest VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 46 20 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 46 21 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 46 22 may may MD cord-332113-37g4regv 46 23 trigger trigger VB cord-332113-37g4regv 46 24 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 46 25 inflammation inflammation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 46 26 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 46 27 utero utero NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 46 28 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 47 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-332113-37g4regv 47 2 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 47 3 one one PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 47 4 can can MD cord-332113-37g4regv 47 5 speculate speculate VB cord-332113-37g4regv 47 6 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 47 7 exposure exposure NN cord-332113-37g4regv 47 8 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 47 9 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 47 10 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 47 11 tract tract NN cord-332113-37g4regv 47 12 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 47 13 toll toll NN cord-332113-37g4regv 47 14 like like IN cord-332113-37g4regv 47 15 receptor receptor NN cord-332113-37g4regv 47 16 agonists agonist NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 47 17 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 47 18 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 47 19 LPS LPS NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 47 20 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 47 21 flagellin flagellin JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 47 22 or or CC cord-332113-37g4regv 47 23 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 47 24 CpG CpG NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 47 25 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 47 26 low low JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 47 27 quantities quantity NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 47 28 may may MD cord-332113-37g4regv 47 29 also also RB cord-332113-37g4regv 47 30 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 47 31 ' ' `` cord-332113-37g4regv 47 32 tolerize tolerize NN cord-332113-37g4regv 47 33 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 47 34 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 47 35 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 47 36 intestine intestine NN cord-332113-37g4regv 47 37 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 47 38 further further JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 47 39 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 47 40 stimuli stimulus NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 47 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 47 42 15 15 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 47 43 • • NN cord-332113-37g4regv 47 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 47 45 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 48 1 One one CD cord-332113-37g4regv 48 2 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 48 3 used use VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 48 4 high high JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 48 5 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 48 6 throughput throughput NN cord-332113-37g4regv 48 7 16S 16S NNPS cord-332113-37g4regv 48 8 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 48 9 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 48 10 techniques technique NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 48 11 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 48 12 analyze analyze VB cord-332113-37g4regv 48 13 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 48 14 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 48 15 ecology ecology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 48 16 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 48 17 premature premature JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 48 18 neonates neonate NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 48 19 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 48 20 23 23 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 48 21 neonates neonate NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 48 22 born bear VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 48 23 at at IN cord-332113-37g4regv 48 24 23 23 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 48 25 - - SYM cord-332113-37g4regv 48 26 32 32 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 48 27 weeks week NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 48 28 ' ' POS cord-332113-37g4regv 48 29 gestational gestational JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 48 30 age age NN cord-332113-37g4regv 48 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 48 32 16 16 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 48 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 48 34 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 49 1 Surprisingly surprisingly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 49 2 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 49 3 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 49 4 DNA dna NN cord-332113-37g4regv 49 5 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 49 6 detected detect VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 49 7 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 49 8 meconium meconium NN cord-332113-37g4regv 49 9 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 49 10 suggesting suggest VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 49 11 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 49 12 intrauterine intrauterine JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 49 13 origin origin NN cord-332113-37g4regv 49 14 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 50 1 Differences difference NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 50 2 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 3 diversity diversity NN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 4 were be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 50 5 detected detect VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 6 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 7 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 50 8 whose whose WP$ cord-332113-37g4regv 50 9 mothers mother NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 50 10 intended intend VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 50 11 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 12 breast breast NN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 13 feed feed NN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 50 15 but but CC cord-332113-37g4regv 50 16 had have VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 50 17 not not RB cord-332113-37g4regv 50 18 yet yet RB cord-332113-37g4regv 50 19 fed feed VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-332113-37g4regv 50 21 babies baby NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 50 22 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 50 23 suggesting suggest VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 50 24 other other JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 50 25 factors factor NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 50 26 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 50 27 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 28 socioeconomic socioeconomic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 50 29 or or CC cord-332113-37g4regv 50 30 educational educational JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 50 31 status status NN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 32 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 50 33 be be VB cord-332113-37g4regv 50 34 important important JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 50 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 50 36 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 50 37 babies baby NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 50 38 born bear VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 39 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 40 mothers mother NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 50 41 treated treat VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 42 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 43 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 50 44 prior prior RB cord-332113-37g4regv 50 45 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 46 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 47 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 50 48 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 49 babies baby NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 50 50 born bear VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 51 at\30 at\30 NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 50 52 weeks week NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 50 53 ' ' POS cord-332113-37g4regv 50 54 gestation gestation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 50 55 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 51 1 Postnatally postnatally RB cord-332113-37g4regv 51 2 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 51 3 many many JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 51 4 factors factor NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 51 5 can can MD cord-332113-37g4regv 51 6 influence influence VB cord-332113-37g4regv 51 7 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 51 8 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 51 9 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 51 10 as as RB cord-332113-37g4regv 51 11 well well RB cord-332113-37g4regv 51 12 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 51 13 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 51 14 responses response NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 51 15 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 51 16 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 51 17 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 52 1 Some some DT cord-332113-37g4regv 52 2 studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 52 3 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 52 4 shown show VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 52 5 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 52 6 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 52 7 mode mode NN cord-332113-37g4regv 52 8 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 52 9 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 52 10 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 52 11 vaginal vaginal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 52 12 versus versus IN cord-332113-37g4regv 52 13 C c NN cord-332113-37g4regv 52 14 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 52 15 section section NN cord-332113-37g4regv 52 16 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 52 17 type type NN cord-332113-37g4regv 52 18 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 52 19 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 52 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 52 21 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 52 22 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 52 23 vs. vs. IN cord-332113-37g4regv 52 24 formula formula NN cord-332113-37g4regv 52 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 52 26 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 52 27 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 52 28 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 52 29 influence influence VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 52 30 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 52 31 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 52 32 flora flora NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 52 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 52 34 17 17 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 52 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 52 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 52 37 18 18 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 52 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 52 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 52 40 19 19 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 52 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 52 42 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 53 1 Those those DT cord-332113-37g4regv 53 2 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 53 3 born bear VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 4 via via IN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 5 C c NN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 6 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 53 7 section section NN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 8 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 53 9 fed fed NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 53 10 formula formula NN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 11 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 12 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 53 13 exposed expose VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 14 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 15 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 53 16 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 53 17 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 53 18 decrease decrease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 19 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 20 diversity diversity NN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 21 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 22 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 53 23 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 24 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 53 25 abnormal abnormal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 53 26 patterns pattern NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 53 27 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 28 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 29 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 30 suppression suppression NN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 31 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 32 ' ' `` cord-332113-37g4regv 53 33 ' ' `` cord-332113-37g4regv 53 34 healthy healthy JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 53 35 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 53 36 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 53 37 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 53 38 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 53 39 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 53 40 Lactobacillus Lactobacillus NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 53 41 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 53 42 Bifidobacteria Bifidobacteria NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 53 43 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 54 1 Epidemiologic epidemiologic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 54 2 data datum NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 54 3 showing show VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 54 4 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 54 5 relationship relationship NN cord-332113-37g4regv 54 6 between between IN cord-332113-37g4regv 54 7 increased increase VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 54 8 C c NN cord-332113-37g4regv 54 9 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 54 10 section section NN cord-332113-37g4regv 54 11 rate rate NN cord-332113-37g4regv 54 12 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 54 13 risk risk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 54 14 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 54 15 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 54 16 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 54 17 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 54 18 diseases disease NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 54 19 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 54 20 recently recently RB cord-332113-37g4regv 54 21 reviewed review VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 54 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 54 23 20 20 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 54 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 54 25 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 54 26 '' '' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 55 1 In in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 55 2 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 55 3 United United NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 55 4 States States NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 55 5 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 55 6 rate rate NN cord-332113-37g4regv 55 7 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 55 8 cesarean cesarean NN cord-332113-37g4regv 55 9 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 55 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 55 11 CD CD NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 55 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 55 13 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 55 14 risen rise VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 55 15 48 48 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 55 16 % % NN cord-332113-37g4regv 55 17 since since IN cord-332113-37g4regv 55 18 1996 1996 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 55 19 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 55 20 reaching reach VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 55 21 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 55 22 level level NN cord-332113-37g4regv 55 23 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 55 24 31.8 31.8 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 55 25 % % NN cord-332113-37g4regv 55 26 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 55 27 2007 2007 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 55 28 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 56 1 This this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 56 2 trend trend NN cord-332113-37g4regv 56 3 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 56 4 reflected reflect VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 56 5 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 56 6 many many JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 56 7 parts part NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 56 8 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 56 9 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 56 10 world world NN cord-332113-37g4regv 56 11 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 56 12 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 56 13 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 56 14 most most RBS cord-332113-37g4regv 56 15 populous populous JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 56 16 country country NN cord-332113-37g4regv 56 17 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 56 18 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 56 19 world world NN cord-332113-37g4regv 56 20 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 56 21 China China NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 56 22 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 56 23 approaching approach VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 56 24 50 50 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 56 25 % % NN cord-332113-37g4regv 56 26 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 56 27 some some DT cord-332113-37g4regv 56 28 private private JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 56 29 clinics clinic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 56 30 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 56 31 Brazil Brazil NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 56 32 approaching approach VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 56 33 80 80 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 56 34 % % NN cord-332113-37g4regv 56 35 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 56 36 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 56 37 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 57 1 In in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 2 association association NN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 3 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 4 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 57 5 trend trend NN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 6 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 7 increasing increase VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 57 8 C c NN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 9 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 57 10 section section NN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 11 deliveries delivery NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 57 12 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 57 13 there there EX cord-332113-37g4regv 57 14 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 57 15 been be VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 16 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 57 17 epidemic epidemic NN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 18 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 19 both both DT cord-332113-37g4regv 57 20 autoimmune autoimmune JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 57 21 diseases disease NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 57 22 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 57 23 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 24 type type NN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 25 1 1 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 57 26 diabetes diabetes NN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 27 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 57 28 Crohn Crohn NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 57 29 's 's POS cord-332113-37g4regv 57 30 disease disease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 31 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 57 32 multiple multiple JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 57 33 sclerosis sclerosis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 34 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 57 35 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 57 36 allergic allergic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 57 37 diseases disease NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 57 38 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 57 39 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 57 40 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 41 asthma asthma NN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 42 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 57 43 allergic allergic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 57 44 rhinitis rhinitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 45 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 57 46 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 57 47 atopic atopic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 57 48 dermatitis dermatitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 57 49 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 58 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 58 2 occurrence occurrence NN cord-332113-37g4regv 58 3 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 58 4 these these DT cord-332113-37g4regv 58 5 diseases disease NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 58 6 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 58 7 higher high JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 58 8 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 58 9 more more RBR cord-332113-37g4regv 58 10 affluent affluent JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 58 11 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 58 12 Western western JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 58 13 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 58 14 industrialized industrialized JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 58 15 countries country NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 58 16 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 59 1 As as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 59 2 reviewed review VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 59 3 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 59 4 20 20 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 59 5 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 59 6 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 59 7 several several JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 59 8 previous previous JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 59 9 studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 59 10 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 59 11 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 59 12 differences difference NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 59 13 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 59 14 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 59 15 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 59 16 after after IN cord-332113-37g4regv 59 17 C c NN cord-332113-37g4regv 59 18 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 59 19 section section NN cord-332113-37g4regv 59 20 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 59 21 vaginal vaginal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 59 22 deliveries delivery NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 59 23 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 60 1 A a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 60 2 more more RBR cord-332113-37g4regv 60 3 recent recent JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 60 4 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 60 5 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 60 6 Domingiuez Domingiuez NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 60 7 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 60 8 Bello Bello NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 60 9 et et FW cord-332113-37g4regv 60 10 al al NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 60 11 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 61 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 61 2 21 21 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 61 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 61 4 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 61 5 where where WRB cord-332113-37g4regv 61 6 non non JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 61 7 - - JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 61 8 culture culture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 61 9 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 61 10 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 61 11 sequencing sequencing NN cord-332113-37g4regv 61 12 technology technology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 61 13 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 61 14 used use VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 61 15 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 61 16 offers offer VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 61 17 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 61 18 detailed detailed JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 61 19 look look NN cord-332113-37g4regv 61 20 at at IN cord-332113-37g4regv 61 21 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 61 22 early early JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 61 23 stages stage NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 61 24 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 61 25 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 61 26 body body NN cord-332113-37g4regv 61 27 's 's POS cord-332113-37g4regv 61 28 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 61 29 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 61 30 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 61 31 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 62 1 During during IN cord-332113-37g4regv 62 2 birth birth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 62 3 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 62 4 rapidly rapidly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 62 5 thereafter thereafter RB cord-332113-37g4regv 62 6 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 62 7 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 62 8 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 62 9 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 62 10 mother mother NN cord-332113-37g4regv 62 11 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 62 12 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 62 13 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 62 14 surrounding surround VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 62 15 environment environment NN cord-332113-37g4regv 62 16 colonize colonize VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 62 17 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 62 18 infant infant NN cord-332113-37g4regv 62 19 's 's POS cord-332113-37g4regv 62 20 gut gut NN cord-332113-37g4regv 62 21 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 63 1 During during IN cord-332113-37g4regv 63 2 vaginal vaginal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 63 3 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 63 4 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 63 5 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 63 6 contact contact NN cord-332113-37g4regv 63 7 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 63 8 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 63 9 mother mother NN cord-332113-37g4regv 63 10 's 's POS cord-332113-37g4regv 63 11 vaginal vaginal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 63 12 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 63 13 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 63 14 flora flora NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 63 15 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 63 16 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 63 17 important important JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 63 18 source source NN cord-332113-37g4regv 63 19 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 63 20 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 63 21 infant infant NN cord-332113-37g4regv 63 22 's 's POS cord-332113-37g4regv 63 23 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 63 24 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 63 25 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 63 26 predominance predominance NN cord-332113-37g4regv 63 27 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 63 28 Lactobacillus lactobacillus NN cord-332113-37g4regv 63 29 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 63 30 Prevotella Prevotella NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 63 31 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 63 32 other other JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 63 33 Bifidobacterium Bifidobacterium NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 63 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 63 35 22 22 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 63 36 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 63 37 23 23 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 63 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 64 1 During during IN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 2 cesarean cesarean NN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 3 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 4 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 64 5 direct direct JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 64 6 contact contact NN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 7 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 8 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 64 9 mouth mouth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 10 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 11 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 64 12 newborn newborn NN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 13 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 14 vaginal vaginal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 64 15 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 64 16 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 64 17 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 18 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 64 19 absent absent JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 64 20 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 64 21 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 64 22 nonmaternally nonmaternally RB cord-332113-37g4regv 64 23 derived derive VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 24 environmental environmental JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 64 25 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 64 26 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 64 27 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 64 28 more more RBR cord-332113-37g4regv 64 29 important important JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 64 30 role role NN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 31 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 32 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 64 33 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 64 34 ' ' POS cord-332113-37g4regv 64 35 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 64 36 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 37 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 64 38 which which WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 64 39 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 64 40 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 64 41 less less RBR cord-332113-37g4regv 64 42 diverse diverse JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 64 43 flora flora NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 64 44 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 64 45 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 64 46 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 64 47 community community NN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 48 similar similar JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 64 49 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 50 those those DT cord-332113-37g4regv 64 51 found find VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 52 on on IN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 53 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 64 54 skin skin NN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 55 surface surface NN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 56 dominated dominate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 57 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 58 Staphylococcus Staphylococcus NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 64 59 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 64 60 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 61 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 64 62 delayed delay VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 63 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 64 64 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 65 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 66 Lactobacillus lactobacillus NN cord-332113-37g4regv 64 67 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 64 68 Bifidobacterium Bifidobacterium NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 64 69 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 64 70 Prevoltella Prevoltella NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 64 71 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 64 72 22 22 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 64 73 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 64 74 23 23 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 64 75 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 64 76 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 65 1 Some some DT cord-332113-37g4regv 65 2 authors author NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 65 3 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 65 4 speculated speculate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 65 5 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 65 6 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 65 7 composition composition NN cord-332113-37g4regv 65 8 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 65 9 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 65 10 very very RB cord-332113-37g4regv 65 11 first first JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 65 12 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 65 13 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 65 14 could could MD cord-332113-37g4regv 65 15 have have VB cord-332113-37g4regv 65 16 lasting last VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 65 17 effects effect NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 65 18 on on IN cord-332113-37g4regv 65 19 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 65 20 intestine intestine NN cord-332113-37g4regv 65 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 65 22 20 20 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 65 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 65 24 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 66 1 Gronlund Gronlund NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 66 2 et et NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 66 3 al al NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 66 4 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 67 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 67 2 24 24 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 67 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 67 4 showed show VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 67 5 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 67 6 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 67 7 primary primary JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 67 8 gut gut NN cord-332113-37g4regv 67 9 flora flora NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 67 10 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 67 11 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 67 12 born bear VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 67 13 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 67 14 cesarean cesarean NN cord-332113-37g4regv 67 15 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 67 16 may may MD cord-332113-37g4regv 67 17 be be VB cord-332113-37g4regv 67 18 disturbed disturb VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 67 19 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 67 20 up up IN cord-332113-37g4regv 67 21 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 67 22 6 6 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 67 23 months month NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 67 24 after after IN cord-332113-37g4regv 67 25 birth birth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 67 26 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 68 1 Another another DT cord-332113-37g4regv 68 2 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 68 3 using use VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 68 4 culture culture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 68 5 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 68 6 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 68 7 techniques technique NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 68 8 showed show VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 68 9 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 68 10 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 68 11 mode mode NN cord-332113-37g4regv 68 12 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 68 13 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 68 14 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 68 15 associated associate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 68 16 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 68 17 differences difference NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 68 18 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 68 19 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 68 20 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 68 21 seven seven CD cord-332113-37g4regv 68 22 years year NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 68 23 after after IN cord-332113-37g4regv 68 24 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 68 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 68 26 25 25 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 68 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 68 28 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 69 1 There there EX cord-332113-37g4regv 69 2 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 69 3 accumulating accumulate VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 69 4 evidence evidence NN cord-332113-37g4regv 69 5 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 69 6 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 69 7 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 69 8 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 69 9 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 69 10 important important JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 69 11 role role NN cord-332113-37g4regv 69 12 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 69 13 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 69 14 postnatal postnatal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 69 15 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 69 16 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 69 17 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 69 18 immune immune JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 69 19 system system NN cord-332113-37g4regv 69 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 69 21 26 26 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 69 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 69 23 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 70 1 Available available JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 70 2 epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 70 3 data datum NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 70 4 show show VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 70 5 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 70 6 atopic atopic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 70 7 diseases disease NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 70 8 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 70 9 asthma asthma NN cord-332113-37g4regv 70 10 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 70 11 type type NN cord-332113-37g4regv 70 12 1 1 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 70 13 diabetes diabetes NN cord-332113-37g4regv 70 14 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 70 15 food food NN cord-332113-37g4regv 70 16 allergies allergy NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 70 17 appear appear VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 70 18 more more RBR cord-332113-37g4regv 70 19 often often RB cord-332113-37g4regv 70 20 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 70 21 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 70 22 after after IN cord-332113-37g4regv 70 23 cesarean cesarean NN cord-332113-37g4regv 70 24 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 70 25 than than IN cord-332113-37g4regv 70 26 after after IN cord-332113-37g4regv 70 27 vaginal vaginal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 70 28 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 70 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 70 30 27 27 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 70 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 70 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 70 33 28 28 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 70 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 70 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 70 36 29 29 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 70 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 70 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 70 39 30 30 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 70 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 70 41 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 71 1 Studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 71 2 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 71 3 adults adult NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 71 4 using use VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 71 5 nonculture nonculture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 71 6 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 71 7 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 71 8 analysis analysis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 71 9 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 71 10 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 71 11 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 71 12 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 71 13 show show VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 71 14 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 71 15 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 71 16 may may MD cord-332113-37g4regv 71 17 perturb perturb VB cord-332113-37g4regv 71 18 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 71 19 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 71 20 tract tract NN cord-332113-37g4regv 71 21 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 71 22 years year NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 71 23 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 72 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 72 2 31 31 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 72 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 72 4 Since since IN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 5 many many JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 72 6 mothers mother NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 72 7 delivered deliver VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 8 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 9 C C NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 72 10 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 72 11 section section NN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 12 also also RB cord-332113-37g4regv 72 13 receive receive VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 72 14 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 72 15 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 72 16 whether whether IN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 17 they -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 72 18 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 72 19 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 72 20 role role NN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 21 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 22 perturbing perturb VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 72 23 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 72 24 newborn newborn JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 72 25 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 72 26 microecology microecology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 27 remains remain VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 72 28 unknown unknown JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 72 29 but but CC cord-332113-37g4regv 72 30 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 72 31 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 72 32 confounding confounding JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 72 33 factor factor NN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 34 when when WRB cord-332113-37g4regv 72 35 one one NN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 36 evaluates evaluate VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 72 37 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 72 38 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 39 studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 72 40 showing show VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 72 41 atopic atopic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 72 42 disease disease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 43 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 72 44 type type NN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 45 1 1 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 72 46 diabetes diabetes NN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 47 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 72 48 food food NN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 49 allergies allergy NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 72 50 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 51 C c NN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 52 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 72 53 section section NN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 54 versus versus IN cord-332113-37g4regv 72 55 vaginally vaginally RB cord-332113-37g4regv 72 56 delivered deliver VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 72 57 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 72 58 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 73 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 73 2 composition composition NN cord-332113-37g4regv 73 3 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 73 4 enteric enteric JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 73 5 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 73 6 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 73 7 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 73 8 early early JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 73 9 days day NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 73 10 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 73 11 life life NN cord-332113-37g4regv 73 12 may may MD cord-332113-37g4regv 73 13 be be VB cord-332113-37g4regv 73 14 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 73 15 very very RB cord-332113-37g4regv 73 16 important important JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 73 17 factor factor NN cord-332113-37g4regv 73 18 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 73 19 achieving achieve VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 73 20 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 73 21 maintaining maintain VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 73 22 good good JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 73 23 health health NN cord-332113-37g4regv 73 24 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 73 25 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 73 26 years year NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 73 27 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 73 28 come come VB cord-332113-37g4regv 73 29 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 74 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 74 2 follows follow VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 74 3 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 74 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 74 5 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 74 6 fundamental fundamental JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 74 7 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 74 8 identify identify VB cord-332113-37g4regv 74 9 more more JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 74 10 thoroughly thoroughly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 74 11 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 74 12 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 74 13 ecosystem ecosystem NN cord-332113-37g4regv 74 14 during during IN cord-332113-37g4regv 74 15 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 74 16 early early JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 74 17 developmental developmental JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 74 18 stages stage NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 74 19 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 74 20 life life NN cord-332113-37g4regv 74 21 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 75 1 Studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 75 2 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 75 3 animals animal NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 75 4 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 75 5 premature premature JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 75 6 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 75 7 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 75 8 shown show VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 75 9 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 75 10 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 75 11 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 75 12 decreases decrease VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 75 13 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 75 14 incidence incidence NN cord-332113-37g4regv 75 15 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 75 16 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 75 17 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 75 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 75 19 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 75 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 75 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 75 22 32 32 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 75 23 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 75 24 33 33 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 75 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 75 26 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 76 1 Beneficial beneficial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 76 2 factors factor NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 76 3 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 76 4 breast breast NN cord-332113-37g4regv 76 5 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 76 6 include include VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 76 7 immunoglobulins immunoglobulin NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 76 8 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 76 9 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 76 10 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 76 11 lactoferrin lactoferrin NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 76 12 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 76 13 lysozyme lysozyme NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 76 14 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 76 15 growth growth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 76 16 factors factor NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 76 17 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 76 18 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 76 19 oligosaccharides oligosaccharide NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 76 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 76 21 HMO HMO NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 76 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 76 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 76 24 17 17 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 76 25 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 76 26 34 34 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 76 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 76 28 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 77 1 Human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 77 2 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 77 3 oligosaccharides oligosaccharide NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 77 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 77 5 HMOs hmo NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 77 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 77 7 contain contain VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 77 8 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 77 9 lactose lactose JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 77 10 core core NN cord-332113-37g4regv 77 11 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 77 12 act act VB cord-332113-37g4regv 77 13 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 77 14 prebiotics prebiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 77 15 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 77 16 stimulating stimulate VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 77 17 growth growth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 77 18 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 77 19 Bifidobacterium bifidobacterium NN cord-332113-37g4regv 77 20 species specie NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 77 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 77 22 35 35 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 77 23 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 77 24 36 36 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 77 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 77 26 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 78 1 At at IN cord-332113-37g4regv 78 2 birth birth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 78 3 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 78 4 rapid rapid JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 78 5 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 78 6 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 78 7 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 78 8 flora flora NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 78 9 occurs occur VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 78 10 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 78 11 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 78 12 newborn newborn NN cord-332113-37g4regv 78 13 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 78 14 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 78 15 aerobic aerobic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 78 16 or or CC cord-332113-37g4regv 78 17 facultative facultative JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 78 18 anaerobic anaerobic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 78 19 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 78 20 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 78 21 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 78 22 enterobacteria enterobacteria NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 78 23 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 78 24 enterococci enterococci NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 78 25 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 78 26 staphylococci staphylococcus NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 78 27 represented represent VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 78 28 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 79 1 These these DT cord-332113-37g4regv 79 2 consume consume VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 79 3 oxygen oxygen NN cord-332113-37g4regv 79 4 during during IN cord-332113-37g4regv 79 5 growth growth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 79 6 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 79 7 allowing allow VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 79 8 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 79 9 proliferation proliferation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 79 10 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 79 11 anaerobic anaerobic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 79 12 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 79 13 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 79 14 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 79 15 Bacteroides Bacteroides NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 79 16 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 79 17 Bifidobacterias Bifidobacterias NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 79 18 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 79 19 Clostridia Clostridia NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 79 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 79 21 37 37 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 79 22 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 79 23 38 38 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 79 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 79 25 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 80 1 In in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 80 2 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 80 3 formula formula NN cord-332113-37g4regv 80 4 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 80 5 fed feed VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 80 6 infant infant NN cord-332113-37g4regv 80 7 this this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 80 8 transition transition NN cord-332113-37g4regv 80 9 does do VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 80 10 not not RB cord-332113-37g4regv 80 11 occur occur VB cord-332113-37g4regv 80 12 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 80 13 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 80 14 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 80 15 newborn newborn JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 80 16 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 80 17 flora flora NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 80 18 differs differ VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 80 19 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 80 20 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-332113-37g4regv 80 21 pattern pattern NN cord-332113-37g4regv 80 22 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 80 23 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 80 24 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 80 25 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 80 26 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 80 27 predominance predominance NN cord-332113-37g4regv 80 28 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 80 29 Gram Gram NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 80 30 negative negative JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 80 31 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 80 32 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 80 33 fewer few JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 80 34 anaerobes anaerobe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 80 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 80 36 39 39 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 80 37 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 80 38 40 40 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 80 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 80 40 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 81 1 If if IN cord-332113-37g4regv 81 2 grouped group VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 81 3 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 81 4 phyla phylum NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 81 5 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 81 6 breast breast NN cord-332113-37g4regv 81 7 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 81 8 fed feed VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 81 9 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 81 10 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 81 11 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 81 12 predominance predominance NN cord-332113-37g4regv 81 13 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 81 14 ' ' `` cord-332113-37g4regv 81 15 healthy healthy JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 81 16 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 81 17 Firmicutes Firmicutes NNPS cord-332113-37g4regv 81 18 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 81 19 mainly mainly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 81 20 Lactobacillus Lactobacillus NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 81 21 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 81 22 Bacteroides Bacteroides NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 81 23 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 81 24 Actinobacteria Actinobacteria NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 81 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 81 26 Bifidobacterium Bifidobacterium NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 81 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 81 28 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 82 1 Formula formula NN cord-332113-37g4regv 82 2 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 82 3 fed feed VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 82 4 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 82 5 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 82 6 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 82 7 predominance predominance NN cord-332113-37g4regv 82 8 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 82 9 Proteobacteria Proteobacteria NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 82 10 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 82 11 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 82 12 Escherichia Escherichia NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 82 13 coli coli NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 82 14 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 82 15 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 82 16 Firmicutes Firmicutes NNPS cord-332113-37g4regv 82 17 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 82 18 some some DT cord-332113-37g4regv 82 19 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 82 20 which which WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 82 21 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 82 22 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 82 23 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 82 24 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 82 25 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 82 26 Clostridia Clostridia NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 82 27 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 82 28 Staphylococcus Staphylococcus NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 82 29 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 83 1 In in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 2 one one CD cord-332113-37g4regv 83 3 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 4 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 5 preterm preterm JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 83 6 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 83 7 it -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 83 8 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 83 9 speculated speculate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 10 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 11 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 83 12 abnormal abnormal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 83 13 pattern pattern NN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 14 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 15 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 16 at at IN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 17 birth birth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 18 coupled couple VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 19 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 20 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 83 21 delayed delay VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 22 bloom bloom NN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 23 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 24 more more RBR cord-332113-37g4regv 83 25 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 83 26 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 83 27 could could MD cord-332113-37g4regv 83 28 potentially potentially RB cord-332113-37g4regv 83 29 lead lead VB cord-332113-37g4regv 83 30 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 31 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 83 32 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 33 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 83 34 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 83 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 83 36 41 41 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 83 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 83 38 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 84 1 Sullivan Sullivan NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 84 2 et et NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 84 3 al al NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 84 4 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 85 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 85 2 32 32 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 85 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 85 4 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 5 one one CD cord-332113-37g4regv 85 6 multicenter multicenter JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 85 7 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 8 utilizing utilize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 85 9 donor donor NN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 10 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 85 11 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 12 showed show VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 85 13 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 14 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 85 15 exclusively exclusively RB cord-332113-37g4regv 85 16 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 85 17 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 18 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 85 19 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 20 diet diet NN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 85 22 including include VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 85 23 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 85 24 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 25 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 26 fortifier fortifier NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 85 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 85 28 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 85 29 associated associate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 30 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 31 significantly significantly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 85 32 lower low JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 85 33 rates rate NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 85 34 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 35 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 85 36 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 85 37 including include VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 85 38 surgical surgical JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 85 39 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 85 40 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 85 41 when when WRB cord-332113-37g4regv 85 42 compared compare VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 43 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 44 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 85 45 mother mother NN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 46 's 's POS cord-332113-37g4regv 85 47 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 48 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 85 49 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 50 diet diet NN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 51 that that WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 85 52 also also RB cord-332113-37g4regv 85 53 includes include VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 85 54 bovine bovine JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 85 55 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 56 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 85 57 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 85 58 products product NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 85 59 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 86 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 86 2 reduction reduction NN cord-332113-37g4regv 86 3 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 86 4 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 86 5 utilizing utilize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 86 6 strategies strategy NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 86 7 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 86 8 only only JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 86 9 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 86 10 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 86 11 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 86 12 50 50 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 86 13 % % NN cord-332113-37g4regv 86 14 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 86 15 medical medical JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 86 16 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 86 17 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 86 18 almost almost RB cord-332113-37g4regv 86 19 90 90 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 86 20 % % NN cord-332113-37g4regv 86 21 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 86 22 surgical surgical JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 86 23 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 86 24 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 87 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 87 2 number number NN cord-332113-37g4regv 87 3 needed need VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 87 4 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 87 5 treat treat VB cord-332113-37g4regv 87 6 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 87 7 prevent prevent VB cord-332113-37g4regv 87 8 one one CD cord-332113-37g4regv 87 9 case case NN cord-332113-37g4regv 87 10 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 87 11 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 87 12 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 87 13 estimated estimate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 87 14 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 87 15 be be VB cord-332113-37g4regv 87 16 ten ten CD cord-332113-37g4regv 87 17 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 88 1 In in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 88 2 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 88 3 recent recent JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 88 4 AAP AAP NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 88 5 policy policy NN cord-332113-37g4regv 88 6 statement statement NN cord-332113-37g4regv 88 7 regarding regard VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 88 8 breastfeeding breastfeeding NN cord-332113-37g4regv 88 9 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 88 10 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 88 11 use use NN cord-332113-37g4regv 88 12 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 88 13 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 88 14 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 88 15 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 88 16 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 88 17 recommendation recommendation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 88 18 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 88 19 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 88 20 offer offer VB cord-332113-37g4regv 88 21 donor donor NN cord-332113-37g4regv 88 22 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 88 23 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 88 24 all all DT cord-332113-37g4regv 88 25 preterm preterm JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 88 26 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 88 27 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 88 28 which which WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 88 29 mother mother NN cord-332113-37g4regv 88 30 's 's POS cord-332113-37g4regv 88 31 own own JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 88 32 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 88 33 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 88 34 unavailable unavailable JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 88 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 88 36 42 42 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 88 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 88 38 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 89 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 89 2 use use NN cord-332113-37g4regv 89 3 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 89 4 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 89 5 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 89 6 widespread widespread JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 89 7 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 89 8 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 89 9 intensive intensive JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 89 10 care care NN cord-332113-37g4regv 89 11 units unit NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 89 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 89 13 NICU NICU NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 89 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 89 15 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 89 16 most most RBS cord-332113-37g4regv 89 17 commonly commonly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 89 18 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 89 19 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 89 20 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 89 21 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 89 22 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 89 23 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 89 24 rule rule NN cord-332113-37g4regv 89 25 out out RP cord-332113-37g4regv 89 26 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 89 27 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 89 28 infection infection NN cord-332113-37g4regv 89 29 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 90 1 Often often RB cord-332113-37g4regv 90 2 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 90 3 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-332113-37g4regv 90 4 use use NN cord-332113-37g4regv 90 5 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 90 6 justified justify VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 90 7 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 90 8 but but CC cord-332113-37g4regv 90 9 other other JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 90 10 times time NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 90 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 90 12 's be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 90 13 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 90 14 product product NN cord-332113-37g4regv 90 15 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 90 16 fear fear NN cord-332113-37g4regv 90 17 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 90 18 infections infection NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 90 19 on on IN cord-332113-37g4regv 90 20 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 90 21 part part NN cord-332113-37g4regv 90 22 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 90 23 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 90 24 care care NN cord-332113-37g4regv 90 25 providers provider NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 90 26 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 91 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-332113-37g4regv 91 2 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 91 3 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 91 4 use use NN cord-332113-37g4regv 91 5 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 91 6 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 91 7 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 91 8 neonates neonate NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 91 9 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 91 10 especially especially RB cord-332113-37g4regv 91 11 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 91 12 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 91 13 preterm preterm JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 91 14 infant infant NN cord-332113-37g4regv 91 15 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 91 16 unintended unintende VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 91 17 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 91 18 sometimes sometimes RB cord-332113-37g4regv 91 19 adverse adverse JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 91 20 consequences consequence NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 91 21 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 92 1 Antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 92 2 exposure exposure NN cord-332113-37g4regv 92 3 may may MD cord-332113-37g4regv 92 4 reduce reduce VB cord-332113-37g4regv 92 5 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 92 6 diversity diversity NN cord-332113-37g4regv 92 7 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 92 8 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 92 9 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 92 10 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 92 11 delay delay VB cord-332113-37g4regv 92 12 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 92 13 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 92 14 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 92 15 beneficial beneficial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 92 16 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 92 17 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 92 18 potentially potentially RB cord-332113-37g4regv 92 19 predispose predispose VB cord-332113-37g4regv 92 20 preterm preterm JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 92 21 neonates neonate NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 92 22 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 92 23 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 92 24 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 93 1 One one CD cord-332113-37g4regv 93 2 recent recent JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 93 3 retrospective retrospective JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 93 4 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 93 5 found find VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 93 6 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 93 7 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 93 8 duration duration NN cord-332113-37g4regv 93 9 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 93 10 antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 93 11 exposure exposure NN cord-332113-37g4regv 93 12 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 93 13 associated associate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 93 14 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 93 15 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 93 16 increased increase VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 93 17 risk risk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 93 18 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 93 19 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 93 20 among among IN cord-332113-37g4regv 93 21 neonates neonate NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 93 22 without without IN cord-332113-37g4regv 93 23 prior prior JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 93 24 sepsis sepsis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 93 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 93 26 43 43 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 93 27 • • NN cord-332113-37g4regv 93 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 93 29 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 94 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-332113-37g4regv 94 2 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 94 3 studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 94 4 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 94 5 shown show VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 94 6 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 94 7 overgrowth overgrowth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 94 8 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 94 9 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 94 10 species specie NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 94 11 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 94 12 increased increase VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 94 13 after after IN cord-332113-37g4regv 94 14 three three CD cord-332113-37g4regv 94 15 days day NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 94 16 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 94 17 antimicrobial antimicrobial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 94 18 exposure exposure NN cord-332113-37g4regv 94 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 94 20 44 44 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 94 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 94 22 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 95 1 In in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 95 2 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 95 3 U.S. U.S. NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 95 4 most most JJS cord-332113-37g4regv 95 5 mothers mother NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 95 6 giving give VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 95 7 birth birth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 95 8 prematurely prematurely RB cord-332113-37g4regv 95 9 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 95 10 treated treat VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 95 11 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 95 12 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 95 13 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 95 14 most most RBS cord-332113-37g4regv 95 15 very very RB cord-332113-37g4regv 95 16 low low JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 95 17 birth birth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 95 18 weight weight NN cord-332113-37g4regv 95 19 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 95 20 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 95 21 treated treat VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 95 22 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 95 23 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 95 24 course course NN cord-332113-37g4regv 95 25 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 95 26 broad broad JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 95 27 spectrum spectrum NN cord-332113-37g4regv 95 28 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 95 29 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 95 30 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 95 31 ampicillin ampicillin NN cord-332113-37g4regv 95 32 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 95 33 gentamicin gentamicin NN cord-332113-37g4regv 95 34 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 96 1 Studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 96 2 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 96 3 shown show VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 96 4 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 96 5 detrimental detrimental JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 96 6 effects effect NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 96 7 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 96 8 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 96 9 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 96 10 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 96 11 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 96 12 flora flora NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 96 13 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 96 14 even even RB cord-332113-37g4regv 96 15 after after IN cord-332113-37g4regv 96 16 one one CD cord-332113-37g4regv 96 17 dose dose NN cord-332113-37g4regv 96 18 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 96 19 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 96 20 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 96 21 alterations alteration NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 96 22 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 96 23 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 96 24 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 96 25 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 96 26 that that WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 96 27 could could MD cord-332113-37g4regv 96 28 take take VB cord-332113-37g4regv 96 29 years year NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 96 30 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 96 31 recover recover VB cord-332113-37g4regv 96 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 96 33 18 18 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 96 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 96 35 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 97 1 One one CD cord-332113-37g4regv 97 2 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 3 showed show VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 97 4 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 97 5 decrease decrease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 6 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 7 diversity diversity NN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 8 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 97 9 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 97 10 predominance predominance NN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 11 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 12 less less RBR cord-332113-37g4regv 97 13 desirable desirable JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 97 14 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 97 15 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 97 16 highly highly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 97 17 resistant resistant JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 97 18 clones clone NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 97 19 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 20 abundance abundance NN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 21 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 22 specific specific JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 97 23 resistance resistance NN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 24 genes gene NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 97 25 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 26 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 97 27 result result NN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 28 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 29 antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 97 30 exposure exposure NN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 31 that that WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 97 32 did do VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 97 33 not not RB cord-332113-37g4regv 97 34 recover recover VB cord-332113-37g4regv 97 35 after after IN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 36 two two CD cord-332113-37g4regv 97 37 years year NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 97 38 post post VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 97 39 exposure exposure NN cord-332113-37g4regv 97 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 97 41 45 45 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 97 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 97 43 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 98 1 Cotten Cotten NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 98 2 et et NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 98 3 al al NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 98 4 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 99 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 99 2 46 46 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 99 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 99 4 found find VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 99 5 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 6 each each DT cord-332113-37g4regv 99 7 empirical empirical JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 99 8 treatment treatment NN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 9 day day NN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 10 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 11 antibiotic antibiotic NN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 12 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 99 13 associated associate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 14 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 15 increased increase VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 16 odds odd NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 99 17 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 18 death death NN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 19 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 99 20 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 99 21 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 22 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 99 23 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 99 24 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 99 25 composite composite JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 99 26 measure measure NN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 27 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 28 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 99 29 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 30 or or CC cord-332113-37g4regv 99 31 death death NN cord-332113-37g4regv 99 32 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 100 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 100 2 concluded conclude VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 100 3 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 100 4 prolonged prolong VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 100 5 initial initial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 100 6 empirical empirical JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 100 7 antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 100 8 therapy therapy NN cord-332113-37g4regv 100 9 may may MD cord-332113-37g4regv 100 10 be be VB cord-332113-37g4regv 100 11 associated associate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 100 12 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 100 13 increased increase VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 100 14 risk risk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 100 15 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 100 16 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 100 17 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 100 18 or or CC cord-332113-37g4regv 100 19 death death NN cord-332113-37g4regv 100 20 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 100 21 should should MD cord-332113-37g4regv 100 22 be be VB cord-332113-37g4regv 100 23 used use VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 100 24 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 100 25 caution caution NN cord-332113-37g4regv 100 26 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 101 1 Caution caution NN cord-332113-37g4regv 101 2 should should MD cord-332113-37g4regv 101 3 be be VB cord-332113-37g4regv 101 4 exercised exercise VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 101 5 when when WRB cord-332113-37g4regv 101 6 deciding decide VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 101 7 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 101 8 start start VB cord-332113-37g4regv 101 9 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 101 10 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 101 11 preterm preterm JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 101 12 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 101 13 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 102 1 There there EX cord-332113-37g4regv 102 2 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 102 3 long long RB cord-332113-37g4regv 102 4 lasting lasting JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 102 5 consequences consequence NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 102 6 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 102 7 life life NN cord-332113-37g4regv 102 8 threatening threaten VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 102 9 morbidities morbidity NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 102 10 associated associate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 102 11 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 102 12 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 102 13 indiscriminate indiscriminate JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 102 14 use use NN cord-332113-37g4regv 102 15 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 102 16 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 102 17 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 103 1 Necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 103 2 Enterocolitis Enterocolitis NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 103 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 103 4 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 103 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 103 6 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 103 7 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 103 8 enigmatic enigmatic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 103 9 disease disease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 103 10 that that WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 103 11 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 103 12 been be VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 103 13 recognized recognize VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 103 14 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 103 15 over over IN cord-332113-37g4regv 103 16 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 103 17 century century NN cord-332113-37g4regv 103 18 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 104 1 With with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 104 2 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 104 3 advent advent NN cord-332113-37g4regv 104 4 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 104 5 neonatal neonatal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 104 6 intensive intensive JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 104 7 care care NN cord-332113-37g4regv 104 8 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 104 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 104 10 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 104 11 become become VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 104 12 one one CD cord-332113-37g4regv 104 13 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 104 14 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 104 15 most most RBS cord-332113-37g4regv 104 16 common common JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 104 17 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 104 18 devastating devastating JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 104 19 diseases disease NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 104 20 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 104 21 neonates neonate NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 104 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 104 23 47 47 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 104 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 105 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 105 2 48 48 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 105 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 105 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 105 5 49 49 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 105 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 105 7 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 106 1 Complicating complicate VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 106 2 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 106 3 literature literature NN cord-332113-37g4regv 106 4 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 106 5 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 106 6 fact fact NN cord-332113-37g4regv 106 7 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 106 8 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 106 9 causes cause NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 106 10 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 106 11 multifactorial multifactorial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 106 12 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 106 13 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 106 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 106 15 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 106 16 not not RB cord-332113-37g4regv 106 17 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 106 18 single single JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 106 19 disease disease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 106 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 106 21 48 48 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 106 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 106 23 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 107 1 For for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 2 example example NN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 3 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 107 4 when when WRB cord-332113-37g4regv 107 5 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 107 6 infant infant NN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 7 born bear VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 8 at at IN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 9 term term NN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 10 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 11 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 107 12 hypoplastic hypoplastic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 107 13 left left JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 107 14 ventricle ventricle NN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 15 presents present VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 107 16 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 17 pneumatosis pneumatosis NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 107 18 intestinalis intestinalis NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 107 19 at at IN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 20 two two CD cord-332113-37g4regv 107 21 days day NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 107 22 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 23 age age NN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 24 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 107 25 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 107 26 etiology etiology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 27 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 107 28 pathophysiology pathophysiology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 29 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 30 this this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 107 31 baby baby NN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 32 's 's POS cord-332113-37g4regv 107 33 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 107 34 ' ' `` cord-332113-37g4regv 107 35 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 107 36 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 107 37 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 107 38 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 107 39 likely likely RB cord-332113-37g4regv 107 40 different different JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 107 41 than than IN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 42 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 107 43 25 25 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 107 44 week week NN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 45 gestation gestation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 46 preterm preterm NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 107 47 who who WP cord-332113-37g4regv 107 48 presents present VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 107 49 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 50 pneumatosis pneumatosis NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 107 51 intestinalis intestinalis NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 107 52 at at IN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 53 fiveweeks fiveweeks NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 107 54 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 55 age age NN cord-332113-37g4regv 107 56 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 108 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 108 2 first first JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 108 3 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 108 4 more more RBR cord-332113-37g4regv 108 5 likely likely RB cord-332113-37g4regv 108 6 related relate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 7 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 8 ischemic ischemic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 108 9 injury injury NN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 10 due due IN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 11 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 12 hemodynamic hemodynamic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 108 13 insufficiency insufficiency NN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 14 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 108 15 hypoxicischemic hypoxicischemic NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 108 16 injury injury NN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 108 18 50 50 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 108 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 108 20 rather rather RB cord-332113-37g4regv 108 21 than than IN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 22 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 108 23 coalescence coalescence NN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 24 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 25 factors factor NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 108 26 that that WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 108 27 result result VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 108 28 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 29 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 108 30 inflammation inflammation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 31 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 108 32 injury injury NN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 33 related relate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 34 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 35 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 108 36 immaturity immaturity NN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 37 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 108 38 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 39 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 40 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 108 41 preterm preterm JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 108 42 infant infant NN cord-332113-37g4regv 108 43 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 109 1 In in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 2 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 109 3 latter latter JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 109 4 case case NN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 5 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 109 6 sometimes sometimes RB cord-332113-37g4regv 109 7 referred refer VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 109 8 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 9 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 10 ' ' `` cord-332113-37g4regv 109 11 ' ' `` cord-332113-37g4regv 109 12 classic classic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 109 13 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 109 14 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 109 15 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 109 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 109 17 48 48 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 109 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 109 19 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 109 20 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 109 21 interactions interaction NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 109 22 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 23 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 109 24 predisposing predisposing JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 109 25 genetic genetic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 109 26 background background NN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 27 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 109 28 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 109 29 immature immature JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 109 30 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 109 31 barrier barrier NN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 32 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 109 33 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 109 34 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 109 35 environment environment NN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 36 that that WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 109 37 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 109 38 conducive conducive JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 109 39 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 40 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 109 41 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 42 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 43 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 109 44 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 109 45 thought think VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 46 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 109 47 play play VB cord-332113-37g4regv 109 48 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 109 49 interactive interactive JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 109 50 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 109 51 critical critical JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 109 52 role role NN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 53 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 54 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 109 55 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 109 56 48 48 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 109 57 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 109 58 49 49 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 109 59 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 109 60 51 51 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 109 61 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 109 62 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 110 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 110 2 linkage linkage NN cord-332113-37g4regv 110 3 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 110 4 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 110 5 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 110 6 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 110 7 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 110 8 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 110 9 recognized recognize VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 110 10 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 110 11 Santulli Santulli NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 110 12 et et NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 110 13 al al NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 110 14 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 111 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 111 2 52 52 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 111 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 111 4 over over IN cord-332113-37g4regv 111 5 three three CD cord-332113-37g4regv 111 6 decades decade NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 111 7 ago ago RB cord-332113-37g4regv 111 8 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 112 1 Additional additional JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 112 2 observations observation NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 112 3 showing show VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 112 4 clusters cluster NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 112 5 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 6 cases case NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 112 7 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 112 8 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 112 9 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 10 institutions institution NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 112 11 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 112 12 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 112 13 finding finding NN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 14 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 15 pneumatosis pneumatosis NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 112 16 intestinalis intestinalis NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 112 17 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 112 18 which which WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 112 19 likely likely RB cord-332113-37g4regv 112 20 represents represent VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 112 21 submucosal submucosal NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 112 22 gas gas NN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 23 produced produce VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 24 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 25 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 112 26 fermentation fermentation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 27 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 112 28 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 112 29 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 112 30 common common JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 112 31 findings finding NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 112 32 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 33 bacteremia bacteremia NN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 34 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 112 35 endotoxinemia endotoxinemia NN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 36 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 37 affected affected JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 112 38 neonates neonate NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 112 39 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 112 40 supports support VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 112 41 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 112 42 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 112 43 role role NN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 44 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 45 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 112 46 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 47 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 48 this this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 112 49 disease disease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 112 50 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 112 51 51 51 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 112 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 112 53 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 113 1 Numerous numerous JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 113 2 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 113 3 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 113 4 been be VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 113 5 related relate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 113 6 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 113 7 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 113 8 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 113 9 but but CC cord-332113-37g4regv 113 10 none none NN cord-332113-37g4regv 113 11 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 113 12 them -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 113 13 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 113 14 been be VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 113 15 found find VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 113 16 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 113 17 fulfill fulfill VB cord-332113-37g4regv 113 18 Koch Koch NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 113 19 's 's POS cord-332113-37g4regv 113 20 postulates postulate NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 113 21 because because IN cord-332113-37g4regv 113 22 they -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 113 23 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 113 24 commonly commonly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 113 25 found find VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 113 26 among among IN cord-332113-37g4regv 113 27 patients patient NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 113 28 without without IN cord-332113-37g4regv 113 29 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 113 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 113 31 53 53 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 113 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 113 33 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 114 1 Viruses virus NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 114 2 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 114 3 also also RB cord-332113-37g4regv 114 4 been be VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 5 implicated implicate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 6 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 7 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 114 8 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 9 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 10 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 114 11 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 114 12 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 114 13 within within IN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 14 fecal fecal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 114 15 samples sample NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 114 16 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 114 17 resected resect VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 18 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 114 19 segments segment NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 114 20 were be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 114 21 reported report VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 22 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 23 patients patient NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 114 24 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 25 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 114 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 114 27 54 54 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 114 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 114 29 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 114 30 but but CC cord-332113-37g4regv 114 31 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-332113-37g4regv 114 32 actual actual JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 114 33 roles role NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 114 34 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 35 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 114 36 causation causation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 37 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 38 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 114 39 disease disease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 40 have have VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 114 41 not not RB cord-332113-37g4regv 114 42 been be VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 43 substantiated substantiate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 114 44 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 115 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 115 2 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 115 3 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 115 4 normally normally RB cord-332113-37g4regv 115 5 exists exist VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 115 6 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 115 7 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 115 8 commensal commensal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 115 9 and/or and/or CC cord-332113-37g4regv 115 10 symbiotic symbiotic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 115 11 relationship relationship NN cord-332113-37g4regv 115 12 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 115 13 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 115 14 host host NN cord-332113-37g4regv 115 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 115 16 55 55 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 115 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 115 18 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 115 19 but but CC cord-332113-37g4regv 115 20 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 115 21 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 115 22 neonate neonate NN cord-332113-37g4regv 115 23 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 115 24 especially especially RB cord-332113-37g4regv 115 25 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 115 26 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 115 27 premature premature JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 115 28 infant infant NN cord-332113-37g4regv 115 29 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 115 30 this this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 115 31 relationship relationship NN cord-332113-37g4regv 115 32 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 115 33 underdeveloped underdeveloped JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 115 34 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 115 35 many many JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 115 36 factors factor NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 115 37 will will MD cord-332113-37g4regv 115 38 define define VB cord-332113-37g4regv 115 39 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-332113-37g4regv 115 40 delicate delicate JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 115 41 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-332113-37g4regv 115 42 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 115 43 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 115 44 capability capability NN cord-332113-37g4regv 115 45 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 115 46 modulate modulate VB cord-332113-37g4regv 115 47 immune immune JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 115 48 responses response NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 115 49 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 115 50 promote promote VB cord-332113-37g4regv 115 51 health health NN cord-332113-37g4regv 115 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 115 53 Fig Fig NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 115 54 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 115 55 3 3 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 115 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 116 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 116 2 56 56 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 116 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 116 4 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 117 1 As as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 117 2 previously previously RB cord-332113-37g4regv 117 3 mentioned mention VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 117 4 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 117 5 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 117 6 specific specific JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 117 7 pathogen pathogen NN cord-332113-37g4regv 117 8 that that WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 117 9 fulfills fulfill VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 117 10 Koch Koch NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 117 11 's 's POS cord-332113-37g4regv 117 12 postulates postulate NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 117 13 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 117 14 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 117 15 etiology etiology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 117 16 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 117 17 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 117 18 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 117 19 not not RB cord-332113-37g4regv 117 20 been be VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 117 21 found find VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 117 22 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 118 1 Whether whether IN cord-332113-37g4regv 118 2 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 118 3 use use NN cord-332113-37g4regv 118 4 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 118 5 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 118 6 new new JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 118 7 generation generation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 118 8 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 118 9 sequencing sequencing NN cord-332113-37g4regv 118 10 technologies technology NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 118 11 will will MD cord-332113-37g4regv 118 12 help help VB cord-332113-37g4regv 118 13 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 118 14 this this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 118 15 search search NN cord-332113-37g4regv 118 16 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 118 17 unknown unknown JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 118 18 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 118 19 although although IN cord-332113-37g4regv 118 20 some some DT cord-332113-37g4regv 118 21 preliminary preliminary JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 118 22 studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 118 23 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 118 24 offering offer VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 118 25 clues clue NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 118 26 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 119 1 In in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 119 2 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 119 3 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 119 4 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 119 5 Wang Wang NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 119 6 et et NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 119 7 al al NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 119 8 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 120 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 120 2 57 57 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 120 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 120 4 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 120 5 fecal fecal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 120 6 samples sample NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 120 7 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 120 8 20 20 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 120 9 preterm preterm JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 120 10 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 120 11 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 120 12 ten ten CD cord-332113-37g4regv 120 13 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 120 14 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 120 15 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 120 16 ten ten CD cord-332113-37g4regv 120 17 matched match VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 120 18 controls control NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 120 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 120 20 including include VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 120 21 four four CD cord-332113-37g4regv 120 22 twin twin JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 120 23 pairs pair NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 120 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 120 25 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 120 26 were be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 120 27 obtained obtain VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 120 28 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 120 29 patients patient NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 120 30 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 120 31 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 120 32 single single JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 120 33 site site NN cord-332113-37g4regv 120 34 level level NN cord-332113-37g4regv 120 35 III iii CD cord-332113-37g4regv 120 36 neonatal neonatal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 120 37 intensive intensive JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 120 38 care care NN cord-332113-37g4regv 120 39 unit unit NN cord-332113-37g4regv 120 40 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 121 1 Bacterial bacterial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 121 2 DNA DNA NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 121 3 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 121 4 subjected subject VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 121 5 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 121 6 terminal terminal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 121 7 restriction restriction NN cord-332113-37g4regv 121 8 fragment fragment NN cord-332113-37g4regv 121 9 length length NN cord-332113-37g4regv 121 10 polymorphism polymorphism NN cord-332113-37g4regv 121 11 analysis analysis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 121 12 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 121 13 library library NN cord-332113-37g4regv 121 14 sequencing sequencing NN cord-332113-37g4regv 121 15 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 121 16 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 121 17 16S 16S NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 121 18 rRNA rRNA NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 121 19 gene gene NN cord-332113-37g4regv 121 20 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 122 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 122 2 distribution distribution NN cord-332113-37g4regv 122 3 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 122 4 samples sample NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 122 5 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 122 6 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 122 7 patients patient NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 122 8 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 122 9 distinctly distinctly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 122 10 different different JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 122 11 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 122 12 that that DT cord-332113-37g4regv 122 13 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 122 14 controls control NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 122 15 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 122 16 though though IN cord-332113-37g4regv 122 17 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 122 18 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 122 19 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 122 20 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 122 21 all all DT cord-332113-37g4regv 122 22 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 122 23 these these DT cord-332113-37g4regv 122 24 preterm preterm JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 122 25 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 122 26 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 122 27 notable notable JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 122 28 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 122 29 low low JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 122 30 diversity diversity NN cord-332113-37g4regv 122 31 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 123 1 Patients patient NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 123 2 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 123 3 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 123 4 had have VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 123 5 previously previously RB cord-332113-37g4regv 123 6 received receive VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 123 7 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 123 8 higher high JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 123 9 mean mean JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 123 10 number number NN cord-332113-37g4regv 123 11 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 123 12 days day NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 123 13 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 123 14 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 123 15 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 123 16 had have VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 123 17 even even RB cord-332113-37g4regv 123 18 less less JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 123 19 diversity diversity NN cord-332113-37g4regv 123 20 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 123 21 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 123 22 increase increase NN cord-332113-37g4regv 123 23 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 123 24 abundance abundance NN cord-332113-37g4regv 123 25 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 123 26 Gammaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 123 27 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 123 28 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 123 29 decrease decrease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 123 30 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 123 31 other other JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 123 32 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 123 33 species specie NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 123 34 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 124 1 These these DT cord-332113-37g4regv 124 2 results result NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 124 3 suggest suggest VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 124 4 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 124 5 relationship relationship NN cord-332113-37g4regv 124 6 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 124 7 prior prior JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 124 8 use use NN cord-332113-37g4regv 124 9 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 124 10 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 124 11 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 124 12 patients patient NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 124 13 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 124 14 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 124 15 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 124 16 though though IN cord-332113-37g4regv 124 17 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 124 18 this this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 124 19 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 124 20 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 124 21 may may MD cord-332113-37g4regv 124 22 have have VB cord-332113-37g4regv 124 23 been be VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 124 24 on on IN cord-332113-37g4regv 124 25 antibiotics antibiotic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 124 26 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 124 27 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 124 28 when when WRB cord-332113-37g4regv 124 29 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 124 30 cultures culture NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 124 31 were be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 124 32 collected collect VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 124 33 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 125 1 In in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 125 2 another another DT cord-332113-37g4regv 125 3 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 125 4 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 125 5 Mai Mai NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 125 6 et et FW cord-332113-37g4regv 125 7 al al NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 125 8 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 126 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 126 2 41 41 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 126 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 126 4 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 126 5 stool stool NN cord-332113-37g4regv 126 6 specimens specimen NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 126 7 were be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 126 8 collected collect VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 126 9 prospectively prospectively RB cord-332113-37g4regv 126 10 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 126 11 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 126 12 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 126 13 gestational gestational JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 126 14 ages age NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 126 15 B32 B32 NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 126 16 completed complete VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 126 17 weeks week NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 126 18 or or CC cord-332113-37g4regv 126 19 birth birth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 126 20 weights weight NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 126 21 B1250 B1250 NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 126 22 g g NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 126 23 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 126 24 starting start VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 126 25 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 126 26 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 126 27 first first JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 126 28 stool stool NN cord-332113-37g4regv 126 29 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 126 30 continuing continue VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 126 31 weekly weekly NN cord-332113-37g4regv 126 32 until until IN cord-332113-37g4regv 126 33 discharge discharge NN cord-332113-37g4regv 126 34 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 127 1 High high JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 127 2 throughput throughput NN cord-332113-37g4regv 127 3 16S 16S NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 127 4 rRNA rrna NN cord-332113-37g4regv 127 5 sequencing sequencing NN cord-332113-37g4regv 127 6 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 127 7 used use VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 127 8 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 127 9 compare compare VB cord-332113-37g4regv 127 10 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 127 11 diversity diversity NN cord-332113-37g4regv 127 12 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 127 13 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 127 14 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 127 15 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 127 16 prevalence prevalence NN cord-332113-37g4regv 127 17 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 127 18 specific specific JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 127 19 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 127 20 signatures signature NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 127 21 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 127 22 nine nine CD cord-332113-37g4regv 127 23 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 127 24 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 127 25 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 127 26 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 127 27 nine nine CD cord-332113-37g4regv 127 28 matched match VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 127 29 controls control NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 127 30 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 128 1 A a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 128 2 bloom bloom NN cord-332113-37g4regv 128 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 128 4 34 34 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 128 5 % % NN cord-332113-37g4regv 128 6 increase increase NN cord-332113-37g4regv 128 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 128 8 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 128 9 Proteobacteria Proteobacteria NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 128 10 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 128 11 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 128 12 decrease decrease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 128 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 128 14 32 32 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 128 15 % % NN cord-332113-37g4regv 128 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 128 17 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 128 18 Firmicutes Firmicutes NNPS cord-332113-37g4regv 128 19 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 128 20 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 128 21 cases case NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 128 22 between between IN cord-332113-37g4regv 128 23 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 128 24 1 1 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 128 25 week week NN cord-332113-37g4regv 128 26 and\72 and\72 NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 128 27 h h NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 128 28 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 128 29 detected detect VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 128 30 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 129 1 No no DT cord-332113-37g4regv 129 2 significant significant JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 129 3 change change NN cord-332113-37g4regv 129 4 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 129 5 identified identify VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 129 6 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 129 7 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 129 8 controls control NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 129 9 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 130 1 Several several JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 130 2 molecular molecular JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 130 3 signatures signature NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 130 4 were be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 130 5 increased increase VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 130 6 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 130 7 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 130 8 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 130 9 cases case NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 130 10 one one CD cord-332113-37g4regv 130 11 week week NN cord-332113-37g4regv 130 12 before before RB cord-332113-37g4regv 130 13 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 130 14 within within IN cord-332113-37g4regv 130 15 72 72 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 130 16 h h NN cord-332113-37g4regv 130 17 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 130 18 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 130 19 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 130 20 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 131 1 One one CD cord-332113-37g4regv 131 2 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 131 3 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 131 4 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 131 5 signatures signature NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 131 6 detected detect VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 131 7 more more RBR cord-332113-37g4regv 131 8 frequently frequently RB cord-332113-37g4regv 131 9 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 131 10 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 131 11 cases case NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 132 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 132 2 p p NN cord-332113-37g4regv 132 3 \ \ CD cord-332113-37g4regv 132 4 0.01 0.01 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 132 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 132 6 matched match VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 132 7 closest close JJS cord-332113-37g4regv 132 8 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 132 9 c c NN cord-332113-37g4regv 132 10 - - : cord-332113-37g4regv 132 11 Proteobacteria Proteobacteria NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 132 12 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 132 13 also also RB cord-332113-37g4regv 132 14 noted note VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 132 15 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 132 16 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 132 17 Wang Wang NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 132 18 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 132 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 132 20 57 57 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 132 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-332113-37g4regv 132 22 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 133 1 Although although IN cord-332113-37g4regv 133 2 this this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 133 3 sequence sequence NN cord-332113-37g4regv 133 4 grouped group VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 133 5 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 133 6 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 133 7 well well RB cord-332113-37g4regv 133 8 studied study VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 133 9 Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriaceae NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 133 10 family family NN cord-332113-37g4regv 133 11 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 133 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 133 13 did do VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 133 14 not not RB cord-332113-37g4regv 133 15 match match VB cord-332113-37g4regv 133 16 any any DT cord-332113-37g4regv 133 17 sequence sequence NN cord-332113-37g4regv 133 18 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 133 19 Genbank Genbank NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 133 20 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 133 21 more more JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 133 22 than than IN cord-332113-37g4regv 133 23 97 97 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 133 24 % % NN cord-332113-37g4regv 133 25 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 133 26 suggesting suggest VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 133 27 that that IN cord-332113-37g4regv 133 28 novel novel JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 133 29 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 133 30 contribute contribute VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 133 31 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 133 32 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 133 33 etiology etiology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 133 34 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 133 35 NEC NEC NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 133 36 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 134 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 134 2 current current JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 134 3 evidence evidence NN cord-332113-37g4regv 134 4 highlights highlight VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 134 5 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 134 6 importance importance NN cord-332113-37g4regv 134 7 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 134 8 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 134 9 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 134 10 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 134 11 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 134 12 healthy healthy JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 134 13 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 134 14 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 134 15 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 134 16 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 134 17 neonate neonate NN cord-332113-37g4regv 134 18 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 135 1 Many many JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 135 2 aspects aspect NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 135 3 that that WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 135 4 promote promote VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 135 5 health health NN cord-332113-37g4regv 135 6 or or CC cord-332113-37g4regv 135 7 disease disease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 135 8 are be VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 135 9 related relate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 135 10 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 135 11 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 135 12 homeostasis homeostasis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 135 13 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 135 14 this this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 135 15 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 135 16 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 135 17 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 136 1 Especially especially RB cord-332113-37g4regv 136 2 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 3 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 136 4 preterm preterm JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 136 5 infant infant NN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 6 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 136 7 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 136 8 delicate delicate JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 136 9 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 10 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 11 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 136 12 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 136 13 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 14 could could MD cord-332113-37g4regv 136 15 be be VB cord-332113-37g4regv 136 16 strongly strongly RB cord-332113-37g4regv 136 17 influenced influence VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 18 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 19 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 136 20 intervention intervention NN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 21 that that WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 136 22 we -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 136 23 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 24 physicians physician NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 136 25 routinely routinely RB cord-332113-37g4regv 136 26 perform perform VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 136 27 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 28 part part NN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 29 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 30 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 136 31 medical medical JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 136 32 care care NN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 33 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 34 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 136 35 neonate neonate NN cord-332113-37g4regv 136 36 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 137 1 As as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 2 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 137 3 awareness awareness NN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 4 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 5 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 137 6 importance importance NN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 7 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 8 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 137 9 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 10 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 137 11 maintenance maintenance NN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 12 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 13 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 137 14 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 137 15 flora flora NN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 16 increases increase NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 137 17 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 137 18 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 137 19 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 20 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 21 newer new JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 137 22 molecular molecular JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 137 23 techniques technique NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 137 24 allows allow VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 137 25 us -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 137 26 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 137 27 identify identify VB cord-332113-37g4regv 137 28 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 137 29 monitor monitor VB cord-332113-37g4regv 137 30 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 137 31 modify modify VB cord-332113-37g4regv 137 32 this this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 137 33 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 34 we -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 137 35 will will MD cord-332113-37g4regv 137 36 be be VB cord-332113-37g4regv 137 37 able able JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 137 38 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 137 39 improve improve VB cord-332113-37g4regv 137 40 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 137 41 care care NN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 42 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 43 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-332113-37g4regv 137 44 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 137 45 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 46 interventions intervention NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 137 47 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 137 48 long long JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 137 49 lasting lasting JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 137 50 effects effect NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 137 51 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 138 1 Conflict conflict NN cord-332113-37g4regv 138 2 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 138 3 Interest interest NN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 1 Josef Josef NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 139 2 Neu Neu NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 139 3 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 139 4 on on IN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 5 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 139 6 Scientific Scientific NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 139 7 Advisory Advisory NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 139 8 Board Board NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 139 9 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 10 Medela Medela NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 139 11 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 139 12 Mead Mead NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 139 13 Johnson Johnson NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 139 14 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 139 15 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 139 16 consulted consult VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 17 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 18 Biogaia Biogaia NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 139 19 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 139 20 was be VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 139 21 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 139 22 mentor mentor NN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 23 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 24 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 139 25 postdoctoral postdoctoral JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 139 26 fellow fellow NN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 27 who who WP cord-332113-37g4regv 139 28 received receive VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 139 29 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 139 30 research research NN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 31 grant grant NN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 32 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 33 Gerber Gerber NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 139 34 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 139 35 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 139 36 been be VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 37 supported support VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 38 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 139 39 travel travel VB cord-332113-37g4regv 139 40 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 41 meetings meeting NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 139 42 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 139 43 Nestle Nestle NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 139 44 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 139 45 Danone Danone NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 139 46 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 139 47 Abbott Abbott NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 139 48 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 140 1 Human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 140 2 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 140 3 Animal Animal NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 140 4 Rights Rights NNPS cord-332113-37g4regv 140 5 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 140 6 Informed Informed NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 140 7 Consent Consent NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 141 1 This this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 141 2 article article NN cord-332113-37g4regv 141 3 does do VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 141 4 not not RB cord-332113-37g4regv 141 5 contain contain VB cord-332113-37g4regv 141 6 any any DT cord-332113-37g4regv 141 7 studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 141 8 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 141 9 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 141 10 or or CC cord-332113-37g4regv 141 11 animal animal NN cord-332113-37g4regv 141 12 subjects subject NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 141 13 performed perform VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 141 14 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 141 15 any any DT cord-332113-37g4regv 141 16 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 141 17 theauthors theauthor NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 141 18 Bacterial bacterial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 141 19 contributions contribution NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 141 20 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 141 21 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 141 22 gut gut NN cord-332113-37g4regv 141 23 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 142 1 Commensal Commensal NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 142 2 host host NN cord-332113-37g4regv 142 3 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 142 4 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 142 5 relationships relationship NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 142 6 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 142 7 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 142 8 gut gut NN cord-332113-37g4regv 143 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 143 2 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 143 3 microbiome microbiome NN cord-332113-37g4regv 143 4 project project NN cord-332113-37g4regv 143 5 Factors factor NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 143 6 influencing influence VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 143 7 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 143 8 composition composition NN cord-332113-37g4regv 143 9 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 143 10 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 143 11 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 143 12 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 143 13 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 143 14 early early JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 143 15 infancy infancy NN cord-332113-37g4regv 143 16 Developmental developmental JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 143 17 regulation regulation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 143 18 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 143 19 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 143 20 angiogenesis angiogenesis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 143 21 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 143 22 indigenous indigenous JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 143 23 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 143 24 via via IN cord-332113-37g4regv 143 25 Paneth Paneth NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 143 26 cells cell NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 144 1 This this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 144 2 review review NN cord-332113-37g4regv 144 3 discusses discuss VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 144 4 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 144 5 advantages advantage NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 144 6 over over IN cord-332113-37g4regv 144 7 culture culture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 144 8 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 144 9 techniques technique NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 144 10 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 144 11 challenges challenge NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 144 12 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 144 13 studying study VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 144 14 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 144 15 using use VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 144 16 next next JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 144 17 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 144 18 generation generation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 144 19 sequencing sequencing NN cord-332113-37g4regv 144 20 technologies technology NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 144 21 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 145 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-332113-37g4regv 145 2 provides provide VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 145 3 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 145 4 overview overview NN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 5 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 145 6 comparison comparison NN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 7 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 8 techniques technique NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 145 9 such such JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 145 10 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 11 16S 16s JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 145 12 sequencing sequencing NN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 13 versus versus IN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 14 shotgun shotgun NN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 15 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 145 16 some some DT cord-332113-37g4regv 145 17 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 18 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 145 19 bioinformatics bioinformatics NN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 20 software software NN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 21 available available JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 145 22 to to TO cord-332113-37g4regv 145 23 analyze analyze VB cord-332113-37g4regv 145 24 data datum NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 145 25 generated generate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 26 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 27 these these DT cord-332113-37g4regv 145 28 technologies technology NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 145 29 Microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 145 30 community community NN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 31 profiling profile VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 145 32 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 33 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 145 34 microbiome microbiome NN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 35 projects project NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 145 36 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 145 37 tools tool NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 145 38 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 145 39 techniques technique NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 145 40 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 145 41 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 145 42 challenges challenge VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 145 43 Genomic genomic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 145 44 approaches approach NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 145 45 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 46 studying study VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 145 47 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 145 48 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 145 49 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 50 Shotgun Shotgun NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 145 51 metaproteomics metaproteomic NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 145 52 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 53 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 145 54 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 145 55 distal distal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 145 56 gut gut NN cord-332113-37g4regv 145 57 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 1 Discusses discuss VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 146 2 various various JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 146 3 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 146 4 found find VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 5 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 6 association association NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 7 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 8 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 146 9 invasion invasion NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 10 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 11 amniotic amniotic NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 12 fluid fluid NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 13 without without IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 14 rupture rupture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 15 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 16 membranes membrane NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 146 17 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 146 18 raises raise VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 146 19 numerous numerous JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 146 20 questions question NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 146 21 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 22 whether whether IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 23 these these DT cord-332113-37g4regv 146 24 microbes microbe NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 146 25 may may MD cord-332113-37g4regv 146 26 be be VB cord-332113-37g4regv 146 27 responsible responsible JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 146 28 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 29 preterm preterm JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 146 30 labor labor NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 31 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 146 32 postnatal postnatal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 146 33 diseases disease NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 146 34 where where WRB cord-332113-37g4regv 146 35 early early JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 146 36 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 37 may may MD cord-332113-37g4regv 146 38 have have VB cord-332113-37g4regv 146 39 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 146 40 effect effect NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 41 on on IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 42 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 43 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 44 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 146 45 immune immune JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 146 46 system system NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 47 Microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 146 48 prevalence prevalence NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 49 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 146 50 diversity diversity NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 51 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 146 52 abundance abundance NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 53 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 54 amniotic amniotic NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 55 fluid fluid NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 56 during during IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 57 preterm preterm JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 146 58 labor labor NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 59 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 146 60 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 146 61 molecular molecular JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 146 62 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 146 63 culture culture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 64 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 146 65 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 66 investigation investigation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 67 Microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 146 68 invasion invasion NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 69 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 70 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 146 71 amniotic amniotic NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 72 cavity cavity NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 73 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 74 pregnancies pregnancy NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 146 75 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 76 small small JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 146 77 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 146 78 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 79 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 146 80 gestationalage gestationalage NN cord-332113-37g4regv 146 81 fetuses fetus NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 147 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 147 2 mechanism mechanism NN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 3 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 4 excessive excessive JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 147 5 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 147 6 inflammation inflammation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 7 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 8 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 147 9 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 10 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 147 11 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 147 12 immature immature JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 147 13 innate innate JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 147 14 immune immune JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 147 15 response response NN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 16 Inflammation inflammation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 17 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 18 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 147 19 developing develop VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 147 20 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 147 21 intestine intestine NN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 22 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 147 23 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 147 24 possible possible JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 147 25 pathophysiologic pathophysiologic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 147 26 contribution contribution NN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 27 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 28 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 147 29 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 30 Disease Disease NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 147 31 tolerance tolerance NN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 32 as as IN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 33 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 147 34 defense defense NN cord-332113-37g4regv 147 35 strategy strategy NN cord-332113-37g4regv 148 1 This this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 148 2 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 148 3 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 148 4 ' ' `` cord-332113-37g4regv 148 5 ' ' '' cord-332113-37g4regv 148 6 distinct distinct JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 148 7 host host NN cord-332113-37g4regv 148 8 defense defense NN cord-332113-37g4regv 148 9 strategy strategy NN cord-332113-37g4regv 148 10 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 148 11 which which WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 148 12 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 148 13 been be VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 148 14 largely largely RB cord-332113-37g4regv 148 15 overlooked overlook VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 148 16 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 148 17 animal animal NN cord-332113-37g4regv 148 18 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 148 19 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 148 20 studies study NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 149 1 Intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 2 microbial microbial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 3 ecology ecology NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 4 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 5 premature premature JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 6 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 149 7 assessed assess VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 8 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 9 non non JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 10 - - JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 11 culture culture NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 12 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 149 13 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 14 techniques technique NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 149 15 Analysis Analysis NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 149 16 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 17 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 18 flora flora NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 19 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 20 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 21 breast breast NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 22 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 149 23 fed feed VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 24 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 149 25 formula formula NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 26 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 149 27 fed feed VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 28 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 149 29 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 30 using use VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 149 31 molecular molecular JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 32 identification identification NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 33 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 149 34 detection detection NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 35 methods method NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 149 36 Long long JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 37 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 149 38 term term NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 39 ecological ecological JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 40 impacts impact NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 149 41 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 42 antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 43 administration administration NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 44 on on IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 45 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 149 46 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 47 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 48 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 49 Fecal fecal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 50 microflora microflora NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 51 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 52 healthy healthy JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 53 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 149 54 born bear VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 55 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 56 different different JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 57 methods method NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 149 58 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 59 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 60 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 149 61 permanent permanent JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 62 changes change NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 149 63 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 64 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 65 flora flora NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 149 66 after after IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 67 cesarean cesarean NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 68 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 69 Cesarean Cesarean NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 149 70 versus versus IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 71 vaginal vaginal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 72 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 73 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 149 74 long long JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 75 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 149 76 term term NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 77 infant infant NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 78 outcomes outcome NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 149 79 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 149 80 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 149 81 hygiene hygiene NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 82 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 83 Development Development NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 149 84 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 85 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 149 86 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 87 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 88 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 89 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 149 90 insights insight NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 149 91 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 92 high high JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 93 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 149 94 throughput throughput NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 95 sequencing sequencing NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 96 Delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 97 mode mode NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 98 shapes shape VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 99 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 149 100 acquisition acquisition NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 101 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 149 102 structure structure NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 103 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 104 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 149 105 initial initial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 106 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 107 across across IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 108 multiple multiple JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 149 109 body body NN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 110 habitats habitat NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 149 111 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 149 112 newborns newborn NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 150 1 Cesarean cesarean JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 2 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 3 may may MD cord-332113-37g4regv 150 4 affect affect VB cord-332113-37g4regv 150 5 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 150 6 early early JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 7 biodiversity biodiversity NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 8 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 9 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 10 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 150 11 Fecal fecal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 12 microflora microflora NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 13 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 14 healthy healthy JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 15 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 150 16 born bear VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 17 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 18 different different JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 19 methods method NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 150 20 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 21 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 22 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 150 23 permanent permanent JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 24 changes change NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 150 25 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 26 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 27 flora flora NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 150 28 after after IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 29 cesarean cesarean NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 30 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 31 Influence influence NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 32 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 33 mode mode NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 34 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 35 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 36 on on IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 37 gut gut NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 38 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 39 composition composition NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 40 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 41 seven seven CD cord-332113-37g4regv 150 42 year year NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 43 old old JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 44 children child NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 150 45 Effects effect NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 150 46 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 47 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 48 microflora microflora NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 49 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 150 50 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 150 51 environment environment NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 52 on on IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 53 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 150 54 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 55 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 56 asthma asthma NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 57 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 150 58 allergy allergy NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 59 Mode mode NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 60 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 61 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 62 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 150 63 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 64 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 65 atopic atopic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 66 disease disease NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 67 during during IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 68 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 150 69 first first JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 70 2 2 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 150 71 years year NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 150 72 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 73 life life NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 74 Childhood Childhood NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 150 75 asthma asthma NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 76 hospitalization hospitalization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 77 risk risk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 78 after after IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 79 cesarean cesarean NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 80 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 81 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 82 former former JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 83 term term NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 84 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 150 85 premature premature JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 86 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 150 87 Caesarean caesarean JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 88 section section NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 89 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 150 90 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 91 symptoms symptom NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 150 92 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 150 93 atopic atopic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 94 dermatitis dermatitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 95 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 150 96 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 150 97 sensitisation sensitisation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 98 during during IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 99 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 150 100 first first JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 150 101 year year NN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 102 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 150 103 life life NN cord-332113-37g4regv 151 1 Is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 151 2 delivery delivery NN cord-332113-37g4regv 151 3 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 151 4 cesarean cesarean NN cord-332113-37g4regv 151 5 section section NN cord-332113-37g4regv 151 6 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 151 7 risk risk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 151 8 factor factor NN cord-332113-37g4regv 151 9 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 151 10 food food NN cord-332113-37g4regv 151 11 allergy allergy NN cord-332113-37g4regv 151 12 ? ? . cord-332113-37g4regv 152 1 Long long JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 152 2 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 152 3 term term NN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 4 ecological ecological JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 152 5 impacts impact NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 152 6 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 7 antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 152 8 administration administration NN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 9 on on IN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 10 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 152 11 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 152 12 intestinal intestinal NN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 13 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 14 An an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 152 15 exclusively exclusively RB cord-332113-37g4regv 152 16 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 152 17 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 18 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 152 19 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 20 diet diet NN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 21 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 152 22 associated associate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 23 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 24 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 152 25 lower low JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 152 26 rate rate NN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 27 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 28 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 152 29 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 30 than than IN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 31 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 152 32 diet diet NN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 33 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 34 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 152 35 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 36 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 152 37 bovine bovine JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 152 38 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 39 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 152 40 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 152 41 products product NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 153 1 An an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 153 2 experimental experimental JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 153 3 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 153 4 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 153 5 acute acute JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 153 6 neonatal neonatal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 153 7 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 153 8 - - : cord-332113-37g4regv 153 9 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 153 10 importance importance NN cord-332113-37g4regv 153 11 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 153 12 breast breast NN cord-332113-37g4regv 153 13 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 153 14 Breast breast NN cord-332113-37g4regv 153 15 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 153 16 feeding feeding NN cord-332113-37g4regv 153 17 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 153 18 infant infant NN cord-332113-37g4regv 153 19 formulas formula NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 153 20 , , , cord-332113-37g4regv 153 21 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 153 22 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 153 23 immune immune JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 153 24 system system NN cord-332113-37g4regv 154 1 In in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 154 2 vitro vitro FW cord-332113-37g4regv 154 3 fermentation fermentation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 154 4 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 154 5 breast breast NN cord-332113-37g4regv 154 6 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 154 7 oligosaccharides oligosaccharide NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 154 8 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 154 9 Bifidobacterium bifidobacterium NN cord-332113-37g4regv 154 10 infantis infantis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 154 11 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 155 1 Lactobacillus lactobacillus NN cord-332113-37g4regv 155 2 gasseri gasseri NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 155 3 A a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 155 4 strategy strategy NN cord-332113-37g4regv 155 5 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 155 6 annotating annotate VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 155 7 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 155 8 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 155 9 milk milk NN cord-332113-37g4regv 155 10 glycome glycome NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 155 11 Reduced reduce VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 155 12 enterobacterial enterobacterial NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 155 13 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 155 14 increased increase VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 155 15 staphylococcal staphylococcal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 155 16 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 155 17 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 155 18 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 155 19 infantile infantile JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 155 20 bowel bowel NN cord-332113-37g4regv 155 21 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 155 22 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 155 23 effect effect NN cord-332113-37g4regv 155 24 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 155 25 hygienic hygienic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 155 26 lifestyle lifestyle NN cord-332113-37g4regv 155 27 ? ? . cord-332113-37g4regv 156 1 Intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 156 2 flora flora NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 156 3 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 156 4 very very RB cord-332113-37g4regv 156 5 low low JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 156 6 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 156 7 birth birth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 156 8 weight weight NN cord-332113-37g4regv 156 9 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 156 10 Breast breast NN cord-332113-37g4regv 156 11 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 156 12 v v NN cord-332113-37g4regv 156 13 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 156 14 formula formula NN cord-332113-37g4regv 156 15 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 156 16 feeding feeding NN cord-332113-37g4regv 156 17 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 156 18 impacts impact NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 156 19 on on IN cord-332113-37g4regv 156 20 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 156 21 digestive digestive JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 156 22 tract tract NN cord-332113-37g4regv 156 23 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 157 1 immediate immediate JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 157 2 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 157 3 long long JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 157 4 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 157 5 term term NN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 6 health health NN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 7 effects effect NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 157 8 Factors factor NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 157 9 influencing influence VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 157 10 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 157 11 composition composition NN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 12 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 13 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 157 14 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 157 15 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 16 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 17 early early JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 157 18 infancy infancy JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 157 19 Fecal fecal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 157 20 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 21 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 22 premature premature JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 157 23 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 157 24 prior prior RB cord-332113-37g4regv 157 25 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 26 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 157 27 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 28 Breastfeeding breastfeeding NN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 29 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 157 30 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 157 31 Use Use NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 157 32 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 33 Human Human NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 157 34 Milk Milk NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 157 35 A A NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 157 36 case case NN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 37 control control NN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 38 study study NN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 39 that that WDT cord-332113-37g4regv 157 40 shows show VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 157 41 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 157 42 link link NN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 43 between between IN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 44 antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 157 45 usage usage NN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 46 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 157 47 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 157 48 development development NN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 49 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 50 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 157 51 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 157 52 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 158 1 This this DT cord-332113-37g4regv 158 2 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 158 3 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 158 4 example example NN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 5 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 6 how how WRB cord-332113-37g4regv 158 7 manipulation manipulation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 8 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 9 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 10 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 158 11 microbiome microbiome NN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 12 may may MD cord-332113-37g4regv 158 13 have have VB cord-332113-37g4regv 158 14 inadvertent inadvertent JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 158 15 consequences consequence NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 158 16 Bacterial bacterial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 158 17 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 18 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 19 neonates neonate NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 158 20 admitted admit VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 21 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 22 an an DT cord-332113-37g4regv 158 23 intensive intensive JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 158 24 care care NN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 25 environment environment NN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 26 Short short JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 158 27 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 158 28 term term NN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 29 antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 158 30 treatment treatment NN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 31 has have VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 158 32 differing differ VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 158 33 long long JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 158 34 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 158 35 term term NN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 36 impacts impact NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 158 37 on on IN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 38 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 158 39 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 158 40 throat throat NN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 41 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 158 42 gut gut NN cord-332113-37g4regv 158 43 microbiome microbiome NN cord-332113-37g4regv 159 1 Prolonged prolonged JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 159 2 duration duration NN cord-332113-37g4regv 159 3 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 159 4 initial initial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 159 5 empirical empirical JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 159 6 antibiotic antibiotic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 159 7 treatment treatment NN cord-332113-37g4regv 159 8 is be VBZ cord-332113-37g4regv 159 9 associated associate VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 159 10 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 159 11 increased increase VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 159 12 rates rate NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 159 13 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 159 14 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 159 15 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 159 16 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 159 17 death death NN cord-332113-37g4regv 159 18 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 159 19 extremely extremely RB cord-332113-37g4regv 159 20 low low JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 159 21 birth birth NN cord-332113-37g4regv 159 22 weight weight NN cord-332113-37g4regv 159 23 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 160 1 Necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 160 2 enterocolitis-150 enterocolitis-150 NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 160 3 years year NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 160 4 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 160 5 fruitless fruitless JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 160 6 search search NN cord-332113-37g4regv 160 7 for for IN cord-332113-37g4regv 160 8 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 160 9 cause cause NN cord-332113-37g4regv 160 10 Necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 160 11 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 160 12 Necrotising Necrotising NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 160 13 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 160 14 . . . cord-332113-37g4regv 161 1 The the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 161 2 Lancet Lancet NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 161 3 Ischemia ischemia NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 4 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 161 5 reperfusion reperfusion NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 6 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 161 7 neonatal neonatal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 161 8 intestinal intestinal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 161 9 injury injury NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 10 Hypothesis Hypothesis NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 161 11 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 161 12 inappropriate inappropriate JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 161 13 colonization colonization NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 14 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 15 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 161 16 premature premature JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 161 17 intestine intestine NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 18 can can MD cord-332113-37g4regv 161 19 cause cause VB cord-332113-37g4regv 161 20 neonatal neonatal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 161 21 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 161 22 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 23 Acute acute NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 24 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 161 25 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 26 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 27 infancy infancy NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 28 : : : cord-332113-37g4regv 161 29 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 161 30 review review NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 31 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 32 64 64 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 161 33 cases case NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 161 34 Molecular Molecular NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 161 35 Koch Koch NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 161 36 's 's POS cord-332113-37g4regv 161 37 postulates postulate NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 161 38 applied apply VBD cord-332113-37g4regv 161 39 to to IN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 40 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 161 41 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 42 - - : cord-332113-37g4regv 161 43 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 161 44 personal personal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 161 45 recollection recollection NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 46 15 15 CD cord-332113-37g4regv 161 47 years year NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 161 48 later later RB cord-332113-37g4regv 161 49 Isolation isolation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 50 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 161 51 propagation propagation NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 52 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 53 a a DT cord-332113-37g4regv 161 54 human human JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 161 55 enteric enteric JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 161 56 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 57 Commensal Commensal NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 161 58 host host NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 59 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 161 60 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 161 61 relationships relationship NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 161 62 in in IN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 63 the the DT cord-332113-37g4regv 161 64 gut gut NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 65 Immunomodulation Immunomodulation NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 161 66 by by IN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 67 commensal commensal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 161 68 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 161 69 probiotic probiotic JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 161 70 bacteria bacteria NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 161 71 16S 16s VBP cord-332113-37g4regv 161 72 rRNA rRNA NNP cord-332113-37g4regv 161 73 gene gene NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 74 - - HYPH cord-332113-37g4regv 161 75 based base VBN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 76 analysis analysis NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 77 of of IN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 78 fecal fecal JJ cord-332113-37g4regv 161 79 microbiota microbiota NN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 80 from from IN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 81 preterm preterm JJR cord-332113-37g4regv 161 82 infants infant NNS cord-332113-37g4regv 161 83 with with IN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 84 and and CC cord-332113-37g4regv 161 85 without without IN cord-332113-37g4regv 161 86 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-332113-37g4regv 161 87 enterocolitis enterocolitis NN