id sid tid token lemma pos cord-018089-m94q75xn 1 1 key key JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 1 2 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 1 3 cord-018089-m94q75xn cord-018089-m94q75xn NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 1 4 authors author NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 1 5 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 1 6 Mubareka Mubareka NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 1 7 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 1 8 Samira Samira NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 1 9 ; ; : cord-018089-m94q75xn 1 10 Palese Palese NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 1 11 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 1 Peter Peter NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 2 title title NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 3 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 4 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 5 Virus Virus NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 6 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 7 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 8 Biology biology NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 9 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 10 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 11 Changing change VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 12 Virus Virus NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 13 date date NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 14 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 15 2010 2010 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 16 - - SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 17 06 06 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 18 - - SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 19 18 18 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 20 journal journal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 21 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 22 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 23 Vaccines Vaccines NNPS cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 24 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 25 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 26 Future Future NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 27 DOI doi NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 2 28 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 3 1 10.1007/978 10.1007/978 LS cord-018089-m94q75xn 3 2 - - SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 3 3 3 3 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 3 4 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 3 5 0346 0346 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 3 6 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 3 7 0279 0279 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 3 8 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 3 9 2_1 2_1 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 3 10 sha sha NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 3 11 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 3 12 1a3fd81e17036f30bf4c2ff020bedf44323f02f9 1a3fd81e17036f30bf4c2ff020bedf44323f02f9 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 3 13 doc_id doc_id CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 3 14 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 4 1 18089 18089 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 4 2 cord_uid cord_uid FW cord-018089-m94q75xn 4 3 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 1 m94q75xn m94q75xn NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 2 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 3 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 4 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 5 members member NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 6 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 7 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 8 family family NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 9 Orthomyxoviridae Orthomyxoviridae NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 10 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 11 include include VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 12 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 13 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 14 types type VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 15 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 16 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 17 B b NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 18 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 19 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 5 20 C. C. NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 1 This this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 2 introduction introduction NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 3 provides provide VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 4 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 5 overview overview NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 6 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 7 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 8 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 9 classification classification NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 10 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 11 structure structure NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 12 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 13 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 14 life life NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 15 cycle cycle NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 6 16 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 2 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 3 include include VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 4 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 5 brief brief JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 6 review review NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 7 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 9 clinical clinical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 10 manifestations manifestation NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 11 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 12 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 13 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 14 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 15 molecular molecular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 16 determinants determinant NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 17 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 18 virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 7 19 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 2 genetic genetic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 3 diversity diversity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 4 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 5 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 6 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 7 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 8 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 10 capability capability NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 11 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 12 successfully successfully RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 13 infect infect VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 14 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 15 array array NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 16 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 17 hosts host NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 18 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 19 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 20 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 21 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 22 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 23 species specie NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 24 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 25 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 26 highlighted highlight VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 27 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 28 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 29 discussion discussion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 30 about about IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 31 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 32 range range NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 33 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 34 evolution evolution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 8 35 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 2 importance importance NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 4 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 5 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 6 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 7 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 8 hemagglutinins hemagglutinin NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 10 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 11 sialic sialic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 12 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 13 distribution distribution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 14 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 15 species species NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 16 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 17 restricted restrict VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 18 binding binding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 19 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 20 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 21 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 22 underscored underscore VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 9 23 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 1 Finally finally RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 2 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 3 recent recent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 4 advances advance NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 5 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 6 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 7 understanding understanding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 8 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 9 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 10 seasonality seasonality NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 11 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 12 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 13 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 14 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 15 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 16 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 17 described describe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 18 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 19 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 21 importance importance NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 22 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 23 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 24 control control NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 25 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 26 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 27 spread spread NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 28 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 29 these these DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 30 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 31 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 32 discussed discuss VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 10 33 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 1 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 2 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 3 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 4 arose arise VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 5 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 6 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 7 unpredicted unpredicted JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 8 source source NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 9 ; ; : cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 10 precursors precursor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 11 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 12 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 13 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 14 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 15 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 17 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 19 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 20 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 21 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 22 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 23 circulating circulate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 24 among among IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 25 pigs pig NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 26 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 27 over over IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 28 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 29 decade decade NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 31 1 1 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 32 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 33 2 2 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 11 35 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 1 Additional additional JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 2 reassortment reassortment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 3 events event NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 4 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 5 led lead VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 6 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 7 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 8 current current JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 9 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 10 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 11 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 13 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 15 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 16 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 12 17 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 1 Features feature NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 2 observed observe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 3 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 4 past past JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 5 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 6 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 7 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 8 atypical atypical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 9 seasonality seasonality NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 10 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 11 shifting shifting NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 12 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 13 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 14 burden burden NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 15 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 16 disease disease NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 17 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 18 younger young JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 19 populations population NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 20 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 21 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 22 evident evident JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 23 during during IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 24 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 25 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 26 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 27 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 28 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 13 29 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 2 understanding understanding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 5 biology biology NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 6 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 7 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 8 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 10 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 11 effect effect NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 12 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 13 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 14 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 15 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 16 advanced advance VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 17 considerably considerably RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 18 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 19 recent recent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 20 decades decade NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 14 21 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 1 Recent recent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 2 events event NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 3 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 4 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 5 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 6 research research NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 7 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 8 contributed contribute VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 9 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 10 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 11 progress progress NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 13 3 3 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 15 15 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 1 These these DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 2 include include VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 3 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 4 development development NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 5 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 6 plasmidbased plasmidbased NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 7 reverse reverse NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 8 genetics genetics NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 9 systems system NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 10 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 11 4 4 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 12 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 13 5 5 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 16 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 17 generation generation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 18 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 19 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 20 1918 1918 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 21 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 22 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 23 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 24 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 26 6 6 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 28 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 29 improved improve VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 30 access access NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 31 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 32 biosafety biosafety NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 33 level level NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 34 3 3 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 35 facilities facility NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 36 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 37 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 38 establishment establishment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 39 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 40 international international JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 41 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 42 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 43 sequence sequence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 44 databases database NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 45 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 46 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 47 bioinformatics bioinformatic NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 48 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 49 7 7 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 50 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 51 8 8 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 16 53 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 1 Advances advance NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 2 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 3 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 4 led lead VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 5 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 6 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 7 production production NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 8 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 9 FDA FDA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 10 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 11 approved approve VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 12 antivirals antiviral NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 13 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 14 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 16 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 17 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 18 heightened heightened JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 19 understanding understanding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 20 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 21 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 22 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 23 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 24 interactions interaction NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 25 resulted result VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 26 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 27 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 28 exploration exploration NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 29 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 30 novel novel JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 31 therapies therapy NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 32 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 33 immunodulatory immunodulatory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 34 approaches approach NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 36 9 9 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 17 38 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 1 New new JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 2 vaccine vaccine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 3 technologies technology NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 4 such such JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 5 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 6 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 7 use use NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 8 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 9 live live RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 10 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 11 attenuated attenuate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 12 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 14 10 10 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 17 11 11 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 20 12 12 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 23 13 13 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 25 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 26 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 27 development development NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 28 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 29 novel novel JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 30 vaccine vaccine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 31 production production NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 32 methods method NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 33 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 34 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 35 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 36 culture culture NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 37 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 38 based base VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 39 approaches approach NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 40 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 41 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 42 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 43 benefits benefit NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 44 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 45 scientific scientific JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 46 progress progress NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 18 47 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 1 Continued continue VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 2 acceleration acceleration NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 4 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 5 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 6 research research NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 7 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 8 direct direct JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 9 implications implication NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 10 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 12 development development NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 13 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 14 improved improved JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 15 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 16 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 17 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 18 control control NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 19 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 20 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 21 clinical clinical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 22 management management NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 23 during during IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 24 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 25 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 26 interpandemic interpandemic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 27 periods period NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 19 28 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 1 Influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 2 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 3 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 4 members member NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 5 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 6 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 7 family family NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 8 Orthomyxoviridae Orthomyxoviridae NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 10 include include VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 11 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 12 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 13 types type VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 14 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 16 B b NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 18 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 19 C. C. NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 20 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 21 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 22 possess possess VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 23 seven seven CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 25 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 26 C C NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 28 or or CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 29 eight eight CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 31 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 32 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 33 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 34 B b NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 36 genome genome NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 37 segments segment NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 38 composed compose VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 39 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 40 negative negative JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 41 sense sense NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 42 single single RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 43 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 44 stranded strand VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 45 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 20 46 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 1 These these DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 2 types type NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 3 differ differ VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 4 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 5 various various JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 6 aspects aspect NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 7 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 9 most most RBS cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 10 important important JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 11 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 12 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 13 include include VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 14 antigenicity antigenicity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 16 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 17 range range NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 18 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 19 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 20 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 21 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 22 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 23 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 24 seasonality seasonality NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 21 25 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 1 Standard standard JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 2 nomenclature nomenclature NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 3 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 4 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 5 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 6 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 7 includes include VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 8 type type NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 9 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 10 geographic geographic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 11 location location NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 12 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 13 isolation isolation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 14 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 15 isolate isolate VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 16 number number NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 18 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 19 year year NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 20 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 21 isolation isolation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 22 22 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 1 For for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 2 example example NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 4 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 5 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 6 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 7 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 8 isolated isolate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 9 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 10 Panama Panama NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 11 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 12 1999 1999 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 13 would would MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 14 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 15 referred refer VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 16 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 23 17 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 24 1 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 24 2 / / , cord-018089-m94q75xn 24 3 Panama/2002/1999 Panama/2002/1999 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 24 4 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 1 Subtypes subtype NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 3 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 4 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 5 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 6 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 7 described describe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 8 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 9 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 11 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 13 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 14 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 16 NA NA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 18 designations designation NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 25 19 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 26 1 To to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 26 2 date date NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 26 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 26 4 16 16 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 26 5 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 26 6 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 26 7 9 9 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 26 8 NA NA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 26 9 subtypes subtype NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 26 10 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 26 11 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 26 12 described describe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 26 13 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 1 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 2 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 3 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 4 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 5 mostly mostly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 6 responsible responsible JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 7 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 8 seasonal seasonal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 9 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 10 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 11 global global JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 12 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 13 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 14 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 15 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 16 burden burden NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 17 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 18 disease disease NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 19 attributable attributable JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 20 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 21 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 27 22 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 1 Clinical clinical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 2 disease disease NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 3 includes include VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 4 systemic systemic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 5 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 6 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 7 manifestations manifestation NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 8 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 10 rarely rarely RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 11 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 12 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 13 complicated complicate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 14 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 15 central central JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 16 nervous nervous JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 17 system system NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 18 involvement involvement NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 19 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 20 toxic toxic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 21 shock shock NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 22 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 23 or or CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 24 multiorgan multiorgan NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 25 system system NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 26 failure failure NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 28 14 14 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 29 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 30 15 15 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 28 32 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 1 Circulating circulate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 2 strains strain NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 4 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 5 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 6 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 7 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 8 targets target NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 9 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 10 annual annual JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 11 vaccination vaccination NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 12 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 13 mitigate mitigate VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 14 morbidity morbidity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 15 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 16 mortality mortality NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 17 imparted impart VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 18 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 19 these these DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 20 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 29 21 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 2 addition addition NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 3 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 4 infecting infect VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 5 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 6 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 7 influenza influenza VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 8 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 9 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 10 circulate circulate VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 11 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 12 other other JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 13 mammals mammal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 14 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 15 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 16 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 17 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 18 horses horse NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 30 19 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 31 1 Waterfowl waterfowl NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 31 2 harbor harbor VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 31 3 several several JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 31 4 lineages lineage NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 31 5 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 31 6 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 31 7 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 31 8 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 31 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 31 10 serve serve VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 31 11 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 31 12 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 31 13 reservoir reservoir NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 31 14 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 1 Transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 2 among among IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 3 wild wild JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 4 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 5 domestic domestic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 6 fowl fowl NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 7 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 8 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 9 species specie NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 10 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 11 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 12 important important JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 13 characteristic characteristic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 14 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 15 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 16 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 18 enabling enable VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 19 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 20 reassortment reassortment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 21 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 22 emergence emergence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 23 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 24 novel novel JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 25 subtypes subtype NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 26 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 27 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 28 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 29 populations population NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 32 30 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 2 contrast contrast NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 4 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 5 B b NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 6 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 7 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 8 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 9 restricted restricted JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 10 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 11 range range NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 12 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 13 circulating circulate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 14 only only RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 15 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 16 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 18 although although IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 19 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 20 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 21 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 22 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 23 isolated isolate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 24 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 25 seals seal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 27 16 16 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 33 29 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 1 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 2 B B NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 3 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 4 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 5 seasonality seasonality NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 6 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 7 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 8 responsible responsible JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 9 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 10 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 11 disease disease NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 12 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 13 although although IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 14 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 15 clinical clinical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 16 manifestations manifestation NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 17 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 18 generally generally RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 19 less less RBR cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 20 severe severe JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 21 compared compare VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 22 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 23 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 24 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 25 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 26 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 27 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 28 illness illness NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 34 29 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 1 Nonetheless nonetheless RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 2 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 3 rare rare JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 4 cases case NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 5 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 6 encephalitis encephalitis JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 7 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 8 septic septic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 9 shock shock NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 10 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 11 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 12 described describe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 13 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 14 children child NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 16 17 17 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 18 18 18 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 35 20 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 1 At at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 2 present present NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 5 two two CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 6 major major JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 7 lineages lineage NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 8 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 9 represented represent VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 10 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 11 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 12 B b NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 13 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 14 Victoria/2/1987 victoria/2/1987 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 15 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 16 B B NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 17 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 36 18 Yamagata/16/1988 yamagata/16/1988 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 37 1 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 37 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 37 3 19 19 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 37 4 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 37 5 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 1 Re Re NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 2 - - NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 3 emergence emergence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 4 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 5 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 6 Victoria Victoria NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 7 lineage lineage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 8 after after IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 9 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 10 decade decade NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 11 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 12 absence absence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 13 was be VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 14 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 15 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 16 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 17 outbreak outbreak NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 18 during during IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 19 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 20 2001 2001 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 21 - - SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 22 2002 2002 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 23 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 24 season season NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 25 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 26 affecting affect VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 27 healthy healthy JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 28 but but CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 29 immunologically immunologically RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 30 naive naive JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 31 children child NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 33 20 20 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 38 35 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 1 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 2 B B NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 3 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 4 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 5 included include VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 6 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 7 inactivated inactivated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 8 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 9 live live RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 10 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 11 attenuated attenuated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 12 annual annual JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 13 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 14 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 39 15 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 1 Unlike unlike IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 2 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 3 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 4 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 5 B b NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 6 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 7 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 8 C c NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 9 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 10 lacks lack VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 11 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 12 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 13 codes code NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 14 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 15 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 16 single single JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 17 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 18 surface surface NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 19 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 20 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 21 esterase esterase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 22 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 23 fusion fusion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 25 HEF HEF NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 27 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 40 28 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 1 This this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 2 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 3 does do VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 4 not not RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 5 demonstrate demonstrate VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 6 marked mark VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 7 seasonality seasonality NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 8 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 9 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 10 not not RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 11 included include VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 12 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 13 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 14 annual annual JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 15 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 16 vaccine vaccine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 18 although although IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 20 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 21 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 22 responsible responsible JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 23 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 24 occasional occasional JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 25 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 26 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 27 predominantly predominantly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 28 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 29 children child NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 31 21 21 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 41 33 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 1 Illness illness NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 2 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 3 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 4 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 5 generally generally RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 6 mild mild JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 7 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 8 consists consist VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 9 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 10 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 11 upper upper JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 12 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 13 tract tract NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 14 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 42 15 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 1 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 2 C C NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 3 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 4 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 5 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 6 isolated isolate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 7 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 8 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 9 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 10 raising raise VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 12 possibility possibility NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 13 that that IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 14 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 15 species specie NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 16 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 17 serve serve VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 18 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 19 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 20 reservoir reservoir NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 22 22 22 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 43 24 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 1 Influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 2 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 3 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 4 enveloped envelop VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 5 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 6 deriving derive VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 7 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 8 lipid lipid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 9 bilayer bilayer NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 10 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 12 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 13 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 14 membrane membrane NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 15 during during IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 16 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 17 process process NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 18 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 19 budding bud VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 44 20 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 1 Viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 2 particles particle NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 3 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 4 pleomorphic pleomorphic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 5 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 6 nature nature NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 7 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 8 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 9 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 10 spherical spherical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 11 or or CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 12 filamentous filamentous JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 13 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 14 ranging range VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 15 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 16 size size NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 17 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 18 100 100 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 19 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 20 over over IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 21 300 300 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 22 nm nm NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 24 3 3 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 45 26 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 1 Spikes spike NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 2 consisting consist VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 4 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 5 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 6 NA NA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 7 project project NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 8 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 9 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 10 surface surface NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 11 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 12 virions virion NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 13 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 14 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 15 ratio ratio NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 16 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 17 roughly roughly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 18 4:1 4:1 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 19 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 20 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 21 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 46 22 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 47 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 47 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 47 3 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 47 4 1 1 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 47 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 47 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 47 7 3 3 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 47 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 47 9 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 2 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 3 envelope envelope NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 4 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 5 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 6 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 7 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 9 matrix matrix NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 11 M2 M2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 13 protein protein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 14 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 15 forms form VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 16 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 17 tetrameric tetrameric JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 18 ion ion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 19 channel channel NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 48 20 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 2 polymerase polymerase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 3 proteins protein VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 4 PB1 pb1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 5 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 6 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 7 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 8 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 9 PA PA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 10 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 12 nucleoprotein nucleoprotein NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 14 NP NP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 16 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 17 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 18 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 19 virion virion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 21 comprise comprise VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 22 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 23 ribonucleoprotein ribonucleoprotein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 25 RNP RNP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 27 complex complex NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 49 28 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 1 This this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 2 complex complex NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 3 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 4 present present JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 5 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 6 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 7 core core NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 8 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 9 virions virion NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 10 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 11 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 12 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 13 includes include VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 14 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 15 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 16 export export NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 17 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 18 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 19 protein protein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 21 NEP NEP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 22 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 23 NS1 ns1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 50 25 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 1 Influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 2 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 3 genes gene NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 4 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 5 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 6 products product NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 7 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 8 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 9 primary primary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 10 functions function NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 11 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 12 summarized summarize VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 13 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 14 Table Table NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 15 1 1 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 51 16 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 52 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 52 2 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 52 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 52 4 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 52 5 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 52 6 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 52 7 transmitted transmit VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 52 8 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 52 9 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 52 10 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 52 11 route route NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 52 12 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 1 Host host JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 2 cellular cellular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 3 receptors receptor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 4 consist consist VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 5 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 6 oligosaccharides oligosaccharide NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 7 residing reside VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 8 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 9 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 10 surface surface NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 11 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 12 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 13 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 14 cells cell NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 53 15 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 1 Specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 3 binding binding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 4 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 5 imparted impart VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 6 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 7 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 8 linkage linkage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 9 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 10 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 11 penultimate penultimate JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 12 galactose galactose NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 14 Gal Gal NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 16 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 17 N n CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 18 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 19 acetylsialic acetylsialic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 20 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 22 SA SA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 54 24 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 1 a2,6 a2,6 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 2 linkage linkage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 4 SAa2,6Gal SAa2,6Gal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 6 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 7 distributed distribute VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 8 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 9 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 10 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 11 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 12 tract tract NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 13 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 14 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 15 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 16 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 17 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 18 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 19 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 20 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 21 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 22 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 55 23 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 2 contrast contrast NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 4 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 5 hosts host NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 6 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 7 waterfowl waterfowl NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 8 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 9 domestic domestic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 10 poultry poultry NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 11 harbor harbor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 12 sialic sialic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 13 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 14 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 15 a2,3 a2,3 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 16 linkage linkage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 18 SAa2,3Gal saa2,3gal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 20 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 21 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 22 distributed distribute VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 23 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 24 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 25 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 26 tract tract NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 27 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 28 reflecting reflect VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 29 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 30 fecal fecal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 31 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 32 oral oral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 33 mode mode NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 34 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 35 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 36 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 37 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 38 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 39 strains strain NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 40 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 41 these these DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 42 species specie NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 44 23 23 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 56 46 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 1 Specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 3 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 4 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 5 binding binding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 6 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 7 imparted impart VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 8 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 9 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 10 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 11 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 12 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 13 pocket pocket NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 14 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 15 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 16 surface surface NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 17 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 18 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 19 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 20 molecule molecule NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 22 Fig Fig NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 23 . . NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 24 2 2 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 57 26 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 2 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 3 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 4 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 5 rod rod NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 6 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 7 shaped shape VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 8 trimer trimer NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 9 anchored anchor VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 10 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 12 virion virion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 13 's 's POS cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 14 envelope envelope NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 15 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 16 contains contain VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 17 three three CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 18 primary primary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 19 ligand ligand NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 20 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 21 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 22 sites site NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 23 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 24 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 25 globular globular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 26 head head NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 28 24 24 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 29 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 30 25 25 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 58 32 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 1 Specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 3 binding binding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 4 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 5 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 6 linked link VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 7 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 8 certain certain JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 9 amino amino NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 10 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 11 residues residue NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 12 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 13 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 14 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 15 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 16 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 17 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 18 domain domain NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 59 19 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 2 H3 H3 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 3 subtypes subtype NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 4 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 5 amino amino NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 6 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 7 226 226 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 8 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 9 one one CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 10 such such JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 11 residue residue NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 12 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 13 where where WRB cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 14 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 15 presence presence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 16 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 17 leucine leucine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 18 allows allow VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 19 binding binding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 20 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 21 SAa2,6Gal SAa2,6Gal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 22 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 23 whereas whereas IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 24 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 25 presence presence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 26 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 27 glutamine glutamine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 28 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 29 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 30 position position NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 31 permits permit VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 32 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 33 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 34 SAa2,3Gal saa2,3gal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 60 35 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 1 Amino amino NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 2 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 3 changes change NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 4 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 5 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 6 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 7 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 8 other other JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 9 subtypes subtype NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 10 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 11 such such JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 12 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 13 H1 h1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 14 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 16 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 17 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 18 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 19 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 20 responsible responsible JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 21 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 22 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 23 1918 1918 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 24 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 26 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 27 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 28 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 29 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 30 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 31 adaptations adaptation NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 32 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 33 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 34 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 35 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 36 specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 37 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 38 translating translate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 39 into into IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 40 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 41 switch switch NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 42 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 43 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 44 specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 45 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 46 disastrous disastrous JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 47 consequences consequence NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 48 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 49 26 26 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 50 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 51 27 27 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 61 53 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 1 Specifically specifically RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 2 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 3 changes change NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 4 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 5 amino amino NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 6 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 7 position position NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 8 225 225 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 9 impart impart VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 10 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 11 ability ability NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 12 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 13 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 14 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 15 New New NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 16 York/1/18 York/1/18 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 17 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 18 bind bind VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 19 both both DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 20 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 21 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 22 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 23 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 24 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 25 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 26 receptors receptor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 28 26 26 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 62 30 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 1 Strains strain NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 3 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 4 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 5 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 6 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 7 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 8 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 9 retain retain VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 10 amino amino JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 11 acids acid NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 13 aspartic aspartic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 14 acids acid NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 16 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 17 positions position NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 18 190 190 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 19 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 20 225 225 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 21 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 22 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 23 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 24 consistent consistent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 25 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 26 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 27 sialic sialic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 28 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 29 receptorbinding receptorbinding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 30 specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 31 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 32 although although IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 33 conflicting conflicting JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 34 data datum NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 35 exist exist VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 36 regarding regard VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 37 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 38 specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 39 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 40 these these DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 41 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 63 42 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 1 One one CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 2 approach approach NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 3 utilizing utilize VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 4 carbohydrate carbohydrate NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 5 microarrays microarray NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 6 suggests suggest VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 7 that that IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 8 dual dual JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 10 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 11 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 12 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 14 sialic sialic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 15 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 16 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 17 binding binding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 18 occurs occur VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 20 28 28 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 22 ; ; : cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 23 data datum NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 24 obtained obtain VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 25 using use VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 26 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 27 different different JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 28 approach approach NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 29 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 30 namely namely RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 31 biotinylated biotinylate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 32 a2,3and a2,3and NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 33 a2,6-sialylated a2,6-sialylated NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 34 glycans glycan NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 35 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 36 suggest suggest VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 37 currently currently RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 38 circulating circulate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 39 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 40 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 41 preferentially preferentially RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 42 bind bind VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 43 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 44 sialic sialic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 45 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 46 receptors receptor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 47 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 48 a2 a2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 49 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 50 6 6 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 51 linkage linkage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 52 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 53 29 29 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 54 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 64 55 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 2 importance importance NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 4 these these DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 5 amino amino NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 6 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 7 residues residue NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 8 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 9 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 10 droplet droplet NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 11 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 12 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 13 recently recently RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 14 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 15 described describe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 16 using use VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 17 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 18 ferret ferret JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 19 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 20 model model NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 65 21 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 1 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 2 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 3 containing contain VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 4 aspartic aspartic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 5 acids acid NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 6 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 7 residues residue NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 8 190 190 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 10 225 225 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 11 were be VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 12 capable capable JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 13 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 14 aerosol aerosol NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 15 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 66 16 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 1 This this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 2 contrasted contrast VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 3 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 4 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 5 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 6 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 7 glutamic glutamic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 8 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 10 glycine glycine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 11 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 12 residues residue NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 13 190 190 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 14 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 15 225 225 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 16 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 17 respectively respectively RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 19 consistent consistent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 20 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 21 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 22 sialic sialic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 23 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 24 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 25 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 26 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 27 specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 29 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 30 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 31 did do VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 32 not not RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 33 transmit transmit VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 34 through through IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 35 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 36 air air NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 38 30 30 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 67 40 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 2 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 3 other other JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 4 changes change NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 5 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 6 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 7 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 10 NA NA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 12 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 13 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 14 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 15 H9N2 H9N2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 16 after after IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 17 adaptation adaptation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 18 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 19 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 20 ferret ferret NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 21 conferred confer VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 22 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 23 more more RBR cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 24 efficient efficient JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 25 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 26 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 27 phenotype phenotype NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 29 31 31 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 68 31 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 1 Several several JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 2 possible possible JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 3 pathways pathway NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 4 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 5 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 6 entry entry NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 7 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 8 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 9 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 10 into into IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 11 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 12 cells cell NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 13 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 14 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 15 postulated postulate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 16 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 17 recently recently RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 18 reviewed review VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 20 32 32 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 69 22 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 1 Endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 2 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 3 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 4 multistep multistep JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 5 process process NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 6 consisting consist VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 7 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 8 surface surface NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 9 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 10 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 11 mediated mediate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 12 binding binding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 13 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 14 internalization internalization NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 16 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 17 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 18 trafficking trafficking NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 70 19 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 1 Clathrin Clathrin NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 2 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 3 mediated mediate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 4 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 5 clathrin clathrin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 6 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 7 independent independent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 8 internalization internalization NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 9 via via IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 10 caveolae caveolae NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 11 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 12 caveolae caveolae NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 13 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 14 independent independent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 15 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 16 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 17 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 18 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 20 33 33 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 21 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 22 34 34 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 71 24 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 1 An an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 2 initial initial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 3 acidification acidification NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 4 step step NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 5 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 6 early early JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 7 endosomes endosome NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 8 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 9 followed follow VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 10 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 11 trafficking traffic VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 12 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 13 low low JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 14 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 15 pH ph NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 16 late late JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 17 endosomes endosome NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 18 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 19 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 20 process process NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 21 mediated mediate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 22 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 23 members member NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 24 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 25 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 26 Rab Rab NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 27 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 28 protein protein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 29 family family NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 72 30 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 1 Fusion fusion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 3 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 4 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 5 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 6 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 7 endosome endosome NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 8 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 9 triggered trigger VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 10 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 11 low low JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 12 pH ph NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 13 conditions condition NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 14 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 15 mediated mediate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 16 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 17 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 18 fusion fusion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 19 peptide peptide NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 20 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 21 HA2 HA2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 22 after after IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 23 cleavage cleavage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 24 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 25 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 26 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 27 creating create VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 28 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 29 pore pore NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 30 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 31 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 32 endosome endosome NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 33 through through IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 34 fusion fusion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 35 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 36 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 37 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 38 endosomal endosomal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 39 membranes membrane NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 41 Fig Fig NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 42 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 43 3 3 LS cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 45 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 46 3 3 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 73 48 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 1 Subsequent subsequent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 2 steps step NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 3 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 5 uncoating uncoating NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 6 process process NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 7 involve involve VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 9 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 10 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 11 tetrameric tetrameric JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 12 M2 M2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 13 protein protein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 14 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 15 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 16 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 17 involved involve VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 18 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 19 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 20 release release NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 21 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 22 RNP RNP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 23 into into IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 24 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 25 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 26 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 27 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 28 through through IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 29 ion ion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 30 channel channel NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 31 activity activity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 33 35 35 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 34 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 35 36 36 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 74 37 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 1 Viral Viral NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 4 vRNA vrna JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 6 synthesis synthesis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 7 occurs occur VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 8 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 9 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 10 nucleus nucleus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 11 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 12 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 13 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 14 RNPs rnp NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 15 must must MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 16 therefore therefore RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 17 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 18 imported import VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 75 19 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 1 This this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 2 process process NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 3 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 4 primarily primarily RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 5 mediated mediate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 6 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 7 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 8 NP NP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 9 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 10 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 11 coats coat VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 12 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 14 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 15 possesses possess VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 16 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 17 localization localization NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 18 signals signal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 20 NLSs NLSs NNPS cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 22 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 23 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 24 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 25 unconventional unconventional JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 26 NLS nls NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 27 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 28 binds bind VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 29 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 30 karyopherin karyopherin NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 31 - - : cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 32 a a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 33 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 34 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 35 essential essential JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 36 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 37 energy energy NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 38 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 39 dependent dependent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 40 RNP RNP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 41 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 42 import import NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 44 37 37 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 45 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 46 38 38 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 76 48 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 1 Viral Viral NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 3 serves serve VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 4 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 5 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 6 template template NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 7 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 9 production production NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 10 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 11 messenger messenger NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 14 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 16 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 17 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 18 transcription transcription NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 19 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 20 as as RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 21 well well RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 22 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 23 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 24 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 25 generation generation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 26 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 27 complementary complementary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 30 cRNA cRNA NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 32 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 33 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 34 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 35 positive positive JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 36 sense sense NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 37 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 38 functions function NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 39 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 40 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 41 template template NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 42 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 43 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 44 generation generation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 45 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 46 more more JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 47 vRNA vrna JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 49 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 50 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 77 52 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 1 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 2 segments segment NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 3 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 4 coated coat VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 5 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 6 NP NP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 7 through through IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 8 nonspecific nonspecific JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 9 interactions interaction NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 10 between between IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 12 arginine arginine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 13 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 14 rich rich JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 15 positively positively RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 16 charged charge VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 17 NP NP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 18 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 19 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 20 negatively negatively RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 21 charged charge VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 22 RNA rna NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 23 phosphate phosphate NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 24 backbone backbone NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 26 3 3 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 78 28 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 2 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 3 polymerase polymerase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 4 complex complex NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 5 consists consist VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 6 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 7 tightly tightly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 8 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 9 PB1 PB1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 10 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 11 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 12 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 13 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 14 PA PA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 15 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 16 associates associate NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 17 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 18 NP NP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 19 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 20 coated coat VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 21 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 22 without without IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 23 disrupting disrupt VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 24 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 25 interaction interaction NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 27 39 39 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 79 29 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 1 PB1 pb1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 2 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 3 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 4 endonuclease endonuclease NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 5 involved involve VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 6 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 7 both both DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 8 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 10 transcription transcription NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 11 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 12 binds bind VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 13 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 14 promoter promoter NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 15 region region NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 16 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 18 segments segment NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 20 40 40 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 80 22 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 2 functions function VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 3 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 4 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 6 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 7 dependent dependent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 9 polymerase polymerase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 10 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 11 catalyzes catalyze VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 13 chain chain NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 14 elongation elongation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 81 15 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 1 Interaction Interaction NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 2 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 3 PA PA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 4 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 5 required require VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 6 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 7 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 8 function function NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 10 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 11 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 13 41 41 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 82 15 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 83 1 PB2 pb2 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 83 2 binds bind VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 83 3 both both DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 83 4 NP NP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 83 5 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 83 6 PB1 pb1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 83 7 via via IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 83 8 separate separate JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 83 9 binding binding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 83 10 sites site NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 83 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 83 12 42 42 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 83 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 83 14 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 1 Initiation initiation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 3 transcription transcription NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 4 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 5 reliant reliant JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 6 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 7 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 8 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 9 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 10 binds bind VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 12 cap cap NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 13 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 14 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 15 pre pre NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 16 - - NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 17 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 18 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 19 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 20 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 21 cap cap NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 22 serves serve VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 23 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 24 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 25 primer primer NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 26 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 27 transcription transcription NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 29 43 43 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 30 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 31 44 44 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 84 33 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 2 addition addition NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 4 interactions interaction NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 5 between between IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 6 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 7 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 8 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 9 proteins protein NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 10 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 11 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 12 species specie NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 13 specific specific JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 14 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 15 potentially potentially RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 16 plays play VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 17 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 18 role role NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 19 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 20 restricting restrict VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 21 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 22 range range NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 23 Synthesis Synthesis NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 24 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 25 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 26 begins begin VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 27 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 28 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 29 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 30 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 31 5 5 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 85 32 0 0 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 1 -capped -capped JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 2 primer primer NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 4 generated generate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 5 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 6 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 7 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 9 polymerase polymerase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 10 II II NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 11 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 12 obtained obtain VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 13 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 14 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 15 pre pre JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 16 - - JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 17 mRNA mrna JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 19 44 44 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 86 21 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 1 Transcription transcription NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 2 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 3 thus thus RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 4 initiated initiate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 5 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 6 synthesis synthesis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 7 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 9 template template NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 10 occurs occur VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 11 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 12 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 13 3 3 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 14 0 0 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 15 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 16 5 5 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 17 0 0 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 18 direction direction NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 87 19 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 1 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 2 polyadenylation polyadenylation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 3 signal signal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 4 consisting consist VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 5 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 6 5 5 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 7 - - SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 8 7 7 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 9 uridines uridine NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 10 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 12 5 5 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 13 0 0 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 14 end end NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 15 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 16 vRNA vrna NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 17 prematurely prematurely RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 18 terminates terminate VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 19 transcription transcription NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 20 after after IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 21 inducing induce VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 22 stuttering stutter VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 23 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 24 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 25 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 26 polymerase polymerase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 28 48 48 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 31 49 49 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 34 50 50 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 88 36 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 2 generation generation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 4 NP NP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 5 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 6 NS1 NS1 NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 7 tends tend VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 8 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 9 occur occur VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 10 earlier early RBR cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 11 after after IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 12 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 13 compared compare VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 14 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 15 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 16 generation generation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 17 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 18 surface surface NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 19 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 20 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 21 M1 M1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 22 mRNAs mrnas CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 24 3 3 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 89 26 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 1 Mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 2 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 3 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 4 regulation regulation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 5 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 6 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 7 expression expression NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 8 remain remain VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 9 evasive evasive JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 10 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 11 although although IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 12 NP NP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 13 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 14 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 15 implicated implicate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 16 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 17 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 18 control control NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 19 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 20 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 21 expression expression NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 23 51 51 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 90 25 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 1 Viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 2 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 3 requires require VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 5 synthesis synthesis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 6 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 7 vRNA vrna NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 8 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 9 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 10 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 11 primer primer NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 12 independent independent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 13 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 14 occurs occur VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 15 through through IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 16 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 17 cRNA crna JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 18 intermediate intermediate NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 91 19 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 92 1 Nascent nascent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 92 2 cRNA cRNA NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 92 3 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 92 4 therefore therefore RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 92 5 not not RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 92 6 capped cap VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 92 7 or or CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 92 8 polyadenylated polyadenylate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 92 9 upon upon IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 92 10 termination termination NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 92 11 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 2 notion notion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 3 that that IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 4 cRNA cRNA NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 5 synthesis synthesis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 6 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 7 initiated initiate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 8 after after IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 9 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 10 switch switch NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 11 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 12 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 13 synthesis synthesis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 14 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 15 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 16 challenged challenge VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 18 52 52 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 93 20 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 1 RNP RNP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 2 complexes complex NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 3 subsequently subsequently RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 4 associate associate VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 5 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 6 M1 M1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 7 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 8 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 9 C c NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 10 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 11 terminal terminal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 12 domain domain NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 13 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 14 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 15 aggregation aggregation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 16 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 17 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 18 complex complex JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 19 leads lead VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 20 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 21 inhibition inhibition NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 22 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 23 transcription transcription NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 25 53 53 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 94 27 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 1 M1 M1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 2 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 3 interacts interact VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 4 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 5 NEP NEP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 6 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 7 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 8 C c NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 9 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 10 terminal terminal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 11 domain domain NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 13 38 38 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 14 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 15 54 54 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 95 17 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 1 NEP NEP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 2 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 3 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 4 turn turn NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 5 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 6 associates associate NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 7 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 8 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 9 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 10 export export NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 11 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 12 Crm1 Crm1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 13 via via IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 14 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 15 NEP NEP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 16 N N NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 17 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 18 terminal terminal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 19 domain domain NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 21 54 54 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 23 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 24 thus thus RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 25 orchestrating orchestrate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 26 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 27 export export NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 28 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 29 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 30 RNP RNP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 31 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 32 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 33 nucleus nucleus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 96 34 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 1 Posttranslational posttranslational JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 2 modification modification NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 5 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 6 consists consist VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 7 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 8 glycosylation glycosylation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 9 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 10 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 11 Golgi Golgi NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 12 apparatus apparatus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 14 55 55 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 97 16 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 1 Along along IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 2 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 3 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 4 RNP RNP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 5 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 6 protein protein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 7 components component NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 8 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 9 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 10 virion virion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 11 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 12 coordinately coordinately RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 13 trafficked traffic VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 14 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 15 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 16 apical apical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 17 surface surface NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 18 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 19 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 20 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 21 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 22 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 23 assembly assembly NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 24 into into IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 25 progeny progeny JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 26 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 98 27 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 1 Two two CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 2 models model NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 3 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 5 packaging packaging NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 6 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 7 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 9 segments segment NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 10 exist exist VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 11 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 12 include include VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 13 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 14 random random JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 15 incorporation incorporation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 17 56 56 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 18 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 19 57 57 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 21 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 22 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 23 selective selective JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 24 incorporation incorporation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 25 models model NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 27 58 58 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 28 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 29 59 59 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 99 31 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 2 latter latter JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 3 implies imply VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 4 that that IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 5 each each DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 6 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 7 segment segment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 8 possesses possess VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 9 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 10 packaging packaging NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 11 signal signal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 12 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 13 resulting result VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 14 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 15 virions virion NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 16 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 17 exactly exactly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 18 eight eight CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 19 segments segment NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 100 20 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 1 Putative putative JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 2 packaging packaging NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 3 signals signal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 4 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 5 coding code VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 6 regions region NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 7 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 8 polymerase polymerase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 9 genes gene NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 10 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 11 spike spike NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 12 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 13 genes gene NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 14 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 15 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 16 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 17 NS NS NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 18 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 19 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 20 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 21 identified identify VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 23 58 58 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 24 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 26 60 60 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 29 61 61 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 32 62 62 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 35 63 63 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 101 37 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 1 Viral Viral NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 2 assembly assembly NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 3 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 4 coordinated coordinate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 5 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 6 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 7 M1 M1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 8 protein protein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 9 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 10 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 11 associates associate VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 12 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 13 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 14 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 15 tails tail NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 16 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 17 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 18 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 19 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 21 19 19 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 22 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 23 64 64 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 24 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 25 65 65 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 27 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 28 as as RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 29 well well RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 30 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 31 RNP RNP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 32 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 33 NEP NEP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 34 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 35 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 36 described describe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 37 above above RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 102 38 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 1 Lipid lipid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 2 rafts raft NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 3 navigate navigate VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 4 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 5 membrane membrane NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 6 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 7 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 9 apical apical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 10 surface surface NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 11 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 12 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 13 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 14 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 16 66 66 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 18 67 67 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 103 20 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 2 addition addition NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 4 there there EX cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 5 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 6 evidence evidence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 7 that that IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 8 targeting target VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 9 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 10 NP NP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 11 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 12 polymerase polymerase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 13 proteins protein NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 14 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 15 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 16 apical apical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 17 surface surface NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 18 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 19 involves involve VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 20 lipid lipid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 21 rafts raft NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 23 68 68 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 104 25 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 1 Genomic genomic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 2 packaging packaging NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 3 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 4 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 5 assembly assembly NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 6 occurs occur VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 7 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 9 apical apical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 10 membrane membrane NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 11 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 12 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 13 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 14 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 15 accumulation accumulation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 16 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 17 M1 M1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 18 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 19 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 20 formation formation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 21 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 22 lipid lipid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 23 rafts raft NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 105 24 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 2 M1 M1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 3 protein protein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 4 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 5 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 6 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 7 implicated implicate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 8 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 9 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 10 morphology morphology NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 12 69 69 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 13 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 14 70 70 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 106 16 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 1 Because because IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 2 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 3 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 4 binds bind VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 5 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 6 surface surface NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 7 sialic sialic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 8 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 9 receptors receptor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 10 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 11 virions virion NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 12 must must MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 13 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 14 released release VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 107 15 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 2 NA NA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 3 functions function NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 4 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 5 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 6 sialidase sialidase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 7 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 8 cleaves cleave VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 9 sialic sialic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 10 acids acid NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 11 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 12 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 13 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 14 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 15 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 16 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 17 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 18 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 19 minimize minimize VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 20 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 21 aggregation aggregation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 22 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 23 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 24 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 25 surface surface NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 27 71 71 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 108 29 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 1 Balance balance NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 2 between between IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 3 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 4 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 5 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 6 NA NA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 7 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 8 thus thus RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 9 required require VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 10 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 11 optimal optimal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 12 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 13 binding binding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 14 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 15 destruction destruction NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 17 64 64 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 18 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 19 72 72 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 109 21 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 2 addition addition NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 3 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 4 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 5 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 6 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 7 destroying destroy VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 8 activity activity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 9 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 10 NA NA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 11 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 12 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 13 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 14 spike spike NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 15 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 16 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 17 important important JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 18 surface surface NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 19 antigen antigen NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 21 73 73 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 110 23 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 1 Among among IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 2 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 3 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 4 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 5 types type NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 6 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 7 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 8 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 9 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 10 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 11 most most RBS cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 12 genetic genetic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 13 diversity diversity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 14 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 15 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 16 capable capable JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 17 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 18 successfully successfully RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 19 infecting infect VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 20 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 21 array array NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 22 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 23 hosts host NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 24 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 25 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 26 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 27 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 28 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 29 species specie NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 111 30 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 1 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 2 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 3 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 4 exhibit exhibit VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 5 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 6 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 7 pattern pattern NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 8 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 9 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 10 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 11 complex complex JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 12 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 13 consists consist VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 14 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 15 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 16 drift drift NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 17 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 18 shift shift NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 112 19 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 1 Drift drift NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 2 occurs occur VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 3 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 4 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 5 annual annual JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 6 basis basis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 7 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 8 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 9 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 10 attributed attribute VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 11 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 12 low low JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 13 fidelity fidelity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 14 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 15 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 17 polymerase polymerase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 18 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 19 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 20 selection selection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 21 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 22 immune immune JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 23 pressure pressure NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 24 exerted exert VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 25 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 26 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 27 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 29 74 74 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 113 31 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 1 This this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 2 results result VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 3 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 4 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 5 diversity diversity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 6 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 7 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 8 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 10 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 11 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 12 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 13 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 14 one one CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 15 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 16 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 17 major major JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 18 challenges challenge NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 19 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 20 vaccine vaccine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 21 production production NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 22 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 23 requiring require VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 24 annual annual JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 25 changes change NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 26 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 27 vaccine vaccine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 28 components component NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 114 29 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 2 HA1 HA1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 3 domain domain NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 4 contains contain VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 5 several several JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 6 epitopes epitope NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 7 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 8 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 9 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 10 most most RBS cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 11 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 12 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 13 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 14 consequence consequence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 16 demonstrating demonstrate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 17 clusters cluster NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 18 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 19 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 20 variance variance NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 21 over over IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 22 time time NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 24 75 75 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 115 26 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 1 Antigenic antigenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 2 shift shift NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 3 results result NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 4 after after IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 5 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 6 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 7 reassortment reassortment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 8 event event NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 9 where where WRB cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 10 exchange exchange NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 11 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 12 one one CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 13 or or CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 14 more more JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 15 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 16 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 17 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 18 segments segment NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 19 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 20 that that DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 21 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 22 another another DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 23 strain strain NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 24 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 25 result result VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 26 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 27 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 28 novel novel JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 29 serotype serotype NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 30 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 31 potentially potentially RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 32 diversifying diversify VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 33 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 34 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 35 range range NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 36 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 37 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 38 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 116 39 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 2 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 3 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 4 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 5 setting setting NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 6 that that WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 7 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 8 strains strain NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 9 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 10 emerged emerge VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 11 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 12 immunologically immunologically RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 13 naïve naïve JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 14 populations population NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 15 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 16 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 17 past past NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 18 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 19 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 20 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 21 H2N2 H2N2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 23 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 24 new new JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 25 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 26 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 27 NA NA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 28 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 29 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 30 PB1 pb1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 31 segment segment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 33 subtype subtype NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 34 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 35 1957 1957 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 36 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 37 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 38 H3N2 H3N2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 39 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 40 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 42 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 43 new new JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 44 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 45 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 46 PB1 pb1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 47 segments segment NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 49 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 50 caused cause VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 51 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 52 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 53 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 54 1968 1968 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 55 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 56 Fig Fig NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 57 . . NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 58 4 4 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 59 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 117 60 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 1 Since since IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 2 1997 1997 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 4 several several JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 5 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 6 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 7 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 8 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 9 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 10 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 11 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 12 H7N2 H7N2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 13 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 14 H7N3 H7N3 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 16 H7N7 H7N7 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 18 H9N2 H9N2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 19 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 20 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 21 H10N7 h10n7 RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 22 subtypes subtype NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 23 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 24 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 25 infected infect VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 26 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 28 76 76 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 30 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 31 though though IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 32 limited limited JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 33 evidence evidence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 34 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 35 person person NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 36 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 37 person person NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 38 spread spread VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 39 exists exist VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 41 77 77 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 42 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 43 78 78 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 118 45 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 1 Lack lack NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 3 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 4 among among IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 5 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 6 remains remain VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 7 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 8 barrier barrier NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 9 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 10 pandemic pandemic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 11 spread spread VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 12 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 13 these these DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 14 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 119 15 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 2 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 3 subtype subtype NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 4 isolated isolate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 5 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 6 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 7 species specie NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 8 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 9 undergone undergo VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 10 genetic genetic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 11 reassortment reassortment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 12 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 13 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 14 several several JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 15 genotypes genotype NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 16 exist exist VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 120 17 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 1 Genotypes Genotypes NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 2 Z Z NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 3 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 4 V v NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 5 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 6 largely largely RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 7 responsible responsible JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 8 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 9 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 10 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 11 highly highly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 12 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 13 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 14 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 16 HPAI HPAI NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 18 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 19 domestic domestic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 20 birds bird NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 21 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 22 Southeast Southeast NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 23 Asia Asia NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 24 beginning begin VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 25 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 26 2003 2003 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 28 77 77 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 121 30 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 1 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 2 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 3 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 4 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 5 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 6 divided divide VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 7 into into IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 8 clades clade NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 9 based base VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 10 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 12 genomic genomic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 13 analysis analysis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 14 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 15 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 16 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 17 genes gene NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 18 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 19 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 20 clade clade NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 21 2 2 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 22 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 23 further further RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 24 divided divide VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 25 into into IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 26 subclades subclade NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 27 ; ; : cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 28 up up IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 29 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 30 ten ten CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 31 clades clade NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 32 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 33 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 34 identified identify VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 35 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 36 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 37 species specie NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 38 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 39 four four CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 40 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 41 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 42 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 43 infected infect VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 44 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 45 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 46 79 79 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 47 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 48 80 80 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 49 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 122 50 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 1 Less Less JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 2 than than IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 3 1 1 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 4 % % NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 5 divergence divergence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 6 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 7 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 8 isolates isolate NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 9 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 10 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 11 reported report VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 12 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 13 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 14 isolated isolate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 15 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 16 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 17 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 18 Asia Asia NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 20 7 7 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 123 22 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 2 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 3 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 4 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 6 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 8 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 9 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 10 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 11 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 12 described describe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 13 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 14 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 15 " " `` cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 16 triple triple JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 17 reassortant reassortant NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 18 " " '' cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 19 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 20 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 21 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 22 human human NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 23 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 24 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 25 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 26 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 27 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 28 ; ; : cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 29 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 30 H1 H1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 31 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 32 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 33 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 34 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 35 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 36 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 37 circulating circulate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 38 among among IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 39 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 40 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 41 decades decade NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 42 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 43 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 44 limited limited JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 45 drift drift NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 46 compared compare VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 47 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 48 genes gene NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 49 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 50 H1 h1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 51 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 52 that that WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 53 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 54 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 55 circulating circulate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 56 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 57 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 58 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 59 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 60 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 61 thus thus RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 62 antigenically antigenically RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 63 different different JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 64 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 65 seasonal seasonal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 66 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 67 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 68 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 124 69 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 125 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 125 2 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 125 3 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 125 4 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 125 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 125 6 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 125 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 1 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 2 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 3 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 4 composed compose VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 5 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 6 six six CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 7 segments segment NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 8 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 9 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 10 triple triple JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 11 reassortant reassortant NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 12 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 13 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 14 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 15 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 16 PB1 pb1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 17 segment segment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 18 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 19 classical classical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 20 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 21 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 22 origin origin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 23 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 24 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 25 NP NP NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 26 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 27 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 28 NS NS NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 29 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 30 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 31 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 32 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 33 origin origin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 34 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 35 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 36 PA PA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 37 segments segment NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 38 that that WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 39 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 40 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 41 circulating circulate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 42 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 43 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 44 since since IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 45 approximately approximately RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 46 1998 1998 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 126 47 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 2 NA NA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 3 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 4 M M NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 5 segments segment NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 6 originate originate VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 7 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 8 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 9 Eurasian eurasian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 10 lineage lineage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 11 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 12 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 13 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 14 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 16 1 1 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 18 2 2 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 19 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 20 81 81 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 127 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 128 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 128 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 128 3 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 129 1 5 5 LS cord-018089-m94q75xn 129 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 129 3 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 2 order order NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 3 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 4 tackle tackle VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 5 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 6 challenge challenge NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 7 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 8 understanding understand VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 9 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 10 evolution evolution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 11 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 12 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 13 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 14 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 15 large large JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 16 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 17 scale scale NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 18 collaborative collaborative JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 19 efforts effort NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 20 such such JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 21 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 22 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 23 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 24 Genome Genome NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 25 Sequencing Sequencing NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 26 Project Project NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 27 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 28 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 29 undertaken undertake VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 130 30 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 2 presence presence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 4 several several JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 5 cocirculating cocirculate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 6 clades clade NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 7 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 9 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 10 population population NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 11 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 12 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 13 described describe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 14 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 15 accounting account VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 16 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 17 reassortment reassortment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 131 18 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 1 This this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 2 can can MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 3 result result VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 4 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 5 limited limited JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 6 vaccine vaccine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 7 effectiveness effectiveness NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 8 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 9 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 10 seen see VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 11 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 12 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 13 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 14 Fujian/411/2002-like Fujian/411/2002-like NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 15 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 16 during during IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 17 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 18 2003 2003 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 19 - - SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 20 2004 2004 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 21 season season NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 23 8 8 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 132 25 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 1 Genetic genetic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 2 evolution evolution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 3 appears appear VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 4 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 5 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 6 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 7 relatively relatively RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 8 gradual gradual JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 9 process process NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 10 ; ; : cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 11 however however RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 12 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 13 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 14 changes change NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 15 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 16 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 17 HA1 HA1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 18 domain domain NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 19 tend tend VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 20 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 21 cluster cluster VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 23 75 75 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 133 25 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 1 Ongoing ongoing JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 2 changes change NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 5 H3 H3 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 6 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 7 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 9 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 10 population population NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 11 result result VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 12 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 13 selective selective JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 14 pressure pressure NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 15 exerted exert VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 16 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 17 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 18 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 19 immune immune JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 20 system system NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 134 21 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 2 contrast contrast NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 5 H3 H3 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 6 lineage lineage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 7 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 8 birds bird NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 9 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 10 remained remain VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 11 relatively relatively RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 12 stable stable JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 14 82 82 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 135 16 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 2 rate rate NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 4 change change NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 5 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 6 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 7 H3 H3 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 8 subtype subtype NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 9 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 10 greater great JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 11 when when WRB cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 12 compared compare VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 13 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 14 H1 H1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 15 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 16 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 17 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 18 B b NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 19 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 20 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 21 estimated estimate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 22 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 23 changes change NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 24 per per IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 25 site site NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 26 per per IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 27 year year NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 28 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 29 0.0037 0.0037 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 30 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 31 H3 H3 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 32 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 33 0.0018 0.0018 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 34 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 35 H1 h1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 36 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 37 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 38 0.0013 0.0013 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 39 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 40 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 41 B b NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 42 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 43 83 83 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 136 45 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 1 As as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 2 greater great JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 3 numbers number NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 4 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 5 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 6 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 7 genome genome NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 8 sequences sequence NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 9 become become VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 10 available available JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 11 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 12 we -PRON- PRP cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 13 gain gain VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 14 insight insight NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 15 into into IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 16 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 17 patterns pattern NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 18 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 19 change change NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 20 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 21 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 22 knowledge knowledge NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 23 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 24 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 25 applied apply VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 26 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 27 annual annual JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 28 vaccine vaccine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 29 development development NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 137 30 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 1 Prediction prediction NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 3 future future JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 4 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 5 sequences sequence NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 6 could could MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 7 lead lead VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 8 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 9 more more RBR cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 10 timely timely JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 11 development development NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 12 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 13 effective effective JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 14 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 16 84 84 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 18 though though IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 19 modeling modeling NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 20 methods method NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 21 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 22 yet yet RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 23 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 24 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 25 validated validate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 26 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 138 27 _SP cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 1 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 2 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 3 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 4 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 5 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 6 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 7 pathogen pathogen NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 8 capable capable JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 9 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 10 infecting infect VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 11 birds bird NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 13 waterfowl waterfowl NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 14 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 15 chickens chicken NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 18 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 19 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 20 horses horse NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 21 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 22 felines feline NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 23 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 24 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 25 other other JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 26 species specie NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 139 27 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 140 1 Host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 140 2 range range NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 140 3 restriction restriction NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 140 4 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 140 5 different different JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 140 6 types type NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 140 7 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 140 8 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 140 9 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 140 10 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 140 11 observed observe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 140 12 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 1 Species species NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 2 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 3 restricted restrict VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 4 binding binding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 5 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 6 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 7 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 8 mediated mediate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 9 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 10 different different JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 11 types type NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 12 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 13 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 14 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 15 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 16 hemaglutinins hemaglutinin NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 18 85 85 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 21 86 86 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 24 87 87 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 27 88 88 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 30 89 89 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 141 32 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 2 distribution distribution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 4 different different JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 5 types type NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 6 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 7 SA SA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 8 linkages linkage NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 9 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 10 recently recently RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 11 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 12 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 13 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 14 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 15 though though IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 16 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 17 type type NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 18 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 19 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 20 infected infect VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 22 ciliated ciliated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 23 vs. vs. FW cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 24 nonciliated nonciliated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 26 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 27 under under IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 28 debate debate NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 30 90 90 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 31 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 32 91 91 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 142 34 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 1 SA SA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 2 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 3 a2,6Gal a2,6Gal VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 4 linkage linkage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 5 predominates predominate VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 6 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 7 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 8 cells cell NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 9 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 10 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 11 upper upper JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 12 airway airway NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 13 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 14 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 15 nasal nasal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 16 mucosa mucosa NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 18 sinuses sinus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 19 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 20 bronchi bronchi NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 21 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 22 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 23 bronchioles bronchiole NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 25 92 92 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 143 27 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 2 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 3 tracheobronchial tracheobronchial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 4 epithelial epithelial NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 6 HTBE HTBE NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 8 cells cell NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 9 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 10 oligosaccharides oligosaccharide NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 11 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 12 SA SA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 13 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 14 a2,6Gal a2,6Gal VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 15 linkage linkage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 16 predominate predominate NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 17 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 18 nonciliated nonciliated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 19 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 20 cells cell NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 22 91 91 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 24 although although IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 25 these these DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 26 oligosaccharides oligosaccharide NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 27 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 28 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 29 described describe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 30 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 31 ciliated ciliated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 32 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 33 goblet goblet NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 34 cells cell NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 35 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 36 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 37 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 38 airway airway NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 40 93 93 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 144 42 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 1 Lower low JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 2 airways airway NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 3 contain contain VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 4 SA SA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 5 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 6 mostly mostly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 7 a2,3Gal a2,3gal CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 8 linkage linkage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 9 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 10 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 11 addition addition NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 12 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 13 SA SA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 14 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 15 a2,6Gal a2,6Gal VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 16 linkage linkage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 18 92 92 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 19 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 20 94 94 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 145 22 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 1 Host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 2 restriction restriction NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 3 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 4 not not RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 5 absolute absolute JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 6 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 7 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 8 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 9 infections infection NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 10 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 11 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 12 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 13 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 15 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 16 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 18 H9N2 H9N2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 19 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 20 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 21 H7N7 H7N7 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 22 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 24 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 25 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 26 extensively extensively RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 27 described describe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 29 95 95 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 32 96 96 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 35 97 97 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 38 98 98 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 41 99 99 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 44 100 100 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 146 46 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 1 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 2 binds bind VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 3 type type NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 4 II II NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 5 pneumocytes pneumocyte NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 6 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 7 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 8 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 9 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 10 lower low JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 11 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 12 tract tract NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 13 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 14 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 16 92 92 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 18 94 94 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 19 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 20 101 101 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 147 22 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 1 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 2 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 4 ciliated ciliated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 5 cells cell NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 6 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 7 HTBE HTBE NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 8 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 9 culture culture NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 10 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 11 limited limited JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 12 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 13 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 14 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 15 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 16 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 17 spread spread NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 19 90 90 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 21 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 22 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 23 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 24 nasopharyngeal nasopharyngeal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 25 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 26 adenoid adenoid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 27 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 28 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 29 tonsillar tonsillar JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 30 ex ex NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 31 vivo vivo NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 32 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 33 cultures culture NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 34 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 35 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 36 shown show VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 38 102 102 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 148 40 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 1 Binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 3 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 4 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 5 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 6 saccharides saccharide NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 7 terminating terminate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 8 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 9 a2,6Gal a2,6Gal VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 10 SA SA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 11 linkage linkage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 12 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 13 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 14 achieved achieve VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 15 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 16 mutating mutate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 17 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 18 amino amino NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 19 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 20 residues residue NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 21 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 22 positions position NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 23 182 182 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 24 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 25 192 192 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 26 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 27 suggesting suggest VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 28 potential potential NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 29 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 30 adaptation adaptation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 31 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 32 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 33 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 34 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 36 103 103 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 149 38 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 1 Differences difference NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 2 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 3 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 4 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 5 receptors receptor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 6 among among IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 7 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 8 species specie NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 9 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 10 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 11 described describe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 12 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 13 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 14 reflected reflect VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 15 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 16 differential differential JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 17 binding binding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 18 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 19 different different JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 20 types type NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 21 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 22 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 23 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 24 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 150 25 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 1 Although although IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 2 chicken chicken NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 3 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 4 duck duck NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 5 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 6 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 7 preferentially preferentially RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 8 bind bind VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 9 a2,3Gal a2,3gal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 10 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 11 linked link VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 12 SA SA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 13 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 14 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 15 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 16 chickens chicken NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 17 had have VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 18 greater great JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 19 affinity affinity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 20 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 21 SA SA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 22 where where WRB cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 23 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 24 third third JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 25 sugar sugar NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 26 moiety moiety NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 27 was be VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 28 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 29 b(1 b(1 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 30 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 31 4)GlcNAc 4)glcnac NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 32 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 33 containing contain VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 34 synthetic synthetic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 35 sialylglycopolymer sialylglycopolymer NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 151 36 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 1 Duck duck NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 2 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 3 preferred prefer VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 4 b(1 b(1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 5 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 6 3)GalNAc 3)galnac NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 7 sugar sugar NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 8 moieties moiety NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 9 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 10 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 11 third third JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 12 position position NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 14 104 104 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 152 16 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 153 1 Distribution distribution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 153 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 153 3 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 153 4 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 153 5 receptors receptor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 153 6 reflects reflect VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 153 7 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 153 8 sites site NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 153 9 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 153 10 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 153 11 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 2 chickens chicken NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 3 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 4 waterfowl waterfowl NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 5 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 6 SA SA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 7 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 8 a2,3Gal a2,3gal CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 9 linkage linkage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 10 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 11 found find VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 12 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 13 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 14 upper upper JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 15 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 16 tract tract NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 17 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 18 intestines intestine NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 154 19 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 1 Some some DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 2 species specie NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 3 demonstrate demonstrate VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 5 ability ability NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 6 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 7 support support VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 8 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 9 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 10 both both DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 11 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 12 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 13 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 14 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 15 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 155 16 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 2 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 3 tract tract NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 4 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 5 intestines intestine NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 6 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 7 quail quail NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 8 contain contain VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 9 both both DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 10 a2,3Galand a2,3galand DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 11 a2,6Gal a2,6gal RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 12 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 13 linked link VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 14 terminal terminal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 15 sialic sialic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 16 acids acid NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 18 105 105 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 156 20 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 2 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 4 oligosaccharides oligosaccharide NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 5 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 6 both both DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 7 types type NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 8 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 9 linkages linkage NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 10 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 11 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 12 found find VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 13 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 14 suggest suggest VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 15 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 16 species species NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 17 serves serve VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 18 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 19 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 20 mixing mix VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 21 vessel vessel NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 22 where where WRB cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 23 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 24 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 25 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 26 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 27 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 28 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 29 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 30 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 31 can can MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 32 reassort reassort VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 34 106 106 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 35 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 36 107 107 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 157 38 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 1 Uncomplicated uncomplicated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 2 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 3 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 4 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 5 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 6 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 7 upper upper JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 8 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 9 tract tract NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 10 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 11 characterized characterize VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 12 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 13 cough cough NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 14 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 15 headache headache NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 16 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 17 malaise malaise NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 18 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 19 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 20 fever fever NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 22 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 23 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 24 like like JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 25 illness illness NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 158 27 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 1 These these DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 2 symptoms symptom NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 3 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 4 nonspecific nonspecific JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 5 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 6 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 7 not not RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 8 predictive predictive JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 9 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 10 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 11 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 12 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 13 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 14 particularly particularly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 15 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 16 individuals individual NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 17 < < XX cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 18 60 60 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 19 years year NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 20 old old JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 22 108 108 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 159 24 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 160 1 Pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 160 2 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 160 3 extrapulmonary extrapulmonary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 160 4 complications complication NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 160 5 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 160 6 arise arise VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 160 7 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 2 latter latter JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 3 consist consist NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 4 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 5 central central JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 6 nervous nervous JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 7 system system NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 8 involvement involvement NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 10 encephalitis encephalitis RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 11 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 12 acute acute JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 13 necrotizing necrotize VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 14 encephalopathy encephalopathy NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 16 Reye Reye NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 17 's 's POS cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 18 syndrome syndrome NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 19 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 20 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 21 myelitis myelitis NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 161 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 2 14 14 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 4 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 5 myositis myositis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 6 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 7 rhabdomyositis rhabdomyositis NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 9 109 109 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 11 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 12 myocarditis myocarditis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 14 109 109 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 16 110 110 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 18 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 19 increased increase VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 20 cardiovascular cardiovascular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 21 events event NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 23 111 111 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 25 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 26 disseminated disseminate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 27 intravascular intravascular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 28 coagulation coagulation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 30 109 109 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 32 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 33 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 34 toxic toxic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 35 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 36 septic septic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 37 shock shock NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 39 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 40 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 41 nonbacterial nonbacterial NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 44 15 15 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 45 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 46 18 18 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 47 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 48 109 109 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 49 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 162 50 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 1 Pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 2 complications complication NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 3 include include VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 4 primary primary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 5 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 6 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 7 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 8 secondary secondary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 9 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 10 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 12 see see VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 13 below below RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 16 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 17 exacerbation exacerbation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 18 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 19 chronic chronic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 20 lung lung NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 21 disease disease NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 23 109 109 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 24 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 25 112 112 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 163 27 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 164 1 Acute acute JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 164 2 lung lung NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 164 3 injury injury NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 164 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 1 ALI)/acute ali)/acute JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 2 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 3 distress distress NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 4 syndrome syndrome NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 6 ARDS ARDS NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 8 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 9 multiorgan multiorgan NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 10 failure failure NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 11 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 12 profound profound JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 13 lymphopenia lymphopenia NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 14 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 15 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 16 hemophagocytosis hemophagocytosis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 17 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 18 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 19 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 20 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 21 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 22 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 23 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 24 carry carry VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 25 high high JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 26 mortality mortality NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 27 rates rate NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 29 15 15 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 30 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 31 95 95 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 32 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 34 113 113 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 37 114 114 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 40 115 115 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 165 42 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 1 Bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 2 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 3 following follow VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 4 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 5 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 6 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 7 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 8 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 9 well well RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 10 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 11 recognized recognize VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 12 complication complication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 13 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 14 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 15 since since IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 16 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 17 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 18 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 19 1918 1918 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 21 116 116 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 166 23 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 1 More more RBR cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 2 recently recently RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 4 pediatric pediatric JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 5 deaths death NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 6 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 7 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 8 attributed attribute VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 9 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 10 copathogenesis copathogenesis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 11 between between IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 12 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 13 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 14 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 15 Staphylococcus Staphylococcus NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 16 aureus aureus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 18 accounting account VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 19 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 20 34 34 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 21 % % NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 22 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 23 pediatric pediatric JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 24 deaths death NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 25 reported report VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 26 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 27 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 28 CDC CDC NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 29 during during IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 30 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 31 2006 2006 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 32 - - SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 33 2007 2007 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 34 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 35 season season NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 37 117 117 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 167 39 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 2 one one CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 3 case case NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 4 series series NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 5 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 6 43 43 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 7 % % NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 8 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 9 coinfected coinfected JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 10 cases case NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 11 involved involve VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 12 methicillin methicillin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 13 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 14 resistant resistant JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 15 S. S. NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 16 aureus aureus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 18 thus thus RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 19 contributing contribute VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 20 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 21 management management NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 22 challenges challenge NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 23 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 24 these these DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 25 patients patient NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 168 26 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 1 Coinfection Coinfection NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 2 was be VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 3 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 4 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 5 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 6 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 7 worse bad JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 8 prognosis prognosis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 9 compared compare VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 10 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 11 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 12 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 13 or or CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 14 S. S. NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 15 aureus aureus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 16 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 17 alone alone RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 19 118 118 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 169 21 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 1 To to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 2 date date NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 4 secondary secondary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 5 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 6 lower low JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 7 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 8 tract tract NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 9 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 10 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 11 not not RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 12 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 13 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 14 dominant dominant JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 15 feature feature NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 16 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 17 adults adult NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 18 during during IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 19 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 20 current current JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 21 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 22 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 23 but but CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 24 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 25 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 26 described describe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 27 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 28 children child NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 30 119 119 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 170 32 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 171 1 Severe severe JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 171 2 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 171 3 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 1 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 2 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 3 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 4 predominantly predominantly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 5 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 6 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 7 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 8 pneumonitis pneumonitis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 10 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 11 ALI ALI NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 12 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 13 particularly particularly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 14 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 15 pregnant pregnant JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 16 women woman NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 17 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 18 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 19 third third JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 20 trimester trimester NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 22 120 120 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 24 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 25 indigeous indigeous JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 26 people people NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 27 including include VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 28 Aborigines Aborigines NNPS cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 29 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 30 Australia Australia NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 32 121 121 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 34 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 35 Maoris Maoris NNPS cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 36 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 37 Pacific Pacific NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 38 Islanders Islanders NNPS cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 39 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 40 New New NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 41 Zealand Zealand NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 42 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 43 122 122 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 45 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 46 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 47 First First NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 48 Nations Nations NNPS cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 49 People People NNPS cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 50 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 51 Canada Canada NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 52 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 53 123 123 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 54 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 172 55 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 173 1 Few few JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 173 2 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 173 3 histopathological histopathological JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 173 4 studies study NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 173 5 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 173 6 uncomplicated uncomplicated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 173 7 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 173 8 exist exist VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 173 9 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 1 Pathological pathological JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 2 findings finding NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 3 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 4 postmortem postmortem JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 5 examination examination NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 6 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 7 47 47 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 8 fatal fatal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 9 pediatric pediatric JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 10 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 11 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 12 cases case NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 13 included include VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 14 major major JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 15 airway airway NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 16 congestion congestion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 18 90 90 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 19 % % NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 21 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 22 inflammation inflammation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 24 73 73 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 25 % % NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 27 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 28 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 29 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 31 50 50 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 32 % % NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 35 112 112 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 174 37 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 1 Lower low JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 2 airway airway NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 3 pathology pathology NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 4 included include VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 5 hyaline hyaline JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 6 membranes membrane NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 8 67 67 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 9 % % NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 11 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 12 interstitial interstitial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 13 cellular cellular NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 14 infiltrates infiltrate NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 16 67 67 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 17 % % NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 19 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 20 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 21 diffuse diffuse VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 22 alveolar alveolar NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 23 damage damage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 25 DAD DAD NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 175 27 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 1 Secondary secondary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 2 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 4 intraalveolar intraalveolar NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 5 hemorrhage hemorrhage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 6 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 7 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 8 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 9 pneumonitis pneumonitis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 10 were be VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 11 noted note VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 12 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 13 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 14 quarter quarter NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 15 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 16 cases case NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 18 112 112 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 176 20 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 1 Fulminant Fulminant NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 2 DAD DAD NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 3 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 4 acute acute JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 5 alveolar alveolar JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 6 hemorrhage hemorrhage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 7 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 8 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 9 followed follow VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 10 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 11 paucicellular paucicellular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 12 fibrosis fibrosis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 13 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 14 hyaline hyaline JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 15 membrane membrane NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 16 formation formation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 17 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 18 observed observe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 19 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 20 H5N1infected h5n1infecte VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 21 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 22 lungs lung NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 24 124 124 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 177 26 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 1 Extrapulmonary Extrapulmonary NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 2 pathology pathology NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 3 includes include VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 4 reactive reactive JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 5 hemophagocytosis hemophagocytosis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 6 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 7 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 8 hilar hilar JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 9 lymph lymph NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 10 nodes node NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 11 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 12 bone bone NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 13 marrow marrow NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 14 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 15 liver liver NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 16 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 17 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 18 spleen spleen NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 20 125 125 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 22 ; ; : cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 23 white white JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 24 matter matter NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 25 demyelination demyelination NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 27 124 124 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 29 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 30 cerebral cerebral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 31 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 33 101 101 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 35 ; ; : cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 36 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 37 acute acute JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 38 tubular tubular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 39 necrosis necrosis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 40 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 41 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 42 kidneys kidney NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 44 113 113 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 178 46 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 1 Despite despite IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 2 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 3 presence presence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 4 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 5 diarrhea diarrhea NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 6 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 7 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 8 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 9 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 10 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 12 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 13 tract tract NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 14 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 15 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 16 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 17 no no DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 18 pathological pathological JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 19 lesions lesion NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 20 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 21 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 22 described describe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 23 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 24 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 25 bowel bowel NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 27 101 101 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 28 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 29 114 114 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 179 31 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 180 1 Immune immune JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 180 2 dysregulation dysregulation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 180 3 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 180 4 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 180 5 implicated implicate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 180 6 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 180 7 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 180 8 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 180 9 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 180 10 ARDS ARDS NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 180 11 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 180 12 reactive reactive JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 180 13 hemophagocytosis hemophagocytosis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 180 14 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 1 Elevated elevated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 2 levels level NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 4 neutrophil neutrophil NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 5 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 6 monocyte monocyte NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 7 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 8 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 9 macrophage macrophage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 10 chemoattractants chemoattractant NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 12 IL-8 IL-8 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 13 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 14 IP-10 IP-10 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 16 MIG MIG NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 18 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 19 MCP-1 MCP-1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 21 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 22 proinflammatory proinflammatory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 23 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 25 IL-10 IL-10 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 26 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 27 IL-6 IL-6 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 28 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 29 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 30 IFN IFN NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 31 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 32 g g NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 34 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 35 observed observe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 36 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 37 H5N1-infected h5n1-infected JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 38 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 40 95 95 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 181 42 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 2 addition addition NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 4 increased increase VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 5 levels level NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 6 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 7 IL-2 IL-2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 9 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 10 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 11 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 12 case case NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 15 113 113 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 17 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 18 RANTES RANTES NNPS cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 20 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 21 primary primary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 22 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 23 alveolar alveolar NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 24 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 25 bronchial bronchial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 26 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 27 cells cell NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 30 126 126 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 32 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 33 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 34 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 35 reported report VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 182 36 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 1 Contribution contribution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 3 proinflammatory proinflammatory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 4 mediators mediator NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 5 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 6 lung lung NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 7 pathology pathology NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 8 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 9 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 10 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 11 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 12 using use VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 13 Toll Toll NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 14 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 15 like like JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 16 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 17 3 3 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 18 knockout knockout NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 19 mice mouse NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 20 infected infect VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 21 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 22 mouse mouse NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 23 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 24 adapted adapt VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 25 WSN WSN NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 26 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 27 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 28 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 183 29 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 1 These these DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 2 mice mouse NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 3 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 4 enhanced enhanced JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 5 survival survival NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 6 despite despite IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 7 higher high JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 8 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 9 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 10 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 11 lower low JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 12 levels level NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 13 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 14 RANTES rante NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 16 IL-6 IL-6 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 18 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 19 IL-12p40 IL-12p40 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 20 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 21 p70 p70 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 22 compared compare VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 23 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 24 wild wild JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 25 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 26 type type NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 27 mice mouse NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 29 127 127 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 184 31 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 1 Likewise likewise RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 2 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 3 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 4 response response NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 5 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 6 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 7 implicated implicate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 8 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 9 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 10 copathogenesis copathogenesis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 11 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 12 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 13 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 14 post post NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 15 - - JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 16 influenza influenza JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 17 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 18 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 185 19 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 186 1 Specifically specifically RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 186 2 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 186 3 sensitization sensitization NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 186 4 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 186 5 type type NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 186 6 I -PRON- PRP cord-018089-m94q75xn 186 7 interferons interferon NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 186 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 186 9 128 128 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 186 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 1 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 2 induction induction NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 4 IL-10 IL-10 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 5 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 6 129 129 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 7 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 8 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 10 upregulation upregulation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 11 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 12 interferon interferon NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 13 - - : cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 14 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 16 130 130 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 18 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 19 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 20 linked link VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 21 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 22 secondary secondary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 23 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 24 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 25 after after IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 26 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 27 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 28 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 187 29 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 1 Viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 2 determinants determinant NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 3 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 4 copathogenesis copathogenesis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 5 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 6 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 7 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 8 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 10 include include VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 11 PB1-F2 PB1-F2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 12 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 13 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 14 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 16 131 131 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 18 132 132 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 188 20 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 2 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 4 PA PA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 5 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 6 PB1 PB1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 7 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 8 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 9 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 10 PB1-F2 PB1-F2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 11 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 12 NA NA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 13 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 14 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 15 NS1 ns1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 16 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 17 products product NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 18 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 19 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 20 implicated implicate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 21 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 22 virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 189 23 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 1 Virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 2 determinants determinant NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 3 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 4 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 5 explored explore VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 6 using use VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 7 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 8 reverse reverse JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 9 genetic genetic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 10 system system NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 11 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 12 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 13 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 14 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 15 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 17 ferret ferret NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 18 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 19 mouse mouse NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 21 models model NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 22 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 23 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 24 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 25 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 190 26 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 2 polymerase polymerase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 3 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 4 complex complex NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 5 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 6 consisting consist VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 7 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 8 PA PA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 9 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 10 PB1 PB1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 11 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 12 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 13 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 14 genes gene NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 16 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 17 involved involve VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 18 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 19 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 20 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 21 transcriptional transcriptional JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 22 activity activity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 191 23 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 192 1 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 192 2 single single JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 192 3 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 192 4 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 192 5 reassortant reassortant NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 192 6 containing contain VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 192 7 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 192 8 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 192 9 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 192 10 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 192 11 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 192 12 Hong Hong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 192 13 Kong/483/97 Kong/483/97 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 2 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 4 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 5 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 6 fatal fatal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 7 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 8 mice mouse NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 10 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 12 background background NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 13 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 14 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 15 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 16 Hong Hong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 193 17 Kong/486/97 Kong/486/97 . cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 2 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 4 causing cause VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 5 mild mild JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 6 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 7 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 8 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 9 mice mouse NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 11 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 12 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 13 lethal lethal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 14 phenotype phenotype NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 15 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 16 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 17 animal animal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 18 model model NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 20 133 133 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 194 22 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 2 addition addition NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 4 reassortants reassortant NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 5 containing contain VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 6 polymerase polymerase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 7 complex complex JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 8 genes gene NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 9 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 10 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 11 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 12 chicken chicken NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 13 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 14 Vietnam Vietnam NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 15 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 16 C58/ C58/ NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 17 04 04 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 19 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 21 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 22 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 23 nonlethal nonlethal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 24 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 25 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 26 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 27 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 28 background background NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 29 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 30 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 31 / / , cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 32 Vietnam/1203/04 Vietnam/1203/04 , cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 34 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 36 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 37 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 38 isolated isolate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 39 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 40 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 41 fatal fatal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 42 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 43 case case NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 44 were be VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 45 attenuated attenuate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 46 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 47 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 48 animal animal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 49 model model NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 50 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 51 134 134 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 195 53 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 196 1 When when WRB cord-018089-m94q75xn 196 2 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 196 3 single single JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 196 4 point point NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 196 5 mutation mutation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 196 6 K627E k627e XX cord-018089-m94q75xn 196 7 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 196 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 196 9 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 196 10 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 196 11 was be VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 196 12 generated generate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 196 13 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 196 14 A/ A/ NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 197 1 Vietnam/1203/04 vietnam/1203/04 JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 197 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 197 3 134 134 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 197 4 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 1 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 2 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 3 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 4 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 5 Hong Hong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 6 Kong/483/97 Kong/483/97 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 8 133 133 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 10 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 11 virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 12 was be VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 13 reduced reduce VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 14 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 15 mice mouse NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 16 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 17 although although IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 18 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 19 other other JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 20 studies study NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 21 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 22 substitution substitution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 23 did do VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 24 not not RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 25 reduce reduce VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 26 virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 27 substantially substantially RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 29 135 135 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 198 31 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 199 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 199 2 molecular molecular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 199 3 mechanism(s mechanism(s NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 199 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 199 5 responsible responsible JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 199 6 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 199 7 virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 199 8 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 199 9 yet yet RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 199 10 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 199 11 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 199 12 completely completely RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 199 13 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 199 14 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 1 Enhanced enhanced JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 2 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 4 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 5 retaining retain VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 6 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 7 lysine lysine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 8 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 9 position position NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 10 627 627 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 11 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 12 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 13 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 14 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 15 lower low JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 16 temperatures temperature NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 17 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 18 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 19 upper upper JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 20 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 21 tract tract NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 23 33 33 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 24 C c NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 27 136 136 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 29 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 30 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 31 responsible responsible JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 32 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 33 robust robust JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 34 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 35 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 36 mammals mammal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 38 137 137 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 200 40 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 1 This this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 2 theory theory NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 3 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 4 supported support VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 5 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 6 recent recent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 7 work work NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 8 demonstrating demonstrate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 9 that that DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 10 replacement replacement NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 11 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 12 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 13 lysine lysine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 14 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 15 position position NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 16 627 627 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 17 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 18 glutamic glutamic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 19 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 21 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 22 consensus consensus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 23 sequence sequence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 25 abrogates abrogate VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 26 aerosol aerosol NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 27 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 28 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 29 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 30 1918 1918 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 31 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 32 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 33 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 35 30 30 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 201 37 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 1 Currently currently RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 2 circulating circulate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 3 strains strain NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 4 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 5 pandemic pandemic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 6 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 7 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 8 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 9 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 10 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 11 glutamine glutamine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 12 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 13 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 14 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 15 position position NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 16 627 627 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 202 17 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 1 This this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 2 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 3 account account VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 4 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 5 reduced reduce VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 6 efficiency efficiency NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 7 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 8 aerosol aerosol NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 9 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 10 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 11 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 12 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 13 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 14 ferrets ferret NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 16 compared compare VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 17 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 18 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 19 seasonal seasonal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 20 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 21 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 23 29 29 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 203 25 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 1 PB1-F2 PB1-F2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 2 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 3 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 4 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 5 product product NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 6 arising arise VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 7 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 8 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 9 second second JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 10 reading reading NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 11 frame frame NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 12 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 13 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 14 PB1 PB1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 15 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 16 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 17 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 18 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 19 implicated implicate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 20 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 21 immune immune JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 22 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 23 apoptosis apoptosis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 24 through through IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 25 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 26 VDAC1 vdac1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 27 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 28 ANT3 ANT3 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 29 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 30 pathways pathway NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 32 138 138 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 204 34 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 1 Knockout knockout NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 3 PB1-F2 PB1-F2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 4 did do VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 5 not not RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 6 alter alter VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 7 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 8 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 9 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 10 but but CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 11 enhanced enhanced JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 12 clearance clearance NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 13 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 14 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 15 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 16 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 17 reduced reduce VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 18 lethality lethality NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 19 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 20 mice mouse NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 21 was be VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 22 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 23 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 24 suggesting suggest VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 25 that that IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 26 PB1-F2 PB1-F2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 27 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 28 play play VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 29 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 30 role role NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 31 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 32 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 33 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 35 139 139 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 205 37 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 1 Enhanced enhanced JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 2 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 3 was be VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 4 observed observe VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 5 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 6 mice mouse NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 7 infected infect VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 8 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 9 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 10 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 11 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 12 containing contain VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 13 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 14 PB1-F2 PB1-F2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 15 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 16 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 17 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 18 highly highly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 19 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 20 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 21 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 22 isolated isolate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 23 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 24 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 25 fatal fatal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 26 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 27 case case NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 28 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 29 Hong Hong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 30 Kong Kong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 31 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 32 1997 1997 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 34 139 139 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 206 36 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 1 Currently currently RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 2 circulating circulate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 3 strains strain NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 4 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 5 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 6 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 7 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 8 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 9 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 10 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 11 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 12 do do VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 13 not not RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 14 express express VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 15 PB1-F2 PB1-F2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 207 16 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 1 Evasion evasion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 3 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 4 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 5 immune immune JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 6 response response NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 7 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 8 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 9 key key JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 10 virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 11 determinant determinant NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 12 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 13 permitting permit VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 14 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 15 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 16 establish establish VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 17 sustainable sustainable JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 18 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 208 19 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 2 innate innate JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 3 immune immune JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 4 system system NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 5 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 6 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 7 first first JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 8 line line NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 9 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 10 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 11 defense defense NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 12 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 13 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 14 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 15 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 16 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 17 possesses possess VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 18 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 19 ability ability NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 20 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 21 interfere interfere VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 22 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 23 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 24 response response NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 209 25 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 210 1 Type type NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 210 2 I -PRON- PRP cord-018089-m94q75xn 210 3 interferons interferon NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 2 IFN IFN NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 3 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 4 a a NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 5 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 6 b b NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 8 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 9 central central JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 10 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 11 establishing establish VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 12 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 13 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 14 state state NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 15 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 16 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 17 cells cell NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 211 18 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 1 Interferon interferon NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 2 antagonism antagonism NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 3 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 4 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 5 primarily primarily RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 6 attributed attribute VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 7 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 9 NS1 ns1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 10 protein protein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 11 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 12 influenza influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 13 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 14 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 15 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 16 plays play VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 17 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 18 multifunctional multifunctional JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 19 role role NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 20 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 21 preventing prevent VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 22 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 23 activation activation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 24 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 25 IFN IFN NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 26 transcription transcription NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 27 factors factor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 29 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 30 review review NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 31 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 32 see see VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 34 140 140 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 35 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 36 141 141 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 212 39 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 2 effect effect NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 4 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 5 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 6 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 7 NS1 NS1 VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 8 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 9 IFN IFN NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 10 production production NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 11 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 12 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 13 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 14 explored explore VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 213 15 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 1 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 2 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 3 goose goose NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 4 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 5 Guangdong/1/96 guangdong/1/96 VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 6 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 7 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 8 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 9 NS1 ns1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 10 that that WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 11 differs differ VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 12 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 13 one one CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 14 amino amino NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 15 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 16 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 17 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 18 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 19 goose goose NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 20 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 21 Guangdong/2/96 Guangdong/2/96 VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 22 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 23 position position NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 24 149 149 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 25 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 26 lethal lethal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 27 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 28 chickens chicken NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 29 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 30 antagonizes antagonize VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 31 IFNa IFNa NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 32 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 33 b b NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 35 142 142 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 214 37 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 2 addition addition NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 5 C c NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 6 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 7 terminus terminus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 8 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 9 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 10 NS1 NS1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 11 protein protein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 12 contains contain VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 13 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 14 PDZ PDZ NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 15 ligand ligand NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 16 domain domain NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 18 capable capable JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 19 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 20 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 21 PDZ PDZ NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 22 protein protein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 23 interaction interaction NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 24 domains domain NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 25 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 26 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 27 proteins protein NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 28 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 29 thus thus RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 30 potentially potentially RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 31 disrupting disrupt VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 32 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 33 cellular cellular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 34 pathways pathway NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 215 35 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 1 Viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 2 causing cause VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 3 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 4 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 5 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 6 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 7 between between IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 8 1997 1997 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 10 2003 2003 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 11 contained contain VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 12 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 13 motifs motif NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 14 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 15 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 16 NS1 ns1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 17 PDZ PDZ NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 18 ligand ligand NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 19 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 20 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 21 site site NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 216 22 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 1 These these DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 2 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 3 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 4 motif motif NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 5 found find VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 6 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 7 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 8 1918 1918 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 9 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 10 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 11 NS1 ns1 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 12 had have VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 13 stronger strong JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 14 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 15 affinities affinity NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 16 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 17 PDZ PDZ NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 18 domains domain NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 19 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 20 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 21 cellular cellular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 22 proteins protein NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 23 compared compare VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 24 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 25 low low JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 26 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 27 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 28 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 30 143 143 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 217 32 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 218 1 Neurovirulence Neurovirulence NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 218 2 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 218 3 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 218 4 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 218 5 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 218 6 glycosylation glycosylation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 218 7 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 218 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 218 9 NA NA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 218 10 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 218 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 218 12 144 144 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 218 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 218 14 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 219 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 219 2 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 219 3 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 219 4 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 219 5 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 219 6 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 219 7 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 219 8 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 219 9 virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 219 10 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 1 Although although IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 2 cleavability cleavability NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 5 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 6 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 7 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 8 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 9 primarily primarily RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 10 implicated implicate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 11 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 12 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 13 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 14 chickens chicken NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 16 lethality lethality NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 17 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 18 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 19 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 20 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 21 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 22 mice mouse NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 220 23 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 1 Basic basic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 2 amino amino NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 3 acids acid NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 4 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 5 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 6 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 7 cleavage cleavage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 8 site site NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 9 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 10 determinants determinant NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 11 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 12 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 13 cleavage cleavage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 14 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 15 HA2 HA2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 16 fusion fusion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 17 activity activity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 19 145 145 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 221 21 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 1 Enhanced enhanced JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 2 cleavage cleavage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 5 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 6 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 7 ubiquitous ubiquitous JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 8 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 9 proteases protease NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 10 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 11 made make VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 12 possible possible JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 13 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 14 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 15 presence presence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 16 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 17 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 18 polybasic polybasic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 19 cleavage cleavage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 20 site site NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 21 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 22 contributing contribute VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 23 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 24 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 25 virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 26 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 27 highly highly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 28 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 29 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 30 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 31 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 33 146 146 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 34 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 35 147 147 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 222 37 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 1 Replacement replacement NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 3 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 4 polybasic polybasic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 5 cleavage cleavage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 6 site site NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 7 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 8 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 9 high high JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 10 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 11 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 12 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 13 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 14 Hong Hong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 15 Kong Kong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 17 HK483 HK483 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 19 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 20 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 21 amino amino NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 22 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 23 sequence sequence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 24 typical typical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 25 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 26 low low JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 27 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 28 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 29 resulted result VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 30 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 31 attenuation attenuation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 33 133 133 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 223 35 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 224 1 Pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 224 2 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 1 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 2 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 3 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 4 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 5 strains strain NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 6 do do VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 7 not not RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 8 appear appear VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 9 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 10 have have VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 12 polybasic polybasic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 13 cleavage cleavage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 14 site site NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 225 15 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 226 1 Virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 226 2 determinants determinant NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 226 3 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 226 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 226 5 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 226 6 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 226 7 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 226 8 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 226 9 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 226 10 currently currently RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 226 11 investigation investigation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 226 12 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 1 Data datum NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 2 obtained obtain VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 3 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 4 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 5 models model NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 6 early early RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 7 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 9 course course NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 10 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 12 spread spread NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 13 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 14 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 15 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 16 indicate indicate VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 17 that that IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 18 compared compare VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 19 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 20 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 21 seasonal seasonal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 22 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 23 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 24 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 25 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 26 strains strain NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 27 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 28 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 29 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 30 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 31 replicate replicate VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 32 more more RBR cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 33 efficiently efficiently RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 34 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 35 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 36 lower low JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 37 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 38 tract tract NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 39 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 40 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 41 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 42 stronger strong JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 43 inducers inducer NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 44 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 45 proinflammatory proinflammatory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 46 mediators mediator NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 47 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 48 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 49 induce induce VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 50 bronchopneumonia bronchopneumonia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 51 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 52 148 148 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 53 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 227 54 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 1 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 2 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 3 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 4 B b NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 5 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 6 exhibit exhibit VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 7 marked mark VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 8 seasonality seasonality NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 9 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 10 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 11 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 12 pattern pattern NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 13 dictates dictate VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 14 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 15 annual annual JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 16 vaccination vaccination NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 17 schedule schedule NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 228 18 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 1 Several several JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 2 theories theory NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 3 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 4 respect respect NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 5 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 6 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 7 mechanism(s mechanism(s NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 9 responsible responsible JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 10 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 11 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 12 seasonal seasonal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 13 pattern pattern NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 14 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 15 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 16 proposed propose VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 18 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 19 review review NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 20 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 21 see see VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 23 149 149 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 229 26 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 1 Year year NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 2 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 3 round round JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 4 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 5 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 6 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 7 activity activity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 8 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 9 equatorial equatorial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 10 regions region NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 11 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 12 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 13 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 14 reservoir reservoir NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 15 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 16 annual annual JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 17 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 18 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 19 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 20 northern northern JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 21 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 22 southern southern JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 23 hemispheres hemisphere NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 230 24 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 1 As as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 2 research research NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 3 progresses progress VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 4 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 5 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 6 area area NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 7 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 8 factors factor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 9 determining determine VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 10 seasonality seasonality NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 11 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 12 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 13 exploited exploit VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 14 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 15 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 16 control control NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 17 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 18 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 19 spread spread NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 20 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 21 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 22 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 24 150 150 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 231 26 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 1 Transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 3 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 4 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 5 among among IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 6 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 7 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 8 poorly poorly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 9 understood understand VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 10 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 12 mode(s mode(s NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 14 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 15 spread spread NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 16 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 17 currently currently RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 18 under under IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 19 debate debate NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 21 151 151 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 22 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 23 152 152 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 232 25 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 2 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 3 widely widely RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 4 accepted accept VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 5 that that IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 6 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 7 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 8 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 9 transmitted transmit VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 10 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 12 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 13 route route NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 14 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 15 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 16 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 17 though though IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 18 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 19 contribution contribution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 20 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 21 small small JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 22 particle particle NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 23 aerosols aerosol NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 24 relative relative JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 25 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 26 large large JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 27 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 28 droplets droplet NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 29 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 30 unknown unknown JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 233 31 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 234 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 234 2 addition addition NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 234 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 234 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 234 5 role role NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 234 6 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 234 7 fomites fomite NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 234 8 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 234 9 questionable questionable JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 234 10 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 1 Until until IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 2 recently recently RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 3 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 4 ferrets ferret NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 5 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 6 served serve VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 7 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 8 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 9 only only JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 10 animal animal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 11 model model NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 12 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 13 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 14 study study NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 15 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 16 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 17 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 18 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 235 19 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 1 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 2 novel novel JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 3 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 4 model model NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 5 using use VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 6 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 7 guinea guinea NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 8 pig pig NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 9 has have VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 10 recently recently RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 11 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 12 developed develop VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 13 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 14 overcome overcome VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 15 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 16 limitations limitation NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 17 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 18 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 19 ferret ferret JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 20 model model NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 236 21 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 1 Guinea guinea NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 2 pigs pig NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 3 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 4 highly highly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 5 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 6 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 7 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 8 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 9 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 10 unadapted unadapted JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 11 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 12 H3N3 H3N3 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 14 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 15 / / , cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 16 Panama/2002/1999 Panama/2002/1999 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 17 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 18 or or CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 19 Pan99 Pan99 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 21 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 22 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 23 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 24 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 25 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 26 50 50 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 27 % % NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 28 infectious infectious JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 29 dose dose NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 30 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 31 5 5 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 32 PFU pfu NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 33 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 34 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 35 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 36 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 37 grows grow VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 38 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 39 high high JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 40 titers titer NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 41 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 42 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 43 upper upper JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 44 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 45 tract tract NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 46 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 47 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 48 moderate moderate VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 49 titers titer NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 50 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 51 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 52 lungs lung NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 237 53 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 1 Transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 3 Pan99 Pan99 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 4 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 5 direct direct JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 6 contact contact NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 7 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 8 aerosol aerosol NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 9 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 10 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 11 system system NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 12 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 13 100 100 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 14 % % NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 16 Fig Fig NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 17 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 18 6 6 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 238 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 2 153 153 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 4 ; ; : cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 5 however however RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 6 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 7 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 8 efficiency efficiency NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 9 may may MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 10 vary vary VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 11 among among IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 12 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 13 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 14 subtypes subtype NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 16 154 154 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 239 18 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 1 Environmental environmental JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 2 factors factor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 3 such such JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 4 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 5 temperature temperature NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 6 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 7 relative relative JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 8 humidity humidity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 9 also also RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 10 appear appear VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 11 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 12 play play VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 13 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 14 substantial substantial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 15 role role NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 17 155 155 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 18 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 19 156 156 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 240 21 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 1 Control control NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 3 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 4 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 5 spread spread VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 6 during during IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 7 interpandemic interpandemic NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 8 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 9 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 10 periods period NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 11 through through IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 12 vaccination vaccination NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 14 157 157 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 16 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 17 physical physical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 18 means mean NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 19 will will MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 20 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 21 paramount paramount JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 22 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 23 abrogating abrogate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 24 person person NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 25 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 26 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 27 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 28 person person NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 29 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 30 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 31 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 32 crucial crucial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 33 where where WRB cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 34 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 35 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 36 resistant resistant JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 37 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 38 currently currently RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 39 available available JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 40 antivirals antiviral NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 241 41 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 1 Effective effective JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 2 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 3 timely timely JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 4 vaccine vaccine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 5 development development NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 6 depends depend VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 7 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 8 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 9 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 10 depth depth NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 11 understanding understanding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 12 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 13 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 14 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 15 biology biology NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 242 16 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 1 Although although IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 2 recent recent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 3 advances advance NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 4 have have VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 5 been be VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 6 made make VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 7 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 8 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 9 research research NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 10 will will MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 11 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 12 required require VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 13 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 14 fulfill fulfill VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 15 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 16 goal goal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 243 17 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 244 1 Identification identification NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 244 2 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 244 3 characterization characterization NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 244 4 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 244 5 days day NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 244 6 post post NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 244 7 - - JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 244 8 infection infection JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 244 9 nasal nasal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 244 10 wash wash NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 244 11 titre titre NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 244 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 244 13 log log VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 244 14 10 10 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 245 1 PFU PFU NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 245 2 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 245 3 ml ml NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 245 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 246 1 AIR AIR NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 246 2 FLOW FLOW NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 246 3 exposed expose VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 246 4 inoculated inoculate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 246 5 exposed expose VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 246 6 inoculated inoculate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 246 7 exposed expose VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 246 8 inoculated inoculate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 246 9 Fig Fig NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 246 10 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 246 11 6 6 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 247 1 Close close JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 247 2 range range NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 247 3 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 247 4 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 247 5 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 247 6 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 247 7 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 247 8 among among IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 247 9 guinea guinea NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 247 10 pigs pig NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 247 11 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 1 Inoculated inoculate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 2 animals animal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 3 placed place VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 4 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 5 proximity proximity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 6 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 7 uninoculated uninoculated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 8 animals animal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 10 without without IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 11 direct direct JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 12 contact contact NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 14 spread spread VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 15 Pan99 Pan99 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 16 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 17 all all DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 18 exposed expose VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 19 animals animal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 248 20 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 1 Adapted adapt VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 2 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 3 [ [ -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 4 109 109 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 5 ] ] -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 6 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 7 molecular molecular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 8 signatures signature NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 9 required require VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 10 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 11 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 12 will will MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 13 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 14 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 15 utmost utmost JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 16 importance importance NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 17 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 18 preventing prevent VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 19 further further JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 20 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 21 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 22 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 249 23 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 1 Globalization globalization NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 3 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 4 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 5 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 6 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 7 requires require VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 8 parallel parallel JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 9 efforts effort NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 10 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 11 behalf behalf NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 12 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 13 virologists virologist NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 14 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 15 conjunction conjunction NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 16 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 17 epidemiologists epidemiologist NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 18 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 19 other other JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 20 members member NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 21 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 22 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 23 public public JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 24 health health NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 25 community community NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 26 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 27 translate translate VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 28 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 29 growing grow VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 30 body body NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 31 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 32 knowledge knowledge NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 33 into into IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 34 means mean NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 35 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 36 which which WDT cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 37 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 38 spread spread NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 39 can can MD cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 40 be be VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 41 controlled control VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 42 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 250 43 _SP cord-018089-m94q75xn 251 1 Antigenic antigenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 251 2 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 251 3 genetic genetic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 251 4 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 251 5 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 251 6 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 251 7 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 251 8 origin origin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 251 9 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 251 10 A(H1N1 a(h1n1 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 251 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 1 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 2 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 3 circulating circulate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 4 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 5 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 6 Triple triple JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 7 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 8 reassortant reassortant JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 9 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 10 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 11 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 13 H1 H1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 15 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 16 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 17 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 18 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 19 United United NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 20 States States NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 21 Orthomyxoviridae Orthomyxoviridae NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 22 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 23 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 24 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 25 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 26 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 27 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 28 Rescue Rescue NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 29 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 30 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 31 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 32 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 33 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 34 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 35 DNA DNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 36 Generation Generation NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 37 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 38 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 39 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 40 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 41 entirely entirely RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 42 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 252 43 cloned clone VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 1 cDNAs cdnas LS cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 2 Characterization characterization NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 5 reconstructed reconstructed JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 6 1918 1918 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 7 Spanish spanish JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 8 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 9 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 10 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 11 World World NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 12 Health Health NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 13 Organization Organization NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 14 Global Global NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 15 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 16 Program Program NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 17 Surveillance Surveillance NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 18 Network Network NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 19 Large large JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 20 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 21 scale scale NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 22 sequencing sequencing NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 23 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 24 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 25 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 26 reveals reveal VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 27 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 28 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 29 nature nature NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 30 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 31 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 32 genome genome NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 33 evolution evolution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 34 Intranasal Intranasal NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 35 administration administration NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 36 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 37 alpha alpha NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 38 interferon interferon NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 39 reduces reduce VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 40 seasonal seasonal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 41 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 42 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 43 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 44 morbidity morbidity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 45 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 46 ferrets ferret NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 47 Live live VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 48 attenuated attenuated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 49 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 50 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 51 containing contain VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 52 NS1 ns1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 53 truncations truncation NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 54 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 55 vaccine vaccine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 56 candidates candidate NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 57 against against IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 58 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 59 highly highly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 60 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 61 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 62 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 63 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 64 B B NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 65 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 66 NS1-truncated ns1-truncate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 67 mutants mutant NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 68 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 69 live live RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 70 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 71 attenuated attenuated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 72 vaccine vaccine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 73 approach approach NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 74 Live live RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 75 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 76 attenuated attenuated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 77 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 78 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 79 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 80 candidate candidate NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 81 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 82 provide provide VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 83 broad broad JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 84 cross cross NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 85 - - NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 86 protection protection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 87 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 88 mice mouse NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 89 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 90 ferrets ferret NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 91 Principles principle NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 92 underlying underlie VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 93 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 94 development development NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 95 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 96 use use NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 97 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 98 live live JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 99 attenuated attenuated JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 100 cold cold NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 101 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 102 adapted adapt VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 103 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 104 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 105 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 106 B B NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 253 107 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 254 1 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 254 2 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 254 3 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 254 4 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 254 5 CNS cns JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 254 6 manifestations manifestation NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 255 1 Toxic toxic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 255 2 shock shock NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 255 3 syndrome syndrome NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 255 4 complicating complicate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 255 5 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 255 6 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 255 7 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 1 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 2 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 3 two two CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 4 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 5 case case NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 6 report report NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 7 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 8 one one CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 9 case case NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 10 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 11 bacteremia bacteremia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 12 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 13 endocarditis endocarditis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 14 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 15 B B NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 16 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 17 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 18 seals seal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 19 Encephalitis encephalitis RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 20 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 21 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 22 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 23 B b NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 24 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 25 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 26 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 27 2 2 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 28 children child NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 29 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 30 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 31 review review NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 32 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 33 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 34 literature literature NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 35 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 36 B B NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 37 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 38 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 39 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 40 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 41 non non JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 42 - - JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 43 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 44 septic septic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 45 shock shock NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 46 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 47 like like JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 48 illness illness NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 49 Exploration Exploration NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 50 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 51 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 52 emergence emergence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 53 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 54 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 55 Victoria Victoria NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 56 lineage lineage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 57 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 58 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 59 B b NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 60 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 61 Medically medically RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 62 attended attend VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 63 pediatric pediatric JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 64 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 65 during during IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 66 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 67 resurgence resurgence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 68 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 69 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 70 Victoria Victoria NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 71 lineage lineage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 72 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 73 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 74 B b NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 256 75 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 1 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 2 nationwide nationwide JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 3 epidemic epidemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 4 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 5 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 6 C c NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 7 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 8 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 9 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 10 Japan Japan NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 11 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 12 2004 2004 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 13 Genome Genome NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 14 analysis analysis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 15 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 16 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 17 C C NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 18 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 19 isolated isolate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 20 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 21 1981/82 1981/82 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 22 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 23 pigs pig NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 24 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 25 China China NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 26 Binding Binding NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 27 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 28 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 29 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 30 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 31 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 32 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 33 cellsurface cellsurface NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 34 receptors receptor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 35 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 36 structures structure NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 37 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 38 five five CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 39 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 40 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 41 sialyloligosaccharide sialyloligosaccharide NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 42 complexes complex NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 43 determined determine VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 44 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 45 X x NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 46 - - NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 47 ray ray JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 48 crystallography crystallography NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 49 Receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 50 binding binding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 51 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 52 membrane membrane NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 53 fusion fusion NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 54 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 55 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 56 entry entry NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 57 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 58 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 59 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 60 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 61 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 62 single single JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 63 amino amino NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 64 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 65 substitution substitution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 257 66 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 1 1918 1918 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 2 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 3 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 4 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 5 changes change VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 6 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 7 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 8 specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 9 Structure structure NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 10 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 11 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 12 specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 13 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 14 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 15 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 16 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 17 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 18 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 19 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 20 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 21 Receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 22 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 23 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 24 specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 25 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 26 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 27 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 258 28 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 2 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 4 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 5 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 6 determined determine VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 7 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 8 carbohydrate carbohydrate NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 9 microarray microarray NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 10 Transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 11 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 12 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 13 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 14 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 15 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 16 origin origin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 17 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 18 A(H1N1 a(h1n1 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 259 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 260 1 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 260 2 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 260 3 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 260 4 ferrets ferret NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 260 5 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 260 6 mice mouse NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 260 7 Human Human NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 260 8 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 260 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 260 10 polymerase polymerase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 1 subunit subunit NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 2 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 3 proteins protein NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 4 confer confer VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 5 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 6 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 7 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 8 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 9 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 10 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 11 through through IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 12 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 13 air air NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 14 Minimal minimal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 15 molecular molecular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 16 constraints constraint NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 17 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 18 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 19 droplet droplet NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 20 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 21 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 22 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 23 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 24 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 25 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 26 H9N2 H9N2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 27 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 28 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 29 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 30 Viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 31 entry entry NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 32 Infectious infectious JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 33 entry entry NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 34 pathway pathway NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 35 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 36 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 37 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 38 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 39 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 40 canine canine JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 41 kidney kidney NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 42 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 43 line line NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 44 Caveolae Caveolae NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 45 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 46 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 47 additional additional JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 48 route route NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 49 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 50 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 51 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 52 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 53 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 54 MDCK MDCK NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 55 cells cell VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 56 Evidence evidence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 57 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 58 segment segment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 59 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 60 nonspecific nonspecific JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 61 packaging packaging NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 62 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 63 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 64 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 65 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 66 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 67 genome genome NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 68 Exploitation exploitation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 69 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 70 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 71 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 72 packaging packaging NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 73 signals signal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 74 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 75 generate generate VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 76 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 77 novel novel JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 78 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 79 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 80 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 81 based base VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 82 vector vector NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 83 stably stably RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 84 expressing express VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 85 two two CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 86 foreign foreign JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 87 genes gene NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 88 Evidence evidence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 89 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 90 specific specific JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 91 packaging packaging NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 92 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 93 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 94 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 95 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 96 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 97 genome genome NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 98 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 99 conditionally conditionally RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 100 defective defective JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 101 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 102 particles particle NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 103 lacking lack VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 104 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 105 polymerase polymerase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 106 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 107 Importance importance NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 108 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 109 both both CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 110 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 111 coding coding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 112 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 113 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 114 segment segment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 115 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 116 specific specific JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 117 noncoding noncoding JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 118 regions region NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 119 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 120 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 121 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 122 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 123 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 124 NS NS NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 125 segment segment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 126 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 127 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 128 efficient efficient JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 129 incorporation incorporation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 130 into into IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 131 virions virion NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 132 Cis Cis NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 133 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 134 acting act VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 135 packaging packaging NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 136 signals signal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 137 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 138 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 139 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 140 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 141 PB1 PB1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 142 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 143 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 144 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 145 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 146 PA PA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 147 genomic genomic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 148 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 261 149 segments segment NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 1 Selective selective JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 2 incorporation incorporation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 4 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 5 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 6 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 7 segments segment NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 8 into into IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 9 virions virion NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 10 Codon Codon NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 11 conservation conservation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 12 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 13 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 14 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 15 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 16 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 17 genome genome NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 18 defines define VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 20 packaging packaging NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 21 signals signal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 22 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 23 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 24 assembly assembly NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 25 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 26 budding bud VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 27 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 28 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 29 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 30 budozone budozone NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 31 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 32 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 33 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 35 H3 H3 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 36 subtype subtype NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 38 requires require VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 39 palmitoylation palmitoylation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 40 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 41 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 42 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 43 tail tail NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 44 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 45 assembly assembly NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 46 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 47 M1 M1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 48 proteins protein NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 49 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 50 two two CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 51 subtypes subtype NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 52 differ differ VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 53 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 54 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 55 ability ability NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 56 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 57 support support VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 58 assembly assembly NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 59 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 60 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 61 assembly assembly NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 62 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 63 lipid lipid JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 64 raft raft NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 65 microdomains microdomain NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 66 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 67 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 68 role role NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 69 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 70 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 71 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 72 tails tail NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 73 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 74 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 75 spike spike NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 76 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 77 Role role NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 78 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 79 transmembrane transmembrane NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 80 domain domain NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 81 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 82 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 83 tail tail NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 84 amino amino NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 85 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 86 sequences sequence NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 87 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 262 88 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 1 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 2 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 3 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 4 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 5 raft raft NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 6 association association NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 7 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 8 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 9 budding bud VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 10 Lipid lipid JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 11 raft raft NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 12 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 13 dependent dependent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 14 targeting targeting NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 15 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 16 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 17 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 18 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 19 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 20 nucleoprotein nucleoprotein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 21 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 22 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 23 apical apical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 24 plasma plasma NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 25 membrane membrane NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 26 Reverse Reverse NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 27 genetics genetics NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 28 studies study NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 29 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 30 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 31 filamentous filamentous JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 32 morphology morphology NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 33 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 34 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 35 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 263 36 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 2 M1 M1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 3 matrix matrix NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 4 protein protein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 5 controls control VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 6 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 7 filamentous filamentous JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 8 phenotype phenotype NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 9 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 10 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 11 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 12 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 13 Characterization characterization NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 14 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 15 temperature temperature NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 16 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 17 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 18 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 19 mutants mutant NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 20 defective defective JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 21 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 22 neuraminidase neuraminidase JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 23 Balanced balanced JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 24 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 25 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 26 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 27 activities activity NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 28 are be VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 29 critical critical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 30 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 31 efficient efficient JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 32 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 33 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 34 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 35 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 36 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 37 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 38 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 39 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 40 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 41 structure structure NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 42 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 43 antibodies antibody NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 44 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 45 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 264 46 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 1 Positive positive JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 2 Darwinian darwinian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 3 evolution evolution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 4 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 5 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 6 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 7 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 8 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 9 Mapping map VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 10 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 11 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 12 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 13 genetic genetic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 14 evolution evolution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 15 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 16 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 17 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 18 Influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 19 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 20 lessons lesson NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 21 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 22 past past JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 23 pandemics pandemic NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 24 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 25 warnings warning NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 26 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 27 current current JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 28 incidents incident NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 29 Probable probable JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 30 limited limited JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 31 person person NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 32 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 33 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 34 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 35 person person NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 36 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 37 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 38 highly highly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 39 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 40 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 41 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 42 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 44 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 46 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 47 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 48 China China NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 49 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 50 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 51 - - : cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 52 continuing continue VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 53 evolution evolution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 54 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 55 spread spread VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 56 Global global JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 57 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 58 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 59 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 60 infections infection NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 61 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 62 highly highly RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 63 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 64 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 65 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 66 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 67 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 68 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 69 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 70 viruses viruse VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 71 Emergence emergence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 72 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 73 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 74 novel novel JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 75 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 76 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 77 origin origin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 78 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 79 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 80 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 81 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 82 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 83 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 84 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 85 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 86 Evolution Evolution NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 87 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 88 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 89 H3 H3 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 90 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 91 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 92 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 93 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 94 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 95 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 96 nonhuman nonhuman NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 97 hosts host NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 98 Ecological ecological JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 99 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 100 immunological immunological JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 101 determinants determinant NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 102 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 103 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 104 evolution evolution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 105 Hemagglutinin Hemagglutinin NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 106 sequence sequence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 107 clusters cluster NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 108 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 109 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 110 antigenic antigenic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 111 evolution evolution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 112 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 113 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 114 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 115 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 116 Sialic sialic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 117 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 118 species specie NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 119 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 120 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 121 determinant determinant NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 122 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 123 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 124 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 125 range range NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 126 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 127 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 128 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 265 129 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 2 role role NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 4 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 5 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 6 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 7 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 8 residues residue VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 9 226 226 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 10 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 11 228 228 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 12 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 13 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 14 specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 15 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 16 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 17 range range NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 18 restriction restriction NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 19 Receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 20 binding bind VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 21 properties property NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 22 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 23 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 24 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 25 animal animal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 26 H1 H1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 27 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 28 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 29 isolates isolate VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 30 Receptor Receptor NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 31 determinants determinant NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 32 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 33 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 34 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 35 animal animal NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 36 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 37 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 38 isolates isolate VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 39 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 40 differences difference NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 41 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 42 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 43 specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 44 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 45 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 46 H3 H3 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 47 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 48 based base VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 49 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 50 species specie NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 51 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 52 origin origin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 53 Differential differential JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 54 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 55 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 56 human human NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 57 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 58 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 59 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 60 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 61 equine equine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 62 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 63 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 64 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 65 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 66 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 67 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 68 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 69 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 70 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 71 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 72 selection selection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 73 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 74 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 75 specific specific JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 76 variants variant NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 77 Infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 78 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 79 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 80 airway airway NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 81 epithelium epithelium NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 82 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 83 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 84 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 85 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 86 strains strain NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 87 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 88 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 89 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 90 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 91 Human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 92 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 93 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 94 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 95 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 96 target target VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 97 different different JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 98 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 99 types type NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 100 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 101 cultures culture NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 102 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 103 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 104 airway airway NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 105 epithelium epithelium NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 106 Avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 107 flu flu NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 266 108 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 1 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 2 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 3 receptors receptor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 4 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 5 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 6 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 7 airway airway NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 8 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 9 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 10 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 11 specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 12 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 13 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 14 tropism tropism NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 15 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 16 mouse mouse NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 17 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 18 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 19 airway airway NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 20 epithelial epithelial NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 21 cells cell NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 22 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 23 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 24 attachment attachment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 25 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 26 lower lower VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 27 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 28 tract tract NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 29 Fatal fatal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 30 outcome outcome NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 31 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 32 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 33 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 34 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 36 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 38 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 39 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 40 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 41 high high JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 42 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 43 load load NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 44 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 45 hypercytokinemia hypercytokinemia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 46 Three three CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 47 Indonesian indonesian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 48 clusters cluster NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 49 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 50 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 51 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 52 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 53 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 267 54 2005 2005 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 1 Avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 2 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 3 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 5 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 7 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 8 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 9 eastern eastern JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 10 Turkey Turkey NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 11 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 12 2006 2006 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 13 Human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 14 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 15 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 16 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 17 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 18 H9N2 H9N2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 19 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 20 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 21 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 22 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 23 Hong Hong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 24 Kong Kong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 25 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 26 2003 2003 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 27 Transmission Transmission NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 28 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 268 29 H7N7 H7N7 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 1 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 2 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 3 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 4 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 5 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 6 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 7 beings being NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 8 during during IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 9 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 10 large large JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 11 outbreak outbreak NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 12 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 13 commercial commercial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 14 poultry poultry NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 15 farms farm NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 16 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 17 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 18 Netherlands Netherlands NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 19 Avian Avian NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 20 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 21 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 22 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 24 H7N7 H7N7 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 26 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 27 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 28 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 29 conjunctivitis conjunctivitis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 30 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 31 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 32 fatal fatal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 33 case case NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 34 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 35 acute acute JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 36 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 37 distress distress NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 269 38 syndrome syndrome NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 1 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 2 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 3 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 4 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 5 sites site NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 6 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 7 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 8 Tropism tropism NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 9 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 10 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 11 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 12 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 14 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 16 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 17 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 18 upper upper JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 19 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 20 lower low JJR cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 21 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 22 tract tract NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 23 Haemagglutinin Haemagglutinin NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 24 mutations mutation NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 25 responsible responsible JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 26 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 27 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 28 binding binding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 29 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 30 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 31 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 32 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 33 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 34 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 35 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 36 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 37 type type NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 38 receptors receptor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 39 Differences difference NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 40 between between IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 41 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 42 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 43 receptors receptor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 44 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 45 target target NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 46 cells cell NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 47 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 48 duck duck NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 49 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 50 chicken chicken NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 51 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 52 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 53 specificity specificity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 54 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 55 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 56 1997 1997 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 57 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 58 chicken chicken NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 59 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 60 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 61 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 62 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 63 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 64 Hong Hong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 65 Kong Kong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 66 Quail Quail NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 67 carry carry VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 68 sialic sialic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 69 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 70 receptors receptor NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 71 compatible compatible JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 72 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 73 binding binding NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 74 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 75 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 76 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 77 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 78 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 79 viruses viruse VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 80 Evidence evidence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 81 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 82 interspecies interspecie NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 83 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 84 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 85 reassortment reassortment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 86 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 87 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 88 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 89 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 90 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 91 pigs pig NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 92 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 93 southern southern JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 94 China China NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 95 Genetic genetic JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 96 reassortment reassortment NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 270 97 between between IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 271 1 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 271 2 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 271 3 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 271 4 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 271 5 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 271 6 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 271 7 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 271 8 Italian italian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 271 9 pigs pig NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 1 Does do VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 2 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 3 patient patient NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 4 have have VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 5 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 6 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 7 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 8 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 9 deaths death NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 10 among among IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 11 children child NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 12 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 13 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 14 United United NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 15 States States NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 16 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 17 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 18 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 19 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 20 complicated complicate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 21 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 22 fatal fatal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 23 myocarditis myocarditis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 24 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 25 vaccination vaccination NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 26 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 27 secondary secondary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 28 prevention prevention NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 29 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 30 cardiovascular cardiovascular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 31 disease disease NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 32 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 33 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 34 science science NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 35 advisory advisory NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 36 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 37 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 38 American American NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 39 Heart Heart NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 40 Association Association NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 41 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 42 American American NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 43 College College NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 44 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 45 Cardiology Cardiology NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 46 Histopathologic Histopathologic NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 47 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 48 immunohistochemical immunohistochemical JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 49 features feature NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 50 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 51 fatal fatal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 52 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 53 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 54 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 55 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 56 children child NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 57 during during IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 58 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 59 2003 2003 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 60 - - SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 61 2004 2004 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 62 season season NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 63 Outbreak outbreak NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 64 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 65 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 66 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 67 A(H5N1 A(H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 68 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 69 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 70 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 71 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 72 Hong Hong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 73 Kong Kong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 74 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 272 75 1997 1997 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 1 Avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 2 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 3 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 5 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 7 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 8 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 9 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 10 Human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 11 disease disease NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 12 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 13 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 14 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 16 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 18 Predominant predominant JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 19 role role NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 20 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 21 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 22 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 23 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 24 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 25 cause cause NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 26 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 27 death death NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 28 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 29 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 30 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 31 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 32 implications implication NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 33 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 34 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 35 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 36 preparedness preparedness NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 37 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 38 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 39 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 40 pediatric pediatric JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 41 mortality mortality NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 42 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 43 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 44 United United NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 45 States States NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 46 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 47 increase increase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 48 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 49 Staphylococcus Staphylococcus NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 50 aureus aureus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 51 coinfection coinfection VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 52 Infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 53 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 54 community community NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 55 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 56 onset onset NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 57 Staphylococcus Staphylococcus NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 58 aureus aureus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 59 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 60 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 61 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 62 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 63 hospitalized hospitalize VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 64 children child NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 65 Surveillance surveillance NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 66 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 67 pediatric pediatric JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 68 deaths death NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 69 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 70 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 71 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 72 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 73 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 74 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 75 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 76 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 77 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 78 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 79 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 80 -United -unite VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 81 States States NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 82 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 83 2009 2009 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 84 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 85 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 86 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 87 during during IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 88 pregnancy pregnancy NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 89 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 90 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 91 USA USA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 92 Reducing reduce VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 93 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 94 risk risk NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 95 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 96 pandemic pandemic NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 97 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 98 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 99 Aboriginal aboriginal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 100 communities community NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 101 Pandemic Pandemic NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 102 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 103 A(H1N1)v a(h1n1)v NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 104 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 105 New New NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 106 Zealand Zealand NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 107 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 108 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 109 experience experience NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 110 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 111 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 112 comparative comparative JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 113 pathology pathology NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 114 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 115 severe severe JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 116 acute acute JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 117 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 118 syndrome syndrome NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 273 119 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 274 1 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 274 2 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 274 3 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 274 4 subtype subtype NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 1 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 2 -a -a NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 3 review review NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 4 Pathology Pathology NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 5 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 6 fatal fatal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 7 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 8 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 9 associated associate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 10 with with IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 11 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 12 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 13 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 14 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 15 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 16 Proinflammatory Proinflammatory NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 17 cytokine cytokine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 18 responses response NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 19 induced induce VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 20 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 21 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 22 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 24 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 26 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 27 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 28 primary primary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 29 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 30 alveolar alveolar NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 31 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 32 bronchial bronchial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 33 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 275 34 cells cell NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 1 Detrimental detrimental JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 2 contribution contribution NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 4 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 5 Toll Toll NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 6 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 7 like like JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 8 receptor receptor NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 10 TLR)3 tlr)3 XX cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 11 to to TO cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 12 influenza influenza VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 13 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 14 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 15 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 16 induced induce VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 17 acute acute JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 18 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 19 Type type NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 20 I -PRON- PRP cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 21 IFNs ifns VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 22 mediate mediate VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 23 development development NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 24 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 25 postinfluenza postinfluenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 26 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 27 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 28 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 29 mice mouse NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 30 IL-10 IL-10 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 31 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 32 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 33 important important JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 34 mediator mediator NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 35 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 36 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 37 enhanced enhanced JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 38 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 39 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 40 pneumococcal pneumococcal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 41 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 42 after after IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 43 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 44 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 45 Inhibition inhibition NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 46 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 47 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 48 antibacterial antibacterial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 49 defense defense NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 50 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 51 interferongamma interferongamma NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 52 during during IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 53 recovery recovery NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 54 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 55 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 56 infection infection NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 57 Expression expression NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 58 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 59 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 60 1918 1918 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 61 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 62 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 63 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 64 PB1-F2 PB1-F2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 65 enhances enhance VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 66 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 67 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 276 68 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 1 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 2 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 3 secondary secondary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 4 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 5 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 6 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 7 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 8 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 9 contributes contribute VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 10 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 11 secondary secondary JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 12 bacterial bacterial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 13 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 14 Molecular molecular JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 15 basis basis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 16 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 17 high high JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 18 virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 19 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 20 Hong Hong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 21 Kong Kong NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 277 22 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 278 1 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 278 2 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 278 3 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 2 polymerase polymerase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 3 complex complex JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 4 genes gene NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 5 contribute contribute VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 6 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 7 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 8 high high JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 9 virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 10 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 12 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 13 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 14 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 279 15 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 1 isolate isolate VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 2 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 3 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 4 Vietnam/1203/04 vietnam/1203/04 JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 5 Avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 6 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 8 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 10 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 11 isolated isolate VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 12 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 13 humans human NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 14 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 15 Asia Asia NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 16 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 280 17 2004 2004 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 281 1 exhibit exhibit NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 281 2 increased increase VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 281 3 virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 281 4 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 281 5 mammals mammal NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 1 Residue Residue NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 2 627 627 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 4 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 5 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 6 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 7 determinant determinant NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 8 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 9 cold cold JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 10 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 11 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 13 replication replication NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 14 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 15 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 16 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 17 viruses viruse VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 18 Transmission Transmission NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 19 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 20 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 21 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 22 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 23 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 24 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 25 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 26 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 27 increased increase VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 28 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 29 PB2 PB2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 30 amino amino JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 31 acids acid NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 32 627 627 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 33 K K NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 34 or or CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 282 35 627E/701N 627e/701n CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 283 1 Influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 283 2 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 283 3 PB1-F2 PB1-F2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 283 4 protein protein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 283 5 induces induce VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 283 6 cell cell NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 283 7 death death NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 283 8 through through IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 283 9 mitochondrial mitochondrial JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 283 10 ANT3 ANT3 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 283 11 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 283 12 VDAC1 vdac1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 1 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 2 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 3 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 4 PB1-F2 PB1-F2 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 5 protein protein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 6 contributes contribute VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 7 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 8 viral viral JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 9 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 10 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 11 mice mice NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 12 Type type NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 13 1 1 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 14 interferons interferon NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 15 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 16 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 17 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 18 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 19 host host NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 20 relationship relationship NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 21 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 22 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 23 lesson lesson NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 24 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 284 25 detente detente NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 2 multifunctional multifunctional JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 3 NS1 ns1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 4 protein protein NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 5 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 6 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 7 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 8 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 9 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 10 NS1 ns1 NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 11 gene gene NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 12 contributes contribute VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 13 to to IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 14 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 15 virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 16 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 17 H5N1 H5N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 18 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 19 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 20 viruses viruse VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 21 Large large JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 22 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 23 scale scale NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 24 sequence sequence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 25 analysis analysis NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 26 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 27 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 285 28 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 286 1 isolates isolate NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 1 Glycosylation glycosylation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 2 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 3 neuraminidase neuraminidase NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 4 determines determine VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 5 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 6 neurovirulence neurovirulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 7 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 8 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 9 A A NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 10 / / SYM cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 11 WSN/33 wsn/33 JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 12 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 13 Sequence sequence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 14 requirements requirement NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 15 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 16 cleavage cleavage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 17 activation activation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 18 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 19 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 20 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 21 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 22 expressed express VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 23 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 24 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 25 cells cell NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 26 Reverse reverse VBP cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 27 genetics genetics NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 28 provides provide VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 29 direct direct JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 30 evidence evidence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 31 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 32 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 33 correlation correlation NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 34 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 35 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 36 cleavability cleavability NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 37 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 38 virulence virulence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 39 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 40 an an DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 41 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 42 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 43 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 44 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 45 Survey Survey NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 46 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 47 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 48 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 50 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 52 cleavage cleavage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 53 site site NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 54 sequence sequence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 55 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 56 H5 H5 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 57 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 58 H7 H7 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 59 avian avian JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 60 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 61 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 62 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 63 amino amino NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 64 acid acid NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 65 sequence sequence NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 66 at at IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 67 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 68 HA HA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 69 cleavage cleavage NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 70 site site NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 71 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 72 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 73 marker marker NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 74 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 75 pathogenicity pathogenicity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 287 76 potential potential JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 1 In in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 2 vitro vitro FW cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 3 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 4 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 5 vivo vivo NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 6 characterization characterization NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 7 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 8 new new JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 9 swine swine NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 10 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 11 origin origin NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 12 H1N1 H1N1 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 13 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 14 viruses viruse VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 15 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 16 seasonality seasonality NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 17 : : : cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 18 underlying underlie VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 19 causes cause NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 20 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 21 modeling model VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 288 22 theories theory NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 1 Seasonal seasonal JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 2 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 3 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 4 recurrent recurrent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 5 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 6 Review Review NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 7 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 8 aerosol aerosol NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 9 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 10 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 11 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 12 A a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 13 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 14 Transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 15 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 16 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 17 A a NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 18 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 19 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 289 20 beings being NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 2 guinea guinea NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 3 pig pig NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 4 as as IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 5 a a DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 6 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 7 model model NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 8 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 9 human human JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 10 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 11 viruses virus NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 12 Transmission Transmission NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 13 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 14 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 15 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 16 via via IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 17 aerosols aerosol NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 18 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 19 fomites fomite NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 20 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 21 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 22 guinea guinea NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 23 pig pig NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 290 24 model model NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 1 Influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 2 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 3 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 4 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 5 dependent dependent JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 6 on on IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 7 relative relative JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 8 humidity humidity NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 9 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 10 temperature temperature NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 11 High high JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 12 temperature temperature NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 14 30 30 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 15 C c NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 17 blocks block VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 18 aerosol aerosol NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 19 but but CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 20 not not RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 21 contact contact VB cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 22 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 23 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 24 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 25 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 26 Blocking block VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 27 interhost interhost NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 28 transmission transmission NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 29 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 30 influenza influenza NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 31 virus virus NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 32 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 33 vaccination vaccination NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 34 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 35 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 36 guinea guinea NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 37 pig pig NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 38 model model NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 291 39 Acknowledgments acknowledgment NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 1 The the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 2 work work NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 3 completed complete VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 4 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 5 this this DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 6 laboratory laboratory NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 7 was be VBD cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 8 partially partially RB cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 9 supported support VBN cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 10 by by IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 11 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 12 W.M. W.M. NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 13 Keck Keck NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 14 Foundation Foundation NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 15 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 16 National National NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 17 Institutes Institutes NNPS cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 18 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 19 Health Health NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 20 grants grant VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 21 P01 P01 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 22 AI158113 AI158113 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 23 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 24 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 25 Northeast Northeast NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 26 Biodefense Biodefense NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 27 Center Center NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 28 U54 U54 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 29 AI057158 AI057158 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 30 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 31 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 32 Center Center NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 33 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 34 Investigating investigate VBG cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 35 Viral Viral NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 36 Immunity Immunity NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 37 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 38 Antagonism Antagonism NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 40 CIVIA CIVIA NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 292 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 293 1 U19 U19 NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 293 2 AI62623 AI62623 NNS cord-018089-m94q75xn 293 3 . . . cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 1 S.M. S.M. NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 2 is be VBZ cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 3 grateful grateful JJ cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 4 for for IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 5 the the DT cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 6 Ruth Ruth NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 7 L. L. NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 8 Kirschstein Kirschstein NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 9 Physician Physician NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 10 Scientist Scientist NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 11 Research Research NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 12 Training Training NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 13 in in IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 14 Pathogenesis Pathogenesis NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 15 of of IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 16 Viral Viral NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 17 Diseases Diseases NNPS cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 18 Award Award NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 20 5T32A1007623 5t32a1007623 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 21 - - HYPH cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 22 07 07 CD cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 24 and and CC cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 25 support support NN cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 26 from from IN cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 27 Sunnybrook Sunnybrook NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 28 Health Health NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 29 Sciences Sciences NNPS cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 30 Center Center NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 31 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 32 Toronto Toronto NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 33 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 34 ON ON NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 35 , , , cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 36 Canada Canada NNP cord-018089-m94q75xn 294 37 . . .