Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 41 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8138 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 infectious 27 disease 7 Infectious 6 human 5 HIV 4 United 4 Ebola 3 States 3 Diseases 2 virus 2 datum 2 bronchitis 2 antibiotic 2 agent 2 SIR 2 IBV 2 CDC 2 AIDS 1 waste 1 vaccination 1 uveitis 1 transmission 1 threat 1 terrain 1 technique 1 system 1 susceptible 1 surveillance 1 study 1 strain 1 specialist 1 section 1 risk 1 result 1 resistance 1 remain 1 program 1 pediatric 1 patient 1 passenger 1 outbreak 1 model 1 material 1 laboratory 1 isolate 1 increase 1 host 1 health 1 gram 1 fuzzy Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 2961 disease 1648 % 1357 infection 1148 patient 972 case 898 virus 678 health 659 strain 655 model 643 study 579 datum 561 treatment 549 time 521 population 510 risk 505 resistance 497 result 493 agent 484 day 478 system 447 outbreak 443 rate 441 method 436 year 436 pathogen 395 number 381 cell 350 child 349 transmission 349 epidemic 343 response 339 vaccine 324 host 320 example 319 factor 318 control 316 change 313 country 304 effect 299 analysis 298 use 298 surveillance 297 bronchitis 294 group 293 antibiotic 291 fever 290 level 280 death 274 activity 268 vector Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 545 al 478 et 381 IBV 285 Infectious 279 mg 241 HIV 239 b 239 . 211 United 193 States 193 S. 184 Diseases 177 C 174 Health 165 University 158 Ebola 151 a 148 SIR 134 Hospital 133 Medical 133 A 130 Department 127 M 121 AIDS 120 S 117 E. 116 B 113 D 107 C. 106 SARS 102 Africa 99 Disease 98 France 96 E 91 Microbiology 89 HCV 88 West 88 CDC 87 Fig 84 US 83 Staphylococcus 79 T 76 MRSA 75 Europe 73 de 72 Global 71 N 70 c 70 TB 68 RNA Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 876 it 636 we 285 they 187 i 107 them 89 he 59 one 32 us 28 itself 19 you 18 she 10 themselves 4 me 3 ourselves 3 him 2 mg 2 esat-6 1 β 1 ı 1 und 1 s 1 pm230 1 parameter˛is 1 oneself 1 ka.max 1 infect_rate 1 i.t/ 1 himself 1 her|himself 1 herself 1 her 1 facieum 1 1= Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 10588 be 2036 have 852 use 527 include 490 increase 445 show 435 emerge 393 follow 345 cause 323 do 314 develop 312 base 266 give 264 infect 262 occur 259 associate 252 determine 244 find 242 provide 241 isolate 236 lead 232 report 221 identify 216 make 189 relate 187 reduce 172 become 168 require 161 compare 159 see 159 involve 158 confirm 157 consider 155 perform 155 need 154 describe 152 result 152 prevent 152 improve 151 know 150 take 148 treat 148 define 147 observe 141 obtain 140 present 139 affect 137 receive 136 evaluate 134 detect Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2177 infectious 943 not 652 more 574 other 546 such 544 human 522 - 493 also 471 high 442 new 440 most 405 clinical 384 resistant 343 global 340 only 337 first 330 well 316 public 298 early 272 different 260 many 259 important 258 specific 251 respiratory 250 as 249 medical 234 however 225 susceptible 224 antibiotic 215 acute 202 large 193 major 187 low 186 effective 182 severe 181 positive 173 non 172 often 169 viral 168 environmental 167 immune 166 long 166 e.g. 165 significant 164 common 160 respectively 159 several 152 available 152 antimicrobial 143 then Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95 most 58 least 41 high 37 good 37 Most 17 great 14 large 9 early 8 -t 7 poor 7 bad 5 late 4 strong 4 big 3 wide 3 small 3 short 3 near 3 low 3 fine 2 young 2 quick 2 old 2 common 2 broad 1 ~70 1 weak 1 tiny 1 simple 1 severe 1 rich 1 grave 1 furthermost 1 full 1 fast 1 deep 1 deadly 1 dark 1 close 1 Least 1 HVnRn 1 -1843 Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 345 most 25 least 9 well 1 oldest 1 highest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 doi.org 4 github.com 3 creativecommons.org 2 www.unacast.com 2 www.geneious.com 2 data.covid.umd.edu 1 www.who 1 www.swiss-paediatrics.org 1 www.researchgate.net 1 www.phsciencedata.cn 1 www.nhc.gov.cn 1 www.meta.com 1 www.england.nhs.uk 1 www.cdc.gov 1 www.altmetric.com 1 tools.epidemiology.net 1 sustainabledevelopment.un.org 1 link.medium.com 1 glad.umd.edu 1 en.wikipedia.org 1 covid19-projections.com 1 covid19-projections 1 coronavirus.1point3acres.com 1 biorxiv.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 5 http://doi.org/10.1101 3 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2 http://www.unacast.com/covid19/social-distancing-scoreboard 2 http://www.geneious.com/ 2 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.09.20096859 2 http://data.covid.umd.edu/ 1 http://www.who 1 http://www.swiss-paediatrics.org/paediatrica/vol15/n6/palivizumab2004-ge.htm 1 http://www.researchgate.net/ 1 http://www.phsciencedata.cn 1 http://www.nhc.gov.cn/ 1 http://www.meta.com 1 http://www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/statistical-work-areas/covid-19-daily-deaths/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/ 1 http://www.altmetric.com/ 1 http://tools.epidemiology.net/EpiEstim.xls 1 http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/ 1 http://link.medium.com/hqUQILEAd6 1 http://glad.umd.edu/projects/global-forest-watch 1 http://github.com/reichlab/covid19-forecast-hub 1 http://github.com/lilywang1988/eSIR 1 http://github.com/leyaozh/CA-eSAIR 1 http://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 1 http://doi.org/10.1038/ 1 http://doi.org/10 1 http://covid19-projections.com/ 1 http://covid19-projections 1 http://coronavirus.1point3acres.com 1 http://biorxiv.org/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 strains were resistant 10 diseases following flooding 8 strains were susceptible 5 % were resistant 4 data are available 4 disease was more 4 patients are more 3 % were hbsag('/ 3 data do not 3 model does not 3 outbreaks following flooding 3 patients were clinically 3 risk emerging infectious 3 strains were sensitive 2 % did not 2 % were ampicillin 2 % were anti 2 % were mercury 2 agents include food 2 cases are usually 2 cases do not 2 data become abundant 2 disease is due 2 diseases are common 2 diseases did not 2 diseases following natural 2 infection are unknown 2 infection is usually 2 methods are vastly 2 methods were more 2 model did not 2 model is not 2 patients were male 2 population is susceptible 2 rate given infection 2 resistance is also 2 resistance is not 2 studies did not 2 studies do not 2 system is not 2 virus infecting domestic 2 virus using tracheal 2 virus was not 1 % are arthropod 1 % followed closely 1 % had cholesterol 1 % had cutaneous 1 % had partial 1 % had pneumonia 1 % had training Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 % had no training 1 agent was not directly 1 cases are not accessible 1 cases was not significantly 1 data being not properly 1 disease were not fully 1 diseases cause not only 1 diseases is no longer 1 infection is not strong 1 infections were not synergistic 1 method is not useful 1 model did not timely 1 model is not necessary 1 models are not applicable 1 number does not directly 1 numbers are not important 1 numbers did not actually 1 patient had no bacterial 1 patients had no clinical 1 patients have not history 1 population is not only 1 rates are no longer 1 rates was not statistically 1 resistance is not something 1 results have not yet 1 results were not significantly 1 risk does not necessarily 1 strains had no significant 1 studies are not ethical 1 study has no basis 1 system is not necessarily 1 system is not really A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-258052-y9pzsoqa author = Adalja, Amesh A. title = Biothreat Agents and Emerging Infectious Disease in the Emergency Department date = 2018-09-06 keywords = Ebola; disease; infectious summary = A key method for detecting the presence of an emerging infectious disease syndrome or a biological weapons exposure in an ED patient is to develop a general approach that seeks out key historical and physical examination clues. Any suspicion of smallpox should prompt infectious disease consultation, airborne isolation procedures, and notification of local, state, and national public health authorities. Any suspicion of a VHF should prompt immediate consultation with an infectious disease physician and state and local health authorities. 20 There are several experimental treatments and vaccines (which can be used for postexposure prophylaxis) that are available for filovirus infections and arenavirus infections that would likely be used in any domestic VHF cases caused by these groups of viruses. 22 MERS should be suspected in individuals with upper or lower respiratory infection after travel to the Middle East in the prior 2 weeks, and confirmatory molecular testing can be done in conjunction with state and local health authorities. doi = 10.1016/j.emc.2018.06.011 id = cord-306707-dde4nlhh author = Antabe, Roger title = Diseases, Emerging and Infectious date = 2019-12-04 keywords = disease; infectious summary = Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are largely preventable, and yet with their profound impact and increasing prevalence, they remain a threat to global health, which must be addressed. The SDGs posit that through increased surveillance and allocating more resources and funding to this health issue, diagnostic and treatment programs will be improved, and the epidemic of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases will once again begin to decline. Therefore, a global network of specialist and experts is key in designing future responses to EIDs. The introduction of vaccines led to the eradication of major infectious disease such as Smallpox and Measles that plagued earlier centuries as leading causes of death. In view of the disproportionate global burden of infectious diseases where some regions are more prone relative to others, a key consideration in eradicating EIDs may be the reallocation of resources, including expertise and clinical technology to areas that are most impacted. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10439-1 id = cord-292623-mxdlii77 author = Arji, Goli title = Fuzzy logic approach for infectious disease diagnosis: A methodical evaluation, literature and classification date = 2019-09-26 keywords = disease; fuzzy; infectious; system; technique summary = So, the major objective of the current study is to examine the researches in which fuzzy logic techniques have been applied in infectious diseases so to determining its trends and methods, through the processes of conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). In this methodical review, the studies related to the employment of the fuzzy logic techniques in an infectious disease were assessed, and depending on the acquired outcomes, we can notice an interest amongst the researchers regarding this specific field of research. 40 studies were scrutinized and the main conclusions can be briefed as follows: (1) the key application field of the fuzzy logic in an infectious disease was related to dengue fever, hepatitis and tuberculosis, (2) amongst the fuzzy logic techniques fuzzy inference system, rule-based fuzzy logic, ANFIS and fuzzy cognitive map are commonly used in many studies, and (3) the major performance evaluation indicators such as the sensitivity, specificity, and the accuracy the ROC curve is employed. doi = 10.1016/j.bbe.2019.09.004 id = cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author = Bartlett, John G. title = Why Infectious Diseases date = 2014-09-15 keywords = States; United; antibiotic; disease; infectious summary = The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. The point is that epidemics are the domain of infectious diseases and public health, with the expectation for management or prevention of outbreaks with requirements for detection, reporting, isolation, and case management. This began with a patient transferred from a New York City hospital with a KPC infection and became the source of an institutional outbreak that required extraordinary efforts to control, including a wall constructed to isolate cases, removal of plumbing (as a possible source), use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) molecular diagnostics to detect cases and carriers, hydrogen peroxide room aerosols, and "whole house" surveillance cultures. The new healthcare system should value infectious disease expertise based on its important role in addressing resistance and costs associated with nosocomial infections. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciu441 id = cord-021261-budyph2u author = Bonnaud, Laure title = Serge Morand and Muriel Figuié (eds), 2016, Emergence de maladies infectieuses. Risques et enjeux de société (The emergence of infectious diseases. Societal risks and stakes): Paris, Quae, 136 p date = 2017-04-10 keywords = disease; infectious summary = In the case of influenza, national experts-virologists in particular-also became lobbyists for this public issue, linking it to other problems (by presenting it as a model for preparations against bioterrorism) and suggesting solutions, such as mass vaccination. In the French case, the authors analyse the mechanism for countering H1N1 flu and look at different ways of shaping the public problem, depending on whether the pandemic is deemed to be a public health issue, a stake of collective security, or a global problem affecting contemporary societies. Muriel Figuié takes a critical state-of-the-art look at the implementation of international public action in relation to animal health and more particularly at epidemiological surveillance and vaccination. Finally, epidemiological surveillance networks aside, the book pays little attention to the implementation of other devices or policies to fight against emerging infectious diseases. The next step towards understanding emerging diseases might therefore be to compare this new global health model with existing devices, in both the northern and southern countries. doi = 10.1007/s41130-017-0042-9 id = cord-297125-la20vi9j author = Brower, Jennifer L. title = The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date = 2016-08-01 keywords = CDC; HIV; President; States; United; antibiotic; disease; infectious; threat summary = In just the past year, the United States has been bombarded with headlines on the dangers of infectious diseases: "HIV ''Epidemic'' Triggered by Needle-Sharing Hits Scott County, Indiana [1] ;" "American with Ebola Now in Critical Condition [2] ;" "Seasonal Flu Vaccine Even Less Effective than Thought: CDC [3] ;" "''Superbug'' Outbreak at California Hospital, more than 160 Exposed [4] ;" "Deadly CRE Bugs Linked to Hard to Clean Medical Scopes [5] ;" "Painful Virus [Chikungunya] Sweeps Central America, Gains a Toehold in U.S. Many factors have reduced the number of new antibiotics approved in the United States each year as well as reduced domestic production including demanding Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, the cost and time to market of development, the consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry, and the lack of financial impetus to produce and distribute antibiotics, which are generally used on a one-off basis versus drugs used to treat chronic conditions such as statins, Viagra, and allergy medications. doi = 10.1007/s00248-016-0806-9 id = cord-268564-5qhumjas author = Brown, Lisa title = Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: A systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions date = 2013-04-01 keywords = Europe; disease; flood; flooding; infectious summary = This systematic literature review aimed to identify and examine the relationship between infectious disease incidence and flooding in order to gain a better understanding of: OUTCOMe (COMBiNeD wiTH OR) amoebiasis, bacillary dysentery, burul*, campylo*, chikungunya, cholera, communicable disease*, contamination, crypto*, dengue, dengue virus, dermatitis, diarrhea*, diarrhea*, disease*, disease vector*, disease outbreak*, epidemic*, enteric fever, Escherichia coli, gastrointestinal, giardia*, hanta virus infections, health, health effect*, health impact*, hemorrhagic fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis e, illness, infectio*, infectious disease*, Japanese encephalitis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, lyme disease, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, morbidity, mosquito*, norovirus, naeg*, outbreak*, onchocerciasis, physical health, plague, pollut*, public health, q fever, risk factor*, rodent*, rodentborne, rodent-borne, rodent related, rodent-related, salmonellosis, sars virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, shigellosis, schistosomiasis, tick*, tick-borne encephalitis, tularaemia, tularemia, typhoid, water, waterborne, water-borne, water related, water-related, west nile fever, vector*, vectorborne, vector-borne, vector related, vector-related, yellow fever, yersini* risk, rising temperatures, overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor health care, poverty, and an abundance of rats and other animal reservoirs. doi = 10.4161/dish.25216 id = cord-258584-qy3tg4ow author = Christopeit, Maximilian title = Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of infections in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 2020 update of the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) date = 2020-10-20 keywords = AGIHO; ASCT; Diseases; HDC; Infectious summary = These recommendations on prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of infectious complications after HDC/ASCT by the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Haematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) are the fourth edition after 1999, 2003 and 2012 [15] [16] [17] . Antimicrobial therapy of febrile complications after high-dose chemo−/radiotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) Antimicrobial therapy of febrile complications after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) CNS infections in patients with hematological disorders (including allogeneic stem-cell transplantation) -Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) National Institute of A, Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study G (2004) Micafungin versus fluconazole for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections during neutropenia in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation doi = 10.1007/s00277-020-04297-8 id = cord-342211-y7zxipiz author = Dagpunar, J. S. title = Sensitivity of UK Covid-19 deaths to the timing of suppression measures and their relaxation date = 2020-05-15 keywords = death; infectious summary = In this paper I examine the sensitivity of total UK Covid-19 deaths and the demand for intensive care and ward beds, to the timing and duration of suppression periods during a 500 day period. Using an expected latent period of 4.5 days and infectious period of 3.8 days, R_0 was first estimated as 3.18 using observed death rates under unmitigated spread and then under the effects of the total lock down (R_0=0.60) of 23 March. Starting with one exposed person at time zero and a suppression consistent with an R_0 of 0.60 on day 72, the model predicts around 39,000 deaths for a first wave, but this reduces to around 11,000 if the intervention takes place one week earlier. Figure 1 shows the death rate, required ward and intensive care beds, numbers of susceptible, exposed, and infectious, and cumulative deaths over time. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096859 id = cord-313222-a1rd7kas author = Guo, Zuiyuan title = Early warning of some notifiable infectious diseases in China by the artificial neural network date = 2020-02-19 keywords = disease; early; infectious summary = The real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods were performed to analyse four types of respiratory infectious diseases and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases in China to comprehensively determine the epidemic intensities and whether to issue early warning signals. In this study, we used real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) to perform early warning research on four types of respiratory infectious diseases (measles, influenza, rubella and mumps) and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases (hepatitis A, hepatitis E, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, and bacterial and amoebic dysentery) that have higher incidence rates among notifiable infectious diseases in China. Figure 4 shows the time distribution of the numbers of cases of the four types of respiratory infectious diseases in the same historical period when the early warning signal was issued. doi = 10.1098/rsos.191420 id = cord-325247-1nb174qy author = Hedayat, Kamyar M. title = Infectious diseases of the ear, nose, throat, and bronchus date = 2019-06-21 keywords = bronchitis; infectious; terrain summary = This chapter discusses common infectious maladies: rhinopharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, and bronchitis. It involves ascertaining the answer to seven queries: (1) why this structure is infected: teleology of structure and function, (2) why this patient is infected: precritical terrain, (3) why this organism infected: the organism and its virulence-absolute and relative to the competency of host defenses, (4) why these symptoms are manifested: critical terrain during an infection, (5) what is the benefit of the infectious symptoms: its adaptive or adaptative role, (6) what is the current net state of the terrain: mechanisms and consequences of endogenous response of the infected, and response of the infector, and (7) how to manage: personalization of treatment based on the reality of both the infected and the infector. A congestive terrain with insufficient peripheral cortico-thyrotropic adaptation of immunity favors infections in this region of the body. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-816908-7.00009-8 id = cord-321993-uazc3lyg author = Hedrick, Stephen M. title = The Imperative to Vaccinate date = 2018-10-31 keywords = disease; human; infectious; vaccination summary = A simplified version is that diffuse or small host populations cannot sustain an acutely infectious agent, meaning one in which infection is followed by clearance and long-term immunity. So, in addition to the endless parade of cold viruses that circulate among us, we acquired a great many deadly infectious agents, such as those that cause diphtheria, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, plague, rubella, smallpox, typhus, whooping cough, and others. Smallpox eradication was our first and thus far only complete victory over a human disease-causing agent, made possible by universal, global vaccination, and intensive surveillance. Vaccination effectively reduces the number and density of the disease-susceptible people, making acutely infectious agents unsustainable in the population. The risk of disease for any individual is thus most importantly dependent on the collective immunity of the population, especially those most susceptible to infection, usually the youngest children and oldest adults. doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.041 id = cord-281403-yl7jdarm author = Le, Aurora B. title = U.S. Medical Examiner/Coroner capability to handle highly infectious decedents date = 2018-11-06 keywords = Ebola; PPE; infectious; remain summary = Select results were: less than half of respondents (44%) stated that their office had been involved in handling a suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains case and responses indicated medical examiners. Survey questions included: demographic information (e.g. title, population served, state), personal protective equipment (PPE) worn in different infectious scenarios, procedures performed in different infectious scenarios, duration of training received, biosafety level (BSL) capabilities, and jurisdictional handling of highly infectious remains. Slightly more than half of respondents (56%; 61/108) stated their office staff had received training on donning and doffing PPE in suspected or confirmed cases of highly infectious remains; nearly one-third (32%) (18/56) reported the amount of cumulative training in hours per person, on average per year, was 1 h or less while 29% (16/56) spent between 1 and 2 h of training. 3. This survey, with respondents from nearly every U.S. state, revealed current levels of Medical Examiner/ Coroner training and education to address suspected or confirmed highly infectious remains. doi = 10.1007/s12024-018-0043-2 id = cord-331020-lyxje82u author = M. Najimudeen, Shahnas title = Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Infection in Chickens: Multiple System Disease with Immune Suppression date = 2020-09-24 keywords = Bronchitis; IBV; Infectious; Virus; chicken summary = The evolution of new strains of IBV during the last nine decades against vaccine-induced immune response and changing clinical and pathological manifestations emphasize the necessity of the rational development of intervention strategies based on a thorough understanding of IBV interaction with the host. For example, chickens infected with certain strains of IBV such as Mass, QX-like strain or Aust T at ages of 1-14 days develop cystic oviducts without impaired ovarian functions, which leads to false layer syndrome with no egg production [15, [63] [64] [65] . One of the immune cell types that bridges innate and adaptive host responses is the macrophages, and the available data show that certain IBV serotypes (i.e., Mass and Conn) target respiratory tract macrophages and replicate within them, thus leading to a productive infection [59, 88] . doi = 10.3390/pathogens9100779 id = cord-027313-24e2xb7d author = Mahmood, Imran title = An Agent-Based Simulation of the Spread of Dengue Fever date = 2020-05-22 keywords = dengue; infectious; susceptible summary = By developing a simulation framework that models population dynamics and the interactions of both humans and mosquitoes, we may enable epidemiologists to analyze and forecast the transmission and spread of an infectious disease in specific areas. We extend the traditional SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Recovered) mathematical model and propose an Agent-based model to analyze the interactions between the host and the vector using: (i) our proposed algorithm to compute vector density, based on the reproductive behavior of the vector; and (ii) agent interactions to simulate transmission of virus in a spatio-temporal environment, and forecast the spread of the disease in a given area over a period of time. Our proposed agent-based simulation framework allows modeling of both human and vector population dynamics, using separate layers. This section discusses the details of our proposed framework which is composed of three layers: (i) Host Layer (Human population); (ii) Vector Layer (Mosquito population); and (iii) Pathogen Layer (Dengue parameters), as shown in Fig. 5 . doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-50420-5_8 id = cord-339341-c2o42b5j author = Matibag, Gino C. title = Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date = 2005-09-01 keywords = HIV; Supercourse; disease; human; infectious; risk summary = This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The overall goal of the "Supercourse for Zoonosis" is to show the most recent development in the knowledge of SARS and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), inter alia, which have significant global impact not only on health but also on the economy. The specific objectives of "Supercourse for Zoonosis" are to develop a set of educational materials for the control of zoonotic diseases, to disseminate them effectively via the Internet, to facilitate their use in the prevention and control of the diseases, and to promote human health while minimizing their economic impact. doi = 10.1007/bf02897702 id = cord-007922-mrpovgf7 author = Miyazaki, M. title = Infectious waste management in Japan: A revised regulation and a management process in medical institutions date = 2005-02-17 keywords = infectious; waste summary = The first rule of infectious waste management was regulated in 1992, and infectious wastes are defined as the waste materials generated in medical institutions as a result of medical care or research which contain pathogens that have the potential to transmit infectious diseases. The World Health Organization (1983) , US Environmental Protection Agency (1986, 1991) , US Centers for Disease Con-trol and Prevention (1978) , Germany (Muhlich et al., 2003; The Ministry of Environment, 2004) , and many other countries have already established strict guidelines for the management of infectious waste materials disposed of from medical institutions. Furthermore, many articles reported technologies of disinfection methods in medical institutions (Haishima, 2000; Matsumoto, 2000; Takatsuki, 2000; Murata et al., 2004 ) and reports about a management system of infectious waste are rare (Hayashi and Shigematsu, 2000; Miyazaki, 2001 Miyazaki, , 2003 The Waste Disposal Law was amended in 2003 and the revised regulation including new criteria for the infectious waste management was provided in 2004 by the Ministry of Environment. doi = 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.01.003 id = cord-333405-ji58jbct author = Morens, David M. title = The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date = 2004-07-08 keywords = AIDS; HIV; United; disease; human; infectious summary = Of the ''newly emerging'' and ''re-emerging/resurging'' diseases that have followed the appearance of AIDS (Fig. 1) , some have been minor curiosities, such as the 2003 cases of monkeypox imported into the United States 4 , whereas others, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in the same year 5 , have had a worldwide impact. The impact of both new and re-emerging infectious diseases on human populations is affected by the rate and degree to which they spread across geographical areas, depending on the movement of human hosts or of the vectors or reservoirs of infections. Immune deficiency associated with AIDS, and with chemotherapy for cancer, immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, has contributed to an enormous global increase in the numbers of immunosuppressed people over the past few decades (probably more than 1% of the world''s population), setting the stage for the re-emergence of many opportunistic infections. doi = 10.1038/nature02759 id = cord-289626-8oldaa8i author = Murray, Kris A. title = Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management date = 2018-04-19 keywords = Ebola; Peterson; disease; human; infectious summary = Indeed, distributional patterns of human infectious diseases are generally far more poorly compiled and characterized (e.g. often at only country or regional level and as coarse presence vs absence data) than many plant and animal species, for which numerous global stock takes, status assessments, occurrence databases and detailed distribution maps exist following a long tradition of biogeographic study (Wallace 1876 , Murray et al. We may represent the challenge of simultaneously understanding patterns and processes of infectious disease systems with respect to a series of interacting elements; including G, the physical geography context (e.g. topography) and E, the abiotic (e.g. climate) and biotic (e.g. habitat) environment; R n and V n , the single or multiple (denoted by superscript n) species of reservoir hosts or vectors; P, the pathogen being transmitted; H, the human population itself; O, the observation effort that may apply to each of the other elements (e.g. surveillance and data collation from existing sources); and M, the management landscape (e.g. interventions). doi = 10.1111/ecog.03625 id = cord-018263-cus1sqka author = Nadal, David title = Pediatric infectious diseases — Quo vadis 2015? date = 2007 keywords = disease; infectious; pediatric; specialist summary = Pediatric infectious disease specialists provide important recommendations on the use of microbiological and other diagnostic tests, application of antimicrobial drugs, and measures for infection control, which may substantially differ in children compared to in adults. Specific clinical tasks of the pediatric infectious disease specialist [4] -Integrative discipline -Provision of primary care and consultative services to patients from all pediatric disciplines -Implementation of quality assurance programs in hospitals and other health care settings, e.g., infection control, hospital epidemiology, antimicrobial management programs -Engagement in preventive efforts through implementation of vaccine strategies and other means; play a significant role in public health programs at all political levels -Conduction of research seeking cures for new diseases as well as preventive measures, such as new vaccines -Teaching and leadership in academic health institutions and non-experienced physicians within or outside the hospital. doi = 10.1007/978-3-7643-8099-1_18 id = cord-304278-0qy1nngs author = Raj, G. Dhinakar title = Infectious bronchitis virus: immunopathogenesis of infection in the chicken date = 2007-11-12 keywords = IBV; Jones; Raj; bronchitis; infectious; virus summary = While infectious bronchitis (IB) is considered primarily a disease of the respiratory system, different IBV strains may show variable tissue tropisms and also affect the oviduct and the kidneys, with serious consequences. Nevertheless, the lack of correlation between antibodies and resistance, discrepancies between in vitro strain differentiation by VN tests and in vivo cross-protection results (Darbyshire, 1985) and re-excretion of virus in the presence of high titres of circulating antibodies (Jones & Ambali, 1987) all suggest that while humoral antibodies play a role in recovery from IBV infection, other immunological mechanisms are involved. Comparison of the susceptibility of chicks of different ages to infection with nephrosis-nephritis causing strain of infectious bronchitis virus Challenge experiments to evaluate cross-protection induced at the trachea and kidney level by vaccine strains and Belgian nephropathogenic isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus Effects of avian infectious bronchitis virus (Arkansas strain) on vaccinated laying chickens doi = 10.1080/03079459708419246 id = cord-021554-uxxrpfl0 author = Resta-Lenert, Silvia title = Diarrhea, Infectious date = 2004-06-17 keywords = acute; diarrhea; infectious summary = Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world, especially in developing countries where children suffer the greatest brunt of infectious diarrhea, malnutrition, and death. In developing countries, inadequate water supply, inef®cient or nonexistent sewage removal systems, chronic malnutrition, and lack of access to oral rehydration are responsible for the high incidence of infectious diarrheal diseases. In the industrialized world, acute diarrhea is still one of the most frequent diagnoses in general practice and children, elderly, and immunocompromised patients are the most vulnerable individuals and account for the majority of these cases. Approximately 100 million episodes of acute diarrhea occur in the United States yearly, with an incidence of 1.2 to 1.5 diarrheal episodes per person-year. These patients are more likely to develop persistent or chronic diarrhea after an acute episode because of their impaired immunity, with a signi®cant increase in morbidity and mortality. doi = 10.1016/b0-12-386860-2/00180-5 id = cord-331255-t85yioyl author = Rohr, Jason R. title = Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production date = 2019-06-11 keywords = agricultural; disease; food; human; increase; infectious summary = Feeding 11 billion people will require substantial increases in crop and animal production that will expand agricultural use of antibiotics, water, pesticides and fertilizer, and contact rates between humans and both wild and domestic animals, all with consequences for the emergence and spread of infectious agents. Meeting the United Nations'' Sustainable Development Goal, to "eradicate hunger" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/) for this expanding human population will necessitate a large increase in food supplies, with major changes to agricultural production and distribution systems, infrastructure and social protection programmes 6 (Fig. 3) . As livestock and aquaculture production expand to address growing food demands, it is likely that current antibiotics and anthelmintics will become less effective because of evolved resistance, and thus infectious diseases of domesticated animals and humans will be more difficult to treat 75 . doi = 10.1038/s41893-019-0293-3 id = cord-190296-erpoh5he author = Schaback, Robert title = On COVID-19 Modelling date = 2020-05-11 keywords = Hopkins; Infectious; SIR summary = This contribution starts in section 2 with a rather elementary reconciliation of the standard SIR model for epidemics, featuring the central notions like Basic Reproduction Number, Herd Immunity Threshold, and Doubling Time, together with some critical remarks on their abuse in the media. To run this hidden model with constant N = S + M + H + C, one needs initial values and good estimates for β and γ, which are not the ones of the Johns Hopkins Data Model of section 3.3. These yield estimates for the parameters of the full SIR model that replace the earlier time series from the Johns Hopkins Data Model in section 3.3. Note that the only ingredients beside the Johns Hopkins data are the number k for the k-day rule, the Infection Fatality Rate γ IF from the literature, and the backlog m for estimation of constants from time series. doi = nan id = cord-276108-35rsrx3m author = Shulman, Stanford T title = The History of Pediatric Infectious Diseases date = 2004 keywords = APS; American; Diseases; Infectious; New; Pediatric; Society; century; child summary = Epidemic diseases were better described during the 18th Century in colonial America compared with the earlier period, and there was clear recognition of the impact of smallpox, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, influenza, tuberculosis and whooping cough, particularly upon children. The early years of organized U.S. pediatrics were marked by a number of landmark advances in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases of children, with substantial reduction in infant mortality rates, to 189/1000 live births in New York City in 1900, with rates as low as 147 in Chicago and as high as 311 in Biddeford, ME (5). The importance of infectious diseases to the relatively small number of founding members of the American Pediatric Society, a group of distinguished physicians who devoted much or all of their effort to the improvement of the health of children, is reflected by analysis of the topics of the papers presented at the early annual scientific meetings of APS. doi = 10.1203/01.pdr.0000101756.93542.09 id = cord-018499-uvozcpmh author = Siddiquee, Shafiquzzaman title = The Basic Concept of Microbiology date = 2017-09-07 keywords = infectious; laboratory; material summary = A microbiologist/scientist, and knowledgeable laboratory techniques, safety procedures, and hazards associated with handling transferrable agents will accountable for the comportment of research with infectious agents or materials. When conducting works with high transmissible agents, the risk of aerosol transmission is so high, so microbiology laboratories must follow BSL 3 practices. Right way wash your hand after removing gloves, other personnel protective equipment (PPE), handling potentially infectious agents or materials and exiting of laboratory. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) have recommends that laboratory personnel must be protected their streetwear clothing from contamination by wearing appropriate attire (e.g., gloves, lab shoes or use shoe covers) when conducting works in BSL-2 laboratory. Evoke, if you are not clearly apprehend the proper handling and safety procedures or how properly use safety equipment; avoid conducting work with the infectious materials until you get proper instruction or consult the CDC/NIH BMBL for further information. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-64946-7_1 id = cord-263438-9ra94uda author = Snowden, Frank M. title = Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date = 2008-09-19 keywords = AIDS; HIV; Health; IOM; Infectious; SARS; States; United; disease summary = Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled ''Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases'' in which he declared them ''one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.'' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes. doi = 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00677.x id = cord-017634-zhmnfd1w author = Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne title = Infectious Disease Epidemiology date = 2005 keywords = CDC; case; datum; disease; infectious; outbreak; program; surveillance summary = Use of additional clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data may enable a physician to diagnose a disease even though the formal surveillance case definition may not be met. Another way to detect an increase of cases is if the surveillance system of reportable infectious diseases reveals an unusually high number of people with the same diagnosis over a certain time period at different health care facilities. On the other hand, however, there should be no time delay in starting an investigation if there is an opportunity to prevent more cases or the potential to identify a system failure which can be caused, for example, by poor food preparation in a restaurant or poor infection control practices in a hospital or to prevent future outbreaks by acquiring more knowledge of the epidemiology of the agent involved. In developing countries, surveys are often necessary to evaluate health problems since data collected routinely (disease surveillance, hospital records, case registers) are often incomplete and of poor quality. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-26577-1_34 id = cord-321984-qjfkvu6n author = Tang, Lu title = A Review of Multi‐Compartment Infectious Disease Models date = 2020-08-03 keywords = COVID-19; SIR; disease; infectious; model; section summary = Despite relying on a valid infectious diseases mechanism, deterministic approaches have several drawbacks: (i) the actual population in each compartment at a given time is never accurately measured because we only obtain an observation around the mean; (ii) the nature of disease transmission and recovery is stochastic on the individual level and thus never certain; and (iii) without random component in the model, it is neither possible to learn model parameters (e.g. R 0 ) from available data nor to assess prediction uncertainty. In an early stage of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the daily infection and death counts reported by health agencies are highly influenced by the availability of testing kits, reporting delays, reporting and attribution schemes, and under-ascertainment of mild cases in public health surveillance databases (see discussions in Angelopoulos et al., 2020; Banerjee et al., 2020) ; both disease transmission rate and time to recovery or death are also highly uncertain and vary by population density, demographic composition, regional contact network structure and non-uniform mitigation schemes (Ray et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1111/insr.12402 id = cord-277353-qilq1q7h author = Taniguchi, Kiyosu title = Imported infectious diseases and surveillance in Japan date = 2008-09-11 keywords = disease; infectious summary = Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported disease, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Current National Epidemiological Surveillance for Infectious Diseases (NESID) in Japan requires that all notifiable diseases should be reported with the presumptive place of infection. Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported infection, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (AIDS), typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Although the outbreak among group tours to endemic countries was reported to account for the increase of imported diseases, 11 investigation of attributable events or causes were not always made in a timely manner. In this study it was not difficult to overview the situation of imported infectious diseases because the current Japanese surveillance system requires the presumptive place of infection including the specified country if possible. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.07.001 id = cord-018349-rt2i2wca author = Tosam, Mbih Jerome title = Global Emerging Pathogens, Poverty and Vulnerability: An Ethical Analysis date = 2019-03-20 keywords = disease; eid; infectious summary = The outbreak of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the developing world has shown the extent to which economic and social conditions can affect vulnerable populations. Socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions play a fundamental role in the emergence, spread and control/management of EIDs. In poor communities, a large part of the population live in overcrowded and squalid conditions. In this chapter, we critically examine the socio-economic and environmental factors that influence the emergence and spread of EIDs and discuss the ethical issues that arise from the global response and management of EIDs. Globally, the trend in the outbreak of EIDs has been increasing. Also, the countries where EIDs are more likely to occur and those whose capacity to effectively manage EIDs is weak, must also play a leading role in addressing the socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions which facilitate the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-17474-3_18 id = cord-018498-h8dtjt0p author = Tupe, Christina L. title = Infectious Diseases date = 2018-03-23 keywords = infectious; passenger summary = Commercial airline travel creates conditions conducive to the spread of infectious diseases: the proximity of passengers in a confined space and the origin of flights from anywhere on the globe. This chapter describes symptoms of infectious diseases that might emerge in an airline passenger and the steps that a responding medical professional can take to stabilize the person and minimize the exposure risk for other passengers and the crew. It also reviews guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control regarding infectious diseases that might be encountered during flights, procedures for working with pilots to alert ground crews about passengers'' medical needs, and requirements for reporting incidents to authorities after landing. Focusing on children, Moore and associates [2] found that infectious diseases, neurologic emergencies, and respiratory tract problems were the leading reasons for medical consultation among the passengers transported by one airline between 1995 and 2002. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-74234-2_11 id = cord-274113-m0nb78kf author = Vignier, Nicolas title = Travel, Migration and Emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2018-11-07 keywords = disease; infectious summary = In connection with the extension of poverty, urbanization, extensive livestock rearing and globalization, we could be exposed to a third epidemiological transition characterized by zoonotic diseases and infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. These infectious diseases unequally expose the majority Nicolas Vignier, Olivier Bouchaud Travel, migration and emerging infectious diseases population, from none at all (e.g., malaria) to a little (e.g., tuberculosis). Among the published studies on migrants and infectious diseases, the majority were non-emergent diseases with the exception of MDR tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant bacteria (24, 25) . Immigrants don''t play the role of Nicolas Vignier, Olivier Bouchaud Travel, migration and emerging infectious diseases sentinel epidemic so far. doi = nan id = cord-349066-546ozkly author = Walker, D.H. title = Principles of Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases date = 2014-08-21 keywords = agent; disease; infectious summary = The methods of detection include cultivation of bacteria and fungi on growth medium, isolation of viruses in cell culture, and identification of the agent biochemically, antigenically, or genetically. Visualization of an agent in infected tissue can provide a diagnosis based on specific morphological characteristics or identify the category of organism, for example, gram-positive or gram-negative bacterium or virus (e.g., eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons in rabies virus infection). Specific diagnoses require isolation of the agent in culture, microscopic visualization of the pathogen in tissue lesions, and/or detection of a specific host immune response to the organism. Identification of fungi has been accelerated greatly in microbiology laboratories by performing either hybridization tests or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on media growing a fungus that is not identifiable by conventional morphological techniques such as blood culture bottles that contain yeast growth. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.01713-5 id = cord-276837-1me44xh0 author = Wang, Wei title = InfectiousDiseases ofPoverty, the first five years date = 2017-05-04 keywords = IDP; Infectious; disease summary = Based on the "One health, One world" mission, a new, open-access journal, Infectious Diseases of Poverty (IDP), was launched by BioMed Central in partnership with the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) on October 25, 2012. Based on the "One health, One world" mission mentioned in the Global Report on Research for the Infectious Diseases of Poverty [21] , the journal publishes work on topics and approaches that address essential public health questions related to this issue. Interestingly, the most highly cited publication in IDP is an editorial published in 2013 [25] , which may be explained by the fact that it dealt with surveillance and response defining this approach as a research priority during the stage moving towards elimination of tropical diseases, which received much global attention [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . doi = 10.1186/s40249-017-0310-6 id = cord-000091-1qo1krxv author = Wilcox, Bruce A. title = Disease ecology and the global emergence of zoonotic pathogens date = 2005-09-17 keywords = change; disease; ecological; emergence; infectious summary = Employing a complex systems analytical approach, however, may show how a few key ecological variables and system properties, including the adaptive capacity of institutions, explains the emergence of infectious diseases and how an integrated, multi-level approach to zoonotic disease control can reduce risk. This development in particular, along with observations from several decades of applications of systems ecology to natural resources and economic development (8, (21) (22) (23) , have resulted in important insights of significant potential in understanding zoonotic disease emergence as a cross-scale process. The above body of ecological theory and observations involving specific emerging infectious disease cases suggests a causal schema that links ecological phenomena on the scale of pathogen transmission and evolution to regional and global transformations. As explained by the infectious disease ecology described here, zoonotic disease emergence involves biological processes operating on the scale of molecules and cells to that of coupled, regional scale human-natural systems. doi = 10.1007/bf02897701 id = cord-015672-qau96gvw author = Willermain, François title = Global Variations and Changes in Patterns of Infectious Uveitis date = 2017-06-01 keywords = disease; infectious; uveitis summary = According to Woolhouse, an emerging pathogen can be defined as an infectious agent whose incidence is increasing following its introduction into a new host population. However, due to evolution in our societies, such as globalization, those causes of infectious uveitis begin to emerge in non-endemic regions in patients having traveled in endemic regions (see Sect. In this context, a series of infectious uveitis, mainly rickettsioses, West Nile virus, dengue, or chikungunya, has been the subject of an increase awareness and careful descriptions from both endemic and non-endemic regions [20, 49, 50] . The recent outbreaks of Ebola and Zika virus have been similarly associated with uveitis cases and those pathogens should be now included in the list of emerging infectious uveitis agents [51, 52] . This is clearly due to evolution of our lifestyle which has also important impact on the emergence of new infectious diseases which might become someday new uveitis causes. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-23416-8_1 id = cord-272829-i4jh6bcn author = ZANETTI, A. R. title = Emerging and re‐emerging infections at the turn of the millennium date = 2010-01-04 keywords = disease; human; infectious; virus summary = Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man‐induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. What is more, a number of other factors promote not only the dissemination but also the emergence of new infectious diseases: intensive farming and breeding associated with crowding promote the development of foci of infection; global warming has modified the climate, making insects, a major vector of pathogens, able to thrive in countries where the climate was previously hostile; the exploitation of natural resources has produced environmental changes that create opportunities for new contacts between species leading to emergence of infections in new hosts. doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2009.02174.x id = cord-007890-bie1veti author = nan title = ECC-4 Abstracts date = 2002-04-16 keywords = Department; Diseases; ESBL; France; HAART; HCV; HIV; Hospital; IFN; Infectious; Institute; MIC; MRSA; Medical; Medicine; Microbiology; NCCLS; PCR; Purpose; RNA; Spain; Staphylococcus; University; gram; isolate; patient; resistance; result; strain; study summary = Effects of Interferon alpha plus ribavirine therapy on frequencies of HCV, HIV and CMV specific CD4-T-cell responses in peripheral blood of HIV/HCV coinfected patients after 6 months of treatment SoA9.5 Methods: Two groups of patients with chronic HCV infection were studied: 26 HIV coinfected progressors with antiretroviral therapy and 13 HIV-negative controls. In order to assess the local temporal trend of antibiotic sensitivity of the most common urinary tract bacterial pathogen, all urine-cultured Escherichia coli isolates were reviewed as to susceptibility profile, and specimen source (community-versus hospital-acquired infection). Methods: A total of 87 penicillin resistant clinical strains isolated from patients at Hacettepe Children''s Hospital, Ankara, Turkey between 1999 and 2001 were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to various antibiotics that are commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. doi = 10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00033-x id = cord-024058-afgvztwo author = nan title = Engineering a Global Response to Infectious Diseases: This paper presents a more robust, adaptable, and scalable engineering infrastructure to improve the capability to respond to infectious diseases.Contributed Paper date = 2015-02-17 keywords = datum; disease; dna; health; infectious summary = Examples of innovative leveraging of infrastructure, technologies to enhance existing disease management strategies, engineering approaches to accelerate the rate of discovery and application of scientific, clinical, and public health information, and ethical issues that need to be addressed for implementation are presented. Because engineers contribute to the design and implementation of infrastructure, there are opportunities for innovative solutions to infectious disease response within existing systems that have utility, and therefore resources, before a public health emergency. Moving forward, addressing privacy issues will be critical so that geographic tracking of a phone''s location could be used to help inform an individual of potential contact with infected persons or animals and support automated, anonymous, electronic integration of those data to accelerate the epidemiological detective work of identifying and surveying those same individuals for public health benefit. doi = 10.1109/jproc.2015.2389146 id = cord-355024-v5lahyw4 author = van Seventer, Jean Maguire title = Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control date = 2016-10-24 keywords = Ebola; agent; disease; figure; host; infectious; transmission summary = An infectious disease can be defined as an illness due to a pathogen or its toxic product, which arises through transmission from an infected person, an infected animal, or a contaminated inanimate object to a susceptible host. The outcome of exposure to an infectious agent depends, in part, upon multiple host factors that determine individual susceptibility to infection and disease. The goal of secondary prevention is to halt the progress of an infection during its early, often asymptomatic stages so as to prevent disease development or limit its severity; steps important for not only improving the prognosis of individual cases but also preventing infectious agent transmission. Broadly, public health efforts to control infectious diseases focus on primary and secondary prevention activities that reduce the potential for exposure to an infectious agent and increase host resistance to infection. A susceptible host is an individual who is at risk of infection and disease following exposure to an infectious agent. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00516-6