Carrel name: keyword-infectious-cord Creating study carrel named keyword-infectious-cord Initializing database file: cache/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.json key: cord-000091-1qo1krxv authors: Wilcox, Bruce A.; Gubler, Duane J. title: Disease ecology and the global emergence of zoonotic pathogens date: 2005-09-17 journal: Environ Health Prev Med DOI: 10.1007/bf02897701 sha: doc_id: 91 cord_uid: 1qo1krxv file: cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.json key: cord-263438-9ra94uda authors: Snowden, Frank M. title: Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date: 2008-09-19 journal: Immunol Rev DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00677.x sha: doc_id: 263438 cord_uid: 9ra94uda file: cache/cord-258584-qy3tg4ow.json key: cord-258584-qy3tg4ow authors: Christopeit, Maximilian; Schmidt-Hieber, Martin; Sprute, Rosanne; Buchheidt, Dieter; Hentrich, Marcus; Karthaus, Meinolf; Penack, Olaf; Ruhnke, Markus; Weissinger, Florian; Cornely, Oliver A.; Maschmeyer, Georg title: Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of infections in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 2020 update of the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) date: 2020-10-20 journal: Ann Hematol DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04297-8 sha: doc_id: 258584 cord_uid: qy3tg4ow file: cache/cord-007922-mrpovgf7.json key: cord-007922-mrpovgf7 authors: Miyazaki, M.; Une, H. title: Infectious waste management in Japan: A revised regulation and a management process in medical institutions date: 2005-02-17 journal: Waste Manag DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.01.003 sha: doc_id: 7922 cord_uid: mrpovgf7 file: cache/cord-268564-5qhumjas.json key: cord-268564-5qhumjas authors: Brown, Lisa; Murray, Virginia title: Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: A systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions date: 2013-04-01 journal: Disaster Health DOI: 10.4161/dish.25216 sha: doc_id: 268564 cord_uid: 5qhumjas file: cache/cord-018263-cus1sqka.json key: cord-018263-cus1sqka authors: Nadal, David title: Pediatric infectious diseases — Quo vadis 2015? date: 2007 journal: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Revisited DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8099-1_18 sha: doc_id: 18263 cord_uid: cus1sqka file: cache/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.json key: cord-274113-m0nb78kf authors: Vignier, Nicolas; Bouchaud, Olivier title: Travel, Migration and Emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2018-11-07 journal: EJIFCC DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 274113 cord_uid: m0nb78kf file: cache/cord-024058-afgvztwo.json key: cord-024058-afgvztwo authors: nan title: Engineering a Global Response to Infectious Diseases: This paper presents a more robust, adaptable, and scalable engineering infrastructure to improve the capability to respond to infectious diseases.Contributed Paper date: 2015-02-17 journal: Proc IEEE Inst Electr Electron Eng DOI: 10.1109/jproc.2015.2389146 sha: doc_id: 24058 cord_uid: afgvztwo file: cache/cord-018499-uvozcpmh.json key: cord-018499-uvozcpmh authors: Siddiquee, Shafiquzzaman title: The Basic Concept of Microbiology date: 2017-09-07 journal: Practical Handbook of the Biology and Molecular Diversity of Trichoderma Species from Tropical Regions DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64946-7_1 sha: doc_id: 18499 cord_uid: uvozcpmh file: cache/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.json key: cord-272829-i4jh6bcn authors: ZANETTI, A. R.; ZAPPA, A. title: Emerging and re‐emerging infections at the turn of the millennium date: 2010-01-04 journal: Haemophilia DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2009.02174.x sha: doc_id: 272829 cord_uid: i4jh6bcn file: cache/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.json key: cord-017634-zhmnfd1w authors: Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne; Ratard, Raoult title: Infectious Disease Epidemiology date: 2005 journal: Handbook of Epidemiology DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-26577-1_34 sha: doc_id: 17634 cord_uid: zhmnfd1w file: cache/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.json key: cord-321993-uazc3lyg authors: Hedrick, Stephen M. title: The Imperative to Vaccinate date: 2018-10-31 journal: The Journal of Pediatrics DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.041 sha: doc_id: 321993 cord_uid: uazc3lyg file: cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.json key: cord-339341-c2o42b5j authors: Matibag, Gino C.; Igarashi, Manabu; La Porte, Ron E.; Tamashiro, Hiko title: Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date: 2005-09-01 journal: Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine DOI: 10.1007/bf02897702 sha: doc_id: 339341 cord_uid: c2o42b5j file: cache/cord-015672-qau96gvw.json key: cord-015672-qau96gvw authors: Willermain, François; Van Laethem, Yves; Caspers, Laure title: Global Variations and Changes in Patterns of Infectious Uveitis date: 2017-06-01 journal: Emerging Infectious Uveitis DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-23416-8_1 sha: doc_id: 15672 cord_uid: qau96gvw file: cache/cord-027313-24e2xb7d.json key: cord-027313-24e2xb7d authors: Mahmood, Imran; Jahan, Mishal; Groen, Derek; Javed, Aneela; Shafait, Faisal title: An Agent-Based Simulation of the Spread of Dengue Fever date: 2020-05-22 journal: Computational Science - ICCS 2020 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50420-5_8 sha: doc_id: 27313 cord_uid: 24e2xb7d file: cache/cord-325247-1nb174qy.json key: cord-325247-1nb174qy authors: Hedayat, Kamyar M.; Lapraz, Jean-Claude title: Infectious diseases of the ear, nose, throat, and bronchus date: 2019-06-21 journal: The Theory of Endobiogeny DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816908-7.00009-8 sha: doc_id: 325247 cord_uid: 1nb174qy file: cache/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.json key: cord-306707-dde4nlhh authors: Antabe, Roger; Ziegler, Bianca Rosa title: Diseases, Emerging and Infectious date: 2019-12-04 journal: International Encyclopedia of Human Geography DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10439-1 sha: doc_id: 306707 cord_uid: dde4nlhh file: cache/cord-349066-546ozkly.json key: cord-349066-546ozkly authors: Walker, D.H. title: Principles of Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases date: 2014-08-21 journal: Pathobiology of Human Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.01713-5 sha: doc_id: 349066 cord_uid: 546ozkly file: cache/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.json key: cord-258052-y9pzsoqa authors: Adalja, Amesh A. title: Biothreat Agents and Emerging Infectious Disease in the Emergency Department date: 2018-09-06 journal: Emerg Med Clin North Am DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2018.06.011 sha: doc_id: 258052 cord_uid: y9pzsoqa file: cache/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.json key: cord-355024-v5lahyw4 authors: van Seventer, Jean Maguire; Hochberg, Natasha S. title: Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control date: 2016-10-24 journal: International Encyclopedia of Public Health DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00516-6 sha: doc_id: 355024 cord_uid: v5lahyw4 file: cache/cord-331020-lyxje82u.json key: cord-331020-lyxje82u authors: M. Najimudeen, Shahnas; H. Hassan, Mohamed S.; C. Cork, Susan; Abdul-Careem, Mohamed Faizal title: Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Infection in Chickens: Multiple System Disease with Immune Suppression date: 2020-09-24 journal: Pathogens DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100779 sha: doc_id: 331020 cord_uid: lyxje82u file: cache/cord-021554-uxxrpfl0.json key: cord-021554-uxxrpfl0 authors: Resta-Lenert, Silvia title: Diarrhea, Infectious date: 2004-06-17 journal: Encyclopedia of Gastroenterology DOI: 10.1016/b0-12-386860-2/00180-5 sha: doc_id: 21554 cord_uid: uxxrpfl0 file: cache/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.json key: cord-277353-qilq1q7h authors: Taniguchi, Kiyosu; Yoshida, Makiko; Sunagawa, Tomimasa; Tada, Yuki; Okabe, Nobuhiko title: Imported infectious diseases and surveillance in Japan date: 2008-09-11 journal: Travel Med Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.07.001 sha: doc_id: 277353 cord_uid: qilq1q7h file: cache/cord-018498-h8dtjt0p.json key: cord-018498-h8dtjt0p authors: Tupe, Christina L.; Nguyen, Tu Carol title: Infectious Diseases date: 2018-03-23 journal: In-Flight Medical Emergencies DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74234-2_11 sha: doc_id: 18498 cord_uid: h8dtjt0p file: cache/cord-276837-1me44xh0.json key: cord-276837-1me44xh0 authors: Wang, Wei; Chen, Jin; Sheng, Hui-Feng; Wang, Na-Na; Yang, Pin; Zhou, Xiao-Nong; Bergquist, Robert title: InfectiousDiseases ofPoverty, the first five years date: 2017-05-04 journal: Infect Dis Poverty DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0310-6 sha: doc_id: 276837 cord_uid: 1me44xh0 file: cache/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.json key: cord-289626-8oldaa8i authors: Murray, Kris A.; Olivero, Jesús; Roche, Benjamin; Tiedt, Sonia; Guégan, Jean‐Francois title: Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management date: 2018-04-19 journal: Ecography (Cop.) DOI: 10.1111/ecog.03625 sha: doc_id: 289626 cord_uid: 8oldaa8i file: cache/cord-342211-y7zxipiz.json key: cord-342211-y7zxipiz authors: Dagpunar, J. S. title: Sensitivity of UK Covid-19 deaths to the timing of suppression measures and their relaxation date: 2020-05-15 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096859 sha: doc_id: 342211 cord_uid: y7zxipiz file: cache/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.json key: cord-018349-rt2i2wca authors: Tosam, Mbih Jerome; Ambe, J. Radeino; Chi, Primus Che title: Global Emerging Pathogens, Poverty and Vulnerability: An Ethical Analysis date: 2019-03-20 journal: Socio-cultural Dimensions of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Africa DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17474-3_18 sha: doc_id: 18349 cord_uid: rt2i2wca file: cache/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.json key: cord-313222-a1rd7kas authors: Guo, Zuiyuan; He, Kevin; Xiao, Dan title: Early warning of some notifiable infectious diseases in China by the artificial neural network date: 2020-02-19 journal: R Soc Open Sci DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191420 sha: doc_id: 313222 cord_uid: a1rd7kas file: cache/cord-333405-ji58jbct.json key: cord-333405-ji58jbct authors: Morens, David M.; Folkers, Gregory K.; Fauci, Anthony S. title: The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date: 2004-07-08 journal: Nature DOI: 10.1038/nature02759 sha: doc_id: 333405 cord_uid: ji58jbct file: cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.json key: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 authors: Bartlett, John G. title: Why Infectious Diseases date: 2014-09-15 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu441 sha: doc_id: 351231 cord_uid: aoz5jbf1 file: cache/cord-021261-budyph2u.json key: cord-021261-budyph2u authors: Bonnaud, Laure; Fortané, Nicolas title: Serge Morand and Muriel Figuié (eds), 2016, Emergence de maladies infectieuses. Risques et enjeux de société (The emergence of infectious diseases. Societal risks and stakes): Paris, Quae, 136 p date: 2017-04-10 journal: nan DOI: 10.1007/s41130-017-0042-9 sha: doc_id: 21261 cord_uid: budyph2u file: cache/cord-297125-la20vi9j.json key: cord-297125-la20vi9j authors: Brower, Jennifer L. title: The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date: 2016-08-01 journal: Microb Ecol DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0806-9 sha: doc_id: 297125 cord_uid: la20vi9j file: cache/cord-190296-erpoh5he.json key: cord-190296-erpoh5he authors: Schaback, Robert title: On COVID-19 Modelling date: 2020-05-11 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 190296 cord_uid: erpoh5he file: cache/cord-281403-yl7jdarm.json key: cord-281403-yl7jdarm authors: Le, Aurora B.; Brooks, Erin G.; McNulty, Lily A.; Gill, James R.; Herstein, Jocelyn J.; Rios, Janelle; Patlovich, Scott J.; Jelden, Katelyn C.; Schmid, Kendra K.; Lowe, John J.; Gibbs, Shawn G. title: U.S. Medical Examiner/Coroner capability to handle highly infectious decedents date: 2018-11-06 journal: Forensic Sci Med Pathol DOI: 10.1007/s12024-018-0043-2 sha: doc_id: 281403 cord_uid: yl7jdarm file: cache/cord-304278-0qy1nngs.json key: cord-304278-0qy1nngs authors: Raj, G. Dhinakar; Jones, R. C. title: Infectious bronchitis virus: immunopathogenesis of infection in the chicken date: 2007-11-12 journal: Avian Pathol DOI: 10.1080/03079459708419246 sha: doc_id: 304278 cord_uid: 0qy1nngs file: cache/cord-292623-mxdlii77.json key: cord-292623-mxdlii77 authors: Arji, Goli; Ahmadi, Hossein; Nilashi, Mehrbakhsh; A. Rashid, Tarik; Hassan Ahmed, Omed; Aljojo, Nahla; Zainol, Azida title: Fuzzy logic approach for infectious disease diagnosis: A methodical evaluation, literature and classification date: 2019-09-26 journal: Biocybern Biomed Eng DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2019.09.004 sha: doc_id: 292623 cord_uid: mxdlii77 file: cache/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.json key: cord-321984-qjfkvu6n authors: Tang, Lu; Zhou, Yiwang; Wang, Lili; Purkayastha, Soumik; Zhang, Leyao; He, Jie; Wang, Fei; Song, Peter X.‐K. title: A Review of Multi‐Compartment Infectious Disease Models date: 2020-08-03 journal: Int Stat Rev DOI: 10.1111/insr.12402 sha: doc_id: 321984 cord_uid: qjfkvu6n file: cache/cord-331255-t85yioyl.json key: cord-331255-t85yioyl authors: Rohr, Jason R.; Barrett, Christopher B.; Civitello, David J.; Craft, Meggan E.; Delius, Bryan; DeLeo, Giulio A.; Hudson, Peter J.; Jouanard, Nicolas; Nguyen, Karena H.; Ostfeld, Richard S.; Remais, Justin V.; Riveau, Gilles; Sokolow, Susanne H.; Tilman, David title: Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production date: 2019-06-11 journal: Nat Sustain DOI: 10.1038/s41893-019-0293-3 sha: doc_id: 331255 cord_uid: t85yioyl file: cache/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.json key: cord-276108-35rsrx3m authors: Shulman, Stanford T title: The History of Pediatric Infectious Diseases date: 2004 journal: Pediatr Res DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000101756.93542.09 sha: doc_id: 276108 cord_uid: 35rsrx3m file: cache/cord-007890-bie1veti.json key: cord-007890-bie1veti authors: nan title: ECC-4 Abstracts date: 2002-04-16 journal: Int J Antimicrob Agents DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00033-x sha: doc_id: 7890 cord_uid: bie1veti Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-infectious-cord === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021261-budyph2u author: Bonnaud, Laure title: Serge Morand and Muriel Figuié (eds), 2016, Emergence de maladies infectieuses. Risques et enjeux de société (The emergence of infectious diseases. Societal risks and stakes): Paris, Quae, 136 p date: 2017-04-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021261-budyph2u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021261-budyph2u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021261-budyph2u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007922-mrpovgf7 author: Miyazaki, M. title: Infectious waste management in Japan: A revised regulation and a management process in medical institutions date: 2005-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007922-mrpovgf7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007922-mrpovgf7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007922-mrpovgf7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274113-m0nb78kf author: Vignier, Nicolas title: Travel, Migration and Emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2018-11-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306707-dde4nlhh author: Antabe, Roger title: Diseases, Emerging and Infectious date: 2019-12-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349066-546ozkly author: Walker, D.H. title: Principles of Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases date: 2014-08-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349066-546ozkly.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349066-546ozkly.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-349066-546ozkly.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018498-h8dtjt0p author: Tupe, Christina L. title: Infectious Diseases date: 2018-03-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018498-h8dtjt0p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018498-h8dtjt0p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018498-h8dtjt0p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018499-uvozcpmh author: Siddiquee, Shafiquzzaman title: The Basic Concept of Microbiology date: 2017-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018499-uvozcpmh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018499-uvozcpmh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018499-uvozcpmh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015672-qau96gvw author: Willermain, François title: Global Variations and Changes in Patterns of Infectious Uveitis date: 2017-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277353-qilq1q7h author: Taniguchi, Kiyosu title: Imported infectious diseases and surveillance in Japan date: 2008-09-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342211-y7zxipiz author: Dagpunar, J. S. title: Sensitivity of UK Covid-19 deaths to the timing of suppression measures and their relaxation date: 2020-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342211-y7zxipiz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342211-y7zxipiz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-342211-y7zxipiz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272829-i4jh6bcn author: ZANETTI, A. R. title: Emerging and re‐emerging infections at the turn of the millennium date: 2010-01-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021554-uxxrpfl0 author: Resta-Lenert, Silvia title: Diarrhea, Infectious date: 2004-06-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021554-uxxrpfl0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021554-uxxrpfl0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021554-uxxrpfl0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276837-1me44xh0 author: Wang, Wei title: InfectiousDiseases ofPoverty, the first five years date: 2017-05-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018349-rt2i2wca author: Tosam, Mbih Jerome title: Global Emerging Pathogens, Poverty and Vulnerability: An Ethical Analysis date: 2019-03-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-027313-24e2xb7d author: Mahmood, Imran title: An Agent-Based Simulation of the Spread of Dengue Fever date: 2020-05-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-027313-24e2xb7d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-027313-24e2xb7d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-027313-24e2xb7d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018263-cus1sqka author: Nadal, David title: Pediatric infectious diseases — Quo vadis 2015? date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321993-uazc3lyg author: Hedrick, Stephen M. title: The Imperative to Vaccinate date: 2018-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258052-y9pzsoqa author: Adalja, Amesh A. title: Biothreat Agents and Emerging Infectious Disease in the Emergency Department date: 2018-09-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313222-a1rd7kas author: Guo, Zuiyuan title: Early warning of some notifiable infectious diseases in China by the artificial neural network date: 2020-02-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258584-qy3tg4ow author: Christopeit, Maximilian title: Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of infections in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 2020 update of the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) date: 2020-10-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258584-qy3tg4ow.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258584-qy3tg4ow.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258584-qy3tg4ow.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024058-afgvztwo author: nan title: Engineering a Global Response to Infectious Diseases: This paper presents a more robust, adaptable, and scalable engineering infrastructure to improve the capability to respond to infectious diseases.Contributed Paper date: 2015-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325247-1nb174qy author: Hedayat, Kamyar M. title: Infectious diseases of the ear, nose, throat, and bronchus date: 2019-06-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325247-1nb174qy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325247-1nb174qy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-325247-1nb174qy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author: Bartlett, John G. title: Why Infectious Diseases date: 2014-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000091-1qo1krxv author: Wilcox, Bruce A. title: Disease ecology and the global emergence of zoonotic pathogens date: 2005-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339341-c2o42b5j author: Matibag, Gino C. title: Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date: 2005-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292623-mxdlii77 author: Arji, Goli title: Fuzzy logic approach for infectious disease diagnosis: A methodical evaluation, literature and classification date: 2019-09-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333405-ji58jbct author: Morens, David M. title: The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date: 2004-07-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331020-lyxje82u author: M. Najimudeen, Shahnas title: Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Infection in Chickens: Multiple System Disease with Immune Suppression date: 2020-09-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331020-lyxje82u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331020-lyxje82u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331020-lyxje82u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268564-5qhumjas author: Brown, Lisa title: Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: A systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions date: 2013-04-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281403-yl7jdarm author: Le, Aurora B. title: U.S. Medical Examiner/Coroner capability to handle highly infectious decedents date: 2018-11-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281403-yl7jdarm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281403-yl7jdarm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-281403-yl7jdarm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-190296-erpoh5he author: Schaback, Robert title: On COVID-19 Modelling date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-190296-erpoh5he.txt cache: ./cache/cord-190296-erpoh5he.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-190296-erpoh5he.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355024-v5lahyw4 author: van Seventer, Jean Maguire title: Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control date: 2016-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017634-zhmnfd1w author: Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne title: Infectious Disease Epidemiology date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331255-t85yioyl author: Rohr, Jason R. title: Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production date: 2019-06-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276108-35rsrx3m author: Shulman, Stanford T title: The History of Pediatric Infectious Diseases date: 2004 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297125-la20vi9j author: Brower, Jennifer L. title: The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date: 2016-08-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289626-8oldaa8i author: Murray, Kris A. title: Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management date: 2018-04-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263438-9ra94uda author: Snowden, Frank M. title: Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date: 2008-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304278-0qy1nngs author: Raj, G. Dhinakar title: Infectious bronchitis virus: immunopathogenesis of infection in the chicken date: 2007-11-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304278-0qy1nngs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304278-0qy1nngs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-304278-0qy1nngs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321984-qjfkvu6n author: Tang, Lu title: A Review of Multi‐Compartment Infectious Disease Models date: 2020-08-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007890-bie1veti author: nan title: ECC-4 Abstracts date: 2002-04-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007890-bie1veti.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007890-bie1veti.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'cord-007890-bie1veti.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-infectious-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000091-1qo1krxv author = Wilcox, Bruce A. title = Disease ecology and the global emergence of zoonotic pathogens date = 2005-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6383 sentences = 288 flesch = 30 summary = Employing a complex systems analytical approach, however, may show how a few key ecological variables and system properties, including the adaptive capacity of institutions, explains the emergence of infectious diseases and how an integrated, multi-level approach to zoonotic disease control can reduce risk. This development in particular, along with observations from several decades of applications of systems ecology to natural resources and economic development (8, (21) (22) (23) , have resulted in important insights of significant potential in understanding zoonotic disease emergence as a cross-scale process. The above body of ecological theory and observations involving specific emerging infectious disease cases suggests a causal schema that links ecological phenomena on the scale of pathogen transmission and evolution to regional and global transformations. As explained by the infectious disease ecology described here, zoonotic disease emergence involves biological processes operating on the scale of molecules and cells to that of coupled, regional scale human-natural systems. cache = ./cache/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263438-9ra94uda author = Snowden, Frank M. title = Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date = 2008-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14393 sentences = 608 flesch = 47 summary = Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled 'Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases' in which he declared them 'one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes. cache = ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258584-qy3tg4ow author = Christopeit, Maximilian title = Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of infections in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 2020 update of the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) date = 2020-10-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5778 sentences = 282 flesch = 30 summary = These recommendations on prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of infectious complications after HDC/ASCT by the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Haematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) are the fourth edition after 1999, 2003 and 2012 [15] [16] [17] . Antimicrobial therapy of febrile complications after high-dose chemo−/radiotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) Antimicrobial therapy of febrile complications after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) CNS infections in patients with hematological disorders (including allogeneic stem-cell transplantation) -Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) National Institute of A, Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study G (2004) Micafungin versus fluconazole for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections during neutropenia in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation cache = ./cache/cord-258584-qy3tg4ow.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258584-qy3tg4ow.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007922-mrpovgf7 author = Miyazaki, M. title = Infectious waste management in Japan: A revised regulation and a management process in medical institutions date = 2005-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2617 sentences = 139 flesch = 39 summary = The first rule of infectious waste management was regulated in 1992, and infectious wastes are defined as the waste materials generated in medical institutions as a result of medical care or research which contain pathogens that have the potential to transmit infectious diseases. The World Health Organization (1983) , US Environmental Protection Agency (1986, 1991) , US Centers for Disease Con-trol and Prevention (1978) , Germany (Muhlich et al., 2003; The Ministry of Environment, 2004) , and many other countries have already established strict guidelines for the management of infectious waste materials disposed of from medical institutions. Furthermore, many articles reported technologies of disinfection methods in medical institutions (Haishima, 2000; Matsumoto, 2000; Takatsuki, 2000; Murata et al., 2004 ) and reports about a management system of infectious waste are rare (Hayashi and Shigematsu, 2000; Miyazaki, 2001 Miyazaki, , 2003 The Waste Disposal Law was amended in 2003 and the revised regulation including new criteria for the infectious waste management was provided in 2004 by the Ministry of Environment. cache = ./cache/cord-007922-mrpovgf7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007922-mrpovgf7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268564-5qhumjas author = Brown, Lisa title = Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: A systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions date = 2013-04-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6490 sentences = 466 flesch = 51 summary = This systematic literature review aimed to identify and examine the relationship between infectious disease incidence and flooding in order to gain a better understanding of: OUTCOMe (COMBiNeD wiTH OR) amoebiasis, bacillary dysentery, burul*, campylo*, chikungunya, cholera, communicable disease*, contamination, crypto*, dengue, dengue virus, dermatitis, diarrhea*, diarrhea*, disease*, disease vector*, disease outbreak*, epidemic*, enteric fever, Escherichia coli, gastrointestinal, giardia*, hanta virus infections, health, health effect*, health impact*, hemorrhagic fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis e, illness, infectio*, infectious disease*, Japanese encephalitis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, lyme disease, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, morbidity, mosquito*, norovirus, naeg*, outbreak*, onchocerciasis, physical health, plague, pollut*, public health, q fever, risk factor*, rodent*, rodentborne, rodent-borne, rodent related, rodent-related, salmonellosis, sars virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, shigellosis, schistosomiasis, tick*, tick-borne encephalitis, tularaemia, tularemia, typhoid, water, waterborne, water-borne, water related, water-related, west nile fever, vector*, vectorborne, vector-borne, vector related, vector-related, yellow fever, yersini* risk, rising temperatures, overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor health care, poverty, and an abundance of rats and other animal reservoirs. cache = ./cache/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274113-m0nb78kf author = Vignier, Nicolas title = Travel, Migration and Emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2018-11-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1789 sentences = 117 flesch = 49 summary = In connection with the extension of poverty, urbanization, extensive livestock rearing and globalization, we could be exposed to a third epidemiological transition characterized by zoonotic diseases and infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. These infectious diseases unequally expose the majority Nicolas Vignier, Olivier Bouchaud Travel, migration and emerging infectious diseases population, from none at all (e.g., malaria) to a little (e.g., tuberculosis). Among the published studies on migrants and infectious diseases, the majority were non-emergent diseases with the exception of MDR tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant bacteria (24, 25) . Immigrants don't play the role of Nicolas Vignier, Olivier Bouchaud Travel, migration and emerging infectious diseases sentinel epidemic so far. cache = ./cache/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018263-cus1sqka author = Nadal, David title = Pediatric infectious diseases — Quo vadis 2015? date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4004 sentences = 174 flesch = 26 summary = Pediatric infectious disease specialists provide important recommendations on the use of microbiological and other diagnostic tests, application of antimicrobial drugs, and measures for infection control, which may substantially differ in children compared to in adults. Specific clinical tasks of the pediatric infectious disease specialist [4] -Integrative discipline -Provision of primary care and consultative services to patients from all pediatric disciplines -Implementation of quality assurance programs in hospitals and other health care settings, e.g., infection control, hospital epidemiology, antimicrobial management programs -Engagement in preventive efforts through implementation of vaccine strategies and other means; play a significant role in public health programs at all political levels -Conduction of research seeking cures for new diseases as well as preventive measures, such as new vaccines -Teaching and leadership in academic health institutions and non-experienced physicians within or outside the hospital. cache = ./cache/cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024058-afgvztwo author = nan title = Engineering a Global Response to Infectious Diseases: This paper presents a more robust, adaptable, and scalable engineering infrastructure to improve the capability to respond to infectious diseases.Contributed Paper date = 2015-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5592 sentences = 294 flesch = 38 summary = Examples of innovative leveraging of infrastructure, technologies to enhance existing disease management strategies, engineering approaches to accelerate the rate of discovery and application of scientific, clinical, and public health information, and ethical issues that need to be addressed for implementation are presented. Because engineers contribute to the design and implementation of infrastructure, there are opportunities for innovative solutions to infectious disease response within existing systems that have utility, and therefore resources, before a public health emergency. Moving forward, addressing privacy issues will be critical so that geographic tracking of a phone's location could be used to help inform an individual of potential contact with infected persons or animals and support automated, anonymous, electronic integration of those data to accelerate the epidemiological detective work of identifying and surveying those same individuals for public health benefit. cache = ./cache/cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272829-i4jh6bcn author = ZANETTI, A. R. title = Emerging and re‐emerging infections at the turn of the millennium date = 2010-01-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4100 sentences = 180 flesch = 50 summary = Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man‐induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. What is more, a number of other factors promote not only the dissemination but also the emergence of new infectious diseases: intensive farming and breeding associated with crowding promote the development of foci of infection; global warming has modified the climate, making insects, a major vector of pathogens, able to thrive in countries where the climate was previously hostile; the exploitation of natural resources has produced environmental changes that create opportunities for new contacts between species leading to emergence of infections in new hosts. cache = ./cache/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018499-uvozcpmh author = Siddiquee, Shafiquzzaman title = The Basic Concept of Microbiology date = 2017-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2844 sentences = 209 flesch = 55 summary = A microbiologist/scientist, and knowledgeable laboratory techniques, safety procedures, and hazards associated with handling transferrable agents will accountable for the comportment of research with infectious agents or materials. When conducting works with high transmissible agents, the risk of aerosol transmission is so high, so microbiology laboratories must follow BSL 3 practices. Right way wash your hand after removing gloves, other personnel protective equipment (PPE), handling potentially infectious agents or materials and exiting of laboratory. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) have recommends that laboratory personnel must be protected their streetwear clothing from contamination by wearing appropriate attire (e.g., gloves, lab shoes or use shoe covers) when conducting works in BSL-2 laboratory. Evoke, if you are not clearly apprehend the proper handling and safety procedures or how properly use safety equipment; avoid conducting work with the infectious materials until you get proper instruction or consult the CDC/NIH BMBL for further information. cache = ./cache/cord-018499-uvozcpmh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018499-uvozcpmh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321993-uazc3lyg author = Hedrick, Stephen M. title = The Imperative to Vaccinate date = 2018-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4188 sentences = 239 flesch = 54 summary = A simplified version is that diffuse or small host populations cannot sustain an acutely infectious agent, meaning one in which infection is followed by clearance and long-term immunity. So, in addition to the endless parade of cold viruses that circulate among us, we acquired a great many deadly infectious agents, such as those that cause diphtheria, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, plague, rubella, smallpox, typhus, whooping cough, and others. Smallpox eradication was our first and thus far only complete victory over a human disease-causing agent, made possible by universal, global vaccination, and intensive surveillance. Vaccination effectively reduces the number and density of the disease-susceptible people, making acutely infectious agents unsustainable in the population. The risk of disease for any individual is thus most importantly dependent on the collective immunity of the population, especially those most susceptible to infection, usually the youngest children and oldest adults. cache = ./cache/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017634-zhmnfd1w author = Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne title = Infectious Disease Epidemiology date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12379 sentences = 662 flesch = 46 summary = Use of additional clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data may enable a physician to diagnose a disease even though the formal surveillance case definition may not be met. Another way to detect an increase of cases is if the surveillance system of reportable infectious diseases reveals an unusually high number of people with the same diagnosis over a certain time period at different health care facilities. On the other hand, however, there should be no time delay in starting an investigation if there is an opportunity to prevent more cases or the potential to identify a system failure which can be caused, for example, by poor food preparation in a restaurant or poor infection control practices in a hospital or to prevent future outbreaks by acquiring more knowledge of the epidemiology of the agent involved. In developing countries, surveys are often necessary to evaluate health problems since data collected routinely (disease surveillance, hospital records, case registers) are often incomplete and of poor quality. cache = ./cache/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339341-c2o42b5j author = Matibag, Gino C. title = Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date = 2005-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5855 sentences = 317 flesch = 44 summary = This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The overall goal of the "Supercourse for Zoonosis" is to show the most recent development in the knowledge of SARS and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), inter alia, which have significant global impact not only on health but also on the economy. The specific objectives of "Supercourse for Zoonosis" are to develop a set of educational materials for the control of zoonotic diseases, to disseminate them effectively via the Internet, to facilitate their use in the prevention and control of the diseases, and to promote human health while minimizing their economic impact. cache = ./cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015672-qau96gvw author = Willermain, François title = Global Variations and Changes in Patterns of Infectious Uveitis date = 2017-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3007 sentences = 168 flesch = 48 summary = According to Woolhouse, an emerging pathogen can be defined as an infectious agent whose incidence is increasing following its introduction into a new host population. However, due to evolution in our societies, such as globalization, those causes of infectious uveitis begin to emerge in non-endemic regions in patients having traveled in endemic regions (see Sect. In this context, a series of infectious uveitis, mainly rickettsioses, West Nile virus, dengue, or chikungunya, has been the subject of an increase awareness and careful descriptions from both endemic and non-endemic regions [20, 49, 50] . The recent outbreaks of Ebola and Zika virus have been similarly associated with uveitis cases and those pathogens should be now included in the list of emerging infectious uveitis agents [51, 52] . This is clearly due to evolution of our lifestyle which has also important impact on the emergence of new infectious diseases which might become someday new uveitis causes. cache = ./cache/cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-027313-24e2xb7d author = Mahmood, Imran title = An Agent-Based Simulation of the Spread of Dengue Fever date = 2020-05-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3870 sentences = 213 flesch = 50 summary = By developing a simulation framework that models population dynamics and the interactions of both humans and mosquitoes, we may enable epidemiologists to analyze and forecast the transmission and spread of an infectious disease in specific areas. We extend the traditional SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Recovered) mathematical model and propose an Agent-based model to analyze the interactions between the host and the vector using: (i) our proposed algorithm to compute vector density, based on the reproductive behavior of the vector; and (ii) agent interactions to simulate transmission of virus in a spatio-temporal environment, and forecast the spread of the disease in a given area over a period of time. Our proposed agent-based simulation framework allows modeling of both human and vector population dynamics, using separate layers. This section discusses the details of our proposed framework which is composed of three layers: (i) Host Layer (Human population); (ii) Vector Layer (Mosquito population); and (iii) Pathogen Layer (Dengue parameters), as shown in Fig. 5 . cache = ./cache/cord-027313-24e2xb7d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-027313-24e2xb7d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325247-1nb174qy author = Hedayat, Kamyar M. title = Infectious diseases of the ear, nose, throat, and bronchus date = 2019-06-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4192 sentences = 322 flesch = 46 summary = This chapter discusses common infectious maladies: rhinopharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, and bronchitis. It involves ascertaining the answer to seven queries: (1) why this structure is infected: teleology of structure and function, (2) why this patient is infected: precritical terrain, (3) why this organism infected: the organism and its virulence-absolute and relative to the competency of host defenses, (4) why these symptoms are manifested: critical terrain during an infection, (5) what is the benefit of the infectious symptoms: its adaptive or adaptative role, (6) what is the current net state of the terrain: mechanisms and consequences of endogenous response of the infected, and response of the infector, and (7) how to manage: personalization of treatment based on the reality of both the infected and the infector. A congestive terrain with insufficient peripheral cortico-thyrotropic adaptation of immunity favors infections in this region of the body. cache = ./cache/cord-325247-1nb174qy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325247-1nb174qy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306707-dde4nlhh author = Antabe, Roger title = Diseases, Emerging and Infectious date = 2019-12-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2399 sentences = 110 flesch = 43 summary = Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are largely preventable, and yet with their profound impact and increasing prevalence, they remain a threat to global health, which must be addressed. The SDGs posit that through increased surveillance and allocating more resources and funding to this health issue, diagnostic and treatment programs will be improved, and the epidemic of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases will once again begin to decline. Therefore, a global network of specialist and experts is key in designing future responses to EIDs. The introduction of vaccines led to the eradication of major infectious disease such as Smallpox and Measles that plagued earlier centuries as leading causes of death. In view of the disproportionate global burden of infectious diseases where some regions are more prone relative to others, a key consideration in eradicating EIDs may be the reallocation of resources, including expertise and clinical technology to areas that are most impacted. cache = ./cache/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258052-y9pzsoqa author = Adalja, Amesh A. title = Biothreat Agents and Emerging Infectious Disease in the Emergency Department date = 2018-09-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4208 sentences = 238 flesch = 47 summary = A key method for detecting the presence of an emerging infectious disease syndrome or a biological weapons exposure in an ED patient is to develop a general approach that seeks out key historical and physical examination clues. Any suspicion of smallpox should prompt infectious disease consultation, airborne isolation procedures, and notification of local, state, and national public health authorities. Any suspicion of a VHF should prompt immediate consultation with an infectious disease physician and state and local health authorities. 20 There are several experimental treatments and vaccines (which can be used for postexposure prophylaxis) that are available for filovirus infections and arenavirus infections that would likely be used in any domestic VHF cases caused by these groups of viruses. 22 MERS should be suspected in individuals with upper or lower respiratory infection after travel to the Middle East in the prior 2 weeks, and confirmatory molecular testing can be done in conjunction with state and local health authorities. cache = ./cache/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349066-546ozkly author = Walker, D.H. title = Principles of Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases date = 2014-08-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2943 sentences = 137 flesch = 34 summary = The methods of detection include cultivation of bacteria and fungi on growth medium, isolation of viruses in cell culture, and identification of the agent biochemically, antigenically, or genetically. Visualization of an agent in infected tissue can provide a diagnosis based on specific morphological characteristics or identify the category of organism, for example, gram-positive or gram-negative bacterium or virus (e.g., eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons in rabies virus infection). Specific diagnoses require isolation of the agent in culture, microscopic visualization of the pathogen in tissue lesions, and/or detection of a specific host immune response to the organism. Identification of fungi has been accelerated greatly in microbiology laboratories by performing either hybridization tests or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on media growing a fungus that is not identifiable by conventional morphological techniques such as blood culture bottles that contain yeast growth. cache = ./cache/cord-349066-546ozkly.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349066-546ozkly.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355024-v5lahyw4 author = van Seventer, Jean Maguire title = Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control date = 2016-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10079 sentences = 458 flesch = 37 summary = An infectious disease can be defined as an illness due to a pathogen or its toxic product, which arises through transmission from an infected person, an infected animal, or a contaminated inanimate object to a susceptible host. The outcome of exposure to an infectious agent depends, in part, upon multiple host factors that determine individual susceptibility to infection and disease. The goal of secondary prevention is to halt the progress of an infection during its early, often asymptomatic stages so as to prevent disease development or limit its severity; steps important for not only improving the prognosis of individual cases but also preventing infectious agent transmission. Broadly, public health efforts to control infectious diseases focus on primary and secondary prevention activities that reduce the potential for exposure to an infectious agent and increase host resistance to infection. A susceptible host is an individual who is at risk of infection and disease following exposure to an infectious agent. cache = ./cache/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331020-lyxje82u author = M. Najimudeen, Shahnas title = Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Infection in Chickens: Multiple System Disease with Immune Suppression date = 2020-09-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6966 sentences = 349 flesch = 37 summary = The evolution of new strains of IBV during the last nine decades against vaccine-induced immune response and changing clinical and pathological manifestations emphasize the necessity of the rational development of intervention strategies based on a thorough understanding of IBV interaction with the host. For example, chickens infected with certain strains of IBV such as Mass, QX-like strain or Aust T at ages of 1-14 days develop cystic oviducts without impaired ovarian functions, which leads to false layer syndrome with no egg production [15, [63] [64] [65] . One of the immune cell types that bridges innate and adaptive host responses is the macrophages, and the available data show that certain IBV serotypes (i.e., Mass and Conn) target respiratory tract macrophages and replicate within them, thus leading to a productive infection [59, 88] . cache = ./cache/cord-331020-lyxje82u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331020-lyxje82u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021554-uxxrpfl0 author = Resta-Lenert, Silvia title = Diarrhea, Infectious date = 2004-06-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2485 sentences = 132 flesch = 46 summary = Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world, especially in developing countries where children suffer the greatest brunt of infectious diarrhea, malnutrition, and death. In developing countries, inadequate water supply, inef®cient or nonexistent sewage removal systems, chronic malnutrition, and lack of access to oral rehydration are responsible for the high incidence of infectious diarrheal diseases. In the industrialized world, acute diarrhea is still one of the most frequent diagnoses in general practice and children, elderly, and immunocompromised patients are the most vulnerable individuals and account for the majority of these cases. Approximately 100 million episodes of acute diarrhea occur in the United States yearly, with an incidence of 1.2 to 1.5 diarrheal episodes per person-year. These patients are more likely to develop persistent or chronic diarrhea after an acute episode because of their impaired immunity, with a signi®cant increase in morbidity and mortality. cache = ./cache/cord-021554-uxxrpfl0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021554-uxxrpfl0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277353-qilq1q7h author = Taniguchi, Kiyosu title = Imported infectious diseases and surveillance in Japan date = 2008-09-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2054 sentences = 104 flesch = 42 summary = Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported disease, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Current National Epidemiological Surveillance for Infectious Diseases (NESID) in Japan requires that all notifiable diseases should be reported with the presumptive place of infection. Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported infection, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (AIDS), typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Although the outbreak among group tours to endemic countries was reported to account for the increase of imported diseases, 11 investigation of attributable events or causes were not always made in a timely manner. In this study it was not difficult to overview the situation of imported infectious diseases because the current Japanese surveillance system requires the presumptive place of infection including the specified country if possible. cache = ./cache/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018498-h8dtjt0p author = Tupe, Christina L. title = Infectious Diseases date = 2018-03-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2007 sentences = 99 flesch = 47 summary = Commercial airline travel creates conditions conducive to the spread of infectious diseases: the proximity of passengers in a confined space and the origin of flights from anywhere on the globe. This chapter describes symptoms of infectious diseases that might emerge in an airline passenger and the steps that a responding medical professional can take to stabilize the person and minimize the exposure risk for other passengers and the crew. It also reviews guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control regarding infectious diseases that might be encountered during flights, procedures for working with pilots to alert ground crews about passengers' medical needs, and requirements for reporting incidents to authorities after landing. Focusing on children, Moore and associates [2] found that infectious diseases, neurologic emergencies, and respiratory tract problems were the leading reasons for medical consultation among the passengers transported by one airline between 1995 and 2002. cache = ./cache/cord-018498-h8dtjt0p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018498-h8dtjt0p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276837-1me44xh0 author = Wang, Wei title = InfectiousDiseases ofPoverty, the first five years date = 2017-05-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3591 sentences = 157 flesch = 45 summary = Based on the "One health, One world" mission, a new, open-access journal, Infectious Diseases of Poverty (IDP), was launched by BioMed Central in partnership with the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) on October 25, 2012. Based on the "One health, One world" mission mentioned in the Global Report on Research for the Infectious Diseases of Poverty [21] , the journal publishes work on topics and approaches that address essential public health questions related to this issue. Interestingly, the most highly cited publication in IDP is an editorial published in 2013 [25] , which may be explained by the fact that it dealt with surveillance and response defining this approach as a research priority during the stage moving towards elimination of tropical diseases, which received much global attention [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . cache = ./cache/cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289626-8oldaa8i author = Murray, Kris A. title = Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management date = 2018-04-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10517 sentences = 527 flesch = 40 summary = Indeed, distributional patterns of human infectious diseases are generally far more poorly compiled and characterized (e.g. often at only country or regional level and as coarse presence vs absence data) than many plant and animal species, for which numerous global stock takes, status assessments, occurrence databases and detailed distribution maps exist following a long tradition of biogeographic study (Wallace 1876 , Murray et al. We may represent the challenge of simultaneously understanding patterns and processes of infectious disease systems with respect to a series of interacting elements; including G, the physical geography context (e.g. topography) and E, the abiotic (e.g. climate) and biotic (e.g. habitat) environment; R n and V n , the single or multiple (denoted by superscript n) species of reservoir hosts or vectors; P, the pathogen being transmitted; H, the human population itself; O, the observation effort that may apply to each of the other elements (e.g. surveillance and data collation from existing sources); and M, the management landscape (e.g. interventions). cache = ./cache/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342211-y7zxipiz author = Dagpunar, J. S. title = Sensitivity of UK Covid-19 deaths to the timing of suppression measures and their relaxation date = 2020-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3183 sentences = 234 flesch = 66 summary = In this paper I examine the sensitivity of total UK Covid-19 deaths and the demand for intensive care and ward beds, to the timing and duration of suppression periods during a 500 day period. Using an expected latent period of 4.5 days and infectious period of 3.8 days, R_0 was first estimated as 3.18 using observed death rates under unmitigated spread and then under the effects of the total lock down (R_0=0.60) of 23 March. Starting with one exposed person at time zero and a suppression consistent with an R_0 of 0.60 on day 72, the model predicts around 39,000 deaths for a first wave, but this reduces to around 11,000 if the intervention takes place one week earlier. Figure 1 shows the death rate, required ward and intensive care beds, numbers of susceptible, exposed, and infectious, and cumulative deaths over time. cache = ./cache/cord-342211-y7zxipiz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342211-y7zxipiz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333405-ji58jbct author = Morens, David M. title = The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date = 2004-07-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6421 sentences = 315 flesch = 41 summary = Of the 'newly emerging' and 're-emerging/resurging' diseases that have followed the appearance of AIDS (Fig. 1) , some have been minor curiosities, such as the 2003 cases of monkeypox imported into the United States 4 , whereas others, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in the same year 5 , have had a worldwide impact. The impact of both new and re-emerging infectious diseases on human populations is affected by the rate and degree to which they spread across geographical areas, depending on the movement of human hosts or of the vectors or reservoirs of infections. Immune deficiency associated with AIDS, and with chemotherapy for cancer, immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, has contributed to an enormous global increase in the numbers of immunosuppressed people over the past few decades (probably more than 1% of the world's population), setting the stage for the re-emergence of many opportunistic infections. cache = ./cache/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313222-a1rd7kas author = Guo, Zuiyuan title = Early warning of some notifiable infectious diseases in China by the artificial neural network date = 2020-02-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3864 sentences = 198 flesch = 49 summary = The real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods were performed to analyse four types of respiratory infectious diseases and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases in China to comprehensively determine the epidemic intensities and whether to issue early warning signals. In this study, we used real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) to perform early warning research on four types of respiratory infectious diseases (measles, influenza, rubella and mumps) and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases (hepatitis A, hepatitis E, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, and bacterial and amoebic dysentery) that have higher incidence rates among notifiable infectious diseases in China. Figure 4 shows the time distribution of the numbers of cases of the four types of respiratory infectious diseases in the same historical period when the early warning signal was issued. cache = ./cache/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018349-rt2i2wca author = Tosam, Mbih Jerome title = Global Emerging Pathogens, Poverty and Vulnerability: An Ethical Analysis date = 2019-03-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3768 sentences = 157 flesch = 47 summary = The outbreak of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the developing world has shown the extent to which economic and social conditions can affect vulnerable populations. Socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions play a fundamental role in the emergence, spread and control/management of EIDs. In poor communities, a large part of the population live in overcrowded and squalid conditions. In this chapter, we critically examine the socio-economic and environmental factors that influence the emergence and spread of EIDs and discuss the ethical issues that arise from the global response and management of EIDs. Globally, the trend in the outbreak of EIDs has been increasing. Also, the countries where EIDs are more likely to occur and those whose capacity to effectively manage EIDs is weak, must also play a leading role in addressing the socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions which facilitate the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author = Bartlett, John G. title = Why Infectious Diseases date = 2014-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5505 sentences = 276 flesch = 43 summary = The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. The point is that epidemics are the domain of infectious diseases and public health, with the expectation for management or prevention of outbreaks with requirements for detection, reporting, isolation, and case management. This began with a patient transferred from a New York City hospital with a KPC infection and became the source of an institutional outbreak that required extraordinary efforts to control, including a wall constructed to isolate cases, removal of plumbing (as a possible source), use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) molecular diagnostics to detect cases and carriers, hydrogen peroxide room aerosols, and "whole house" surveillance cultures. The new healthcare system should value infectious disease expertise based on its important role in addressing resistance and costs associated with nosocomial infections. cache = ./cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297125-la20vi9j author = Brower, Jennifer L. title = The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date = 2016-08-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12334 sentences = 579 flesch = 44 summary = In just the past year, the United States has been bombarded with headlines on the dangers of infectious diseases: "HIV 'Epidemic' Triggered by Needle-Sharing Hits Scott County, Indiana [1] ;" "American with Ebola Now in Critical Condition [2] ;" "Seasonal Flu Vaccine Even Less Effective than Thought: CDC [3] ;" "'Superbug' Outbreak at California Hospital, more than 160 Exposed [4] ;" "Deadly CRE Bugs Linked to Hard to Clean Medical Scopes [5] ;" "Painful Virus [Chikungunya] Sweeps Central America, Gains a Toehold in U.S. Many factors have reduced the number of new antibiotics approved in the United States each year as well as reduced domestic production including demanding Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, the cost and time to market of development, the consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry, and the lack of financial impetus to produce and distribute antibiotics, which are generally used on a one-off basis versus drugs used to treat chronic conditions such as statins, Viagra, and allergy medications. cache = ./cache/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021261-budyph2u author = Bonnaud, Laure title = Serge Morand and Muriel Figuié (eds), 2016, Emergence de maladies infectieuses. Risques et enjeux de société (The emergence of infectious diseases. Societal risks and stakes): Paris, Quae, 136 p date = 2017-04-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1365 sentences = 66 flesch = 45 summary = In the case of influenza, national experts-virologists in particular-also became lobbyists for this public issue, linking it to other problems (by presenting it as a model for preparations against bioterrorism) and suggesting solutions, such as mass vaccination. In the French case, the authors analyse the mechanism for countering H1N1 flu and look at different ways of shaping the public problem, depending on whether the pandemic is deemed to be a public health issue, a stake of collective security, or a global problem affecting contemporary societies. Muriel Figuié takes a critical state-of-the-art look at the implementation of international public action in relation to animal health and more particularly at epidemiological surveillance and vaccination. Finally, epidemiological surveillance networks aside, the book pays little attention to the implementation of other devices or policies to fight against emerging infectious diseases. The next step towards understanding emerging diseases might therefore be to compare this new global health model with existing devices, in both the northern and southern countries. cache = ./cache/cord-021261-budyph2u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021261-budyph2u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-190296-erpoh5he author = Schaback, Robert title = On COVID-19 Modelling date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9445 sentences = 639 flesch = 75 summary = This contribution starts in section 2 with a rather elementary reconciliation of the standard SIR model for epidemics, featuring the central notions like Basic Reproduction Number, Herd Immunity Threshold, and Doubling Time, together with some critical remarks on their abuse in the media. To run this hidden model with constant N = S + M + H + C, one needs initial values and good estimates for β and γ, which are not the ones of the Johns Hopkins Data Model of section 3.3. These yield estimates for the parameters of the full SIR model that replace the earlier time series from the Johns Hopkins Data Model in section 3.3. Note that the only ingredients beside the Johns Hopkins data are the number k for the k-day rule, the Infection Fatality Rate γ IF from the literature, and the backlog m for estimation of constants from time series. cache = ./cache/cord-190296-erpoh5he.txt txt = ./txt/cord-190296-erpoh5he.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281403-yl7jdarm author = Le, Aurora B. title = U.S. Medical Examiner/Coroner capability to handle highly infectious decedents date = 2018-11-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6448 sentences = 267 flesch = 44 summary = Select results were: less than half of respondents (44%) stated that their office had been involved in handling a suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains case and responses indicated medical examiners. Survey questions included: demographic information (e.g. title, population served, state), personal protective equipment (PPE) worn in different infectious scenarios, procedures performed in different infectious scenarios, duration of training received, biosafety level (BSL) capabilities, and jurisdictional handling of highly infectious remains. Slightly more than half of respondents (56%; 61/108) stated their office staff had received training on donning and doffing PPE in suspected or confirmed cases of highly infectious remains; nearly one-third (32%) (18/56) reported the amount of cumulative training in hours per person, on average per year, was 1 h or less while 29% (16/56) spent between 1 and 2 h of training. 3. This survey, with respondents from nearly every U.S. state, revealed current levels of Medical Examiner/ Coroner training and education to address suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains. cache = ./cache/cord-281403-yl7jdarm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281403-yl7jdarm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304278-0qy1nngs author = Raj, G. Dhinakar title = Infectious bronchitis virus: immunopathogenesis of infection in the chicken date = 2007-11-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12530 sentences = 665 flesch = 45 summary = While infectious bronchitis (IB) is considered primarily a disease of the respiratory system, different IBV strains may show variable tissue tropisms and also affect the oviduct and the kidneys, with serious consequences. Nevertheless, the lack of correlation between antibodies and resistance, discrepancies between in vitro strain differentiation by VN tests and in vivo cross-protection results (Darbyshire, 1985) and re-excretion of virus in the presence of high titres of circulating antibodies (Jones & Ambali, 1987) all suggest that while humoral antibodies play a role in recovery from IBV infection, other immunological mechanisms are involved. Comparison of the susceptibility of chicks of different ages to infection with nephrosis-nephritis causing strain of infectious bronchitis virus Challenge experiments to evaluate cross-protection induced at the trachea and kidney level by vaccine strains and Belgian nephropathogenic isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus Effects of avian infectious bronchitis virus (Arkansas strain) on vaccinated laying chickens cache = ./cache/cord-304278-0qy1nngs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304278-0qy1nngs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292623-mxdlii77 author = Arji, Goli title = Fuzzy logic approach for infectious disease diagnosis: A methodical evaluation, literature and classification date = 2019-09-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6116 sentences = 402 flesch = 48 summary = So, the major objective of the current study is to examine the researches in which fuzzy logic techniques have been applied in infectious diseases so to determining its trends and methods, through the processes of conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). In this methodical review, the studies related to the employment of the fuzzy logic techniques in an infectious disease were assessed, and depending on the acquired outcomes, we can notice an interest amongst the researchers regarding this specific field of research. 40 studies were scrutinized and the main conclusions can be briefed as follows: (1) the key application field of the fuzzy logic in an infectious disease was related to dengue fever, hepatitis and tuberculosis, (2) amongst the fuzzy logic techniques fuzzy inference system, rule-based fuzzy logic, ANFIS and fuzzy cognitive map are commonly used in many studies, and (3) the major performance evaluation indicators such as the sensitivity, specificity, and the accuracy the ROC curve is employed. cache = ./cache/cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321984-qjfkvu6n author = Tang, Lu title = A Review of Multi‐Compartment Infectious Disease Models date = 2020-08-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 21853 sentences = 1094 flesch = 48 summary = Despite relying on a valid infectious diseases mechanism, deterministic approaches have several drawbacks: (i) the actual population in each compartment at a given time is never accurately measured because we only obtain an observation around the mean; (ii) the nature of disease transmission and recovery is stochastic on the individual level and thus never certain; and (iii) without random component in the model, it is neither possible to learn model parameters (e.g. R 0 ) from available data nor to assess prediction uncertainty. In an early stage of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the daily infection and death counts reported by health agencies are highly influenced by the availability of testing kits, reporting delays, reporting and attribution schemes, and under-ascertainment of mild cases in public health surveillance databases (see discussions in Angelopoulos et al., 2020; Banerjee et al., 2020) ; both disease transmission rate and time to recovery or death are also highly uncertain and vary by population density, demographic composition, regional contact network structure and non-uniform mitigation schemes (Ray et al., 2020) . cache = ./cache/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331255-t85yioyl author = Rohr, Jason R. title = Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production date = 2019-06-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9087 sentences = 395 flesch = 31 summary = Feeding 11 billion people will require substantial increases in crop and animal production that will expand agricultural use of antibiotics, water, pesticides and fertilizer, and contact rates between humans and both wild and domestic animals, all with consequences for the emergence and spread of infectious agents. Meeting the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal, to "eradicate hunger" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/) for this expanding human population will necessitate a large increase in food supplies, with major changes to agricultural production and distribution systems, infrastructure and social protection programmes 6 (Fig. 3) . As livestock and aquaculture production expand to address growing food demands, it is likely that current antibiotics and anthelmintics will become less effective because of evolved resistance, and thus infectious diseases of domesticated animals and humans will be more difficult to treat 75 . cache = ./cache/cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007890-bie1veti author = nan title = ECC-4 Abstracts date = 2002-04-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 85992 sentences = 5665 flesch = 50 summary = Effects of Interferon alpha plus ribavirine therapy on frequencies of HCV, HIV and CMV specific CD4-T-cell responses in peripheral blood of HIV/HCV coinfected patients after 6 months of treatment SoA9.5 Methods: Two groups of patients with chronic HCV infection were studied: 26 HIV coinfected progressors with antiretroviral therapy and 13 HIV-negative controls. In order to assess the local temporal trend of antibiotic sensitivity of the most common urinary tract bacterial pathogen, all urine-cultured Escherichia coli isolates were reviewed as to susceptibility profile, and specimen source (community-versus hospital-acquired infection). Methods: A total of 87 penicillin resistant clinical strains isolated from patients at Hacettepe Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey between 1999 and 2001 were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to various antibiotics that are commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. cache = ./cache/cord-007890-bie1veti.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007890-bie1veti.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276108-35rsrx3m author = Shulman, Stanford T title = The History of Pediatric Infectious Diseases date = 2004 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10998 sentences = 437 flesch = 43 summary = Epidemic diseases were better described during the 18th Century in colonial America compared with the earlier period, and there was clear recognition of the impact of smallpox, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, influenza, tuberculosis and whooping cough, particularly upon children. The early years of organized U.S. pediatrics were marked by a number of landmark advances in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases of children, with substantial reduction in infant mortality rates, to 189/1000 live births in New York City in 1900, with rates as low as 147 in Chicago and as high as 311 in Biddeford, ME (5). The importance of infectious diseases to the relatively small number of founding members of the American Pediatric Society, a group of distinguished physicians who devoted much or all of their effort to the improvement of the health of children, is reflected by analysis of the topics of the papers presented at the early annual scientific meetings of APS. cache = ./cache/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt ===== Reducing email addresses Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-000091-1qo1krxv cord-263438-9ra94uda cord-258584-qy3tg4ow cord-268564-5qhumjas cord-018263-cus1sqka cord-007922-mrpovgf7 cord-274113-m0nb78kf cord-024058-afgvztwo cord-018499-uvozcpmh cord-272829-i4jh6bcn cord-321993-uazc3lyg cord-017634-zhmnfd1w cord-015672-qau96gvw cord-339341-c2o42b5j cord-027313-24e2xb7d cord-306707-dde4nlhh cord-325247-1nb174qy cord-349066-546ozkly cord-258052-y9pzsoqa cord-355024-v5lahyw4 cord-331020-lyxje82u cord-021554-uxxrpfl0 cord-277353-qilq1q7h cord-018498-h8dtjt0p cord-276837-1me44xh0 cord-289626-8oldaa8i cord-333405-ji58jbct cord-342211-y7zxipiz cord-313222-a1rd7kas cord-018349-rt2i2wca cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 cord-021261-budyph2u cord-297125-la20vi9j cord-190296-erpoh5he cord-281403-yl7jdarm cord-304278-0qy1nngs cord-292623-mxdlii77 cord-321984-qjfkvu6n cord-331255-t85yioyl cord-276108-35rsrx3m cord-007890-bie1veti Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-258584-qy3tg4ow cord-018263-cus1sqka cord-331020-lyxje82u cord-342211-y7zxipiz cord-276837-1me44xh0 cord-313222-a1rd7kas cord-018349-rt2i2wca cord-321984-qjfkvu6n cord-297125-la20vi9j cord-331255-t85yioyl Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-000091-1qo1krxv cord-258584-qy3tg4ow cord-007922-mrpovgf7 cord-263438-9ra94uda cord-268564-5qhumjas cord-018263-cus1sqka cord-274113-m0nb78kf cord-018499-uvozcpmh cord-024058-afgvztwo cord-272829-i4jh6bcn cord-321993-uazc3lyg cord-017634-zhmnfd1w cord-339341-c2o42b5j cord-015672-qau96gvw cord-027313-24e2xb7d cord-325247-1nb174qy cord-306707-dde4nlhh cord-349066-546ozkly cord-258052-y9pzsoqa cord-355024-v5lahyw4 cord-331020-lyxje82u cord-021554-uxxrpfl0 cord-277353-qilq1q7h cord-018498-h8dtjt0p cord-276837-1me44xh0 cord-289626-8oldaa8i cord-342211-y7zxipiz cord-313222-a1rd7kas cord-333405-ji58jbct cord-018349-rt2i2wca cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 cord-297125-la20vi9j cord-021261-budyph2u cord-190296-erpoh5he cord-281403-yl7jdarm cord-292623-mxdlii77 cord-331255-t85yioyl cord-321984-qjfkvu6n cord-304278-0qy1nngs cord-276108-35rsrx3m cord-007890-bie1veti Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-007922-mrpovgf7 cord-274113-m0nb78kf cord-000091-1qo1krxv cord-018263-cus1sqka cord-258584-qy3tg4ow cord-018499-uvozcpmh cord-272829-i4jh6bcn cord-268564-5qhumjas cord-024058-afgvztwo cord-321993-uazc3lyg cord-015672-qau96gvw cord-339341-c2o42b5j cord-027313-24e2xb7d cord-325247-1nb174qy cord-306707-dde4nlhh cord-349066-546ozkly cord-258052-y9pzsoqa cord-277353-qilq1q7h cord-263438-9ra94uda cord-021554-uxxrpfl0 cord-018498-h8dtjt0p cord-331020-lyxje82u cord-276837-1me44xh0 cord-017634-zhmnfd1w cord-342211-y7zxipiz cord-313222-a1rd7kas cord-018349-rt2i2wca cord-021261-budyph2u cord-355024-v5lahyw4 cord-333405-ji58jbct cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 cord-289626-8oldaa8i cord-281403-yl7jdarm cord-292623-mxdlii77 cord-190296-erpoh5he cord-297125-la20vi9j cord-331255-t85yioyl cord-304278-0qy1nngs cord-276108-35rsrx3m cord-321984-qjfkvu6n cord-007890-bie1veti Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-304278-0qy1nngs cord-007890-bie1veti cord-331020-lyxje82u cord-263438-9ra94uda cord-321984-qjfkvu6n cord-007890-bie1veti number of items: 41 sum of words: 333,639 average size in words: 8,137 average readability score: 44 nouns: disease; diseases; patients; infection; virus; health; data; cases; infections; treatment; strains; model; resistance; time; study; risk; results; population; transmission; case; children; number; system; years; surveillance; bronchitis; use; outbreak; agents; rate; days; control; fever; methods; example; pathogens; analysis; antibiotics; countries; response; factors; epidemic; isolates; host; period; development; influenza; therapy; emergence; care verbs: used; including; increasing; showed; emerging; follows; causing; done; developed; based; given; infected; occurs; associated; determined; found; provided; isolated; led; reported; identified; made; relating; reduce; become; requiring; compared; seen; involving; confirmed; considered; performed; need; described; result; prevent; improved; know; take; treating; defined; observed; obtained; present; affect; receive; evaluated; detected; studied; spread adjectives: infectious; human; new; clinical; resistant; global; public; high; first; different; many; important; specific; respiratory; medical; susceptible; antibiotic; acute; early; major; effective; severe; positive; non; viral; environmental; immune; significant; common; several; large; available; antimicrobial; local; avian; higher; bacterial; negative; pediatric; fuzzy; ecological; zoonotic; certain; international; active; natural; economic; similar; recent; chronic adverbs: also; well; however; often; respectively; highly; even; therefore; particularly; now; significantly; still; usually; especially; directly; previously; recently; less; already; later; first; rather; frequently; currently; always; almost; potentially; rapidly; newly; far; approximately; commonly; widely; just; worldwide; furthermore; together; never; generally; much; mainly; easily; yet; largely; typically; nearly; indeed; increasingly; clinically; clearly pronouns: it; we; their; its; they; our; i; them; he; his; one; us; itself; you; she; her; themselves; your; me; ourselves; him; my; mg; esat-6; β; ı; und; s; pm230; parameter˛is; oneself; me/; ka.max; infect_rate; i.t/; himself; her|himself; herself; facieum; 1= proper nouns: IBV; Infectious; mg; HIV; United; States; S.; Diseases; C; Health; University; Ebola; SIR; Hospital; Medical; A; Department; M; AIDS; S; E.; B; D; C.; SARS; Africa; Disease; France; E; Microbiology; HCV; West; CDC; Fig; US; Staphylococcus; T; MRSA; Europe; Global; N; TB; RNA; New; World; Medicine; MIC; •; PCR; National keywords: infectious; disease; human; hiv; united; ebola; virus; states; diseases; bronchitis; sir; pediatric; ibv; health; datum; cdc; antibiotic; aids; agent; waste; vaccination; uveitis; university; transmission; threat; terrain; technique; system; susceptible; surveillance; supercourse; study; strain; staphylococcus; specialist; spain; society; section; sars; rna; risk; result; resistance; remain; raj; purpose; program; president; ppe; peterson one topic; one dimension: infectious file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723410/ titles(s): Disease ecology and the global emergence of zoonotic pathogens three topics; one dimension: infectious; patients; infectious file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18837773/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126403/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18483939/ titles(s): Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective | ECC-4 Abstracts | Infectious bronchitis virus: immunopathogenesis of infection in the chicken five topics; three dimensions: infectious diseases disease; patients strains treatment; infectious ibv virus; disease diseases infectious; disease infectious fuzzy file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834402/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126403/, https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.07004v1.pdf, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313369/, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2019.09.004 titles(s): A Review of Multi‐Compartment Infectious Disease Models | ECC-4 Abstracts | On COVID-19 Modelling | Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management | Fuzzy logic approach for infectious disease diagnosis: A methodical evaluation, literature and classification Type: cord title: keyword-infectious-cord date: 2021-05-25 time: 15:20 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:infectious ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-258052-y9pzsoqa author: Adalja, Amesh A. title: Biothreat Agents and Emerging Infectious Disease in the Emergency Department date: 2018-09-06 words: 4208 sentences: 238 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt summary: A key method for detecting the presence of an emerging infectious disease syndrome or a biological weapons exposure in an ED patient is to develop a general approach that seeks out key historical and physical examination clues. Any suspicion of smallpox should prompt infectious disease consultation, airborne isolation procedures, and notification of local, state, and national public health authorities. Any suspicion of a VHF should prompt immediate consultation with an infectious disease physician and state and local health authorities. 20 There are several experimental treatments and vaccines (which can be used for postexposure prophylaxis) that are available for filovirus infections and arenavirus infections that would likely be used in any domestic VHF cases caused by these groups of viruses. 22 MERS should be suspected in individuals with upper or lower respiratory infection after travel to the Middle East in the prior 2 weeks, and confirmatory molecular testing can be done in conjunction with state and local health authorities. abstract: The challenges faced by the emergency physician with recognizing and treating category A biothreat agents and emerging infectious disease are summarized and reviewed. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0733862718300634 doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2018.06.011 id: cord-306707-dde4nlhh author: Antabe, Roger title: Diseases, Emerging and Infectious date: 2019-12-04 words: 2399 sentences: 110 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt summary: Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are largely preventable, and yet with their profound impact and increasing prevalence, they remain a threat to global health, which must be addressed. The SDGs posit that through increased surveillance and allocating more resources and funding to this health issue, diagnostic and treatment programs will be improved, and the epidemic of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases will once again begin to decline. Therefore, a global network of specialist and experts is key in designing future responses to EIDs. The introduction of vaccines led to the eradication of major infectious disease such as Smallpox and Measles that plagued earlier centuries as leading causes of death. In view of the disproportionate global burden of infectious diseases where some regions are more prone relative to others, a key consideration in eradicating EIDs may be the reallocation of resources, including expertise and clinical technology to areas that are most impacted. abstract: Emerging and infectious diseases have persisted as leading causes of global morbidity and mortality. Caused by pathogens including bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, they are known to pose serious health threats to the world's population dating back to ancient Egypt. In the 14th Century alone, infectious diseases were responsible for decimating 20–45% of the world's population. The discovery of vaccines, coupled with improved sanitation, hygiene, and health care, witnessed the eradication of several infectious diseases, although some have resurfaced or are resurfacing since the latter part of the 20th Century. While geography partly define hotspots for emerging and infectious diseases, low socioeconomic development, poverty, and underfunded health care systems remain driving forces for the reoccurrence of these diseases among vulnerable populations who experience material deprivation. To eradicate infectious diseases, a global response will have to prioritize the allocation of resources by way of expertise and technology to areas that are most affected. Furthermore, an effective surveillance system, and a rigorous vaccine deployment regime targeting vulnerable persons and regions is desirable in mitigating the impacts of these diseases. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081022955104391 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10439-1 id: cord-292623-mxdlii77 author: Arji, Goli title: Fuzzy logic approach for infectious disease diagnosis: A methodical evaluation, literature and classification date: 2019-09-26 words: 6116 sentences: 402 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt summary: So, the major objective of the current study is to examine the researches in which fuzzy logic techniques have been applied in infectious diseases so to determining its trends and methods, through the processes of conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). In this methodical review, the studies related to the employment of the fuzzy logic techniques in an infectious disease were assessed, and depending on the acquired outcomes, we can notice an interest amongst the researchers regarding this specific field of research. 40 studies were scrutinized and the main conclusions can be briefed as follows: (1) the key application field of the fuzzy logic in an infectious disease was related to dengue fever, hepatitis and tuberculosis, (2) amongst the fuzzy logic techniques fuzzy inference system, rule-based fuzzy logic, ANFIS and fuzzy cognitive map are commonly used in many studies, and (3) the major performance evaluation indicators such as the sensitivity, specificity, and the accuracy the ROC curve is employed. abstract: This paper presents a systematic review of the literature and the classification of fuzzy logic application in an infectious disease. Although the emergence of infectious diseases and their subsequent spread have a significant impact on global health and economics, a comprehensive literature evaluation of this topic has yet to be carried out. Thus, the current study encompasses the first systematic, identifiable and comprehensive academic literature evaluation and classification of the fuzzy logic methods in infectious diseases. 40 papers on this topic, which have been published from 2005 to 2019 and related to the human infectious diseases were evaluated and analyzed. The findings of this evaluation clearly show that the fuzzy logic methods are vastly used for diagnosis of diseases such as dengue fever, hepatitis and tuberculosis. The key fuzzy logic methods used for the infectious disease are the fuzzy inference system; the rule-based fuzzy logic, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and fuzzy cognitive map. Furthermore, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve were universally applied for a performance evaluation of the fuzzy logic techniques. This thesis will also address the various needs between the different industries, practitioners and researchers to encourage more research regarding the more overlooked areas, and it will conclude with several suggestions for the future infectious disease researches. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2019.09.004 doi: 10.1016/j.bbe.2019.09.004 id: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author: Bartlett, John G. title: Why Infectious Diseases date: 2014-09-15 words: 5505 sentences: 276 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt summary: The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. The point is that epidemics are the domain of infectious diseases and public health, with the expectation for management or prevention of outbreaks with requirements for detection, reporting, isolation, and case management. This began with a patient transferred from a New York City hospital with a KPC infection and became the source of an institutional outbreak that required extraordinary efforts to control, including a wall constructed to isolate cases, removal of plumbing (as a possible source), use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) molecular diagnostics to detect cases and carriers, hydrogen peroxide room aerosols, and "whole house" surveillance cultures. The new healthcare system should value infectious disease expertise based on its important role in addressing resistance and costs associated with nosocomial infections. abstract: Infectious diseases is a broad discipline that is almost unique in contemporary medicine with its ability to cure and prevent disease, to identify specific disease causes (microbes), and to deal with diverse, sometimes massive outbreaks. The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. Infectious disease careers have great personal rewards to the practitioner based on these observations. It is unfortunate that we have been so effective in our work, but relatively ineffective in convincing the healthcare system of this value. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu441 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu441 id: cord-021261-budyph2u author: Bonnaud, Laure title: Serge Morand and Muriel Figuié (eds), 2016, Emergence de maladies infectieuses. Risques et enjeux de société (The emergence of infectious diseases. Societal risks and stakes): Paris, Quae, 136 p date: 2017-04-10 words: 1365 sentences: 66 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-021261-budyph2u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021261-budyph2u.txt summary: In the case of influenza, national experts-virologists in particular-also became lobbyists for this public issue, linking it to other problems (by presenting it as a model for preparations against bioterrorism) and suggesting solutions, such as mass vaccination. In the French case, the authors analyse the mechanism for countering H1N1 flu and look at different ways of shaping the public problem, depending on whether the pandemic is deemed to be a public health issue, a stake of collective security, or a global problem affecting contemporary societies. Muriel Figuié takes a critical state-of-the-art look at the implementation of international public action in relation to animal health and more particularly at epidemiological surveillance and vaccination. Finally, epidemiological surveillance networks aside, the book pays little attention to the implementation of other devices or policies to fight against emerging infectious diseases. The next step towards understanding emerging diseases might therefore be to compare this new global health model with existing devices, in both the northern and southern countries. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149209/ doi: 10.1007/s41130-017-0042-9 id: cord-297125-la20vi9j author: Brower, Jennifer L. title: The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date: 2016-08-01 words: 12334 sentences: 579 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt summary: In just the past year, the United States has been bombarded with headlines on the dangers of infectious diseases: "HIV ''Epidemic'' Triggered by Needle-Sharing Hits Scott County, Indiana [1] ;" "American with Ebola Now in Critical Condition [2] ;" "Seasonal Flu Vaccine Even Less Effective than Thought: CDC [3] ;" "''Superbug'' Outbreak at California Hospital, more than 160 Exposed [4] ;" "Deadly CRE Bugs Linked to Hard to Clean Medical Scopes [5] ;" "Painful Virus [Chikungunya] Sweeps Central America, Gains a Toehold in U.S. Many factors have reduced the number of new antibiotics approved in the United States each year as well as reduced domestic production including demanding Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, the cost and time to market of development, the consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry, and the lack of financial impetus to produce and distribute antibiotics, which are generally used on a one-off basis versus drugs used to treat chronic conditions such as statins, Viagra, and allergy medications. abstract: The threat from microorganisms is complex, and the approaches for reducing the challenges the world is facing are also multifaceted, but a combination approach including several simple steps can make a difference and reduce morbidity and mortality and the economic cost of fighting infectious diseases. This paper discusses the continually evolving infectious disease landscape, contributing factors in the rise of the threat, reasons for optimism, and the policies, technologies, actions, and institutions that might be harnessed to further reduce the dangers introduced by pathogens. It builds upon and updates the work of other authors that have recognized the dangers of emerging and re-emerging pathogens and have explored and documented potential solutions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480226/ doi: 10.1007/s00248-016-0806-9 id: cord-268564-5qhumjas author: Brown, Lisa title: Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: A systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions date: 2013-04-01 words: 6490 sentences: 466 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt summary: This systematic literature review aimed to identify and examine the relationship between infectious disease incidence and flooding in order to gain a better understanding of: OUTCOMe (COMBiNeD wiTH OR) amoebiasis, bacillary dysentery, burul*, campylo*, chikungunya, cholera, communicable disease*, contamination, crypto*, dengue, dengue virus, dermatitis, diarrhea*, diarrhea*, disease*, disease vector*, disease outbreak*, epidemic*, enteric fever, Escherichia coli, gastrointestinal, giardia*, hanta virus infections, health, health effect*, health impact*, hemorrhagic fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis e, illness, infectio*, infectious disease*, Japanese encephalitis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, lyme disease, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, morbidity, mosquito*, norovirus, naeg*, outbreak*, onchocerciasis, physical health, plague, pollut*, public health, q fever, risk factor*, rodent*, rodentborne, rodent-borne, rodent related, rodent-related, salmonellosis, sars virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, shigellosis, schistosomiasis, tick*, tick-borne encephalitis, tularaemia, tularemia, typhoid, water, waterborne, water-borne, water related, water-related, west nile fever, vector*, vectorborne, vector-borne, vector related, vector-related, yellow fever, yersini* risk, rising temperatures, overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor health care, poverty, and an abundance of rats and other animal reservoirs. abstract: Introduction Many infectious diseases are sensitive to climatic changes; specifically, flooding. This systematic literature review aimed to strengthen the quality and completeness of evidence on infectious diseases following flooding, relevant to Europe. Methods A systematic literature review from 2004–2012 was performed. Focused searches of the following databases were conducted: Medline, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Evidence Aid. Personal communications with key informants were also reviewed. Results Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Evidence suggested that water-borne, rodent-borne, and vector-borne diseases have been associated with flooding in Europe, although at a lower incidence than developing countries. Conclusion Disease surveillance and early warning systems, coupled with effective prevention and response capabilities, can reduce current and future vulnerability to infectious diseases following flooding. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28228994/ doi: 10.4161/dish.25216 id: cord-258584-qy3tg4ow author: Christopeit, Maximilian title: Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of infections in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 2020 update of the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) date: 2020-10-20 words: 5778 sentences: 282 pages: flesch: 30 cache: ./cache/cord-258584-qy3tg4ow.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258584-qy3tg4ow.txt summary: These recommendations on prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of infectious complications after HDC/ASCT by the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Haematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) are the fourth edition after 1999, 2003 and 2012 [15] [16] [17] . Antimicrobial therapy of febrile complications after high-dose chemo−/radiotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) Antimicrobial therapy of febrile complications after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) CNS infections in patients with hematological disorders (including allogeneic stem-cell transplantation) -Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) National Institute of A, Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study G (2004) Micafungin versus fluconazole for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections during neutropenia in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation abstract: To ensure the safety of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDC/ASCT), evidence-based recommendations on infectious complications after HDC/ASCT are given. This guideline not only focuses on patients with haematological malignancies but also addresses the specifics of HDC/ASCT patients with solid tumours or autoimmune disorders. In addition to HBV and HCV, HEV screening is nowadays mandatory prior to ASCT. For patients with HBs antigen and/or anti-HBc antibody positivity, HBV nucleic acid testing is strongly recommended for 6 months after HDC/ASCT or for the duration of a respective maintenance therapy. Prevention of VZV reactivation by vaccination is strongly recommended. Cotrimoxazole for the prevention of Pneumocystis jirovecii is supported. Invasive fungal diseases are less frequent after HDC/ASCT, therefore, primary systemic antifungal prophylaxis is not recommended. Data do not support a benefit of protective room ventilation e.g. HEPA filtration. Thus, AGIHO only supports this technique with marginal strength. Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis is recommended to prevent bacterial infections, although a survival advantage has not been demonstrated. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33079221/ doi: 10.1007/s00277-020-04297-8 id: cord-342211-y7zxipiz author: Dagpunar, J. S. title: Sensitivity of UK Covid-19 deaths to the timing of suppression measures and their relaxation date: 2020-05-15 words: 3183 sentences: 234 pages: flesch: 66 cache: ./cache/cord-342211-y7zxipiz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342211-y7zxipiz.txt summary: In this paper I examine the sensitivity of total UK Covid-19 deaths and the demand for intensive care and ward beds, to the timing and duration of suppression periods during a 500 day period. Using an expected latent period of 4.5 days and infectious period of 3.8 days, R_0 was first estimated as 3.18 using observed death rates under unmitigated spread and then under the effects of the total lock down (R_0=0.60) of 23 March. Starting with one exposed person at time zero and a suppression consistent with an R_0 of 0.60 on day 72, the model predicts around 39,000 deaths for a first wave, but this reduces to around 11,000 if the intervention takes place one week earlier. Figure 1 shows the death rate, required ward and intensive care beds, numbers of susceptible, exposed, and infectious, and cumulative deaths over time. abstract: In this paper I examine the sensitivity of total UK Covid-19 deaths and the demand for intensive care and ward beds, to the timing and duration of suppression periods during a 500 day period. This is achieved via a SEIR model. Using an expected latent period of 4.5 days and infectious period of 3.8 days, R_0 was first estimated as 3.18 using observed death rates under unmitigated spread and then under the effects of the total lock down (R_0=0.60) of 23 March. The case fatality rate given infection is taken as 1%. Parameter values for mean length of stay and conditional probability of death for ICU and non-ICU hospital admissions are guided by Ferguson et al.(2020). Under unmitigated spread the model predicts around 600,000 deaths in the UK. Starting with one exposed person at time zero and a suppression consistent with an R_0 of 0.60 on day 72, the model predicts around 39,000 deaths for a first wave, but this reduces to around 11,000 if the intervention takes place one week earlier. If the initial suppression were in place until day 200 and then relaxed to an R_0 of 1.5 between days 200 and 300, to be followed by a return to an R_0 of 0.60, the model predicts around 43,000 deaths. This would increase to around 48,000 if the release from the first suppression takes place one week earlier. The results indicate the extreme sensitivity to timing and the consequences of even small delays to suppression and premature relaxation of such measures. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.09.20096859v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096859 id: cord-313222-a1rd7kas author: Guo, Zuiyuan title: Early warning of some notifiable infectious diseases in China by the artificial neural network date: 2020-02-19 words: 3864 sentences: 198 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt summary: The real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods were performed to analyse four types of respiratory infectious diseases and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases in China to comprehensively determine the epidemic intensities and whether to issue early warning signals. In this study, we used real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) to perform early warning research on four types of respiratory infectious diseases (measles, influenza, rubella and mumps) and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases (hepatitis A, hepatitis E, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, and bacterial and amoebic dysentery) that have higher incidence rates among notifiable infectious diseases in China. Figure 4 shows the time distribution of the numbers of cases of the four types of respiratory infectious diseases in the same historical period when the early warning signal was issued. abstract: In order to accurately grasp the timing for the prevention and control of diseases, we established an artificial neural network model to issue early warning signals. The real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods were performed to analyse four types of respiratory infectious diseases and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases in China to comprehensively determine the epidemic intensities and whether to issue early warning signals. The numbers of new confirmed cases per month between January 2004 and December 2017 were used as the training set; the data from 2018 were used as the test set. The results of RTRL showed that the number of new confirmed cases of respiratory infectious diseases in September 2018 increased abnormally. The results of the EKF showed that the number of new confirmed cases of respiratory infectious diseases increased abnormally in January and February of 2018. The results of these two algorithms showed that the number of new confirmed cases of digestive tract infectious diseases in the test set did not have any abnormal increases. The neural network and machine learning can further enrich and develop the early warning theory. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32257314/ doi: 10.1098/rsos.191420 id: cord-325247-1nb174qy author: Hedayat, Kamyar M. title: Infectious diseases of the ear, nose, throat, and bronchus date: 2019-06-21 words: 4192 sentences: 322 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-325247-1nb174qy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325247-1nb174qy.txt summary: This chapter discusses common infectious maladies: rhinopharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, and bronchitis. It involves ascertaining the answer to seven queries: (1) why this structure is infected: teleology of structure and function, (2) why this patient is infected: precritical terrain, (3) why this organism infected: the organism and its virulence-absolute and relative to the competency of host defenses, (4) why these symptoms are manifested: critical terrain during an infection, (5) what is the benefit of the infectious symptoms: its adaptive or adaptative role, (6) what is the current net state of the terrain: mechanisms and consequences of endogenous response of the infected, and response of the infector, and (7) how to manage: personalization of treatment based on the reality of both the infected and the infector. A congestive terrain with insufficient peripheral cortico-thyrotropic adaptation of immunity favors infections in this region of the body. abstract: Infectious diseases occur based on the interrelationship of the capabilities of the host and the virulence of the microorganism. Each person has a terrain that determines the susceptibility to infection and response to an infection. According to the theory of endobiogeny, the majority of symptoms related to an infectious disease are related to the patient’s response to the infector and not the intrinsic agent itself. This chapter discusses common infectious maladies: rhinopharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, and bronchitis. For each of these disorders, the neuroendocrine and emunctory elements in the precritical and critical terrain are discussed. Treatment options are discussed based on treating the patient rather than the microorganism. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128169087000098 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816908-7.00009-8 id: cord-321993-uazc3lyg author: Hedrick, Stephen M. title: The Imperative to Vaccinate date: 2018-10-31 words: 4188 sentences: 239 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt summary: A simplified version is that diffuse or small host populations cannot sustain an acutely infectious agent, meaning one in which infection is followed by clearance and long-term immunity. So, in addition to the endless parade of cold viruses that circulate among us, we acquired a great many deadly infectious agents, such as those that cause diphtheria, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, plague, rubella, smallpox, typhus, whooping cough, and others. Smallpox eradication was our first and thus far only complete victory over a human disease-causing agent, made possible by universal, global vaccination, and intensive surveillance. Vaccination effectively reduces the number and density of the disease-susceptible people, making acutely infectious agents unsustainable in the population. The risk of disease for any individual is thus most importantly dependent on the collective immunity of the population, especially those most susceptible to infection, usually the youngest children and oldest adults. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0022347618308667 doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.041 id: cord-281403-yl7jdarm author: Le, Aurora B. title: U.S. Medical Examiner/Coroner capability to handle highly infectious decedents date: 2018-11-06 words: 6448 sentences: 267 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-281403-yl7jdarm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281403-yl7jdarm.txt summary: Select results were: less than half of respondents (44%) stated that their office had been involved in handling a suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains case and responses indicated medical examiners. Survey questions included: demographic information (e.g. title, population served, state), personal protective equipment (PPE) worn in different infectious scenarios, procedures performed in different infectious scenarios, duration of training received, biosafety level (BSL) capabilities, and jurisdictional handling of highly infectious remains. Slightly more than half of respondents (56%; 61/108) stated their office staff had received training on donning and doffing PPE in suspected or confirmed cases of highly infectious remains; nearly one-third (32%) (18/56) reported the amount of cumulative training in hours per person, on average per year, was 1 h or less while 29% (16/56) spent between 1 and 2 h of training. 3. This survey, with respondents from nearly every U.S. state, revealed current levels of Medical Examiner/ Coroner training and education to address suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains. abstract: In the United States of America, Medical Examiners and Coroners (ME/Cs) investigate approximately 20% of all deaths. Unexpected deaths, such as those occurring due to a deceased person under investigation for a highly infectious disease, are likely to fall under ME/C jurisdiction, thereby placing the ME/C and other morgue personnel at increased risk of contracting an occupationally acquired infection. This survey of U.S. ME/Cs′ capabilities to address highly infectious decedents aimed to determine opportunities for improvement at ME/C facilities serving a state or metropolitan area. Data for this study was gathered via an electronic survey. Of the 177 electronic surveys that were distributed, the overall response rate was N = 108 (61%), with 99 of those 108 respondents completing all the questions within the survey. At least one ME/C responded from 47 of 50 states, and the District of Columbia. Select results were: less than half of respondents (44%) stated that their office had been involved in handling a suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains case and responses indicated medical examiners. Additionally, ME/C altered their personal protective equipment based on suspected versus confirmed highly infectious remains rather than taking an all-hazards approach. Standard operating procedures or guidelines should be updated to take an all-hazards approach, best-practices on handling highly infectious remains could be integrated into a standardized education, and evidence-based information on appropriate personal protective equipment selection could be incorporated into a widely disseminated learning module for addressing suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains, as those areas were revealed to be currently lacking. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30402743/ doi: 10.1007/s12024-018-0043-2 id: cord-331020-lyxje82u author: M. Najimudeen, Shahnas title: Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Infection in Chickens: Multiple System Disease with Immune Suppression date: 2020-09-24 words: 6966 sentences: 349 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-331020-lyxje82u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331020-lyxje82u.txt summary: The evolution of new strains of IBV during the last nine decades against vaccine-induced immune response and changing clinical and pathological manifestations emphasize the necessity of the rational development of intervention strategies based on a thorough understanding of IBV interaction with the host. For example, chickens infected with certain strains of IBV such as Mass, QX-like strain or Aust T at ages of 1-14 days develop cystic oviducts without impaired ovarian functions, which leads to false layer syndrome with no egg production [15, [63] [64] [65] . One of the immune cell types that bridges innate and adaptive host responses is the macrophages, and the available data show that certain IBV serotypes (i.e., Mass and Conn) target respiratory tract macrophages and replicate within them, thus leading to a productive infection [59, 88] . abstract: In the early 1930s, infectious bronchitis (IB) was first characterized as a respiratory disease in young chickens; later, the disease was also described in older chickens. The etiology of IB was confirmed later as being due to a coronavirus: the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Being a coronavirus, IBV is subject to constant genome change due to mutation and recombination, with the consequence of changing clinical and pathological manifestations. The potential use of live attenuated vaccines for the control of IBV infection was demonstrated in the early 1950s, but vaccine breaks occurred due to the emergence of new IBV serotypes. Over the years, various IBV genotypes associated with reproductive, renal, gastrointestinal, muscular and immunosuppressive manifestations have emerged. IBV causes considerable economic impacts on global poultry production due to its pathogenesis involving multiple body systems and immune suppression; hence, there is a need to better understand the pathogenesis of infection and the immune response in order to help developing better management strategies. The evolution of new strains of IBV during the last nine decades against vaccine-induced immune response and changing clinical and pathological manifestations emphasize the necessity of the rational development of intervention strategies based on a thorough understanding of IBV interaction with the host. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100779 doi: 10.3390/pathogens9100779 id: cord-027313-24e2xb7d author: Mahmood, Imran title: An Agent-Based Simulation of the Spread of Dengue Fever date: 2020-05-22 words: 3870 sentences: 213 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-027313-24e2xb7d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-027313-24e2xb7d.txt summary: By developing a simulation framework that models population dynamics and the interactions of both humans and mosquitoes, we may enable epidemiologists to analyze and forecast the transmission and spread of an infectious disease in specific areas. We extend the traditional SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Recovered) mathematical model and propose an Agent-based model to analyze the interactions between the host and the vector using: (i) our proposed algorithm to compute vector density, based on the reproductive behavior of the vector; and (ii) agent interactions to simulate transmission of virus in a spatio-temporal environment, and forecast the spread of the disease in a given area over a period of time. Our proposed agent-based simulation framework allows modeling of both human and vector population dynamics, using separate layers. This section discusses the details of our proposed framework which is composed of three layers: (i) Host Layer (Human population); (ii) Vector Layer (Mosquito population); and (iii) Pathogen Layer (Dengue parameters), as shown in Fig. 5 . abstract: Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than 700,000 annual deaths. Lack of a robust infrastructure for timely collection, reporting, and analysis of epidemic data undermines necessary preparedness and thus posing serious health challenges to the general public. By developing a simulation framework that models population dynamics and the interactions of both humans and mosquitoes, we may enable epidemiologists to analyze and forecast the transmission and spread of an infectious disease in specific areas. We extend the traditional SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Recovered) mathematical model and propose an Agent-based model to analyze the interactions between the host and the vector using: (i) our proposed algorithm to compute vector density, based on the reproductive behavior of the vector; and (ii) agent interactions to simulate transmission of virus in a spatio-temporal environment, and forecast the spread of the disease in a given area over a period of time. Our simulation results identify several expected dengue cases and their direction of spread, which can help in detecting epidemic outbreaks. Our proposed framework provides visualization and forecasting capabilities to study the epidemiology of a certain region and aid public health departments in emergency preparedness. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7304008/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50420-5_8 id: cord-339341-c2o42b5j author: Matibag, Gino C. title: Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date: 2005-09-01 words: 5855 sentences: 317 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt summary: This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The overall goal of the "Supercourse for Zoonosis" is to show the most recent development in the knowledge of SARS and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), inter alia, which have significant global impact not only on health but also on the economy. The specific objectives of "Supercourse for Zoonosis" are to develop a set of educational materials for the control of zoonotic diseases, to disseminate them effectively via the Internet, to facilitate their use in the prevention and control of the diseases, and to promote human health while minimizing their economic impact. abstract: This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The paper begins by outlining some of the key themes and issues in infectious diseases, highlighting the way which historical analysis challenges ideas of the ‘newness’ of some of these developments. It then discusses the role of risk communication to public accountability. The bulk of the paper presents an overview of developments of the Internet-based learning system through the Supercourse lectures that may prove to be a strong arm for the promotion of the latest medical information particularly to developing countries. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02897702 doi: 10.1007/bf02897702 id: cord-007922-mrpovgf7 author: Miyazaki, M. title: Infectious waste management in Japan: A revised regulation and a management process in medical institutions date: 2005-02-17 words: 2617 sentences: 139 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-007922-mrpovgf7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007922-mrpovgf7.txt summary: The first rule of infectious waste management was regulated in 1992, and infectious wastes are defined as the waste materials generated in medical institutions as a result of medical care or research which contain pathogens that have the potential to transmit infectious diseases. The World Health Organization (1983) , US Environmental Protection Agency (1986, 1991) , US Centers for Disease Con-trol and Prevention (1978) , Germany (Muhlich et al., 2003; The Ministry of Environment, 2004) , and many other countries have already established strict guidelines for the management of infectious waste materials disposed of from medical institutions. Furthermore, many articles reported technologies of disinfection methods in medical institutions (Haishima, 2000; Matsumoto, 2000; Takatsuki, 2000; Murata et al., 2004 ) and reports about a management system of infectious waste are rare (Hayashi and Shigematsu, 2000; Miyazaki, 2001 Miyazaki, , 2003 The Waste Disposal Law was amended in 2003 and the revised regulation including new criteria for the infectious waste management was provided in 2004 by the Ministry of Environment. abstract: In Japan, the waste management practice is carried out in accordance with the Waste Disposal Law of 1970. The first rule of infectious waste management was regulated in 1992, and infectious wastes are defined as the waste materials generated in medical institutions as a result of medical care or research which contain pathogens that have the potential to transmit infectious diseases. Revised criteria for infectious waste management were promulgated by the Ministry of Environment in 2004. Infectious waste materials are divided into three categories: the form of waste; the place of waste generation; the kind of infectious diseases. A reduction of infectious waste is expected. We introduce a summary of the revised regulation of infectious waste management in this article. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7127074/ doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.01.003 id: cord-333405-ji58jbct author: Morens, David M. title: The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date: 2004-07-08 words: 6421 sentences: 315 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt summary: Of the ''newly emerging'' and ''re-emerging/resurging'' diseases that have followed the appearance of AIDS (Fig. 1) , some have been minor curiosities, such as the 2003 cases of monkeypox imported into the United States 4 , whereas others, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in the same year 5 , have had a worldwide impact. The impact of both new and re-emerging infectious diseases on human populations is affected by the rate and degree to which they spread across geographical areas, depending on the movement of human hosts or of the vectors or reservoirs of infections. Immune deficiency associated with AIDS, and with chemotherapy for cancer, immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, has contributed to an enormous global increase in the numbers of immunosuppressed people over the past few decades (probably more than 1% of the world''s population), setting the stage for the re-emergence of many opportunistic infections. abstract: Infectious diseases have for centuries ranked with wars and famine as major challenges to human progress and survival. They remain among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Against a constant background of established infections, epidemics of new and old infectious diseases periodically emerge, greatly magnifying the global burden of infections. Studies of these emerging infections reveal the evolutionary properties of pathogenic microorganisms and the dynamic relationships between microorganisms, their hosts and the environment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15241422/ doi: 10.1038/nature02759 id: cord-289626-8oldaa8i author: Murray, Kris A. title: Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management date: 2018-04-19 words: 10517 sentences: 527 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt summary: Indeed, distributional patterns of human infectious diseases are generally far more poorly compiled and characterized (e.g. often at only country or regional level and as coarse presence vs absence data) than many plant and animal species, for which numerous global stock takes, status assessments, occurrence databases and detailed distribution maps exist following a long tradition of biogeographic study (Wallace 1876 , Murray et al. We may represent the challenge of simultaneously understanding patterns and processes of infectious disease systems with respect to a series of interacting elements; including G, the physical geography context (e.g. topography) and E, the abiotic (e.g. climate) and biotic (e.g. habitat) environment; R n and V n , the single or multiple (denoted by superscript n) species of reservoir hosts or vectors; P, the pathogen being transmitted; H, the human population itself; O, the observation effort that may apply to each of the other elements (e.g. surveillance and data collation from existing sources); and M, the management landscape (e.g. interventions). abstract: Biogeography is an implicit and fundamental component of almost every dimension of modern biology, from natural selection and speciation to invasive species and biodiversity management. However, biogeography has rarely been integrated into human or veterinary medicine nor routinely leveraged for global health management. Here we review the theory and application of biogeography to the research and management of human infectious diseases, an integration we refer to as ‘pathogeography’. Pathogeography represents a promising framework for understanding and decomposing the spatial distributions, diversity patterns and emergence risks of human infectious diseases into interpretable components of dynamic socio‐ecological systems. Analytical tools from biogeography are already helping to improve our understanding of individual infectious disease distributions and the processes that shape them in space and time. At higher levels of organization, biogeographical studies of diseases are rarer but increasing, improving our ability to describe and explain patterns that emerge at the level of disease communities (e.g. co‐occurrence, diversity patterns, biogeographic regionalisation). Even in a highly globalized world most human infectious diseases remain constrained in their geographic distributions by ecological barriers to the dispersal or establishment of their causal pathogens, reservoir hosts and/or vectors. These same processes underpin the spatial arrangement of other taxa, such as mammalian biodiversity, providing a strong empirical ‘prior’ with which to assess the potential distributions of infectious diseases when data on their occurrence is unavailable or limited. In the absence of quality data, generalized biogeographic patterns could provide the earliest (and in some cases the only) insights into the potential distributions of many poorly known or emerging, or as‐yet‐unknown, infectious disease risks. Encouraging more community ecologists and biogeographers to collaborate with health professionals (and vice versa) has the potential to improve our understanding of infectious disease systems and identify novel management strategies to improve local, global and planetary health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313369/ doi: 10.1111/ecog.03625 id: cord-018263-cus1sqka author: Nadal, David title: Pediatric infectious diseases — Quo vadis 2015? date: 2007 words: 4004 sentences: 174 pages: flesch: 26 cache: ./cache/cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt summary: Pediatric infectious disease specialists provide important recommendations on the use of microbiological and other diagnostic tests, application of antimicrobial drugs, and measures for infection control, which may substantially differ in children compared to in adults. Specific clinical tasks of the pediatric infectious disease specialist [4] -Integrative discipline -Provision of primary care and consultative services to patients from all pediatric disciplines -Implementation of quality assurance programs in hospitals and other health care settings, e.g., infection control, hospital epidemiology, antimicrobial management programs -Engagement in preventive efforts through implementation of vaccine strategies and other means; play a significant role in public health programs at all political levels -Conduction of research seeking cures for new diseases as well as preventive measures, such as new vaccines -Teaching and leadership in academic health institutions and non-experienced physicians within or outside the hospital. abstract: In modern medicine the discipline pediatric infectious diseases is an essential medical specialty. The challenging and complex tasks in the next years include meticulous consolidation and careful extension of existing activities aiming at conducting high level research, offering high standard teaching, and providing high quality patient management. This can only be accomplished by exquisitely dedicated individuals with extraordinary communication and integrative skills following painstaking continued training and formation. Potential careers in the discipline can be envisioned not only in academics, but also in government, public health, and industry, whilst less likely in private practice. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123100/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8099-1_18 id: cord-304278-0qy1nngs author: Raj, G. Dhinakar title: Infectious bronchitis virus: immunopathogenesis of infection in the chicken date: 2007-11-12 words: 12530 sentences: 665 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-304278-0qy1nngs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304278-0qy1nngs.txt summary: While infectious bronchitis (IB) is considered primarily a disease of the respiratory system, different IBV strains may show variable tissue tropisms and also affect the oviduct and the kidneys, with serious consequences. Nevertheless, the lack of correlation between antibodies and resistance, discrepancies between in vitro strain differentiation by VN tests and in vivo cross-protection results (Darbyshire, 1985) and re-excretion of virus in the presence of high titres of circulating antibodies (Jones & Ambali, 1987) all suggest that while humoral antibodies play a role in recovery from IBV infection, other immunological mechanisms are involved. Comparison of the susceptibility of chicks of different ages to infection with nephrosis-nephritis causing strain of infectious bronchitis virus Challenge experiments to evaluate cross-protection induced at the trachea and kidney level by vaccine strains and Belgian nephropathogenic isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus Effects of avian infectious bronchitis virus (Arkansas strain) on vaccinated laying chickens abstract: The immunopathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection in the chicken is reviewed. While infectious bronchitis (IB) is considered primarily a disease of the respiratory system, different IBV strains may show variable tissue tropisms and also affect the oviduct and the kidneys, with serious consequences. Some strains replicate in the intestine but apparently without pathological changes. Pectoral myopathy has been associated with an important recent variant. Several factors can influence the course of infection with IBV, including the age, breed and nutrition of the chicken, the environment and intercurrent infection with other infectious agents. Immunogenic components of the virus include the S (spike) proteins and the N nucleoprotein. The humoral, local and cellular responses of the chicken to IBV are reviewed, together with genetic resistance of the chicken. In long-term persistence of IBV, the caecal tonsil or kidney have been proposed as the sites of persistence. Antigenic variation among IBV strains is related to relatively small differences in amino acid sequences in the S1 spike protein. However, antigenic studies alone do not adequately define immunological relationships between strains and cross-immunisation studies have been used to classify IBV isolates into ‘protectotypes’. It has been speculated that changes in the S1 protein may be related to differences in tissue tropisms shown by different strains. Perhaps in the future, new strains of IBV may arise which affect organs or systems not normally associated with IB. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18483939/ doi: 10.1080/03079459708419246 id: cord-021554-uxxrpfl0 author: Resta-Lenert, Silvia title: Diarrhea, Infectious date: 2004-06-17 words: 2485 sentences: 132 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-021554-uxxrpfl0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021554-uxxrpfl0.txt summary: Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world, especially in developing countries where children suffer the greatest brunt of infectious diarrhea, malnutrition, and death. In developing countries, inadequate water supply, inef®cient or nonexistent sewage removal systems, chronic malnutrition, and lack of access to oral rehydration are responsible for the high incidence of infectious diarrheal diseases. In the industrialized world, acute diarrhea is still one of the most frequent diagnoses in general practice and children, elderly, and immunocompromised patients are the most vulnerable individuals and account for the majority of these cases. Approximately 100 million episodes of acute diarrhea occur in the United States yearly, with an incidence of 1.2 to 1.5 diarrheal episodes per person-year. These patients are more likely to develop persistent or chronic diarrhea after an acute episode because of their impaired immunity, with a signi®cant increase in morbidity and mortality. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150217/ doi: 10.1016/b0-12-386860-2/00180-5 id: cord-331255-t85yioyl author: Rohr, Jason R. title: Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production date: 2019-06-11 words: 9087 sentences: 395 pages: flesch: 31 cache: ./cache/cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt summary: Feeding 11 billion people will require substantial increases in crop and animal production that will expand agricultural use of antibiotics, water, pesticides and fertilizer, and contact rates between humans and both wild and domestic animals, all with consequences for the emergence and spread of infectious agents. Meeting the United Nations'' Sustainable Development Goal, to "eradicate hunger" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/) for this expanding human population will necessitate a large increase in food supplies, with major changes to agricultural production and distribution systems, infrastructure and social protection programmes 6 (Fig. 3) . As livestock and aquaculture production expand to address growing food demands, it is likely that current antibiotics and anthelmintics will become less effective because of evolved resistance, and thus infectious diseases of domesticated animals and humans will be more difficult to treat 75 . abstract: Infectious diseases are emerging globally at an unprecedented rate while global food demand is projected to increase sharply by 2100. Here, we synthesize the pathways by which projected agricultural expansion and intensification will influence human infectious diseases and how human infectious diseases might likewise affect food production and distribution. Feeding 11 billion people will require substantial increases in crop and animal production that will expand agricultural use of antibiotics, water, pesticides and fertilizer, and contact rates between humans and both wild and domestic animals, all with consequences for the emergence and spread of infectious agents. Indeed, our synthesis of the literature suggests that, since 1940, agricultural drivers were associated with >25% of all — and >50% of zoonotic — infectious diseases that emerged in humans, proportions that will likely increase as agriculture expands and intensifies. We identify agricultural and disease management and policy actions, and additional research, needed to address the public health challenge posed by feeding 11 billion people. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32219187/ doi: 10.1038/s41893-019-0293-3 id: cord-190296-erpoh5he author: Schaback, Robert title: On COVID-19 Modelling date: 2020-05-11 words: 9445 sentences: 639 pages: flesch: 75 cache: ./cache/cord-190296-erpoh5he.txt txt: ./txt/cord-190296-erpoh5he.txt summary: This contribution starts in section 2 with a rather elementary reconciliation of the standard SIR model for epidemics, featuring the central notions like Basic Reproduction Number, Herd Immunity Threshold, and Doubling Time, together with some critical remarks on their abuse in the media. To run this hidden model with constant N = S + M + H + C, one needs initial values and good estimates for β and γ, which are not the ones of the Johns Hopkins Data Model of section 3.3. These yield estimates for the parameters of the full SIR model that replace the earlier time series from the Johns Hopkins Data Model in section 3.3. Note that the only ingredients beside the Johns Hopkins data are the number k for the k-day rule, the Infection Fatality Rate γ IF from the literature, and the backlog m for estimation of constants from time series. abstract: This contribution analyzes the COVID-19 outbreak by comparably simple mathematical and numerical methods. The final goal is to predict the peak of the epidemic outbreak per country with a reliable technique. This is done by an algorithm motivated by standard SIR models and aligned with the standard data provided by the Johns Hopkins University. To reconstruct data for the unregistered Infected, the algorithm uses current values of the infection fatality rate and a data-driven estimation of a specific form of the recovery rate. All other ingredients are data-driven as well. Various examples of predictions are provided for illustration. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.07004v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-276108-35rsrx3m author: Shulman, Stanford T title: The History of Pediatric Infectious Diseases date: 2004 words: 10998 sentences: 437 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276108-35rsrx3m.txt summary: Epidemic diseases were better described during the 18th Century in colonial America compared with the earlier period, and there was clear recognition of the impact of smallpox, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, influenza, tuberculosis and whooping cough, particularly upon children. The early years of organized U.S. pediatrics were marked by a number of landmark advances in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases of children, with substantial reduction in infant mortality rates, to 189/1000 live births in New York City in 1900, with rates as low as 147 in Chicago and as high as 311 in Biddeford, ME (5). The importance of infectious diseases to the relatively small number of founding members of the American Pediatric Society, a group of distinguished physicians who devoted much or all of their effort to the improvement of the health of children, is reflected by analysis of the topics of the papers presented at the early annual scientific meetings of APS. abstract: The history of Pediatric Infectious Diseases closely parallels the history of Pediatrics at least until the last century, because historically infections comprised the major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality, as they still do in the developing world. This history reviews developments in the field through the centuries and is writen so that it does not overlap the contribution to this series by Baker and Katz entitled ‘Childhood Vaccine Development in the United States.' Remarkable descriptions of selected pediatric infections existed long before the invention of printing, and early pediatric texts included many chapters devoted to various infections. Coincident with the establishment of pediatric organizations in America in the late 19(th) and early 20(th) Centuries, major attention was focused on diphtheria, infant diarrheal illnesses, tuberculosis, streptococcal infections and their complications, and other pediatric infections, and substantial progress was made. The American Pediatric Society (1888), the American Academy of Pediatrics (1930), the Society for Pediatric Research (1931), and the American Board of Pediatrics (1933) all contributed to the evolution of the discipline of Pediatric Infectious Disease, and numerous leaders of these organizations had significant infectious diseases interests. The establishment of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases sub-board, and an accreditation process for training programs, as well as sub-specialty textbooks and journal, further validated the development of this specialty, particularly in North America. The many remaining challenges related to infectious diseases in children (including HIV, emerging infections, antimicrobial resistance, opportunistic infections, and infections in the developing world) insure the future of the specialty. The genomic era of medicine and the tools of molecular biology will lead to new insights into pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of infections. Pediatric Infectious Diseases physicians can celebrate the past triumphs of the discipline and future achievements, all contributing to improved health for children. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14605240/ doi: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000101756.93542.09 id: cord-018499-uvozcpmh author: Siddiquee, Shafiquzzaman title: The Basic Concept of Microbiology date: 2017-09-07 words: 2844 sentences: 209 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-018499-uvozcpmh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018499-uvozcpmh.txt summary: A microbiologist/scientist, and knowledgeable laboratory techniques, safety procedures, and hazards associated with handling transferrable agents will accountable for the comportment of research with infectious agents or materials. When conducting works with high transmissible agents, the risk of aerosol transmission is so high, so microbiology laboratories must follow BSL 3 practices. Right way wash your hand after removing gloves, other personnel protective equipment (PPE), handling potentially infectious agents or materials and exiting of laboratory. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) have recommends that laboratory personnel must be protected their streetwear clothing from contamination by wearing appropriate attire (e.g., gloves, lab shoes or use shoe covers) when conducting works in BSL-2 laboratory. Evoke, if you are not clearly apprehend the proper handling and safety procedures or how properly use safety equipment; avoid conducting work with the infectious materials until you get proper instruction or consult the CDC/NIH BMBL for further information. abstract: Aseptic technique is a method that involves target-specific practices and procedures under suitably controlled conditions to reduce the contamination from microbes. It is a compulsory laboratory skill to conduct research related in the field of microbiology. Mycologist/microbiologists must follow aseptic techniques for multiplicity procedures such as screening of isolates/strains, pure cultures, slant cultures, single spore cultures, microbes transferring cultures, inoculating media, and conducting several microbiological experiments. Proper aseptic technique has prevented the cultures contamination from inborn and outborn microbes in the environment. As example, airborne microbes (e.g., fungi) handpicked from the surveyor’s health, the lab benchtop, unsterilized glassware and equipment, dust, and other areas, thus interfering to get proper experiment results. Using the proper aseptic technique can significantly reduce/minimize the risk of contamination. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123386/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-64946-7_1 id: cord-263438-9ra94uda author: Snowden, Frank M. title: Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date: 2008-09-19 words: 14393 sentences: 608 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt summary: Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled ''Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases'' in which he declared them ''one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.'' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes. abstract: Summary: Between mid‐century and 1992, there was a consensus that the battle against infectious diseases had been won, and the Surgeon General announced that it was time to close the book. Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The increasing virulence of dengue fever with dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome disproved the theory of the evolution toward commensalism, and the discovery of the microbial origins of peptic ulcer demonstrated the reach of infectious diseases. The Institute of Medicine coined the term ‘emerging and reemerging diseases’ to explain that the world had entered an era in which the vulnerability to epidemics in the United States and globally was greater than ever. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. These mechanisms were tested by severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003, and a series of practical and conceptual blind spots in preparedness were revealed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18837773/ doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00677.x id: cord-017634-zhmnfd1w author: Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne title: Infectious Disease Epidemiology date: 2005 words: 12379 sentences: 662 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt summary: Use of additional clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data may enable a physician to diagnose a disease even though the formal surveillance case definition may not be met. Another way to detect an increase of cases is if the surveillance system of reportable infectious diseases reveals an unusually high number of people with the same diagnosis over a certain time period at different health care facilities. On the other hand, however, there should be no time delay in starting an investigation if there is an opportunity to prevent more cases or the potential to identify a system failure which can be caused, for example, by poor food preparation in a restaurant or poor infection control practices in a hospital or to prevent future outbreaks by acquiring more knowledge of the epidemiology of the agent involved. In developing countries, surveys are often necessary to evaluate health problems since data collected routinely (disease surveillance, hospital records, case registers) are often incomplete and of poor quality. abstract: The following chapter intends to give the reader an overview of the current field of applied infectious disease epidemiology. Prevention of disease by breaking the chain of transmission has traditionally been the main purpose of infectious disease epidemiology. While this goal remains the same, the picture of infectious diseases is changing. New pathogens are identified and already known disease agents are changing their behavior. The world population is aging; more people develop underlying disease conditions and are therefore more susceptible to certain infectious diseases or have long term sequelae after being infected. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122244/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-26577-1_34 id: cord-321984-qjfkvu6n author: Tang, Lu title: A Review of Multi‐Compartment Infectious Disease Models date: 2020-08-03 words: 21853 sentences: 1094 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt summary: Despite relying on a valid infectious diseases mechanism, deterministic approaches have several drawbacks: (i) the actual population in each compartment at a given time is never accurately measured because we only obtain an observation around the mean; (ii) the nature of disease transmission and recovery is stochastic on the individual level and thus never certain; and (iii) without random component in the model, it is neither possible to learn model parameters (e.g. R 0 ) from available data nor to assess prediction uncertainty. In an early stage of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the daily infection and death counts reported by health agencies are highly influenced by the availability of testing kits, reporting delays, reporting and attribution schemes, and under-ascertainment of mild cases in public health surveillance databases (see discussions in Angelopoulos et al., 2020; Banerjee et al., 2020) ; both disease transmission rate and time to recovery or death are also highly uncertain and vary by population density, demographic composition, regional contact network structure and non-uniform mitigation schemes (Ray et al., 2020) . abstract: Multi‐compartment models have been playing a central role in modelling infectious disease dynamics since the early 20th century. They are a class of mathematical models widely used for describing the mechanism of an evolving epidemic. Integrated with certain sampling schemes, such mechanistic models can be applied to analyse public health surveillance data, such as assessing the effectiveness of preventive measures (e.g. social distancing and quarantine) and forecasting disease spread patterns. This review begins with a nationwide macromechanistic model and related statistical analyses, including model specification, estimation, inference and prediction. Then, it presents a community‐level micromodel that enables high‐resolution analyses of regional surveillance data to provide current and future risk information useful for local government and residents to make decisions on reopenings of local business and personal travels. r software and scripts are provided whenever appropriate to illustrate the numerical detail of algorithms and calculations. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic surveillance data from the state of Michigan are used for the illustration throughout this paper. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834402/ doi: 10.1111/insr.12402 id: cord-277353-qilq1q7h author: Taniguchi, Kiyosu title: Imported infectious diseases and surveillance in Japan date: 2008-09-11 words: 2054 sentences: 104 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt summary: Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported disease, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Current National Epidemiological Surveillance for Infectious Diseases (NESID) in Japan requires that all notifiable diseases should be reported with the presumptive place of infection. Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported infection, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (AIDS), typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Although the outbreak among group tours to endemic countries was reported to account for the increase of imported diseases, 11 investigation of attributable events or causes were not always made in a timely manner. In this study it was not difficult to overview the situation of imported infectious diseases because the current Japanese surveillance system requires the presumptive place of infection including the specified country if possible. abstract: Surveillance of imported infectious diseases is important because of the need for early detection of outbreaks of international concern as well as information of risk to the travelers. This paper attempts to review how the Japanese surveillance system deals with imported infectious diseases and reviews the trend of these diseases. The cases of acquired infection overseas were extracted from the surveillance data in 1999–2008. The incidence and rate of imported cases of a series of infectious diseases with more than one imported case were observed by the year of diagnosis and place of acquired infection. During the period 10,030 cases that could be considered to be imported infectious diseases were identified. Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported disease, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. The annual trends of these diseases always fluctuated but not every change was investigated. The study reveals that the situation of imported infectious diseases can be identified in the current Japanese surveillance system with epidemiologic features of both temporal and geographic distribution of cases of imported infectious diseases. However, further timely investigation for unusual increase in infectious diseases is needed. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893908001038 doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.07.001 id: cord-018349-rt2i2wca author: Tosam, Mbih Jerome title: Global Emerging Pathogens, Poverty and Vulnerability: An Ethical Analysis date: 2019-03-20 words: 3768 sentences: 157 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt summary: The outbreak of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the developing world has shown the extent to which economic and social conditions can affect vulnerable populations. Socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions play a fundamental role in the emergence, spread and control/management of EIDs. In poor communities, a large part of the population live in overcrowded and squalid conditions. In this chapter, we critically examine the socio-economic and environmental factors that influence the emergence and spread of EIDs and discuss the ethical issues that arise from the global response and management of EIDs. Globally, the trend in the outbreak of EIDs has been increasing. Also, the countries where EIDs are more likely to occur and those whose capacity to effectively manage EIDs is weak, must also play a leading role in addressing the socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions which facilitate the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. abstract: In the last few decades, the world has witnessed the emergence and re-emergence of new and old infectious diseases. Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) have the capacity to spread rapidly from one region of the world to another, within a very short time, due to world travel and increased global interdependence. The impact of this varies from one region to another. Resource poor countries suffer the most due to an already high disease burden, poor infrastructures, lack of clean, potable water and sanitation, as well as an acute shortage of qualified health personnel to manage, control and contain the crisis/spread. Poor and marginalized communities are the most vulnerable because infectious diseases cause not only suffering and death, but also severe economic hardship. The outbreak of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the developing world has shown the extent to which economic and social conditions can affect vulnerable populations. These socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions accelerate the spread of, and exacerbate the negative impact of emerging pathogens. This chapter will undertake an analysis of the trend in global emerging pathogens, their economic impact, the global vulnerability status and ethical implications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123202/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-17474-3_18 id: cord-018498-h8dtjt0p author: Tupe, Christina L. title: Infectious Diseases date: 2018-03-23 words: 2007 sentences: 99 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-018498-h8dtjt0p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018498-h8dtjt0p.txt summary: Commercial airline travel creates conditions conducive to the spread of infectious diseases: the proximity of passengers in a confined space and the origin of flights from anywhere on the globe. This chapter describes symptoms of infectious diseases that might emerge in an airline passenger and the steps that a responding medical professional can take to stabilize the person and minimize the exposure risk for other passengers and the crew. It also reviews guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control regarding infectious diseases that might be encountered during flights, procedures for working with pilots to alert ground crews about passengers'' medical needs, and requirements for reporting incidents to authorities after landing. Focusing on children, Moore and associates [2] found that infectious diseases, neurologic emergencies, and respiratory tract problems were the leading reasons for medical consultation among the passengers transported by one airline between 1995 and 2002. abstract: Commercial airline travel creates conditions conducive to the spread of infectious diseases: the proximity of passengers in a confined space and the origin of flights from anywhere on the globe. This chapter describes symptoms of infectious diseases that might emerge in an airline passenger and the steps that a responding medical professional can take to stabilize the person and minimize the exposure risk for other passengers and the crew. It also reviews guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control regarding infectious diseases that might be encountered during flights, procedures for working with pilots to alert ground crews about passengers’ medical needs, and requirements for reporting incidents to authorities after landing. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123385/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-74234-2_11 id: cord-274113-m0nb78kf author: Vignier, Nicolas title: Travel, Migration and Emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2018-11-07 words: 1789 sentences: 117 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt summary: In connection with the extension of poverty, urbanization, extensive livestock rearing and globalization, we could be exposed to a third epidemiological transition characterized by zoonotic diseases and infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. These infectious diseases unequally expose the majority Nicolas Vignier, Olivier Bouchaud Travel, migration and emerging infectious diseases population, from none at all (e.g., malaria) to a little (e.g., tuberculosis). Among the published studies on migrants and infectious diseases, the majority were non-emergent diseases with the exception of MDR tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant bacteria (24, 25) . Immigrants don''t play the role of Nicolas Vignier, Olivier Bouchaud Travel, migration and emerging infectious diseases sentinel epidemic so far. abstract: Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. Travelers could play a role in importing EIDs and could be a sentinel of major epidemics. In connection with the extension of poverty, urbanization, extensive livestock rearing and globalization, we could be exposed to a third epidemiological transition characterized by zoonotic diseases and infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. The risk appears low for emerging infectious diseases, or very low for high-risk emerging infectious diseases, but higher for multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae carriage with possibly limited consequences. The role played by migrants is weaker than imagined. Immigrants don’t play the role of sentinel epidemic so far. They could play a role in importing multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae, but it is poorly evaluated. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30479600/ doi: nan id: cord-349066-546ozkly author: Walker, D.H. title: Principles of Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases date: 2014-08-21 words: 2943 sentences: 137 pages: flesch: 34 cache: ./cache/cord-349066-546ozkly.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349066-546ozkly.txt summary: The methods of detection include cultivation of bacteria and fungi on growth medium, isolation of viruses in cell culture, and identification of the agent biochemically, antigenically, or genetically. Visualization of an agent in infected tissue can provide a diagnosis based on specific morphological characteristics or identify the category of organism, for example, gram-positive or gram-negative bacterium or virus (e.g., eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons in rabies virus infection). Specific diagnoses require isolation of the agent in culture, microscopic visualization of the pathogen in tissue lesions, and/or detection of a specific host immune response to the organism. Identification of fungi has been accelerated greatly in microbiology laboratories by performing either hybridization tests or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on media growing a fungus that is not identifiable by conventional morphological techniques such as blood culture bottles that contain yeast growth. abstract: Infectious diseases are diagnosed by detection of a bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, or helminth in a patient with a compatible clinical illness. The methods of detection include cultivation of bacteria and fungi on growth medium, isolation of viruses in cell culture, and identification of the agent biochemically, antigenically, or genetically. Infectious diseases can also be identified by detection of a specific immune response, usually antibodies, that develop during the course of illness. Visualization of an agent in infected tissue can provide a diagnosis based on specific morphological characteristics or identify the category of organism, for example, gram-positive or gram-negative bacterium or virus (e.g., eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons in rabies virus infection). Methods that detect and allow visualization of antigens (immunohistochemistry) or nucleic acid sequences (in situ hybridization) provide more specific diagnoses. Detection of specific nucleic acid sequences amplified by polymerase chain reaction is a powerful molecular diagnostic tool. Since the elucidation of the etiology of the first infectious disease, anthrax, more than 135 years ago, Koch's postulates have been applied and modified as novel technologies and agents have emerged. During the last 45 years, more than 70 previously unknown agents of infections have been identified in emerging infectious diseases, a phenomenon that is likely to continue. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864567017135 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.01713-5 id: cord-276837-1me44xh0 author: Wang, Wei title: InfectiousDiseases ofPoverty, the first five years date: 2017-05-04 words: 3591 sentences: 157 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt summary: Based on the "One health, One world" mission, a new, open-access journal, Infectious Diseases of Poverty (IDP), was launched by BioMed Central in partnership with the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) on October 25, 2012. Based on the "One health, One world" mission mentioned in the Global Report on Research for the Infectious Diseases of Poverty [21] , the journal publishes work on topics and approaches that address essential public health questions related to this issue. Interestingly, the most highly cited publication in IDP is an editorial published in 2013 [25] , which may be explained by the fact that it dealt with surveillance and response defining this approach as a research priority during the stage moving towards elimination of tropical diseases, which received much global attention [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . abstract: Although the focus in the area of health research may be shifting from infectious to non-communicable diseases, the infectious diseases of poverty remain a major burden of disease of global health concern. A global platform to communicate and share the research on these diseases is needed to facilitate the translation of knowledge into effective approaches and tools for their elimination. Based on the “One health, One world” mission, a new, open-access journal, Infectious Diseases of Poverty (IDP), was launched by BioMed Central in partnership with the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) on October 25, 2012. Its aim is to identify and assess research and information gaps that hinder progress towards new interventions for a particular public health problem in the developing world. From the inaugural IDP issue of October 25, 2012, a total of 256 manuscripts have been published over the following five years. Apart from a small number of editorials, opinions, commentaries and letters to the editor, the predominant types of publications are research articles (69.5%) and scoping reviews (21.5%). A total of 1 081 contributing authors divided between 323 affiliations across 68 countries, territories and regions produced these 256 publications. The journal is indexed in major international biomedical databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Embase. In 2015, it was assigned its first impact factor (4.11), which is now 2.13. During the past five years, IDP has received manuscripts from 90 countries, territories and regions across six continents with an annual acceptance rate of all contributions maintained at less than 40%. Content analysis shows that neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), followed by the “Big Three” (HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis) and infectious diseases in general comprise 88% of all publications. In addition, a series of 10 thematic issues, covering 118 publications in all, was published as separate parts of the first five volumes. These publications were cited 975 times, which equals an average of 8.3 times per publication. The current challenge is to identify cutting-edge research topics and attract and to publish first-rate publications leading to increasing importance and impact of the journal in its field. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0310-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-017-0310-6 doi: 10.1186/s40249-017-0310-6 id: cord-000091-1qo1krxv author: Wilcox, Bruce A. title: Disease ecology and the global emergence of zoonotic pathogens date: 2005-09-17 words: 6383 sentences: 288 pages: flesch: 30 cache: ./cache/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt summary: Employing a complex systems analytical approach, however, may show how a few key ecological variables and system properties, including the adaptive capacity of institutions, explains the emergence of infectious diseases and how an integrated, multi-level approach to zoonotic disease control can reduce risk. This development in particular, along with observations from several decades of applications of systems ecology to natural resources and economic development (8, (21) (22) (23) , have resulted in important insights of significant potential in understanding zoonotic disease emergence as a cross-scale process. The above body of ecological theory and observations involving specific emerging infectious disease cases suggests a causal schema that links ecological phenomena on the scale of pathogen transmission and evolution to regional and global transformations. As explained by the infectious disease ecology described here, zoonotic disease emergence involves biological processes operating on the scale of molecules and cells to that of coupled, regional scale human-natural systems. abstract: The incidence and frequency of epidemic transmission of zoonotic diseases, both known and newly recognized, has increased dramatically in the past 30 years. It is thought that this dramatic disease emergence is primarily the result of the social, demographic, and environmental transformation that has occurred globally since World War II. However, the causal linkages have not been elucidated. Investigating emerging zoonotic pathogens as an ecological phenomenon can provide significant insights as to why some of these pathogens have jumped species and caused major epidemics in humans. A review of concepts and theory from biological ecology and of causal factors in disease emergence previously described suggests a general model of global zoonotic disease emergence. The model links demographic and societal factors to land use and land cover change whose associated ecological factors help explain disease emergence. The scale and magnitude of these changes are more significant than those associated with climate change, the effects of which are largely not yet understood. Unfortunately, the complex character and non-linear behavior of the human-natural systems in which host-pathogen systems are embedded makes specific incidences of disease emergence or epidemics inherently difficult to predict. Employing a complex systems analytical approach, however, may show how a few key ecological variables and system properties, including the adaptive capacity of institutions, explains the emergence of infectious diseases and how an integrated, multi-level approach to zoonotic disease control can reduce risk. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723410/ doi: 10.1007/bf02897701 id: cord-015672-qau96gvw author: Willermain, François title: Global Variations and Changes in Patterns of Infectious Uveitis date: 2017-06-01 words: 3007 sentences: 168 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt summary: According to Woolhouse, an emerging pathogen can be defined as an infectious agent whose incidence is increasing following its introduction into a new host population. However, due to evolution in our societies, such as globalization, those causes of infectious uveitis begin to emerge in non-endemic regions in patients having traveled in endemic regions (see Sect. In this context, a series of infectious uveitis, mainly rickettsioses, West Nile virus, dengue, or chikungunya, has been the subject of an increase awareness and careful descriptions from both endemic and non-endemic regions [20, 49, 50] . The recent outbreaks of Ebola and Zika virus have been similarly associated with uveitis cases and those pathogens should be now included in the list of emerging infectious uveitis agents [51, 52] . This is clearly due to evolution of our lifestyle which has also important impact on the emergence of new infectious diseases which might become someday new uveitis causes. abstract: Before 1940, most uveitis cases were supposed to be due to infectious agents, mainly syphilis or tuberculosis [1]. Progress in the understanding of intraocular inflammation led to the discovery that uveitis can be of infectious and noninfectious origin and that many pathogens can cause infectious uveitis. Theoretically, Koch postulates must be fulfilled, in order to formerly demonstrate that a disease is due to an infectious agent. However, in infectious uveitis, most often, serological evidence, molecular or histological demonstration, and treatment response are usually the only available elements to suggest the infectious origin of the uveitis. Using those evidences, a large number of infectious organisms have been demonstrated to cause infectious uveitis. Some have a global importance around the world, while others have more limited niches. Many of them have been considered as emerging pathogens. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115009/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-23416-8_1 id: cord-272829-i4jh6bcn author: ZANETTI, A. R. title: Emerging and re‐emerging infections at the turn of the millennium date: 2010-01-04 words: 4100 sentences: 180 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt summary: Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man‐induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. What is more, a number of other factors promote not only the dissemination but also the emergence of new infectious diseases: intensive farming and breeding associated with crowding promote the development of foci of infection; global warming has modified the climate, making insects, a major vector of pathogens, able to thrive in countries where the climate was previously hostile; the exploitation of natural resources has produced environmental changes that create opportunities for new contacts between species leading to emergence of infections in new hosts. abstract: Summary. After World War II, mankind believed that infectious diseases were on the way to being defeated. Unfortunately, they still are the second worldwide cause of death. Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man‐induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. The main pandemics have been caused by viruses, such as HIV and novel subtypes of influenza viruses. In addition, prion proteins are a threat. The transmission of the Creutzfeld Jakob disease variant through blood transfusion and the recent discovery of prion protein in the spleen of a haemophilia patient are a matter of further concern. The end of the war against infectious diseases is not in sight. Mankind’s battle with pathogens has lasted millennia and is destined to continue. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20059563/ doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2009.02174.x id: cord-007890-bie1veti author: nan title: ECC-4 Abstracts date: 2002-04-16 words: 85992 sentences: 5665 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-007890-bie1veti.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007890-bie1veti.txt summary: Effects of Interferon alpha plus ribavirine therapy on frequencies of HCV, HIV and CMV specific CD4-T-cell responses in peripheral blood of HIV/HCV coinfected patients after 6 months of treatment SoA9.5 Methods: Two groups of patients with chronic HCV infection were studied: 26 HIV coinfected progressors with antiretroviral therapy and 13 HIV-negative controls. In order to assess the local temporal trend of antibiotic sensitivity of the most common urinary tract bacterial pathogen, all urine-cultured Escherichia coli isolates were reviewed as to susceptibility profile, and specimen source (community-versus hospital-acquired infection). Methods: A total of 87 penicillin resistant clinical strains isolated from patients at Hacettepe Children''s Hospital, Ankara, Turkey between 1999 and 2001 were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to various antibiotics that are commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126403/ doi: 10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00033-x id: cord-024058-afgvztwo author: nan title: Engineering a Global Response to Infectious Diseases: This paper presents a more robust, adaptable, and scalable engineering infrastructure to improve the capability to respond to infectious diseases.Contributed Paper date: 2015-02-17 words: 5592 sentences: 294 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt summary: Examples of innovative leveraging of infrastructure, technologies to enhance existing disease management strategies, engineering approaches to accelerate the rate of discovery and application of scientific, clinical, and public health information, and ethical issues that need to be addressed for implementation are presented. Because engineers contribute to the design and implementation of infrastructure, there are opportunities for innovative solutions to infectious disease response within existing systems that have utility, and therefore resources, before a public health emergency. Moving forward, addressing privacy issues will be critical so that geographic tracking of a phone''s location could be used to help inform an individual of potential contact with infected persons or animals and support automated, anonymous, electronic integration of those data to accelerate the epidemiological detective work of identifying and surveying those same individuals for public health benefit. abstract: Infectious diseases are a major cause of death and economic impact worldwide. A more robust, adaptable, and scalable infrastructure would improve the capability to respond to epidemics. Because engineers contribute to the design and implementation of infrastructure, there are opportunities for innovative solutions to infectious disease response within existing systems that have utility, and therefore resources, before a public health emergency. Examples of innovative leveraging of infrastructure, technologies to enhance existing disease management strategies, engineering approaches to accelerate the rate of discovery and application of scientific, clinical, and public health information, and ethical issues that need to be addressed for implementation are presented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7186037/ doi: 10.1109/jproc.2015.2389146 id: cord-355024-v5lahyw4 author: van Seventer, Jean Maguire title: Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control date: 2016-10-24 words: 10079 sentences: 458 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt summary: An infectious disease can be defined as an illness due to a pathogen or its toxic product, which arises through transmission from an infected person, an infected animal, or a contaminated inanimate object to a susceptible host. The outcome of exposure to an infectious agent depends, in part, upon multiple host factors that determine individual susceptibility to infection and disease. The goal of secondary prevention is to halt the progress of an infection during its early, often asymptomatic stages so as to prevent disease development or limit its severity; steps important for not only improving the prognosis of individual cases but also preventing infectious agent transmission. Broadly, public health efforts to control infectious diseases focus on primary and secondary prevention activities that reduce the potential for exposure to an infectious agent and increase host resistance to infection. A susceptible host is an individual who is at risk of infection and disease following exposure to an infectious agent. abstract: Infectious disease control and prevention relies on a thorough understanding of the factors determining transmission. This article summarizes the fundamental principles of infectious disease transmission while highlighting many of the agent, host, and environmental determinants of these diseases that are of particular import to public health professionals. Basic principles of infectious disease diagnosis, control, and prevention are also reviewed. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128036785005166 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00516-6 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel