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J. title: Seasonal influenza vaccination knowledge, risk perception, health beliefs and vaccination behaviours of nurses date: 2011-11-18 journal: Epidemiol Infect DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811002214 sha: doc_id: 724 cord_uid: lzhobnch file: cache/cord-000759-36dhfptw.json key: cord-000759-36dhfptw authors: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés; Savachkin, Alex title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional Pandemic Outbreaks date: 2011-06-05 journal: Influenza Res Treat DOI: 10.1155/2011/579597 sha: doc_id: 759 cord_uid: 36dhfptw file: cache/cord-000757-bz66g9a0.json key: cord-000757-bz66g9a0 authors: Davis, Kailah; Staes, Catherine; Duncan, Jeff; Igo, Sean; Facelli, Julio C title: Identification of pneumonia and influenza deaths using the death certificate pipeline date: 2012-05-08 journal: BMC Med Inform Decis Mak DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-12-37 sha: doc_id: 757 cord_uid: bz66g9a0 file: cache/cord-001154-7k59ogn0.json key: cord-001154-7k59ogn0 authors: Memoli, Matthew J.; Athota, Rani; Reed, Susan; Czajkowski, Lindsay; Bristol, Tyler; Proudfoot, Kathleen; Hagey, Rachel; Voell, Jocelyn; Fiorentino, Charles; Ademposi, Angela; Shoham, Shmuel; Taubenberger, Jeffery K. title: The Natural History of Influenza Infection in the Severely Immunocompromised vs Nonimmunocompromised Hosts date: 2013-11-01 journal: Clinical Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit725 sha: doc_id: 1154 cord_uid: 7k59ogn0 file: cache/cord-001289-qbct63p4.json key: cord-001289-qbct63p4 authors: Lipsitch, Marc; Galvani, Alison P. title: Ethical Alternatives to Experiments with Novel Potential Pandemic Pathogens date: 2014-05-20 journal: PLoS Med DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001646 sha: doc_id: 1289 cord_uid: qbct63p4 file: cache/cord-001219-517gka4h.json key: cord-001219-517gka4h authors: Timpka, Toomas; Spreco, Armin; Gursky, Elin; Eriksson, Olle; Dahlström, Örjan; Strömgren, Magnus; Ekberg, Joakim; Pilemalm, Sofie; Karlsson, David; Hinkula, Jorma; Holm, Einar title: Intentions to Perform Non-Pharmaceutical Protective Behaviors during Influenza Outbreaks in Sweden: A Cross-Sectional Study following a Mass Vaccination Campaign date: 2014-03-07 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091060 sha: doc_id: 1219 cord_uid: 517gka4h file: cache/cord-001634-mi5gcfcw.json key: cord-001634-mi5gcfcw authors: Davis, Mark D M; Stephenson, Niamh; Lohm, Davina; Waller, Emily; Flowers, Paul title: Beyond resistance: social factors in the general public response to pandemic influenza date: 2015-04-29 journal: BMC Public Health DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1756-8 sha: doc_id: 1634 cord_uid: mi5gcfcw file: cache/cord-001654-o2zfilcl.json key: cord-001654-o2zfilcl authors: Laidler, Matthew R.; Thomas, Ann; Baumbach, Joan; Kirley, Pam Daily; Meek, James; Aragon, Deborah; Morin, Craig; Ryan, Patricia A.; Schaffner, William; Zansky, Shelley M.; Chaves, Sandra S. title: Statin Treatment and Mortality: Propensity Score-Matched Analyses of 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations date: 2015-03-04 journal: Open Forum Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv028 sha: doc_id: 1654 cord_uid: o2zfilcl file: cache/cord-001746-pbahviaz.json key: cord-001746-pbahviaz authors: Garg, Shikha; Jain, Seema; Dawood, Fatimah S.; Jhung, Michael; Pérez, Alejandro; D’Mello, Tiffany; Reingold, Arthur; Gershman, Ken; Meek, James; Arnold, Kathryn E.; Farley, Monica M.; Ryan, Patricia; Lynfield, Ruth; Morin, Craig; Baumbach, Joan; Hancock, Emily B.; Zansky, Shelley; Bennett, Nancy; Thomas, Ann; Schaffner, William; Finelli, Lyn title: Pneumonia among adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza virus infection—United States, 2005–2008 date: 2015-08-26 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1004-y sha: doc_id: 1746 cord_uid: pbahviaz file: cache/cord-001826-av2gxfxy.json key: cord-001826-av2gxfxy authors: Gao, Qian; Wang, Zhen; Liu, Zhenlong; Li, Xiaoyu; Zhang, Yongxin; Zhang, Zhizhen; Cen, Shan title: A cell-based high-throughput approach to identify inhibitors of influenza A virus date: 2014-07-14 journal: Acta Pharm Sin B DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.06.005 sha: doc_id: 1826 cord_uid: av2gxfxy file: cache/cord-002136-mkl89qkt.json key: cord-002136-mkl89qkt authors: Nunes, Sandro F.; Murcia, Pablo R.; Tiley, Laurence S.; Brown, Ian H.; Tucker, Alexander W.; Maskell, Duncan J.; Wood, James Lionel N. title: An ex vivo swine tracheal organ culture for the study of influenza infection date: 2009-12-09 journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00119.x sha: doc_id: 2136 cord_uid: mkl89qkt file: cache/cord-002137-j5sfiyz8.json key: cord-002137-j5sfiyz8 authors: Ward, Kirsten; Seale, Holly; Zwar, Nicholas; Leask, Julie; MacIntyre, C. Raina title: Annual influenza vaccination: coverage and attitudes of primary care staff in Australia date: 2010-10-12 journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00158.x sha: doc_id: 2137 cord_uid: j5sfiyz8 file: cache/cord-002337-8v907g24.json key: cord-002337-8v907g24 authors: Lipsitch, Marc; Barclay, Wendy; Raman, Rahul; Russell, Charles J; Belser, Jessica A; Cobey, Sarah; Kasson, Peter M; Lloyd-Smith, James O; Maurer-Stroh, Sebastian; Riley, Steven; Beauchemin, Catherine AA; Bedford, Trevor; Friedrich, Thomas C; Handel, Andreas; Herfst, Sander; Murcia, Pablo R; Roche, Benjamin; Wilke, Claus O; Russell, Colin A title: Viral factors in influenza pandemic risk assessment date: 2016-11-11 journal: nan DOI: 10.7554/elife.18491 sha: doc_id: 2337 cord_uid: 8v907g24 file: cache/cord-002407-25cawzi0.json key: cord-002407-25cawzi0 authors: Nogales, Aitor; Martínez-Sobrido, Luis title: Reverse Genetics Approaches for the Development of Influenza Vaccines date: 2016-12-22 journal: Int J Mol Sci DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010020 sha: doc_id: 2407 cord_uid: 25cawzi0 file: cache/cord-002408-bbtslrrt.json key: cord-002408-bbtslrrt authors: Almogy, Gal; Stone, Lewi; Bernevig, B. 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Kindrachuk, Jason title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 date: 2019-02-06 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3750-8 sha: doc_id: 3466 cord_uid: 599x0euj file: cache/cord-003523-byxuruk1.json key: cord-003523-byxuruk1 authors: Fritsch, Annemarie; Schweiger, Brunhilde; Biere, Barbara title: Influenza C virus in pre-school children with respiratory infections: retrospective analysis of data from the national influenza surveillance system in Germany, 2012 to 2014 date: 2019-03-07 journal: Euro Surveill DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.10.1800174 sha: doc_id: 3523 cord_uid: byxuruk1 file: cache/cord-003567-h8uq5z8b.json key: cord-003567-h8uq5z8b authors: Crank, Michelle C; Mascola, John R; Graham, Barney S title: Preparing for the Next Influenza Pandemic: The Development of a Universal Influenza Vaccine date: 2019-04-15 journal: J Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz043 sha: doc_id: 3567 cord_uid: h8uq5z8b file: cache/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.json key: cord-001521-l36f1gp7 authors: nan title: Oral and Poster Manuscripts date: 2011-04-08 journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00209.x sha: doc_id: 1521 cord_uid: l36f1gp7 file: cache/cord-003571-upogtny6.json key: cord-003571-upogtny6 authors: Viboud, Cécile; Lessler, Justin title: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Looking Back, Looking Forward date: 2018-10-20 journal: Am J Epidemiol DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy207 sha: doc_id: 3571 cord_uid: upogtny6 file: cache/cord-003598-m2fsrwvw.json key: cord-003598-m2fsrwvw authors: Elbahesh, Husni; Gerlach, Thomas; Saletti, Giulietta; Rimmelzwaan, Guus F. title: Response Modifiers: Tweaking the Immune Response Against Influenza A Virus date: 2019-04-12 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00809 sha: doc_id: 3598 cord_uid: m2fsrwvw file: cache/cord-003701-i70ztypg.json key: cord-003701-i70ztypg authors: Chow, Eric J.; Doyle, Joshua D.; Uyeki, Timothy M. title: Influenza virus-related critical illness: prevention, diagnosis, treatment date: 2019-06-12 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2491-9 sha: doc_id: 3701 cord_uid: i70ztypg file: cache/cord-003870-hr99dwi7.json key: cord-003870-hr99dwi7 authors: Clohisey, Sara; Baillie, John Kenneth title: Host susceptibility to severe influenza A virus infection date: 2019-09-05 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2566-7 sha: doc_id: 3870 cord_uid: hr99dwi7 file: cache/cord-003898-y6zpvw84.json key: cord-003898-y6zpvw84 authors: Tan, Kai Sen; Andiappan, Anand Kumar; Lee, Bernett; Yan, Yan; Liu, Jing; Tang, See Aik; Lum, Josephine; He, Ting Ting; Ong, Yew Kwang; Thong, Mark; Lim, Hui Fang; Choi, Hyung Won; Rotzschke, Olaf; Chow, Vincent T; Wang, De Yun title: RNA Sequencing of H3N2 Influenza Virus-Infected Human Nasal Epithelial Cells from Multiple Subjects Reveals Molecular Pathways Associated with Tissue Injury and Complications date: 2019-08-27 journal: Cells DOI: 10.3390/cells8090986 sha: doc_id: 3898 cord_uid: y6zpvw84 file: cache/cord-004060-nxw5k9y1.json key: cord-004060-nxw5k9y1 authors: Zhang, Yewu; Wang, Xiaofeng; Li, Yanfei; Ma, Jiaqi title: Spatiotemporal Analysis of Influenza in China, 2005–2018 date: 2019-12-23 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56104-8 sha: doc_id: 4060 cord_uid: nxw5k9y1 file: cache/cord-004280-c470nlie.json key: cord-004280-c470nlie authors: Coleman, Kristen K.; Sigler, William V. title: Airborne Influenza A Virus Exposure in an Elementary School date: 2020-02-05 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58588-1 sha: doc_id: 4280 cord_uid: c470nlie file: cache/cord-004348-4jdn4kw6.json key: cord-004348-4jdn4kw6 authors: Chen, Juine-Ruey; Liu, Yo-Min; Tseng, Yung-Chieh; Ma, Che title: Better influenza vaccines: an industry perspective date: 2020-02-14 journal: J Biomed Sci DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-0626-6 sha: doc_id: 4348 cord_uid: 4jdn4kw6 file: cache/cord-004638-ijncfuxi.json key: cord-004638-ijncfuxi authors: Wang, Yuheng; Cheng, Minna; Wang, Siyuan; Wu, Fei; Yan, Qinghua; Yang, Qinping; Li, Yanyun; Guo, Xiang; Fu, Chen; Shi, Yan; Wagner, Abram L.; Boulton, Matthew L. title: Vaccination coverage with the pneumococcal and influenza vaccine among persons with chronic diseases in Shanghai, China, 2017 date: 2020-03-19 journal: BMC Public Health DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8388-3 sha: doc_id: 4638 cord_uid: ijncfuxi file: cache/cord-005081-kxrzv16n.json key: cord-005081-kxrzv16n authors: Kiselev, O. I. title: Progress in the development of pandemic influenza vaccines and their production technologies date: 2010-11-12 journal: Appl DOI: 10.1134/s0003683810090024 sha: doc_id: 5081 cord_uid: kxrzv16n file: cache/cord-005314-p7hzoz5d.json key: cord-005314-p7hzoz5d authors: Wong, Li Ping; Sam, I-Ching title: Knowledge and Attitudes in Regard to Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) in a Multiethnic Community of Malaysia date: 2010-09-11 journal: Int J Behav Med DOI: 10.1007/s12529-010-9114-9 sha: doc_id: 5314 cord_uid: p7hzoz5d file: cache/cord-006089-08g206kf.json key: cord-006089-08g206kf authors: Stevens, James; Blixt, Ola; Paulson, James C.; Wilson, Ian A. title: Glycan microarray technologies: tools to survey host specificity of influenza viruses date: 2006-10-02 journal: Nat Rev Microbiol DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1530 sha: doc_id: 6089 cord_uid: 08g206kf file: cache/cord-006172-ndmf5ekp.json key: cord-006172-ndmf5ekp authors: Akins, Paul Taylor; Belko, John; Uyeki, Timothy M.; Axelrod, Yekaterina; Lee, Kenneth K.; Silverthorn, James title: H1N1 Encephalitis with Malignant Edema and Review of Neurologic Complications from Influenza date: 2010-09-02 journal: Neurocrit Care DOI: 10.1007/s12028-010-9436-0 sha: doc_id: 6172 cord_uid: ndmf5ekp file: cache/cord-006252-cbelsymu.json key: cord-006252-cbelsymu authors: Gross, Peter A. title: Current Recommendations for the Prevention and Treatment of Influenza in the Older Population date: 2012-11-18 journal: Drugs Aging DOI: 10.2165/00002512-199101060-00003 sha: doc_id: 6252 cord_uid: cbelsymu file: cache/cord-006345-03kqeed3.json key: cord-006345-03kqeed3 authors: Takayama, Koji; Kuramochi, Jin; Oinuma, Takeshi; Kaneko, Hiromi; Kurasawa, Satoshi; Yasui, Makito; Okayasu, Kaori; Ono, Hiroshi; Inase, Naohiko title: Clinical features of the 2009 swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) outbreak in Japan date: 2010-12-21 journal: J Infect Chemother DOI: 10.1007/s10156-010-0187-9 sha: doc_id: 6345 cord_uid: 03kqeed3 file: cache/cord-006362-7d5wzb7p.json key: cord-006362-7d5wzb7p authors: van Riel, Debby; Mittrücker, Hans-Willi; Engels, Geraldine; Klingel, Karin; Markert, Udo R.; Gabriel, Gülsah title: Influenza pathogenicity during pregnancy in women and animal models date: 2016-07-07 journal: Semin Immunopathol DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0580-2 sha: doc_id: 6362 cord_uid: 7d5wzb7p file: cache/cord-007294-qeb2r08t.json key: cord-007294-qeb2r08t authors: EDMONDSON, WILLIAM P.; ROTHENBERG, RICHARD; WHITE, PAUL W.; GWALTNEY, JACK M. title: A COMPARISON OF SUBCUTANEOUS, NASAL, AND COMBINED INFLUENZA VACCINATION. 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date: 2009-01-01 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1086/591852 sha: doc_id: 324007 cord_uid: hapzf0fl file: cache/cord-331148-40gvay7i.json key: cord-331148-40gvay7i authors: Hsieh, Yu-Chia; Tsao, Kuo-Chien; Huang, Ching-Tai; Chang, Kuang-Yi; Huang, Yhu-Chering; Gong, Yu-Nong title: Clinical characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during the 2013/2014 and 2015/2016 clade 6B/6B.1/6B.2-predominant outbreaks date: 2018-10-23 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34077-4 sha: doc_id: 331148 cord_uid: 40gvay7i file: cache/cord-331244-zaguyxm5.json key: cord-331244-zaguyxm5 authors: Stephenson, Iain; Nicholson, Karl G; Wood, John M; Zambon, Maria C; Katz, Jacqueline M title: Confronting the avian influenza threat: vaccine development for a potential pandemic date: 2004-07-30 journal: Lancet Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(04)01105-3 sha: doc_id: 331244 cord_uid: zaguyxm5 file: cache/cord-328290-kbysppgb.json key: cord-328290-kbysppgb authors: Beckmann, Christiane; Hirsch, Hans H. title: Diagnostic performance of near-patient testing for influenza date: 2015-03-31 journal: J Clin Virol DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.03.024 sha: doc_id: 328290 cord_uid: kbysppgb file: cache/cord-327819-7p05jk1h.json key: cord-327819-7p05jk1h authors: Trampuz, Andrej; Prabhu, Rajesh M.; Smith, Thomas F.; Baddour, Larry M. title: Avian Influenza: A New Pandemic Threat? date: 2004-04-30 journal: Mayo Clinic Proceedings DOI: 10.4065/79.4.523 sha: doc_id: 327819 cord_uid: 7p05jk1h file: cache/cord-328979-xfze12ah.json key: cord-328979-xfze12ah authors: Monto, Arnold S; Malosh, Ryan E; Evans, Richard; Lauring, Adam S; Gordon, Aubree; Thompson, Mark G; Fry, Alicia M; Flannery, Brendan; Ohmit, Suzanne E; Petrie, Joshua G; Martin, Emily T title: Data resource profile: Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study date: 2019-04-30 journal: Int J Epidemiol DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz086 sha: doc_id: 328979 cord_uid: xfze12ah file: cache/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.json key: cord-335960-biwnqa3f authors: Luke, Anthony; d'Hemecourt, Pierre title: Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date: 2007-07-31 journal: Clinics in Sports Medicine DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2007.04.006 sha: doc_id: 335960 cord_uid: biwnqa3f file: cache/cord-327516-i25whxt2.json key: cord-327516-i25whxt2 authors: Horby, Peter title: Improving preparedness for the next flu pandemic date: 2018-07-25 journal: Nat Microbiol DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0206-7 sha: doc_id: 327516 cord_uid: i25whxt2 file: cache/cord-333527-66dfphxq.json key: cord-333527-66dfphxq authors: Brown, Lawrence H; Aitken, Peter; Leggat, Peter A; Speare, Richard title: Self-reported anticipated compliance with physician advice to stay home during pandemic (H1N1) 2009: Results from the 2009 Queensland Social Survey date: 2010-03-16 journal: BMC Public Health DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-138 sha: doc_id: 333527 cord_uid: 66dfphxq file: cache/cord-327180-yw8rzrb7.json key: cord-327180-yw8rzrb7 authors: Prateepko, Tapanan; Chongsuvivatwong, Virasakdi title: Patterns of perception toward influenza pandemic among the front-line responsible health personnel in southern Thailand: a Q methodology approach date: 2009-05-28 journal: BMC Public Health DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-161 sha: doc_id: 327180 cord_uid: yw8rzrb7 file: cache/cord-341364-dle938bt.json key: cord-341364-dle938bt authors: Thompson, Catherine; Zambon, Maria title: Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and SARS date: 2009-11-26 journal: Medicine (Abingdon) DOI: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2009.10.003 sha: doc_id: 341364 cord_uid: dle938bt file: cache/cord-342519-tjr6dvtt.json key: cord-342519-tjr6dvtt authors: Souza, Thiago Moreno L.; Salluh, Jorge I. F.; Bozza, Fernando A.; Mesquita, Milene; Soares, Márcio; Motta, Fernando C.; Pitrowsky, Melissa Tassano; de Lourdes Oliveira, Maria; Mishin, Vasiliy P.; Gubareva, Larissa V.; Whitney, Anne; Rocco, Sandra Amaral; Gonçalves, Vânia Maria C.; Marques, Venceslaine Prado; Velasco, Eduardo; Siqueira, Marilda M. title: H1N1pdm Influenza Infection in Hospitalized Cancer Patients: Clinical Evolution and Viral Analysis date: 2010-11-30 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014158 sha: doc_id: 342519 cord_uid: tjr6dvtt file: cache/cord-341923-jwckbdnb.json key: cord-341923-jwckbdnb authors: To, Kelvin Kai-Wang; Li, Iris Wai-Sum; Hung, Ivan Fan-Ngai; Cheng, Vincent Chi-Chung; Yuen, Kwok-Yung title: Pathogenesis of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection and the implication on management date: 2010-04-28 journal: Front Med China DOI: 10.1007/s11684-010-0030-9 sha: doc_id: 341923 cord_uid: jwckbdnb file: cache/cord-350593-bvmg7f15.json key: cord-350593-bvmg7f15 authors: McDonald, R.S.; Sambol, A.R.; Heimbuch, B.K.; Brown, T.L.; Hinrichs, S.H.; Wander, J.D. title: Proportional mouse model for aerosol infection by influenza date: 2012-08-21 journal: J Appl Microbiol DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05402.x sha: doc_id: 350593 cord_uid: bvmg7f15 file: cache/cord-332516-eaqpiq1o.json key: cord-332516-eaqpiq1o authors: Joseph, Carol; Togawa, Yu; Shindo, Nahoko title: Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza date: 2013-08-27 journal: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/irv.12089 sha: doc_id: 332516 cord_uid: eaqpiq1o file: cache/cord-333722-ndth5zne.json key: cord-333722-ndth5zne authors: Liu, Qiang; Zhou, Yuan-hong; Yang, Zhan-qiu title: The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy date: 2015-07-20 journal: Cellular & Molecular Immunology DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.74 sha: doc_id: 333722 cord_uid: ndth5zne file: cache/cord-340611-7ftnttm0.json key: cord-340611-7ftnttm0 authors: Gensheimer, K. F title: Challenges and opportunities in pandemic influenza planning: lessons learned from recent infectious disease preparedness and response efforts date: 2004-06-30 journal: International Congress Series DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.021 sha: doc_id: 340611 cord_uid: 7ftnttm0 file: cache/cord-351990-aham72b9.json key: cord-351990-aham72b9 authors: Radin, Jennifer M.; Hawksworth, Anthony W.; Kammerer, Peter E.; Balansay, Melinda; Raman, Rema; Lindsay, Suzanne P.; Brice, Gary T. title: Epidemiology of Pathogen-Specific Respiratory Infections among Three US Populations date: 2014-12-30 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114871 sha: doc_id: 351990 cord_uid: aham72b9 file: cache/cord-332485-8tfgl8rp.json key: cord-332485-8tfgl8rp authors: Marcorelles, P; Freymuth, F; Rambaud, C; Gardach, C; Legrand-Quillien, M.C; Lagarde, N title: Décès brutal et infection à virus Influenza A chez un enfant de deux ans : étude d’un cas autopsique date: 2002-02-15 journal: Arch Pediatr DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(01)00693-5 sha: doc_id: 332485 cord_uid: 8tfgl8rp file: cache/cord-337721-who0xdyz.json key: cord-337721-who0xdyz authors: Faggion, Heloisa Zimmerman; Leotte, Jaqueline; Trombetta, Hygor; Pereira, Luciane Aparecida; Lapinski, Bruna Amaral; Nogueira, Meri Bordignon; Vidal, Luine Rosele; Almeida, Bernardo Machado; Petterle, Ricardo Rasmussen; Raboni, Sonia Mara title: Influenza Sentinel Surveillance and Severe Acute Respiratory Infection in a Reference Hospital in Southern Brazil date: 2019-12-20 journal: Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0498-2017 sha: doc_id: 337721 cord_uid: who0xdyz file: cache/cord-341626-04svm6le.json key: cord-341626-04svm6le authors: Assink, M.D.M.; Kiewiet, J.P.; Rozenbaum, M.H.; Van den Berg, P.B.; Hak, E.; Buskens, E.J.; Wilschut, J.C.; Kroes, A.C.M.; Postma, M.J. title: Excess drug prescriptions during influenza and RSV seasons in the Netherlands: Potential implications for extended influenza vaccination date: 2009-02-11 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.070 sha: doc_id: 341626 cord_uid: 04svm6le file: cache/cord-335948-qkfxfmxb.json key: cord-335948-qkfxfmxb authors: Ampofo, William K.; Baylor, Norman; Cobey, Sarah; Cox, Nancy J.; Daves, Sharon; Edwards, Steven; Ferguson, Neil; Grohmann, Gary; Hay, Alan; Katz, Jacqueline; Kullabutr, Kornnika; Lambert, Linda; Levandowski, Roland; Mishra, A. C.; Monto, Arnold; Siqueira, Marilda; Tashiro, Masato; Waddell, Anthony L.; Wairagkar, Niteen; Wood, John; Zambon, Maria; Zhang, Wenqing title: Improving influenza vaccine virus selectionReport of a WHO informal consultation held at WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland, 14–16 June 2010 date: 2011-08-08 journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00277.x sha: doc_id: 335948 cord_uid: qkfxfmxb file: cache/cord-329653-5nkrrqqw.json key: cord-329653-5nkrrqqw authors: Patrick, Jennifer R.; Shaban, Ramon Z.; FitzGerald, Gerry title: Influenza: Critique of the contemporary challenges for pandemic planning, prevention, control, and treatment in emergency health services date: 2011-04-08 journal: Australas Emerg Nurs J DOI: 10.1016/j.aenj.2011.03.001 sha: doc_id: 329653 cord_uid: 5nkrrqqw file: cache/cord-345836-74d2mb70.json key: cord-345836-74d2mb70 authors: Hogg, William; Gray, David; Huston, Patricia; Zhang, Wei title: The costs of preventing the spread of respiratory infection in family physician offices: a threshold analysis date: 2007-11-13 journal: BMC Health Serv Res DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-7-181 sha: doc_id: 345836 cord_uid: 74d2mb70 file: cache/cord-345020-ai5tib7h.json key: cord-345020-ai5tib7h authors: Price, O. H.; Sullivan, S. G.; Sutterby, C.; Druce, J.; Carville, K. S. title: Using routine testing data to understand circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in Victoria, Australia date: 2019-06-17 journal: Epidemiol Infect DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819001055 sha: doc_id: 345020 cord_uid: ai5tib7h file: cache/cord-352984-mzv9t7ex.json key: cord-352984-mzv9t7ex authors: Jackson-Lee, Angela; Barr, Neil G.; Randall, Glen E. title: Mandating influenza vaccinations for health care workers: analysing opportunities for policy change using Kingdon’s agenda setting framework date: 2016-09-29 journal: BMC Health Serv Res DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1772-0 sha: doc_id: 352984 cord_uid: mzv9t7ex file: cache/cord-353871-mzw600ys.json key: cord-353871-mzw600ys authors: Kowalczyk, D.; Cieślak, K.; Szymański, K.; Brydak, L. B. title: The Activity of Influenza and Influenza-like Viruses in Individuals Aged over 14 in the 2015/2016 Influenza Season in Poland date: 2017-02-15 journal: Respiratory System Diseases DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_202 sha: doc_id: 353871 cord_uid: mzw600ys file: cache/cord-339638-yrxoj1hl.json key: cord-339638-yrxoj1hl authors: Goldman, Ran D.; McGregor, Sophie; Marneni, Shashidhar R.; Katsuta, Tomohiro; Griffiths, Mark A.; Hall, Jeanine E.; Seiler, Michelle; Klein, Eileen J.; Cotanda, Cristina Parra; Gelernter, Renana; Hoeffe, Julia; Davis, Adrienne L.; Gualco, Gianluca; Mater, Ahmed; Manzano, Sergio; Thompson, Graham C.; Ahmed, Sara; Ali, Samina; Brown, Julie C. title: Willingness to Vaccinate Children against Influenza after the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-08-07 journal: J Pediatr DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.005 sha: doc_id: 339638 cord_uid: yrxoj1hl file: cache/cord-354690-ywb9krdp.json key: cord-354690-ywb9krdp authors: Barr, Margo; Raphael, Beverley; Taylor, Melanie; Stevens, Garry; Jorm, Louisa; Giffin, Michael; Lujic, Sanja title: Pandemic influenza in Australia: Using telephone surveys to measure perceptions of threat and willingness to comply date: 2008-09-15 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-8-117 sha: doc_id: 354690 cord_uid: ywb9krdp file: cache/cord-336915-dbu93ufh.json key: cord-336915-dbu93ufh authors: Aloizos, Stavros; Aravosita, Paraskevi; Mystakelli, Christina; Kanna, Efthymia; Gourgiotis, Stavros title: H1N1 Influenza Viral Infection in a Postpartum Young Woman Causes Respiratory Failure: What the Care Providers Ought to Know? date: 2012-10-23 journal: Case Rep Pulmonol DOI: 10.1155/2012/419528 sha: doc_id: 336915 cord_uid: dbu93ufh file: cache/cord-340678-2e2s1gof.json key: cord-340678-2e2s1gof authors: Skowronski, Danuta M; Zou, Macy; Clarke, Quinten; Chambers, Catharine; Dickinson, James A; Sabaiduc, Suzana; Olsha, Romy; Gubbay, Jonathan B; Drews, Steven J; Charest, Hugues; Winter, Anne-Luise; Jassem, Agatha; Murti, Michelle; Krajden, Mel; De Serres, Gaston title: Influenza vaccine does not increase the risk of coronavirus or other non-influenza respiratory viruses: retrospective analysis from Canada, 2010-11 to 2016-17 date: 2020-05-22 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa626 sha: doc_id: 340678 cord_uid: 2e2s1gof file: cache/cord-354151-psog34u3.json key: cord-354151-psog34u3 authors: van Asten, Liselotte; Bijkerk, Paul; Fanoy, Ewout; van Ginkel, Annemarijn; Suijkerbuijk, Anita; van der Hoek, Wim; Meijer, Adam; Vennema, Harry title: Early occurrence of influenza A epidemics coincided with changes in occurrence of other respiratory virus infections date: 2015-12-11 journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses DOI: 10.1111/irv.12348 sha: doc_id: 354151 cord_uid: psog34u3 file: cache/cord-338674-tnnd1s57.json key: cord-338674-tnnd1s57 authors: Yin, J Kevin; Lahra, Monica M; Iskander, Mary; Lambert, Stephen B; Heron, Leon; Nissen, Michael D; Rost, Laura; Murphy, Jennifer; Sloots, Theo P; Booy, Robert title: Pilot study of influenza vaccine effectiveness in urban Australian children attending childcare date: 2011-06-10 journal: J Paediatr Child Health DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02098.x sha: doc_id: 338674 cord_uid: tnnd1s57 file: cache/cord-343050-1pfqgvie.json key: cord-343050-1pfqgvie authors: Huang, Qiu Sue; Turner, Nikki; Baker, Michael G; Williamson, Deborah A; Wong, Conroy; Webby, Richard; Widdowson, Marc-Alain title: Southern Hemisphere Influenza and Vaccine Effectiveness Research and Surveillance date: 2015-06-09 journal: Influenza Other Respir Viruses DOI: 10.1111/irv.12315 sha: doc_id: 343050 cord_uid: 1pfqgvie file: cache/cord-342796-f7n8sxbu.json key: cord-342796-f7n8sxbu authors: Stowe, J.; Tessier, E.; Zhao, H.; Guy, R.; Muller-Pebody, B.; Zambon, M.; Andrews, N.; Ramsay, M.; Lopez Bernal, J. title: Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza and the impact of coinfection on disease severity: A test negative design date: 2020-09-18 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.18.20189647 sha: doc_id: 342796 cord_uid: f7n8sxbu file: cache/cord-346063-7u1a198p.json key: cord-346063-7u1a198p authors: De Clercq, Erik; Neyts, Johan title: Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection: targets and strategies for chemotherapeutic intervention date: 2007-05-04 journal: Trends Pharmacol Sci DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.04.005 sha: doc_id: 346063 cord_uid: 7u1a198p file: cache/cord-336168-hvp13ell.json key: cord-336168-hvp13ell authors: Yazdanbakhsh, Maria; Kremsner, Peter G. title: Influenza in Africa date: 2009-12-15 journal: PLoS Med DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000182 sha: doc_id: 336168 cord_uid: hvp13ell file: cache/cord-353869-l53ms3q8.json key: cord-353869-l53ms3q8 authors: Friesen, Robert H. E.; Koudstaal, Wouter; Koldijk, Martin H.; Weverling, Gerrit Jan; Brakenhoff, Just P. J.; Lenting, Peter J.; Stittelaar, Koert J.; Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E.; Kompier, Ronald; Goudsmit, Jaap title: New Class of Monoclonal Antibodies against Severe Influenza: Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy in Ferrets date: 2010-02-08 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009106 sha: doc_id: 353869 cord_uid: l53ms3q8 file: cache/cord-335647-dhcxj7cj.json key: cord-335647-dhcxj7cj authors: Vanderlinden, Evelien; Naesens, Lieve title: Emerging Antiviral Strategies to Interfere with Influenza Virus Entry date: 2013-06-25 journal: Med Res Rev DOI: 10.1002/med.21289 sha: doc_id: 335647 cord_uid: dhcxj7cj file: cache/cord-336493-ggo9wsrm.json key: cord-336493-ggo9wsrm authors: Huang, Stephen S. H.; Lin, Zhen; Banner, David; León, Alberto J.; Paquette, Stéphane G.; Rubin, Barry; Rubino, Salvatore; Guan, Yi; Kelvin, David J.; Kelvin, Alyson A. title: Immunity toward H1N1 influenza hemagglutinin of historical and contemporary strains suggests protection and vaccine failure date: 2013-04-23 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/srep01698 sha: doc_id: 336493 cord_uid: ggo9wsrm file: cache/cord-339230-cc7gcy5b.json key: cord-339230-cc7gcy5b authors: Smith, Amber M.; McCullers, Jonathan A. title: Secondary Bacterial Infections in Influenza Virus Infection Pathogenesis date: 2014-07-16 journal: Influenza Pathogenesis and Control - Volume I DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_394 sha: doc_id: 339230 cord_uid: cc7gcy5b file: cache/cord-354877-n5du3bqt.json key: cord-354877-n5du3bqt authors: Vasoo, Shawn; Stevens, Jane; Singh, Kamaljit title: Rapid Antigen Tests for Diagnosis of Pandemic (Swine) Influenza A/H1N1 date: 2009-10-01 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1086/644743 sha: doc_id: 354877 cord_uid: n5du3bqt file: cache/cord-346906-1wmp43ti.json key: cord-346906-1wmp43ti authors: Lewandowski, Kuiama; Xu, Yifei; Pullan, Steven T.; Lumley, Sheila F.; Foster, Dona; Sanderson, Nicholas; Vaughan, Alison; Morgan, Marcus; Bright, Nicole; Kavanagh, James; Vipond, Richard; Carroll, Miles; Marriott, Anthony C.; Gooch, Karen E.; Andersson, Monique; Jeffery, Katie; Peto, Timothy E. A.; Crook, Derrick W.; Walker, A. Sarah; Matthews, Philippa C. title: Metagenomic Nanopore Sequencing of Influenza Virus Direct from Clinical Respiratory Samples date: 2019-12-23 journal: J Clin Microbiol DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00963-19 sha: doc_id: 346906 cord_uid: 1wmp43ti file: cache/cord-356188-rwf78stz.json key: cord-356188-rwf78stz authors: Oshansky, Christine M.; Thomas, Paul G. title: The human side of influenza date: 2012-07-01 journal: Journal of Leukocyte Biology DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1011506 sha: doc_id: 356188 cord_uid: rwf78stz file: cache/cord-355374-e8k72955.json key: cord-355374-e8k72955 authors: Clemens, E. Bridie; van de Sandt, Carolien; Wong, Sook San; Wakim, Linda M.; Valkenburg, Sophie A. title: Harnessing the Power of T Cells: The Promising Hope for a Universal Influenza Vaccine date: 2018-03-26 journal: Vaccines (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020018 sha: doc_id: 355374 cord_uid: e8k72955 file: cache/cord-331714-2qj2rrgd.json key: cord-331714-2qj2rrgd authors: Lvov, Dimitry Konstantinovich; Shchelkanov, Mikhail Yurievich; Alkhovsky, Sergey Vladimirovich; Deryabin, Petr Grigorievich title: Single-Stranded RNA Viruses date: 2015-05-29 journal: Zoonotic Viruses in Northern Eurasia DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801742-5.00008-8 sha: doc_id: 331714 cord_uid: 2qj2rrgd file: cache/cord-345848-s84lxe6l.json key: cord-345848-s84lxe6l authors: Everitt, Aaron R.; Clare, Simon; Pertel, Thomas; John, Sinu P.; Wash, Rachael S.; Smith, Sarah E.; Chin, Christopher R.; Feeley, Eric M.; Sims, Jennifer S.; Adams, David J.; Wise, Helen M.; Kane, Leanne; Goulding, David A.; Digard, Paul; Anttila, Verneri; Baillie, J. Kenneth; Walsh, Tim S.; Hume, David A.; Palotie, Aarno; Xue, Yali; Colonna, Vincenza; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Dunning, Jake; Gordon, Stephen B.; Smyth, Rosalind L.; Openshaw, Peter; Dougan, Gordon; Brass, Abraham L.; Kellam, Paul title: IFITM3 restricts the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza date: 2012-03-25 journal: Nature DOI: 10.1038/nature10921 sha: doc_id: 345848 cord_uid: s84lxe6l Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-influenza-cord parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43572 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43798 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44013 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44252 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45015 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44375 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43585 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44329 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43713 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44653 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45256 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44512 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44741 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43749 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44531 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44562 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44701 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45364 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45455 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43323 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44386 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44445 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44789 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45531 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45964 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45294 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 46151 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45656 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45242 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45626 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45705 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000244-wrru98zg author: Pfeil, Alena title: A cross-sectional survey to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination among European travellers to resource-limited destinations date: 2010-07-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000244-wrru98zg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000244-wrru98zg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000244-wrru98zg.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 44449 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45621 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 47131 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45632 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45974 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 46117 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 46731 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 47110 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 46385 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 90. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 46711 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 90. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 89. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45754 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 46692 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 89. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 43161 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 46571 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 90. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 90. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 88. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 88. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 90. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 89. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002972-ge7qt256 author: Torner, Núria title: Descriptive study of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza during five epidemic seasons (2010–2015) date: 2018-04-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002972-ge7qt256.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002972-ge7qt256.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002972-ge7qt256.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 89. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000161-hxjxczyr author: Rello, Jordi title: Clinical review: Primary influenza viral pneumonia date: 2009-12-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000161-hxjxczyr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000161-hxjxczyr.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000161-hxjxczyr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000724-lzhobnch author: ZHANG, J. title: Seasonal influenza vaccination knowledge, risk perception, health beliefs and vaccination behaviours of nurses date: 2011-11-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000724-lzhobnch.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000724-lzhobnch.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000724-lzhobnch.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 46751 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 47010 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45253 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 49944 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 88. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 50172 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 87. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 87. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002919-6xjm7f29 author: Luo, Haili title: Clinical characteristics from co-infection with avian influenza A H7N9 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae: a case report date: 2018-03-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002919-6xjm7f29.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002919-6xjm7f29.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002919-6xjm7f29.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000131-ugbwvy6j author: Jones, James Holland title: Early Assessment of Anxiety and Behavioral Response to Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A(H1N1) date: 2009-12-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000131-ugbwvy6j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000131-ugbwvy6j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000131-ugbwvy6j.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007583-owxcokge author: Kohn, William G. title: Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: Be prepared date: 2014-12-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007583-owxcokge.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007583-owxcokge.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-007583-owxcokge.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 86. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51055 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 47091 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51498 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51785 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 50317 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51044 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51286 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001826-av2gxfxy author: Gao, Qian title: A cell-based high-throughput approach to identify inhibitors of influenza A virus date: 2014-07-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001826-av2gxfxy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001826-av2gxfxy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001826-av2gxfxy.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 47001 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51173 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52535 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001289-qbct63p4 author: Lipsitch, Marc title: Ethical Alternatives to Experiments with Novel Potential Pandemic Pathogens date: 2014-05-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001289-qbct63p4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001289-qbct63p4.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001289-qbct63p4.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51282 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51779 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51999 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51987 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001654-o2zfilcl author: Laidler, Matthew R. title: Statin Treatment and Mortality: Propensity Score-Matched Analyses of 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations date: 2015-03-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001654-o2zfilcl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001654-o2zfilcl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001654-o2zfilcl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000891-5r2in1gw author: Giannella, Maddalena title: Should lower respiratory tract secretions from intensive care patients be systematically screened for influenza virus during the influenza season? date: 2012-06-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000891-5r2in1gw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000891-5r2in1gw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000891-5r2in1gw.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52180 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002137-j5sfiyz8 author: Ward, Kirsten title: Annual influenza vaccination: coverage and attitudes of primary care staff in Australia date: 2010-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002137-j5sfiyz8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002137-j5sfiyz8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002137-j5sfiyz8.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52191 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52263 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 51525 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52560 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002852-m4l2l2r1 author: Munyua, Peninah M. title: Detection of influenza A virus in live bird markets in Kenya, 2009–2011 date: 2012-04-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002852-m4l2l2r1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002852-m4l2l2r1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002852-m4l2l2r1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001154-7k59ogn0 author: Memoli, Matthew J. title: The Natural History of Influenza Infection in the Severely Immunocompromised vs Nonimmunocompromised Hosts date: 2013-11-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001154-7k59ogn0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001154-7k59ogn0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001154-7k59ogn0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000262-4owsb0bg author: Leung, Gabriel M. title: Reflections on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and the International Response date: 2010-10-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 52679 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000390-qav5okgk author: Omer, Saad B. title: Maternal Influenza Immunization and Reduced Likelihood of Prematurity and Small for Gestational Age Births: A Retrospective Cohort Study date: 2011-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000390-qav5okgk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000390-qav5okgk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000390-qav5okgk.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003571-upogtny6 author: Viboud, Cécile title: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Looking Back, Looking Forward date: 2018-10-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003571-upogtny6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003571-upogtny6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003571-upogtny6.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000757-bz66g9a0 author: Davis, Kailah title: Identification of pneumonia and influenza deaths using the death certificate pipeline date: 2012-05-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000757-bz66g9a0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000757-bz66g9a0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000757-bz66g9a0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-020466-hdcke0d4 author: Hammel, Jean M. title: Commentary date: 2004-11-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-020466-hdcke0d4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-020466-hdcke0d4.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-020466-hdcke0d4.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002136-mkl89qkt author: Nunes, Sandro F. title: An ex vivo swine tracheal organ culture for the study of influenza infection date: 2009-12-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002136-mkl89qkt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002136-mkl89qkt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002136-mkl89qkt.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 53387 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 50854 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002939-6a3ga6v9 author: Ribeiro, Ana Freitas title: Severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in pregnant women and neonatal outcomes, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2009 date: 2018-03-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002939-6a3ga6v9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002939-6a3ga6v9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002939-6a3ga6v9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000760-4yfohp9w author: Babapoor, Sankhiros title: A Novel Vaccine Using Nanoparticle Platform to Present Immunogenic M2e against Avian Influenza Infection date: 2012-01-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000760-4yfohp9w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000760-4yfohp9w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000760-4yfohp9w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004638-ijncfuxi author: Wang, Yuheng title: Vaccination coverage with the pneumococcal and influenza vaccine among persons with chronic diseases in Shanghai, China, 2017 date: 2020-03-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004638-ijncfuxi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004638-ijncfuxi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-004638-ijncfuxi.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002438-b8t4a57r author: Cheng, Wei title: Comparison of Influenza Epidemiological and Virological Characteristics between Outpatients and Inpatients in Zhejiang Province, China, March 2011–June 2015 date: 2017-02-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002438-b8t4a57r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002438-b8t4a57r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002438-b8t4a57r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001634-mi5gcfcw author: Davis, Mark D M title: Beyond resistance: social factors in the general public response to pandemic influenza date: 2015-04-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001634-mi5gcfcw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001634-mi5gcfcw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001634-mi5gcfcw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-030853-3yryw3r2 author: Vashishtha, Vipin M. title: Seasonal Influenza Vaccination and the Heightened Risk of Coronavirus and Other Pandemic Virus Infections: Fact or Fiction? date: 2020-06-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-030853-3yryw3r2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-030853-3yryw3r2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-030853-3yryw3r2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001746-pbahviaz author: Garg, Shikha title: Pneumonia among adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza virus infection—United States, 2005–2008 date: 2015-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001746-pbahviaz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001746-pbahviaz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001746-pbahviaz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011754-lumzp1ca author: Jackson, Michael L. title: Further Evidence for Bias in Observational Studies of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: The 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Pandemic date: 2013-10-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011754-lumzp1ca.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011754-lumzp1ca.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-011754-lumzp1ca.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001219-517gka4h author: Timpka, Toomas title: Intentions to Perform Non-Pharmaceutical Protective Behaviors during Influenza Outbreaks in Sweden: A Cross-Sectional Study following a Mass Vaccination Campaign date: 2014-03-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001219-517gka4h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001219-517gka4h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001219-517gka4h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006517-845w9r6l author: Lalueza, A. title: Impact of severe hematological abnormalities in the outcome of hospitalized patients with influenza virus infection date: 2017-05-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006517-845w9r6l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006517-845w9r6l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006517-845w9r6l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002408-bbtslrrt author: Almogy, Gal title: Analysis of Influenza and RSV dynamics in the community using a ‘Local Transmission Zone’ approach date: 2017-02-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002408-bbtslrrt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002408-bbtslrrt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002408-bbtslrrt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007681-vhghhvnu author: Schwartz, Benjamin title: Prioritization of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine: Rationale and Strategy for Decision Making date: 2009-06-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-048448-kfwbqp4p author: Sandrock, Christian title: Clinical review: Update of avian influenza A infections in humans date: 2007-03-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-048448-kfwbqp4p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-048448-kfwbqp4p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-048448-kfwbqp4p.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 55987 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 56680 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57162 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57324 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45593 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57685 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003870-hr99dwi7 author: Clohisey, Sara title: Host susceptibility to severe influenza A virus infection date: 2019-09-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003870-hr99dwi7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003870-hr99dwi7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-003870-hr99dwi7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000759-36dhfptw author: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional Pandemic Outbreaks date: 2011-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000759-36dhfptw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000759-36dhfptw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000759-36dhfptw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011712-fyrbe8tw author: Venkatesan, Sudhir title: Neuraminidase Inhibitors and Hospital Length of Stay: A Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data to Determine Treatment Effectiveness Among Patients Hospitalized With Nonfatal 2009 Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Infection date: 2020-02-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011712-fyrbe8tw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011712-fyrbe8tw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-011712-fyrbe8tw.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57362 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57353 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58065 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 93. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 45465 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57694 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57857 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 54970 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57351 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58734 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58749 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57311 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57375 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57897 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58445 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58625 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57494 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58600 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57207 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 57967 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 92. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257491-tsdwsyjs author: Cieślak, K. title: Influenza and Influenza-like Viruses in Children in the Epidemic Season 2015/2016 in Poland date: 2016-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257491-tsdwsyjs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257491-tsdwsyjs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257491-tsdwsyjs.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59297 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58776 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59485 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59311 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58802 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59383 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59416 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 58883 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-264335-c2hfh3dq author: Gunson, Rory title: Development of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR that allows universal detection of influenza A viruses and simultaneous typing of influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus date: 2009-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264335-c2hfh3dq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264335-c2hfh3dq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-264335-c2hfh3dq.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59309 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266100-1rktb6yq author: Darwish, Ilyse title: Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy Fails to Improve Outcome in Experimental Severe Influenza date: 2012-01-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266100-1rktb6yq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266100-1rktb6yq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-266100-1rktb6yq.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60239 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59889 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59914 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265138-i5m3ax7g author: Wang, Xi-Ling title: Model Selection in Time Series Studies of Influenza-Associated Mortality date: 2012-06-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265138-i5m3ax7g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265138-i5m3ax7g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265138-i5m3ax7g.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59389 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59779 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017291-bhe34dky author: Cohen, Cheryl title: Influenza date: 2017-05-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60214 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275355-4izc5jxs author: Hayden, Frederick title: Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses to and between Humans date: 2005-10-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275355-4izc5jxs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275355-4izc5jxs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-275355-4izc5jxs.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 59814 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60851 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257489-ruf4rzxm author: Kee, Sae Yoon title: Influenza vaccine coverage rates and perceptions on vaccination in South Korea date: 2007-06-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257489-ruf4rzxm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257489-ruf4rzxm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257489-ruf4rzxm.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60825 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262201-4pab383g author: Wang, Lei title: Chinese herbs in treatment of influenza: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial date: 2010-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262201-4pab383g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262201-4pab383g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-262201-4pab383g.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-258366-fu9b446y author: Couto, Carla R. title: Fighting Misconceptions to Improve Compliance with Influenza Vaccination among Health Care Workers: An Educational Project date: 2012-02-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258366-fu9b446y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258366-fu9b446y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-258366-fu9b446y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-270703-c8mv2eve author: Christensen, Paul A title: Real-time Communication With Health Care Providers Through an Online Respiratory Pathogen Laboratory Report date: 2018-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-270703-c8mv2eve.txt cache: ./cache/cord-270703-c8mv2eve.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-270703-c8mv2eve.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258496-h264umt1 author: Jaakkola, Kari title: Decline in temperature and humidity increases the occurrence of influenza in cold climate date: 2014-03-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258496-h264umt1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258496-h264umt1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258496-h264umt1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003122-a3f4l6iu author: Dou, Dan title: Influenza A Virus Cell Entry, Replication, Virion Assembly and Movement date: 2018-07-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003122-a3f4l6iu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003122-a3f4l6iu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003122-a3f4l6iu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253083-4mk5u0wg author: Lazarus, Rajeka title: Avian Influenza: Recent Epidemiology, Travel-Related Risk, and Management date: 2014-12-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253083-4mk5u0wg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253083-4mk5u0wg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253083-4mk5u0wg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103560-28o0bauv author: Yechezkel, M. title: Optimizing antiviral treatment for seasonal influenza in the United States: A Mathematical Modeling Analysis date: 2020-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103560-28o0bauv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103560-28o0bauv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-103560-28o0bauv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260525-bohv78hi author: Mei, Yang title: Risk stratification of hospitalized COVID-19 patients through comparative studies of laboratory results with influenza date: 2020-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260525-bohv78hi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260525-bohv78hi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-260525-bohv78hi.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61075 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61025 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61579 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261282-r1nprlne author: CHUGHTAI, A. A. title: The presence of fever in adults with influenza and other viral respiratory infections date: 2016-10-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261282-r1nprlne.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261282-r1nprlne.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-261282-r1nprlne.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61582 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103972-kbv9kh6z author: Singer, Gregor title: Air Pollution Increases Influenza Hospitalizations date: 2020-04-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103972-kbv9kh6z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103972-kbv9kh6z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-103972-kbv9kh6z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268369-yj7m0n0f author: Wang, Keyang title: Expression and purification of an influenza hemagglutinin—one step closer to a recombinant protein-based influenza vaccine date: 2006-03-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268369-yj7m0n0f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268369-yj7m0n0f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-268369-yj7m0n0f.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61466 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61691 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61483 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61684 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 60821 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61801 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287824-zg5akivn author: Chan, Yinghan title: Advanced drug delivery systems can assist in managing influenza virus infection: A hypothesis date: 2020-09-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287824-zg5akivn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287824-zg5akivn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-287824-zg5akivn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268296-w0i7rhru author: Barros, Eliana Nogueira Castro de title: Patterns of influenza B circulation in Brazil and its relevance to seasonal vaccine composition() date: 2015-11-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268296-w0i7rhru.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268296-w0i7rhru.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-268296-w0i7rhru.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276037-0bxwv6b7 author: Bias, Harald title: Self-reported adverse reactions in 4337 healthcare workers immunizations against novel H1N1 influenza date: 2011-08-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276037-0bxwv6b7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276037-0bxwv6b7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-276037-0bxwv6b7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256432-53l24le2 author: Yang, Honglin title: A Strategy Study on Risk Communication of Pandemic Influenza: A Mental Model Study of College Students in Beijing date: 2020-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256432-53l24le2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256432-53l24le2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256432-53l24le2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272655-qeojdpez author: Remolina, Yuly Andrea title: Viral Infection in Adults with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection in Colombia date: 2015-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272655-qeojdpez.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272655-qeojdpez.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-272655-qeojdpez.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61977 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61963 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 61779 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62224 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62000 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-295531-zojb3cew author: Huggett, Kathryn D. title: Influenza A date: 2008-01-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-295531-zojb3cew.txt cache: ./cache/cord-295531-zojb3cew.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-295531-zojb3cew.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276015-id15u3br author: Beran, Jiří title: Inosine pranobex is safe and effective for the treatment of subjects with confirmed acute respiratory viral infections: analysis and subgroup analysis from a Phase 4, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study date: 2016-11-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276015-id15u3br.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276015-id15u3br.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-276015-id15u3br.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297022-zs5m36cp author: Kwong, Jeffrey C. title: Appropriate measures of influenza immunization program effectiveness date: 2007-01-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297022-zs5m36cp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297022-zs5m36cp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-297022-zs5m36cp.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62384 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011438-imbpgsub author: Zhang, Yun title: Host–Virus Interaction: How Host Cells Defend against Influenza A Virus Infection date: 2020-03-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011438-imbpgsub.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011438-imbpgsub.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-011438-imbpgsub.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62489 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62914 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007575-5ekgabx5 author: Luby, James P. title: Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Pneumonias in Adults Due to Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae, and Viruses date: 2016-01-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007575-5ekgabx5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007575-5ekgabx5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007575-5ekgabx5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273147-24fkaqlz author: Brownstein, John S title: Empirical Evidence for the Effect of Airline Travel on Inter-Regional Influenza Spread in the United States date: 2006-09-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273147-24fkaqlz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273147-24fkaqlz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-273147-24fkaqlz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276577-06boh550 author: Schanzer, Dena L. title: Estimating Sensitivity of Laboratory Testing for Influenza in Canada through Modelling date: 2009-08-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276577-06boh550.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276577-06boh550.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-276577-06boh550.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63075 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62330 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62959 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258781-peppszqx author: Ishola, David A. title: Could influenza transmission be reduced by restricting mass gatherings? Towards an evidence-based policy framework date: 2011-08-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258781-peppszqx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258781-peppszqx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258781-peppszqx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015830-ha8oj1b3 author: Van Essen, A G title: NHG-Standaard Influenzapandemie date: 2009-02-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015830-ha8oj1b3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015830-ha8oj1b3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-015830-ha8oj1b3.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62922 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62674 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63068 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63520 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266204-ipa017wz author: Poland, G. A. title: Personalized vaccinology: A review date: 2018-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266204-ipa017wz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266204-ipa017wz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-266204-ipa017wz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255181-du6rqc6i author: Louz, Derrick title: Cross‐species transfer of viruses: implications for the use of viral vectors in biomedical research, gene therapy and as live‐virus vaccines date: 2005-06-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255181-du6rqc6i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255181-du6rqc6i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-255181-du6rqc6i.txt' parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 91. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103085-vf4qyvft author: Seitz, Christian title: Multiscale simulations examining glycan shield effects on drug binding to influenza neuraminidase date: 2020-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103085-vf4qyvft.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103085-vf4qyvft.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-103085-vf4qyvft.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275814-seirbkiq author: Tuncer, Necibe title: Effect of air travel on the spread of an avian influenza pandemic to the United States date: 2014-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275814-seirbkiq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275814-seirbkiq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-275814-seirbkiq.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62826 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018811-zhwr3h07 author: Oxford, John title: Influenza Vaccines Have a Short but Illustrious History of Dedicated Science Enabling the Rapid Global Production of A/Swine (H1N1) Vaccine in the Current Pandemic date: 2010-06-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018811-zhwr3h07.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018811-zhwr3h07.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018811-zhwr3h07.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63180 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63796 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306983-6w2fvtfy author: Wang, Siye title: Influenza Virus—Cytokine-Protease Cycle in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Hyperpermeability in Severe Influenza date: 2010-10-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306983-6w2fvtfy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306983-6w2fvtfy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-306983-6w2fvtfy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017748-xy26tk0t author: Georgiev, Vassil St. title: Influenza date: 2009 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017748-xy26tk0t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017748-xy26tk0t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017748-xy26tk0t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292794-okh6i4l1 author: Wang, Bin title: Protective efficacy of a broadly cross-reactive swine influenza DNA vaccine encoding M2e, cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope and consensus H3 hemagglutinin date: 2012-06-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292794-okh6i4l1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292794-okh6i4l1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-292794-okh6i4l1.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63795 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300311-eah49b3g author: Bueving, Herman J. title: What is the role of virus vaccination in patients with asthma? date: 2007-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300311-eah49b3g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300311-eah49b3g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300311-eah49b3g.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63954 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64303 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64307 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63525 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64211 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293299-gdew0ueo author: Jordan, William S. title: Influenza Research in the Soviet Union—1974 date: 1974-12-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293299-gdew0ueo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293299-gdew0ueo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-293299-gdew0ueo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302529-43pd2qsp author: El Moussi, Awatef title: Virological Surveillance of Influenza Viruses during the 2008–09, 2009–10 and 2010–11 Seasons in Tunisia date: 2013-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302529-43pd2qsp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302529-43pd2qsp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-302529-43pd2qsp.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64242 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64646 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64304 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 63517 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65031 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64240 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64306 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64247 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64968 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64233 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268593-rvxxv1dn author: Wang, Mingyang title: Hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) protein of influenza C virus date: 2015-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268593-rvxxv1dn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268593-rvxxv1dn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-268593-rvxxv1dn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297829-aynigoud author: Zhang, Li title: Post-pandemic assessment of public knowledge, behavior, and skill on influenza prevention among the general population of Beijing, China date: 2014-04-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297829-aynigoud.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297829-aynigoud.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-297829-aynigoud.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302713-h3aoag4y author: Jauréguiberry, Stéphane title: Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Travel‐Associated Respiratory Tract Infections in Travelers Returning From Countries Affected by Pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 Influenza date: 2011-12-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302713-h3aoag4y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302713-h3aoag4y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-302713-h3aoag4y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296277-paqu1t1e author: Fragaszy, Ellen B title: Cohort Profile: The Flu Watch Study date: 2016-03-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296277-paqu1t1e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296277-paqu1t1e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-296277-paqu1t1e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313062-lpxmmbpy author: Amini, Rachid title: Respiratory syncytial virus contributes to more severe respiratory morbidity than influenza in children < 2 years during seasonal influenza peaks date: 2019-02-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313062-lpxmmbpy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313062-lpxmmbpy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-313062-lpxmmbpy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297742-0pfrk5uk author: Simusika, Paul title: An evaluation of the Zambia influenza sentinel surveillance system, 2011–2017 date: 2020-01-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297742-0pfrk5uk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297742-0pfrk5uk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-297742-0pfrk5uk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-311115-nimxnf6s author: Bednarska, K. title: Antigenic Drift of A/H3N2/Virus and Circulation of Influenza-Like Viruses During the 2014/2015 Influenza Season in Poland date: 2016-03-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-311115-nimxnf6s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-311115-nimxnf6s.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-311115-nimxnf6s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269623-9pxdeva3 author: Nicholson, Karl G title: Influenza date: 2003-11-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269623-9pxdeva3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269623-9pxdeva3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-269623-9pxdeva3.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65641 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288238-36hiiw91 author: Keshavarz, Mohsen title: Metabolic host response and therapeutic approaches to influenza infection date: 2020-03-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288238-36hiiw91.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288238-36hiiw91.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-288238-36hiiw91.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65642 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 64784 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65455 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-304023-s22wi0t0 author: Basile, L. title: Seasonal influenza surveillance: Observational study on the 2017–2018 season with predominant B influenza virus circulation date: 2019-10-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304023-s22wi0t0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304023-s22wi0t0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-304023-s22wi0t0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286368-kdwh4hgf author: Hui, David S.C. title: A clinical approach to the threat of emerging influenza viruses in the Asia‐Pacific region date: 2017-07-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-298551-ua90xoak author: Bennet, Rutger title: Influenza epidemiology among hospitalized children in Stockholm, Sweden 1998–2014 date: 2016-06-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298551-ua90xoak.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298551-ua90xoak.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-298551-ua90xoak.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65480 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65813 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65474 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-296998-ep46lzeo author: Pawelec, Graham title: Recent advances in influenza vaccines date: 2020-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296998-ep46lzeo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296998-ep46lzeo.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-296998-ep46lzeo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282085-r3w90vg8 author: Epperly, D. E. title: COVID-19 Viral Loads, Environment, Ventilation, Masks, Exposure Time, And Severity : A Pragmatic Guide Of Estimates date: 2020-10-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282085-r3w90vg8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282085-r3w90vg8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-282085-r3w90vg8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318556-a28bowqy author: Kuliese, Monika title: Seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza in 2015–2016: a hospital-based test-negative case–control study in Lithuania date: 2017-10-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318556-a28bowqy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318556-a28bowqy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-318556-a28bowqy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300900-0wfsr4iw author: Yotsapon, Thewjitcharoen title: Trends in influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2010-2018: Experience from a tertiary diabetes center in Bangkok date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300900-0wfsr4iw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300900-0wfsr4iw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-300900-0wfsr4iw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310956-qwe4ndvb author: Qian, Yan‐Hua title: Attempted early detection of influenza A (H1N1) pandemic with surveillance data of influenza‐like illness and unexplained pneumonia date: 2011-04-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310956-qwe4ndvb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310956-qwe4ndvb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-310956-qwe4ndvb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302141-gd663uag author: Vousden, Nicola title: Lessons learned from the A (H1N1) Influenza Pandemic date: 2020-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302141-gd663uag.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302141-gd663uag.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-302141-gd663uag.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325325-xw7627x9 author: Skeik, Nedaa title: Influenza viruses and the evolution of avian influenza virus H5N1 date: 2007-10-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325325-xw7627x9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325325-xw7627x9.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-325325-xw7627x9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290352-0pc5eji4 author: de Jong, Menno D. title: Avian influenza A (H5N1) date: 2005-10-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290352-0pc5eji4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290352-0pc5eji4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-290352-0pc5eji4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322906-zef971xp author: Hochman, Assaf title: The relationship between cyclonic weather regimes and seasonal influenza over the Eastern Mediterranean date: 2020-08-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322906-zef971xp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322906-zef971xp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-322906-zef971xp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331148-40gvay7i author: Hsieh, Yu-Chia title: Clinical characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during the 2013/2014 and 2015/2016 clade 6B/6B.1/6B.2-predominant outbreaks date: 2018-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331148-40gvay7i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331148-40gvay7i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-331148-40gvay7i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336465-qrok21qo author: Perez, Luis E. title: Evaluation of the specificity and sensitivity of a potential rapid influenza screening system date: 2013-01-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336465-qrok21qo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336465-qrok21qo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-336465-qrok21qo.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-324181-nyrpg3ud author: Baker, Jeffrey title: Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2) date: 2020-05-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324181-nyrpg3ud.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324181-nyrpg3ud.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324181-nyrpg3ud.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-030279-pv770doe author: Novossiolova, Tatyana title: Twenty-first Century Governance Challenges in the Life Sciences date: 2016-11-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-030279-pv770doe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-030279-pv770doe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-030279-pv770doe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294323-mryiqmsw author: Kumar, Binod title: The emerging influenza virus threat: status and new prospects for its therapy and control date: 2018-01-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294323-mryiqmsw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294323-mryiqmsw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-294323-mryiqmsw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016475-7ldxvbpz author: Pleschka, Stephan title: Anti-viral approaches against influenza viruses date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340678-2e2s1gof author: Skowronski, Danuta M title: Influenza vaccine does not increase the risk of coronavirus or other non-influenza respiratory viruses: retrospective analysis from Canada, 2010-11 to 2016-17 date: 2020-05-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340678-2e2s1gof.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340678-2e2s1gof.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-340678-2e2s1gof.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309635-1tgovkr7 author: Wu, Nicholas C. title: Structural Biology of Influenza Hemagglutinin: An Amaranthine Adventure date: 2020-09-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309635-1tgovkr7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309635-1tgovkr7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309635-1tgovkr7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353871-mzw600ys author: Kowalczyk, D. title: The Activity of Influenza and Influenza-like Viruses in Individuals Aged over 14 in the 2015/2016 Influenza Season in Poland date: 2017-02-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353871-mzw600ys.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353871-mzw600ys.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-353871-mzw600ys.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312461-5qzpo6l1 author: Adalja, Amesh A. title: Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes date: 2019-08-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328979-xfze12ah author: Monto, Arnold S title: Data resource profile: Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study date: 2019-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328979-xfze12ah.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328979-xfze12ah.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-328979-xfze12ah.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-333527-66dfphxq author: Brown, Lawrence H title: Self-reported anticipated compliance with physician advice to stay home during pandemic (H1N1) 2009: Results from the 2009 Queensland Social Survey date: 2010-03-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333527-66dfphxq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333527-66dfphxq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-333527-66dfphxq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336915-dbu93ufh author: Aloizos, Stavros title: H1N1 Influenza Viral Infection in a Postpartum Young Woman Causes Respiratory Failure: What the Care Providers Ought to Know? date: 2012-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336915-dbu93ufh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336915-dbu93ufh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-336915-dbu93ufh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326160-mf0vh6iu author: de Wit, Emmie title: Influenza Virus A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) Replicates Efficiently in the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts of Cynomolgus Macaques date: 2014-08-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326160-mf0vh6iu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326160-mf0vh6iu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-326160-mf0vh6iu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325197-j1uo8qmf author: Crimi, Ettore title: Epigenetic susceptibility to severe respiratory viral infections: pathogenic and therapeutic implications: a narrative review date: 2020-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325197-j1uo8qmf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325197-j1uo8qmf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-325197-j1uo8qmf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352984-mzv9t7ex author: Jackson-Lee, Angela title: Mandating influenza vaccinations for health care workers: analysing opportunities for policy change using Kingdon’s agenda setting framework date: 2016-09-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352984-mzv9t7ex.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352984-mzv9t7ex.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-352984-mzv9t7ex.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346063-7u1a198p author: De Clercq, Erik title: Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection: targets and strategies for chemotherapeutic intervention date: 2007-05-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346063-7u1a198p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346063-7u1a198p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-346063-7u1a198p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326614-cik3ino6 author: Corder, Brigette N. title: A Decade in Review: A Systematic Review of Universal Influenza Vaccines in Clinical Trials during the 2010 Decade date: 2020-10-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326614-cik3ino6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326614-cik3ino6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-326614-cik3ino6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341626-04svm6le author: Assink, M.D.M. title: Excess drug prescriptions during influenza and RSV seasons in the Netherlands: Potential implications for extended influenza vaccination date: 2009-02-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341626-04svm6le.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341626-04svm6le.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-341626-04svm6le.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345020-ai5tib7h author: Price, O. H. title: Using routine testing data to understand circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in Victoria, Australia date: 2019-06-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345020-ai5tib7h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345020-ai5tib7h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-345020-ai5tib7h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354690-ywb9krdp author: Barr, Margo title: Pandemic influenza in Australia: Using telephone surveys to measure perceptions of threat and willingness to comply date: 2008-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354690-ywb9krdp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354690-ywb9krdp.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-354690-ywb9krdp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329653-5nkrrqqw author: Patrick, Jennifer R. title: Influenza: Critique of the contemporary challenges for pandemic planning, prevention, control, and treatment in emergency health services date: 2011-04-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329653-5nkrrqqw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329653-5nkrrqqw.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-329653-5nkrrqqw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345848-s84lxe6l author: Everitt, Aaron R. title: IFITM3 restricts the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza date: 2012-03-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345848-s84lxe6l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345848-s84lxe6l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-345848-s84lxe6l.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 62818 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353869-l53ms3q8 author: Friesen, Robert H. E. title: New Class of Monoclonal Antibodies against Severe Influenza: Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy in Ferrets date: 2010-02-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353869-l53ms3q8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353869-l53ms3q8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-353869-l53ms3q8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309381-cb80ntxs author: Nogales, Aitor title: Host Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Modulating Influenza A Virus Disease in Humans date: 2019-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309381-cb80ntxs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309381-cb80ntxs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-309381-cb80ntxs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336493-ggo9wsrm author: Huang, Stephen S. H. title: Immunity toward H1N1 influenza hemagglutinin of historical and contemporary strains suggests protection and vaccine failure date: 2013-04-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336493-ggo9wsrm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336493-ggo9wsrm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-336493-ggo9wsrm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346906-1wmp43ti author: Lewandowski, Kuiama title: Metagenomic Nanopore Sequencing of Influenza Virus Direct from Clinical Respiratory Samples date: 2019-12-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346906-1wmp43ti.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346906-1wmp43ti.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-346906-1wmp43ti.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307813-elom30nx author: Yip, Tsz-Fung title: Advancements in Host-Based Interventions for Influenza Treatment date: 2018-07-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307813-elom30nx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307813-elom30nx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-307813-elom30nx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323987-gh1m05gi author: Dziąbowska, Karolina title: Detection Methods of Human and Animal Influenza Virus—Current Trends date: 2018-10-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323987-gh1m05gi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323987-gh1m05gi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-323987-gh1m05gi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-356188-rwf78stz author: Oshansky, Christine M. title: The human side of influenza date: 2012-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-356188-rwf78stz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-356188-rwf78stz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-356188-rwf78stz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339230-cc7gcy5b author: Smith, Amber M. title: Secondary Bacterial Infections in Influenza Virus Infection Pathogenesis date: 2014-07-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339230-cc7gcy5b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339230-cc7gcy5b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-339230-cc7gcy5b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299613-5ju5fcf4 author: Arthi, Vellore title: Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19 date: 2020-11-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299613-5ju5fcf4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299613-5ju5fcf4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-299613-5ju5fcf4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355374-e8k72955 author: Clemens, E. Bridie title: Harnessing the Power of T Cells: The Promising Hope for a Universal Influenza Vaccine date: 2018-03-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355374-e8k72955.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355374-e8k72955.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-355374-e8k72955.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335647-dhcxj7cj author: Vanderlinden, Evelien title: Emerging Antiviral Strategies to Interfere with Influenza Virus Entry date: 2013-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335647-dhcxj7cj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335647-dhcxj7cj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-335647-dhcxj7cj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331714-2qj2rrgd author: Lvov, Dimitry Konstantinovich title: Single-Stranded RNA Viruses date: 2015-05-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331714-2qj2rrgd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331714-2qj2rrgd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-331714-2qj2rrgd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7 author: nan title: Oral and Poster Manuscripts date: 2011-04-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 17 resourceName b'cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-influenza-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000131-ugbwvy6j author = Jones, James Holland title = Early Assessment of Anxiety and Behavioral Response to Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A(H1N1) date = 2009-12-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4322 sentences = 216 flesch = 48 summary = Here, we report the results from an online survey that gathered data (n = 6,249) about risk perception of the outbreak during the first few days of widespread media coverage (April 29 -May 5, 2009) of the emergence of novel swine-origin Influenza A(H1N1). To evaluate the hypothesis that respondents' affective state (subjective anxiety, fatalism about infection) predicts protective measures, we include in the model demographic (age, gender), epidemiological (household size, number of contacts, survey day), and media (source of information on the outbreak) conditioning variables. While our sampling design is subject to many of the usual criticisms of internet-based surveys and is not necessarily representative of the general population, the unparalleled immediacy, longitudinal nature, and the large number of respondents it contains make our data set unique and scientifically important for the study of the spread of information and distribution of risk perception and behavioral change during the most uncertain time (i.e. the initial phase) of an epidemic of a virus novel to the human population. cache = ./cache/cord-000131-ugbwvy6j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000131-ugbwvy6j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000161-hxjxczyr author = Rello, Jordi title = Clinical review: Primary influenza viral pneumonia date = 2009-12-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3652 sentences = 195 flesch = 35 summary = Primary influenza pneumonia has a high mortality rate during pandemics, not only in immunocompromised individuals and patients with underlying comorbid conditions, but also in young healthy adults. Pneumonia and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) account for the majority of severe morbidity and mortality that accompany pandemic influenza infection [14] . A recent analysis of lung specimens from 77 fatal cases of pandemic H1N1v 2009 infection found a prevalence of concurrent bacterial pneumonia in 29% of these patients [31] . A recent World Health Organization treatment guideline for pharmacological management of 2009 pandemic H1N1v influenza A recommends the consideration of higher doses of oseltamivir (150 mg twice a day) and longer duration of treatment for patients with severe influenza pneumonia or clinical deterioration [44] . The rapid progression from initial typical influenza symptoms to extensive pulmonary involvement, with acute lung injury, can occur both in patients with underlying respiratory or cardiac morbidities and in young healthy adults, especially if obese or pregnant. cache = ./cache/cord-000161-hxjxczyr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000161-hxjxczyr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000244-wrru98zg author = Pfeil, Alena title = A cross-sectional survey to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination among European travellers to resource-limited destinations date = 2010-07-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1743 sentences = 113 flesch = 42 summary = title: A cross-sectional survey to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination among European travellers to resource-limited destinations By performing two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys during winter 2009 and winter 2010 among European travellers to resource-limited destinations, we aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Risk perception and vaccination coverage concerning seasonal and pandemic influenza was very poor among travellers to resource-limited destinations when compared to traditional at-risk groups. Questions included demographic data (gender, age, nationality, education, profession), travel-related characteristics (destination country, duration of stay, influenza risk perception, previous travel health advice, travel purpose, travel costs) and general attitudes and practices towards influenza vaccination (vaccination coverage, reasons to be vaccinated, reasons to refuse vaccination, motivations to consider vaccination with options for multiple answers except for the vaccination coverage). Risk perception and vaccination coverage regarding seasonal and pandemic influenza was very poor among European travellers to resource-limited destinations cache = ./cache/cord-000244-wrru98zg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000244-wrru98zg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000262-4owsb0bg author = Leung, Gabriel M. title = Reflections on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and the International Response date = 2010-10-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4616 sentences = 244 flesch = 43 summary = In settings like Hong Kong, with the infrastructure and resources to implement such measures and N Decisions regarding pandemic response during the exigencies of a public health emergency must be judged according to the best evidence available at the time. Reduce and delay community spread somewhat at the earliest stage to allow better preparation for mitigation response [15] Completely prevent entry of infected individuals due to suboptimal sensitivity and asymptomatic (including infected and within incubation period) or subclinical presentation [16] Many countries did not attempt these measures because of logistics, stage of pandemic [22] or other cost-benefit considerations [16] China Hong Kong SAR Japan Personal protective measures (e.g., face masks, hand hygiene, cough etiquette, early self-isolation when ill) Reduce risk of infection to self and close contacts (if self is ill and infected) [27, 28] Have not been evaluated whether they can provide significant populationlevel protection cache = ./cache/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000891-5r2in1gw author = Giannella, Maddalena title = Should lower respiratory tract secretions from intensive care patients be systematically screened for influenza virus during the influenza season? date = 2012-06-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4115 sentences = 233 flesch = 44 summary = Suspected and unsuspected cases were compared, and significant differences were found for age (53 versus 69 median years), severe respiratory failure (68.8% versus 20%), surgery (6.3% versus 60%), median days of ICU stay before diagnosis (1 versus 4), nosocomial infection (18.8% versus 66.7%), cough (93.8% versus 53.3%), localized infiltrate on chest radiograph (6.3% versus 40%), median days to antiviral treatment (2 versus 9), pneumonia (93.8% versus 53.3%), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (75% versus 26.7%). The variables recorded were age, sex, classification of the severity of underlying conditions according to the Charlson comorbidity index [6] , type of ICU, date and cause of ICU admission, APACHE II score [7] on admission to the ICU, date of onset of influenza symptoms, clinical manifestations and radiologic findings at diagnosis, date of TA sample collection, other samples tested for influenza and result, date of initiation of antiviral treatment, complications (septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)), outcome including mortality within 30 days after influenza diagnosis, and length of ICU and hospital stay. cache = ./cache/cord-000891-5r2in1gw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000891-5r2in1gw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000760-4yfohp9w author = Babapoor, Sankhiros title = A Novel Vaccine Using Nanoparticle Platform to Present Immunogenic M2e against Avian Influenza Infection date = 2012-01-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6081 sentences = 327 flesch = 51 summary = Using peptide nanoparticle technology, we have designed two novel vaccine constructs representing M2e in monomeric (Mono-M2e) and tetrameric (Tetra-M2e) forms. A multiple antigenic peptide construct containing M2e (M2e-MAP) induced strong M2especific antibody titers in the serum of mice and resulted in significant protection against influenza virus challenge [13] . Chickens after each inoculation developed high levels of antibody against the injected construct and anamnestic response clearly was seen when the plates were coated with Mono-M2e and Tetra-M2e nanoparticles and M2e-GCN4 (tetrameric M2e), respectively (Table 1, Figures 7 and 8) . In the present study, protection efficiency of two different nanoparticle constructs harboring M2e was studied as possible vaccine candidates for low-pathogenicity avian influenza infection. Vaccination of chickens with recombinant Salmonella expressing M2e and CD154 epitopes increases protection and decreases viral shedding after low pathogenic avian influenza challenge cache = ./cache/cord-000760-4yfohp9w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000760-4yfohp9w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000390-qav5okgk author = Omer, Saad B. title = Maternal Influenza Immunization and Reduced Likelihood of Prematurity and Small for Gestational Age Births: A Retrospective Cohort Study date = 2011-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5695 sentences = 235 flesch = 36 summary = Therefore, as our primary strategy for confounder adjustment, we identified a group of covariates that would move the odds ratios (ORs) of association between maternal influenza immunization and birth outcomes during the pre-influenza period to 1.0 (i.e., no effect), hence arriving at a set of covariates that could effectively control for confounding due to the differences between the vaccinated and the unvaccinated women in analyses of all influenza activity periods. The most significant type of confounding in influenza studies is due to a higher likelihood of individuals with high functional capacity (i.e., healthier The primary adjusted models were based on the approach of identifying covariates that produce adjusted ORs of 1 during the pre-influenza period and included the following covariates: gestational age for first antenatal visit, maternal diabetes (gestational and/or non-gestational), multivitamin use in pregnancy, history of alcohol use during pregnancy, education less than 12th grade, and mother married. cache = ./cache/cord-000390-qav5okgk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000390-qav5okgk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000724-lzhobnch author = ZHANG, J. title = Seasonal influenza vaccination knowledge, risk perception, health beliefs and vaccination behaviours of nurses date = 2011-11-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3526 sentences = 180 flesch = 40 summary = The questionnaire collected the following data : (1) knowledge about seasonal influenza and vaccination (22 items requiring true, false or unsure responses) included five dimensions to assess general information, severity of influenza, influenza vaccination, high-risk groups and vaccination-recommended groups; (2) risk perception (12 items with a 4-point Likert scale) towards influenza and pandemic with three dimensions (i.e. personal vulnerability to illness, negative consequences of contracting influenza and severity of influenza) ; (3) health locus of control including internal, chance and powerful others dimensions assessed by the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scales [28] (18 items) ; (4) vaccination behaviours (nine items) including vaccination status (whether respondents had been vaccinated in the previous season), vaccination intent (whether respondents intended to be vaccinated next season) and vaccination history (how many times respondents had been vaccinated in the last 5 years) ; (5) reasons for accepting or refusing vaccination using two open questions; and (6) demographic characteristics (10 items) including gender, age group, highest educational qualification, place of work, clinical speciality, year of qualification as a nurse and whether or not respondents had direct patient contact. cache = ./cache/cord-000724-lzhobnch.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000724-lzhobnch.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001289-qbct63p4 author = Lipsitch, Marc title = Ethical Alternatives to Experiments with Novel Potential Pandemic Pathogens date = 2014-05-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4483 sentences = 234 flesch = 35 summary = Two recent publications reporting the creation of ferret-transmissible influenza A/H5N1 viruses [1, 2] are controversial examples of research that aims to produce, sequence and characterize ''potential pandemic pathogens'' (PPPs) [3] , novel infectious agents with known or likely efficient transmission among humans, with significant virulence, and for which there is limited population immunity. N Alternative approaches would not only be safer but would also be more effective at improving surveillance and vaccine design, the two purported benefits of gain-of-function experiments to create novel, mammalian-transmissible influenza strains. A further challenge to realizing public health benefits from PPP experimentation is that the predictability of phenotype from viral sequence is complex [38, 48, 49] , as demonstrated by a recent assessment [50] of the generality of mutations that conferred human receptor binding in engineered ferret-transmissible H5N1 strains. cache = ./cache/cord-001289-qbct63p4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001289-qbct63p4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000759-36dhfptw author = Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés title = Predictive and Reactive Distribution of Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional Pandemic Outbreaks date = 2011-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6945 sentences = 385 flesch = 43 summary = The existing models on pandemic influenza (PI) containment and mitigation aims to address various complex aspects of the pandemic evolution process including: (i) the mechanism of disease progression, from the initial contact and infection transmission to the asymptomatic phase, manifestation of symptoms, and the final health outcome [10] [11] [12] , (ii) the population dynamics, including individual susceptibility [13, 14] and transmissibility [10, [15] [16] [17] , and behavioral factors affecting infection generation and effectiveness of interventions [18] [19] [20] , (iii) the impact of pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical measures, including vaccination [21] [22] [23] , antiviral therapy [24] [25] [26] , social distancing [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] and travel restrictions, and the use of low-cost measures, such as face masks and hand washing [26, [32] [33] [34] . The single-region model subsumes the following components (see Figure 3 ): (i) population dynamics (mixing groups and schedules), (ii) contact and infection process, (iii) disease natural history, and (iv) mitigation strategies, including social distancing, vaccination, and antiviral application. cache = ./cache/cord-000759-36dhfptw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000759-36dhfptw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000757-bz66g9a0 author = Davis, Kailah title = Identification of pneumonia and influenza deaths using the death certificate pipeline date = 2012-05-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6165 sentences = 301 flesch = 51 summary = Therefore, the purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using a pipeline, composed of a detection rule and a natural language processor, for the real time encoding of death certificates using the identification of pneumonia and influenza cases as an example and demonstrating that its accuracy is comparable to existing methods. Other research groups [18, 19] have demonstrated the feasibility of using mortality data for real time surveillance but all used "free text" search for the string "pneumonia", "flu" or "influenza." As noted earlier, although this method can provide the semi quantitative measurements for disease surveillance purposes, keyword searches can also result in an array of problems that result from complexities of human language such as causal relationships and synonyms [20] . Although, the focus of this study was to use NLP techniques to process death certificates, the description of this system reported in the literature did not show how well coded data from an NLP tool along with predefined rules can detect countable cases for a specific disease or condition. cache = ./cache/cord-000757-bz66g9a0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000757-bz66g9a0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001154-7k59ogn0 author = Memoli, Matthew J. title = The Natural History of Influenza Infection in the Severely Immunocompromised vs Nonimmunocompromised Hosts date = 2013-11-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3912 sentences = 200 flesch = 31 summary = Evaluation of viral shedding, nasal and serum cytokines, clinical illness, and clinical outcomes were performed to compare severely immunocompromised individuals to nonimmunocompromised individuals with influenza infection. Immunocompromised patients with influenza had more severe disease/complications, longer viral shedding, and more antiviral resistance while demonstrating less clinical symptoms and signs on clinical assessment. Careful examination of symptoms and signs of infection, virological measurements, immunological studies, and clinical parameters were performed to investigate the natural pathogenesis of influenza in this group of severely immunocompromised hosts. The comparison of these individuals with nonimmunocompromised individuals during influenza infection demonstrated that the immunocompromised patients are at risk of more severe or complicated disease, which may be difficult to prevent with current vaccines and treat with current antivirals. cache = ./cache/cord-001154-7k59ogn0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001154-7k59ogn0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001634-mi5gcfcw author = Davis, Mark D M title = Beyond resistance: social factors in the general public response to pandemic influenza date = 2015-04-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6683 sentences = 328 flesch = 46 summary = In relation to pandemic influenza, public communications feature in preparedness and response planning which requires that members of the general public adopt measures during a public health emergency, including: hygiene (e.g., covering the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing, washing hands, keeping surfaces clean, avoiding sharing personal items) and the avoidance of close contact with others [4] . This paper, therefore, uses inductive, qualitative research methods to develop new knowledge on how members of the general population respond to pandemic influenza, set against the backdrop of the assumed resistance on the part of the general public and related critiques, including, health risk fatigue, the risk communication dilemma and individualism. The research aimed to identify how members of the general public respond to pandemic influenza so that public health communications can be designed to engage with how its audiences respond to risk messages and how they enact hygiene, social isolation and related measures. cache = ./cache/cord-001634-mi5gcfcw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001634-mi5gcfcw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001746-pbahviaz author = Garg, Shikha title = Pneumonia among adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza virus infection—United States, 2005–2008 date = 2015-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4410 sentences = 198 flesch = 32 summary = Although there is evidence that adult patients with underlying cardiac or pulmonary disease are more likely to develop influenza-associated pneumonia than those without underlying medical conditions [6, 7] , much of the data describing factors associated with influenzaassociated pneumonia among adults comes from case series conducted at single sites and during a limited number of seasons. The following data were collected on patients: demographics, results of laboratory tests for influenza, influenza vaccination status for the current season, underlying medical conditions, bacterial coinfections, CXR data, antiviral treatment, clinical outcomes, and discharge diagnoses. Patients with pneumonia were significantly more likely than patients without pneumonia to reside in a nursing home prior to hospital admission, to have received influenza vaccine, and to have the following underlying medical conditions: chronic lung disease, cardiovascular disease, and immunosuppression. cache = ./cache/cord-001746-pbahviaz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001746-pbahviaz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001219-517gka4h author = Timpka, Toomas title = Intentions to Perform Non-Pharmaceutical Protective Behaviors during Influenza Outbreaks in Sweden: A Cross-Sectional Study following a Mass Vaccination Campaign date = 2014-03-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5805 sentences = 247 flesch = 37 summary = We administered a cross-sectional telephone survey to a representative sample (n = 443) of the Swedish adult population to examine whether self-reported intentions to improve personal hygiene and increase social distancing during influenza outbreaks could be explained by trust in official information, self-reported health (SF-8), sociodemographic factors, and determinants postulated in protection motivation theory, namely threat appraisal and coping appraisal. A hypothetical explanatory model was constructed to inform the analysis of the main research question; i.e. to what extent selfreported intentions to perform protective behaviors during influenza outbreaks can be explained by perceptions of threat and the ability to cope as outlined in the PMT, self-assessments of health status, trust in official information, and sociodemiographic factors. cache = ./cache/cord-001219-517gka4h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001219-517gka4h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002137-j5sfiyz8 author = Ward, Kirsten title = Annual influenza vaccination: coverage and attitudes of primary care staff in Australia date = 2010-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3706 sentences = 219 flesch = 48 summary = Nevertheless, these findings highlight that more needs to be done to understand barriers to vaccination in this group, to inform the development of appropriate strategies to increase vaccination coverage in primary health care staff, with a special focus on PNs. Influenza is a serious respiratory virus which costs the Australian healthcare system $115 million annually. Whilst there have been numerous Australian studies on influenza vaccine uptake amongst hospital and institutional HCWs 6, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] and some studies on attitudes of primary care clinicians to influenza vaccination for their patients 14, 15 , there has been limited published studies to date on influenza vaccination coverage, barriers and enablers amongst primary health care staff in Australia. More recently, a national survey from the Australian General Practice Network (AGPN) 23 assessed influenza vaccination coverage in GPs and PNs in the same years as our study (2007 ⁄ 2008) with similar response rates (34% versus 36%). cache = ./cache/cord-002137-j5sfiyz8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002137-j5sfiyz8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001826-av2gxfxy author = Gao, Qian title = A cell-based high-throughput approach to identify inhibitors of influenza A virus date = 2014-07-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2829 sentences = 165 flesch = 48 summary = In this study we established a 293T cell line that constitutively synthesizes a virus-based negative strand RNA, which expresses Gaussia luciferase upon influenza A virus infection. The dynamic signal range of the Gluc reporter assay was assessed by infecting 293T-Gluc cells with varying quantities of influenza A/WSN/33 virus (MOI of 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1) and determining Gluc activity at various times post-infection (12, 24, 36 and 48 h post-infection). For evaluation assay of antivirals and high-throughput screening, 1 μL of each tested compound was added to cells and incubated for 2 h prior to infection, after which cells were infected with influenza A/WSN/33 virus at an MOI of 0.05. The above results suggest the potential to use the Gluc reporter assay to screen compounds against influenza A virus. In this work we reported a cell-based high-throughput assay to identify inhibitors for influenza virus. cache = ./cache/cord-001826-av2gxfxy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001826-av2gxfxy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001654-o2zfilcl author = Laidler, Matthew R. title = Statin Treatment and Mortality: Propensity Score-Matched Analyses of 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations date = 2015-03-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4004 sentences = 179 flesch = 38 summary = The use of immunomodulatory agents such as statins to target host inflammatory responses in influenza virus infection has been suggested as an adjunct treatment, especially during pandemics, when antiviral quantities are limited or vaccine production can be delayed. We used population-based, influenza hospitalization surveillance data, propensity score-matched analysis, and Cox regression to determine whether there was an association between mortality (within 30 days of a positive influenza test) and statin treatment among hospitalized cohorts from 2 influenza seasons (October 1, 2007 to April 30, 2008 and September 1, 2009 to April 31, 2010). A study by Vandermeer et al [23] , using data from a populationbased influenza surveillance system, found a protective effect of statin use on mortality among patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the 2007-2008 influenza season. We used Cox proportional hazards models with robust standard errors, stratified on matched pairs, to determine the effect of statin treatment on mortality within 30 days of a positive influenza test. cache = ./cache/cord-001654-o2zfilcl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001654-o2zfilcl.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002852-m4l2l2r1 author = Munyua, Peninah M. title = Detection of influenza A virus in live bird markets in Kenya, 2009–2011 date = 2012-04-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3991 sentences = 240 flesch = 60 summary = authors: Munyua, Peninah M.; Githinji, Jane W.; Waiboci, Lilian W.; Njagi, Leonard M.; Arunga, Geoffrey; Mwasi, Lydia; Murithi Mbabu, R.; Macharia, Joseph M.; Breiman, Robert F.; Kariuki Njenga, M.; Katz, Mark A. Background Surveillance for influenza viruses within live bird markets (LBMs) has been recognized as an effective tool for detecting circulating avian influenza viruses (AIVs). Efforts should be made to promote practices that could limit the maintenance and transmission of AIVs in LBMs. Influenza A viruses are zoonotic pathogens that infect a variety of domestic poultry such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. 2, 4, 5 Surveillance for influenza viruses within live bird markets (LBMs) has been recognized as an effective tool for detecting circulating influenza subtypes in the poultry population. 7, 8 Influenza viruses have also been detected in various environmental specimens collected in contaminated areas in LBMs including drinking water troughs, and surfaces in the delivery, holding and slaughter areas in markets. cache = ./cache/cord-002852-m4l2l2r1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002852-m4l2l2r1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002438-b8t4a57r author = Cheng, Wei title = Comparison of Influenza Epidemiological and Virological Characteristics between Outpatients and Inpatients in Zhejiang Province, China, March 2011–June 2015 date = 2017-02-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4843 sentences = 235 flesch = 52 summary = Our study use the surveillance data collected from 16 sentinel hospitals across Zhejiang Province during March 2011 through June 2015, including the demographic information and respiratory specimens from influenza-like illness (ILI) patients and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) patients. In this study, we used four-year continuous surveillance data to compare the epidemic and virological characteristics of influenza virus between ILI cases and SARI cases in Zhejiang Province. Correlation analysis of weekly influenza virus type/subtype constitution among total positive numbers between influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI). Our findings further demonstrated that young children are vulnerable for both mild and severe respiratory infection, and the low influenza detection rate among 0-4 years age-group in both SARI and ILI patients foreshadow the need of expand the respiratory illness surveillance to more types of pathogens [12, 24] . cache = ./cache/cord-002438-b8t4a57r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002438-b8t4a57r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002408-bbtslrrt author = Almogy, Gal title = Analysis of Influenza and RSV dynamics in the community using a ‘Local Transmission Zone’ approach date = 2017-02-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5450 sentences = 246 flesch = 54 summary = We demonstrate that this urban area is not a single, perfectly mixed ecology, but is in fact comprised of a set of more basic, relatively independent pathogen transmission units, which we term here Local Transmission Zones, LTZs. By identifying these LTZs, and using the dynamic pathogen-content information contained within them, we are able to differentiate between disease-causes at the individual patient level often with near-perfect predictive accuracy. To investigate the possibility of LTZs in a large regional area, we analyze clinical data from a healthcare medical center in the city of Jerusalem, containing the clinical test results for Influenza virus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) from patients presenting with ILI symptoms. Our analysis finds that while Influenza and RSV incidences tend to overlap and show more or less equal number of cases over the whole region, individual LTZs show a far more homogeneous disease content at most given times, with some being dominated by RSV while others by Influenza. cache = ./cache/cord-002408-bbtslrrt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002408-bbtslrrt.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002939-6a3ga6v9 author = Ribeiro, Ana Freitas title = Severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in pregnant women and neonatal outcomes, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2009 date = 2018-03-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4662 sentences = 219 flesch = 48 summary = To investigate the factors associated with death and describe the gestational outcomes in pregnant women with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, we conducted a case-control study (deaths and recovered) in hospitalized pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) in the state of São Paulo from June 9 to December 1, 2009. The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated with death in pregnant women with influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) and describe the gestational and neonatal outcomes. A case-control study was conducted that evaluated pregnant women living in São Paulo with confirmed infection of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and hospitalized with SARI, defined as: fever and cough and dyspnea or pneumonia or respiratory failure or tachypnea or radiological alterations consistent with pneumonia or oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. cache = ./cache/cord-002939-6a3ga6v9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002939-6a3ga6v9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002136-mkl89qkt author = Nunes, Sandro F. title = An ex vivo swine tracheal organ culture for the study of influenza infection date = 2009-12-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4719 sentences = 241 flesch = 45 summary = Objectives We aimed to develop an air interface EVOC using pig tracheas in the study of influenza infection demonstrating that tracheal explants can be effectively maintained in organ culture and support productive influenza infection. 1, 3 Influenza infection in humans and pigs is primarily restricted to the upper and lower respiratory tract with viral replication occurring in the epithelial cells present on the surface of the respiratory mucosa. Ex vivo organ cultures (EVOC) of tracheal explants with an air interface system have been successfully developed and used in the study of both human and animal respiratory pathogens. To determine if the swine tracheal explants supported productive viral replication, explants were infected with 2AE5 · 10 2 pfu of swine influenza virus and maintained in organ culture for 5 days. Cultures of equine respiratory epithelial cells and organ explants as tools for the study of equine influenza virus infection cache = ./cache/cord-002136-mkl89qkt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002136-mkl89qkt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002919-6xjm7f29 author = Luo, Haili title = Clinical characteristics from co-infection with avian influenza A H7N9 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae: a case report date = 2018-03-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2755 sentences = 144 flesch = 52 summary = title: Clinical characteristics from co-infection with avian influenza A H7N9 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae: a case report Here, we reported the case of a woman co-infected by influenza A H7N9 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, whose treatment process was a little bit longer and a little bit complicated as well. However, some symptoms exacerbated again 2 days later with ground-glass changes appearing in upper area of right lung and the titer of antibody to Mycoplasma pneumoniae rising from 1:80 to 1:640. CONCLUSION: In patients with confirmed influenza A H7N9 infection whose condition worsens again, especially with new infiltration or lung ground-glass infiltration, one should suspect infection by other pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In cases of confirmed influenza A H7N9, if the condition of the patient is not under initial treatment or if it even worsens with new ground-glass lung infiltrates, infection with another pathogen including MP must be suspected and sought. cache = ./cache/cord-002919-6xjm7f29.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002919-6xjm7f29.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002972-ge7qt256 author = Torner, Núria title = Descriptive study of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza during five epidemic seasons (2010–2015) date = 2018-04-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2674 sentences = 139 flesch = 47 summary = OBJECTIVE: The Plan of Information on Acute Respiratory Infections in Catalonia (PIDIRAC) included the surveillance of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza (SHCLCI) in 2009. Surveillance of SHCLCI provides an estimate of the severity of seasonal influenza epidemics and the identification and characterization of at-risk groups in order to facilitate preventive measures such as vaccination and early antiviral treatment. Given the situation generated by the 2009 pandemic caused by the new influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus, the PIDIRAC sentinel network included surveillance of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza (SHCLCI) to assess severity. The aims of SHCLCI surveillance are to provide an estimate of the severity of seasonal influenza epidemics to identify and characterize the risk groups that may present serious complications as a result of infection by circulating influenza viruses or their association with some underlying diseases and to identify the virological characteristics of viruses associated with these severe cases, such as genetic changes and/or antigenic changes that lead to increased virulence. cache = ./cache/cord-002972-ge7qt256.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002972-ge7qt256.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003870-hr99dwi7 author = Clohisey, Sara title = Host susceptibility to severe influenza A virus infection date = 2019-09-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5987 sentences = 321 flesch = 45 summary = Some demographic factors (pregnancy, obesity, and advanced age) appear to confer a more specific susceptibility to severe illness following infection with influenza viruses. Factors predicted to confer more specific susceptibility to influenza are placed higher in the diagram independently associated with severe disease from either seasonal or pandemic IAV [24] . Susceptibility to severe H1N1 infection was analysed in a recent genome-wide study (integrated with data on genetic variants associated with altered gene expression) which implicated an intronic SNP of GLDC, rs1755609-G [80] . Susceptible hosts may have impaired intracellular controls of viral replication (e.g. IFITM3, TMPRS22 variants), defective interferon responses (e.g. GLDC, IRF7/9 variants), or defects in cell-mediated immunity with increased baseline levels of systemic inflammation (obesity, pregnancy, advanced age). Susceptible hosts may have impaired intracellular controls of viral replication (e.g. IFITM3, TMPRS22 variants), defective interferon responses (e.g. GLDC, IRF7/9 variants), or defects in cell-mediated immunity with increased baseline levels of systemic inflammation (obesity, pregnancy, advanced age). cache = ./cache/cord-003870-hr99dwi7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003870-hr99dwi7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003122-a3f4l6iu author = Dou, Dan title = Influenza A Virus Cell Entry, Replication, Virion Assembly and Movement date = 2018-07-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10272 sentences = 565 flesch = 43 summary = The segmentation of the influenza genome makes these additional trafficking requirements especially challenging, as each viral RNA (vRNA) gene segment must navigate the network of cellular membrane barriers during the processes of entry and assembly. To accomplish this goal, influenza A viruses (IAVs) utilize a combination of viral and cellular mechanisms to coordinate the transport of their proteins and the eight vRNA gene segments in and out of the cell. Influenza A viruses (IAVs) and type B viruses (IBVs) contain 8, negative-sense, single-stranded viral RNA (vRNA) gene segments ( Figure 1A ) (3, 4) , which encode transcripts for 10 essential viral proteins, as well as several strain-dependent accessory proteins ( Figure 1B) . In contrast to the early steps in IAV entry, vRNP trafficking to the nucleus following the fusion event is highly dependent on the host cell machinery and transport pathways [reviewed in Ref. cache = ./cache/cord-003122-a3f4l6iu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003122-a3f4l6iu.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003571-upogtny6 author = Viboud, Cécile title = The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Looking Back, Looking Forward date = 2018-10-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3831 sentences = 155 flesch = 41 summary = In the present commentary, we place these 12 articles in the context of a growing body of work on the archeo-epidemiology of past pandemics, the socioeconomic and geographic drivers of influenza mortality and natality impact, and renewed interest in immune imprinting mechanisms and the development of novel influenza vaccines. In the present commentary, we place these 12 articles in the context of a growing body of work on the archeo-epidemiology of past pandemics, the socioeconomic and geographic drivers of influenza mortality and natality impact, and renewed interest in immune imprinting mechanisms and the development of novel influenza vaccines. age patterns; history of epidemiology; influenza; mortality; pandemic; prior immunity One hundred years after the fact, the 1918 influenza pandemic remains one of the most important epidemics of the modern medical era; it was significant for its impact on both human health and the development of epidemiology and other medical sciences. cache = ./cache/cord-003571-upogtny6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003571-upogtny6.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001521-l36f1gp7 author = nan title = Oral and Poster Manuscripts date = 2011-04-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 183363 sentences = 11362 flesch = 53 summary = The IC 50 values determined in functional NI assays provide valuable information for detection of resistant viruses, but should not be used to draw direct correlations with drug concentrations needed to inhibit virus replication in the infected human host, as clinical data to support such inferences are inadequate. • Standardized reagents and protocols • Choice of detection technology • Simple instrumentation requirements • High sensitivity for use with low virus concentrations • Compatibility with batch-mode processing and largescale assay throughput • Broad specificity of influenza detection • Flexibility in assay format • Additional NA assay applications -cell-based viral assays, screening for new NIs, detection of NA from other organisms Functional neuraminidase inhibition assays enable detection of any resistance mutation and are extremely important in conjunction with sequence-based screening assays for global monitoring of virus isolates for NI resistance mutations, including known and new mutations. Such new assays need to include methods to measure local antibodies and virus-specific lymphocytes, especially in the case of live attenuated influenza vaccines, because of their potential to induce such broad-based immune responses. cache = ./cache/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004638-ijncfuxi author = Wang, Yuheng title = Vaccination coverage with the pneumococcal and influenza vaccine among persons with chronic diseases in Shanghai, China, 2017 date = 2020-03-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4373 sentences = 225 flesch = 41 summary = In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of seasonal influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. The elderly and patients with chronic disease including diabetes, COPD and heart disease are recommended to be priority groups for pneumococcal and influenza vaccination by the World Health Organization (WHO) [15, 16] and by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [17] . In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. In a large sample of individuals with chronic diseases residing in Shanghai, China, we found low pneumococcal vaccination coverage over a 4-year study period and even lower influenza vaccine coverage. cache = ./cache/cord-004638-ijncfuxi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004638-ijncfuxi.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007583-owxcokge author = Kohn, William G. title = Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: Be prepared date = 2014-12-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1411 sentences = 73 flesch = 47 summary = Fortunately, dental health care workers follow a set of standard infection control precautions. dUrgent dental treatment can be performed without the use of an airborne infection isolation room because transmission of 2009 H1N1 influenza is thought not to occur across longer distances through the air, such as from one patient room to another. 1 Basic principles of this etiquette include the following: dEducate staff members, patients and visitors regarding the importance of containing respiratory secretions to help prevent the transmission of influenza and other respiratory In theory, any measure that limits the dispersal of respiratory droplets should reduce the opportunity for transmission of infection. Despite the economic and ethical pressure to keep working despite illness, dental personnel should take action to prevent the transmission of 2009 H1N1 influenza in their practices. Infection control in dental settings: prevention of 2009 H1N1 influenza transmission in dental health care settings cache = ./cache/cord-007583-owxcokge.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007583-owxcokge.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007681-vhghhvnu author = Schwartz, Benjamin title = Prioritization of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine: Rationale and Strategy for Decision Making date = 2009-06-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5047 sentences = 182 flesch = 32 summary = Factors contributing to the decision to reassess the recommendations included a shift in national pandemic planning assumptions to a more severe pandemic scenario extrapolated from the 1918 pandemic (Table 1 ); recognition that the HHS guidance did not include groups that could be considered for prioritization such as border protection personnel or the military; a broader understanding of the risk to essential services stimulated by the NIAC report; and a series of public engagement meetings convened by the CDC, where participants identified protecting essential community services as the most important goal for pandemic vaccination rather than protecting those who are at highest risk (Public Engagement Pilot Project on Pandemic Influenza 2005). Reflecting the similar value placed by the public on protecting persons who provide pandemic healthcare, who maintain essential community services or are at high occupational risk, and protecting children, each of the highest vaccination tiers for a severe pandemic includes groups from each category (Table 4) . cache = ./cache/cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007575-5ekgabx5 author = Luby, James P. title = Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Pneumonias in Adults Due to Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae, and Viruses date = 2016-01-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11991 sentences = 735 flesch = 39 summary = Important trends and developments in the field include (1) the emergence of a Chlamydia psittaci strain (TWAR) that is passaged from human to human, causes a mycoplasma-like illness, and that is relatively resistant to erythromycin, (2) the recognition of respiratory syncytial virus as a pathogen in nursing home outbreaks and in immunosuppressed adults, (3) the continuing high lethality of fully developed influenza pneumonia, (4) the efficacy of acyclovir and adenine arabinoside in limiting the complications of varicella-zoster virus infections, and (5) the increasing frequency of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus and the severity of this disorder in highly immunosuppressed patients. Important trends and developments in the field include (1) the emergence of a Chlamydia psittaci strain (TWAR) that is passaged from human to human, causes a mycoplasma-like illness, and that is relatively resistant to erythromycin, (2) the recognition of respiratory syncytial virus as a pathogen in nursing home outbreaks and in immunosuppressed adults, (3) the continuing high lethality of fully developed influenza pneumonia, (4) the efficacy of acyclovir and adenine arabinoside in limiting the complications of varicella-zoster virus infections, and (5) the increasing frequency of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus and the severity of this disorder in highly immunosuppressed patients. cache = ./cache/cord-007575-5ekgabx5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007575-5ekgabx5.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006517-845w9r6l author = Lalueza, A. title = Impact of severe hematological abnormalities in the outcome of hospitalized patients with influenza virus infection date = 2017-05-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4068 sentences = 209 flesch = 45 summary = The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency and clinical impact of hematological abnormalities in the range of those accepted by the Histyocite Society for the suspicion of HPS [19] in patients who were admitted to the hospital with a confirmed influenza virus infection. In Beutel's study of 25 critically ill patients with influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome, the absence of steroid therapy in the early phase of the infection might have contributed to the high incidence of HPS (9 out of 25 patients) and the rather poor outcomes [18] . Significant hematological abnormalities are frequently seen in patients with influenza virus infection who required hospital admission and are associated with a poor outcome. cache = ./cache/cord-006517-845w9r6l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006517-845w9r6l.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011712-fyrbe8tw author = Venkatesan, Sudhir title = Neuraminidase Inhibitors and Hospital Length of Stay: A Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data to Determine Treatment Effectiveness Among Patients Hospitalized With Nonfatal 2009 Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Infection date = 2020-02-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4623 sentences = 200 flesch = 40 summary = METHODS: We conducted a one-stage individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis exploring the association between NAI treatment and LoS in patients hospitalized with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) infection. CONCLUSIONS: When patients hospitalized with influenza are treated with NAIs, treatment initiated on admission, regardless of time since symptom onset, is associated with a reduced LoS, compared with later or no initiation of treatment. We undertook a one-stage individual participant data (IPD) [16] meta-analysis to explore the association between NAI treatment of patients hospitalized with 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) infection and the LoS during the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic. In Hong Kong, a study of 356 adult patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza showed that early oseltamivir treatment was associated with a reduced LoS in both unadjusted and multivariable analyses [9] , compared with no or later treatment, with the median LoS decreasing from 6 to 4 days; this accords with our primary analysis. cache = ./cache/cord-011712-fyrbe8tw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011712-fyrbe8tw.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011754-lumzp1ca author = Jackson, Michael L. title = Further Evidence for Bias in Observational Studies of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: The 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Pandemic date = 2013-10-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2800 sentences = 127 flesch = 37 summary = Numerous observational studies have estimated that influenza vaccine reduces the risk of all-cause mortality among seniors during the winter months by 40% or more and have concluded that influenza vaccine is highly effective (4, (6) (7) (8) . Strong evidence for confounding comes from studies that have estimated the association between influenza vaccination and risk of death during time periods before, during, and after the seasonal circulation of influenza. If the same trends in apparent associations between vaccination and mortality were observed during a year when there could be no true vaccine effect, the claim that confounding differs between time periods would be refuted. We do not believe there was a true difference between associations in these two years, as the hazard ratio estimates were further from the null during the 2007/2008 control time periods ( preinfluenza and summer, when any apparent association is the result of uncontrolled confounding) as well as during influenza season. cache = ./cache/cord-011754-lumzp1ca.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011754-lumzp1ca.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017291-bhe34dky author = Cohen, Cheryl title = Influenza date = 2017-05-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7128 sentences = 381 flesch = 40 summary = Children aged <5 years (especially those <2 years) and those with underlying illness such as cardiac, respiratory and severe neurologic disease have an increased risk of severe outcomes associated with influenza. Vaccine cannot be given to children aged <6 months but maternal influenza immunization during pregnancy is recommended and can confer protection to the young infant. The highest rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations and deaths are typically seen in individuals aged ≥65 years, <5 years and those with underlying medical conditions that confer an increased risk for severe influenza [9] . Therefore, in Table 2 .1 Children at high risk of severe influenza in whom influenza antiviral treatment is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) current guidance [9, 39] 1. cache = ./cache/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015830-ha8oj1b3 author = Van Essen, A G title = NHG-Standaard Influenzapandemie date = 2009-02-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10604 sentences = 1073 flesch = 58 summary = Om verspreiding van het virus in deze fase zoveel mogelijk te beperken dient men profylactisch antivirale medicatie te geven aan contacten van patiënten met aviaire influenza (postexpositieprofylaxe). Postexpositieprofylaxe: profylactische behandeling met antivirale middelen van personen die -waarschijnlijk -in contact zijn geweest met een virologisch bevestigd geval van influenza maar bij wie zich nog geen ziekteverschijnselen hebben geopenbaard. Postexpositieprofylaxe Postexpositieprofylaxe met antivirale middelen (dat wil zeggen profylaxe van mensen die in contact zijn geweest met een patiënt met aviaire influenza, zoals gezinsleden) is alleen geïndiceerd tijdens een dreigende pandemie (WHOfasen 3 t/m 5). Een recent onderzoek heeft laten zien dat behandeling van influenza met oseltamivir ook bij risicogroepen kan leiden tot minder gebruik van antibiotica voor influenzagerelateerde lageluchtweginfecties. Men neemt aan dat patiënten die een neuraminidaseremmer krijgen bij de eerste symptomen van influenza -en niet profylactisch -, een immunologische bescherming tegen het virus opbouwen en daardoor bij een tweede besmetting niet (of veel minder) ziek worden. cache = ./cache/cord-015830-ha8oj1b3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015830-ha8oj1b3.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011438-imbpgsub author = Zhang, Yun title = Host–Virus Interaction: How Host Cells Defend against Influenza A Virus Infection date = 2020-03-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9294 sentences = 567 flesch = 41 summary = Upon IAV infection, host innate immune system is triggered and activated to restrict virus replication and clear pathogens. In the current review, we present a general description on recent work regarding different host cells and molecules facilitating antiviral defenses against IAV infection and how IAVs antagonize host immune responses. Host innate immunity, including phagocytic cells, interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, etc., applies multiple mechanisms in defending IAV infection [105] . Influenza A virus nucleoprotein induces apoptosis in human airway epithelial cells: Implications of a novel interaction between nucleoprotein and host protein Clusterin Antiviral response elicited against avian influenza virus infection following activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)7 signaling pathway is attributable to interleukin (IL)-1β production The human interferon-induced MxA protein inhibits early stages of influenza A virus infection by retaining the incoming viral genome in the cytoplasm Cell death regulation during influenza A virus infection by matrix (M1) protein: A model of viral control over the cellular survival pathway cache = ./cache/cord-011438-imbpgsub.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011438-imbpgsub.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016475-7ldxvbpz author = Pleschka, Stephan title = Anti-viral approaches against influenza viruses date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17084 sentences = 860 flesch = 44 summary = After influenza virus infection antibodies directed against all major viral proteins can be detected in humans and the level of serum antibodies correlate with resistance to disease (Couch, 2003; Couch and Kasel, 1983; Coulter et al., 2003; Nichol et al., 1998; Potter and Oxford, 1979) . Nevertheless, IKK and NFκB might not only have anti-viral functions as two recent studies demonstrate that influenza viruses replicate much better in cells where NFκB is pre-activated (Nimmerjahn et al., 2004; Wurzer et al., 2004) . Apoptosis is mainly regarded to be a host cell defense against virus viruses (reviewed in: Julkunen et al., 2000; Ludwig et al., 2003; infections since many viruses express anti-apoptotic proteins to prevent this cellular response. Influenza virus-induced NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression is mediated by overexpression of viral proteins and involves oxidative radicals and activation of IkappaB kinase cache = ./cache/cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017748-xy26tk0t author = Georgiev, Vassil St. title = Influenza date = 2009 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11757 sentences = 536 flesch = 39 summary = This, coupled with the difficulty to predict which subtype of avian influenza virus will cause the next human pandemic means that an ideal vaccine would elicit an immune response that protects the host from infection with a broad range of influenza viruses from the same or different subtypes (14) . Therefore, if a virus with a new HA and/or NA glycoprotein emerges in the human population, cell-mediated immunity directed against the highly conserved internal proteins could have a role in protection at the time of a pandemic (14) . Although most influenza vaccines are designed to induce HA-specific antibody responses to protect the host from infection, the biology of avian influenza viruses presents several unique challenges compared with human influenza viruses. DNA vaccines encoding the HA and NA glycoproteins of avian influenza viruses or conserved internal virus proteins, such as matrix proteins and nucleoproteins, induced protective immunity in mice and chickens (90) (91) (92) (93) . cache = ./cache/cord-017748-xy26tk0t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017748-xy26tk0t.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-020466-hdcke0d4 author = Hammel, Jean M. title = Commentary date = 2004-11-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1909 sentences = 141 flesch = 52 summary = 1 In the late 1990s, after several decades of fairly stable human influenza viruses, highly pathogenic avian influenza infected humans in Southeast Asia for the first time. In the setting of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic and emerging human infections with these highly pathogenic avian influenza strains, the prospect of a pandemic looms large for public health authorities and should prompt preparative measures from emergency care providers. 4, 5 Alternatively, a person infected with a conventional human influenza virus could be coinfected with a highly pathogenic avian influenza strain. 4 Formerly known as ''fowl plague,'' highly pathogenic avian influenza is now identified as strains H5 and H7, which cause severe disease in terrestrial birds. 17 Full respiratory isolation precautions, similar to those for SARS, are recommended in all cases of suspected human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. cache = ./cache/cord-020466-hdcke0d4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-020466-hdcke0d4.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018811-zhwr3h07 author = Oxford, John title = Influenza Vaccines Have a Short but Illustrious History of Dedicated Science Enabling the Rapid Global Production of A/Swine (H1N1) Vaccine in the Current Pandemic date = 2010-06-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13247 sentences = 618 flesch = 48 summary = The international investment into public health measures for a global human outbreak of avian H5N1 influenza together with a focus of swine influenza H1N1 is leading to enhanced production of conventional vaccine and to a new research searchlight on T-cell epitope vaccines, viral live-attenuated carriers of influenza proteins, and even more innovative substrates to cultivate virus, including plant cells. This was particularly well demonstrated by studies during the swine influenza campaign in the USA in 1976, when many observers reported results, which ultimately led to the recommended use in children of two doses of split-type rather than whole-virus vaccines. It has been known for many years that the serological response to inactivated vaccine depends on the previous experience of the recipient to infection by viruses of the same subtype of influenza A virus as that present in the vaccine. Comparison of inactivated vaccine A/HongKong/68 (H3N2) given intranasally or subcutaneously showed that following challenge with live virus only those who had developed a serum antibody response after vaccine by either route resisted infection. cache = ./cache/cord-018811-zhwr3h07.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018811-zhwr3h07.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-048448-kfwbqp4p author = Sandrock, Christian title = Clinical review: Update of avian influenza A infections in humans date = 2007-03-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4454 sentences = 274 flesch = 45 summary = The recent emergence, host expansion, and spread of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 subtype in Asia have heightened concerns globally, both in regards to mortality from HPAI H5N1 infection in humans and the potential of a new pandemic. Influenza A viruses are characterized by their pathogenicity, with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) causing severe disease or death in domestic poultry [3] . Influenza A viruses infect a wide range of hosts, including many avian species, and various mammalian species, such as swine, ferrets, felids, mink, whales, horses, seals, dogs, civets, and humans [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] . Characterization of an avian influenza A virus isolated from a human -is an intermediate host necessary for the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome cache = ./cache/cord-048448-kfwbqp4p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-048448-kfwbqp4p.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-030853-3yryw3r2 author = Vashishtha, Vipin M. title = Seasonal Influenza Vaccination and the Heightened Risk of Coronavirus and Other Pandemic Virus Infections: Fact or Fiction? date = 2020-06-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 984 sentences = 62 flesch = 32 summary = title: Seasonal Influenza Vaccination and the Heightened Risk of Coronavirus and Other Pandemic Virus Infections: Fact or Fiction? During this ongoing severe acute respiratory illness coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, few speculative reports on significant association of influenza vaccines with an increased risk of coronavirus infection appeared both in media and academic circles. That is, vaccinated individuals may be at increased risk for other respiratory viruses because they do not receive the non-specific immunity associated with natural infection [5, 6] . In a study of 115 children [6] , a significantly increased risk of virologically confirmed non-influenza respiratory virus infections was found to be associated with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine. The contentious issue of higher risk of non-influenza respiratory viruses to influenza vaccinated individuals has gained traction during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which is also a coronavirus infection. Increased risk of non-influenza respiratory virus infections associated with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine cache = ./cache/cord-030853-3yryw3r2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-030853-3yryw3r2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253083-4mk5u0wg author = Lazarus, Rajeka title = Avian Influenza: Recent Epidemiology, Travel-Related Risk, and Management date = 2014-12-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5064 sentences = 261 flesch = 49 summary = Emergence of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus causing severe human illness-China Epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China Case control study of risk factors for avian influenza A (H5N1) disease Hong Kong 1997 Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus in Jiangsu Province, China Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a fatal case of avian influenza A H10N8 virus infection: a descriptive study Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome Human infection with avian influenza A H7N9 virus: an assessment of clinical severity Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection Surveillance of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in humans and detection of the first imported human case in Taiwan cache = ./cache/cord-253083-4mk5u0wg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253083-4mk5u0wg.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103560-28o0bauv author = Yechezkel, M. title = Optimizing antiviral treatment for seasonal influenza in the United States: A Mathematical Modeling Analysis date = 2020-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7963 sentences = 533 flesch = 50 summary = We developed an influenza transmission model that incorporates data on infectious viral load, social contact, and healthcare-seeking behavior, to evaluate the population-level impact of increasing antiviral treatment timeliness and coverage among high-risk patients in the US. We found that increasing the rate of early treatment among high-risk patients who received treatment more than 48 hours after symptoms onset, would substantially avert infections and influenza-induced hospitalizations. To evaluate the population-level impact of increased antiviral treatment coverage and timeliness of influenza-infected high-risk individuals during influenza seasons, we developed a data-driven influenza transmission model that incorporates data on infectious viral load, social contact, healthcare-seeking behavior, time to seek healthcare, and antiviral treatment. Nevertheless, for a 20% increase in influenza effective vaccination coverage among all age groups, our results suggest that the benefit of treatment remains substantial ( All rights reserved. cache = ./cache/cord-103560-28o0bauv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103560-28o0bauv.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-030279-pv770doe author = Novossiolova, Tatyana title = Twenty-first Century Governance Challenges in the Life Sciences date = 2016-11-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15222 sentences = 743 flesch = 42 summary = From 'dual-use life science research of concern' through the rise of amateur biology to the advent of personalised medicine, the chapter exposes the limitations of the existing governance mechanisms in accommodating the multifaceted ethical, social, security, and legal concerns arising from cutting-edge scientific and technological developments. Indeed, rapid advances in the field have produced a knowledge base and set of tools and techniques that enable biological processes to be understood, manipulated and controlled to an extent never possible before 5 ; they have found various applications in numerous spheres of life, generating enormous benefits and offering bright prospects for human betterment; and they have come to be regarded as a key driver of economic development with potential to close the gap between resource-rich and resource-poor countries. cache = ./cache/cord-030279-pv770doe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-030279-pv770doe.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103972-kbv9kh6z author = Singer, Gregor title = Air Pollution Increases Influenza Hospitalizations date = 2020-04-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5580 sentences = 324 flesch = 55 summary = We show robustness to (i) different weather controls, (ii) additional fixed effects, (iii) multilevel clustering of standard errors, (iv) different winsorization and interpolation of the raw AQI data, (v) including out-state patients at hospitals, (vi) focusing on states with a long time series only, (vii) using missing values instead of zeros for county-months with no hospital admissions, and (viii) using a linear ordinary least squares instead of a Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood estimator. We use the standard deviation of the AQI during the influenza season (12.79) as well as the average inpatient hospitalization numbers (3.01) for the calculation of absolute effects based on our Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood estimation. We estimate the relationship between influenza-related inpatient hospitalizations H cym and the lagged air quality index AQI cym−1 at the county c by calendar month m by year y level using a Poisson model: cache = ./cache/cord-103972-kbv9kh6z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103972-kbv9kh6z.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255181-du6rqc6i author = Louz, Derrick title = Cross‐species transfer of viruses: implications for the use of viral vectors in biomedical research, gene therapy and as live‐virus vaccines date = 2005-06-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8017 sentences = 425 flesch = 42 summary = This review addresses a number of potential risk factors and their implications for activities with viral vectors from the perspective of cross‐species transfer of viruses in nature, with emphasis on the occurrence of host‐range mutants resulting from either cell culture or tropism engineering. The HIV virus and contemporary human influenza viruses are prominent examples of viruses that have crossed the species barrier and established themselves permanently in the human population without further dependence on the presence of the original animal host reservoir. The emergence of HIV exemplifies how multiple independent cross-species transmissions of simian viruses that are not associated with disease in their natural hosts eventually resulted in the establishment of two types of HIV in the human population. The following examples demonstrate that upon persistent infection and passage in cell culture, cross-species transmissibility may be promoted by selection of virus variants with an altered host range. Adaptation in cell culture may result in changes in receptor specificity and tropism, and leads to the emergence of host-range mutant viruses. cache = ./cache/cord-255181-du6rqc6i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255181-du6rqc6i.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257489-ruf4rzxm author = Kee, Sae Yoon title = Influenza vaccine coverage rates and perceptions on vaccination in South Korea date = 2007-06-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4105 sentences = 216 flesch = 46 summary = The most common reason for vaccination for both whole population and high risk groups was to prevent both influenza and common cold, while the most common reason for non-vaccination was the thought that he/she was healthy enough not to be in need for vaccination. 13 Korea shows relatively high influenza vaccine distribution rate, however, exact vaccination coverage among total population or priority group have not yet been studied. The coverage rates for influenza vaccination were 34.3%, 61.3%, 79.7%, and 54.9% among total adult population, high risk group, persons aged !65 years and persons with comorbid conditions, respectively (Table 1) . The most common reasons for vaccination were not different in high risk group, however, 'have interest in vaccination because of bad health status' showed higher rank (18.4%) than the total population. cache = ./cache/cord-257489-ruf4rzxm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257489-ruf4rzxm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103085-vf4qyvft author = Seitz, Christian title = Multiscale simulations examining glycan shield effects on drug binding to influenza neuraminidase date = 2020-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9735 sentences = 512 flesch = 50 summary = Using Brownian dynamics simulations, we observe a twoto eight-fold decrease in the rate of ligand binding to the primary binding site of neuraminidase due to the presence of glycans. We have utilized BD to estimate the rates of binding of small molecules to the primary (i.e. active/catalytic) and secondary (i.e. hemadsorption) binding sites of influenza neuraminidase in glycosylated and unglycosylated states. The protein-ligand atom pairs were taken from crystal structures of ligands in the primary and secondary sites of neuraminidase for each monomer, and simulations were run for the full tetramer. Keeping in mind the primary and secondary binding sites are located just beneath the glycans (Figure 1) , the size and flexibility of the glycans here shows that they have the capability to "shield" the binding sites from ligand association. (A) The glycan structures from the MD simulations show a moderate association rate inhibition to the primary binding site irrespective of ligand chosen. cache = ./cache/cord-103085-vf4qyvft.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103085-vf4qyvft.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256432-53l24le2 author = Yang, Honglin title = A Strategy Study on Risk Communication of Pandemic Influenza: A Mental Model Study of College Students in Beijing date = 2020-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6266 sentences = 332 flesch = 47 summary = The entire frame is an analysis of disaster events from a macro perspective, including "causes," "development," "response," "event impact" and "risk information dissemination." Then, through literature research and expert consultation, the researchers summarized the concept of the communication framework and initially formed its content suitable for the influenza epidemic. We believe that the information provided by these 28 respondents can meet the sample size required for the analysis of this study, because the purpose of mental model study is not to use statistical methods to analyze the distribution of some risk cognition in the population, but to find out which concepts or beliefs, are "out there" with some reasonable frequency, 3 so as to help government departments identify what should be focused on when developing guidance programs and health education materials for this population. cache = ./cache/cord-256432-53l24le2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256432-53l24le2.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258781-peppszqx author = Ishola, David A. title = Could influenza transmission be reduced by restricting mass gatherings? Towards an evidence-based policy framework date = 2011-08-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8468 sentences = 400 flesch = 46 summary = The findings of the review may be able to help inform policy statements on the effectiveness of mass gathering restriction interventions that may be deployed to help reduce influenza virus spread during a pandemic. The other five observational studies were similarly designed, involving groups of intending Hajj pilgrims who were recruited in their home regions or countries prior to the event, and then re-assessed This was a well-organized systematic prospective influenza surveillance program, described by the authors as the first of its type at a large Games event Limitations include: A number of studies [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] have consistently demonstrated, over a number of years, that respiratory virus transmission occurs amongst pilgrims attending the annual Hajj in Saudi Arabia, and it is recognized as an issue of international public health significance [43] [44] [45] [46] that could be particularly important in a pandemic situation. cache = ./cache/cord-258781-peppszqx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258781-peppszqx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257491-tsdwsyjs author = Cieślak, K. title = Influenza and Influenza-like Viruses in Children in the Epidemic Season 2015/2016 in Poland date = 2016-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1773 sentences = 109 flesch = 54 summary = In the first 3 months of the epidemic season 2015/2016 (October-December, 2015) there were 406 more cases of confirmed and suspected cases of influenza in children up to 14 years of age compared with the preceding epidemic season in Poland (NIPH-NIH 2016). In the present study, therefore, we seek to determine the overall activity of influenza and influenza-like viruses in children under 14 years of age in the epidemic season 2015/2016 in Poland. There were 3376 specimens taken from children up to 14 years of age tested in the epidemic season 2015/2016 in Poland. There were 8542 specimens tested during the epidemic season 2015/2016, in Poland, of which 3376 were collected from children 0-14 years of age. The results also confirm the frequent presence of influenza and influenza-like viruses in children aged 0-14 years. cache = ./cache/cord-257491-tsdwsyjs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257491-tsdwsyjs.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258496-h264umt1 author = Jaakkola, Kari title = Decline in temperature and humidity increases the occurrence of influenza in cold climate date = 2014-03-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4656 sentences = 236 flesch = 40 summary = CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that a decrease rather than low temperature and humidity per se during the preceding three days increase the risk of influenza episodes in a cold climate. Studies from temperate and tropical climates have demonstrated that low temperature [4] and humidity increase the risk of seasonal influenza onset in the winter [5] [6] [7] [8] . Our previous study conducted in a northern climate demonstrated that the occurrence of respiratory tract infection is associated with both low temperature and humidity [15] . The objective of the present study was to examine the relations between temperature, humidity and the risk of influenza virus infections in a subarctic climatic zone in Northern Finland. Our hypothesis was that decreased daily temperature and humidity during outdoor training and associated with physical exercise would increase the risk of influenza A and B virus infection. Cold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections cache = ./cache/cord-258496-h264umt1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258496-h264umt1.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262201-4pab383g author = Wang, Lei title = Chinese herbs in treatment of influenza: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial date = 2010-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4311 sentences = 211 flesch = 48 summary = RESULTS: Antiwei increased patients' recovery by 17% (P < 0.001), and reduced the severity of illness measured by the median symptom score by 50% (P < 0.001) in both the influenza-like and the influenza-confirmed populations, compared to placebo. The influenza-confirmed patients reported reductions in the severity of fever (P = 0.002), cough (P = 0.023) and expectoration (P = 0.004) after one-day of treatment with Antiwei, compared to placebo. 14 Therefore, a prospective, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was undertaken to investigate the efficacy and safety of Antiwei granule for the treatment of naturally acquired influenza in humans. The primary endpoints were severity of illness (measured by the mean symptom scores for the whole treatment period) and the number of recovered patients in the intention-to treat and influenza-confirmed populations. For patients with influenza-like illness, the number of recovered patients after three days of treatment in the Antiwei group increased 17% and the severity of symptoms was significantly reduced 50% compared to placebo. cache = ./cache/cord-262201-4pab383g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262201-4pab383g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260525-bohv78hi author = Mei, Yang title = Risk stratification of hospitalized COVID-19 patients through comparative studies of laboratory results with influenza date = 2020-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4168 sentences = 228 flesch = 47 summary = We compiled laboratory results from the first 14 days of the hospitalized patients using parameters that are most significantly different between COVID-19 and influenza and hierarchically clustered COVID-19 patients. Patients in the highest risk cluster had leukocytosis including neutrophilia and monocytosis, severe anemia, increased red blood cell distribution width, higher BUN, creatinine, D-dimer, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and troponin. Overall, our study reveals significant differences in the laboratory parameters between the hospitalized COVID-19 and influenza patients. Compared to influenza patients, the most significant differences over the course of 14 days of hospitalization in COVID-19 patients were worsening anemia, worsening leukocytosis, and an increase in D-dimer, BUN, and ALT. Instead of comparing clinical endpoints to evaluate risks as performed in most of the published studies, we stratified the hospitalized COVID-19 patients through clustering of their laboratory results that were most significantly different from influenza patients (i.e. complete blood count, D-dimer, BUN, and ALT) during the first 14 days of hospitalization. cache = ./cache/cord-260525-bohv78hi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260525-bohv78hi.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266100-1rktb6yq author = Darwish, Ilyse title = Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy Fails to Improve Outcome in Experimental Severe Influenza date = 2012-01-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2929 sentences = 155 flesch = 49 summary = Therefore, we hypothesized that inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) would increase survival in vivo by reducing the viral load in C57Bl/6 mice infected with a lethal dose of influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1; WSN/33) virus. Therefore, both continuous and intermittent iNO administration failed to reduce lung viral load of infected mice, compared to infected control mice administered compressed room air. iNO administered to influenza infected mice in this manner, either prophylactically or therapeutically, failed to improve survival of infected mice, change the course of weight loss, or decrease the lung viral load, compared to control mice receiving compressed air. In conclusion, despite the demonstrated antimicrobial activity of NO against influenza A virus in vitro, the results of this study do not support the use of iNO as a prophylactic or treatment strategy to reduce viral burden or improve clinical outcome in severe influenza in vivo. cache = ./cache/cord-266100-1rktb6yq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266100-1rktb6yq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268593-rvxxv1dn author = Wang, Mingyang title = Hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) protein of influenza C virus date = 2015-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10152 sentences = 468 flesch = 50 summary = Influenza C virus is unique since it contains only one spike protein, the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein HEF that possesses receptor binding, receptor destroying and membrane fusion activities, thus combining the functions of Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A and B viruses. While influenza A and B virus contain the two glycoproteins Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) inserted into the viral membrane, influenza C virus possesses only one spike designated Hemagglutinin-Esterase-Fusion (HEF) protein which combines the functions of both HA and NA (Herrler et al., 1988a; Herrler and Klenk, 1991) . Although there is only 12% amino acid identity between HA and HEF, the overall structure of both molecules as well as folds of individual segments are quite similar, except an additional bulge, which is located at the lower part of the globular domain and contains the esterase region that is not present in HA (Fig. 3) . cache = ./cache/cord-268593-rvxxv1dn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268593-rvxxv1dn.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265138-i5m3ax7g author = Wang, Xi-Ling title = Model Selection in Time Series Studies of Influenza-Associated Mortality date = 2012-06-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4196 sentences = 240 flesch = 45 summary = METHODS: We assessed four model selection criteria: quasi Akaike information criterion (QAIC), quasi Bayesian information criterion (QBIC), partial autocorrelation functions of residuals (PACF), and generalized cross-validation (GCV), by separately applying them to select the Poisson model best fitted to the mortality datasets that were simulated under the different assumptions of seasonal confounding. CONCLUSIONS: GCV criterion is recommended for selection of Poisson models to estimate influenza-associated mortality and morbidity burden with proper adjustment for confounding. Four model selection criteria were considered in this study: quasi Akaike information criterion (QAIC), quasi Bayesian information criterion (QBIC), partial autocorrelation functions of residuals (PACF), and generalized cross-validation (GCV). Two recent studies in Canada and Hong Kong have demonstrated the estimates of influenza-associated hospitalization derived from Poisson regression models reasonably matched the numbers of patients with laboratory confirmed influenza infections [17, 29] . cache = ./cache/cord-265138-i5m3ax7g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265138-i5m3ax7g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266204-ipa017wz author = Poland, G. A. title = Personalized vaccinology: A review date = 2018-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7232 sentences = 331 flesch = 36 summary = This has advanced the science beyond that of reductionist scientific approaches by revealing novel interactions between and within the immune system and other biological systems (beyond transcriptional level), which are critical to developing "downstream" adaptive humoral and cellular responses to infectious pathogens and vaccines. A decade ago, we described the idea of vaccinomics and adversomics, based on the immune response network theory [5, 6] , which utilizes immunogenetics/imunogenomics and systems biology approaches to understand the basis for inter-individual variations in vaccineinduced immune responses in humans, as well as the basis for adverse side effects from vaccines [7] . Published data reveal that innate and adaptive immunity is decreased with age, but the systems-level mechanisms for these findings are unclear [66, 68] , particularly in regard to influenza and other viral vaccine responses where the morbidity, mortality, and associated healthcare costs are greater in older individuals [11] . cache = ./cache/cord-266204-ipa017wz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266204-ipa017wz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268369-yj7m0n0f author = Wang, Keyang title = Expression and purification of an influenza hemagglutinin—one step closer to a recombinant protein-based influenza vaccine date = 2006-03-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5703 sentences = 306 flesch = 53 summary = The influenza hemagglutinin protein (HA), the active ingredient in the current vaccine, can be expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression vector system and purified rapidly. On the other hand, the recombinant protein-based approach involves production of viral antigens such as HA and NA in cell culture with recombinant DNA technology and utilization of the purified antigens as the active ingredients in the vaccine. The rHA influenza vaccines developed using the baculovirus-insect cell expression system has been tested in several Phase I and Phase II human clinical trials involving over 1200 subjects that demonstrated safety, immunogenicity and efficacy [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . On the other hand, most of RBCs were bound to the insect cells infected with baculovirus containing the HA gene derived from influenza strain A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) (Fig. 1b) . cache = ./cache/cord-268369-yj7m0n0f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268369-yj7m0n0f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264335-c2hfh3dq author = Gunson, Rory title = Development of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR that allows universal detection of influenza A viruses and simultaneous typing of influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus date = 2009-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2263 sentences = 131 flesch = 52 summary = In order to detect and then type influenza A viruses most laboratories use a two tier testing system comprising of a universal influenza A screening assay complemented with a suite of subtyping assays that determine whether the sample is seasonal influenza A (human H1N1 and H3N2), avian H5N1 or the influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus. This article describes the development of a multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) that allows universal detection of all influenza A viruses and simultaneously subtypes all that are influenza A/H1N1/2009. Use of this assay will allow laboratories to screen respiratory samples for influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus in a rapid and cost effective format, ensuring that typing methods for seasonal and avian viruses are used on a smaller subset of samples. This article describes the development of a rapid, specific and sensitive multiplex rtPCR assay that detects all influenza A types and simultaneously identifies samples that contain the pandemic influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus. cache = ./cache/cord-264335-c2hfh3dq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264335-c2hfh3dq.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261282-r1nprlne author = CHUGHTAI, A. A. title = The presence of fever in adults with influenza and other viral respiratory infections date = 2016-10-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3873 sentences = 229 flesch = 53 summary = [13] examined clinical trial data of 3744 adult ILI cases (defined as body temperature 537·8°C or patients subjective feeling of feverishness) and of those 2470 (66%) had laboratory-confirmed influenza. The aim of this study was to compare the rates of fever in adult subjects with confirmed influenza and other respiratory virus infections and examine predictors of fever. Rates of fever in influenza and other viral respiratory infections in this study were lower compared to other studies which report fever in around 50-70% adult cases [1, 5, 13, 15] . Clinical signs and symptoms are less studied for other viral respiratory infections, but available evidence suggests that other respiratory viruses are associated with a lower rate of fever compared to influenza [5, [30] [31] [32] [33] . Compared to children, this study shows that adults are less likely to have fever with a respiratory viral infection, even influenza. cache = ./cache/cord-261282-r1nprlne.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261282-r1nprlne.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273147-24fkaqlz author = Brownstein, John S title = Empirical Evidence for the Effect of Airline Travel on Inter-Regional Influenza Spread in the United States date = 2006-09-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6351 sentences = 295 flesch = 47 summary = METHODS AND FINDINGS: We measured rate of inter-regional spread and timing of influenza in the United States for nine seasons, from 1996 to 2005 using weekly influenza and pneumonia mortality from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We measured rate of inter-regional spread and timing of influenza in the United States for nine seasons, from 1996 to 2005 using weekly influenza and pneumonia mortality from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this study, we characterize the spatial variability in the inter-regional timing of the seasonal component of influenza mortality across the United States and assess its relationship to airline volume. For each influenza year, coincidence in the timing of seasonal influenza mortality across geographic regions was estimated from the phase shift with a national seasonal curve, derived by summing of all city data and filtering. cache = ./cache/cord-273147-24fkaqlz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273147-24fkaqlz.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258366-fu9b446y author = Couto, Carla R. title = Fighting Misconceptions to Improve Compliance with Influenza Vaccination among Health Care Workers: An Educational Project date = 2012-02-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3287 sentences = 180 flesch = 49 summary = At Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sã o Paulo School of Medical Sciences, a previous study showed a 34% compliance with influenza vaccination among HCWs. In the mentioned study, the main reasons for non-compliance were the perception of vaccine inefficacy and the fear of adverse reactions [4] . To diminish the arguments of fear of adverse events or perception of vaccine inefficacy, this prospective study was conducted to demonstrate to a subset of HCWs from our hospital, that severe adverse events following influenza vaccination are rare and the episodes of respiratory symptoms occurring in the first four months after vaccination are generally caused by other respiratory viruses and not by influenza virus. As expected, no severe adverse event was observed in the present study, and the events more frequently reported, such as headache, myalgia and malaise could be related to influenza vaccine itself as well as to other causes, given their unspecificity. cache = ./cache/cord-258366-fu9b446y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258366-fu9b446y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269623-9pxdeva3 author = Nicholson, Karl G title = Influenza date = 2003-11-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9797 sentences = 506 flesch = 43 summary = The contrast between recent cases of H5N1 infection, associated with high mortality, and the typically mild, self-limiting nature of human infections with avian H7N7 and H9N2 influenza shows the gaps in our understanding of molecular correlates of pathogenicity and underlines the need for continuing international research into pandemic influenza. We gave priority to randomised controlled trials when available, to larger studies, articles published in high-impact journals that have a wide readership, and the systematic review and economic decision modelling, for the prevention and treatment of influenza, commissioned by the Health Technology Assessment Programme on behalf of the National Institute of Clinical Excellence. A meta-analysis of reports published before 2001 showed that vaccination reduces numbers of cases of influenza-like illness by 35%, hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza by 47%, and all-cause mortality by 50%. cache = ./cache/cord-269623-9pxdeva3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269623-9pxdeva3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268296-w0i7rhru author = Barros, Eliana Nogueira Castro de title = Patterns of influenza B circulation in Brazil and its relevance to seasonal vaccine composition() date = 2015-11-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4112 sentences = 242 flesch = 43 summary = 14 Data on laboratory surveillance of the influenza B virus in Brazil are limited, specifically data on the burden of disease and circulation patterns of influenza B lineages. The present integrative review of publicly available data aims to consolidate findings on the pattern of influenza B occurrence in Brazil to have a better understanding of influenza B epidemiology and its relevance to seasonal vaccine composition. We referred to international data sources to check WHO recommendations on the vaccine composition in the Southern hemisphere, 18 and information on circulating influenza lineages for Brazil, the South America region and globally from the WHO/FluNet database which provides data through its network -Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) laboratories. The three reviewed abstracts, which specifically report findings on influenza B mismatch, corroborate this unpredictable behavior of influenza B disease in Brazil for many other seasons for which data were not available in the International Epidemiological surveillance data. cache = ./cache/cord-268296-w0i7rhru.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268296-w0i7rhru.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275355-4izc5jxs author = Hayden, Frederick title = Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses to and between Humans date = 2005-10-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2246 sentences = 104 flesch = 37 summary = in this issue of the Journal of Infectious Diseases [1] , and the recent instances of cross-species transmission that caused human disease [2] raise fundamental questions regarding the routes of transmission of avian viruses to and between humans, possible differences in transmission patterns between human and avian influenza viruses, and implications for prevention in those occupationally exposed to infected animals and also in health care, household, and community settings. The findings that seropositivity occurs in small numbers of poultry workers exposed during outbreaks of illness in poultry caused by some avian strains (H7N7, H7N3, and H5N1) but not others (H7N1 and H5N2) argue for actual infection and support the notion that some avian influenza viruses are more likely than others to infect humans [1] . Most cases of human infection due to avian influenza viruses have involved close contact with infected poultry, particularly ill or dying chickens. cache = ./cache/cord-275355-4izc5jxs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275355-4izc5jxs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-270703-c8mv2eve author = Christensen, Paul A title = Real-time Communication With Health Care Providers Through an Online Respiratory Pathogen Laboratory Report date = 2018-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1673 sentences = 93 flesch = 45 summary = We implemented a real-time report to distribute respiratory pathogen data for our 8-hospital system to anyone with an Internet connection and a web browser. We implemented a real-time report to distribute respiratory pathogen data for our 8-hospital system to anyone with an Internet connection and a web browser. To address these local needs in a major US metropolitan area, our clinical microbiology laboratory implemented an online dashboard to distribute respiratory pathogen data for our 8-hospital system to clinicians, epidemiologists, infection control practitioners, system leadership, and the public. Development of this report began in the Fall 2017, before the respiratory virus season, during which influenza reached an epidemic status across the United States that resulted in supply shortages, testing difficulties, and a widespread public health crisis [4, 5] . In summary, our microbiology laboratory implemented a near real-time Internet report to distribute respiratory pathogen data for our 8-hospital system to clinicians, hospital epidemiologists, infection control committees, system leadership, and the public. cache = ./cache/cord-270703-c8mv2eve.txt txt = ./txt/cord-270703-c8mv2eve.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276015-id15u3br author = Beran, Jiří title = Inosine pranobex is safe and effective for the treatment of subjects with confirmed acute respiratory viral infections: analysis and subgroup analysis from a Phase 4, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study date = 2016-11-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6086 sentences = 266 flesch = 46 summary = This study compared the efficacy and safety of inosine pranobex versus placebo in subjects with clinically diagnosed influenza-like illness, including subjects with laboratory-confirmed acute respiratory viral infections. In the subgroup analysis for subjects less than 50 years of age, statistically significant differences in time to resolution of influenza-like symptoms that favoured the inosine pranobex group over the placebo group were observed in those without related ongoing disease and those who were non-obese (BMI <30 kg/m(2)). CONCLUSIONS: The study results indicate the safety of inosine pranobex for the treatment of subjects with confirmed acute respiratory viral infections and confirm the efficacy of inosine pranobex versus placebo in healthy non-obese subjects less than 50 years of age with clinically diagnosed influenza-like illnesses. cache = ./cache/cord-276015-id15u3br.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276015-id15u3br.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276577-06boh550 author = Schanzer, Dena L. title = Estimating Sensitivity of Laboratory Testing for Influenza in Canada through Modelling date = 2009-08-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3960 sentences = 175 flesch = 38 summary = METHODS AND FINDINGS: The weekly number of influenza-negative tests from 1999 to 2006 was modelled as a function of laboratory-confirmed positive tests for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus and parainfluenza viruses, seasonality, and trend using Poisson regression. The RVDSS collects, collates, and reports weekly data from participating laboratories on the number of tests performed and the number of specimens confirmed positive for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), para-influenza virus (PIV), and adenovirus. The overall model fit, and the general consistency of the sensitivity estimates, suggests that these many respiratory viruses were reasonably accounted for by the seasonal baseline and that the strong association between the number of influenza positive and influenza negative tests on a weekly basis is indicative of a significant number of false negative results, rather than the activity of another virus or viruses exactly synchronous with influenza. cache = ./cache/cord-276577-06boh550.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276577-06boh550.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272655-qeojdpez author = Remolina, Yuly Andrea title = Viral Infection in Adults with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection in Colombia date = 2015-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4309 sentences = 204 flesch = 42 summary = OBJECTIVES: To identify the viral aetiology in adult patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) admitted to sentinel surveillance institutions in Bogotá in 2012. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which microarray molecular techniques for viral identification were used on nasopharyngeal samples of adult patients submitted to the surveillance system, and further descriptions of clinical features and relevant clinical outcomes, such as mortality, need for critical care, use of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay, were obtained. Under this initiative, countries have developed surveillance systems by following cases of influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs), which are clinically diagnosed among patients with fever, coughing or sore throat, difficulty breathing and the need for hospitalization [3] . In our study, viruses were identified as the most frequent causal agents of SARI requiring hospitalization in 2012, with most cases showing a high rate of viral co-infection, a high degree of morbidity, prolonged hospital stays and frequent needs for ICU management and mechanical ventilation. cache = ./cache/cord-272655-qeojdpez.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272655-qeojdpez.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275814-seirbkiq author = Tuncer, Necibe title = Effect of air travel on the spread of an avian influenza pandemic to the United States date = 2014-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6687 sentences = 433 flesch = 61 summary = A two-city mathematical model involving a pandemic strain is used to derive the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ), which determines if the disease will spread and persist ( R 0 > 1 ) or go extinct ( R 0 < 1 ). Real air travel data is used to model the disease spread by individuals who are susceptible to or are infected with pandemic avian influenza. Real air travel data is used to model the disease spread by individuals who are susceptible to or are infected with pandemic avian influenza. We only consider the air travel of susceptible and infected humans with pandemic avian influenza because the infected individuals can only contract the disease from domestic birds (that do not travel). HPAI and pandemic avian influenza both become extinct in the bird and human populations when all the reproduction numbers are less than one. cache = ./cache/cord-275814-seirbkiq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275814-seirbkiq.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288238-36hiiw91 author = Keshavarz, Mohsen title = Metabolic host response and therapeutic approaches to influenza infection date = 2020-03-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8134 sentences = 425 flesch = 32 summary = It is also reported that influenza infection significantly increases ROS production by inducing Nox4, and the proliferation of this virus in lung epithelial cells is dependent on redox-sensitive pathways activated by Nox4-derived ROS [16] . IFN can also exert its function on metabolic changes by producing several mediators including indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and nitric oxide (NO), both of which appear to have either an inducible or an inhibitory role in viral replication [33] . In addition, increased temperature of cells during infection (which could be the result of virus replication and fever) causes heat stress which in turn can considerably downregulate carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) activity and reduce the β-oxidation and ATP levels in fibroblasts of influenza-associated encephalopathy patients and healthy volunteers [110] . Through enhancing the activity of the mTORC1 complex, the influenza virus strengthens several metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, glutaminolysis, pentose phosphate, and fatty acid synthesis, to provide more ATP and structural materials for viral replication. cache = ./cache/cord-288238-36hiiw91.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288238-36hiiw91.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276037-0bxwv6b7 author = Bias, Harald title = Self-reported adverse reactions in 4337 healthcare workers immunizations against novel H1N1 influenza date = 2011-08-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2129 sentences = 128 flesch = 51 summary = Therefore, we investigated the safety of an inactivated monovalent H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine METHODS: We focused on the H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine Pandemrix(® )and applied a self reporting questionnaire in a population of healthcare workers (HCWs) and medical students at a major university hospital. Due to a special debate on the safety of the pandemic influenza vaccines [18] , it was the objective of the present study to analyse the safety using a self reporting questionnaire approach in the acute event of a pandemic and a novel vaccine which was debated for its safety by the general population and healthcare worders (HCWs). In the situation of a pandemic and the acute supply of a novel vaccine which included the immunologic adjuvant AS03 and thiomersal (thimerosal), and a public debate about the safety of this vaccine, the sample selection method based on the assessment of all individuals that were vaccinated after informed consent at the occupational medicine centre of Germany largest university hospital. cache = ./cache/cord-276037-0bxwv6b7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276037-0bxwv6b7.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292794-okh6i4l1 author = Wang, Bin title = Protective efficacy of a broadly cross-reactive swine influenza DNA vaccine encoding M2e, cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope and consensus H3 hemagglutinin date = 2012-06-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4776 sentences = 235 flesch = 44 summary = Results demonstrated that there was no detectable virus load in all the vaccine-immunized mice, while empty vector control group showed high lung viral titers ( Figure 4 ). Results indicated that all the mice that had been vaccinated with MHa had a detectable virus level, although showed a reduction in mean viral titers in both challenge groups compared with vector control, the reduction did not reach significance (p = 0.06 for rPan09 group and p = 0.67 for G11 group, Figure 4 ). The present study lays the foundation for universal swine influenza vaccine development, and call for further investigations in which the heterologous immune response should be further enhanced, such as the addition of molecular adjuvants [31, 32] and/or more copies of conserved viral protein encoding genes [33] , and the usage of DNA-prime protein/virus-boost immunization schedule [34, 35] . cache = ./cache/cord-292794-okh6i4l1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292794-okh6i4l1.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287824-zg5akivn author = Chan, Yinghan title = Advanced drug delivery systems can assist in managing influenza virus infection: A hypothesis date = 2020-09-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1158 sentences = 84 flesch = 33 summary = title: Advanced drug delivery systems can assist in managing influenza virus infection: A hypothesis This article provides an insight into a novel hypothesis that describes how the integration of nanomedicine, with the development of drugs and vaccines can potentially enhance body immune response and the efficacies of anti-viral therapeutics to combat influenza infections. In the recent years, an 66 increasing trend of influenza outbreaks have been observed, prompting medical researchers to 67 design and develop suitable vaccines and novel therapeutic modalities [10] . Targeting 411 neutrophils using novel drug delivery systems in chronic respiratory diseases Increasing 440 complexity and interactions of oxidative stress in chronic respiratory diseases: An 441 emerging need for novel drug delivery systems Interactions 501 with the macrophages: An emerging targeted approach using novel drug delivery 502 systems in respiratory diseases Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus infection by zinc oxide nanoparticles: 537 Another emerging application of nanomedicine cache = ./cache/cord-287824-zg5akivn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287824-zg5akivn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293299-gdew0ueo author = Jordan, William S. title = Influenza Research in the Soviet Union—1974 date = 1974-12-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5186 sentences = 258 flesch = 45 summary = A long historical tradition for the use of livevirus vaccines in the Soviet Union dates from Smorodintsev's experimental infection of volunteers with influenza virus in 1937 [2] . Since registered morbidity rather than a more direct measure of real influenza-ARD morbidity is used, the model probably has more applicability for health planners, who need to anticipate increased requirements for delivery of health care associated with epidemics, and for industrial organizations that face future production losses, than for those concerned with anticipating changes in the health status of the population per se. Although data from the morbidity registration system in the Soviet Union provide the basic information for this model, data from the 52 All-Union reporting centers appear to be used as well, particularly for obtaining early warning of the location of the initial epidemic outbreak in the country. cache = ./cache/cord-293299-gdew0ueo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293299-gdew0ueo.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286368-kdwh4hgf author = Hui, David S.C. title = A clinical approach to the threat of emerging influenza viruses in the Asia‐Pacific region date = 2017-07-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7703 sentences = 432 flesch = 44 summary = Observational studies have shown that treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) for adults hospitalized with severe influenza is associated with lower mortality and better clinical outcomes, especially when administered early in the course of illness. The global circulation of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza, the emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 2009 followed by its continual circulation, 6 the rising number of A(H7N9) infections in humans 2 and the ongoing spread of A(H5N8) in recent months in the poultry populations in many countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and Middle East with pandemic potential 7 all point to an urgent need for developing more effective antiviral therapies to reduce morbidity and mortality. Human infections with a novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus were first reported in China in March 2013 in patients hospitalized with severe pneumonia. cache = ./cache/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-295531-zojb3cew author = Huggett, Kathryn D. title = Influenza A date = 2008-01-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2094 sentences = 141 flesch = 50 summary = Subtypes of influenza A viruses that are prominent in one species may on occasion infect and cause disease in another. Influenza A is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes an acute and highly contagious upper respiratory disease. It was approved in 1966 for chemoprophylaxis and in 1976 for treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza type A virus in both adults and children 1 year of age. It was approved in 1993 for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza A infections in adults and prophylaxis in children. It was approved in 1999 for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza infections in patients aged 1 year. It was approved in 1999 for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza infections in patients aged 1 year. Basic information on the diagnosis, clinical findings, complications, prevention and treatment of influenza, including vaccine safety recommendations, can be found at: http://www3.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=17572#17572 Information on the common cold and flu can be located at: http://familydoctor.org/517. cache = ./cache/cord-295531-zojb3cew.txt txt = ./txt/cord-295531-zojb3cew.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297742-0pfrk5uk author = Simusika, Paul title = An evaluation of the Zambia influenza sentinel surveillance system, 2011–2017 date = 2020-01-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5505 sentences = 284 flesch = 43 summary = METHODS: We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines to evaluate the performance of the influenza surveillance system (ISS) in Zambia during 2011–2017 using 9 attributes: (i) data quality and completeness, (ii) timeliness, (iii) representativeness, (iv) flexibility, (v) simplicity, (vi) acceptability, (vii) stability, (viii) utility, and (ix) sustainability. The objectives of the Zambia-ISSS were to: (i) monitor the temporal trends of influenza virus circulation; (ii) monitor the circulating influenza virus types and subtypes annually, including pandemic strains; (iii) assess the proportion of patients meeting the ILI and SARI case definition attributable to influenza virus infection; (iv) assess risk factors for influenza-associated severe illness; (v) assess the burden of influenza-associated illness; and (vi) obtain and share clinical samples for annual selection of influenza virus strains for influenza vaccine formulation under the WHO-Global Influenza Surveillance and Response Network. cache = ./cache/cord-297742-0pfrk5uk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297742-0pfrk5uk.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290352-0pc5eji4 author = de Jong, Menno D. title = Avian influenza A (H5N1) date = 2005-10-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9156 sentences = 412 flesch = 41 summary = Since their reemergence in 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses have reached endemic levels among poultry in several southeast Asian countries and have caused a still increasing number of more than 100 reported human infections with high mortality. However, occurrences of direct bird-to-human transmission of avian influenza viruses have increasingly been reported in recent years, culminating in the ongoing outbreak of influenza A (H5N1) among poultry in several Asian countries with associated human infections. The "Asian influenza" pandemic of 1957 was caused by an H2N2 virus that had acquired three genes (H2, N2, and PB1) from avian viruses infecting wild ducks, in a backbone of the circulating H1N1 human influenza strain. Furthermore, these infections were associated with severe hemorrhagic pneumonia and the induction of high levels of macrophage-derived cytokines and chemokines, strikingly reminiscent of clinical observations in humans during the Spanish flu pandemic, as well as of recent in vitro and in vivo observations of infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses (Cheung et al., 2002; Oxford, 2000; Peiris et al., 2004; To et al., 2001) . cache = ./cache/cord-290352-0pc5eji4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290352-0pc5eji4.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306983-6w2fvtfy author = Wang, Siye title = Influenza Virus—Cytokine-Protease Cycle in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Hyperpermeability in Severe Influenza date = 2010-10-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3808 sentences = 223 flesch = 39 summary = Influenza A virus infection resulted in significant increases in TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, viral hemagglutininprocessing protease trypsin levels, and viral replication with vascular hyperpermeability in lung and brain in the first 6 days of infection. The present study reports several new observations: (1) proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-6, when upregulated by influenza A virus infection, induce trypsin expression in various organs and human endothelial cells; (2) the upregulated trypsin induces [Ca 2+ ] i mobilization via activation of the PAR-2, followed by loss of zonula occludens-1 and vascular hyperpermeability; (3) inhibitors of NF-kB and activator protein 1 effectively suppress the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and trypsin and improve the survival rates of infected mice. The present results allow us to propose a new mechanism of junctional permeability regulation: upregulated trypsin by influenza A virus and/or proinflammatory cytokines induces increase in [Ca 2+ ] i and loss of zonula occludens-1 in endothelial cells via PAR-2 signaling. cache = ./cache/cord-306983-6w2fvtfy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306983-6w2fvtfy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297022-zs5m36cp author = Kwong, Jeffrey C. title = Appropriate measures of influenza immunization program effectiveness date = 2007-01-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 911 sentences = 42 flesch = 45 summary = Groll and Thomson's evaluation of the effectiveness of Ontario's Universal Influenza Immunization Campaign used per capita cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza. A better measure of viral activity is the proportion of influenza tests positive; whereas the weekly proportion of tests positive was relatively consistent, a marked increase over time in the numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases paralleled an increase in the number of tests performed. Regardless, for evaluating universal influenza immunization program effectiveness, other established and available measures employed in previous studies describing the epidemiology of influenza should be used instead of laboratory data. In their evaluation of Ontario's Universal Influenza Immunization Campaign, Groll and Thomson state that there is a lack of high-quality influenza outcome data in Ontario, so instead they examined the effectiveness of the program using per capita cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza [1] . A better measure of viral activity is the proportion of influenza tests positive (the number of cases of lab-confirmed influenza divided by the number of tests performed). cache = ./cache/cord-297022-zs5m36cp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297022-zs5m36cp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282085-r3w90vg8 author = Epperly, D. E. title = COVID-19 Viral Loads, Environment, Ventilation, Masks, Exposure Time, And Severity : A Pragmatic Guide Of Estimates date = 2020-10-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5519 sentences = 272 flesch = 53 summary = This study uses measured amounts of SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients from a published and peer-reviewed study and known Influenza A challenge doses from a published and peer-reviewed study and known ASHRAE Office Ventilation standards and an Outdoor Air Exchange model to estimate the time necessary to cause various exposure levels and resulting infection potential in various indoor and outdoor settings of both Influenza A and COVID-19. The estimates in this study also present an initial framework and specific quantitative examples for better understanding of the effects of ventilation on aerosolized transmission, and the immunology related to challenge doses, and the potential for low-level viral load exposure to result in some level of immunity without symptoms of illness (asymptomatic infection). cache = ./cache/cord-282085-r3w90vg8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282085-r3w90vg8.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297829-aynigoud author = Zhang, Li title = Post-pandemic assessment of public knowledge, behavior, and skill on influenza prevention among the general population of Beijing, China date = 2014-04-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3321 sentences = 191 flesch = 53 summary = title: Post-pandemic assessment of public knowledge, behavior, and skill on influenza prevention among the general population of Beijing, China The standardized interview questionnaire was designed to collect the following data: (1) socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, education, occupation, and general health status); (2) knowledge about the disease and its symptoms; (3) practices towards influenza and people with influenza-like-illness (i.e., avoidance practices, cough etiquette, use of masks, hand washing, being vaccinated, health-seeking behaviors); (4) perceived ability to avoid illness; (5) attitudes towards the vaccine, and (6) comprehension of health materials related to influenza (i.e., medication instructions, educational information about influenza and the vaccine). It was necessary and valuable for us to conduct the study to determine the overall level of influenzarelated health literacy in the general population of Beijing after the 2009 pandemic, data that provide a baseline for influenza prevention and control strategies in the future. 19 In this study, the qualified levels of all three sections (knowledge, behavior, and skill) in the general population were significantly higher (p < 0.001) with a higher level of education, which is similar to the nationwide health literacy level of China. cache = ./cache/cord-297829-aynigoud.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297829-aynigoud.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300900-0wfsr4iw author = Yotsapon, Thewjitcharoen title = Trends in influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2010-2018: Experience from a tertiary diabetes center in Bangkok date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3952 sentences = 219 flesch = 42 summary = Trends in influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2010-2018: Experience from a tertiary diabetes center in Bangkok BACKGROUND: Routine vaccination is an important part of preventive services in treating patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHOD: A retrospective study of randomly medical records stratified by 13 diabetologists was conducted in patients with T2DM from 2010-2018 at Theptarin Hospital, a private multi-disciplinary diabetes center in Bangkok. A retrospective study of randomly medical records stratified by 13 diabetologists was conducted in patients with T2DM from 2010-2018 at Theptarin Hospital, a private multi-disciplinary diabetes center in Bangkok. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are a key target of routine annual influenza vaccination and periodically pneumococcal vaccination as epidemiologic studies suggested that these patients are at high risk for complications, hospitalization, and death from influenza and pneumococcal disease [2] . cache = ./cache/cord-300900-0wfsr4iw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300900-0wfsr4iw.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300311-eah49b3g author = Bueving, Herman J. title = What is the role of virus vaccination in patients with asthma? date = 2007-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2983 sentences = 191 flesch = 46 summary = Other studies are often based on selected populations with existing symptoms or complications, reflecting only the worst of the spectrum of disease caused by acute respiratory infections [9, [14] [15] [16] [17] ] and thus disregarding their often self-limiting nature. The availability of effective vaccines against the key viruses involved in asthma exacerbations thus could play an important role in its prevention. However, because of a lack of clinical effectiveness, the natural antigenic variations of the influenza virus, and the low average incidence of influenza, cost-effectiveness in children and adults with asthma will not be easily achieved if vaccination has to be delivered annually. Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children Effectiveness of influenza vaccine for the prevention of asthma exacerbations Influenza vaccination in patients with asthma: effect on the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections and exacerbations cache = ./cache/cord-300311-eah49b3g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300311-eah49b3g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302529-43pd2qsp author = El Moussi, Awatef title = Virological Surveillance of Influenza Viruses during the 2008–09, 2009–10 and 2010–11 Seasons in Tunisia date = 2013-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3251 sentences = 163 flesch = 45 summary = METHOD: We describe in this report the findings of laboratory-based surveillance of human cases of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses' infection during three seasons in Tunisia. A subset of sentinel primary care physicians participating in virological surveillance schemes in the community submits respiratory samples for virological testing from patients presenting in primary health care with an ILI, as well as all regional emergency centres and hospitals that take on surveillance of influenza from community, hospitalized and fatal cases. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA1 nucleotid sequence of 23 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from mild, severe (patients hospitalized with severe pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome) and fatal cases, shows that all viruses characterised in Tunisia during season 2009-2010 were outside the seven genetic groups described in the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) report [19] . cache = ./cache/cord-302529-43pd2qsp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302529-43pd2qsp.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296277-paqu1t1e author = Fragaszy, Ellen B title = Cohort Profile: The Flu Watch Study date = 2016-03-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3219 sentences = 180 flesch = 46 summary = The basic cohort design Baseline/pre-season phase A baseline visit was made to the household at enrolment, during which a research nurse collected blood samples for serological and T cell analysis from all adults aged 16 years or older. Current work includes an analysis of occupational exposure to pigs as a risk factor for human infection with swine and human influenza viruses; age as a predictor of T cell responses; and a comparison of serological pandemic infection rates from Flu Watch and the Health Survey for England. Comparative community burden and severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza: results of the Flu Watch cohort study Natural T Cell Mediated Protection Against Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza: Results of the Flu Watch Cohort Study cache = ./cache/cord-296277-paqu1t1e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296277-paqu1t1e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302141-gd663uag author = Vousden, Nicola title = Lessons learned from the A (H1N1) Influenza Pandemic date = 2020-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5432 sentences = 281 flesch = 44 summary = There are substantial gaps in our knowledge of the impact of severe influenza on perinatal outcomes, especially in low and middle-income countries, but preterm birth, fetal death, infant respiratory infection and hospital admission may be increased. This report therefore recommended the promotion of influenza vaccination to pregnant women at any stage of pregnancy and that influenza should be considered early on presentation to health care facilities in order to test and initiate treatment (10) . Several large prospective cohort studies, predominantly undertaken in the pandemic period, have reported that within the pregnant population there are factors which increase the risk of hospitalization or severe outcomes from influenza (13, 22, 30, 31) . A pooled analysis of three RCTs undertaken in LMIC reported that maternal influenza immunization is also 20% effective at protecting young infants against severe pneumonia (48) and reduces the risk of hospital admission with all cause acute lower respiratory illness by 44% (95% CI 1 -68%) (46) . cache = ./cache/cord-302141-gd663uag.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302141-gd663uag.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307813-elom30nx author = Yip, Tsz-Fung title = Advancements in Host-Based Interventions for Influenza Treatment date = 2018-07-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15075 sentences = 735 flesch = 38 summary = Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. A recent study using RNAi also demonstrated that cholesterol homeostasis can be regulated via acid phosphatase 2 (ACP2)-mediated Niemann-Pick C2 activity and impaired the membrane fusion of IAV and influenza B virus (IBV) (52) , further suggesting the importance of controlling cholesterol homeostasis in the release of viral genome to cytoplasm. Furthermore, FPR2 antagonists have been described to possess antiviral activity against not only IAV but also IBV infection (111) , promoting the idea that antagonizing FPR2 to suppress Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade could potentially be a novel approach for the treatment of a broad spectrum of influenza viruses. cache = ./cache/cord-307813-elom30nx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307813-elom30nx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318556-a28bowqy author = Kuliese, Monika title = Seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza in 2015–2016: a hospital-based test-negative case–control study in Lithuania date = 2017-10-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4289 sentences = 239 flesch = 45 summary = Relatively recently, the test-negative case-control studies have been introduced to assess seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (SIVE), and despite some limitations, they are currently considered to be the most accurate and efficient way to monitor SIVE. Patients were eligible to be included in the study when they were hospitalised for at least 24 hours, but not longer than 48 hours, had a swab taken ≤7 days after self-reported disease onset, did not test positive and were not hospitalised for any influenza virus in the current season before the inclusion, and were suffering from SARI with at least one of the systemic symptoms (fever, malaise, headache and myalgia) or deterioration of general condition or deterioration of functional status, and at least one of the respiratory symptoms (cough, sore throat and shortness of breath). This study aimed to estimate SIVE against laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection in patients admitted to the hospital due to SARI in Lithuania during the 2015-2016 season. cache = ./cache/cord-318556-a28bowqy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318556-a28bowqy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294323-mryiqmsw author = Kumar, Binod title = The emerging influenza virus threat: status and new prospects for its therapy and control date = 2018-01-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8201 sentences = 390 flesch = 43 summary = The wide range of hosts provides influenza A viruses greater chances of genetic re-assortment, leading to the emergence of zoonotic strains and occasional pandemics that have a severe impact on human life. Here, we primarily discuss the pathogenesis of influenza virus type A, its epidemiology, pandemic potential, current status of antiviral drugs and vaccines, and ways to effectively manage the disease during a crisis. A genetic shift occurs when two or more different influenza virus strains infect the same cell in a host, leading to recombination of genetic materials, an event that occasionally generates a new strain with a novel combination of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The antiviral drugs currently available against influenza viruses are adamantane derivatives (amantadine and rimantadine) and neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (zanamivir, oseltamivir and peramivir). Due to the increasing burden of vaccine formulations and cases of antiviral-drug-resistant influenza virus isolates turning up every year, it has become necessary to search for alternatives to the current treatment and prevention strategies. cache = ./cache/cord-294323-mryiqmsw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294323-mryiqmsw.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313062-lpxmmbpy author = Amini, Rachid title = Respiratory syncytial virus contributes to more severe respiratory morbidity than influenza in children < 2 years during seasonal influenza peaks date = 2019-02-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2616 sentences = 120 flesch = 46 summary = PURPOSE: To compare the frequency and the severity of influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) infections among children < 24 months hospitalized with respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSION: Even during peak weeks of influenza season, we found a higher burden and severity of RSV compared with influenza virus disease in hospitalized children < 24 months. The aim of this study is to compare the frequency and disease severity of influenza and RSV infections among children < 24 months hospitalized with respiratory symptoms during the peaks of five influenza seasons. In the province of Quebec, Canada, a prospective surveillance study with virologic assessment for influenza and other respiratory viruses was conducted during the peak weeks of influenza circulation among patients admitted for acute respiratory symptoms to four acute-care hospitals since 2012-2013. In conclusion, even during the peak weeks of influenza, more than half of hospitalizations for respiratory infections in children < 2 years of age was due to RSV, with a clinical course more severe than influenza notably among infants < 3 months. cache = ./cache/cord-313062-lpxmmbpy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313062-lpxmmbpy.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299613-5ju5fcf4 author = Arthi, Vellore title = Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19 date = 2020-11-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17509 sentences = 810 flesch = 48 summary = In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). Thus, a historical perspective allows us to use rich data to look at not only the short-term effects of crises like COVID-19 on health, labor, and human capital, but also the long-term and intergenerational impacts along these dimensions for both individuals and the wider economy. To examine how history can inform our view of the coronavirus pandemic and associated policy responses as they relate to long-run wellbeing, we begin in Section II by reviewing the features of COVID-19 that will determine its potential health and economic impacts, and placing these features in historical context. cache = ./cache/cord-299613-5ju5fcf4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299613-5ju5fcf4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310956-qwe4ndvb author = Qian, Yan‐Hua title = Attempted early detection of influenza A (H1N1) pandemic with surveillance data of influenza‐like illness and unexplained pneumonia date = 2011-04-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3699 sentences = 216 flesch = 54 summary = Background To collect disease information and provide data for early detection of epidemics, two surveillance systems were established for influenza‐like illness (ILI) and unexplained pneumonia (UP) in Wuxi, People's Republic of China. When the surveillance data of 2009 were fitted in the two detection models, alarms were produced on the occurrence of the first local case of influenza A (H1N1), outbreaks in schools and in general populations. Conclusions The results indicated the potential for using ILI and UP surveillance data as syndromic indicators to detect and provide an early warning for influenza epidemics. Two surveillance systems were established in Wuxi for influenza-like illness (ILI) and unexplained pneumonia (UP) after the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. To further evaluate the effectiveness of these surveillance systems in early warning of influenza epidemics, we monitored ILI data between 2004 and 2008 by both a control chart method and the Serfling method and tested goodness of fit using influenza A (H1N1) data of 2009. cache = ./cache/cord-310956-qwe4ndvb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310956-qwe4ndvb.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309381-cb80ntxs author = Nogales, Aitor title = Host Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Modulating Influenza A Virus Disease in Humans date = 2019-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10222 sentences = 590 flesch = 45 summary = IAV RNAs are mainly recognized by the endosomal, membrane-associated PRR Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3 (double-stranded RNAs, dsRNAs) or 7/8 (ssRNAs), respectively [50, 51] , by the cytoplasmic PRR retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), which detects dsRNA and 5 -triphosphates of the negative ssRNA viral genome [50, 52] , generated during replication of multiple viruses, by the NOD-like receptor family member NOD-, LRR-and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), which recognizes various stimuli (see below) [53] and by the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) protein, recognizing not well-characterized influenza stimuli [54] . Another important SNP (rs34481144) associated with risk of severe influenza in humans from the United States (US) infected with seasonal IAVs is located in the 5 -UTR of the IFITM3 gene [123, 124] . cache = ./cache/cord-309381-cb80ntxs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309381-cb80ntxs.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302713-h3aoag4y author = Jauréguiberry, Stéphane title = Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Travel‐Associated Respiratory Tract Infections in Travelers Returning From Countries Affected by Pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 Influenza date = 2011-12-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3012 sentences = 184 flesch = 51 summary = title: Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Travel‐Associated Respiratory Tract Infections in Travelers Returning From Countries Affected by Pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 Influenza BACKGROUND: Although acute respiratory tract infections (RTI) have been recognized as a significant cause of illness in returning travelers, few studies have specifically evaluated the etiologies of RTI in this population. Patients were included if they presented with signs suggestive of RTI that had occurred during travel or <7 days after their return from countries endemic for influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009. At the virology laboratory, the first step of the diagnostic evaluation was to identify influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus infection by means of real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), as previously described 11 to assess whether or not the patient should remain isolated. In a study performed at San Francisco University Medical Center during the influenza season, a viral agent was identified (through shell vial assay and PCR) in 103 (39%) of the patients with RTI. cache = ./cache/cord-302713-h3aoag4y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302713-h3aoag4y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296998-ep46lzeo author = Pawelec, Graham title = Recent advances in influenza vaccines date = 2020-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3690 sentences = 170 flesch = 42 summary = Seasonal influenza remains a major public health problem, responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths every year, mostly of elderly people. These include viral variability and hence the requirement to match strains by estimating which will become prevalent each season, problems associated with vaccine and adjuvant production, and the route of administration as well as the perceived lower vaccine efficiency in older adults. Efforts to improve the effectiveness of influenza vaccines include developing universal vaccines independent of the circulating strains in any particular season and stimulating cellular as well as humoral responses, especially in the elderly. In this way, intranasally administered vaccine resulted in protection against multiple strains of influenza in mice and ferrets, associated with both humoral and cellular responses 36 . Effect of latent cytomegalovirus infection on the antibody response to influenza vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis cache = ./cache/cord-296998-ep46lzeo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296998-ep46lzeo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304023-s22wi0t0 author = Basile, L. title = Seasonal influenza surveillance: Observational study on the 2017–2018 season with predominant B influenza virus circulation date = 2019-10-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2800 sentences = 183 flesch = 53 summary = METHODS: Influenza surveillance based on a primary care sentinel surveillance, virological indicators systematic sampling of ILI attended and severe influenza confirmed cases (SHLCI) admitted to hospital. CONCLUSIONS: 2017–2018 influenza season was an unusual epidemic season with an early onset, great predominance of influenza B (Yamagata strain) virus with a high hospitalization rate of severe cases among elderly stressing the need to upgrade vaccine uptake in this age group. 4 The 2017-2018 influenza season presented a predominant circulation of influenza virus type B during the first epidemic weeks with a high rate of severe influenza hospitalizations, especially among the elderly. The aim of this work is to describe the 2017-2018 influenza season according to the PIDIRAC Sentinel Influenza Surveillance System and how it affected elderly population in Catalonia despite moderate vaccine coverage among this age group. cache = ./cache/cord-304023-s22wi0t0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304023-s22wi0t0.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298551-ua90xoak author = Bennet, Rutger title = Influenza epidemiology among hospitalized children in Stockholm, Sweden 1998–2014 date = 2016-06-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3109 sentences = 163 flesch = 47 summary = The hospital is a tertiary referral center with surgery and a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with resources for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), but only children resident in the catchment area were included in the study. The yearly incidence rates in different age groups varied considerably, with median (range) for children <5 years 59 (19Previously known risk factors were found in 312/922 (34% , Table 1 ), the most important being neuromuscular disease (131 cases) and chronic lung disease (40 cases). This is a report of children hospitalized for influenza A or B in a defined population in the northern Stockholm area 1998-2014, covering the pre-pandemic period, including the 2003-2004 outbreak, the 2009 pandemic, and four post-pandemic seasons. In contrast to the known effect of trivalent influenza vaccine (the only one used during the studied period except for the pandemic year) in healthy children >18 months, less is known about its effect in younger children and in those with risk factors. cache = ./cache/cord-298551-ua90xoak.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298551-ua90xoak.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-311115-nimxnf6s author = Bednarska, K. title = Antigenic Drift of A/H3N2/Virus and Circulation of Influenza-Like Viruses During the 2014/2015 Influenza Season in Poland date = 2016-03-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1182 sentences = 80 flesch = 54 summary = title: Antigenic Drift of A/H3N2/Virus and Circulation of Influenza-Like Viruses During the 2014/2015 Influenza Season in Poland During that season, antigenic drift of influenza virus A/H3N2/ occurred causing higher rates of A/H3N2/ infections. Infections caused by influenza-like viruses accounted for 11.2 % (n ¼ 270) of tested specimens. In the epidemic seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/ 2015 in Poland, the number of specimens received from primary care physicians was similar, although the percentage of influenza and influenza-like infection confirmations was 10 % higher in the latter season. In both seasons, in the case of influenza-like viruses, the predominant virus was RSV. In the 2014/2015 season, antigenic drift of the subtype A/H3N2/ decreased the effectiveness of vaccine against influenza. Evaluation of the activity of influenza and influenza-like viruses in the epidemic season Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2014-2015 northern hemisphere influenza season cache = ./cache/cord-311115-nimxnf6s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-311115-nimxnf6s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312461-5qzpo6l1 author = Adalja, Amesh A. title = Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes date = 2019-08-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6830 sentences = 290 flesch = 40 summary = A substantial proportion of pandemic and biological threat preparedness activities have focused on list-based approaches that were in part based on pandemic influenzas of the past, historical biological weapon development programs, or recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (e.g., SARS, MERS, Ebola) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017; Casadevall and Relman 2010) . Cultivating and maintaining expertise in the epidemiology, surveillance, and pathogenicity of all classes of microbes, with explicit incorporation of a One Health approach-which incorporates and integrates information from infectious diseases of plants, amphibians, and reptiles-will help foster the broad capacities needed for emerging pandemic and global catastrophic biological risks. Pathogen-based lists, both USA and global, based on influenza precedents, historical biological weapon programs, and emerging infectious diseases were responsible for galvanizing early activities in the field of pandemic preparedness and have helped drive many important contributions. cache = ./cache/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309635-1tgovkr7 author = Wu, Nicholas C. title = Structural Biology of Influenza Hemagglutinin: An Amaranthine Adventure date = 2020-09-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5497 sentences = 289 flesch = 42 summary = Hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is an important focus of influenza research due to its role in antigenic drift and shift, as well as its receptor binding and membrane fusion functions, which are indispensable for viral entry. Similarly, RBS of influenza B HA is composed of the 140-loop, 190-helix, and 240-loop, which are structurally equivalent to the 130-loop, 150-loop, and 190-helix Receptor specificity can also continue to evolve when seasonal viruses circulate in the human population, due to natural mutations that are likely a response to immune selection pressure. A broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that recognizes a conserved, novel epitope on the globular head of the influenza H1N1 virus hemagglutinin Broadly neutralizing human antibody that recognizes the receptor-binding pocket of influenza virus hemagglutinin Design of nanoparticulate group 2 influenza virus hemagglutinin stem antigens that activate unmutated ancestor B cell receptors of broadly neutralizing antibody lineages cache = ./cache/cord-309635-1tgovkr7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309635-1tgovkr7.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325325-xw7627x9 author = Skeik, Nedaa title = Influenza viruses and the evolution of avian influenza virus H5N1 date = 2007-10-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4079 sentences = 254 flesch = 51 summary = While the clock is still ticking towards what seems to be inevitable pandemic influenza, on April 17, 2007 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vaccine against the avian influenza virus H5N1 for humans at high risk. While the clock is still ticking towards what seems to be inevitable pandemic influenza, on April 17, 2007 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vaccine against the avian influenza virus H5N1 for humans at high risk. [8] [9] [10] [11] The 1957 pandemic was caused by the H2N2 subtype, a product of genetic reassortment in hosts infected with both an avian and human influenza virus. Although immunization with human influenza vaccine will not protect against avian influenza strains, it should be considered in poultry workers, and also be given to those traveling to affected areas, two weeks ahead of departure, to prevent co-infection and reassortment. cache = ./cache/cord-325325-xw7627x9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325325-xw7627x9.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322906-zef971xp author = Hochman, Assaf title = The relationship between cyclonic weather regimes and seasonal influenza over the Eastern Mediterranean date = 2020-08-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3289 sentences = 163 flesch = 44 summary = Since weather regimes such as Cyprus Lows are more robustly predicted in weather and climate models than individual climate variables, we conclude that the weather regime approach can be used to develop tools for estimating the compatibility of the transmission environment for Influenza occurrence in a warming world. The purpose of J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof this study is to investigate the potential link between weather regime occurrences and climate sensitive infectious diseases, and discuss in how far this relationship can help to inform decisions in the health sector. As a case study, the weekly occurrences of an Eastern Mediterranean weather regime -Cyprus Lows -together with precipitation, temperature and humidity, are related to seasonal Influenza in Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Jordan. cache = ./cache/cord-322906-zef971xp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322906-zef971xp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326614-cik3ino6 author = Corder, Brigette N. title = A Decade in Review: A Systematic Review of Universal Influenza Vaccines in Clinical Trials during the 2010 Decade date = 2020-10-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7511 sentences = 488 flesch = 46 summary = These trials include a variety of viral targets, vaccine platforms, and adjuvants to boost the immune response to vaccination. Another vaccine utilized the full-length H5 HA protein in an oral recombinant adenovirus type 4 (Ad4) vectored vaccine, Ad4-H5-Vtn. Three clinical trials have enrolled 313 participants between 18 and 49 years of age to investigate this avian H5 influenza vaccine. Although results for the phase II trial have not been posted, a press release from Novavax stated that NanoFlu induced superior HAI antibody responses against homologous and drifted strains compared to the seasonal influenza vaccine. Evaluation of the immunogenicity and safety of different doses and formulations of a broad spectrum influenza vaccine (FLU-v) developed by SEEK: Study protocol for a single-center, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical phase IIb trial Safety and immunogenicity of a plant-produced recombinant hemagglutinin-based influenza vaccine (HAI-05) derived from A/Indonesia/05/2005 (H5N1) influenza virus: A phase 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study in healthy adults cache = ./cache/cord-326614-cik3ino6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326614-cik3ino6.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324181-nyrpg3ud author = Baker, Jeffrey title = Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2) date = 2020-05-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4253 sentences = 232 flesch = 47 summary = title: Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2) 19, 20 We report the safety and efficacy results of single oral dose baloxavir treatment in otherwise healthy children 1-<12 years old with acute influenza from miniSTONE-2 (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03629184), a phase III, randomized, active controlled trial. This was a global, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, active controlled trial of the safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a single oral dose of baloxavir versus twice-daily (for 5 days) oral oseltamivir, in otherwise healthy children with influenza. Parents completed the Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness and Flu Scale (CARIFS) 22 questionnaire at scheduled visits (day [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] , and responses were used to measure secondary efficacy endpoints including time to alleviation of signs and symptoms (TTASS) of influenza [defined as when a score of 0 (no problem) or 1 (minor problem) was reported for cough and nasal symptoms on the CARIFS questionnaire, return to normal health and activity, and return to afebrile state (tympanic temperature ≤37.2°C), remaining for at least 21.5 hours]. cache = ./cache/cord-324181-nyrpg3ud.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324181-nyrpg3ud.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323987-gh1m05gi author = Dziąbowska, Karolina title = Detection Methods of Human and Animal Influenza Virus—Current Trends date = 2018-10-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11112 sentences = 760 flesch = 46 summary = RIDTs with digital readout systems showed many similarities to conventional assays like small sample volume (less than 150 µL) and short analysis time (around 15 min) but exhibited much better sensitivities, even one order of magnitude lower limits of detection (LODs). Among methods mentioned, general diagnostic tests for influenza base on virus culture (conventional and shellvial), detection of viral nucleic acid (PCR) or antigens (by neuraminidase enzymatic activity, fluorescent antibody or enzyme/optical immunoassay) and serologic tests. Main trends for influenza virus detection are: (I) modifications of traditional 'gold star' methods like PCR, RIDTs, ELISA what results in analysis time shortening, costs lowering, LOD and limit of quantification (LOQ) improvement, (II) conjugating of traditional methods and creating new platforms, micro-biochips and others, (III) introducing known solutions to new ones, like smartphone-based analysis control with results data insertion into Google Maps, (IV) reuse of the functions of known devices, like glucometer, smartphone cameras, (V) the most common used detection methods: spectral/optical, electrical, (VI) and entirely new approaches. cache = ./cache/cord-323987-gh1m05gi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323987-gh1m05gi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325197-j1uo8qmf author = Crimi, Ettore title = Epigenetic susceptibility to severe respiratory viral infections: pathogenic and therapeutic implications: a narrative review date = 2020-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6066 sentences = 342 flesch = 34 summary = Viruses causing severe pulmonary illness can use epigenetic-regulated mechanisms during host–pathogen interaction to interfere with innate and adaptive immunity, adequacy of inflammatory response, and overall outcome of viral infections. In this article, we provide an update on epigenetic-sensitive mechanisms and repurposed drugs interfering with epigenetic pathways which may be clinically suitable for risk stratification and beneficial for treatment of patients affected by severe viral respiratory infections. The goal of the review was to provide an appropriate pathogenic scenario in which epigenetic-sensitive mechanisms and epidrugs may be clinically useful to stratify risk and treatment of patients in ICU affected by severe viral respiratory infections. Here, we give an update on clinical evidence about the usefulness of novel and FDA-approved drugs interfering with epigenetic pathways, which were applied to ICU patients affected by highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus and CoV, with a particular interest about the novel SARS-CoV-2 (Table 4 ). cache = ./cache/cord-325197-j1uo8qmf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325197-j1uo8qmf.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326160-mf0vh6iu author = de Wit, Emmie title = Influenza Virus A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) Replicates Efficiently in the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts of Cynomolgus Macaques date = 2014-08-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6428 sentences = 318 flesch = 42 summary = Given the public health importance of this virus, we performed a pathogenicity study of the H7N9 virus in the cynomolgus macaque model, focusing on clinical aspects of disease, radiographic, histological, and gene expression profile changes in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and changes in systemic cytokine and chemokine profiles during infection. To elucidate global host responses specifically associated with sites of virus-induced airway injury in influenza virus A/Anhui/1/2013-infected macaques, we used microarrays to assess transcriptional profiles induced in lung lesions compared to the adjacent lung tissue. We identified ten compounds in IPA (Table 1) , four of which were perturbagens listed in CMap. We identified two compounds that met our criteria in IPA and CMap, rosiglitazone and simvastatin, predicted to have inhibitory effects on pathological host responses associated with lesions in influenza virus A/Anhui/1/2013-infected animals ( Table 1) . cache = ./cache/cord-326160-mf0vh6iu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326160-mf0vh6iu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336465-qrok21qo author = Perez, Luis E. title = Evaluation of the specificity and sensitivity of a potential rapid influenza screening system date = 2013-01-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3464 sentences = 161 flesch = 43 summary = The evaluation of specificity and sensitivity was conducted on stored nasal swab samples collected from emergency department patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms at a large military academic hospital and on de-identified nasal swabs and isolated RNA from a local epidemiology laboratory. Fourteen of the 20 ED samples, plus the 3 samples from the epidemiology laboratory with no virus detected, and the 5 Streptococcus pyogenes bacterial samples were used as the 22 negative controls for both the influenza A and influenza B calculations (see Table 1 A total of 3 false-positive (positive by the Lucigen system but negative by the gold standard Luminex RVP assay) influenza A and 6 false-positive influenza B results were observed with the PyroScript influenza tests. The novel influenza A H1(sw)N1 RNA sample not detected by this microarray technique was also reevaluated by the Luminex RVP assay, and no viral etiology could be identified. cache = ./cache/cord-336465-qrok21qo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336465-qrok21qo.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331148-40gvay7i author = Hsieh, Yu-Chia title = Clinical characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during the 2013/2014 and 2015/2016 clade 6B/6B.1/6B.2-predominant outbreaks date = 2018-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3185 sentences = 166 flesch = 43 summary = Independently, a retrospective cohort study (which enrolled 639 infected patients during the five seasons) was conducted at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital to explore the risk factors associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-related complications. The results of the logistic regression analysis on the risk factors associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-related complications and pneumonia are shown in Table 4 , and respiratory failure with mechanical ventilation and ARDS are also presented in Table 5 . In the univariate analysis, 6B/6B.1/6B.2 season, age (50-64 years), onset to presentation, underlying conditions, obesity, smoking, alcoholism, and antiviral therapy were significant risk factors of complications, pneumonia, mechanical ventilation, and ARDS (Tables 4 and 5 ). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, 6B/6B.1/6B.2 season, age (50-64 years and ≥65 years), underlying conditions, and antiviral therapy were significant independent risk factors of complications, pneumonia, and mechanical ventilation (Tables 4 and 5). cache = ./cache/cord-331148-40gvay7i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331148-40gvay7i.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328979-xfze12ah author = Monto, Arnold S title = Data resource profile: Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study date = 2019-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3878 sentences = 226 flesch = 44 summary = Collecting specimens within a short time from the onset of symptoms still maximizes the likelihood of accurate and timely identification of viruses associated with a respiratory illness for studies of transmission and vaccine effectiveness. While respiratory virus infections in general could be studied, the primary objective was to estimate the effectiveness of influenza vaccines using a cohort design for comparison with studies using the testnegative design (TND). With additional funding, we have expanded on these original aims by collecting blood specimens for studies of antibody-mediated Households 328 213 321 232 340 227 Participants 1441 943 1426 1049 1431 996 Influenza-positive individuals 125 32 111 50 202 38 Influenza-positive specimens 130 32 117 52 210 40 Strain A c 86 23 69 48 166 30 H1N1pdm09 27 1 3 47 0 28 H3N2 59 22 66 1 immunity, extending ARI surveillance year-round, and incorporating laboratory testing for other respiratory viruses. cache = ./cache/cord-328979-xfze12ah.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328979-xfze12ah.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333527-66dfphxq author = Brown, Lawrence H title = Self-reported anticipated compliance with physician advice to stay home during pandemic (H1N1) 2009: Results from the 2009 Queensland Social Survey date = 2010-03-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3679 sentences = 168 flesch = 46 summary = Four questions related to respondents' anticipated compliance with a physician's advice to stay home if they had a common cold, seasonal influenza, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza or avian influenza were incorporated into QSS 2009, with responses recorded using a balanced Likert scale ranging from "very unlikely" to "very likely." Discordance between responses for different diseases was analysed using McNemar's test. This study was undertaken during the height of the Australian pandemic (H1N1) 2009 outbreak to measure self-reported willingness to comply with physician recommendations to stay home for seven days, and to compare responses for the current strain of pandemic influenza, avian influenza (H5N1), seasonal influenza, and the common cold. This study was undertaken during the height of the Australian pandemic (H1N1) 2009 outbreak to measure self-reported willingness to comply with physician recommendations to stay home for seven days, and to compare responses for the current strain of pandemic influenza, avian influenza (H5N1), seasonal influenza, and the common cold. cache = ./cache/cord-333527-66dfphxq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333527-66dfphxq.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341626-04svm6le author = Assink, M.D.M. title = Excess drug prescriptions during influenza and RSV seasons in the Netherlands: Potential implications for extended influenza vaccination date = 2009-02-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5664 sentences = 265 flesch = 43 summary = For the Netherlands, we estimated age and risk-group specific numbers of antibiotics, otologicals and cardiovascular prescriptions per 10,000 person-years during periods with elevated activity of influenza or RSV, and compared these with peri-season rates. The exact age of any person was determined every year on the 1st of October, close to the period in which in the Netherlands the invitations for influenza vaccination for risk groups are sent out by the GPs, supposedly just prior to the season with increased risk for influenza epidemics from October onwards to May. The annual total population sizes were based on estimates for the 1st of January by the local authorities in the places where the pharmacies are located. In addition, more than average numbers of antibiotics may be prescribed for elderly persons with ILI during periods with elevated activity, as particularly this group may develop acute respiratory illnesses (for example, pneumonia) as a complication of the viral infection (trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin were excluded from the analysis as they are prescribed primarily for urinary tract infections) [33] . cache = ./cache/cord-341626-04svm6le.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341626-04svm6le.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329653-5nkrrqqw author = Patrick, Jennifer R. title = Influenza: Critique of the contemporary challenges for pandemic planning, prevention, control, and treatment in emergency health services date = 2011-04-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4481 sentences = 299 flesch = 45 summary = In 2004, after the SARS experience, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified the essential and desirable features of pandemic plans, which included: (i) preparation for surveillance; (ii) investigation of cases; (iii) treatment modalities; (iv) prevention of community spread; (v) maintenance of essential services; (vi) research and evaluation, and implementation; and (vii) testing and revision of the plan. These included calling for streamlined decision making processes, flexible response according to disease severity and local resources, improved communications, public health education, a national surveillance framework, clarification of quarantine, border control, and emergency legislation, and involvement of primary care providers in planning. Public health challenges include developing means of increasing acceptance of influenza vaccination by both the general public and healthcare workers, provision of targeted education for the indigenous population and other at-risk groups, improving public knowledge of social distancing and personal hygiene measures in the prevention of transmission, and improving dissemination of information during a pandemic, especially via the media. cache = ./cache/cord-329653-5nkrrqqw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329653-5nkrrqqw.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345020-ai5tib7h author = Price, O. H. title = Using routine testing data to understand circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in Victoria, Australia date = 2019-06-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4186 sentences = 211 flesch = 40 summary = Studies investigating viral interference since the pandemic are sparser, though two studies reported that the timing and magnitude of respiratory virus epidemics were affected by the timing of the seasonal influenza A peak [15, 16] . We used routine diagnostic testing data of specimens from both the community and hospitals at the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) between 2002 and 2017 to describe relationships between respiratory viruses, with a focus on influenza A and RSV. Seasonality of viruses was assessed visually by time series analysis and for further investigation each virus was compared with influenza A and RSV using cross-correlations that estimated the association between peaks in epidemic curves at a lag or lead of up to 15 weeks. Results of further investigation by logistic regression adjusted for covariates that are predictors of codetection (sex, age and season) were compatible with influenza A, RSV and picornavirus conferring temporary immunity against infection by another respiratory virus. cache = ./cache/cord-345020-ai5tib7h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345020-ai5tib7h.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352984-mzv9t7ex author = Jackson-Lee, Angela title = Mandating influenza vaccinations for health care workers: analysing opportunities for policy change using Kingdon’s agenda setting framework date = 2016-09-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3945 sentences = 198 flesch = 44 summary = title: Mandating influenza vaccinations for health care workers: analysing opportunities for policy change using Kingdon's agenda setting framework In the case of mandatory influenza vaccinations for HCWs in Ontario, it seems highly unlikely that a new policy will be adopted until perception of the problem's importance is sufficient to overcome the political opposition to implementing a solution and thus, create a window of opportunity that is open long enough to support change. Using Kingdon's agenda setting framework (three process streams that lead to windows of opportunity when they converge) the objective of this paper is to analyse the likelihood of government adopting a mandatory vaccination policy for HCWs in Ontario. Despite broad public acceptance and substantial participation in the voluntary immunization program, pockets of HCW resistance persisted (politics stream), and outbreaks in long-term care facilities and hospitals continued to occur, resulting in preventable illness and death [23] . cache = ./cache/cord-352984-mzv9t7ex.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352984-mzv9t7ex.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353871-mzw600ys author = Kowalczyk, D. title = The Activity of Influenza and Influenza-like Viruses in Individuals Aged over 14 in the 2015/2016 Influenza Season in Poland date = 2017-02-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1711 sentences = 92 flesch = 57 summary = Infections in every epidemic season induced by respiratory viruses, especially by the influenza virus, are the cause of many illnesses and complications which often end in death. The aim of the present study was to analyze the activity influenza and influenza-like viruses in people over the age of 14 in the 2015/2016 influenza season in Poland, according to the new reporting system (Bednarska et al. Interestingly, the number of confirmed cases of influenza virus was the highest in the same age-groups of 45-64 and 26-44 years in the past 2013/2014 season (Bednarska et al. An increased number of confirmed cases of infection in the currently evaluated season was mainly caused by the influenza virus and to a lesser extent by influenza-like viruses, which may lead to a severer disease course, complications, and in consequence to death. cache = ./cache/cord-353871-mzw600ys.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353871-mzw600ys.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354690-ywb9krdp author = Barr, Margo title = Pandemic influenza in Australia: Using telephone surveys to measure perceptions of threat and willingness to comply date = 2008-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3840 sentences = 187 flesch = 53 summary = Most of the existing information about a population's response to the threat of pandemics comes from research on outbreaks of the SARS coronavirus, most notably in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Canada, [2] [3] [4] [5] and on studies of risk perception and anticipated behaviours in a potential pandemic in humans from the avian influenza virus (especially the H5N1 subtype). For the hypothetical questions -that is, likelihood of pandemic influenza, likelihood that family or self affected, willingness to comply with vaccination, isolation or wearing a face mask -the responses of extremely likely and very likely were combined into the indicator of interest. Table 4 shows the indicators for pandemic influenza likely, concern for self and family, and changed life by sex, age group, demographic characteristics, and the indicators of level of psychological distress and general self-rated health status. cache = ./cache/cord-354690-ywb9krdp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354690-ywb9krdp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336915-dbu93ufh author = Aloizos, Stavros title = H1N1 Influenza Viral Infection in a Postpartum Young Woman Causes Respiratory Failure: What the Care Providers Ought to Know? date = 2012-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1945 sentences = 104 flesch = 44 summary = We report the case of a young postpartum woman, who developed evidence of respiratory failure reaching the point of requiring intubation due to an H1N1 influenza virus infection two days after a caesarean delivery. We emphasize the diagnosis, management, and the outcome focusing on the question "what the care providers, including obstetric health care workers, ought to know?" Diagnostic and management strategy for pregnant or postpartum women with novel influenza A (H1N1) viral infection and increased awareness amongst patients and health care professionals may result in improved survival. A reported systematic literature review found that pregnancy was associated with increased risk of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death, while pregnant women who received delayed treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors or who had additional risk factors were more likely to develop severe disease and preterm births [2] . cache = ./cache/cord-336915-dbu93ufh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336915-dbu93ufh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340678-2e2s1gof author = Skowronski, Danuta M title = Influenza vaccine does not increase the risk of coronavirus or other non-influenza respiratory viruses: retrospective analysis from Canada, 2010-11 to 2016-17 date = 2020-05-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1646 sentences = 113 flesch = 45 summary = Influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza and non-influenza respiratory viruses (NIRV) was assessed by test-negative design using historic datasets of the community-based Canadian Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network (SPSN), spanning 2010-11 to 2016-17. Here, we use historic datasets of the community-based Canadian Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network (SPSN) to assess the association between influenza vaccine and NIRV risk, notably seasonal coronaviruses. Conversely, influenza vaccine had no effect on non-influenza causes of ILI, with the likelihood of vaccination among NIRV cases relative to test-negative controls approaching unity. In combined NIRV analysis, relative to pan-negative controls, Wolff adjusted for age and excluded specimens that tested influenza-positive. We illustrate the impact of this bias in Supplementary_Material_3, where we have re-analyzed Wolff's data as well as our own, comparing influenza vaccine effect against NIRV when influenza testpositive specimens are properly excluded (as per TND prerequisite) or improperly included (as per Wolff [4] ) within the control group. cache = ./cache/cord-340678-2e2s1gof.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340678-2e2s1gof.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346063-7u1a198p author = De Clercq, Erik title = Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection: targets and strategies for chemotherapeutic intervention date = 2007-05-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3496 sentences = 184 flesch = 42 summary = We have recently reviewed the antiviral agents that are active against influenza viruses and that could be used, either therapeutically and/or prophylactically, in an influenza virus pandemic, whether it be human, avian, equine, porcine or other [1] . Even if based only on the currently available drugs, there are several double-, tripleand quadruple-drug combinations that could be envisaged for the prevention and treatment of avian H5N1 (Figure 3 ) -including the combination of oseltamivir and zanamivir (because their resistance profiles overlap only partially), the combination of these neuraminidase inhibitors with M2 ion channel blockers, and further extension of these combinations to include pegylated interferon and ribavirin. In addition to viral RNA polymerase and/or endonuclease, mentioned earlier as potential targets for new anti-influenza-virus agents, there are some other clues regarding the virulence of H5N1 viruses in humans [41] that could be considered as points of attack for chemotherapeutic intervention. cache = ./cache/cord-346063-7u1a198p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346063-7u1a198p.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353869-l53ms3q8 author = Friesen, Robert H. E. title = New Class of Monoclonal Antibodies against Severe Influenza: Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy in Ferrets date = 2010-02-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4680 sentences = 202 flesch = 44 summary = METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of the human monoclonal antibody CR6261 against lethal challenge with the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus in ferrets, the optimal model of human influenza infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These data demonstrate the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of this new class of human monoclonal antibodies in a highly stringent and clinically relevant animal model of influenza and justify clinical development of this approach as intervention for both seasonal and pandemic influenza. Mean decline in body weight at the end of the experiment was 6.2% in the group of ferrets that received CR6261 4 hours after challenge ( Figure 2B) , which was significantly less (p = 0.025) than the 10.1% observed in control animals. These findings were in accordance with the observation that the mean lung weights of ferrets treated with CR6261 at 4 hours post challenge were lower compared to the control group (5.7 g versus 14.9 g, p,0.001; Figure 2F ). cache = ./cache/cord-353869-l53ms3q8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353869-l53ms3q8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336493-ggo9wsrm author = Huang, Stephen S. H. title = Immunity toward H1N1 influenza hemagglutinin of historical and contemporary strains suggests protection and vaccine failure date = 2013-04-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6444 sentences = 342 flesch = 46 summary = In our present study, we investigated the clinical characteristics and immune cross-reactivity of significant H1N1 influenza strains in the past 100 years in ferrets to determine the immunogenicity of important H1N1 viruses. Ferrets show respiratory illness similar to humans and clinical features of disease are easily observed where fevers can persist days following infection of viruses such as 2009 H1N1pdm influenza 21, 23, 30 . As well as fever, nasal discharge and sneezing can also be observed in animals infected with influenza viruses 21 These influenza A viruses were chosen due to their emergence and influence in H1N1 genetic history (Fig. 1 , strains used in this study are marked with an asterisks) as covered in the introduction. The immunogenic findings showed antisera produced from ferret infection with Taiwan/86 was not able to inhibit hemagglutination with the other viruses on our virus panel, which compliments the literature describing the 1986 strain. cache = ./cache/cord-336493-ggo9wsrm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336493-ggo9wsrm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335647-dhcxj7cj author = Vanderlinden, Evelien title = Emerging Antiviral Strategies to Interfere with Influenza Virus Entry date = 2013-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15104 sentences = 870 flesch = 43 summary = We here focus on emerging options to interfere with the influenza virus entry process, which consists of the following steps: attachment of the viral hemagglutinin to the sialylated host cell receptors, endocytosis, M2‐mediated uncoating, low pH‐induced membrane fusion, and, finally, import of the viral ribonucleoprotein into the nucleus. There are three conceivable strategies for inhibiting attachment of influenza virus to its target cell: (i) an antiviral compound binding to the HA RBS; (ii) an inhibitor blocking the sialic acid-containing receptors on the epithelial cell membrane; or (iii) a receptor-destroying agent. 91 Regarding potential antiviral use, design of modified forms of the porcine SP-D lectin (which has higher anti-influenza virus activity than its human counterpart) is aided by the growing insight into how its carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) precisely interacts with the high-mannose glycans attached near the RBS of HA. cache = ./cache/cord-335647-dhcxj7cj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335647-dhcxj7cj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339230-cc7gcy5b author = Smith, Amber M. title = Secondary Bacterial Infections in Influenza Virus Infection Pathogenesis date = 2014-07-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10381 sentences = 576 flesch = 34 summary = Several different animal models have been used to study the effect that influenza viruses have on bacterial transmission and colonization and on invasive diseases, such as acute otitis media and pneumonia (Wherry and Butterfield 1921; Shope 1931; Francis and de Torregrosa 1945; Berendt et al. Although the precise mechanisms responsible for enhancing the transmission profile that influenza viruses provide pneumococci are currently unknown, it is likely due to an increase in pathogen density and frequency of secretion events (e.g., sneezing and coughing) in the infected individual combined with a decrease in immunity and resistance from natural barriers breaking down in the person who is newly exposed. The PB1-F2 protein of some influenza viruses increases pathologic effects by causing cell death, increasing viral replication, and altering inflammatory responses to primary viral infections and to bacterial coinfections (Conenello et al. cache = ./cache/cord-339230-cc7gcy5b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339230-cc7gcy5b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346906-1wmp43ti author = Lewandowski, Kuiama title = Metagenomic Nanopore Sequencing of Influenza Virus Direct from Clinical Respiratory Samples date = 2019-12-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6766 sentences = 328 flesch = 43 summary = We determine its sensitivity compared to that of existing diagnostic methods and its accuracy compared to short-read (Illumina) sequencing, using clinical samples from hospital patients during an influenza season and samples from a controlled laboratory infection in ferrets. During the study, respiratory samples submitted to the clinical diagnostic laboratory were routinely tested by a PCR-based test using the GeneXpert assay (Cepheid) to detect influenza A and B viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Comparing this final method with our original protocol, using triplicate extractions from the pooled set of influenza A virus-positive samples demonstrated no significant loss in performance in the more rapid protocol (Fig. S3) , and we adopted this approach as our routine protocol, giving a wet-lab processing time of ϳ8 h. Future application of this method will involve real-time laboratory testing of respiratory samples, running the platform head to head with existing clinical diagnostics to further assess sensitivity and specificity, and using influenza virus sequence data to investigate transmission events. cache = ./cache/cord-346906-1wmp43ti.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346906-1wmp43ti.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-356188-rwf78stz author = Oshansky, Christine M. title = The human side of influenza date = 2012-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9515 sentences = 486 flesch = 36 summary = Few studies have examined the role of monocytes during influenza infection in humans, particularly regarding the specific subsets mentioned above, but comparison of IFN-␥ production from T cells cocultured with CD64 ϩ CD16 Ϫ and CD64 Ϫ CD16 ϩ monocytes [119, 120] Cellular immunity Class I HLA presents peptides from internal and external viral proteins. As influenza primarily infects epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract, lung-resident DCs and macrophages are particularly important for efficient development of an adaptive immune response. [189] ), and in vitro studies suggest that activated human V␥9V␦2 T cells may have a role in the antiviral response by killing influenza-infected, monocyte-derived macrophages and producing high levels of IFN-␥ [190, 191] . Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection Characterization of the human CD8ϩ T cell response following infection with 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus cache = ./cache/cord-356188-rwf78stz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-356188-rwf78stz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355374-e8k72955 author = Clemens, E. Bridie title = Harnessing the Power of T Cells: The Promising Hope for a Universal Influenza Vaccine date = 2018-03-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14155 sentences = 614 flesch = 38 summary = Influenza virus-specific CD8 + Trm in human lung tissue also maintain diverse TCR profiles-a feature important for effective T cell function and protection against the generation of viral-escape mutants [128] . HLA-I allele expression is an important predictor of cross-reactive influenza-specific CD8 + T cell immunity, with a recent study identifying five alleles (A*02:01, A*03:01, B*57:01, B*18:01, and B*08:01) capable of eliciting robust CD8 + T cell responses against immunogenic NP and M1 peptides that are conserved across all human influenza A virus, including the novel avian-derived H7N9 virus [18] . Thus, upon infection with H7N9, individuals with these HLA alleles will need time to activate and amplify new primary CD8 + T cell responses to distinct H7N9 peptide variants rather than recalling T cell responses generated against seasonal influenza viruses, potentially resulting in longer time to recovery and greater risk of severe disease compared to individuals with pre-existing cross-protective CD8 + T cell memory. cache = ./cache/cord-355374-e8k72955.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355374-e8k72955.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331714-2qj2rrgd author = Lvov, Dimitry Konstantinovich title = Single-Stranded RNA Viruses date = 2015-05-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 64283 sentences = 4009 flesch = 55 summary = Among them are viruses associated with sporadic cases or outbreaks of human disease, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (viruses of the genus Hantavirus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV, Nairovirus), California encephalitis (INKV, TAHV, and KHATV; Orthobunyavirus), sandfly fever (SFCV and SFNV, Phlebovirus), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV, Flavivirus), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV, Flavivirus), West Nile fever (WNV, Flavivirus), Sindbis fever (SINV, Alphavirus) Chikungunya fever (CHIKV, Alphavirus) and others. Artashat virus (ARTSV, strain LEIV-2236Ar) was originally isolated from Ornithodoros alactagalis ticks (family Argasidae) collected in the burrows of a small five-toed jerboa (Allactaga elater) near Arevashat village (40 02 absence of antigenic relationships with any known viruses, it was referred to as an "unclassified bunyavirus." 1À3 Taxonomy. cache = ./cache/cord-331714-2qj2rrgd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331714-2qj2rrgd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345848-s84lxe6l author = Everitt, Aaron R. title = IFITM3 restricts the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza date = 2012-03-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4570 sentences = 278 flesch = 52 summary = We find that a statistically significant number of hospitalized subjects show enrichment for a minor IFITM3 allele (SNP rs12252-C) that alters a splice acceptor site, and functional assays show the minor CC genotype IFITM3 has reduced influenza virus restriction in vitro. We find that a statistically significant number of hospitalised subjects show enrichment for a minor IFITM3 allele (SNP rs12252-C) that alters a splice acceptor site, and functional assays show the minor CC genotype IFITM3 has reduced influenza virus restriction in vitro. Given the higher viral load in Ifitm3 −/− mice and increased replication of influenza A virus in Ifitm3 deleted cells in vitro (Fig. 1d) , we examined both viral nucleic acid and protein distribution in the lung. Analysis of cell populations resident in the lung tissue on day 6 post-infection showed that Ifitm3 −/− mice displayed significantly reduced proportions of CD4+ (p=0.004) and CD8+ Tcells (p=0.02) and natural killer (NK) cells (p=0.0001) but an elevated proportion of neutrophils (p=0.007) (Fig. 3a) . cache = ./cache/cord-345848-s84lxe6l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345848-s84lxe6l.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-015830-ha8oj1b3 cord-020789-slsfhrkx cord-345848-s84lxe6l cord-304569-o39kl5k4 Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-000161-hxjxczyr cord-000131-ugbwvy6j cord-000262-4owsb0bg cord-000244-wrru98zg cord-000891-5r2in1gw cord-000760-4yfohp9w cord-000390-qav5okgk cord-000724-lzhobnch cord-001289-qbct63p4 cord-000759-36dhfptw cord-000757-bz66g9a0 cord-001746-pbahviaz cord-001634-mi5gcfcw cord-001219-517gka4h cord-001154-7k59ogn0 cord-002137-j5sfiyz8 cord-001826-av2gxfxy cord-002337-8v907g24 cord-002438-b8t4a57r cord-002852-m4l2l2r1 cord-001654-o2zfilcl 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transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-000131-ugbwvy6j cord-000161-hxjxczyr cord-000759-36dhfptw cord-001826-av2gxfxy cord-002852-m4l2l2r1 cord-002337-8v907g24 cord-002136-mkl89qkt cord-003571-upogtny6 cord-003898-y6zpvw84 cord-004060-nxw5k9y1 cord-004280-c470nlie cord-001521-l36f1gp7 cord-004348-4jdn4kw6 cord-004638-ijncfuxi cord-010416-u0yo0lk6 cord-011712-fyrbe8tw cord-015830-ha8oj1b3 cord-017748-xy26tk0t cord-015646-tt2p9uue cord-013022-c8a8ocge cord-018811-zhwr3h07 cord-020789-slsfhrkx cord-048448-kfwbqp4p cord-023666-r9zaf6un cord-252293-8286lsof cord-253049-vm46wq1m cord-103560-28o0bauv cord-103972-kbv9kh6z cord-103085-vf4qyvft cord-258270-67f5z8et cord-256432-53l24le2 cord-260728-4w23kwzu cord-268593-rvxxv1dn cord-263464-fdosch11 cord-261241-eqf6ame6 cord-266204-ipa017wz cord-270703-c8mv2eve cord-276015-id15u3br cord-270910-xb746mv5 cord-268296-w0i7rhru cord-268693-td6kvmlq cord-273147-24fkaqlz cord-292794-okh6i4l1 cord-288938-4bheqtk5 cord-288487-hs3wfffs 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cord-001654-o2zfilcl cord-002852-m4l2l2r1 cord-002438-b8t4a57r cord-002337-8v907g24 cord-002408-bbtslrrt cord-002407-25cawzi0 cord-002939-6a3ga6v9 cord-002136-mkl89qkt cord-002919-6xjm7f29 cord-003232-nquw7qga cord-003302-vxk7uqlc cord-002972-ge7qt256 cord-003466-599x0euj cord-003099-a0acr28o cord-003567-h8uq5z8b cord-003523-byxuruk1 cord-003122-a3f4l6iu cord-003870-hr99dwi7 cord-003571-upogtny6 cord-003598-m2fsrwvw cord-004060-nxw5k9y1 cord-003898-y6zpvw84 cord-003701-i70ztypg cord-004280-c470nlie cord-006089-08g206kf cord-006172-ndmf5ekp cord-006345-03kqeed3 cord-006362-7d5wzb7p cord-004638-ijncfuxi cord-006252-cbelsymu cord-007583-owxcokge cord-005081-kxrzv16n cord-004348-4jdn4kw6 cord-007294-qeb2r08t cord-007575-5ekgabx5 cord-007681-vhghhvnu cord-005314-p7hzoz5d cord-007733-zh8e76w7 cord-006517-845w9r6l cord-010416-u0yo0lk6 cord-008584-4eylgtbc cord-011251-rjyipcfv cord-007784-fq2urilg cord-007876-s5y6gyut cord-009137-wj5vhvxx cord-010959-sigw7yxk cord-008837-74rfnt1x 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cord-341626-04svm6le cord-329653-5nkrrqqw cord-335948-qkfxfmxb cord-345020-ai5tib7h cord-352984-mzv9t7ex cord-345836-74d2mb70 cord-353871-mzw600ys cord-339638-yrxoj1hl cord-354690-ywb9krdp cord-336915-dbu93ufh cord-354151-psog34u3 cord-340678-2e2s1gof cord-343050-1pfqgvie cord-338674-tnnd1s57 cord-346063-7u1a198p cord-342796-f7n8sxbu cord-351990-aham72b9 cord-336168-hvp13ell cord-354877-n5du3bqt cord-353869-l53ms3q8 cord-336493-ggo9wsrm cord-345848-s84lxe6l cord-356188-rwf78stz cord-339230-cc7gcy5b cord-346906-1wmp43ti cord-335647-dhcxj7cj cord-355374-e8k72955 cord-331714-2qj2rrgd Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-001521-l36f1gp7 cord-331714-2qj2rrgd cord-315339-dcui85lw cord-001521-l36f1gp7 cord-016475-7ldxvbpz cord-315339-dcui85lw number of items: 303 sum of words: 985,921 average size in words: 7,249 average readability score: 44 nouns: influenza; virus; viruses; infection; pandemic; vaccine; patients; study; disease; vaccination; cells; data; risk; vaccines; children; infections; cases; cell; studies; health; years; response; treatment; time; age; pneumonia; analysis; transmission; protein; mortality; population; strains; illness; surveillance; host; days; results; responses; mice; group; use; number; antibody; humans; care; control; season; case; adults; symptoms verbs: using; including; shown; associated; increased; based; report; infected; provide; caused; find; compared; identifying; following; occur; induced; reduced; develop; isolated; detected; required; suggest; confirmed; observed; considering; related; result; gave; bound; contains; lead; making; determined; collected; performing; circulating; testing; described; seen; demonstrated; receive; taken; remains; obtained; affect; indicates; presented; treating; estimated; prevent adjectives: respiratory; viral; human; avian; clinical; severe; high; seasonal; immune; specific; different; new; antiviral; acute; first; higher; public; positive; low; significant; important; antigenic; lower; available; similar; genetic; early; like; potential; non; novel; many; infectious; primary; global; effective; bacterial; recent; several; common; elderly; large; protective; pathogenic; possible; rapid; current; influenza; anti; infected adverbs: also; however; well; highly; therefore; respectively; significantly; even; previously; often; currently; less; especially; still; particularly; recently; usually; first; furthermore; generally; approximately; now; potentially; relatively; directly; worldwide; together; moreover; rather; prior; mainly; yet; later; far; least; rapidly; frequently; much; commonly; already; typically; indeed; statistically; long; likely; finally; clinically; widely; early; similarly pronouns: we; it; their; our; they; its; i; them; his; us; he; themselves; her; you; she; itself; one; your; my; me; him; oneself; ours; mg; yourself; ourselves; mrnas; himself; s; pdcs; mtorc1; ive; hcrm1; em; ≥110; ≤4; τ=0; www.cdc.gov/flu; t202; sick/; seasons[7; pandemrixh; lys133; laiv)-mainly; january/; irf9-and; interleukin-15; imagej; ilc1s; ifitm3 proper nouns: H1N1; Influenza; H5N1; ⁄; HA; A; NA; RSV; Health; PCR; RNA; H3N2; T; IAV; ILI; C; United; Hong; States; China; B; Kong; SARS; •; Table; Fig; Pandemic; oseltamivir; RT; van; H7N9; US; World; National; Virus; CDC; USA; M2; Asia; zanamivir; H9N2; M; een; Disease; Control; Organization; A(H1N1)pdm09; CD8; WHO; Europe keywords: influenza; virus; h1n1; h5n1; vaccine; pandemic; patient; infection; rsv; ili; health; cell; pcr; rna; iav; covid-19; vaccination; respiratory; hong; china; child; sars; human; h7n9; study; risk; h3n2; avian; pneumonia; kong; ifn; ifitm3; icu; h9n2; disease; case; viral; table; sari; public; pb1-f2; outbreak; mortality; cd8; brazil; a(h1n1; usa; u.s.; tnf; tcid one topic; one dimension: influenza file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779851/ titles(s): Early Assessment of Anxiety and Behavioral Response to Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A(H1N1) three topics; one dimension: influenza; influenza; influenza file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120762/, https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0014498320300838, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119905/ titles(s): Anti-viral approaches against influenza viruses | Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19 | NHG-Standaard Influenzapandemie five topics; three dimensions: influenza virus viruses; influenza pandemic health; influenza virus vaccine; influenza patients respiratory; virus viruses isolated file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16213784/, https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0014498320300838, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801557/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1293-1, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119905/ titles(s): Avian influenza A (H5N1) | Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19 | Emerging Antiviral Strategies to Interfere with Influenza Virus Entry | Continued high incidence of children with severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 admitted to paediatric intensive care units in Germany during the first three post-pandemic influenza seasons, 2010/11–2012/13 | NHG-Standaard Influenzapandemie Type: cord title: keyword-influenza-cord date: 2021-05-25 time: 15:20 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:influenza ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-312461-5qzpo6l1 author: Adalja, Amesh A. title: Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes date: 2019-08-30 words: 6830.0 sentences: 290.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt summary: A substantial proportion of pandemic and biological threat preparedness activities have focused on list-based approaches that were in part based on pandemic influenzas of the past, historical biological weapon development programs, or recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (e.g., SARS, MERS, Ebola) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017; Casadevall and Relman 2010) . Cultivating and maintaining expertise in the epidemiology, surveillance, and pathogenicity of all classes of microbes, with explicit incorporation of a One Health approach-which incorporates and integrates information from infectious diseases of plants, amphibians, and reptiles-will help foster the broad capacities needed for emerging pandemic and global catastrophic biological risks. Pathogen-based lists, both USA and global, based on influenza precedents, historical biological weapon programs, and emerging infectious diseases were responsible for galvanizing early activities in the field of pandemic preparedness and have helped drive many important contributions. abstract: Predicting which pathogen will confer the highest global catastrophic biological risk (GCBR) of a pandemic is a difficult task. Many approaches are retrospective and premised on prior pandemics; however, such an approach may fail to appreciate novel threats that do not have exact historical precedent. In this paper, based on a study and project we undertook, a new paradigm for pandemic preparedness is presented. This paradigm seeks to root pandemic risk in actual attributes possessed by specific classes of microbial organisms and leads to specific recommendations to augment preparedness activities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31463536/ doi: 10.1007/82_2019_176 id: cord-293472-d3iwlpsr author: Afilalo, Marc title: Evaluation and Management of Seasonal Influenza in the Emergency Department date: 2012-04-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Seasonal influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality, primarily due to increased complication rates among the elderly population and patients with chronic diseases. Timely diagnosis of influenza and early recognition of an influenza outbreak or epidemic are key components in preventing influenza-related complications, hospitalizations, and deaths. Emergency departments are the most frequent points of entry for most influenza cases and are well positioned to identify and manage influenza community outbreaks and epidemics. Emergency departments need specific infection control measures to curb the spread of influenza in the Emergency Department and hospital during the influenza season. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0733862711001209 doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2011.10.011 id: cord-019057-3j2fl358 author: Afolabi, Michael Olusegun title: Pandemic Influenza: A Comparative Ethical Approach date: 2018-08-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Community-networks such as families and schools may foster and propagate some types of public health disasters. For such disasters, a communitarian-oriented ethical lens offers useful perspectives into the underlying relational nexus that favors the spread of infection. This chapter compares two traditional bioethical lenses—the communitarian and care ethics framework—vis-à-vis their capacities to engage the moral quandaries elicited by pandemic influenza. It argues that these quandaries preclude the analytical lens of ethical prisms that are individual-oriented but warrant a people-oriented approach. Adopting this dual approach offers both a contrastive and a complementary way of rethinking the underlying socioethical tensions elicited by pandemic influenza in particular and other public health disasters generally. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124108/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-92765-7_3 id: cord-006172-ndmf5ekp author: Akins, Paul Taylor title: H1N1 Encephalitis with Malignant Edema and Review of Neurologic Complications from Influenza date: 2010-09-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza virus infection of the respiratory tract is associated with a range of neurologic complications. The emergence of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus has been linked to neurological complications, including encephalopathy and encephalitis. METHODS: Case report and literature review. RESULTS: We reviewed case management of a 20-year old Hispanic male who developed febrile upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms followed by a confusional state. He had rapid neurologic decline and his clinical course was complicated by refractory seizures and malignant brain edema. He was managed with oseltamavir and peramavir, corticosteroids, intravenous gamma globulin treatment, anticonvulsants, intracranial pressure management with external ventricular drain placement, hyperosmolar therapy, sedation, and mechanical ventilation. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of nasal secretions confirmed 2009 H1N1 virus infection; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was negative for 2009 H1N1 viral RNA. Follow-up imaging demonstrated improvement in brain edema but restricted diffusion in the basal ganglia. We provide a review of the clinical spectrum of neurologic complications of seasonal influenza and 2009 H1N1, and current approaches towards managing these complications. CONCLUSIONS: 2009 H1N1-associated acute encephalitis and encephalopathy appear to be variable in severity, including a subset of patients with a malignant clinical course complicated by high morbidity and mortality. Since the H1N1 influenza virus has not been detected in the CSF or brain tissue in patients with this diagnosis, the emerging view is that the host immune response plays a key role in pathogenesis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100075/ doi: 10.1007/s12028-010-9436-0 id: cord-298776-tjw45t3f author: Al Awaidi, Salah title: Influenza vaccination situation in Middle-East and North Africa countries: Report of the 7th MENA Influenza Stakeholders Network (MENA-ISN) date: 2018-08-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region faces a dual challenge with regard to influenza infection due to severe zoonotic influenza outbreaks episodes and the circulation of Northern Hemisphere human influenza viruses among pilgrims. METHODS: The MENA Influenza Stakeholder Network (MENA-ISN) was set-up with the aim of increasing seasonal influenza vaccination coverage by (i) enhancing evidence-based exchanges, and (ii) increasing awareness on the safety and benefits of seasonal vaccination. During the 7th MENA-ISN meeting, representatives from 8 countries presented their influenza surveillance, vaccination coverage and actions achieved and provided a list of country objectives for the upcoming 3 years. RESULTS: MENA-ISN countries share the goal to reduce influenza related morbidity and mortality. Participants admitted that lack of knowledge about influenza, its consequences in terms of morbidity, mortality and economy are the major barrier to attaining higher influenza vaccination coverage in their countries. The cost of the vaccine is another key barrier that could contribute to low vaccination coverage. Participants drew a list of strategic interventions to bridge gaps in the knowledge of influenza burden in this region. CONCLUSIONS: Participating countries concluded that despite an increase in vaccine uptake observed during the last few years, influenza vaccination coverage remains relatively low. Priority areas should be identified and action plans tailored to each country situation set-up to investigate the best way to move forward. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034118301072 doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.07.003 id: cord-002408-bbtslrrt author: Almogy, Gal title: Analysis of Influenza and RSV dynamics in the community using a ‘Local Transmission Zone’ approach date: 2017-02-09 words: 5450.0 sentences: 246.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002408-bbtslrrt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002408-bbtslrrt.txt summary: We demonstrate that this urban area is not a single, perfectly mixed ecology, but is in fact comprised of a set of more basic, relatively independent pathogen transmission units, which we term here Local Transmission Zones, LTZs. By identifying these LTZs, and using the dynamic pathogen-content information contained within them, we are able to differentiate between disease-causes at the individual patient level often with near-perfect predictive accuracy. To investigate the possibility of LTZs in a large regional area, we analyze clinical data from a healthcare medical center in the city of Jerusalem, containing the clinical test results for Influenza virus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) from patients presenting with ILI symptoms. Our analysis finds that while Influenza and RSV incidences tend to overlap and show more or less equal number of cases over the whole region, individual LTZs show a far more homogeneous disease content at most given times, with some being dominated by RSV while others by Influenza. abstract: Understanding the dynamics of pathogen spread within urban areas is critical for the effective prevention and containment of communicable diseases. At these relatively small geographic scales, short-distance interactions and tightly knit sub-networks dominate the dynamics of pathogen transmission; yet, the effective boundaries of these micro-scale groups are generally not known and often ignored. Using clinical test results from hospital admitted patients we analyze the spatio-temporal distribution of Influenza Like Illness (ILI) in the city of Jerusalem over a period of three winter seasons. We demonstrate that this urban area is not a single, perfectly mixed ecology, but is in fact comprised of a set of more basic, relatively independent pathogen transmission units, which we term here Local Transmission Zones, LTZs. By identifying these LTZs, and using the dynamic pathogen-content information contained within them, we are able to differentiate between disease-causes at the individual patient level often with near-perfect predictive accuracy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5299452/ doi: 10.1038/srep42012 id: cord-336915-dbu93ufh author: Aloizos, Stavros title: H1N1 Influenza Viral Infection in a Postpartum Young Woman Causes Respiratory Failure: What the Care Providers Ought to Know? date: 2012-10-23 words: 1945.0 sentences: 104.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336915-dbu93ufh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336915-dbu93ufh.txt summary: We report the case of a young postpartum woman, who developed evidence of respiratory failure reaching the point of requiring intubation due to an H1N1 influenza virus infection two days after a caesarean delivery. We emphasize the diagnosis, management, and the outcome focusing on the question "what the care providers, including obstetric health care workers, ought to know?" Diagnostic and management strategy for pregnant or postpartum women with novel influenza A (H1N1) viral infection and increased awareness amongst patients and health care professionals may result in improved survival. A reported systematic literature review found that pregnancy was associated with increased risk of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death, while pregnant women who received delayed treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors or who had additional risk factors were more likely to develop severe disease and preterm births [2] . abstract: Pregnant and postpartum women are considered a population at increased risk of hospitalization of H1N1 infection. We report the case of a young postpartum woman, who developed evidence of respiratory failure reaching the point of requiring intubation due to an H1N1 influenza virus infection two days after a caesarean delivery. We emphasize the diagnosis, management, and the outcome focusing on the question “what the care providers, including obstetric health care workers, ought to know?” Diagnostic and management strategy for pregnant or postpartum women with novel influenza A (H1N1) viral infection and increased awareness amongst patients and health care professionals may result in improved survival. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23150842/ doi: 10.1155/2012/419528 id: cord-287554-2lqy2ix9 author: Amarelle, Luciano title: Tratamiento antigripal: fármacos actualmente utilizados y nuevos agentes en desarrollo date: 2017-01-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Resumen La gripe es una enfermedad contagiosa altamente prevalente y con significativa morbimortalidad. El tratamiento disponible con fármacos antivirales, de ser administrado de forma precoz, puede reducir el riesgo de complicaciones severas; sin embargo, muchos tipos de virus desarrollan resistencia a estos fármacos, reduciendo notablemente su efectividad. Ha habido un gran interés en el desarrollo de nuevas opciones terapéuticas para combatir la enfermedad. Una gran variedad de fármacos han demostrado tener actividad antiinfluenza, pero aún no están disponibles para su uso en la clínica. Muchos de ellos tienen como objetivo componentes del virus, mientras que otros son dirigidos a elementos de la célula huésped que participan en el ciclo viral. Modular los componentes del huésped es una estrategia que minimiza el desarrollo de cepas resistentes, dado que estos no están sujetos a la variabilidad genética que tiene el virus. Por otro lado, la principal desventaja es que existe un mayor riesgo de efectos secundarios asociados al tratamiento. El objetivo de la presente revisión es describir los principales agentes farmacológicos disponibles en la actualidad, así como los nuevos fármacos en estudio con potencial beneficio en el tratamiento de la gripe. Abstract Influenza is a very common contagious disease that carries significant morbidity and mortality. Treatment with antiviral drugs is available, which if administered early, can reduce the risk of severe complications. However, many virus types develop resistance to those drugs, leading to a notable loss of efficacy. There has been great interest in the development of new drugs to combat this disease. A wide range of drugs has shown anti-influenza activity, but they are not yet available for use in the clinic. Many of these target viral components, which others are aimed at elements in the host cell which participate in the viral cycle. Modulating host components is a strategy which minimizes the development of resistance, since host components are not subject to the genetic variability of the virus. The main disadvantage is the risk of treatment-related side effects. The aim of this review is to describe the main pharmacological agents currently available and new drugs in the pipeline with potential benefit in the treatment of influenza. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0300289616302058 doi: 10.1016/j.arbres.2016.07.004 id: cord-313062-lpxmmbpy author: Amini, Rachid title: Respiratory syncytial virus contributes to more severe respiratory morbidity than influenza in children < 2 years during seasonal influenza peaks date: 2019-02-23 words: 2616.0 sentences: 120.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313062-lpxmmbpy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313062-lpxmmbpy.txt summary: PURPOSE: To compare the frequency and the severity of influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) infections among children < 24 months hospitalized with respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSION: Even during peak weeks of influenza season, we found a higher burden and severity of RSV compared with influenza virus disease in hospitalized children < 24 months. The aim of this study is to compare the frequency and disease severity of influenza and RSV infections among children < 24 months hospitalized with respiratory symptoms during the peaks of five influenza seasons. In the province of Quebec, Canada, a prospective surveillance study with virologic assessment for influenza and other respiratory viruses was conducted during the peak weeks of influenza circulation among patients admitted for acute respiratory symptoms to four acute-care hospitals since 2012-2013. In conclusion, even during the peak weeks of influenza, more than half of hospitalizations for respiratory infections in children < 2 years of age was due to RSV, with a clinical course more severe than influenza notably among infants < 3 months. abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the frequency and the severity of influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) infections among children < 24 months hospitalized with respiratory symptoms. METHODS: Data from a prospective study conducted during the peak of five influenza seasons in the Province of Quebec, Canada were used. RESULTS: We detected higher frequency of RSV compared to influenza viruses (55.3% vs. 16.3%). Radiologically confirmed pneumonia was significantly more frequent in children with RSV (39%) than those with influenza (18%) and the clinical course was more severe in RSV than influenza-infected children, especially among infants < 3 months. CONCLUSION: Even during peak weeks of influenza season, we found a higher burden and severity of RSV compared with influenza virus disease in hospitalized children < 24 months. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30798473/ doi: 10.1007/s15010-019-01287-5 id: cord-335948-qkfxfmxb author: Ampofo, William K. title: Improving influenza vaccine virus selectionReport of a WHO informal consultation held at WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland, 14–16 June 2010 date: 2011-08-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: • For almost 60 years, the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) has been the key player in monitoring the evolution and spread of influenza viruses and recommending the strains to be used in human influenza vaccines. The GISRS has also worked to continually monitor and assess the risk posed by potential pandemic viruses and to guide appropriate public health responses. • The expanded and enhanced role of the GISRS following the adoption of the International Health Regulations (2005), recognition of the continuing threat posed by avian H5N1 and the aftermath of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic provide an opportune time to critically review the process by which influenza vaccine viruses are selected. In addition to identifying potential areas for improvement, such a review will also help to promote greater appreciation by the wider influenza and policy‐making community of the complexity of influenza vaccine virus selection. • The selection process is highly coordinated and involves continual year‐round integration of virological data and epidemiological information by National Influenza Centres (NICs), thorough antigenic and genetic characterization of viruses by WHO Collaborating Centres (WHOCCs) as part of selecting suitable candidate vaccine viruses, and the preparation of suitable reassortants and corresponding reagents for vaccine standardization by WHO Essential Regulatory Laboratories (ERLs). • Ensuring the optimal effectiveness of vaccines has been assisted in recent years by advances in molecular diagnosis and the availability of more extensive genetic sequence data. However, there remain a number of challenging constraints including variations in the assays used, the possibility of complications resulting from non‐antigenic changes, the limited availability of suitable vaccine viruses and the requirement for recommendations to be made up to a year in advance of the peak of influenza season because of production constraints. • Effective collaboration and coordination between human and animal influenza networks is increasingly recognized as an essential requirement for the improved integration of data on animal and human viruses, the identification of unusual influenza A viruses infecting human, the evaluation of pandemic risk and the selection of candidate viruses for pandemic vaccines. • Training workshops, assessments and donations have led to significant increases in trained laboratory personnel and equipment with resulting expansion in both geographical surveillance coverage and in the capacities of NICs and other laboratories. This has resulted in a significant increase in the volume of information reported to WHO on the spread, intensity and impact of influenza. In addition, initiatives such as the WHO Shipment Fund Project have facilitated the timely sharing of clinical specimens and virus isolates and contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of the global distribution and temporal circulation of different viruses. It will be important to sustain and build upon the gains made in these and other areas. • Although the haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay is likely to remain the assay of choice for the antigenic characterization of viruses in the foreseeable future, alternative assays – for example based upon advanced recombinant DNA and protein technologies – may be more adaptable to automation. Other technologies such as microtitre neuraminidase inhibition assays may also have significant implications for both vaccine virus selection and vaccine development. • Microneutralization assays provide an important adjunct to the HAI assay in virus antigenic characterization. Improvements in the use and potential automation of such assays should facilitate large‐scale serological studies, while other advanced techniques such as epitope mapping should allow for a more accurate assessment of the quality of a protective immune response and aid the development of additional criteria for measuring immunity. • Standardized seroepidemiological surveys to assess the impact of influenza in a population could help to establish well‐characterized banks of age‐stratified representative sera as a national, regional and global resource, while providing direct evidence of the specific benefits of vaccination. • Advances in high‐throughput genetic sequencing coupled with advanced bioinformatics tools, together with more X‐ray crystallographic data, should accelerate understanding of the genetic and phenotypic changes that underlie virus evolution and more specifically help to predict the influence of amino acid changes on virus antigenicity. • Complex mathematical modelling techniques are increasingly being used to gain insights into the evolution and epidemiology of influenza viruses. However, their value in predicting the timing and nature of future antigenic and genetic changes is likely to be limited at present. The application of simpler non‐mechanistic statistical algorithms, such as those already used as the basis of antigenic cartography, and phylogenetic modelling are more likely to be useful in facilitating vaccine virus selection and in aiding assessment of the pandemic potential of avian and other animal influenza viruses. • The adoption of alternative vaccine technologies – such as live‐attenuated, quadrivalent or non‐HA‐based vaccines – has significant implications for vaccine virus selection, as well as for vaccine regulatory and manufacturing processes. Recent collaboration between the GISRS and vaccine manufacturers has resulted in the increased availability of egg isolates and high‐growth reassortants for vaccine production, the development of qualified cell cultures and the investigation of alternative methods of vaccine potency testing. WHO will continue to support these and other efforts to increase the reliability and timeliness of the global influenza vaccine supply. • The WHO GISRS and its partners are continually working to identify improvements, harness new technologies and strengthen and sustain collaboration. WHO will continue in its central role of coordinating worldwide expertise to meet the increasing public health need for influenza vaccines and will support efforts to improve the vaccine virus selection process, including through the convening of periodic international consultations. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00277.x doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00277.x id: cord-278807-p1crrb8n author: Antón, A. title: Virological surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses during six consecutive seasons from 2006 to 2012 in Catalonia, Spain date: 2016-03-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Most attention is given to seasonal influenza and respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks, but the cumulative burden caused by other respiratory viruses (RV) is not widely considered. The aim of the present study is to describe the circulation of RV in the general population during six consecutive seasons from 2006 to 2012 in Catalonia, Spain. Cell culture, immunofluorescence and PCR-based assays were used for the RV laboratory-confirmation and influenza subtyping. Phylogenetic and molecular characterizations of viral haemagglutinin, partial neuraminidase and matrix 2 proteins were performed from a representative sampling of influenza viruses. A total of 6315 nasopharyngeal samples were collected, of which 64% were laboratory-confirmed, mainly as influenza A viruses and rhinoviruses. Results show the significant burden of viral aetiological agents in acute respiratory infection, particularly in the youngest cases. The study of influenza strains reveals their continuous evolution through either progressive mutations or by segment reassortments. Moreover, the predominant influenza B lineage was different from that included in the recommended vaccine in half of the studied seasons, supporting the formulation and use of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine. Regarding neuraminidase inhibitors resistance, with the exception of the 2007/08 H275Y seasonal A(H1N1) strains, no other circulating influenza strains carrying known resistance genetic markers were found. Moreover, all circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) strains finally became genetically resistant to adamantanes. A wide knowledge of the seasonality patterns of the RV in the general population is well-appreciated, but it is a challenge due to the unpredictable circulation of RV, highlighting the value of local and global RV surveillance. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1198743X16001154 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.02.007 id: cord-278554-rg92gcc6 author: Aoyagi, Yumiko title: Healthcare workers' willingness to work during an influenza pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis date: 2015-04-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: To estimate the proportion of healthcare workers (HCWs) willing to work during an influenza pandemic and identify associated risk factors, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis compliant with PRISMA guidance. Databases and grey literature were searched to April 2013, and records were screened against protocol eligibility criteria. Data extraction and risk of bias assessments were undertaken using a piloted form. Random-effects meta-analyses estimated (i) pooled proportion of HCWs willing to work and (ii) pooled odds ratios of risk factors associated with willingness to work. Heterogeneity was quantified using the I(2) statistic, and publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test. Data were synthesized narratively where meta-analyses were not possible. Forty-three studies met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of the proportion of HCWs willing to work was abandoned due to excessive heterogeneity (I(2) = 99·2%). Narrative synthesis showed study estimates ranged from 23·1% to 95·8% willingness to work, depending on context. Meta-analyses of specific factors showed that male HCWs, physicians and nurses, full-time employment, perceived personal safety, awareness of pandemic risk and clinical knowledge of influenza pandemics, role-specific knowledge, pandemic response training, and confidence in personal skills were statistically significantly associated with increased willingness. Childcare obligations were significantly associated with decreased willingness. HCWs' willingness to work during an influenza pandemic was moderately high, albeit highly variable. Numerous risk factors showed a statistically significant association with willingness to work despite significant heterogeneity between studies. None of the included studies were based on appropriate theoretical constructs of population behaviour. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25807865/ doi: 10.1111/irv.12310 id: cord-299613-5ju5fcf4 author: Arthi, Vellore title: Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19 date: 2020-11-03 words: 17509.0 sentences: 810.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299613-5ju5fcf4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299613-5ju5fcf4.txt summary: In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). Thus, a historical perspective allows us to use rich data to look at not only the short-term effects of crises like COVID-19 on health, labor, and human capital, but also the long-term and intergenerational impacts along these dimensions for both individuals and the wider economy. To examine how history can inform our view of the coronavirus pandemic and associated policy responses as they relate to long-run wellbeing, we begin in Section II by reviewing the features of COVID-19 that will determine its potential health and economic impacts, and placing these features in historical context. abstract: How might COVID-19 affect human capital and wellbeing in the long run? The COVID-19 pandemic has already imposed a heavy human cost—taken together, this public health crisis and its attendant economic downturn appear poised to dwarf the scope, scale, and disruptiveness of most modern pandemics. What evidence we do have about other modern pandemics is largely limited to short-run impacts. Consequently, recent experience can do little to help us anticipate and respond to COVID-19’s potential long-run impact on individuals over decades and even generations. History, however, offers a solution. Historical crises offer closer analogues to COVID-19 in each of its key dimensions—as a global pandemic, as a global recession—and offer the runway necessary to study the life-course and intergenerational outcomes. In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). We conclude by discussing how past crises can inform our approach to COVID-19—helping tell us what to look for, what to prepare for, and what data we ought to collect now. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0014498320300838 doi: 10.1016/j.eeh.2020.101381 id: cord-341626-04svm6le author: Assink, M.D.M. title: Excess drug prescriptions during influenza and RSV seasons in the Netherlands: Potential implications for extended influenza vaccination date: 2009-02-11 words: 5664.0 sentences: 265.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-341626-04svm6le.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341626-04svm6le.txt summary: For the Netherlands, we estimated age and risk-group specific numbers of antibiotics, otologicals and cardiovascular prescriptions per 10,000 person-years during periods with elevated activity of influenza or RSV, and compared these with peri-season rates. The exact age of any person was determined every year on the 1st of October, close to the period in which in the Netherlands the invitations for influenza vaccination for risk groups are sent out by the GPs, supposedly just prior to the season with increased risk for influenza epidemics from October onwards to May. The annual total population sizes were based on estimates for the 1st of January by the local authorities in the places where the pharmacies are located. In addition, more than average numbers of antibiotics may be prescribed for elderly persons with ILI during periods with elevated activity, as particularly this group may develop acute respiratory illnesses (for example, pneumonia) as a complication of the viral infection (trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin were excluded from the analysis as they are prescribed primarily for urinary tract infections) [33] . abstract: Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are responsible for considerable morbidity, mortality and health-care resource use. For the Netherlands, we estimated age and risk-group specific numbers of antibiotics, otologicals and cardiovascular prescriptions per 10,000 person-years during periods with elevated activity of influenza or RSV, and compared these with peri-season rates. Data were taken from the University of Groningen in-house prescription database (www.iadb.nl) and virological surveillance for the period 1998–2006. During influenza and RSV periods excess antibiotic prescriptions were estimated for all age groups. In the age groups 0–1 and 2–4 years, excess antibiotic prescriptions during periods with elevated RSV activity (65% and 59% of peri-seasonal rates) exceeded the surpluses estimated during the influenza-activity periods (24% and 34% of peri-seasonal rates) while for otologicals excess prescriptions were higher for influenza (22% and 27%) than for RSV (14% and 17%). Among persons of 50 years and older, notably those without medical high-risk conditions, excess prescriptions for cardiovascular medications were estimated during the influenza periods at approximately 10% (this was also already seen in persons aged 45–49). Our results may have implications for influenza vaccination policies. In particular, extension of influenza vaccination to groups of non-elderly adults and young children may lower excess prescriptions during these influenza periods for all three types of drug prescriptions investigated. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.070 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.070 id: cord-016995-5izyl234 author: Auewarakul, Prasert title: The Past and Present Threat of Avian Influenza in Thailand date: 2008 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Avian influenza H5N1 infection was first identified in Thailand in January 2004. Since then, there have been three major outbreaks in the cold season of 2003–2004 and in the rainy and cold seasons of 2004–2005 and 2005–2006. More than 62 million birds died or were culled. The burden shifted from large industrial farming in the first outbreak to small farms, backyard chickens, and free-grazing ducks. Up to November 2005, there were 20 confirmed cases of human H5N1 infection. Thirteen of these died. Most of the confirmed cases were solitary ones except for three persons in a single family, and epidemiological evidence indicated that person-to-person transmission may have been involved in this cluster. However, sequence analysis of the virus in the cluster did not suggest any changes that might enhance the viral ability to get transmitted among humans. H5N1 viruses in Thailand and Vietnam belong to a single lineage genetically and are antigenically distinguishable from the viruses of the same genotype Z from southern China and Indonesia. Despite the seemingly subsiding epidemic in Thailand, the problem is far from resolved. H5N1 viruses are still sporadically isolated from domestic poultry as well as from wildlife. More important, isolates were also found in asymptomatic animals. Natural selection may have adapted the virus to a less aggressive form. This would make the virus more elusive and difficult to control. A threat of a pandemic strain emerging from the H5N1 virus is still imminent. A national strategic plan for avian influenza control and influenza pandemic preparedness has been implemented. The plan aims at effective control of avian influenza spread in animals as well as in humans for a three-year period and at efficient pandemic preparedness within one year. Nevertheless, more regional and international collaboration is needed. With proper collective preparedness, there is a hope that the threatening influenza pandemic can be prevented by confining and eliminating a potential pandemic strain at its origin. In December 2003, poultry farms in the eastern, central, and northern regions of Thailand experienced large-scale die-offs. The outbreak started from the eastern region of the country. The disease caused rapid death, with a very high attack rate. At that time, H5N1 outbreaks had been reported in South Korea, Vietnam, and Japan (OIE, 2005). A few humans with pneumonia were suspected to originate from contact with sick or dead poultry. Final diagnosis in these patients was not done as clinical samples were not available at the time when proper diagnostic testing became available. On 23 January 2004, the first case of human H5N1 infection in Thailand was reported. It was a boy from Kanchanaburi, a province about 100 km west of Bangkok. He was admitted to Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok and was diagnosed to have severe progressive pneumonia. The patient was initially treated with broad spectrum antibiotics, and respiratory samples were tested for influenza virus. The laboratory result showed that the patient harbored influenza virus, and sequencing of the viral RNA indicated that the virus belonged to the H5 subtype (Chokephaibulkit et al., 2005; Puthavathana et al., 2005). When this result was reported to the Ministry of Public Health, the government announced that there was a highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) outbreak in Thailand. The Department of Livestock Development (DLD) confirmed the presence of H5N1 viruses in poultry on the same day. Subsequent analysis of the virus from patients and animals confirmed that it was H5N1 AI virus of genotype Z and was closely related to the virus from Vietnam (Viseshakul et al., 2004; Puthavathana et al., 2005). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121443/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-75722-3_2 id: cord-000760-4yfohp9w author: Babapoor, Sankhiros title: A Novel Vaccine Using Nanoparticle Platform to Present Immunogenic M2e against Avian Influenza Infection date: 2012-01-12 words: 6081.0 sentences: 327.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000760-4yfohp9w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000760-4yfohp9w.txt summary: Using peptide nanoparticle technology, we have designed two novel vaccine constructs representing M2e in monomeric (Mono-M2e) and tetrameric (Tetra-M2e) forms. A multiple antigenic peptide construct containing M2e (M2e-MAP) induced strong M2especific antibody titers in the serum of mice and resulted in significant protection against influenza virus challenge [13] . Chickens after each inoculation developed high levels of antibody against the injected construct and anamnestic response clearly was seen when the plates were coated with Mono-M2e and Tetra-M2e nanoparticles and M2e-GCN4 (tetrameric M2e), respectively (Table 1, Figures 7 and 8) . In the present study, protection efficiency of two different nanoparticle constructs harboring M2e was studied as possible vaccine candidates for low-pathogenicity avian influenza infection. Vaccination of chickens with recombinant Salmonella expressing M2e and CD154 epitopes increases protection and decreases viral shedding after low pathogenic avian influenza challenge abstract: Using peptide nanoparticle technology, we have designed two novel vaccine constructs representing M2e in monomeric (Mono-M2e) and tetrameric (Tetra-M2e) forms. Groups of specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were immunized intramuscularly with Mono-M2e or Tetra-M2e with and without an adjuvant. Two weeks after the second boost, chickens were challenged with 107.2 EID50 of H5N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus. M2e-specific antibody responses to each of the vaccine constructs were tested by ELISA. Vaccinated chickens exhibited increased M2e-specific IgG responses for each of the constructs as compared to a non-vaccinated group. However, the vaccine construct Tetra-M2e elicited a significantly higher antibody response when it was used with an adjuvant. On the other hand, virus neutralization assays indicated that immune protection is not by way of neutralizing antibodies. The level of protection was evaluated using quantitative real time PCR at 4, 6, and 8 days post-challenge with H5N2 LPAI by measuring virus shedding from trachea and cloaca. The Tetra-M2e with adjuvant offered statistically significant (P < 0.05) protection against subtype H5N2 LPAI by reduction of the AI virus shedding. The results suggest that the self-assembling polypeptide nanoparticle shows promise as a potential platform for a development of a vaccine against AI. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3447297/ doi: 10.1155/2011/126794 id: cord-328525-80xk3gln author: Baier, Claas title: Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus screening for the detection of asymptomatically infected patients in hematology and oncology date: 2018-09-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus infections are a significant healthcare risk for immunocompromised patients. In addition to community onset, nosocomial acquisition and transmission may also occur. Detection of asymptomatic shedders (e.g., patients in the incubation period or immunosuppressed long term shedders) facilitates control of nosocomial transmission. Methods: To strengthen the existing infection control concept, a PCR-based screening for RSV and influenza virus was implemented for all patients lacking respiratory symptoms (asymptomatic patients) who were hospitalized on an adult and a pediatric hemato-oncological ward. Laboratory results of this screening were analyzed retrospectively. Results: 665 respiratory specimens were obtained for screening from 251 patients (26% were 18 years and younger) from December 2016 to April 2017. In 23 patients without respiratory symptoms, either influenza virus or RSV infection was found, resulting in a detection rate of about 9%. In 6 patients, the infection was presumably detected during the incubation period, because an increase of viral load was observed in subsequent specimens. Positive screening results facilitated timely implementation of adequate infection control precautions. Nosocomial clusters of RSV or influenza were not detected during the screening period on the two wards. Conclusion: The seasonal screening program expanded our existing infection control concept in terms of patients lacking respiratory symptoms who shed influenza virus or RSV. It enabled us to identify 23 RSV or influenza infections in patients lacking respiratory symptoms in a 4-month period and thus to rapidly take isolation precautions. url: https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000314 doi: 10.3205/dgkh000314 id: cord-324181-nyrpg3ud author: Baker, Jeffrey title: Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2) date: 2020-05-19 words: 4253.0 sentences: 232.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324181-nyrpg3ud.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324181-nyrpg3ud.txt summary: title: Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2) 19, 20 We report the safety and efficacy results of single oral dose baloxavir treatment in otherwise healthy children 1-<12 years old with acute influenza from miniSTONE-2 (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03629184), a phase III, randomized, active controlled trial. This was a global, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, active controlled trial of the safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a single oral dose of baloxavir versus twice-daily (for 5 days) oral oseltamivir, in otherwise healthy children with influenza. Parents completed the Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness and Flu Scale (CARIFS) 22 questionnaire at scheduled visits (day [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] , and responses were used to measure secondary efficacy endpoints including time to alleviation of signs and symptoms (TTASS) of influenza [defined as when a score of 0 (no problem) or 1 (minor problem) was reported for cough and nasal symptoms on the CARIFS questionnaire, return to normal health and activity, and return to afebrile state (tympanic temperature ≤37.2°C), remaining for at least 21.5 hours]. abstract: Baloxavir marboxil (baloxavir) is a novel, cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor that has previously demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of influenza in adults and adolescents. We assessed the safety and efficacy of baloxavir in otherwise healthy children with acute influenza. METHODS: MiniSTONE-2 (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03629184) was a double-blind, randomized, active controlled trial enrolling children 1–<12 years old with a clinical diagnosis of influenza. Children were randomized 2:1 to receive either a single dose of oral baloxavir or oral oseltamivir twice daily for 5 days. The primary endpoint was incidence, severity and timing of adverse events (AEs); efficacy was a secondary endpoint. RESULTS: In total, 173 children were randomized and dosed, 115 to the baloxavir group and 58 to the oseltamivir group. Characteristics of participants were similar between treatment groups. Overall, 122 AEs were reported in 84 (48.6%) children. Incidence of AEs was similar between baloxavir and oseltamivir groups (46.1% vs. 53.4%, respectively). The most common AEs were gastrointestinal (vomiting/diarrhea) in both groups [baloxavir: 12 children (10.4%); oseltamivir: 10 children (17.2%)]. No deaths, serious AEs or hospitalizations were reported. Median time (95% confidence interval) to alleviation of signs and symptoms of influenza was similar between groups: 138.1 (116.6–163.2) hours with baloxavir versus 150.0 (115.0–165.7) hours with oseltamivir. CONCLUSIONS: Oral baloxavir is well tolerated and effective at alleviating symptoms in otherwise healthy children with acute influenza. Baloxavir provides a new therapeutic option with a simple oral dosing regimen. url: https://doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000002747 doi: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002747 id: cord-354690-ywb9krdp author: Barr, Margo title: Pandemic influenza in Australia: Using telephone surveys to measure perceptions of threat and willingness to comply date: 2008-09-15 words: 3840.0 sentences: 187.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354690-ywb9krdp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354690-ywb9krdp.txt summary: Most of the existing information about a population''s response to the threat of pandemics comes from research on outbreaks of the SARS coronavirus, most notably in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Canada, [2] [3] [4] [5] and on studies of risk perception and anticipated behaviours in a potential pandemic in humans from the avian influenza virus (especially the H5N1 subtype). For the hypothetical questions -that is, likelihood of pandemic influenza, likelihood that family or self affected, willingness to comply with vaccination, isolation or wearing a face mask -the responses of extremely likely and very likely were combined into the indicator of interest. Table 4 shows the indicators for pandemic influenza likely, concern for self and family, and changed life by sex, age group, demographic characteristics, and the indicators of level of psychological distress and general self-rated health status. abstract: BACKGROUND: Baseline data is necessary for monitoring how a population perceives the threat of pandemic influenza, and perceives how it would behave in the event of pandemic influenza. Our aim was to develop a module of questions for use in telephone health surveys on perceptions of threat of pandemic influenza, and on preparedness to comply with specific public health behaviours in the event of pandemic influenza. METHODS: A module of questions was developed and field tested on 192 adults using the New South Wales Department of Health's in-house Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) facility. The questions were then modified and re field tested on 202 adults. The module was then incorporated into the New South Wales Population Health Survey in the first quarter of 2007. A representative sample of 2,081 adults completed the module. Their responses were weighted against the state population. RESULTS: The reliability of the questions was acceptable with kappa ranging between 0.25 and 0.51. Overall 14.9% of the state population thought pandemic influenza was very or extremely likely to occur; 45.5% were very or extremely concerned that they or their family would be affected by pandemic influenza if it occurred; and 23.8% had made some level of change to the way they live their life because of the possibility of pandemic influenza. In the event of pandemic influenza, the majority of the population were willing to: be vaccinated (75.4%), be isolated (70.2%), and wear a face mask (59.9%). People with higher levels of threat perception are significantly more likely to be willing to comply with specific public health behaviours. CONCLUSION: While only 14.9% of the state population thought pandemic influenza was very or extremely likely to occur, a significantly higher proportion were concerned for self and family should a pandemic actually occur. The baseline data collected in this survey will be useful for monitoring changes over time in the population's perceptions of threat, and preparedness to comply with specific public health behaviours. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18793441/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-8-117 id: cord-268296-w0i7rhru author: Barros, Eliana Nogueira Castro de title: Patterns of influenza B circulation in Brazil and its relevance to seasonal vaccine composition() date: 2015-11-25 words: 4112.0 sentences: 242.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268296-w0i7rhru.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268296-w0i7rhru.txt summary: 14 Data on laboratory surveillance of the influenza B virus in Brazil are limited, specifically data on the burden of disease and circulation patterns of influenza B lineages. The present integrative review of publicly available data aims to consolidate findings on the pattern of influenza B occurrence in Brazil to have a better understanding of influenza B epidemiology and its relevance to seasonal vaccine composition. We referred to international data sources to check WHO recommendations on the vaccine composition in the Southern hemisphere, 18 and information on circulating influenza lineages for Brazil, the South America region and globally from the WHO/FluNet database which provides data through its network -Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) laboratories. The three reviewed abstracts, which specifically report findings on influenza B mismatch, corroborate this unpredictable behavior of influenza B disease in Brazil for many other seasons for which data were not available in the International Epidemiological surveillance data. abstract: Data on the burden of disease and circulation patterns of influenza B lineages for Brazil are limited. This review aims to describe the pattern of influenza B occurrence in Brazil to have a better understanding of its epidemiology and its relevance when considering seasonal influenza vaccine composition. A review of the data including analysis of international and local surveillance data as well as information from online search of databases using Medical Subject Headings terms in conjunction with screening of abstracts from scientific events was performed. Based on international epidemiologic surveillance data, moderate levels of influenza B disease (19%; 2006–2014) were observed. Of these nine years, it was possible to compare data from three years (2007, 2008 and 2013) which have information on the circulating influenza B lineage. Co-circulation of influenza B lineages was observed in all these three influenza seasons, of which, during one season, a high degree of mismatch between the vaccine lineage and the predominant circulating lineage (91.4% [2013]) was observed. Local surveillance data reveal a distinct and dynamic distribution of respiratory viruses over the years. Data from published literature and abstracts show that influenza B is a significant cause of disease with an unpredictable circulation pattern and showing trends indicating reemergence of the B/Victoria lineage. The abstracts report notable levels of co-circulation of both influenza B lineages (2000–2013). Mismatch between the Southern hemisphere vaccine and the most prevalent circulating viruses in Brazil were observed in five influenza seasons. The evidence on co-circulation of two influenza B lineages and mismatched seasons in Brazil indicates the benefit of quadrivalent influenza vaccines in conferring broader seasonal influenza protection. Additionally, improving influenza surveillance platforms in Brazil is important for monitoring disease trends and the impact of introducing seasonal influenza vaccination. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1413867015001981 doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.09.009 id: cord-304023-s22wi0t0 author: Basile, L. title: Seasonal influenza surveillance: Observational study on the 2017–2018 season with predominant B influenza virus circulation date: 2019-10-30 words: 2800.0 sentences: 183.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304023-s22wi0t0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304023-s22wi0t0.txt summary: METHODS: Influenza surveillance based on a primary care sentinel surveillance, virological indicators systematic sampling of ILI attended and severe influenza confirmed cases (SHLCI) admitted to hospital. CONCLUSIONS: 2017–2018 influenza season was an unusual epidemic season with an early onset, great predominance of influenza B (Yamagata strain) virus with a high hospitalization rate of severe cases among elderly stressing the need to upgrade vaccine uptake in this age group. 4 The 2017-2018 influenza season presented a predominant circulation of influenza virus type B during the first epidemic weeks with a high rate of severe influenza hospitalizations, especially among the elderly. The aim of this work is to describe the 2017-2018 influenza season according to the PIDIRAC Sentinel Influenza Surveillance System and how it affected elderly population in Catalonia despite moderate vaccine coverage among this age group. abstract: INTRODUCTION: Influenza is a common respiratory infectious disease affecting population worldwide yearly. The aim of this work is to describe the 2017–2018 influenza season and how it affected elderly population in Catalonia despite moderate vaccine coverage among this age group. METHODS: Influenza surveillance based on a primary care sentinel surveillance, virological indicators systematic sampling of ILI attended and severe influenza confirmed cases (SHLCI) admitted to hospital. Analysis of data by Chi-squared, ANOVA, multiple regression and negative control test or case to case for vaccine effectiveness assessment in primary care and SHLCI respectively. RESULTS: Moderate-high intensity and early onset season with predominance of influenza B virus (IVB) (63%) followed by an increase of circulation of influenza A virus (IVA). A total of 419 IV from primary care samples. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) in primary care setting was 14% (95%CI: 0–47%). 1306 severe cases (adjusted cumulative incidence 18.54/100,000 inhabitants (95%CI: 17.54–19.55)). The highest proportion of severe cases were in the >64 (65.1%) (aOR 15.70; 95%CI: 12.06–20.46; p < 0.001) followed by 45–64 yo (25.4%) (aOR 6.03; 95%CI: 4.57–7.97). VE in preventing intensive care unit (ICU) admission was 35% (95%CI: 10–54%). Final outcome death while hospitalized occurred in 175 SHLCI cases with a case fatality rate of 13.4%. CONCLUSIONS: 2017–2018 influenza season was an unusual epidemic season with an early onset, great predominance of influenza B (Yamagata strain) virus with a high hospitalization rate of severe cases among elderly stressing the need to upgrade vaccine uptake in this age group. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacun.2019.09.003 doi: 10.1016/j.vacun.2019.09.003 id: cord-328290-kbysppgb author: Beckmann, Christiane title: Diagnostic performance of near-patient testing for influenza date: 2015-03-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Rapid diagnosis of influenza is important for controlling outbreaks and starting antiviral therapy. Direct antigen detection (DAD) is rapid, but lacks sensitivity, whereas nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) is more sensitive, but also more time-consuming. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of a rapid isothermal NAT and two DADs. STUDY DESIGN: During February–May 2014, we tested 211 consecutive patients with influenza-like illness using a commercial isothermal NAT (Alere™ Influenza A&B) as well as the DAD Sofia(®) Influenza A + B and BinaxNOW(®) Influenza A&B for detection of influenza-A and -B virus. RespiFinder-22(®) a commercial multiplex NAT served as reference test. Serial 10-fold dilutions of influenza-A and -B cell culture supernatants were examined. Another 225 patient samples were tested during December 2014–February 2015. RESULTS: Compared to RespiFinder-22(®), the isothermal NAT Alere™ Influenza A&B, and the DAD Sofia(®) Influenza A + B and BinaxNOW(®) Influenza A&B had sensitivities of 77.8%, 59.3% and 29.6%, and specificities of 99.5%, 98.9% and 100%, respectively, for the first 211 patient samples. Alere™ Influenza A&B showed 85.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity in the second cohort. Isothermal NAT was 10-100-fold more sensitive compared to DAD for influenza virus culture supernatants with a lower limit of detection of 5000–50,000 copies/mL. The average turn-around time (TAT) of isothermal NAT and DADs was 15 min, but increased to 110 min for Alere™ Influenza A&B, 30 min for BinaxNOW(®) Influenza A&B, and 45 min for Sofia(®) Influenza A + B, when analyzing batches of 6 samples. CONCLUSION: Simple sample processing and a TAT of 15 min render isothermal NAT Alere™ Influenza A&B suitable for sequential near-patient testing, but the TAT advantage is lost when testing of larger series. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25959157/ doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.03.024 id: cord-311115-nimxnf6s author: Bednarska, K. title: Antigenic Drift of A/H3N2/Virus and Circulation of Influenza-Like Viruses During the 2014/2015 Influenza Season in Poland date: 2016-03-09 words: 1182.0 sentences: 80.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-311115-nimxnf6s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-311115-nimxnf6s.txt summary: title: Antigenic Drift of A/H3N2/Virus and Circulation of Influenza-Like Viruses During the 2014/2015 Influenza Season in Poland During that season, antigenic drift of influenza virus A/H3N2/ occurred causing higher rates of A/H3N2/ infections. Infections caused by influenza-like viruses accounted for 11.2 % (n ¼ 270) of tested specimens. In the epidemic seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/ 2015 in Poland, the number of specimens received from primary care physicians was similar, although the percentage of influenza and influenza-like infection confirmations was 10 % higher in the latter season. In both seasons, in the case of influenza-like viruses, the predominant virus was RSV. In the 2014/2015 season, antigenic drift of the subtype A/H3N2/ decreased the effectiveness of vaccine against influenza. Evaluation of the activity of influenza and influenza-like viruses in the epidemic season Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2014-2015 northern hemisphere influenza season abstract: Morbidity rates of influenza could be greatly reduced due to vaccination. However, the virus is able to evolve through genetic mutations, which is why vaccines with updated composition are necessary every season. Their effectiveness depends on whether there is a good antigenic match between circulating viruses and vaccine strains. In Poland, the 2014/2015 influenza epidemic started in week 5 (January/February) of 2015 and continued until week 17 (April) of 2015. The influenza activity was moderate with the highest incidence of influence-like illness at week 10/2015 (March). During that season, antigenic drift of influenza virus A/H3N2/ occurred causing higher rates of A/H3N2/ infections. Among the 2416 tested specimens, 22.6 % of influenza cases were positive for A/H3N2/, while A/H1N1/pdm09 constituted 14.6 % cases. Influenza A viruses were detected in co-circulation with influenza B viruses; the latter amounted to 34.1 % of all influenza detections. Other detected causes of influenza-like illness consisted of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), being predominant, and, sporadically, human coronavirus, parainfluenza 1–3, rhinovirus, and adenovirus. Despite low vaccine effectiveness of solely one component, A/H3N2/, the vaccine could mitigate or shorten the length of influenza infection and reduce the number of severe outcomes and mortality. Thus, vaccination against influenza remains the most effective way to prevent illness and possibly fatal outcomes. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2016_216 doi: 10.1007/5584_2016_216 id: cord-304485-vouu56rr author: Bengoechea, Jose A title: Viruses to fight other viruses: the influenza vaccine case date: 2020-04-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Undoubtedly, vaccination is one of the health interventions showing major impact on humankind. Vaccines remain one of the most effective and safest ways to tackle infections. The current coronavirus pandemic is not an exception, and we all hope that ongoing international efforts will succeed in developing a vaccine soon. In this scenario, the present work published in this edition of EMBO Molecular Medicine by Demminger and colleagues (Demminger et al, 2020) is timeliness to exemplify the steps needed to develop effective vaccines. url: https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202012059 doi: 10.15252/emmm.202012059 id: cord-298551-ua90xoak author: Bennet, Rutger title: Influenza epidemiology among hospitalized children in Stockholm, Sweden 1998–2014 date: 2016-06-14 words: 3109.0 sentences: 163.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298551-ua90xoak.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298551-ua90xoak.txt summary: The hospital is a tertiary referral center with surgery and a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with resources for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), but only children resident in the catchment area were included in the study. The yearly incidence rates in different age groups varied considerably, with median (range) for children <5 years 59 (19Previously known risk factors were found in 312/922 (34% , Table 1 ), the most important being neuromuscular disease (131 cases) and chronic lung disease (40 cases). This is a report of children hospitalized for influenza A or B in a defined population in the northern Stockholm area 1998-2014, covering the pre-pandemic period, including the 2003-2004 outbreak, the 2009 pandemic, and four post-pandemic seasons. In contrast to the known effect of trivalent influenza vaccine (the only one used during the studied period except for the pandemic year) in healthy children >18 months, less is known about its effect in younger children and in those with risk factors. abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza remains a common reason for the hospitalization of children. There is a need for long term studies that are also population based. We describe the epidemiology of severe influenza in a defined population 1998–2014. METHOD: Retrospective study of annually collected data of virologically confirmed influenza in hospitalized children 0–17 years living in the catchment area (230,000 children). We gathered information about comorbidity and complications from case records, and compared Influenza A, B and A(H1N1)pdm09 with respect to these factors. RESULTS: A total of 922 children with influenza were hospitalized. The mean rate remained unchanged at 22.5–24.2 per 100,000 children per year. There were two major outbreaks: influenza A(H3N2) in 2003–2004 and the A(H1N1) pandemic in 2009–2010. The proportion of children with influenza B increased from 8% during the first half of the study period to 28% during the second half. The highest admission rate was found in children <3 months of age, 169 per 100,000. Children with influenza B were older than those with influenza A. Comorbidity was found in 34%, complications in 41%, and 11% needed intensive care management. The mortality rate was 0.17/100,000 children. CONCLUSION: Influenza remains an important reason for the hospitalization of children, especially during the first years of life. The increasing proportion of influenza B may have to be considered when recommending influenza vaccines. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X16302560 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.082 id: cord-276015-id15u3br author: Beran, Jiří title: Inosine pranobex is safe and effective for the treatment of subjects with confirmed acute respiratory viral infections: analysis and subgroup analysis from a Phase 4, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study date: 2016-11-07 words: 6086.0 sentences: 266.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276015-id15u3br.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276015-id15u3br.txt summary: This study compared the efficacy and safety of inosine pranobex versus placebo in subjects with clinically diagnosed influenza-like illness, including subjects with laboratory-confirmed acute respiratory viral infections. In the subgroup analysis for subjects less than 50 years of age, statistically significant differences in time to resolution of influenza-like symptoms that favoured the inosine pranobex group over the placebo group were observed in those without related ongoing disease and those who were non-obese (BMI <30 kg/m(2)). CONCLUSIONS: The study results indicate the safety of inosine pranobex for the treatment of subjects with confirmed acute respiratory viral infections and confirm the efficacy of inosine pranobex versus placebo in healthy non-obese subjects less than 50 years of age with clinically diagnosed influenza-like illnesses. abstract: BACKGROUND: Inosine pranobex (Isoprinosine®) is an immunomodulatory drug approved in several countries for the treatment of viral infections. This study compared the efficacy and safety of inosine pranobex versus placebo in subjects with clinically diagnosed influenza-like illness, including subjects with laboratory-confirmed acute respiratory viral infections. Subgroup analyses evaluated the efficacy of inosine pranobex compared to placebo in otherwise healthy (without related ongoing disease) subjects that were less than 50 years of age and healthy subjects that were at least 50 years of age. The effect of body mass index (BMI) was evaluated in subjects less than 50 years of age. METHODS: A total of 463 subjects were randomly assigned to receive inosine pranobex (n = 231) or placebo (n = 232) in this Phase 4, randomised, double-blind, multicentre study. The primary efficacy endpoint was time to resolution of all influenza-like symptoms present at baseline to none. Safety was evaluated through analysis of adverse events, vital signs, and physical examinations. RESULTS: The difference in time to resolution of all influenza-like symptoms between treatment groups was not statistically significant but showed a faster improvement in subjects in the inosine pranobex group versus those in the placebo group - Hazard Ratio = 1.175; (95 % CI: 0.806–1.714). P-value = 0.324. In the subgroup analysis for subjects less than 50 years of age, statistically significant differences in time to resolution of influenza-like symptoms that favoured the inosine pranobex group over the placebo group were observed in those without related ongoing disease and those who were non-obese (BMI <30 kg/m(2)). The differences between the inosine pranobex and placebo groups in subjects at least 50 years of age without related ongoing disease and in subjects less than 50 years of age who were obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m(2)) were not statistically significant. Inosine pranobex was generally well tolerated, and no deaths were reported. CONCLUSIONS: The study results indicate the safety of inosine pranobex for the treatment of subjects with confirmed acute respiratory viral infections and confirm the efficacy of inosine pranobex versus placebo in healthy non-obese subjects less than 50 years of age with clinically diagnosed influenza-like illnesses. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EWO-ISO-2014/1, EudraCT 2014-001863-11; Date of registration: 29 APR 2014; Detail information web link: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2014-001863-11/results ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1965-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27821093/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1965-5 id: cord-276037-0bxwv6b7 author: Bias, Harald title: Self-reported adverse reactions in 4337 healthcare workers immunizations against novel H1N1 influenza date: 2011-08-17 words: 2129.0 sentences: 128.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276037-0bxwv6b7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276037-0bxwv6b7.txt summary: Therefore, we investigated the safety of an inactivated monovalent H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine METHODS: We focused on the H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine Pandemrix(® )and applied a self reporting questionnaire in a population of healthcare workers (HCWs) and medical students at a major university hospital. Due to a special debate on the safety of the pandemic influenza vaccines [18] , it was the objective of the present study to analyse the safety using a self reporting questionnaire approach in the acute event of a pandemic and a novel vaccine which was debated for its safety by the general population and healthcare worders (HCWs). In the situation of a pandemic and the acute supply of a novel vaccine which included the immunologic adjuvant AS03 and thiomersal (thimerosal), and a public debate about the safety of this vaccine, the sample selection method based on the assessment of all individuals that were vaccinated after informed consent at the occupational medicine centre of Germany largest university hospital. abstract: PURPOSE: The use of the 2009 H1N1 vaccine has generated much debate concerning safety issues among the general population and physicians. It was questioned if this is a safe vaccine. Therefore, we investigated the safety of an inactivated monovalent H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine METHODS: We focused on the H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine Pandemrix(® )and applied a self reporting questionnaire in a population of healthcare workers (HCWs) and medical students at a major university hospital. RESULTS: In total, 4337 individuals were vaccinated, consisting of 3808 HCWs and 529 medical students. The vaccination rate of the employees was higher than 40%. The majority of individuals were vaccinated in November 2009. In total, 291 of the 4337 vaccinations were reported to lead to one or more adverse reactions (6.7%). Local reactions were reported in 3.8%, myalgia and arthralgia in 3.7%, fatigue in 3.7%, headache in 3.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Our data together with available data from several national and international institutions points to a safe pandemic influenza vaccine. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-297 doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-297 id: cord-027752-xcpv9k22 author: Bresalier, Michael title: Uses of a Pandemic: Forging the Identities of Influenza and Virus Research in Interwar Britain date: 2011-12-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This paper counters the tendency to retrospectively viralise the 1918–19 pandemic and to gloss the important historiographical point that, in Britain, such knowledge was in-the-making between 1918 and 1933. It traces the genesis of influenza's virus identity to British efforts in 1918–19 to specify the cause of the pandemic and it examines how, in the 1920s, the British Medical Research Council used the connection between a virus and the pandemic to justify the development of virus research and to make influenza a core problem around which it was organised. It shows that the organisation of medical virus research was inextricably linked to the pandemic before the actual discovery of flu virus in 1933. Recognising that the relationship between the virus and the disease itself has a history demands we rethink the pandemic's medical scientific legacy and the crucial role of virus research in shaping its history. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7313770/ doi: 10.1093/shm/hkr162 id: cord-315339-dcui85lw author: Broadbent, Andrew J. title: Respiratory Virus Vaccines date: 2015-03-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This chapter reviews the main viral pathogens of the respiratory tract, the immune responses they induce, currently available vaccines, and vaccines that are in development to control them. The main viruses responsible for acute respiratory infection in people include respiratory syncytial, influenza, human parainfluenza, human metapneumo-, human rhino-, corona-, and adenoviruses. Licensed vaccines are available only for influenza virus, with vaccines against the other pathogens either in clinical trials or in preclinical stages of development. The majority of studies evaluating respiratory virus vaccines measure serum antibody responses, because, although both cellular and humoral responses contribute to the clearance of a primary infection, neutralizing antibodies are known to protect against secondary infection. Humoral responses can be readily detected after vaccination with inactivated or subunit vaccines; however, fewer individuals seroconvert after vaccination with live vaccines. Alternative immune mechanisms such as mucosal antibody responses are probably responsible for protection by live attenuated vaccines, and immune correlates of protection are under investigation. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124158474000598 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00059-8 id: cord-333527-66dfphxq author: Brown, Lawrence H title: Self-reported anticipated compliance with physician advice to stay home during pandemic (H1N1) 2009: Results from the 2009 Queensland Social Survey date: 2010-03-16 words: 3679.0 sentences: 168.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333527-66dfphxq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333527-66dfphxq.txt summary: Four questions related to respondents'' anticipated compliance with a physician''s advice to stay home if they had a common cold, seasonal influenza, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza or avian influenza were incorporated into QSS 2009, with responses recorded using a balanced Likert scale ranging from "very unlikely" to "very likely." Discordance between responses for different diseases was analysed using McNemar''s test. This study was undertaken during the height of the Australian pandemic (H1N1) 2009 outbreak to measure self-reported willingness to comply with physician recommendations to stay home for seven days, and to compare responses for the current strain of pandemic influenza, avian influenza (H5N1), seasonal influenza, and the common cold. This study was undertaken during the height of the Australian pandemic (H1N1) 2009 outbreak to measure self-reported willingness to comply with physician recommendations to stay home for seven days, and to compare responses for the current strain of pandemic influenza, avian influenza (H5N1), seasonal influenza, and the common cold. abstract: BACKGROUND: One strategy available to public health officials during a pandemic is physician recommendations for isolation of infected individuals. This study was undertaken during the height of the Australian pandemic (H1N1) 2009 outbreak to measure self-reported willingness to comply with physician recommendations to stay home for seven days, and to compare responses for the current strain of pandemic influenza, avian influenza, seasonal influenza, and the common cold. METHODS: Data were collected as part of the Queensland Social Survey (QSS) 2009, which consisted of a standardized introduction, 37 demographic questions, and research questions incorporated through a cost-sharing arrangement. Four questions related to respondents' anticipated compliance with a physician's advice to stay home if they had a common cold, seasonal influenza, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza or avian influenza were incorporated into QSS 2009, with responses recorded using a balanced Likert scale ranging from "very unlikely" to "very likely." Discordance between responses for different diseases was analysed using McNemar's test. Associations between demographic variables and anticipated compliance were analysed using Pearson's chi-square or chi-square for linear-by-linear association, and confirmed using multivariate logistic regression; p < 0.05 was used to establish statistical significance. RESULTS: Self-reported anticipated compliance increased from 59.9% for the common cold to 71.3% for seasonal influenza (p < .001), and to 95.0% for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza and 94.7% for avian influenza (p < 0.001 for both versus seasonal influenza). Anticipated compliance did not differ for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and avian influenza (p = 0.815). Age and sex were both associated with anticipated compliance in the setting of seasonal influenza and the common cold. Notably, 27.1% of health and community service workers would not comply with physician advice to stay home for seasonal influenza. CONCLUSIONS: Ninety-five percent of people report they would comply with a physicians' advice to stay home for seven days if they are diagnosed with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 or avian influenza, but only 71% can be expected to comply in the setting of seasonal influenza and fewer still can be expected to comply if they are diagnosed with a common cold. Sub-populations that might be worthwhile targets for public health messages aimed at increasing the rate of self-imposed isolation for seasonal influenza include males, younger people, and healthcare workers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20233450/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-138 id: cord-273147-24fkaqlz author: Brownstein, John S title: Empirical Evidence for the Effect of Airline Travel on Inter-Regional Influenza Spread in the United States date: 2006-09-12 words: 6351.0 sentences: 295.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273147-24fkaqlz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273147-24fkaqlz.txt summary: METHODS AND FINDINGS: We measured rate of inter-regional spread and timing of influenza in the United States for nine seasons, from 1996 to 2005 using weekly influenza and pneumonia mortality from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We measured rate of inter-regional spread and timing of influenza in the United States for nine seasons, from 1996 to 2005 using weekly influenza and pneumonia mortality from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this study, we characterize the spatial variability in the inter-regional timing of the seasonal component of influenza mortality across the United States and assess its relationship to airline volume. For each influenza year, coincidence in the timing of seasonal influenza mortality across geographic regions was estimated from the phase shift with a national seasonal curve, derived by summing of all city data and filtering. abstract: BACKGROUND: The influence of air travel on influenza spread has been the subject of numerous investigations using simulation, but very little empirical evidence has been provided. Understanding the role of airline travel in large-scale influenza spread is especially important given the mounting threat of an influenza pandemic. Several recent simulation studies have concluded that air travel restrictions may not have a significant impact on the course of a pandemic. Here, we assess, with empirical data, the role of airline volume on the yearly inter-regional spread of influenza in the United States. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We measured rate of inter-regional spread and timing of influenza in the United States for nine seasons, from 1996 to 2005 using weekly influenza and pneumonia mortality from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Seasonality was characterized by band-pass filtering. We found that domestic airline travel volume in November (mostly surrounding the Thanksgiving holiday) predicts the rate of influenza spread (r (2) = 0.60; p = 0.014). We also found that international airline travel influences the timing of influenza mortality (r (2) = 0.59; p = 0.016). The flight ban in the US after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, and the subsequent depression of the air travel market, provided a natural experiment for the evaluation of flight restrictions; the decrease in air travel was associated with a delayed and prolonged influenza season. CONCLUSIONS: We provide the first empirical evidence for the role of airline travel in long-range dissemination of influenza. Our results suggest an important influence of international air travel on the timing of influenza introduction, as well as an influence of domestic air travel on the rate of inter-regional influenza spread in the US. Pandemic preparedness strategies should account for a possible benefit of airline travel restrictions on influenza spread. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968115/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030401 id: cord-300311-eah49b3g author: Bueving, Herman J. title: What is the role of virus vaccination in patients with asthma? date: 2007-05-30 words: 2983.0 sentences: 191.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300311-eah49b3g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300311-eah49b3g.txt summary: Other studies are often based on selected populations with existing symptoms or complications, reflecting only the worst of the spectrum of disease caused by acute respiratory infections [9, [14] [15] [16] [17] ] and thus disregarding their often self-limiting nature. The availability of effective vaccines against the key viruses involved in asthma exacerbations thus could play an important role in its prevention. However, because of a lack of clinical effectiveness, the natural antigenic variations of the influenza virus, and the low average incidence of influenza, cost-effectiveness in children and adults with asthma will not be easily achieved if vaccination has to be delivered annually. Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children Effectiveness of influenza vaccine for the prevention of asthma exacerbations Influenza vaccination in patients with asthma: effect on the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections and exacerbations abstract: It is estimated that viruses play a role in 30% to 80% of asthma exacerbations. Thus, virus vaccination in patients with asthma could play an important role in preventing asthma exacerbations and other complications. Influenza is the only agent for which a routine vaccine is currently available. This article discusses whether influenza vaccination in patients with asthma, based on the available evidence, is justified. Cost-effectiveness of (influenza) vaccination for patients with asthma is questionable. For the other major viruses involved, the present state of affairs is described. Although progress is being made, a vaccine may be available in the near future only for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Meanwhile, clinicians and patients should aim for an optimal treatment with the currently available asthma medication. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17504664/ doi: 10.1007/s11882-007-0033-z id: cord-261282-r1nprlne author: CHUGHTAI, A. A. title: The presence of fever in adults with influenza and other viral respiratory infections date: 2016-10-03 words: 3873.0 sentences: 229.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261282-r1nprlne.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261282-r1nprlne.txt summary: [13] examined clinical trial data of 3744 adult ILI cases (defined as body temperature 537·8°C or patients subjective feeling of feverishness) and of those 2470 (66%) had laboratory-confirmed influenza. The aim of this study was to compare the rates of fever in adult subjects with confirmed influenza and other respiratory virus infections and examine predictors of fever. Rates of fever in influenza and other viral respiratory infections in this study were lower compared to other studies which report fever in around 50-70% adult cases [1, 5, 13, 15] . Clinical signs and symptoms are less studied for other viral respiratory infections, but available evidence suggests that other respiratory viruses are associated with a lower rate of fever compared to influenza [5, [30] [31] [32] [33] . Compared to children, this study shows that adults are less likely to have fever with a respiratory viral infection, even influenza. abstract: We compared the rates of fever in adult subjects with laboratory-confirmed influenza and other respiratory viruses and examined the factors that predict fever in adults. Symptom data on 158 healthcare workers (HCWs) with a laboratory-confirmed respiratory virus infection were collected using standardized data collection forms from three separate studies. Overall, the rate of fever in confirmed viral respiratory infections in adult HCWs was 23·4% (37/158). Rates varied by virus: human rhinovirus (25·3%, 19/75), influenza A virus (30%, 3/10), coronavirus (28·6%, 2/7), human metapneumovirus (28·6%, 2/7), respiratory syncytial virus (14·3%, 4/28) and parainfluenza virus (8·3%, 1/12). Smoking [relative risk (RR) 4·65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·33–16·25] and co-infection with two or more viruses (RR 4·19, 95% CI 1·21–14·52) were significant predictors of fever. Fever is less common in adults with confirmed viral respiratory infections, including influenza, than described in children. More than 75% of adults with a viral respiratory infection do not have fever, which is an important finding for clinical triage of adult patients with respiratory infections. The accepted definition of ‘influenza-like illness’ includes fever and may be insensitive for surveillance when high case-finding is required. A more sensitive case definition could be used to identify adult cases, particularly in event of an emerging viral infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27691995/ doi: 10.1017/s0950268816002181 id: cord-287824-zg5akivn author: Chan, Yinghan title: Advanced drug delivery systems can assist in managing influenza virus infection: A hypothesis date: 2020-09-24 words: 1158.0 sentences: 84.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287824-zg5akivn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287824-zg5akivn.txt summary: title: Advanced drug delivery systems can assist in managing influenza virus infection: A hypothesis This article provides an insight into a novel hypothesis that describes how the integration of nanomedicine, with the development of drugs and vaccines can potentially enhance body immune response and the efficacies of anti-viral therapeutics to combat influenza infections. In the recent years, an 66 increasing trend of influenza outbreaks have been observed, prompting medical researchers to 67 design and develop suitable vaccines and novel therapeutic modalities [10] . Targeting 411 neutrophils using novel drug delivery systems in chronic respiratory diseases Increasing 440 complexity and interactions of oxidative stress in chronic respiratory diseases: An 441 emerging need for novel drug delivery systems Interactions 501 with the macrophages: An emerging targeted approach using novel drug delivery 502 systems in respiratory diseases Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus infection by zinc oxide nanoparticles: 537 Another emerging application of nanomedicine abstract: Outbreaks of influenza infections in the past have severely impacted global health and socioeconomic growth. Antivirals and vaccines are remarkable medical innovations that have been successful in reducing the rates of morbidity and mortality from this disease. However, the relentless emergence of drug resistance has led to a worrisome increase in the trend of influenza outbreaks, characterized by worsened clinical outcomes as well as increased economic burden. This has prompted the need for breakthrough innovations that can effectively manage influenza outbreaks. This article provides an insight into a novel hypothesis that describes how the integration of nanomedicine, with the development of drugs and vaccines can potentially enhance body immune response and the efficacies of anti-viral therapeutics to combat influenza infections. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987720326529?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110298 id: cord-304870-j9kadxu9 author: Chen, Gongbo title: The impact of ambient fine particles on influenza transmission and the modification effects of temperature in China: A multi-city study date: 2016-10-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: There is good evidence that air pollution is a risk factor for adverse respiratory and vascular health outcomes. However, data are limited as to whether ambient fine particles contribute to the transmission of influenza and if so, how the association is modified by weather conditions. OBJECTIVES: We examined the relationship between ambient PM(2.5) and influenza incidence at the national level in China and explored the associations at different temperatures. METHODS: Daily data on concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM(2.5)) and influenza incidence counts were collected in 47 Chinese cities. A Poisson regression model was used to estimate the city-specific PM(2.5)-influenza association, after controlling for potential confounders. Then, a random-effect meta-analysis was used to pool the effects at national level. In addition, stratified analyses were performed to examine modification effects of ambient temperature. RESULTS: For single lag models, the highest effect of ambient PM(2.5) on influenza incidence appeared at lag day 2, with relative risk (RR) of 1.015 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.004, 1.025) associated with a 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM(2.5). For moving average lag models, the significant association was found at lag 2–3 days, with RR of 1.020 (95% CI: 1.006, 1.034). The RR of influenza transmission associated with PM(2.5) was higher for cold compared with hot days. Overall, 10.7% of incident influenza cases may result from exposure to ambient PM(2.5). CONCLUSIONS: Ambient PM(2.5) may increase the risk of exposure to influenza in China especially on cooler days. Control measures to reduce PM(2.5) concentrations could potentially also be of benefit in lowering the risk of exposure and subsequent transmission of influenza in China. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412016305530 doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.004 id: cord-004348-4jdn4kw6 author: Chen, Juine-Ruey title: Better influenza vaccines: an industry perspective date: 2020-02-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vaccination is the most effective measure at preventing influenza virus infections. However, current seasonal influenza vaccines are only protective against closely matched circulating strains. Even with extensive monitoring and annual reformulation our efforts remain one step behind the rapidly evolving virus, often resulting in mismatches and low vaccine effectiveness. Fortunately, many next-generation influenza vaccines are currently in development, utilizing an array of innovative techniques to shorten production time and increase the breadth of protection. This review summarizes the production methods of current vaccines, recent advances that have been made in influenza vaccine research, and highlights potential challenges that are yet to be overcome. Special emphasis is put on the potential role of glycoengineering in influenza vaccine development, and the advantages of removing the glycan shield on influenza surface antigens to increase vaccine immunogenicity. The potential for future development of these novel influenza vaccine candidates is discussed from an industry perspective. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7023813/ doi: 10.1186/s12929-020-0626-6 id: cord-002438-b8t4a57r author: Cheng, Wei title: Comparison of Influenza Epidemiological and Virological Characteristics between Outpatients and Inpatients in Zhejiang Province, China, March 2011–June 2015 date: 2017-02-22 words: 4843.0 sentences: 235.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002438-b8t4a57r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002438-b8t4a57r.txt summary: Our study use the surveillance data collected from 16 sentinel hospitals across Zhejiang Province during March 2011 through June 2015, including the demographic information and respiratory specimens from influenza-like illness (ILI) patients and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) patients. In this study, we used four-year continuous surveillance data to compare the epidemic and virological characteristics of influenza virus between ILI cases and SARI cases in Zhejiang Province. Correlation analysis of weekly influenza virus type/subtype constitution among total positive numbers between influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI). Our findings further demonstrated that young children are vulnerable for both mild and severe respiratory infection, and the low influenza detection rate among 0-4 years age-group in both SARI and ILI patients foreshadow the need of expand the respiratory illness surveillance to more types of pathogens [12, 24] . abstract: Given the rapid rate of global spread and consequently healthcare costs related to influenza, surveillance plays an important role in monitoring the emerging pandemics in China. However, the characteristics of influenza in Southeast of China haven’t been fully studied. Our study use the surveillance data collected from 16 sentinel hospitals across Zhejiang Province during March 2011 through June 2015, including the demographic information and respiratory specimens from influenza-like illness (ILI) patients and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) patients. As analysis results, most SARI and ILI patients were in the age group of 0–4 years old (62.38% of ILI and 71.54% of SARI). The respiratory specimens have statistically significantly higher positive rate for influenza among ILI patients than that among SARI patients (p < 0.001). The comparison between ILI patients and SARI patients shows no statistically significantly difference in detecting influenza virus type and influenza A virus subtype. The SARI and ILI patients were found to be positively correlated for overall positive rate (r = 0.63, p < 0.001), the weekly percentage of A(H1N1)pdm09 (r = 0.51, p < 0.001), influenza B virus (r = 0.17, p = 0.013), and A/H3N2 (r = 0.43, p < 0.001) among all the positive numbers. Our study demonstrated that the activities of influenza virus, including its subtypes, had a similar temporal pattern between ILI and SARI cases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5334771/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph14020217 id: cord-011251-rjyipcfv author: Chernyshov, Vladimir V. title: Single-stage synthesis of heterocyclic alkaloid-like compounds from (+)-camphoric acid and their antiviral activity date: 2019-02-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: ABSTRACT: An effective technique for one-stage synthesis of new polycyclic nitrogen-containing compounds has been developed. The procedure involves refluxing mixtures of camphoric acid with aliphatic or aromatic diamine without catalysts. In cases where the starting amine has a low boiling point (less than 200 °C), phenol is used as a solvent, as it is the most optimal one for obtaining products with good yields. It has been shown that the use of Lewis acids as catalysts reduces the yield of the reaction products. A set of compounds have been synthesized, which can be attributed to synthetic analogues of alkaloids. In vitro screening for activity influenza virus A was carried out for the obtained compounds. The synthesized quinazoline-like agent 14 has inhibitory activity against different strains of influenza viruses. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11030-019-09932-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223885/ doi: 10.1007/s11030-019-09932-9 id: cord-283537-49ic7p3u author: Chong, Ka Chun title: Identifying Meteorological Drivers for the Seasonal Variations of Influenza Infections in a Subtropical City — Hong Kong date: 2015-01-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Compared with temperate areas, the understanding of seasonal variations of influenza infections is lacking in subtropical and tropical regions. Insufficient information about viral activity increases the difficulty of forecasting the disease burden and thus hampers official preparation efforts. Here we identified potential meteorological factors that drove the seasonal variations in influenza infections in a subtropical city, Hong Kong. We fitted the meteorological data and influenza mortality data from 2002 to 2009 in a Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model. From the results, air temperature was a common significant driver of seasonal patterns and cold temperature was associated with an increase in transmission intensity for most of the influenza epidemics. Except 2004, the fitted models with significant meteorological factors could account for more than 10% of the variance in additional to the null model. Rainfall was also found to be a significant driver of seasonal influenza, although results were less robust. The identified meteorological indicators could alert officials to take appropriate control measures for influenza epidemics, such as enhancing vaccination activities before cold seasons. Further studies are required to fully justify the associations. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201560 doi: 10.3390/ijerph120201560 id: cord-003701-i70ztypg author: Chow, Eric J. title: Influenza virus-related critical illness: prevention, diagnosis, treatment date: 2019-06-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Annual seasonal influenza epidemics of variable severity result in significant morbidity and mortality in the United States (U.S.) and worldwide. In temperate climate countries, including the U.S., influenza activity peaks during the winter months. Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons in the U.S. aged 6 months and older, and among those at increased risk for influenza-related complications in other parts of the world (e.g. young children, elderly). Observational studies have reported effectiveness of influenza vaccination to reduce the risks of severe disease requiring hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and death. A diagnosis of influenza should be considered in critically ill patients admitted with complications such as exacerbation of underlying chronic comorbidities, community-acquired pneumonia, and respiratory failure during influenza season. Molecular tests are recommended for influenza testing of respiratory specimens in hospitalized patients. Antigen detection assays are not recommended in critically ill patients because of lower sensitivity; negative results of these tests should not be used to make clinical decisions, and respiratory specimens should be tested for influenza by molecular assays. Because critically ill patients with lower respiratory tract disease may have cleared influenza virus in the upper respiratory tract, but have prolonged influenza viral replication in the lower respiratory tract, an endotracheal aspirate (preferentially) or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimen (if collected for other diagnostic purposes) should be tested by molecular assay for detection of influenza viruses. Observational studies have reported that antiviral treatment of critically ill adult influenza patients with a neuraminidase inhibitor is associated with survival benefit. Since earlier initiation of antiviral treatment is associated with the greatest clinical benefit, standard-dose oseltamivir (75 mg twice daily in adults) for enteric administration is recommended as soon as possible as it is well absorbed in critically ill patients. Based upon observational data that suggest harms, adjunctive corticosteroid treatment is currently not recommended for children or adults hospitalized with influenza, including critically ill patients, unless clinically indicated for another reason, such as treatment of asthma or COPD exacerbation, or septic shock. A number of pharmaceutical agents are in development for treatment of severe influenza. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6563376/ doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2491-9 id: cord-270703-c8mv2eve author: Christensen, Paul A title: Real-time Communication With Health Care Providers Through an Online Respiratory Pathogen Laboratory Report date: 2018-11-30 words: 1673.0 sentences: 93.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-270703-c8mv2eve.txt txt: ./txt/cord-270703-c8mv2eve.txt summary: We implemented a real-time report to distribute respiratory pathogen data for our 8-hospital system to anyone with an Internet connection and a web browser. We implemented a real-time report to distribute respiratory pathogen data for our 8-hospital system to anyone with an Internet connection and a web browser. To address these local needs in a major US metropolitan area, our clinical microbiology laboratory implemented an online dashboard to distribute respiratory pathogen data for our 8-hospital system to clinicians, epidemiologists, infection control practitioners, system leadership, and the public. Development of this report began in the Fall 2017, before the respiratory virus season, during which influenza reached an epidemic status across the United States that resulted in supply shortages, testing difficulties, and a widespread public health crisis [4, 5] . In summary, our microbiology laboratory implemented a near real-time Internet report to distribute respiratory pathogen data for our 8-hospital system to clinicians, hospital epidemiologists, infection control committees, system leadership, and the public. abstract: We implemented a real-time report to distribute respiratory pathogen data for our 8-hospital system to anyone with an Internet connection and a web browser. Real-time access to accurate regional laboratory observation data during an epidemic influenza season can guide diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30619910/ doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofy322 id: cord-257491-tsdwsyjs author: Cieślak, K. title: Influenza and Influenza-like Viruses in Children in the Epidemic Season 2015/2016 in Poland date: 2016-12-31 words: 1773.0 sentences: 109.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257491-tsdwsyjs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257491-tsdwsyjs.txt summary: In the first 3 months of the epidemic season 2015/2016 (October-December, 2015) there were 406 more cases of confirmed and suspected cases of influenza in children up to 14 years of age compared with the preceding epidemic season in Poland (NIPH-NIH 2016). In the present study, therefore, we seek to determine the overall activity of influenza and influenza-like viruses in children under 14 years of age in the epidemic season 2015/2016 in Poland. There were 3376 specimens taken from children up to 14 years of age tested in the epidemic season 2015/2016 in Poland. There were 8542 specimens tested during the epidemic season 2015/2016, in Poland, of which 3376 were collected from children 0-14 years of age. The results also confirm the frequent presence of influenza and influenza-like viruses in children aged 0-14 years. abstract: Influenza is an infectious disease caused by influenza A and B viruses. Children are the group which is the most exposed to influenza and influenza-like infections. They are considered as carriers of influenza infections in the population. In the epidemic season 2015/2016 more than 8000 samples were tested, of which over 30 % specimens were collected from patients aged 0–14 years. In 42.3 % cases the influenza or influenza-like viruses were confirmed. The most common subtype was A/H1N1/pdm09. Analysis of positive specimens was categorized into three smaller groups 0–4, 5–9, 10–14. Differences in the frequency of virus detections in younger age groups appeared. This study has shown that children are a very important group in the spread of the influenza virus in the population. A higher percentage of vaccinated children would decrease the number of infected patients in the whole population. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2016_178 doi: 10.1007/5584_2016_178 id: cord-355374-e8k72955 author: Clemens, E. Bridie title: Harnessing the Power of T Cells: The Promising Hope for a Universal Influenza Vaccine date: 2018-03-26 words: 14155.0 sentences: 614.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355374-e8k72955.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355374-e8k72955.txt summary: Influenza virus-specific CD8 + Trm in human lung tissue also maintain diverse TCR profiles-a feature important for effective T cell function and protection against the generation of viral-escape mutants [128] . HLA-I allele expression is an important predictor of cross-reactive influenza-specific CD8 + T cell immunity, with a recent study identifying five alleles (A*02:01, A*03:01, B*57:01, B*18:01, and B*08:01) capable of eliciting robust CD8 + T cell responses against immunogenic NP and M1 peptides that are conserved across all human influenza A virus, including the novel avian-derived H7N9 virus [18] . Thus, upon infection with H7N9, individuals with these HLA alleles will need time to activate and amplify new primary CD8 + T cell responses to distinct H7N9 peptide variants rather than recalling T cell responses generated against seasonal influenza viruses, potentially resulting in longer time to recovery and greater risk of severe disease compared to individuals with pre-existing cross-protective CD8 + T cell memory. abstract: Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. However, multiple hurdles exist for the realisation of a universal T cell vaccine. Overall primary concerns are: extrapolating human clinical studies, seeding durable effective T cell resident memory (Trm), population human leucocyte antigen (HLA) coverage, and the potential for T cell-mediated immune escape. Further comprehensive human clinical data is needed during natural infection to validate the protective role T cells play during infection in the absence of antibodies. Furthermore, fundamental questions still exist regarding the site, longevity and duration, quantity, and phenotype of T cells needed for optimal protection. Standardised experimental methods, and eventually simplified commercial assays, to assess peripheral influenza-specific T cell responses are needed for larger-scale clinical studies of T cells as a correlate of protection against influenza infection. The design and implementation of a T cell-inducing vaccine will require a consensus on the level of protection acceptable in the community, which may not provide sterilizing immunity but could protect the individual from severe disease, reduce the length of infection, and potentially reduce transmission in the community. Therefore, increasing the standard of care potentially offered by T cell vaccines should be considered in the context of pandemic preparedness and zoonotic infections, and in combination with improved antibody vaccine targeting methods. Current pandemic vaccine preparedness measures and ongoing clinical trials under-utilise T cell-inducing vaccines, reflecting the myriad questions that remain about how, when, where, and which T cells are needed to fight influenza virus infection. This review aims to bring together basic fundamentals of T cell biology with human clinical data, which need to be considered for the implementation of a universal vaccine against influenza that harnesses the power of T cells. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29587436/ doi: 10.3390/vaccines6020018 id: cord-003870-hr99dwi7 author: Clohisey, Sara title: Host susceptibility to severe influenza A virus infection date: 2019-09-05 words: 5987.0 sentences: 321.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003870-hr99dwi7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003870-hr99dwi7.txt summary: Some demographic factors (pregnancy, obesity, and advanced age) appear to confer a more specific susceptibility to severe illness following infection with influenza viruses. Factors predicted to confer more specific susceptibility to influenza are placed higher in the diagram independently associated with severe disease from either seasonal or pandemic IAV [24] . Susceptibility to severe H1N1 infection was analysed in a recent genome-wide study (integrated with data on genetic variants associated with altered gene expression) which implicated an intronic SNP of GLDC, rs1755609-G [80] . Susceptible hosts may have impaired intracellular controls of viral replication (e.g. IFITM3, TMPRS22 variants), defective interferon responses (e.g. GLDC, IRF7/9 variants), or defects in cell-mediated immunity with increased baseline levels of systemic inflammation (obesity, pregnancy, advanced age). Susceptible hosts may have impaired intracellular controls of viral replication (e.g. IFITM3, TMPRS22 variants), defective interferon responses (e.g. GLDC, IRF7/9 variants), or defects in cell-mediated immunity with increased baseline levels of systemic inflammation (obesity, pregnancy, advanced age). abstract: Most people exposed to a new flu virus do not notice any symptoms. A small minority develops critical illness. Some of this extremely broad variation in susceptibility is explained by the size of the initial inoculum or the influenza exposure history of the individual; some is explained by generic host factors, such as frailty, that decrease resilience following any systemic insult. Some demographic factors (pregnancy, obesity, and advanced age) appear to confer a more specific susceptibility to severe illness following infection with influenza viruses. As with other infectious diseases, a substantial component of susceptibility is determined by host genetics. Several genetic susceptibility variants have now been reported with varying levels of evidence. Susceptible hosts may have impaired intracellular controls of viral replication (e.g. IFITM3, TMPRS22 variants), defective interferon responses (e.g. GLDC, IRF7/9 variants), or defects in cell-mediated immunity with increased baseline levels of systemic inflammation (obesity, pregnancy, advanced age). These mechanisms may explain the prolonged viral replication reported in critically ill patients with influenza: patients with life-threatening disease are, by definition, abnormal hosts. Understanding these molecular mechanisms of susceptibility may in the future enable the design of host-directed therapies to promote resilience. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6729070/ doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2566-7 id: cord-017291-bhe34dky author: Cohen, Cheryl title: Influenza date: 2017-05-05 words: 7128.0 sentences: 381.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017291-bhe34dky.txt summary: Children aged <5 years (especially those <2 years) and those with underlying illness such as cardiac, respiratory and severe neurologic disease have an increased risk of severe outcomes associated with influenza. Vaccine cannot be given to children aged <6 months but maternal influenza immunization during pregnancy is recommended and can confer protection to the young infant. The highest rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations and deaths are typically seen in individuals aged ≥65 years, <5 years and those with underlying medical conditions that confer an increased risk for severe influenza [9] . Therefore, in Table 2 .1 Children at high risk of severe influenza in whom influenza antiviral treatment is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) current guidance [9, 39] 1. abstract: Influenza is one of the commonest infections in human populations, and causing substantial morbidity and mortality globally. The influenza virus is divided into different types and subtypes, three of which are currently circulating widely in humans: influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B. The virus undergoes constant evolution, leading to annual seasonal winter epidemics in temperate countries and necessitating annual updates to the vaccine. Rarely, completely new influenza viruses can emerge in human populations, giving rise to influenza pandemics. Children aged <5 years (especially those <2 years) and those with underlying illness such as cardiac, respiratory and severe neurologic disease have an increased risk of severe outcomes associated with influenza. Pregnant women have an increased risk of severe influenza. Complications may involve the respiratory tract (e.g. otitis media or pneumonia) or, less commonly, other organ systems (e.g. encephalitis or myocarditis). Specific antiviral treatment should be offered as soon as possible for hospitalized children with presumed or confirmed influenza and for influenza of any severity for children at high risk of severe complications of influenza without waiting for laboratory confirmation. Antiviral treatment is usually not warranted for uncomplicated influenza as this is usually self-limiting. Annual influenza vaccination should be offered to all individuals at increased risk for complications of influenza. Vaccine cannot be given to children aged <6 months but maternal influenza immunization during pregnancy is recommended and can confer protection to the young infant. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121810/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-54033-7_2 id: cord-004280-c470nlie author: Coleman, Kristen K. title: Airborne Influenza A Virus Exposure in an Elementary School date: 2020-02-05 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Influenza contributes significantly to childhood morbidity and mortality. Given the magnitude of the school-aged child population, a sizeable proportion of influenza virus transmission events are expected to occur within school settings. However, influenza virus activity in schools is not well-understood, likely due to our limited ability to accurately monitor for respiratory viruses without disrupting the school environment. In this study, we evaluated the use of a bioaerosol sampling method to noninvasively detect and quantify airborne influenza A virus (IAV) densities in a public elementary school. Air samples were collected from multiple locations in the school, two days per week, throughout an eight-week sampling period during influenza season. Real-time RT-PCR targeting the IAV M gene revealed detectable IAV on five occasions in densities ranging from 2.0 × 10(−1) to 1.9 × 10(4). No significant differences in IAV densities were related to student presence/absence. The majority of IAV-associated particles were ≤4 μm in diameter, and theoretical calculations indicate infectious thresholds after minutes of exposure. Our study represents the first identification and quantification of airborne influenza virus in an elementary school, and the results suggest that airborne IAV has the potential to circulate in schools during influenza season, in large enough doses known to cause infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7002614/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58588-1 id: cord-309860-otx45b8x author: Conway, Nicholas T. title: Clinical Predictors of Influenza in Young Children: The Limitations of “Influenza-Like Illness” date: 2012-09-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza-like illness (ILI) definitions have been infrequently studied in young children. Despite this, clinical definitions of ILI play an important role in influenza surveillance. This study aims to identify clinical predictors of influenza infection in children ≤5 years old from which age-specific ILI definitions are then constructed. METHODS: Children aged 6–59 months with a history of fever and acute respiratory symptoms were recruited in the Western Australia Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (WAIVE) Study. Clinical data and per-nasal specimens were obtained from all children. Logistic regression identified significant predictors of influenza infection. Different ILI definitions were compared for diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: Children were recruited from 2 winter influenza seasons (2008–2009; n = 944). Of 919 eligible children, 179 (19.5%) had laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. Predictors of infection included increasing age, lack of influenza vaccination, lower birth weight, fever, cough, and absence of wheeze. An ILI definition comprising fever ≥38°C, cough, and no wheeze had 58% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 50–66), 60% specificity (95% CI, 56–64), 26% positive predictive value (95% CI, 21–31), and 86% negative predictive value (95% CI, 82–89). The addition of other symptoms or higher fever thresholds to ILI definition had little impact. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition of ILI (presence of fever [≥37.8°C] and cough and/or sore throat) was sensitive (92%; 95% CI, 86–95), yet lacked specificity (10%; 95% CI, 8–13) in this population. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza-like illness is a poor predictor of laboratory-confirmed influenza infection in young children but can be improved using age-specific data. Incorporating age-specific ILI definitions and/or diagnostic testing into influenza surveillance systems will improve the accuracy of epidemiological data. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26619439/ doi: 10.1093/jpids/pis081 id: cord-326614-cik3ino6 author: Corder, Brigette N. title: A Decade in Review: A Systematic Review of Universal Influenza Vaccines in Clinical Trials during the 2010 Decade date: 2020-10-20 words: 7511.0 sentences: 488.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326614-cik3ino6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326614-cik3ino6.txt summary: These trials include a variety of viral targets, vaccine platforms, and adjuvants to boost the immune response to vaccination. Another vaccine utilized the full-length H5 HA protein in an oral recombinant adenovirus type 4 (Ad4) vectored vaccine, Ad4-H5-Vtn. Three clinical trials have enrolled 313 participants between 18 and 49 years of age to investigate this avian H5 influenza vaccine. Although results for the phase II trial have not been posted, a press release from Novavax stated that NanoFlu induced superior HAI antibody responses against homologous and drifted strains compared to the seasonal influenza vaccine. Evaluation of the immunogenicity and safety of different doses and formulations of a broad spectrum influenza vaccine (FLU-v) developed by SEEK: Study protocol for a single-center, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical phase IIb trial Safety and immunogenicity of a plant-produced recombinant hemagglutinin-based influenza vaccine (HAI-05) derived from A/Indonesia/05/2005 (H5N1) influenza virus: A phase 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study in healthy adults abstract: On average, there are 3–5 million severe cases of influenza virus infections globally each year. Seasonal influenza vaccines provide limited protection against divergent influenza strains. Therefore, the development of a universal influenza vaccine is a top priority for the NIH. Here, we report a comprehensive summary of all universal influenza vaccines that were tested in clinical trials during the 2010–2019 decade. Of the 1597 studies found, 69 eligible clinical trials, which investigated 27 vaccines, were included in this review. Information from each trial was compiled for vaccine target, vaccine platform, adjuvant inclusion, clinical trial phase, and results. As we look forward, there are currently three vaccines in phase III clinical trials which could provide significant improvement over seasonal influenza vaccines. This systematic review of universal influenza vaccine clinical trials during the 2010–2019 decade provides an update on the progress towards an improved influenza vaccine. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12101186 doi: 10.3390/v12101186 id: cord-296935-y77c4ro4 author: Couch, Robert B. title: Prior Infections With Seasonal Influenza A/H1N1 Virus Reduced the Illness Severity and Epidemic Intensity of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza in Healthy Adults date: 2011-11-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background. A new influenza A/H1N1 (pH1N1) virus emerged in April 2009, proceeded to spread worldwide, and was designated as an influenza pandemic. A/H1N1 viruses had circulated in 1918–1957 and 1977–2009 and were in the annual vaccine during 1977–2009. Methods. Serum antibody to the pH1N1 and seasonal A/H1N1 viruses was measured in 579 healthy adults at enrollment (fall 2009) and after surveillance for illness (spring 2010). Subjects reporting with moderate to severe acute respiratory illness had illness and virus quantitation for 1 week; evaluations for missed illnesses were conducted over holiday periods and at the spring 2010 visit. Results. After excluding 66 subjects who received pH1N1 vaccine, 513 remained. Seventy-seven had reported with moderate to severe illnesses; 31 were infected with pH1N1 virus, and 30 with a rhinovirus. Determining etiology from clinical findings was not possible, but fever and prominent myalgias favored influenza and prominent rhinorrhea favored rhinovirus. Tests of fall and spring antibody indicated pH1N1 infection of 23% had occurred, with the rate decreasing with increasing anti-pH1N1 antibody; a similar pattern was seen for influenza-associated illness. A reducing frequency of pH1N1 infections was also seen with increasing antibody to the recent seasonal A/H1N1 virus (A/Brisbane/59/07). Preexisting antibody to pH1N1 virus, responses to a single vaccine dose, a low infection-to-illness ratio, and a short duration of illness and virus shedding among those with influenza indicated presence of considerable preexisting immunity to pH1N1 in the population. Conclusions. The 2009 A/H1N1 epidemic among healthy adults was relatively mild, most likely because of immunity from prior infections with A/H1N1 viruses. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir809 doi: 10.1093/cid/cir809 id: cord-258366-fu9b446y author: Couto, Carla R. title: Fighting Misconceptions to Improve Compliance with Influenza Vaccination among Health Care Workers: An Educational Project date: 2012-02-06 words: 3287.0 sentences: 180.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258366-fu9b446y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258366-fu9b446y.txt summary: At Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sã o Paulo School of Medical Sciences, a previous study showed a 34% compliance with influenza vaccination among HCWs. In the mentioned study, the main reasons for non-compliance were the perception of vaccine inefficacy and the fear of adverse reactions [4] . To diminish the arguments of fear of adverse events or perception of vaccine inefficacy, this prospective study was conducted to demonstrate to a subset of HCWs from our hospital, that severe adverse events following influenza vaccination are rare and the episodes of respiratory symptoms occurring in the first four months after vaccination are generally caused by other respiratory viruses and not by influenza virus. As expected, no severe adverse event was observed in the present study, and the events more frequently reported, such as headache, myalgia and malaise could be related to influenza vaccine itself as well as to other causes, given their unspecificity. abstract: The compliance with influenza vaccination is poor among health care workers (HCWs) due to misconceptions about safety and effectiveness of influenza vaccine. We proposed an educational prospective study to demonstrate to HCWs that influenza vaccine is safe and that other respiratory viruses (RV) are the cause of respiratory symptoms in the months following influenza vaccination. 398 HCWs were surveyed for adverse events (AE) occurring within 48 h of vaccination. AE were reported by 30% of the HCWs. No severe AE was observed. A subset of 337 HCWs was followed up during four months, twice a week, for the detection of respiratory symptoms. RV was diagnosed by direct immunofluorescent assay (DFA) and real time PCR in symptomatic HCWs. Influenza A was detected in five episodes of respiratory symptoms (5.3%) and other RV in 26 (27.9%) episodes. The incidence density of influenza and other RV was 4.3 and 10.8 episodes per 100 HCW-month, respectively. The educational nature of the present study may persuade HCWs to develop a more positive attitude to influenza vaccination. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030670 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030670 id: cord-003567-h8uq5z8b author: Crank, Michelle C title: Preparing for the Next Influenza Pandemic: The Development of a Universal Influenza Vaccine date: 2019-04-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6452294/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz043 id: cord-325197-j1uo8qmf author: Crimi, Ettore title: Epigenetic susceptibility to severe respiratory viral infections: pathogenic and therapeutic implications: a narrative review date: 2020-08-20 words: 6066.0 sentences: 342.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325197-j1uo8qmf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325197-j1uo8qmf.txt summary: Viruses causing severe pulmonary illness can use epigenetic-regulated mechanisms during host–pathogen interaction to interfere with innate and adaptive immunity, adequacy of inflammatory response, and overall outcome of viral infections. In this article, we provide an update on epigenetic-sensitive mechanisms and repurposed drugs interfering with epigenetic pathways which may be clinically suitable for risk stratification and beneficial for treatment of patients affected by severe viral respiratory infections. The goal of the review was to provide an appropriate pathogenic scenario in which epigenetic-sensitive mechanisms and epidrugs may be clinically useful to stratify risk and treatment of patients in ICU affected by severe viral respiratory infections. Here, we give an update on clinical evidence about the usefulness of novel and FDA-approved drugs interfering with epigenetic pathways, which were applied to ICU patients affected by highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus and CoV, with a particular interest about the novel SARS-CoV-2 (Table 4 ). abstract: The emergence of highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus and coronavirus (CoV) has been responsible for large epidemic and pandemic outbreaks characterised by severe pulmonary illness associated with high morbidity and mortality. One major challenge for critical care is to stratify and minimise the risk of multi-organ failure during the stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). Epigenetic-sensitive mechanisms, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs may lead to perturbations of the host immune-related transcriptional programmes by regulating chromatin structure and gene expression patterns. Viruses causing severe pulmonary illness can use epigenetic-regulated mechanisms during host–pathogen interaction to interfere with innate and adaptive immunity, adequacy of inflammatory response, and overall outcome of viral infections. For example, Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV and H5N1 can affect host antigen presentation through DNA methylation and histone modifications. The same mechanisms would presumably occur in patients with coronavirus disease 2019, in which tocilizumab may epigenetically reduce microvascular damage. Targeting epigenetic pathways by immune modulators (e.g. tocilizumab) or repurposed drugs (e.g. statins) may provide novel therapeutic opportunities to control viral–host interaction during critical illness. In this article, we provide an update on epigenetic-sensitive mechanisms and repurposed drugs interfering with epigenetic pathways which may be clinically suitable for risk stratification and beneficial for treatment of patients affected by severe viral respiratory infections. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0007091220305638 doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.06.060 id: cord-266100-1rktb6yq author: Darwish, Ilyse title: Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy Fails to Improve Outcome in Experimental Severe Influenza date: 2012-01-13 words: 2929.0 sentences: 155.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266100-1rktb6yq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266100-1rktb6yq.txt summary: Therefore, we hypothesized that inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) would increase survival in vivo by reducing the viral load in C57Bl/6 mice infected with a lethal dose of influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1; WSN/33) virus. Therefore, both continuous and intermittent iNO administration failed to reduce lung viral load of infected mice, compared to infected control mice administered compressed room air. iNO administered to influenza infected mice in this manner, either prophylactically or therapeutically, failed to improve survival of infected mice, change the course of weight loss, or decrease the lung viral load, compared to control mice receiving compressed air. In conclusion, despite the demonstrated antimicrobial activity of NO against influenza A virus in vitro, the results of this study do not support the use of iNO as a prophylactic or treatment strategy to reduce viral burden or improve clinical outcome in severe influenza in vivo. abstract: In vitro, nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against a wide range of viruses, including influenza A virus. Therefore, we hypothesized that inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) would increase survival in vivo by reducing the viral load in C57Bl/6 mice infected with a lethal dose of influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1; WSN/33) virus. NO was delivered to influenza-infected mice either continuously or intermittently at 80 or 160 ppm, respectively, using both prophylactic and post-infection treatment strategies. Murine survival and weight loss were assessed, and lung viral load was quantified via plaque assay. Here, we report that iNO administered prophylactically or post-influenza infection failed to improve survival of infected mice. No difference in lung viral load was observed between experimental groups. Although NO has antiviral activity against influenza A virus in vitro, iNO therapy provided no apparent benefit when used for treatment of influenza A virus infection in vivo. url: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.3880 doi: 10.7150/ijms.3880 id: cord-000757-bz66g9a0 author: Davis, Kailah title: Identification of pneumonia and influenza deaths using the death certificate pipeline date: 2012-05-08 words: 6165.0 sentences: 301.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000757-bz66g9a0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000757-bz66g9a0.txt summary: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using a pipeline, composed of a detection rule and a natural language processor, for the real time encoding of death certificates using the identification of pneumonia and influenza cases as an example and demonstrating that its accuracy is comparable to existing methods. Other research groups [18, 19] have demonstrated the feasibility of using mortality data for real time surveillance but all used "free text" search for the string "pneumonia", "flu" or "influenza." As noted earlier, although this method can provide the semi quantitative measurements for disease surveillance purposes, keyword searches can also result in an array of problems that result from complexities of human language such as causal relationships and synonyms [20] . Although, the focus of this study was to use NLP techniques to process death certificates, the description of this system reported in the literature did not show how well coded data from an NLP tool along with predefined rules can detect countable cases for a specific disease or condition. abstract: BACKGROUND: Death records are a rich source of data, which can be used to assist with public surveillance and/or decision support. However, to use this type of data for such purposes it has to be transformed into a coded format to make it computable. Because the cause of death in the certificates is reported as free text, encoding the data is currently the single largest barrier of using death certificates for surveillance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using a pipeline, composed of a detection rule and a natural language processor, for the real time encoding of death certificates using the identification of pneumonia and influenza cases as an example and demonstrating that its accuracy is comparable to existing methods. RESULTS: A Death Certificates Pipeline (DCP) was developed to automatically code death certificates and identify pneumonia and influenza cases. The pipeline used MetaMap to code death certificates from the Utah Department of Health for the year 2008. The output of MetaMap was then accessed by detection rules which flagged pneumonia and influenza cases based on the Centers of Disease and Control and Prevention (CDC) case definition. The output from the DCP was compared with the current method used by the CDC and with a keyword search. Recall, precision, positive predictive value and F-measure with respect to the CDC method were calculated for the two other methods considered here. The two different techniques compared here with the CDC method showed the following recall/ precision results: DCP: 0.998/0.98 and keyword searching: 0.96/0.96. The F-measure were 0.99 and 0.96 respectively (DCP and keyword searching). Both the keyword and the DCP can run in interactive form with modest computer resources, but DCP showed superior performance. CONCLUSION: The pipeline proposed here for coding death certificates and the detection of cases is feasible and can be extended to other conditions. This method provides an alternative that allows for coding free-text death certificates in real time that may increase its utilization not only in the public health domain but also for biomedical researchers and developers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study did not involved any clinical trials. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3444937/ doi: 10.1186/1472-6947-12-37 id: cord-017733-xofwk88a author: Davis, Mark title: Uncertainty and Immunity in Public Communications on Pandemics date: 2018-11-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This chapter examines uncertainty in the expert advice on pandemics given to members of the general public. The chapter draws on research conducted in Australia and Scotland on public engagements with the 2009 influenza (swine flu) pandemic and discusses implications for communications on more recent infectious disease outbreaks, including Ebola and Zika. It shows how public health messages aim to achieve a workable balance of warning and reassurance and deflect problems of trust in experts and science. The chapter considers how uncertainties which prevail in pandemics reinforce the personalization of responses to pandemic risk, in ways that undermine the cooperation and collective action which are also needed to respond effectively to pandemics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122379/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-2802-2_3 id: cord-001634-mi5gcfcw author: Davis, Mark D M title: Beyond resistance: social factors in the general public response to pandemic influenza date: 2015-04-29 words: 6683.0 sentences: 328.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001634-mi5gcfcw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001634-mi5gcfcw.txt summary: In relation to pandemic influenza, public communications feature in preparedness and response planning which requires that members of the general public adopt measures during a public health emergency, including: hygiene (e.g., covering the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing, washing hands, keeping surfaces clean, avoiding sharing personal items) and the avoidance of close contact with others [4] . This paper, therefore, uses inductive, qualitative research methods to develop new knowledge on how members of the general population respond to pandemic influenza, set against the backdrop of the assumed resistance on the part of the general public and related critiques, including, health risk fatigue, the risk communication dilemma and individualism. The research aimed to identify how members of the general public respond to pandemic influenza so that public health communications can be designed to engage with how its audiences respond to risk messages and how they enact hygiene, social isolation and related measures. abstract: BACKGROUND: Influencing the general public response to pandemics is a public health priority. There is a prevailing view, however, that the general public is resistant to communications on pandemic influenza and that behavioural responses to the 2009/10 H1N1 pandemic were not sufficient. Using qualitative methods, this paper investigates how members of the general public respond to pandemic influenza and the hygiene, social isolation and other measures proposed by public health. Going beyond the commonly deployed notion that the general public is resistant to public health communications, this paper examines how health individualism, gender and real world constraints enable and limit individual action. METHODS: In-depth interviews (n = 57) and focus groups (ten focus groups; 59 individuals) were conducted with community samples in Melbourne, Sydney and Glasgow. Participants were selected according to maximum variation sampling using purposive criteria, including: 1) pregnancy in 2009/2010; 2) chronic illness; 3) aged 70 years and over; 4) no disclosed health problems. Verbatim transcripts were subjected to inductive, thematic analysis. RESULTS: Respondents did not express resistance to public health communications, but gave insight into how they interpreted and implemented guidance. An individualistic approach to pandemic risk predominated. The uptake of hygiene, social isolation and vaccine strategies was constrained by seeing oneself ‘at risk’ but not ‘a risk’ to others. Gender norms shape how members of the general public enact hygiene and social isolation. Other challenges pertained to over-reliance on perceived remoteness from risk, expectation of recovery from infection and practical constraints on the uptake of vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, respondents were engaged with public health advice regarding pandemic influenza, indicating that the idea of public resistance has limited explanatory power. Public communications are endorsed, but challenges persist. Individualistic approaches to pandemic risk inhibit acting for the benefit of others and may deepen divisions in the community according to health status. Public communications on pandemics are mediated by gender norms that may overburden women and limit the action of men. Social research on the public response to pandemics needs to focus on the social structures and real world settings and relationships that shape the action of individuals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4419473/ doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1756-8 id: cord-346063-7u1a198p author: De Clercq, Erik title: Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection: targets and strategies for chemotherapeutic intervention date: 2007-05-04 words: 3496.0 sentences: 184.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346063-7u1a198p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346063-7u1a198p.txt summary: We have recently reviewed the antiviral agents that are active against influenza viruses and that could be used, either therapeutically and/or prophylactically, in an influenza virus pandemic, whether it be human, avian, equine, porcine or other [1] . Even if based only on the currently available drugs, there are several double-, tripleand quadruple-drug combinations that could be envisaged for the prevention and treatment of avian H5N1 (Figure 3 ) -including the combination of oseltamivir and zanamivir (because their resistance profiles overlap only partially), the combination of these neuraminidase inhibitors with M2 ion channel blockers, and further extension of these combinations to include pegylated interferon and ribavirin. In addition to viral RNA polymerase and/or endonuclease, mentioned earlier as potential targets for new anti-influenza-virus agents, there are some other clues regarding the virulence of H5N1 viruses in humans [41] that could be considered as points of attack for chemotherapeutic intervention. abstract: In an avian flu pandemic, which drugs could be used to treat or prevent infection with influenza A (H5N1) virus? Foremost are the viral neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir, which have already been used to treat human influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B virus infections. The use of the M2 ion channel blockers amantadine and rimantadine is compounded by the rapid development of drug resistance. Although formally approved for other indications (i.e. treatment of hepatitis C), ribavirin and pegylated interferon might also be useful for controlling avian flu. Combined use of the currently available drugs should be taken into account and attempts should be made to develop new strategies directed at unexplored targets such as the viral proteins hemagglutinin, the viral polymerase (and endonuclease) and the non-structural protein NS1. As has been shown for other viral infections, RNA interference could be a powerful means with which to suppress the replication of avian H5N1. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165614707000843 doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.04.005 id: cord-007733-zh8e76w7 author: DiMenna, Lauren J. title: Pandemic Influenza Vaccines date: 2009-06-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Since their compositions remain uncertain, universal pandemic vaccines are yet to be created. They would aim to protect globally against pandemic influenza viruses that have not yet evolved. Thus they differ from seasonal vaccines to influenza virus, which are updated annually in spring to incorporate the latest circulating viruses, and are then produced and delivered before the peak influenza season starts in late fall and winter. The efficacy of seasonal vaccines is linked to their ability to induce virus-neutralizing antibodies, which provide subtype-specific protection against influenza A viruses. If pandemic vaccines were designed to resemble current vaccines in terms of composition and mode of action, they would have to be developed, tested, and mass-produced after the onset of a pandemic, once the causative virus had been identified. The logistic problems of generating a pandemic vaccine from scratch, conducting preclinical testing, and producing billions of doses within a few months for global distribution are enormous and may well be insurmountable. Alternatively, the scientific community could step up efforts to generate a universal vaccine against influenza A viruses that provides broadly cross-reactive protection through the induction of antibodies or T cells to conserved regions of the virus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121491/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_15 id: cord-003122-a3f4l6iu author: Dou, Dan title: Influenza A Virus Cell Entry, Replication, Virion Assembly and Movement date: 2018-07-20 words: 10272.0 sentences: 565.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003122-a3f4l6iu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003122-a3f4l6iu.txt summary: The segmentation of the influenza genome makes these additional trafficking requirements especially challenging, as each viral RNA (vRNA) gene segment must navigate the network of cellular membrane barriers during the processes of entry and assembly. To accomplish this goal, influenza A viruses (IAVs) utilize a combination of viral and cellular mechanisms to coordinate the transport of their proteins and the eight vRNA gene segments in and out of the cell. Influenza A viruses (IAVs) and type B viruses (IBVs) contain 8, negative-sense, single-stranded viral RNA (vRNA) gene segments ( Figure 1A ) (3, 4) , which encode transcripts for 10 essential viral proteins, as well as several strain-dependent accessory proteins ( Figure 1B) . In contrast to the early steps in IAV entry, vRNP trafficking to the nucleus following the fusion event is highly dependent on the host cell machinery and transport pathways [reviewed in Ref. abstract: Influenza viruses replicate within the nucleus of the host cell. This uncommon RNA virus trait provides influenza with the advantage of access to the nuclear machinery during replication. However, it also increases the complexity of the intracellular trafficking that is required for the viral components to establish a productive infection. The segmentation of the influenza genome makes these additional trafficking requirements especially challenging, as each viral RNA (vRNA) gene segment must navigate the network of cellular membrane barriers during the processes of entry and assembly. To accomplish this goal, influenza A viruses (IAVs) utilize a combination of viral and cellular mechanisms to coordinate the transport of their proteins and the eight vRNA gene segments in and out of the cell. The aim of this review is to present the current mechanistic understanding for how IAVs facilitate cell entry, replication, virion assembly, and intercellular movement, in an effort to highlight some of the unanswered questions regarding the coordination of the IAV infection process. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6062596/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01581 id: cord-260690-h5pjv2dw author: Druce, Julian title: Laboratory diagnosis and surveillance of human respiratory viruses by PCR in Victoria, Australia, 2002–2003 date: 2004-11-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Respiratory viruses were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in more than 4,200 specimens collected during 2002 and 2003 in Victoria, Australia from patients admitted to hospitals or participating in an influenza surveillance program. Influenza viruses and picornaviruses were important causes of morbidity in both years. Additional testing of picornavirus‐positive samples suggested that rhinoviruses but not enteroviruses were more likely to be associated with respiratory symptoms, irrespective of the season in which they circulated. Detection of influenza viruses was strongly associated with the clinical symptoms of cough, fever, and fatigue; but each of the other respiratory viruses occasionally caused these symptoms or was responsible for symptoms severe enough to require hospitalization. Human coronaviruses HCoV‐OC43 and HCoV‐229E circulated at low levels throughout the study period with peak activity in winter, but overall did not circulate as widely as has often been reported for these agents. Evidence for the human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was only sought in the second year of the study and revealed low‐level circulation of this virus, mainly in the cooler months among the very young and adult populations. The detection rate of all viruses declined with increasing age of the patient, particularly in hospital patients. Infection with more than one respiratory virus occurred in a small number of patients; picornaviruses were most commonly implicated in these dual infections. J. Med. Virol. 75:122–129, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15543580/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.20246 id: cord-323987-gh1m05gi author: Dziąbowska, Karolina title: Detection Methods of Human and Animal Influenza Virus—Current Trends date: 2018-10-18 words: 11112.0 sentences: 760.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323987-gh1m05gi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323987-gh1m05gi.txt summary: RIDTs with digital readout systems showed many similarities to conventional assays like small sample volume (less than 150 µL) and short analysis time (around 15 min) but exhibited much better sensitivities, even one order of magnitude lower limits of detection (LODs). Among methods mentioned, general diagnostic tests for influenza base on virus culture (conventional and shellvial), detection of viral nucleic acid (PCR) or antigens (by neuraminidase enzymatic activity, fluorescent antibody or enzyme/optical immunoassay) and serologic tests. Main trends for influenza virus detection are: (I) modifications of traditional ''gold star'' methods like PCR, RIDTs, ELISA what results in analysis time shortening, costs lowering, LOD and limit of quantification (LOQ) improvement, (II) conjugating of traditional methods and creating new platforms, micro-biochips and others, (III) introducing known solutions to new ones, like smartphone-based analysis control with results data insertion into Google Maps, (IV) reuse of the functions of known devices, like glucometer, smartphone cameras, (V) the most common used detection methods: spectral/optical, electrical, (VI) and entirely new approaches. abstract: The basic affairs connected to the influenza virus were reviewed in the article, highlighting the newest trends in its diagnostic methods. Awareness of the threat of influenza arises from its ability to spread and cause a pandemic. The undiagnosed and untreated viral infection can have a fatal effect on humans. Thus, the early detection seems pivotal for an accurate treatment, when vaccines and other contemporary prevention methods are not faultless. Public health is being attacked with influenza containing new genes from a genetic assortment between animals and humankind. Unfortunately, the population does not have immunity for mutant genes and is attacked in every viral outbreak season. For these reasons, fast and accurate devices are in high demand. As currently used methods like Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests lack specificity, time and cost-savings, new methods are being developed. In the article, various novel detection methods, such as electrical and optical were compared. Different viral elements used as detection targets and analysis parameters, such as sensitivity and specificity, were presented and discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/bios8040094 doi: 10.3390/bios8040094 id: cord-007294-qeb2r08t author: EDMONDSON, WILLIAM P. title: A COMPARISON OF SUBCUTANEOUS, NASAL, AND COMBINED INFLUENZA VACCINATION. II. PROTECTION AGAINST NATURAL CHALLENGE(1)(2) date: 1971-06-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Edmondson, W. P., Jr., R. Rothenberg, P. W. White and J. M. Gwaltney, Jr. (Univ. of Virginia School of. Medicine, Charlottesville, Va. 22901). A comparison of subcutaneous, nasal, and combined influenza vaccination. II. Protection against natural challenge. Amer J Epidem 93: 480–486, 1971.—Monovalent killed influenza A(2) Hong Kong vaccine in doses (400 CCA units) recommended for civilian use was given to insurance company employees and elderly psychiatric patients by injection, nasal spray, or a combination of both methods. Vaccinees and controls were then studied for evidence of immunity to influenza during the 1968–1969 epidemic Parenteral vaccination was well tolerated and effective in reducing influenza infection and illness rates in both groups. Vaccine had no effect on total respiratory illness in the insurance group, although total absenteeism was lowered because of the greater effect of influenza over that of colds in causing time lost from work. Vaccine given by spray into the respiratory tract was ineffective. The addition of spray to parenteral vaccination provided no additional advantage over parenteral vaccination alone. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7110229/ doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121282 id: cord-302529-43pd2qsp author: El Moussi, Awatef title: Virological Surveillance of Influenza Viruses during the 2008–09, 2009–10 and 2010–11 Seasons in Tunisia date: 2013-09-19 words: 3251.0 sentences: 163.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302529-43pd2qsp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302529-43pd2qsp.txt summary: METHOD: We describe in this report the findings of laboratory-based surveillance of human cases of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses'' infection during three seasons in Tunisia. A subset of sentinel primary care physicians participating in virological surveillance schemes in the community submits respiratory samples for virological testing from patients presenting in primary health care with an ILI, as well as all regional emergency centres and hospitals that take on surveillance of influenza from community, hospitalized and fatal cases. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA1 nucleotid sequence of 23 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from mild, severe (patients hospitalized with severe pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome) and fatal cases, shows that all viruses characterised in Tunisia during season 2009-2010 were outside the seven genetic groups described in the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) report [19] . abstract: BACKGROUND: The data contribute to a better understanding of the circulation of influenza viruses especially in North-Africa. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this surveillance was to detect severe influenza cases, identify their epidemiological and virological characteristics and assess their impact on the healthcare system. METHOD: We describe in this report the findings of laboratory-based surveillance of human cases of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses' infection during three seasons in Tunisia. RESULTS: The 2008–09 winter influenza season is underway in Tunisia, with co-circulation of influenza A/H3N2 (56.25%), influenza A(H1N1) (32.5%), and a few sporadic influenza B viruses (11.25%). In 2010–11 season the circulating strains are predominantly the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (70%) and influenza B viruses (22%). And sporadic viruses were sub-typed as A/H3N2 and unsubtyped influenza A, 5% and 3%, respectively. Unlike other countries, highest prevalence of influenza B virus Yamagata-like lineage has been reported in Tunisia (76%) localised into the clade B/Bangladesh/3333/2007. In the pandemic year, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 predominated over other influenza viruses (95%). Amino acid changes D222G and D222E were detected in the HA gene of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in two severe cases, one fatal case and one mild case out of 50 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses studied. The most frequently reported respiratory virus other than influenza in three seasons was RSV (45.29%). CONCLUSION: This article summarises the surveillance and epidemiology of influenza viruses and other respiratory viruses, showing how rapid improvements in influenza surveillance were feasible by connecting the existing structure in the health care system for patient records to electronic surveillance system for reporting ILI cases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24069267/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074064 id: cord-003598-m2fsrwvw author: Elbahesh, Husni title: Response Modifiers: Tweaking the Immune Response Against Influenza A Virus date: 2019-04-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Despite causing pandemics and yearly epidemics that result in significant morbidity and mortality, our arsenal of options to treat influenza A virus (IAV) infections remains limited and is challenged by the virus itself. While vaccination is the preferred intervention strategy against influenza, its efficacy is reduced in the elderly and infants who are most susceptible to severe and/or fatal infections. In addition, antigenic variation of IAV complicates the production of efficacious vaccines. Similarly, effectiveness of currently used antiviral drugs is jeopardized by the development of resistance to these drugs. Like many viruses, IAV is reliant on host factors and signaling-pathways for its replication, which could potentially offer alternative options to treat infections. While host-factors have long been recognized as attractive therapeutic candidates against other viruses, only recently they have been targeted for development as IAV antivirals. Future strategies to combat IAV infections will most likely include approaches that alter host-virus interactions on the one hand or dampen harmful host immune responses on the other, with the use of biological response modifiers (BRMs). In principle, BRMs are biologically active agents including antibodies, small peptides, and/or other (small) molecules that can influence the immune response. BRMs are already being used in the clinic to treat malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Repurposing such agents would allow for accelerated use against severe and potentially fatal IAV infections. In this review, we will address the potential therapeutic use of different BRM classes to modulate the immune response induced after IAV infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6473099/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00809 id: cord-007784-fq2urilg author: Elderfield, Ruth title: Influenza Pandemics date: 2011-09-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The recent H1N1 pandemic that emerged in 2009 has illustrated how swiftly a new influenza virus can circulate the globe. Here we explain the origins of the 2009 pandemic virus, and other twentieth century pandemics. We also consider the impact of the 2009 pandemic in the human population and the use of vaccines and antiviral drugs. Thankfully this outbreak was much less severe than that associated with Spanish flu in 1918. We describe the viral factors that affect virulence of influenza and speculate on the future course of this virus in humans and animals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123151/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0204-6_8 id: cord-282085-r3w90vg8 author: Epperly, D. E. title: COVID-19 Viral Loads, Environment, Ventilation, Masks, Exposure Time, And Severity : A Pragmatic Guide Of Estimates date: 2020-10-05 words: 5519.0 sentences: 272.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282085-r3w90vg8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282085-r3w90vg8.txt summary: This study uses measured amounts of SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients from a published and peer-reviewed study and known Influenza A challenge doses from a published and peer-reviewed study and known ASHRAE Office Ventilation standards and an Outdoor Air Exchange model to estimate the time necessary to cause various exposure levels and resulting infection potential in various indoor and outdoor settings of both Influenza A and COVID-19. The estimates in this study also present an initial framework and specific quantitative examples for better understanding of the effects of ventilation on aerosolized transmission, and the immunology related to challenge doses, and the potential for low-level viral load exposure to result in some level of immunity without symptoms of illness (asymptomatic infection). abstract: It is desirable to better characterize and understand how ventilation improvements in office spaces could offer significant protection against transmission of COVID-19. It is also desirable to understand how ventilation in office spaces compares to outdoor settings. An attempt to find this information from online searches that included medical journals, private industry, and US government provided materials failed to find specific quantitative estimates and recommendations, which motivated this study. This study uses measured amounts of SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients from a published and peer-reviewed study and known Influenza A challenge doses from a published and peer-reviewed study and known ASHRAE Office Ventilation standards and an Outdoor Air Exchange model to estimate the time necessary to cause various exposure levels and resulting infection potential in various indoor and outdoor settings of both Influenza A and COVID-19. While these estimations have unknown error margins and cannot be considered authoritative, they may have utility in comparing various environments and relative risk factors. The estimates in this study also present an initial framework and specific quantitative examples for better understanding of the effects of ventilation on aerosolized transmission, and the immunology related to challenge doses, and the potential for low-level viral load exposure to result in some level of immunity without symptoms of illness (asymptomatic infection). Specific quantitative examples of exposure viral load versus symptoms and immune response may Increase public understanding and consciousness of concepts such as viral load, exposure time, challenge dose levels, shedding quantities, immune seroconversion, and re-challenge and could achieve new levels of personal hygiene that complement centuries-old adages such as wash your hands. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.03.20206110v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.10.03.20206110 id: cord-345848-s84lxe6l author: Everitt, Aaron R. title: IFITM3 restricts the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza date: 2012-03-25 words: 4570.0 sentences: 278.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345848-s84lxe6l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345848-s84lxe6l.txt summary: We find that a statistically significant number of hospitalized subjects show enrichment for a minor IFITM3 allele (SNP rs12252-C) that alters a splice acceptor site, and functional assays show the minor CC genotype IFITM3 has reduced influenza virus restriction in vitro. We find that a statistically significant number of hospitalised subjects show enrichment for a minor IFITM3 allele (SNP rs12252-C) that alters a splice acceptor site, and functional assays show the minor CC genotype IFITM3 has reduced influenza virus restriction in vitro. Given the higher viral load in Ifitm3 −/− mice and increased replication of influenza A virus in Ifitm3 deleted cells in vitro (Fig. 1d) , we examined both viral nucleic acid and protein distribution in the lung. Analysis of cell populations resident in the lung tissue on day 6 post-infection showed that Ifitm3 −/− mice displayed significantly reduced proportions of CD4+ (p=0.004) and CD8+ Tcells (p=0.02) and natural killer (NK) cells (p=0.0001) but an elevated proportion of neutrophils (p=0.007) (Fig. 3a) . abstract: The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic showed the speed with which a novel respiratory virus can spread and the ability of a generally mild infection to induce severe morbidity and mortality in a subset of the population. Recent in vitro studies show that the interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) protein family members potently restrict the replication of multiple pathogenic viruses. Both the magnitude and breadth of the IFITM proteins' in vitro effects suggest that they are critical for intrinsic resistance to such viruses, including influenza viruses. Using a knockout mouse model, we now test this hypothesis directly and find that IFITM3 is essential for defending the host against influenza A virus in vivo. Mice lacking Ifitm3 display fulminant viral pneumonia when challenged with a normally low-pathogenicity influenza virus, mirroring the destruction inflicted by the highly pathogenic 1918 'Spanish' influenza. Similar increased viral replication is seen in vitro, with protection rescued by the re-introduction of Ifitm3. To test the role of IFITM3 in human influenza virus infection, we assessed the IFITM3 alleles of individuals hospitalized with seasonal or pandemic influenza H1N1/09 viruses. We find that a statistically significant number of hospitalized subjects show enrichment for a minor IFITM3 allele (SNP rs12252-C) that alters a splice acceptor site, and functional assays show the minor CC genotype IFITM3 has reduced influenza virus restriction in vitro. Together these data reveal that the action of a single intrinsic immune effector, IFITM3, profoundly alters the course of influenza virus infection in mouse and humans. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22446628/ doi: 10.1038/nature10921 id: cord-337721-who0xdyz author: Faggion, Heloisa Zimmerman title: Influenza Sentinel Surveillance and Severe Acute Respiratory Infection in a Reference Hospital in Southern Brazil date: 2019-12-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: INTRODUCTION: We report the results of the active surveillance of influenza infections in hospitalized patients and the evaluation of the seasonality and correlation with temperature and rainfall data. METHODS: During the 2-year study period, 775 patients were tested for 15 respiratory viruses (RVs). RESULTS: Most of the 57% of (n=444) virus-positive samples were human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. However, 10.4% (n=46) were influenza virus (80% FluA; 20% FluB). Age and SARI were significantly associated with influenza. FluB circulation was higher is 2013. CONCLUSIONS: In the post-epidemic period, influenza remains an important cause of hospitalization in SARI patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31859936/ doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0498-2017 id: cord-284087-g2jfnxja author: Falcone, Valeria title: Influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutinin polymorphism and associated disease in southern Germany during the 2010/11 influenza season date: 2013-02-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: A novel influenza A virus emerged in early 2009 to cause the first influenza pandemic of the 21(st) century. Understanding the evolution of influenza virus is crucial to determine pathogenesis, vaccine efficacy, and resistance to antiviral drugs. In this study, we investigated the molecular evolution of influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 in the 2010/11 influenza season in southern Germany by sequence analysis of the influenza virus hemagglutinin gene from 25 patients with mild, moderate, and severe disease. Phylogenetic analysis revealed co-circulation of different genetic groups. The D222G mutation, which had previously been observed in severe cases, was not detected. Immunocompromised patients were not affected more severely than non-immunocompromised patients (p>0.05), although longer shedding was observed in some of them. Interestingly, additional mutations and potential glycosylation sites were detected in samples from the lower respiratory tract in two patients, but not in the corresponding upper respiratory tract specimens. The H275Y mutation in the influenza virus neuraminidase gene, known to confer resistance to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, was detected in one patient. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23397331/ doi: 10.1007/s00705-013-1610-1 id: cord-310182-muybvyqa author: Fan, Victoria Y title: Pandemic risk: how large are the expected losses? date: 2018-02-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: There is an unmet need for greater investment in preparedness against major epidemics and pandemics. The arguments in favour of such investment have been largely based on estimates of the losses in national incomes that might occur as the result of a major epidemic or pandemic. Recently, we extended the estimate to include the valuation of the lives lost as a result of pandemic-related increases in mortality. This produced markedly higher estimates of the full value of loss that might occur as the result of a future pandemic. We parametrized an exceedance probability function for a global influenza pandemic and estimated that the expected number of influenza-pandemic-related deaths is about 720 000 per year. We calculated that the expected annual losses from pandemic risk to be about 500 billion United States dollars – or 0.6% of global income – per year. This estimate falls within – but towards the lower end of – the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s estimates of the value of the losses from global warming, which range from 0.2% to 2% of global income. The estimated percentage of annual national income represented by the expected value of losses varied by country income grouping: from a little over 0.3% in high-income countries to 1.6% in lower-middle-income countries. Most of the losses from influenza pandemics come from rare, severe events. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29403116/ doi: 10.2471/blt.17.199588 id: cord-009137-wj5vhvxx author: Fananapazir, L. title: RAISED URINARY FIBRIN-DEGRADATION PRODUCTS, COMPLEMENT, AND IgG DURING AN INFLUENZA-LIKE ILLNESS date: 1977-04-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Urine from eight normal controls in whom an influenza-like illness developed contained high concentrations of fibrin-degradation products (F.D.P.), IgG, and C(3). The study was carried out when influenza A was prevalent in the community. However, a wide range of serological investigations revealed no evidence for influenza A or other viruses. The infection may have been caused by other viruses which produce upper-respiratory-tract infections and which are not readily diagnosed by serology. Urinary fibrin-degradation products are a well-known marker of glomerulonephritic activity and viral antigens may have induced an immune-complex glomerulonephritis in the 8 controls in whom an influenza-like disease developed. A larger normal population should be investigated during a virus epidemic. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135692/ doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92227-9 id: cord-003302-vxk7uqlc author: Fedson, David S title: Influenza, evolution, and the next pandemic date: 2018-10-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Mortality rates in influenza appear to have been shaped by evolution. During the 1918 pandemic, mortality rates were lower in children compared with adults. This mortality difference occurs in a wide variety of infectious diseases. It has been replicated in mice and might be due to greater tolerance of infection, not greater resistance. Importantly, combination treatment with inexpensive and widely available generic drugs (e.g. statins and angiotensin receptor blockers) might change the damaging host response in adults to a more tolerant response in children. These drugs might work by modifying endothelial dysfunction, mitochondrial biogenesis and immunometabolism. Treating the host response might be the only practical way to reduce global mortality during the next influenza pandemic. It might also help reduce mortality due to seasonal influenza and other forms of acute critical illness. To realize these benefits, we need laboratory and clinical studies of host response treatment before and after puberty. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6234328/ doi: 10.1093/emph/eoy027 id: cord-326960-9phlylce author: Felberbaum, Rachael S. title: The baculovirus expression vector system: A commercial manufacturing platform for viral vaccines and gene therapy vectors date: 2015-03-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) platform has become an established manufacturing platform for the production of viral vaccines and gene therapy vectors. Nine BEVS‐derived products have been approved – four for human use (Cervarix®, Provenge®, Glybera® and Flublok®) and five for veterinary use (Porcilis® Pesti, BAYOVAC CSF E2®, Circumvent® PCV, Ingelvac CircoFLEX® and Porcilis® PCV). The BEVS platform offers many advantages, including manufacturing speed, flexible product design, inherent safety and scalability. This combination of features and product approvals has previously attracted interest from academic researchers, and more recently from industry leaders, to utilize BEVS to develop next generation vaccines, vectors for gene therapy, and other biopharmaceutical complex proteins. In this review, we explore the BEVS platform, detailing how it works, platform features and limitations and important considerations for manufacturing and regulatory approval. To underscore the growth in opportunities for BEVS‐derived products, we discuss the latest product developments in the gene therapy and influenza vaccine fields that follow in the wake of the recent product approvals of Glybera® and Flublok®, respectively. We anticipate that the utility of the platform will expand even further as new BEVS‐derived products attain licensure. Finally, we touch on some of the areas where new BEVS‐derived products are likely to emerge. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201400438 doi: 10.1002/biot.201400438 id: cord-252974-pwx27kdi author: Fornek, Jamie L. title: Use of Functional Genomics to Understand Influenza–Host Interactions date: 2007-08-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Infection with influenza typically results in mild‐to‐moderate illness in healthy individuals; however, it is responsible for 30,000–40,000 deaths each year in the United States. In extreme cases, such as the influenza pandemic of 1918, tens of millions of people have died from the infection. To prepare for future influenza outbreaks, it is necessary to understand how the virus interacts with the host and to determine what makes certain strains of influenza highly pathogenic. Functional genomics provides a unique approach to this effort by allowing researchers to examine the effect of influenza infection on global host mRNA levels. Researchers are making increasing use of this approach to study virus–host interactions using a variety of model systems. For example, data obtained using microarray technology, in combination with mouse and macaque infection models, is providing exciting new insights into the pathogenicity of the 1918 virus. These studies suggest that the lethality associated with this virus is in part due to an aberrant and unchecked immune response. Progress is also being made toward using functional genomics in the diagnosis and prognosis of acute lung infections and in the development of more effective influenza vaccines and antivirals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765704/ doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(07)70003-9 id: cord-296277-paqu1t1e author: Fragaszy, Ellen B title: Cohort Profile: The Flu Watch Study date: 2016-03-03 words: 3219.0 sentences: 180.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296277-paqu1t1e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296277-paqu1t1e.txt summary: The basic cohort design Baseline/pre-season phase A baseline visit was made to the household at enrolment, during which a research nurse collected blood samples for serological and T cell analysis from all adults aged 16 years or older. Current work includes an analysis of occupational exposure to pigs as a risk factor for human infection with swine and human influenza viruses; age as a predictor of T cell responses; and a comparison of serological pandemic infection rates from Flu Watch and the Health Survey for England. Comparative community burden and severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza: results of the Flu Watch cohort study Natural T Cell Mediated Protection Against Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza: Results of the Flu Watch Cohort Study abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26940466/ doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv370 id: cord-305936-tdswzj7r author: Freitas, André Ricardo Ribas title: Excess of Mortality in Adults and Elderly and Circulation of Subtypes of Influenza Virus in Southern Brazil date: 2018-01-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: PURPOSE: In the elderly population, the influenza infection and its clinical complications are important causes of hospitalization and death, particularly, in longer-lived age. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of influenza virus circulation on mortality in the elderly and adults, in years with different predominant virus strains. METHODS: We performed a time trend study to evaluated excess of mortality for pneumonia and influenza, respiratory disease, and all-causes in southern region of Brazil, from 2002 to 2015. After considering other models, we opted for Serfling regression. Excess of death rates per 100,000 inhabitants were analyzed in specific age groups (24–59, 60–69, 70–79, ≥80 years) and by year of occurrence. Mortality information were taken from Brazilian Mortality Information System and etiological data were accessed in Sentinel Virological Surveillance database, getting the weekly positivity of the immunofluorescence tests for influenza A (H1N1, H3N2), and B. RESULTS: In southern Brazil, there is an evident seasonal pattern of all death outcomes among different age groups in the dry and cold season (April–September). The highest excess mortality rates occurs among older, particularly in years of circulation of influenza AH3N2, especially among people ≥80 years, in 2003 and 2007—years of great severity of influenza activity. After 2009, with the introduction of the pandemic influenza AH1N1, we observed a lower impact on the mortality of the elderly compared to <60 years. DISCUSSION: A cross reactivity antibody response from past exposure probably provided protection against disease in the elderly. Despite not controlling for comorbidities, climate, and vaccination, for the >70 years, ratio of respiratory diseases excess mortality rates between AH1N1 (2009) and severe year of H3N2 (2007) shows protection in the pandemic year and great vulnerability during AH3N2 virus predominance. CONCLUSION: The reduced immune response to infection, and to vaccination, and presence of comorbidities recommend a special attention to this age group in Brazil. Besides medical assistance, the timeliness of vaccine campaigns, its composition, and etiological surveillance of respiratory diseases are some of the preventive and public health measures. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01903 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01903 id: cord-353869-l53ms3q8 author: Friesen, Robert H. E. title: New Class of Monoclonal Antibodies against Severe Influenza: Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy in Ferrets date: 2010-02-08 words: 4680.0 sentences: 202.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353869-l53ms3q8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353869-l53ms3q8.txt summary: METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of the human monoclonal antibody CR6261 against lethal challenge with the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus in ferrets, the optimal model of human influenza infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These data demonstrate the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of this new class of human monoclonal antibodies in a highly stringent and clinically relevant animal model of influenza and justify clinical development of this approach as intervention for both seasonal and pandemic influenza. Mean decline in body weight at the end of the experiment was 6.2% in the group of ferrets that received CR6261 4 hours after challenge ( Figure 2B) , which was significantly less (p = 0.025) than the 10.1% observed in control animals. These findings were in accordance with the observation that the mean lung weights of ferrets treated with CR6261 at 4 hours post challenge were lower compared to the control group (5.7 g versus 14.9 g, p,0.001; Figure 2F ). abstract: BACKGROUND: The urgent medical need for innovative approaches to control influenza is emphasized by the widespread resistance of circulating subtype H1N1 viruses to the leading antiviral drug oseltamivir, the pandemic threat posed by the occurrences of human infections with highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses, and indeed the evolving swine-origin H1N1 influenza pandemic. A recently discovered class of human monoclonal antibodies with the ability to neutralize a broad spectrum of influenza viruses (including H1, H2, H5, H6 and H9 subtypes) has the potential to prevent and treat influenza in humans. Here we report the latest efficacy data for a representative antibody of this novel class. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of the human monoclonal antibody CR6261 against lethal challenge with the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus in ferrets, the optimal model of human influenza infection. Survival rates, clinically relevant disease signs such as changes in body weight and temperature, virus replication in lungs and upper respiratory tract, as well as macro- and microscopic pathology were investigated. Prophylactic administration of 30 and 10 mg/kg CR6261 prior to viral challenge completely prevented mortality, weight loss and reduced the amount of infectious virus in the lungs by more than 99.9%, abolished shedding of virus in pharyngeal secretions and largely prevented H5N1-induced lung pathology. When administered therapeutically 1 day after challenge, 30 mg/kg CR6261 prevented death in all animals and blunted disease, as evidenced by decreased weight loss and temperature rise, reduced lung viral loads and shedding, and less lung damage. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These data demonstrate the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of this new class of human monoclonal antibodies in a highly stringent and clinically relevant animal model of influenza and justify clinical development of this approach as intervention for both seasonal and pandemic influenza. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161706/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009106 id: cord-003523-byxuruk1 author: Fritsch, Annemarie title: Influenza C virus in pre-school children with respiratory infections: retrospective analysis of data from the national influenza surveillance system in Germany, 2012 to 2014 date: 2019-03-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: INTRODUCTION: Recent data on influenza C virus indicate a possible higher clinical impact in specified patient populations than previously thought. AIM: We aimed to investigate influenza C virus circulation in Germany. METHODS: A total of 1,588 samples from 0 to 4 year-old children presenting as outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI) or acute respiratory infection were analysed retrospectively. The samples represented a subset of all samples from the German national surveillance system for influenza in this age group in 2012–14. The presence of influenza C virus was investigated by real-time PCR. For positive samples, information on symptoms as well as other respiratory virus co-infections was considered. Retrieved influenza C viral sequences were phylogenetically characterised. RESULTS: Influenza C viral RNA was detected in 20 (1.3% of) samples, including 16 during the 2012/13 season. The majority (18/20) of influenza C-positive patients had ILI according to the European Union definition, one patient had pneumonia. Viruses belonged to the C/Sao Paulo and C/Kanagawa lineages. Most (11/20) samples were co-infected with other respiratory viruses. CONCLUSION: Our data are the first on influenza C virus circulation in Germany and notably from a European national surveillance system. The low detection frequency and the identified virus variants confirm earlier observations outside a surveillance system. More virus detections during the 2012/13 season indicate a variable circulation intensity in the different years studied. Influenza C virus can be considered for ILI patients. Future studies addressing its clinical impact, especially in patients with severe disease are needed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6415498/ doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.10.1800174 id: cord-001826-av2gxfxy author: Gao, Qian title: A cell-based high-throughput approach to identify inhibitors of influenza A virus date: 2014-07-14 words: 2829.0 sentences: 165.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001826-av2gxfxy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001826-av2gxfxy.txt summary: In this study we established a 293T cell line that constitutively synthesizes a virus-based negative strand RNA, which expresses Gaussia luciferase upon influenza A virus infection. The dynamic signal range of the Gluc reporter assay was assessed by infecting 293T-Gluc cells with varying quantities of influenza A/WSN/33 virus (MOI of 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1) and determining Gluc activity at various times post-infection (12, 24, 36 and 48 h post-infection). For evaluation assay of antivirals and high-throughput screening, 1 μL of each tested compound was added to cells and incubated for 2 h prior to infection, after which cells were infected with influenza A/WSN/33 virus at an MOI of 0.05. The above results suggest the potential to use the Gluc reporter assay to screen compounds against influenza A virus. In this work we reported a cell-based high-throughput assay to identify inhibitors for influenza virus. abstract: Influenza is one of the most common infections threatening public health worldwide and is caused by the influenza virus. Rapid emergence of drug resistance has led to an urgent need to develop new anti-influenza inhibitors. In this study we established a 293T cell line that constitutively synthesizes a virus-based negative strand RNA, which expresses Gaussia luciferase upon influenza A virus infection. Using this cell line, an assay was developed and optimized to search for inhibitors of influenza virus replication. Biochemical studies and statistical analyses presented herein demonstrate the sensitivity and reproducibility of the assay in a high-throughput format (Z′ factor value>0.8). A pilot screening provides further evidence for validation of the assay. Taken together, this work provides a simple, convenient, and reliable HTS assay to identify compounds with anti-influenza activity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4629080/ doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.06.005 id: cord-001746-pbahviaz author: Garg, Shikha title: Pneumonia among adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza virus infection—United States, 2005–2008 date: 2015-08-26 words: 4410.0 sentences: 198.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001746-pbahviaz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001746-pbahviaz.txt summary: Although there is evidence that adult patients with underlying cardiac or pulmonary disease are more likely to develop influenza-associated pneumonia than those without underlying medical conditions [6, 7] , much of the data describing factors associated with influenzaassociated pneumonia among adults comes from case series conducted at single sites and during a limited number of seasons. The following data were collected on patients: demographics, results of laboratory tests for influenza, influenza vaccination status for the current season, underlying medical conditions, bacterial coinfections, CXR data, antiviral treatment, clinical outcomes, and discharge diagnoses. Patients with pneumonia were significantly more likely than patients without pneumonia to reside in a nursing home prior to hospital admission, to have received influenza vaccine, and to have the following underlying medical conditions: chronic lung disease, cardiovascular disease, and immunosuppression. abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza and pneumonia combined are the leading causes of death due to infectious diseases in the United States. We describe factors associated with pneumonia among adults hospitalized with influenza. METHODS: Through the Emerging Infections Program, we identified adults ≥ 18 years, who were hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during October 2005 through April 2008, and had a chest radiograph (CXR) performed. Pneumonia was defined as the presence of a CXR infiltrate and either an ICD-9-CM code or discharge summary diagnosis of pneumonia. RESULTS: Among 4,765 adults hospitalized with influenza, 1392 (29 %) had pneumonia. In multivariable analysis, factors associated with pneumonia included: age ≥ 75 years, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.27 (95 % confidence interval 1.10–1.46), white race AOR 1.24 (1.03–1.49), nursing home residence AOR 1.37 (1.14–1.66), chronic lung disease AOR 1.37 (1.18–1.59), immunosuppression AOR 1.45 (1.19–1.78), and asthma AOR 0.76 (0.62–0.92). Patients with pneumonia were significantly more likely to require intensive care unit (ICU) admission (27 % vs. 10 %), mechanical ventilation (18 % vs. 5 %), and to die (9 % vs. 2 %). CONCLUSIONS: Pneumonia was present in nearly one-third of adults hospitalized with influenza and was associated with ICU admission and death. Among patients hospitalized with influenza, older patients and those with certain underlying conditions are more likely to have pneumonia. Pneumonia is common among adults hospitalized with influenza and should be evaluated and treated promptly. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1004-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4550040/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-015-1004-y id: cord-296469-h0ma163u author: Gellin, Bruce G. title: Preparing for the unpredictable: The continuing need for pandemic influenza preparedness date: 2016-10-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27682508/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.023 id: cord-340611-7ftnttm0 author: Gensheimer, K. F title: Challenges and opportunities in pandemic influenza planning: lessons learned from recent infectious disease preparedness and response efforts date: 2004-06-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract The impact of the next pandemic influenza is likely to be far greater, by orders of magnitude, than most bioterrorism (BT) scenarios. A written pandemic emergency plan and establishment of emergency management teams are critical to mounting a coordinated and effective response to what will be a catastrophic event. Members of these teams should include public health, medical, emergency response and public safety officials, organized at each local, state and federal level. The tragic events of September 11, 2001 and the subsequent anthrax attacks have substantially increased funding and support for bioterrorism planning in the United States. Thus, public health officials have an unprecedented opportunity to strengthen current systems' planning efforts by promoting dual use bioterrorism/pandemic influenza plans. Combining lessons learned from the 2001 terrorist incidents, recent preevent smallpox vaccine programs and the history of past influenza pandemics, more effective strategies can be developed. For example, enhanced influenza surveillance systems can provide data that will not only provide early identification of a novel influenza strain, but will provide more timely recognition of other outbreaks of infectious diseases, including public health threats that may initially present as an influenza-like illness (ILI). In recent years, we have witnessed emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats that have presented us with challenges similar to those posed by an influenza pandemic. Such events highlight the need for advance planning to ensure an optimal response to a health emergency that is certain to be unpredictable, complex, rapidly evolving and accompanied by considerable public alarm. While advance warning for a terrorist attack is unlikely, the warning already exists for a possible new influenza strain, as evidenced by the recent cases of H5N1 in Hong Kong and the rapid global spread of cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.021 doi: 10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.021 id: cord-017748-xy26tk0t author: Georgiev, Vassil St. title: Influenza date: 2009 words: 11757.0 sentences: 536.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017748-xy26tk0t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017748-xy26tk0t.txt summary: This, coupled with the difficulty to predict which subtype of avian influenza virus will cause the next human pandemic means that an ideal vaccine would elicit an immune response that protects the host from infection with a broad range of influenza viruses from the same or different subtypes (14) . Therefore, if a virus with a new HA and/or NA glycoprotein emerges in the human population, cell-mediated immunity directed against the highly conserved internal proteins could have a role in protection at the time of a pandemic (14) . Although most influenza vaccines are designed to induce HA-specific antibody responses to protect the host from infection, the biology of avian influenza viruses presents several unique challenges compared with human influenza viruses. DNA vaccines encoding the HA and NA glycoproteins of avian influenza viruses or conserved internal virus proteins, such as matrix proteins and nucleoproteins, induced protective immunity in mice and chickens (90) (91) (92) (93) . abstract: Influenza is a highly contagious, acute respiratory illness afflicting humans. Although influenza epidemics occur frequently, their severity varies (1). Not until 1933, when the first human influenza virus was isolated, was it possible to define with certainty which pandemics were caused by influenza viruses. In general, influenza A viruses are more pathogenic than are influenza B viruses. Influenza A virus is a zoonotic infection, and more than 100 types of influenza A viruses infect most species of birds, pigs, horses, dogs, and seals. It is believed that the 1918–1919 pandemic originated from a virulent strain of H1N1 from pigs and birds. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122397/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_13 id: cord-010786-w3kjc6so author: Ghaderi, Sara title: Hospitalization following influenza infection and pandemic vaccination in multiple sclerosis patients: a nationwide population-based registry study from Norway date: 2019-12-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are at increased risk of infections and related worsening of neurological function. Influenza infection has been associated with increased risk of various neurological complications. We conducted a population-based registry study to investigate the risk of acute hospitalization of MS patients in relation to influenza infection or pandemic vaccination in Norway. The entire Norwegian population in the years 2008–2014 was defined as our study population (N = 5,219,296). Information on MS diagnosis, influenza infection and vaccination were provided by Norwegian national registries. The self-controlled case series method was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) in defined risk periods. 6755 MS patients were identified during the study period. Average age at first registration of an MS diagnosis was 51.8 years among men and 49.9 years among females (66.9%). The IRR for emergency hospitalization among MS patients the first week after an influenza diagnosis was 3.4 (95% CI 2.4–4.8). The IRR was 5.6 (95% CI 2.7–11.3) after pandemic influenza, and 4.8 (95% CI 3.1–7.4) after seasonal influenza. Pandemic vaccination did not influence risk of hospitalization [IRR within the first week: 0.7 (95% CI 0.5–1.0)]. Among MS patients, influenza infection was associated with increased risk for acute hospitalization while no increased risk was observed after pandemic vaccination. Influenza vaccination could prevent worsening of MS-related symptoms as well as risk of hospitalization. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7222066/ doi: 10.1007/s10654-019-00595-2 id: cord-000891-5r2in1gw author: Giannella, Maddalena title: Should lower respiratory tract secretions from intensive care patients be systematically screened for influenza virus during the influenza season? date: 2012-06-14 words: 4115.0 sentences: 233.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000891-5r2in1gw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000891-5r2in1gw.txt summary: Suspected and unsuspected cases were compared, and significant differences were found for age (53 versus 69 median years), severe respiratory failure (68.8% versus 20%), surgery (6.3% versus 60%), median days of ICU stay before diagnosis (1 versus 4), nosocomial infection (18.8% versus 66.7%), cough (93.8% versus 53.3%), localized infiltrate on chest radiograph (6.3% versus 40%), median days to antiviral treatment (2 versus 9), pneumonia (93.8% versus 53.3%), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (75% versus 26.7%). The variables recorded were age, sex, classification of the severity of underlying conditions according to the Charlson comorbidity index [6] , type of ICU, date and cause of ICU admission, APACHE II score [7] on admission to the ICU, date of onset of influenza symptoms, clinical manifestations and radiologic findings at diagnosis, date of TA sample collection, other samples tested for influenza and result, date of initiation of antiviral treatment, complications (septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)), outcome including mortality within 30 days after influenza diagnosis, and length of ICU and hospital stay. abstract: INTRODUCTION: Influenza is easily overlooked in intensive care units (ICUs), particularly in patients with alternative causes of respiratory failure or in those who acquire influenza during their ICU stay. METHODS: We performed a prospective study of patients admitted to three adult ICUs of our hospital from December 2010 to February 2011. All tracheal aspirate (TA) samples sent to the microbiology department were systematically screened for influenza. We defined influenza as unsuspected if testing was not requested and the patient was not receiving empirical antiviral therapy after sample collection. RESULTS: We received TA samples from 105 patients. Influenza was detected in 31 patients and was classified as unsuspected in 15 (48.4%) patients, and as hospital acquired in 13 (42%) patients. Suspected and unsuspected cases were compared, and significant differences were found for age (53 versus 69 median years), severe respiratory failure (68.8% versus 20%), surgery (6.3% versus 60%), median days of ICU stay before diagnosis (1 versus 4), nosocomial infection (18.8% versus 66.7%), cough (93.8% versus 53.3%), localized infiltrate on chest radiograph (6.3% versus 40%), median days to antiviral treatment (2 versus 9), pneumonia (93.8% versus 53.3%), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (75% versus 26.7%). Multivariate analysis showed admission to the surgical ICU (odds ratio (OR), 37.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.1 to 666.6; P = 0.01) and localized infiltrate on chest radiograph (OR, 27.8; 95% CI, 1.3 to 584.1; P = 0.03) to be independent risk factors for unsuspected influenza. Overall mortality at 30 days was 29%. ICU admission for severe respiratory failure was an independent risk factor for poor outcome. CONCLUSION: During the influenza season, almost one third of critical patients with suspected lower respiratory tract infection had influenza, and in 48.4%, the influenza was unsuspected. Lower respiratory samples from adult ICUs should be systematically screened for influenza during seasonal epidemics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580661/ doi: 10.1186/cc11387 id: cord-339638-yrxoj1hl author: Goldman, Ran D. title: Willingness to Vaccinate Children against Influenza after the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-08-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine factors associated with parents who plan to vaccinate their children against influenza next year, especially those who did not vaccinate against influenza last year using a global survey. STUDY DESIGN: A survey of caregivers accompanying their children 1-19 years-old in 17 Pediatric Emergency Departments (ED) in six countries at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Anonymous online survey included caregiver and child demographic information, vaccination history and future intentions, and concern about the child and caregiver having COVID-19 at the time of ED visit. RESULTS: Of 2422 surveys, 1314 (54.2%) caregivers stated they plan to vaccinate their child against influenza next year, an increase of 15.8% from the prior year. Of 1459 caregivers who did not vaccinate their children last year, 418 (28.6%) plan to do so next year. Factors predicting willingness to change and vaccinate included child’s up-to-date vaccination status (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29 – 3.32 P = .003); caregivers’ influenza vaccine history (aOR=3.26, 95% CI 2.41 – 4.40 , p< 0.010), and level of concern their child had COVID-19 (aOR=1.09, 95% CI 1.01 – 1.17, p=0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in risk perception due to COVID-19, and prior vaccination, may serve to influence decision-making among caregivers regarding influenza vaccination in the coming season. In order to promote influenza vaccination among children, public health programs can leverage this information. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.005 doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.005 id: cord-325141-x3txhjkr author: Grech, Victor title: Vaccine hesitancy among Maltese Healthcare workers toward influenza and novel COVID-19 vaccination date: 2020-10-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Introduction Vaccine hesitancy is a chronic public health threat. This study was carried out to ascertain Maltese healthcare workers’ hesitancy to a novel COVID-19 vaccine and correlate this with influenza vaccine uptake. Methods A short, anonymous questionnaire was sent out to all of Malta’s government sector healthcare workers via the service’s standard email services (11-19/09/2020). A total of 9,681 questionnaires were posted electronically, with 10.4% response. Results The proportion of Maltese healthcare workers who will take the influenza vaccine increased significantly. Doctors had the highest baseline uptake and highest likely influenza vaccine uptake next winter. The likely/undecided/unlikely to take a COVID-19 vaccine were 52/22/26% respectively. Males were likelier to take the vaccine. Doctors were the occupation with the highest projected vaccine uptake. Likelihood of taking COVID-19 vaccine was directly related to the likelihood of influenza vaccination. Concerns raised were related to insufficient knowledge about such a novel vaccine, especially unknown long term side effects. Discussion The increased uptake of influenza vaccine is probably due to increased awareness of respiratory viral illness. Doctors may have higher vaccine uptakes due to greater awareness and knowledge of vaccine safety. The proportions of who are likely/undecided/unlikely (half, quarter, quarter respectively) to take a COVID-19 are similar to rates reported in other countries. The higher male inclination to take the vaccine may be due the innate male propensity for perceived risk taking. Shared COVID-19 with influenza vaccine hesitancy implies an innate degree of vaccine reluctance/hesitancy and not merely reluctance based on novel vaccine knowledge gap. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378378220306976 doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105213 id: cord-006252-cbelsymu author: Gross, Peter A. title: Current Recommendations for the Prevention and Treatment of Influenza in the Older Population date: 2012-11-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Influenza vaccine is recommended for people aged 65 years and older and those in long term care. Currently only 30% of high risk persons are vaccinated. Vaccination generally stimulates an adequate immune response, is well tolerated and is to be encouraged. Prophylactic amantadine 100 mg/day should be given for 2 weeks with influenza vaccine in the aged population when they have not been previously immunised. Broad application of these preventive measures would have a significant impact on reducing influenza prevalence in the elderly and other high risk groups. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100770/ doi: 10.2165/00002512-199101060-00003 id: cord-264335-c2hfh3dq author: Gunson, Rory title: Development of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR that allows universal detection of influenza A viruses and simultaneous typing of influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus date: 2009-10-23 words: 2263.0 sentences: 131.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264335-c2hfh3dq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264335-c2hfh3dq.txt summary: In order to detect and then type influenza A viruses most laboratories use a two tier testing system comprising of a universal influenza A screening assay complemented with a suite of subtyping assays that determine whether the sample is seasonal influenza A (human H1N1 and H3N2), avian H5N1 or the influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus. This article describes the development of a multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) that allows universal detection of all influenza A viruses and simultaneously subtypes all that are influenza A/H1N1/2009. Use of this assay will allow laboratories to screen respiratory samples for influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus in a rapid and cost effective format, ensuring that typing methods for seasonal and avian viruses are used on a smaller subset of samples. This article describes the development of a rapid, specific and sensitive multiplex rtPCR assay that detects all influenza A types and simultaneously identifies samples that contain the pandemic influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus. abstract: On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization declared that the influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus had become the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. Rapid detection and differentiation from seasonal and avian influenza would be beneficial for patient management and infection control. It was the aim of this study to develop a real-time RT-PCR that can detect all influenza A viruses and offer simultaneous typing for influenza A/H1N1/2009. This would be a useful addition to existing diagnostic protocols for influenza A. Its routine use would allow laboratories to screen out influenza A/H1N1/2009 positive samples rapidly and would reduce overall testing costs. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0166093409004455 doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.10.006 id: cord-028564-sltofaox author: Gutiérrez-Spillari, Lucia title: Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Influenza: How Are They Connected? date: 2020-07-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To better understand the impact of obesity and cardiovascular diseases on influenza A infection. RECENT FINDINGS: This infection could have detrimental outcomes in obese patients with cardiovascular diseases, such as an increased risk, length of hospitalization, disease severity, morbidity, and mortality. Nevertheless, there also might be some cardioprotective benefits associated with influenza vaccination, such as a reduced mortality, hospitalization, and acute coronary syndromes, in patients with coronary heart disease and/or heart failure. SUMMARY: Obesity negatively impacts immune function and host defense. Recent studies report obesity to be an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality following infection. Obese patients might need special considerations in the treatment; however, there is not enough evidence to fully comprehend the mechanisms behind the reduced immunocompetence when influenza A infection occurs. Future studies should focus on special consideration treatments when the patients have not been vaccinated and have cardiovascular diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7335730/ doi: 10.1007/s40475-020-00207-0 id: cord-263277-m4too6ob author: Guzmán, Carlos Alberto title: Next Generation Influenza Vaccines: Looking into the Crystal Ball date: 2020-08-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Influenza infections are responsible for significant number of deaths and overwhelming costs worldwide every year. Vaccination represents the only cost-efficient alternative to address this major problem in human health. However, current vaccines are fraught by many limitations, being far from optimal. Among them, the need to upgrade vaccines every year through a time-consuming process open to different caveats, and the critical fact that they exhibit poorer efficacy in individuals who are at high risk for severe infections. Where are we? How can knowledge and technologies contribute towards removing current roadblocks? What does the future offer in terms of next generation vaccines? url: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030464 doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030464 id: cord-260191-0u0pu0br author: Haas, W. title: „Emerging Infectious Diseases“: Dengue-Fieber, West-Nil-Fieber, SARS, Vogelgrippe, HIV date: 2004-05-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Some emerging infectious diseases have recently become endemic in Germany. Others remain confined to specific regions in the world. Physicians notice them only when travelers after infection in endemic areas present themselves with symptoms. Several of these emerging infections will be explained. HIV is an example for an imported pathogen which has become endemic in Germany. SARS and avian influenza are zoonoses with the potential to spread from person to person. Avian influenza in humans provides a possibility for the reassortment of a potential new pandemic strain. Outbreaks of dengue fever in endemic areas are reflected in increased infections in travelers returning from these areas. Currently, West-Nile-virus infections are only imported into Germany. The timely implementation of diagnostic, therapeutic and infection control measures requires physicians to include these diseases in their differential diagnosis. To achieve this goal, good cooperation between physicians, laboratories and the public health service is essential. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15107983/ doi: 10.1007/s00108-004-1199-2 id: cord-255807-7goz1agp author: Hak, E. title: Conventional Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated with Complications in Working-Age Patients with Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease date: 2003-04-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: By using a nested case-control design, the authors studied the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in reducing severe and fatal complications in 4,241 and 5,966 primary care, working-age patients aged 18–64 years who had asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 influenza epidemics in the Netherlands. Patients developing fatal or nonfatal exacerbations of lung disease, pneumonia, congestive heart failure, or myocardial infarction during either epidemic were considered cases. For each case, four age- and sex-matched controls were randomly sampled, and patient records were reviewed. Conditional logistic regression and propensity scores were used to assess vaccine effectiveness after adjustment for confounding factors. In seasons one and two, respectively, 87% (47/54) and 85% (171/202) of the cases and 74% (155/210) and 75% (575/766) of the controls had been vaccinated. After adjustments, vaccination was not associated with reductions in complications (season one: odds ratio = 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26, 3.48; season two: odds ratio = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.96; pooled odds ratio = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.63, 1.80). Because influenza vaccination appeared not to be associated with a clinically relevant reduction in severe morbidity, other measures need to be explored. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12697573/ doi: 10.1093/aje/kwg027 id: cord-020466-hdcke0d4 author: Hammel, Jean M. title: Commentary date: 2004-11-19 words: 1909.0 sentences: 141.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-020466-hdcke0d4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-020466-hdcke0d4.txt summary: 1 In the late 1990s, after several decades of fairly stable human influenza viruses, highly pathogenic avian influenza infected humans in Southeast Asia for the first time. In the setting of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic and emerging human infections with these highly pathogenic avian influenza strains, the prospect of a pandemic looms large for public health authorities and should prompt preparative measures from emergency care providers. 4, 5 Alternatively, a person infected with a conventional human influenza virus could be coinfected with a highly pathogenic avian influenza strain. 4 Formerly known as ''''fowl plague,'''' highly pathogenic avian influenza is now identified as strains H5 and H7, which cause severe disease in terrestrial birds. 17 Full respiratory isolation precautions, similar to those for SARS, are recommended in all cases of suspected human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135759/ doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.10.005 id: cord-275355-4izc5jxs author: Hayden, Frederick title: Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses to and between Humans date: 2005-10-15 words: 2246.0 sentences: 104.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275355-4izc5jxs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275355-4izc5jxs.txt summary: in this issue of the Journal of Infectious Diseases [1] , and the recent instances of cross-species transmission that caused human disease [2] raise fundamental questions regarding the routes of transmission of avian viruses to and between humans, possible differences in transmission patterns between human and avian influenza viruses, and implications for prevention in those occupationally exposed to infected animals and also in health care, household, and community settings. The findings that seropositivity occurs in small numbers of poultry workers exposed during outbreaks of illness in poultry caused by some avian strains (H7N7, H7N3, and H5N1) but not others (H7N1 and H5N2) argue for actual infection and support the notion that some avian influenza viruses are more likely than others to infect humans [1] . Most cases of human infection due to avian influenza viruses have involved close contact with infected poultry, particularly ill or dying chickens. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16170745/ doi: 10.1086/444399 id: cord-258270-67f5z8et author: He, Biao title: Adenovirus-based vaccines against avian-origin H5N1 influenza viruses date: 2014-12-03 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Since 1997, human infection with avian H5N1, having about 60% mortality, has posed a threat to public health. In this review, we describe the epidemiology of H5N1 transmission, advantages and disadvantages of different influenza vaccine types, and characteristics of adenovirus, finally summarizing advances in adenovirus-based H5N1 systemic and mucosal vaccines. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1286457914002998 doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.11.003 id: cord-280218-zwjrcaab author: He, Xiao-Song title: Distinct Patterns of B-Cell Activation and Priming by Natural Influenza Virus Infection Versus Inactivated Influenza Vaccination date: 2014-10-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background. The human B-cell response to natural influenza virus infection has not been extensively investigated at the polyclonal level. Methods. The overall B-cell response of patients acutely infected with the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) was analyzed by determining the reactivity of plasmablast-derived polyclonal antibodies (PPAbs) to influenza proteins. Recipients of inactivated influenza vaccine containing the same A(H1N1)pdm09 strain were studied for comparison. Results. During acute infection, robust plasmablast responses to the infecting virus were detected, characterized by a greater PPAb reactivity to the conserved influenza virus nuclear protein and to heterovariant and heterosubtypic hemagglutinins, in comparison to responses to the inactivated A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine. In A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccinees, the presence of baseline serum neutralizing antibodies against A(H1N1)pdm09, suggesting previous exposure to natural A(H1N1)pdm09 infection, did not affect the plasmablast response to vaccination, whereas repeated immunization with inactivated A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine resulted in significantly reduced vaccine-specific and cross-reactive PPAb responses. Conclusions. Natural A(H1N1)pdm09 infection and inactivated A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination result in very distinct patterns of B-cell activation and priming. These differences are likely to be associated with differences in protective immunity, especially cross-protection against heterovariant and heterosubtypic influenza virus strains. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu580 doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu580 id: cord-322906-zef971xp author: Hochman, Assaf title: The relationship between cyclonic weather regimes and seasonal influenza over the Eastern Mediterranean date: 2020-08-12 words: 3289.0 sentences: 163.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322906-zef971xp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322906-zef971xp.txt summary: Since weather regimes such as Cyprus Lows are more robustly predicted in weather and climate models than individual climate variables, we conclude that the weather regime approach can be used to develop tools for estimating the compatibility of the transmission environment for Influenza occurrence in a warming world. The purpose of J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof this study is to investigate the potential link between weather regime occurrences and climate sensitive infectious diseases, and discuss in how far this relationship can help to inform decisions in the health sector. As a case study, the weekly occurrences of an Eastern Mediterranean weather regime -Cyprus Lows -together with precipitation, temperature and humidity, are related to seasonal Influenza in Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Jordan. abstract: Abstract The prediction of the occurrence of infectious diseases is of crucial importance for public health, as clearly seen in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we analyze the relationship between the occurrence of a winter low-pressure weather regime - Cyprus Lows - and the seasonal Influenza in the Eastern Mediterranean. We find that the weekly occurrence of Cyprus Lows is significantly correlated with clinical seasonal Influenza in Israel in recent years (R = 0.91; p < .05). This result remains robust when considering a complementary analysis based on Google Trends data for Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Jordan. The weekly occurrence of Cyprus Lows precedes the onset and maximum of Influenza occurrence by about one to two weeks (R = 0.88; p < .05 for the maximum occurrence), and closely follows their timing in eight out of ten years (2008–2017). Since weather regimes such as Cyprus Lows are more robustly predicted in weather and climate models than individual climate variables, we conclude that the weather regime approach can be used to develop tools for estimating the compatibility of the transmission environment for Influenza occurrence in a warming world. Furthermore, this approach may be applied to other regions and climate sensitive diseases. This study is a new cross-border inter-disciplinary regional collaboration for appropriate adaptation to climate change in the Eastern Mediterranean. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0048969720352153 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141686 id: cord-345836-74d2mb70 author: Hogg, William title: The costs of preventing the spread of respiratory infection in family physician offices: a threshold analysis date: 2007-11-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza poses concerns about epidemic respiratory infection. Interventions designed to prevent the spread of respiratory infection within family physician (FP) offices could potentially have a significant positive influence on the health of Canadians. The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the explicit costs of such an intervention. METHODS: A cost analysis of a respiratory infection control was conducted. The costs were estimated from the perspective of provincial government. In addition, a threshold analysis was conducted to estimate a threshold value of the intervention's effectiveness that could generate potential savings in terms of averted health-care costs by the intervention that exceed the explicit costs. The informational requirements for these implicit costs savings are high, however. Some of these elements, such as the cost of hospitalization in the event of contacting influenza, and the number of patients passing through the physicians' office, were readily available. Other pertinent points of information, such as the proportion of infected people who require hospitalization, could be imported from the existing literature. We take an indirect approach to calculate a threshold value for the most uncertain piece of information, namely the reduction in the probability of the infection spreading as a direct result of the intervention, at which the intervention becomes worthwhile. RESULTS: The 5-week intervention costs amounted to a total of $52,810.71, or $131,094.73 prorated according to the length of the flu season, or $512,729.30 prorated for the entire calendar year. The variable costs that were incurred for this 5-week project amounted to approximately $923.16 per participating medical practice. The (fixed) training costs per practice were equivalent to $73.27 for the 5-week intervention, or $28.14 for 13-week flu season, or $7.05 for an entire one-year period. CONCLUSION: Based on our conservative estimates for the direct cost savings, there are indications that the outreach facilitation intervention program would be cost effective if it can achieve a reduction in the probability of infection on the order of 0.83 (0.77, 1.05) percentage points. A facilitation intervention initiative tailored to the environment and needs of the family medical practice and walk-in clinics is of promise for improving respiratory infection control in the physicians' offices. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17999757/ doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-7-181 id: cord-327516-i25whxt2 author: Horby, Peter title: Improving preparedness for the next flu pandemic date: 2018-07-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Pandemic influenza remains the single greatest threat to global heath security. Efforts to increase our preparedness, by improving predictions of viral emergence, spread and disease severity, by targeting reduced transmission and improved vaccination and by mitigating health impacts in low- and middle-income countries, should receive renewed urgency. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0206-7 doi: 10.1038/s41564-018-0206-7 id: cord-282140-teplpmi6 author: Horm, Srey Viseth title: Intense circulation of A/H5N1 and other avian influenza viruses in Cambodian live-bird markets with serological evidence of sub-clinical human infections date: 2016-07-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in poultry and environmental samples was conducted in four live-bird markets in Cambodia from January through November 2013. Through real-time RT-PCR testing, AIVs were detected in 45% of 1048 samples collected throughout the year. Detection rates ranged from 32% and 18% in duck and chicken swabs, respectively, to 75% in carcass wash water samples. Influenza A/H5N1 virus was detected in 79% of samples positive for influenza A virus and 35% of all samples collected. Sequence analysis of full-length haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from A/H5N1 viruses, and full-genome analysis of six representative isolates, revealed that the clade 1.1.2 reassortant virus associated with Cambodian human cases during 2013 was the only A/H5N1 virus detected during the year. However, multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of HA and NA genes revealed co-circulation of at least nine low pathogenic AIVs from HA1, HA2, HA3, HA4, HA6, HA7, HA9, HA10 and HA11 subtypes. Four repeated serological surveys were conducted throughout the year in a cohort of 125 poultry workers. Serological testing found an overall prevalence of 4.5% and 1.8% for antibodies to A/H5N1 and A/H9N2, respectively. Seroconversion rates of 3.7 and 0.9 cases per 1000 person-months participation were detected for A/H5N1 and A/H9N2, respectively. Peak AIV circulation was associated with the Lunar New Year festival. Knowledge of periods of increased circulation of avian influenza in markets should inform intervention measures such as market cleaning and closures to reduce risk of human infections and emergence of novel AIVs. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2016.69 doi: 10.1038/emi.2016.69 id: cord-331148-40gvay7i author: Hsieh, Yu-Chia title: Clinical characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during the 2013/2014 and 2015/2016 clade 6B/6B.1/6B.2-predominant outbreaks date: 2018-10-23 words: 3185.0 sentences: 166.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331148-40gvay7i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331148-40gvay7i.txt summary: Independently, a retrospective cohort study (which enrolled 639 infected patients during the five seasons) was conducted at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital to explore the risk factors associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-related complications. The results of the logistic regression analysis on the risk factors associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-related complications and pneumonia are shown in Table 4 , and respiratory failure with mechanical ventilation and ARDS are also presented in Table 5 . In the univariate analysis, 6B/6B.1/6B.2 season, age (50-64 years), onset to presentation, underlying conditions, obesity, smoking, alcoholism, and antiviral therapy were significant risk factors of complications, pneumonia, mechanical ventilation, and ARDS (Tables 4 and 5 ). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, 6B/6B.1/6B.2 season, age (50-64 years and ≥65 years), underlying conditions, and antiviral therapy were significant independent risk factors of complications, pneumonia, and mechanical ventilation (Tables 4 and 5). abstract: A novel pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus emerged in 2009 globally, and it continues to circulate in humans. The National Influenza Surveillance Network in Taiwan identified five A(H1N1)pdm09-predominant seasons, representing the 2009/2010, 2010/2011, 2012/2013, 2013/2014, and 2015/2016 outbreaks from 2009 to 2016. Independently, a retrospective cohort study (which enrolled 639 infected patients during the five seasons) was conducted at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital to explore the risk factors associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-related complications. A phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin (HA) sequences showed that the circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 virus belonged to clades 1, 2, and 8 in 2009/2010; clades 3, 4, 5, and 7 in 2010/2011; clades 7 and 6C in 2012/2013; clades 6B in 2013/2014; and 6B/6B.1/6B.2 in 2015/2016. Compared to individuals infected in non-6B/6B.1/6B.2 seasons (2009/2010, 2010/2011, and 2012/2013), those infected in 6B/6B.1/6B.2 seasons (2013/2014 and 2015/2016) were at higher risk for influenza-related complications (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0–2.8), pneumonia (aOR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.04–3.04), mechanical ventilation (aOR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.2–5.6), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (aOR: 5.5, 95% CI: 1.9–15.9). For the increased severity of infection during the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 clade 6B/6B.1/6B.2 seasons, aspects related to the antigenic change of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, immune response of the host, and environmental factors required further investigation. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34077-4 doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34077-4 id: cord-343050-1pfqgvie author: Huang, Qiu Sue title: Southern Hemisphere Influenza and Vaccine Effectiveness Research and Surveillance date: 2015-06-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic highlighted the need for improved scientific knowledge to support better pandemic preparedness and seasonal influenza control. The Southern Hemisphere Influenza and Vaccine Effectiveness Research and Surveillance (SHIVERS) project, a 5-year (2012–2016) multiagency and multidisciplinary collaboration, aimed to measure disease burden, epidemiology, aetiology, risk factors, immunology, effectiveness of vaccination and other prevention strategies for influenza and other respiratory infectious diseases of public health importance. Two active, prospective, population-based surveillance systems were established for monitoring influenza and other respiratory pathogens among those hospitalized patients with acute respiratory illness and those enrolled patients seeking consultations at sentinel general practices. In 2015, a sero-epidemiological study will use a sample of patients from the same practices. These data will provide a full picture of the disease burden and risk factors from asymptomatic infections to severe hospitalized disease and deaths and related economic burden. The results during the first 2 years (2012–2013) provided scientific evidence to (a) support a change to NZ's vaccination policy for young children due to high influenza hospitalizations in these children; (b) contribute to the revision of the World Health Organization's case definition for severe acute respiratory illness for global influenza surveillance; and (c) contribute in part to vaccine strain selection using vaccine effectiveness assessment in the prevention of influenza-related consultations and hospitalizations. In summary, SHIVERS provides valuable international platforms for supporting seasonal influenza control and pandemic preparedness, and responding to other emerging/endemic respiratory-related infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25912617/ doi: 10.1111/irv.12315 id: cord-336493-ggo9wsrm author: Huang, Stephen S. H. title: Immunity toward H1N1 influenza hemagglutinin of historical and contemporary strains suggests protection and vaccine failure date: 2013-04-23 words: 6444.0 sentences: 342.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336493-ggo9wsrm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336493-ggo9wsrm.txt summary: In our present study, we investigated the clinical characteristics and immune cross-reactivity of significant H1N1 influenza strains in the past 100 years in ferrets to determine the immunogenicity of important H1N1 viruses. Ferrets show respiratory illness similar to humans and clinical features of disease are easily observed where fevers can persist days following infection of viruses such as 2009 H1N1pdm influenza 21, 23, 30 . As well as fever, nasal discharge and sneezing can also be observed in animals infected with influenza viruses 21 These influenza A viruses were chosen due to their emergence and influence in H1N1 genetic history (Fig. 1 , strains used in this study are marked with an asterisks) as covered in the introduction. The immunogenic findings showed antisera produced from ferret infection with Taiwan/86 was not able to inhibit hemagglutination with the other viruses on our virus panel, which compliments the literature describing the 1986 strain. abstract: Evolution of H1N1 influenza A outbreaks of the past 100 years is interesting and significantly complex and details of H1N1 genetic drift remains unknown. Here we investigated the clinical characteristics and immune cross-reactivity of significant historical H1N1 strains. We infected ferrets with H1N1 strains from 1943, 1947, 1977, 1986, 1999, and 2009 and showed each produced a unique clinical signature. We found significant cross-reactivity between viruses with similar HA sequences. Interestingly, A/FortMonmouth/1/1947 antisera cross-reacted with A/USSR/90/1977 virus, thought to be a 1947 resurfaced virus. Importantly, our immunological data that didn't show cross-reactivity can be extrapolated to failure of past H1N1 influenza vaccines, ie. 1947, 1986 and 2009. Together, our results help to elucidate H1N1 immuno-genetic alterations that occurred in the past 100 years and immune responses caused by H1N1 evolution. This work will facilitate development of future influenza therapeutics and prophylactics such as influenza vaccines. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01698 doi: 10.1038/srep01698 id: cord-295531-zojb3cew author: Huggett, Kathryn D. title: Influenza A date: 2008-01-10 words: 2094.0 sentences: 141.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-295531-zojb3cew.txt txt: ./txt/cord-295531-zojb3cew.txt summary: Subtypes of influenza A viruses that are prominent in one species may on occasion infect and cause disease in another. Influenza A is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes an acute and highly contagious upper respiratory disease. It was approved in 1966 for chemoprophylaxis and in 1976 for treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza type A virus in both adults and children 1 year of age. It was approved in 1993 for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza A infections in adults and prophylaxis in children. It was approved in 1999 for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza infections in patients aged 1 year. It was approved in 1999 for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza infections in patients aged 1 year. Basic information on the diagnosis, clinical findings, complications, prevention and treatment of influenza, including vaccine safety recommendations, can be found at: http://www3.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=17572#17572 Information on the common cold and flu can be located at: http://familydoctor.org/517. abstract: The influenza viruses, which contain single-stranded RNA, are classified into 3 types, A, B, and C … url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080552323609225 doi: 10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60922-5 id: cord-286368-kdwh4hgf author: Hui, David S.C. title: A clinical approach to the threat of emerging influenza viruses in the Asia‐Pacific region date: 2017-07-05 words: 7703.0 sentences: 432.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286368-kdwh4hgf.txt summary: Observational studies have shown that treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) for adults hospitalized with severe influenza is associated with lower mortality and better clinical outcomes, especially when administered early in the course of illness. The global circulation of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza, the emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 2009 followed by its continual circulation, 6 the rising number of A(H7N9) infections in humans 2 and the ongoing spread of A(H5N8) in recent months in the poultry populations in many countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and Middle East with pandemic potential 7 all point to an urgent need for developing more effective antiviral therapies to reduce morbidity and mortality. Human infections with a novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus were first reported in China in March 2013 in patients hospitalized with severe pneumonia. abstract: Seasonal influenza epidemics and periodic pandemics are important causes of morbidity and mortality. Patients with chronic co‐morbid illness, those at the extremes of age and pregnant women are at higher risks of complications requiring hospitalization, whereas young adults and obese individuals were also at increased risk during the A(H1N1) pandemic in 2009. Avian influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) viruses have continued to circulate widely in some poultry populations and infect humans sporadically since 1997 and 2013, respectively. The recent upsurge in human cases of A(H7N9) infections in Mainland China is of great concern. Sporadic human cases of avian A(H5N6), A(H10N8) and A(H6N1) have also emerged in recent years while there are also widespread poultry outbreaks due to A(H5N8) in many countries. Observational studies have shown that treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) for adults hospitalized with severe influenza is associated with lower mortality and better clinical outcomes, especially when administered early in the course of illness. Whether higher than standard doses of NAI would provide greater antiviral effects in such patients will require further investigation. High‐dose systemic corticosteroids were associated with worse outcomes in patients with severe influenza. There is an urgent need for developing more effective antiviral therapies for treatment of influenza infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13114 doi: 10.1111/resp.13114 id: cord-288938-4bheqtk5 author: Hönemann, M. title: Influenza B virus infections in Western Saxony, Germany in three consecutive seasons between 2015 and 2018: Analysis of molecular and clinical features date: 2019-10-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The impact of annual influenza epidemics and prevailing strains varies worldwide and regional. The majority of vaccines used contained two influenza A strains and only one influenza B strain (trivalent vaccine). AIM: The aim of the study was to compare laboratory confirmed influenza B cases during three consecutive years with respect to vaccination history, clinical symptoms and molecular virology. METHODS: Partial HA gene sequences were analyzed for lineage determination and complete HA sequence in cases with reported vaccination and in fatal cases. Clinical data were retrieved from patient charts. FINDINGS: During the 2015/16 season, 75 influenza B cases were retrieved; 11 in 2016/17, and 274 in 2017/18. The frequency of Yamagata-lineage strains increased from 7.6% to 100%. No difference was detected in the relative frequency of co-morbidities in season 2017/18. 37.7% of the adult patients and 4.5% of pediatric patients were vaccinated against influenza. INTERPRETATION: Phylogenetically, Yamagata strains clustered similarly in 2017/2018 when compared to the previous two influenza seasons. While the relative frequency of influenza B cases differed, the clinical symptoms remained similar. CONCLUSION: World Health Organization recommendations for the use of tetravalent vaccines that contain two influenza B strains (Yamagata and Victoria) in addition to the two influenza A strains (H1N1 and H3N2) should be implemented in national vaccination guidelines. FUNDING: This research was partially supported by the Association of Sponsors and Friends of Leipzig University. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.027 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.027 id: cord-258781-peppszqx author: Ishola, David A. title: Could influenza transmission be reduced by restricting mass gatherings? Towards an evidence-based policy framework date: 2011-08-18 words: 8468.0 sentences: 400.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258781-peppszqx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258781-peppszqx.txt summary: The findings of the review may be able to help inform policy statements on the effectiveness of mass gathering restriction interventions that may be deployed to help reduce influenza virus spread during a pandemic. The other five observational studies were similarly designed, involving groups of intending Hajj pilgrims who were recruited in their home regions or countries prior to the event, and then re-assessed This was a well-organized systematic prospective influenza surveillance program, described by the authors as the first of its type at a large Games event Limitations include: A number of studies [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] have consistently demonstrated, over a number of years, that respiratory virus transmission occurs amongst pilgrims attending the annual Hajj in Saudi Arabia, and it is recognized as an issue of international public health significance [43] [44] [45] [46] that could be particularly important in a pandemic situation. abstract: INTRODUCTION: Mass gatherings (MG) may provide ideal conditions for influenza transmission. The evidence for an association between MG and influenza transmission is reviewed to assess whether restricting MG may reduce transmission. METHODS: Major databases were searched (Pubmed, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL), producing 1706 articles that were sifted by title, abstract, and full-text. A narrative approach was adopted for data synthesis. RESULTS: Twenty-four papers met the inclusion criteria, covering MG of varying sizes and settings, and including 9 observational studies, 10 outbreak reports, 4 event reports, and a quasi-experimental study. There is some evidence that certain types of MG may be associated with increased risk of influenza transmission. MG may also “seed” new strains into an area, and may instigate community transmission in a pandemic. Restricting MGs, in combination with other social distancing interventions, may help reduce transmission, but it was not possible to identify conclusive evidence on the individual effect of MG restriction alone. Evidence suggests that event duration and crowdedness may be the key factors that determine the risk of influenza transmission, and possibly the type of venue (indoor/outdoor). CONCLUSION: These factors potentially represent a basis for a policy-making framework for MG restrictions in the event of a severe pandemic. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2210600611000062 doi: 10.1016/j.jegh.2011.06.004 id: cord-330512-nu8q72l9 author: Iskander, John title: Pandemic Influenza Planning, United States, 1978–2008 date: 2013-06-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: During the past century, 4 influenza pandemics occurred. After the emergence of a novel influenza virus of swine origin in 1976, national, state, and local US public health authorities began planning efforts to respond to future pandemics. Several events have since stimulated progress in public health emergency planning: the 1997 avian influenza A(H5N1) outbreak in Hong Kong, China; the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States; the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome; and the 2003 reemergence of influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in humans. We outline the evolution of US pandemic planning since the late 1970s, summarize planning accomplishments, and explain their ongoing importance. The public health community’s response to the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic demonstrated the value of planning and provided insights into improving future plans and response efforts. Preparedness planning will enhance the collective, multilevel response to future public health crises. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23731839/ doi: 10.3201/eid1906.121478 id: cord-258496-h264umt1 author: Jaakkola, Kari title: Decline in temperature and humidity increases the occurrence of influenza in cold climate date: 2014-03-28 words: 4656.0 sentences: 236.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258496-h264umt1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258496-h264umt1.txt summary: CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that a decrease rather than low temperature and humidity per se during the preceding three days increase the risk of influenza episodes in a cold climate. Studies from temperate and tropical climates have demonstrated that low temperature [4] and humidity increase the risk of seasonal influenza onset in the winter [5] [6] [7] [8] . Our previous study conducted in a northern climate demonstrated that the occurrence of respiratory tract infection is associated with both low temperature and humidity [15] . The objective of the present study was to examine the relations between temperature, humidity and the risk of influenza virus infections in a subarctic climatic zone in Northern Finland. Our hypothesis was that decreased daily temperature and humidity during outdoor training and associated with physical exercise would increase the risk of influenza A and B virus infection. Cold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections abstract: BACKGROUND: Both temperature and humidity may independently or jointly contribute to the risk of influenza infections. We examined the relations between the level and decrease of temperature, humidity and the risk of influenza A and B virus infections in a subarctic climate. METHODS: We conducted a case-crossover study among military conscripts (n = 892) seeking medical attention due to respiratory symptoms during their military training period and identified 66 influenza A and B cases by PCR or serology. Meteorological data such as measures of average and decline in ambient temperature and absolute humidity (AH) during the three preceding days of the onset (hazard period) and two reference periods, prior and after the onset were obtained. RESULTS: The average temperature preceding the influenza onset was −6.8 ± 5.6°C and AH 3.1 ± 1.3 g/m(3). A decrease in both temperature and AH during the hazard period increased the occurrence of influenza so that a 1°C decrease in temperature and 0.5 g decrease per m(3) in AH increased the estimated risk by 11% [OR 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20)] and 58% [OR 1.58 (1.28 to 1.96)], respectively. The occurrence of influenza infections was positively associated with both the average temperature [OR 1.10 per 1°C (95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.19)] and AH [OR 1.25 per g/m(3) (1.05 to 1.49)] during the hazard period prior to onset. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that a decrease rather than low temperature and humidity per se during the preceding three days increase the risk of influenza episodes in a cold climate. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-13-22 doi: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-22 id: cord-011754-lumzp1ca author: Jackson, Michael L. title: Further Evidence for Bias in Observational Studies of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: The 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Pandemic date: 2013-10-15 words: 2800.0 sentences: 127.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011754-lumzp1ca.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011754-lumzp1ca.txt summary: Numerous observational studies have estimated that influenza vaccine reduces the risk of all-cause mortality among seniors during the winter months by 40% or more and have concluded that influenza vaccine is highly effective (4, (6) (7) (8) . Strong evidence for confounding comes from studies that have estimated the association between influenza vaccination and risk of death during time periods before, during, and after the seasonal circulation of influenza. If the same trends in apparent associations between vaccination and mortality were observed during a year when there could be no true vaccine effect, the claim that confounding differs between time periods would be refuted. We do not believe there was a true difference between associations in these two years, as the hazard ratio estimates were further from the null during the 2007/2008 control time periods ( preinfluenza and summer, when any apparent association is the result of uncontrolled confounding) as well as during influenza season. abstract: Preinfluenza periods have been used to test for uncontrolled confounding in studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness, but some authors have claimed that confounding differs in preinfluenza and influenza periods. We tested this claim by comparing estimates of the vaccine-mortality association during the 2009/2010 influenza year, when there was essentially no circulation of seasonal influenza in the United States, and 2007/2008, a typical influenza year. We pooled data on seniors (adults aged ≥65 years) from 7 US managed care organizations that participated in the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project. We defined influenza vaccination, all-cause mortality, and potential confounders from administrative databases. We quantified the vaccine-mortality association using Cox regression. During 2007/2008, the adjusted hazard ratio was 0.44 prior to influenza season, 0.62 during influenza season, and 0.71 after influenza season. A similar pattern was observed during 2009/2010, when any effect of seasonal influenza vaccine observed during all time periods must have resulted from confounding: 0.65 during the autumn, 0.80 during the winter, and 0.84 during the summer. In a year with minimal seasonal influenza, we found no evidence that confounding in autumn preinfluenza periods is qualitatively different from confounding in winter. This supports the use of preinfluenza periods as control time periods in studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7314269/ doi: 10.1093/aje/kwt124 id: cord-352984-mzv9t7ex author: Jackson-Lee, Angela title: Mandating influenza vaccinations for health care workers: analysing opportunities for policy change using Kingdon’s agenda setting framework date: 2016-09-29 words: 3945.0 sentences: 198.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352984-mzv9t7ex.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352984-mzv9t7ex.txt summary: title: Mandating influenza vaccinations for health care workers: analysing opportunities for policy change using Kingdon''s agenda setting framework In the case of mandatory influenza vaccinations for HCWs in Ontario, it seems highly unlikely that a new policy will be adopted until perception of the problem''s importance is sufficient to overcome the political opposition to implementing a solution and thus, create a window of opportunity that is open long enough to support change. Using Kingdon''s agenda setting framework (three process streams that lead to windows of opportunity when they converge) the objective of this paper is to analyse the likelihood of government adopting a mandatory vaccination policy for HCWs in Ontario. Despite broad public acceptance and substantial participation in the voluntary immunization program, pockets of HCW resistance persisted (politics stream), and outbreaks in long-term care facilities and hospitals continued to occur, resulting in preventable illness and death [23] . abstract: BACKGROUND: The consequences of annual influenza outbreaks are often underestimated by the general public. Influenza poses a serious public health threat around the world, particularly for the most vulnerable populations. Fortunately, vaccination can mitigate the negative effects of this common infectious disease. Although inoculating frontline health care workers (HCWs) helps minimize disease transmission, some HCWs continue to resist participating in voluntary immunization programs. A potential solution to this problem is government-mandated vaccination for HCWs; however, in practice, there are substantial barriers to the adoption of such policies. The purpose of this paper is to identify the likelihood of adopting a policy for mandatory immunization of HCWs in Ontario based on a historical review of barriers to the agenda setting process. METHODS: Documents from secondary data sources were analysed using Kingdon’s agenda setting framework of three converging streams leading to windows of opportunity for possible policy adoption. RESULTS: The problems, politics, and policies streams of Kingdon’s framework have converged and diverged repeatedly over an extended period (policy windows have opened and closed several times). In each instance, a technically feasible solution was available. However, despite the evidence supporting the value of HCW immunization, alignment of the three agenda setting streams occurred for very short periods of time, during which, opposition lobby groups reacted, making the proposed solution less politically acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: Prior to the adoption of any new policies, issues must reach a government’s decision agenda. Based on Kingdon’s agenda setting framework, this only occurs when there is alignment of the problems, politics, and policies streams. Understanding this process makes it easier to predict the likelihood of a policy being adopted, and ultimately implemented. Such learning may be applied to policy issues in other jurisdictions. In the case of mandatory influenza vaccinations for HCWs in Ontario, it seems highly unlikely that a new policy will be adopted until perception of the problem’s importance is sufficient to overcome the political opposition to implementing a solution and thus, create a window of opportunity that is open long enough to support change. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27682853/ doi: 10.1186/s12913-016-1772-0 id: cord-017354-cndb031c author: Janies, D. title: Large-Scale Phylogenetic Analysis of Emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2008 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases present critical issues of national security, public health, and economic welfare. For example, in recent years, highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza have emerged in Asia, spread through Eastern Europe, and threaten to become pandemic. As demonstrated by the coordinated response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and influenza, agents of infectious disease are being addressed via large-scale genomic sequencing. The goal of genomic sequencing projects are to rapidly put large amounts of data in the public domain to accelerate research on disease surveillance, treatment, and prevention. However, our ability to derive information from large comparative genomic datasets lags far behind acquisition. Here we review the computational challenges of comparative genomic analyses, specifically sequence alignment and reconstruction of phylogenetic trees. We present novel analytical results on two important infectious diseases, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and influenza. SARS and influenza have similarities and important differences both as biological and comparative genomic analysis problems. Influenza viruses (Orthymxyoviridae) are RNA based. Current evidence indicates that influenza viruses originate in aquatic birds from wild populations. Influenza has been studied for decades via well-coordinated international efforts. These efforts center on surveillance via antibody characterization of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (N) proteins of the circulating strains to inform vaccine design. However, we still do not have a clear understanding of (1) various transmission pathways such as the role of intermediate hosts like swine and domestic birds and (2) the key mutation and genomic recombination events that underlie periodic pandemics of influenza. In the past 30 years, sequence data from HA and N loci has become an important data type. In the past year, full genomic data has become prominent. These data present exciting opportunities to address unanswered questions in influenza pandemics. SARS is caused by a previously unrecognized lineage of coronavirus, SARS-CoV, which like influenza has an RNA based genome. Although SARS-CoV is widely believed to have originated in animals, there remains disagreement over the candidate animal source that lead to the original outbreak of SARS. In contrast to the long history of the study of influenza, SARS was only recognized in late 2002 and the virus that causes SARS has been documented primarily by genomic sequencing. In the past, most studies of influenza were performed on a limited number of isolates and genes suited to a particular problem. Major goals in science today are to understand emerging diseases in broad geographic, environmental, societal, biological, and genomic contexts. Synthesizing diverse information brought together by various researchers is important to find out what can be done to prevent future outbreaks [JON03]. Thus comprehensive means to organize and analyze large amounts of diverse information are critical. For example, the relationships of isolates and patterns of genomic change observed in large datasets might not be consistent with hypotheses formed on partial data. Moreover when researchers rely on partial datasets, they restrict the range of possible discoveries. Phylogenetics is well suited to the complex task of understanding emerging infectious disease. Phylogenetic analyses can test many hypotheses by comparing diverse isolates collected from various hosts, environments, and points in time and organizing these data into various evolutionary scenarios. The products of a phylogenetic analysis are a graphical tree of ancestor–descendent relationships and an inferred summary of mutations, recombination events, host shifts, geographic, and temporal spread of the viruses. However, this synthesis comes at a price. The cost of computation of phylogenetic analysis expands combinatorially as the number of isolates considered increases. Thus, large datasets like those currently produced are commonly considered intractable. We address this problem with synergistic development of heuristics tree search strategies and parallel computing. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121896/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-74331-6_2 id: cord-302713-h3aoag4y author: Jauréguiberry, Stéphane title: Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Travel‐Associated Respiratory Tract Infections in Travelers Returning From Countries Affected by Pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 Influenza date: 2011-12-08 words: 3012.0 sentences: 184.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302713-h3aoag4y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302713-h3aoag4y.txt summary: title: Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Travel‐Associated Respiratory Tract Infections in Travelers Returning From Countries Affected by Pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 Influenza BACKGROUND: Although acute respiratory tract infections (RTI) have been recognized as a significant cause of illness in returning travelers, few studies have specifically evaluated the etiologies of RTI in this population. Patients were included if they presented with signs suggestive of RTI that had occurred during travel or <7 days after their return from countries endemic for influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009. At the virology laboratory, the first step of the diagnostic evaluation was to identify influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus infection by means of real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), as previously described 11 to assess whether or not the patient should remain isolated. In a study performed at San Francisco University Medical Center during the influenza season, a viral agent was identified (through shell vial assay and PCR) in 103 (39%) of the patients with RTI. abstract: BACKGROUND: Although acute respiratory tract infections (RTI) have been recognized as a significant cause of illness in returning travelers, few studies have specifically evaluated the etiologies of RTI in this population. METHODS: This prospective investigation evaluated travelers returning from countries with endemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009, and who were seen in our department at the onset of the outbreak (April–July 2009). Patients were included if they presented with signs of RTI that occurred during travel or less than 7 days after return from overseas travel. Patients were evaluated for microbial agents with RespiFinder plus assay, and throat culture according to clinical presentation. RESULTS: A total of 113 travelers (M/F ratio 1.2:1; mean age 39 y) were included. They were mainly tourists (n = 50; 44.2%) mostly returning from North America (n = 65; 58%) and Mexico (n = 21; 18.5%). The median duration of travel was 23 days (range 2–540 d). The median lag time between return and onset of illness was 0.2 days (range 10 d prior to 7 d after). The main clinical presentation of RTI was influenza‐like illness (n = 76; 67.3%). Among the 99 microbiologically evaluated patients, a pathogen was found by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or throat culture in 65 patients (65.6%). The main etiological agents were influenza A(H1N1) 2009 (18%), influenza viruses (14%), and rhinovirus (20%). A univariate analysis was unable to show variables associated with influenza A(H1N1) 2009, whereas rhinorrhea was associated with viruses other than influenza (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Despite the A(H1N1) 2009 influenza pandemic, rhinovirus and other influenza viruses were also frequent causes of RTI in overseas travelers. Real‐time reverse transcription‐PCR and nasopharyngeal swab cultures are useful diagnostic tools for evaluating travelers with RTI. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221808/ doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00570.x id: cord-279615-yne753y6 author: Jelley, Lauren title: Influenza C infections in Western Australia and Victoria from 2008 to 2014 date: 2016-07-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza C is usually considered a minor cause of respiratory illness in humans with many infections being asymptomatic or clinically mild. Large outbreaks can occur periodically resulting in significant morbidity. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at analyzing the available influenza C clinical samples from two widely separated states of Australia, collected over a 7‐year period and to compare them with influenza C viruses detected in other parts of the world in recent years. PATIENTS/METHODS: Between 2008 and 2014, 86 respiratory samples that were influenza C positive were collected from subjects with influenza‐like illness living in the states of Victoria and Western Australia. A battery of other respiratory viruses were also tested for in these influenza C‐positive samples. Virus isolation was attempted on all of these clinical samples, and gene sequencing was performed on all influenza C‐positive cultures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Detections of influenza C in respiratory samples were sporadic in most years studied, but higher rates of infection occurred in 2012 and 2014. Many of the patients with influenza C had coinfections with other respiratory pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis of the full‐length hemagglutinin–esterase–fusion (HE) gene found that most of the viruses grouped in the C/Sao Paulo/378/82 clade with the remainder grouping in the C/Kanagawa/1/76 clade. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27373693/ doi: 10.1111/irv.12402 id: cord-298216-iq7fenxm author: Jiang, Chao title: Comparative review of respiratory diseases caused by coronaviruses and influenza A viruses during epidemic season date: 2020-05-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to sweep the world, causing infection of millions and death of hundreds of thousands. The respiratory disease that it caused, COVID-19 (stands for coronavirus disease in 2019), has similar clinical symptoms with other two CoV diseases, severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome (SARS and MERS), of which causative viruses are SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively. These three CoVs resulting diseases also share many clinical symptoms with other respiratory diseases caused by influenza A viruses (IAVs). Since both CoVs and IAVs are general pathogens responsible for seasonal cold, in the next few months, during the changing of seasons, clinicians and public heath may have to distinguish COVID-19 pneumonia from other kinds of viral pneumonia. This is a discussion and comparison of the virus structures, transmission characteristics, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, pathological changes, treatment and prevention of the two kinds of viruses, CoVs and IAVs. It hopes to provide information for practitioners in the medical field during the epidemic season. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.005 doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.005 id: cord-000131-ugbwvy6j author: Jones, James Holland title: Early Assessment of Anxiety and Behavioral Response to Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A(H1N1) date: 2009-12-03 words: 4322.0 sentences: 216.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000131-ugbwvy6j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000131-ugbwvy6j.txt summary: Here, we report the results from an online survey that gathered data (n = 6,249) about risk perception of the outbreak during the first few days of widespread media coverage (April 29 -May 5, 2009) of the emergence of novel swine-origin Influenza A(H1N1). To evaluate the hypothesis that respondents'' affective state (subjective anxiety, fatalism about infection) predicts protective measures, we include in the model demographic (age, gender), epidemiological (household size, number of contacts, survey day), and media (source of information on the outbreak) conditioning variables. While our sampling design is subject to many of the usual criticisms of internet-based surveys and is not necessarily representative of the general population, the unparalleled immediacy, longitudinal nature, and the large number of respondents it contains make our data set unique and scientifically important for the study of the spread of information and distribution of risk perception and behavioral change during the most uncertain time (i.e. the initial phase) of an epidemic of a virus novel to the human population. abstract: BACKGROUND: Since late April, 2009, a novel influenza virus A (H1N1), generally referred to as the “swine flu,” has spread around the globe and infected hundreds of thousands of people. During the first few days after the initial outbreak in Mexico, extensive media coverage together with a high degree of uncertainty about the transmissibility and mortality rate associated with the virus caused widespread concern in the population. The spread of an infectious disease can be strongly influenced by behavioral changes (e.g., social distancing) during the early phase of an epidemic, but data on risk perception and behavioral response to a novel virus is usually collected with a substantial delay or after an epidemic has run its course. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here, we report the results from an online survey that gathered data (n = 6,249) about risk perception of the Influenza A(H1N1) outbreak during the first few days of widespread media coverage (April 28 - May 5, 2009). We find that after an initially high level of concern, levels of anxiety waned along with the perception of the virus as an immediate threat. Overall, our data provide evidence that emotional status mediates behavioral response. Intriguingly, principal component analysis revealed strong clustering of anxiety about swine flu, bird flu and terrorism. All three of these threats receive a great deal of media attention and their fundamental uncertainty is likely to generate an inordinate amount of fear vis-a-vis their actual threat. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that respondents' behavior varies in predictable ways. Of particular interest, we find that affective variables, such as self-reported anxiety over the epidemic, mediate the likelihood that respondents will engage in protective behavior. Understanding how protective behavior such as social distancing varies and the specific factors that mediate it may help with the design of epidemic control strategies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779851/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008032 id: cord-293299-gdew0ueo author: Jordan, William S. title: Influenza Research in the Soviet Union—1974 date: 1974-12-17 words: 5186.0 sentences: 258.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293299-gdew0ueo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293299-gdew0ueo.txt summary: A long historical tradition for the use of livevirus vaccines in the Soviet Union dates from Smorodintsev''s experimental infection of volunteers with influenza virus in 1937 [2] . Since registered morbidity rather than a more direct measure of real influenza-ARD morbidity is used, the model probably has more applicability for health planners, who need to anticipate increased requirements for delivery of health care associated with epidemics, and for industrial organizations that face future production losses, than for those concerned with anticipating changes in the health status of the population per se. Although data from the morbidity registration system in the Soviet Union provide the basic information for this model, data from the 52 All-Union reporting centers appear to be used as well, particularly for obtaining early warning of the location of the initial epidemic outbreak in the country. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4372278/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/130.6.686 id: cord-332516-eaqpiq1o author: Joseph, Carol title: Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza date: 2013-08-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Influenza‐associated bacterial and viral infections are responsible for high levels of morbidity and death during pandemic and seasonal influenza episodes. A review was undertaken to assess and evaluate the incidence, epidemiology, aetiology, clinical importance and impact of bacterial and viral co‐infection and secondary infection associated with influenza. A review was carried out of published articles covering bacterial and viral infections associated with pandemic and seasonal influenza between 1918 and 2009 (and published through December 2011) to include both pulmonary and extra‐pulmonary infections. While pneumococcal infection remains the predominant cause of bacterial pneumonia, the review highlights the importance of other co‐ and secondary bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza, and the emergence of newly identified dual infections associated with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain. Severe influenza‐associated pneumonia is often bacterial and will necessitate antibiotic treatment. In addition to the well‐known bacterial causes, less common bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila may also be associated with influenza when new influenza strains emerge. This review should provide clinicians with an overview of the range of bacterial and viral co‐ or secondary infections that could present with influenza illness. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12089 doi: 10.1111/irv.12089 id: cord-275462-7a55odok author: Journeay, W Shane title: Pandemic influenza: implications for occupational medicine date: 2009-06-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This article reviews the biological and occupational medicine literature related to H5N1 pandemic influenza and its impact on infection control, cost and business continuity in settings outside the health care community. The literature on H5N1 biology is reviewed including the treatment and infection control mechanisms as they pertain to occupational medicine. Planning activity for the potential arrival of pandemic avian influenza is growing rapidly. Much has been published on the molecular biology of H5N1 but there remains a paucity of literature on the occupational medicine impacts to organizations. This review summarizes some of the basic science surrounding H5N1 influenza and raises some key concerns in pandemic planning for the occupational medicine professional. Workplaces other than health care settings will be impacted greatly by an H5N1 pandemic and the occupational physician will play an essential role in corporate preparation, response, and business continuity strategies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19549302/ doi: 10.1186/1745-6673-4-15 id: cord-026641-eemp6b5j author: Kabiljo, Julijan title: From threat to cure: understanding of virus-induced cell death leads to highly immunogenic oncolytic influenza viruses date: 2020-06-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Oncolytic viruses constitute an emerging strategy in immunomodulatory cancer treatment. The first oncolytic virus, Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), based on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2015. The field of oncolytic virotherapy is still in its beginnings, since many promising viruses remain only superficially explored. Influenza A virus causes a highly immunogenic acute infection but never leads to a chronic disease. While oncolytic influenza A viruses are in preclinical development, they have not made the transition into clinical practice yet. Recent insights into different types of cell death caused by influenza A virus infection illuminate novel possibilities of enhancing its therapeutic effect. Genetic engineering and experience in influenza A virus vaccine development allow safe application of the virus in patients. In this review we give a summary of efforts undertaken to develop oncolytic influenza A viruses. We discuss strategies for targeting viral replication to cancerous lesions and arming them with immunogenic transgenes. We furthermore describe which modes of cell death are induced by influenza A virus infection and how these insights may be utilized to optimize influenza A virus-based oncolytic virus design. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7288254/ doi: 10.1038/s41420-020-0284-1 id: cord-251979-j3mme15e author: Kandeel, Amr title: Morbidity, Mortality, and Seasonality of Influenza Hospitalizations in Egypt, November 2007-November 2014 date: 2016-09-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza typically comprises a substantial portion of acute respiratory infections, a leading cause of mortality worldwide. However, influenza epidemiology data are lacking in Egypt. We describe seven years of Egypt’s influenza hospitalizations from a multi-site influenza surveillance system. METHODS: Syndromic case definitions identified individuals with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) admitted to eight hospitals in Egypt. Standardized demographic and clinical data were collected. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were tested for influenza using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and typed as influenza A or B, and influenza A specimens subtyped. RESULTS: From November 2007–November 2014, 2,936/17,441 (17%) SARI cases were influenza-positive. Influenza-positive patients were more likely to be older, female, pregnant, and have chronic condition(s) (all p<0.05). Among them, 53 (2%) died, and death was associated with older age, five or more days from symptom onset to hospitalization, chronic condition(s), and influenza A (all p<0.05). An annual seasonal influenza pattern occurred from July–June. Each season, the proportion of the season’s influenza-positive cases peaked during November–May (19–41%). CONCLUSIONS: In Egypt, influenza causes considerable morbidity and mortality and influenza SARI hospitalization patterns mirror those of the Northern Hemisphere. Additional assessment of influenza epidemiology in Egypt may better guide disease control activities and vaccine policy. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161301 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161301 id: cord-277970-sb1wjd3b author: Kang, Qianli title: Screening for Anti-Influenza Actives of Prefractionated Traditional Chinese Medicines date: 2020-10-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have proven to possess advantages in counteracting virus infections according to clinical practices. It's therefore of great value to discover novel antivirals from TCMs. In this paper, One hundred medicinal plants which have been included in TCM prescriptions for antiviral treatment were selected and prefractionated into 5 fractions each by sequentially using cyclohexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. 500 TCM-simplified extracts were then subjected to a phenotypic screening using a recombinant IAV expressing Gaussia luciferase. Ten TCM fractions were identified to possess antiviral activities against influenza virus. The IC50's of the hit fractions range from 1.08 to 6.45 μg/mL, while the SIs, from 7.52 to 98.40. Furthermore, all the ten hit fractions inhibited the propagation of progeny influenza virus significantly at 20 μg/mL. The hit TCM fractions deserve further isolation for responsible constituents leading towards anti-influenza drugs. Moreover, a library consisting of 500 simplified TCM extracts was established, facilitating antiviral screening in quick response to emerging and re-emerging viruses such as Ebola virus and current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33123207/ doi: 10.1155/2020/4979850 id: cord-257489-ruf4rzxm author: Kee, Sae Yoon title: Influenza vaccine coverage rates and perceptions on vaccination in South Korea date: 2007-06-28 words: 4105.0 sentences: 216.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257489-ruf4rzxm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257489-ruf4rzxm.txt summary: The most common reason for vaccination for both whole population and high risk groups was to prevent both influenza and common cold, while the most common reason for non-vaccination was the thought that he/she was healthy enough not to be in need for vaccination. 13 Korea shows relatively high influenza vaccine distribution rate, however, exact vaccination coverage among total population or priority group have not yet been studied. The coverage rates for influenza vaccination were 34.3%, 61.3%, 79.7%, and 54.9% among total adult population, high risk group, persons aged !65 years and persons with comorbid conditions, respectively (Table 1) . The most common reasons for vaccination were not different in high risk group, however, ''have interest in vaccination because of bad health status'' showed higher rank (18.4%) than the total population. abstract: OBJECTIVE: This survey was performed to assess the level of influenza vaccine coverage, to understand the driving forces and barriers to vaccination and determine vaccination interventions for the following year in Korean population. METHODS: A national sample of 1720 community dwelling adults of age 18 and older were surveyed by individual visits during April 2005. Demographics, state of influenza vaccination, reasons for vaccination or non-vaccination and perceptions on vaccinations were asked by questionnaire. RESULTS: Influenza vaccination coverage in general population and high risk group was 34.3% and 61.3%, respectively. Predictors for vaccination were ≥65 of age, performance of regular exercise, vaccination in the previous season, experience of influenza-like illness, belief that vaccine can prevent common cold and opinion that vaccine must be taken annually. The most common reason for vaccination for both whole population and high risk groups was to prevent both influenza and common cold, while the most common reason for non-vaccination was the thought that he/she was healthy enough not to be in need for vaccination. Having more information on influenza and vaccination as well as doctor's recommendation for vaccination appeared to be the most important modus operandi to encourage influenza vaccination among non-vaccinees. CONCLUSIONS: Doctor's recommendation was the most important factor in encouraging people to be vaccinated against influenza. Doctors should be geared up with precise information and actively encourage high risk population in order to increase vaccination coverage. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163445307006287 doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.04.354 id: cord-011722-82qzf8ht author: Keitel, Wendy A. title: Influenza A(H5N1) Vaccines: Are We Better Prepared for the Next Pandemic? date: 2014-01-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7313963/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit573 id: cord-288238-36hiiw91 author: Keshavarz, Mohsen title: Metabolic host response and therapeutic approaches to influenza infection date: 2020-03-05 words: 8134.0 sentences: 425.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288238-36hiiw91.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288238-36hiiw91.txt summary: It is also reported that influenza infection significantly increases ROS production by inducing Nox4, and the proliferation of this virus in lung epithelial cells is dependent on redox-sensitive pathways activated by Nox4-derived ROS [16] . IFN can also exert its function on metabolic changes by producing several mediators including indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and nitric oxide (NO), both of which appear to have either an inducible or an inhibitory role in viral replication [33] . In addition, increased temperature of cells during infection (which could be the result of virus replication and fever) causes heat stress which in turn can considerably downregulate carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) activity and reduce the β-oxidation and ATP levels in fibroblasts of influenza-associated encephalopathy patients and healthy volunteers [110] . Through enhancing the activity of the mTORC1 complex, the influenza virus strengthens several metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, glutaminolysis, pentose phosphate, and fatty acid synthesis, to provide more ATP and structural materials for viral replication. abstract: Based on available metabolomic studies, influenza infection affects a variety of cellular metabolic pathways to ensure an optimal environment for its replication and production of viral particles. Following infection, glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis increase in infected cells continually, which results in higher glucose consumption. The pentose phosphate shunt, as another glucose-consuming pathway, is enhanced by influenza infection to help produce more nucleotides, especially ATP. Regarding lipid species, following infection, levels of triglycerides, phospholipids, and several lipid derivatives undergo perturbations, some of which are associated with inflammatory responses. Also, mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation decreases significantly simultaneously with an increase in biosynthesis of fatty acids and membrane lipids. Moreover, essential amino acids are demonstrated to decline in infected tissues due to the production of large amounts of viral and cellular proteins. Immune responses against influenza infection, on the other hand, could significantly affect metabolic pathways. Mainly, interferon (IFN) production following viral infection affects cell function via alteration in amino acid synthesis, membrane composition, and lipid metabolism. Understanding metabolic alterations required for influenza virus replication has revealed novel therapeutic methods based on targeted inhibition of these cellular metabolic pathways. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32161622/ doi: 10.1186/s11658-020-00211-2 id: cord-318696-jheb2fnn author: Kesic, Matthew J. title: Exposure to Ozone Modulates Human Airway Protease/Antiprotease Balance Contributing to Increased Influenza A Infection date: 2012-04-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Exposure to oxidant air pollution is associated with increased respiratory morbidities and susceptibility to infections. Ozone is a commonly encountered oxidant air pollutant, yet its effects on influenza infections in humans are not known. The greater Mexico City area was the primary site for the spring 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic, which also coincided with high levels of environmental ozone. Proteolytic cleavage of the viral membrane protein hemagglutinin (HA) is essential for influenza virus infectivity. Recent studies suggest that HA cleavage might be cell-associated and facilitated by the type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT) and transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2), whose activities are regulated by antiproteases, such as secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI). Based on these observations, we sought to determine how acute exposure to ozone may modulate cellular protease/antiprotease expression and function, and to define their roles in a viral infection. We utilized our in vitro model of differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (NECs) to determine the effects of ozone on influenza cleavage, entry, and replication. We show that ozone exposure disrupts the protease/antiprotease balance within the airway liquid. We also determined that functional forms of HAT, TMPRSS2, and SLPI are secreted from human airway epithelium, and acute exposure to ozone inversely alters their expression levels. We also show that addition of antioxidants significantly reduces virus replication through the induction of SLPI. In addition, we determined that ozone-induced cleavage of the viral HA protein is not cell-associated and that secreted endogenous proteases are sufficient to activate HA leading to a significant increase in viral replication. Our data indicate that pre-exposure to ozone disrupts the protease/antiprotease balance found in the human airway, leading to increased influenza susceptibility. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035108 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035108 id: cord-326177-zzsaf3bl author: Khatri, Mahesh title: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate influenza virus-induced acute lung injury in a pig model date: 2018-01-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs) mediate their immunoregulatory and tissue repair functions by secreting paracrine factors, including extracellular vesicles (EVs). In several animal models of human diseases, MSC-EVs mimic the beneficial effects of MSCs. Influenza viruses cause annual outbreaks of acute respiratory illness resulting in significant mortality and morbidity. Influenza viruses constantly evolve, thus generating drug-resistant strains and rendering current vaccines less effective against the newly generated strains. Therefore, new therapies that can control virus replication and the inflammatory response of the host are needed. The objective of this study was to examine if MSC-EV treatment can attenuate influenza virus-induced acute lung injury in a preclinical model. METHODS: We isolated EVs from swine bone marrow-derived MSCs. Morphology of MSC-EVs was determined by electron microscopy and expression of mesenchymal markers was examined by flow cytometry. Next, we examined the anti-influenza activity of MSC-EVs in vitro in lung epithelial cells and anti-viral and immunomodulatory properties in vivo in a pig model of influenza virus. RESULTS: MSC-EVs were isolated from MSC-conditioned medium by ultracentrifugation. MSC-EVs were round-shaped and, similarly to MSCs, expressed mesenchymal markers and lacked the expression of swine leukocyte antigens I and II. Incubation of PKH-26-labeled EVs with lung epithelial cells revealed that MSC-EVs incorporated into the epithelial cells. Next, we examined the anti-influenza and anti-inflammatory properties of MSC-EVs. MSC-EVs inhibited the hemagglutination activity of avian, swine, and human influenza viruses at concentrations of 1.25–5 μg/ml. MSC-EVs inhibited influenza virus replication and virus-induced apoptosis in lung epithelial cells. The anti-influenza activity of MSC-EVs was due to transfer of RNAs from EVs to epithelial cells since pre-incubation of MSC-EVs with RNase enzyme abrogated the anti-influenza activity of MSC-EVs. In a pig model of influenza virus, intratracheal administration of MSC-EVs 12 h after influenza virus infection significantly reduced virus shedding in the nasal swabs, influenza virus replication in the lungs, and virus-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs of influenza-infected pigs. The histopathological findings revealed that MSC-EVs alleviated influenza virus-induced lung lesions in pigs. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated in a relevant preclinical large animal model of influenza virus that MSC-EVs possessed anti-influenza and anti-inflammatory properties and that EVs may be used as cell-free therapy for influenza in humans. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-0774-8 doi: 10.1186/s13287-018-0774-8 id: cord-005081-kxrzv16n author: Kiselev, O. I. title: Progress in the development of pandemic influenza vaccines and their production technologies date: 2010-11-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This article analyzes the current situation in the field of construction and production of pandemic influenza vaccines. The main task of protecting the population against influenza pandemics requires state-of-the-art approaches to the construction of influenza vaccines to be based on reassortment and genetic engineering techniques, including the analysis of primary structures of influenza viral genes, synthesis and cloning of the main viral genes, reverse genetics techniques, and banks of plasmids bearing basic viral genes. Reassortant technologies are now giving way to new approaches for objective reasons. The state-of-the-art technologies provide safety not only at the laboratories where vaccine viruses are constructed but also make the production process wholly safe. We are using the following approaches to the development of industrial production: use of nanoparticles and nanoemulsions as functional adjuvants, construction of totally-safe strains for live attenuated influenza vaccines with deletions of molecular determinants of pathogenicity, application of protein and chemical chaperones to provide self-assembly of haemagglutinin molecules of the H1N1v-2009 virus, and impregnation of whole-virion preparations with nanoparticles to enhance antigenicity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088289/ doi: 10.1134/s0003683810090024 id: cord-020789-slsfhrkx author: Kleines, Michael title: Virale Atemwegserkrankungen – Influenza, RSV und neue Viren date: 2017-10-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147921/ doi: 10.1055/s-0043-114856 id: cord-324001-m7ys95z7 author: Kobinger, Gary P. title: Assessment of the Efficacy of Commercially Available and Candidate Vaccines against a Pandemic H1N1 2009 Virus date: 2010-04-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background. The emergence and global spread of the pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus have raised questions regarding the protective effect of available seasonal vaccines and the efficacy of a newly produced matched vaccine. Methods. Ferrets were immunized with the 2008–2009 formulations of commercially available live attenuated (FluMist; MedImmune) or split-inactivated (Fluviral; GlaxoSmithKline) vaccines, a commercial swine vaccine (FluSure; Pfizer), or a laboratory-produced matched inactivated whole-virus vaccine (A/Mexico/InDRE4487/2009). Adaptive immune responses were monitored, and the animals were challenged with A/Mexico/InDRE4487/2009 after 5 weeks. Results. Only animals that received the swine or matched vaccines developed detectable hemagglutination- inhibiting antibodies against the challenge virus, whereas a T cell response was exclusively detected in animals vaccinated with FluMist. After challenge, all animals had high levels of virus replication in the upper respiratory tract. However, preexisting anti—pandemic H1N1 2009 antibodies resulted in reduced clinical signs and improved survival. Surprisingly, FluMist was associated with a slight increase in mortality and greater lung damage, which correlated with early up-regulation of interleukin-10. Conclusions. The present study demonstrates that a single dose of matched inactivated vaccine confers partial protection against a pandemic H1N1 2009 virus, and it suggests that a higher dose or prime-boost regimen may be required. The consequences of mismatched immunity to influenza merit further investigation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20170374/ doi: 10.1086/651171 id: cord-003099-a0acr28o author: Koch, R. M. title: The endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammatory response is enhanced during the acute phase of influenza infection date: 2018-07-05 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza infections are often complicated by secondary infections, which are associated with high morbidity and mortality, suggesting that influenza profoundly influences the immune response towards a subsequent pathogenic challenge. However, data on the immunological interplay between influenza and secondary infections are equivocal, with some studies reporting influenza-induced augmentation of the immune response, whereas others demonstrate that influenza suppresses the immune response towards a subsequent challenge. These contrasting results may be due to the use of various types of live bacteria as secondary challenges, which impedes clear interpretation of causal relations, and to differences in timing of the secondary challenge relative to influenza infection. Herein, we investigated whether influenza infection results in an enhanced or suppressed innate immune response upon a secondary challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in either the acute or the recovery phase of infection. METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were intranasally inoculated with 5 × 10(3) PFU influenza virus (pH1N1, strain A/Netherlands/602/2009) or mock treated. After 4 (acute phase) or 10 (recovery phase) days, 5 mg/kg LPS or saline was administered intravenously, and mice were sacrificed 90 min later. Cytokine levels in plasma and lung tissue, and lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) content were determined. RESULTS: LPS administration 4 days after influenza infection resulted in a synergistic increase in TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 concentrations in lung tissue, but not in plasma. This effect was also observed 10 days after influenza infection, albeit to a lesser extent. LPS-induced plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were enhanced 4 days after influenza infection, whereas a trend towards increased pulmonary IL-10 concentrations was found. LPS-induced increases in pulmonary MPO content tended to be enhanced as well, but only at 4 days post-infection. CONCLUSIONS: An LPS challenge in the acute phase of influenza infection results in an enhanced pulmonary pro-inflammatory innate immune response. These data increase our insight on influenza-bacterial interplay. Combing data of the present study with previous findings, it appears that this enhanced response is not beneficial in terms of protection against secondary infections, but rather damaging by increasing immunopathology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6033844/ doi: 10.1186/s40635-018-0182-5 id: cord-007583-owxcokge author: Kohn, William G. title: Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: Be prepared date: 2014-12-26 words: 1411.0 sentences: 73.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007583-owxcokge.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007583-owxcokge.txt summary: Fortunately, dental health care workers follow a set of standard infection control precautions. dUrgent dental treatment can be performed without the use of an airborne infection isolation room because transmission of 2009 H1N1 influenza is thought not to occur across longer distances through the air, such as from one patient room to another. 1 Basic principles of this etiquette include the following: dEducate staff members, patients and visitors regarding the importance of containing respiratory secretions to help prevent the transmission of influenza and other respiratory In theory, any measure that limits the dispersal of respiratory droplets should reduce the opportunity for transmission of infection. Despite the economic and ethical pressure to keep working despite illness, dental personnel should take action to prevent the transmission of 2009 H1N1 influenza in their practices. Infection control in dental settings: prevention of 2009 H1N1 influenza transmission in dental health care settings abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119410/ doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2010.0002 id: cord-353871-mzw600ys author: Kowalczyk, D. title: The Activity of Influenza and Influenza-like Viruses in Individuals Aged over 14 in the 2015/2016 Influenza Season in Poland date: 2017-02-15 words: 1711.0 sentences: 92.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353871-mzw600ys.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353871-mzw600ys.txt summary: Infections in every epidemic season induced by respiratory viruses, especially by the influenza virus, are the cause of many illnesses and complications which often end in death. The aim of the present study was to analyze the activity influenza and influenza-like viruses in people over the age of 14 in the 2015/2016 influenza season in Poland, according to the new reporting system (Bednarska et al. Interestingly, the number of confirmed cases of influenza virus was the highest in the same age-groups of 45-64 and 26-44 years in the past 2013/2014 season (Bednarska et al. An increased number of confirmed cases of infection in the currently evaluated season was mainly caused by the influenza virus and to a lesser extent by influenza-like viruses, which may lead to a severer disease course, complications, and in consequence to death. abstract: Infections in every epidemic season induced by respiratory viruses, especially by the influenza virus, are the cause of many illnesses and complications which often end in death. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of influenza and influenza-like viruses in individuals aged over of 14 in Poland during the 2015/2016 epidemic season. A total of 5070 specimens taken from patients were analyzed. The presence of the influenza virus was confirmed in 40.2% of cases, among which the subtype A/H1N1/pdm09 (62.6% positive samples) predominated. The analysis of confirmed influenza and influenza-like viruses in individuals divided into four age-groups demonstrate that the highest morbidity was reported for the age ranges: 45–64 (13.1%) and 26–44 (12.6%) years. An increase in the number of influenza type B cases (23.7% positive samples), which was the main cause of morbidity in the age group 15–25 years, was noticeable. Given the epidemiological and virological data, the 2015/2016 season in Poland was characterized by increased activity of the influenza virus compared to the previous season. In the 2015/2016 season, there were more than 3.8 million cases and suspected cases of influenza and influenza-like illness, more than 15,000 hospitalizations, and up to 140 deaths. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2016_202 doi: 10.1007/5584_2016_202 id: cord-003232-nquw7qga author: Kuchipudi, Suresh V. title: Novel Flu Viruses in Bats and Cattle: “Pushing the Envelope” of Influenza Infection date: 2018-08-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Influenza viruses are among the major infectious disease threats of animal and human health. This review examines the recent discovery of novel influenza viruses in bats and cattle, the evolving complexity of influenza virus host range including the ability to cross species barriers and geographic boundaries, and implications to animal and human health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165133/ doi: 10.3390/vetsci5030071 id: cord-318556-a28bowqy author: Kuliese, Monika title: Seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza in 2015–2016: a hospital-based test-negative case–control study in Lithuania date: 2017-10-10 words: 4289.0 sentences: 239.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318556-a28bowqy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318556-a28bowqy.txt summary: Relatively recently, the test-negative case-control studies have been introduced to assess seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (SIVE), and despite some limitations, they are currently considered to be the most accurate and efficient way to monitor SIVE. Patients were eligible to be included in the study when they were hospitalised for at least 24 hours, but not longer than 48 hours, had a swab taken ≤7 days after self-reported disease onset, did not test positive and were not hospitalised for any influenza virus in the current season before the inclusion, and were suffering from SARI with at least one of the systemic symptoms (fever, malaise, headache and myalgia) or deterioration of general condition or deterioration of functional status, and at least one of the respiratory symptoms (cough, sore throat and shortness of breath). This study aimed to estimate SIVE against laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection in patients admitted to the hospital due to SARI in Lithuania during the 2015-2016 season. abstract: OBJECTIVE: A case–control study was conducted to assess seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (SIVE) during the 2015–2016 influenza season. METHODS: A study was performed in three departments in Lithuania between 1 December 2015 and 1 May 2016. Data on demographic and clinical characteristics including influenza vaccination status were collected from the patients recommended to receive the seasonal influenza vaccine. Influenza virus infection was confirmed by multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: Ninety-one (56.4%) of the 163 included subjects were ≥65 years old. Fifteen (9.2%) subjects were vaccinated against influenza at least 2 weeks before the onset of influenza symptoms, 12 of them were ≥65 years old. Of the 72 (44.2%) influenza virus positive cases, 65 (39.9%) were confirmed with influenza A (including 50 cases of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09), eight (4.9%) were confirmed with influenza B and one was a co-infection. Unadjusted SIVE against any influenza, influenza type A and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was 57% (95% CI −41% to 87%), 52% (95% CI −57% to 85%) and 70% (95% CI −43% to 94%) respectively. CONCLUSION: Although SIVE estimates were not statistically significant the point estimates suggest moderate effectiveness against influenza type A. url: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017835 doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017835 id: cord-294323-mryiqmsw author: Kumar, Binod title: The emerging influenza virus threat: status and new prospects for its therapy and control date: 2018-01-10 words: 8201.0 sentences: 390.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-294323-mryiqmsw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294323-mryiqmsw.txt summary: The wide range of hosts provides influenza A viruses greater chances of genetic re-assortment, leading to the emergence of zoonotic strains and occasional pandemics that have a severe impact on human life. Here, we primarily discuss the pathogenesis of influenza virus type A, its epidemiology, pandemic potential, current status of antiviral drugs and vaccines, and ways to effectively manage the disease during a crisis. A genetic shift occurs when two or more different influenza virus strains infect the same cell in a host, leading to recombination of genetic materials, an event that occasionally generates a new strain with a novel combination of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The antiviral drugs currently available against influenza viruses are adamantane derivatives (amantadine and rimantadine) and neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (zanamivir, oseltamivir and peramivir). Due to the increasing burden of vaccine formulations and cases of antiviral-drug-resistant influenza virus isolates turning up every year, it has become necessary to search for alternatives to the current treatment and prevention strategies. abstract: Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are zoonotic pathogens that cause yearly outbreaks with high rates of morbidity and fatality. The virus continuously acquires point mutations while circulating in several hosts, ranging from aquatic birds to mammals, including humans. The wide range of hosts provides influenza A viruses greater chances of genetic re-assortment, leading to the emergence of zoonotic strains and occasional pandemics that have a severe impact on human life. Four major influenza pandemics have been reported to date, and health authorities worldwide have shown tremendous progress in efforts to control epidemics and pandemics. Here, we primarily discuss the pathogenesis of influenza virus type A, its epidemiology, pandemic potential, current status of antiviral drugs and vaccines, and ways to effectively manage the disease during a crisis. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3708-y doi: 10.1007/s00705-018-3708-y id: cord-318753-ribybqfo author: Kwok, C. S. title: Influenza, influenza‐like symptoms and their association with cardiovascular risks: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies date: 2015-05-04 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: AIMS: To synthesise the evidence relating influenza and influenza‐like symptoms to the risks of myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF) and stroke. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the evidence relating influenza and influenza‐like symptoms to the risks of MI, HF and stroke. We systematically searched all MEDLINE and EMBASE entries up to August 2014 for studies of influenza vs. the cardiovascular outcomes above. We conducted random effects meta‐analysis using inverse variance method for pooled odds ratios (OR) and evaluated statistical heterogeneity using the I (2) statistic. RESULTS: We identified 12 studies with a total of 84,003 participants. The pooled OR for risk of MI vs. influenza (serologically confirmed) was 1.27 (95% CI, confidence interval 0.54–2.95), I (2) = 47%, which was significant for the only study that adjusted for confounders (OR 5.50, 95% CI 1.31–23.13). The pooled OR for risk of MI vs. influenza‐like symptoms was 2.17 (95% CI 1.68–2.80), I (2) = 0%, which was significant for both unadjusted (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.65–3.01, five studies) and adjusted studies (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.24–3.27, two studies). We found one study that evaluated stroke risk, one study in patients with HF, and one that evaluated mortality from MI – all of these studies suggested increased risks of events with influenza‐like symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between influenza‐like illness and cardiovascular events, but the relationship is less clear with serologically diagnosed influenza. We recommend renewed efforts to apply current clinical guidelines and maximise the uptake of annual influenza immunisation among patients with cardiovascular diseases, to decrease their risks of MI and stroke. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25940136/ doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12646 id: cord-297022-zs5m36cp author: Kwong, Jeffrey C. title: Appropriate measures of influenza immunization program effectiveness date: 2007-01-22 words: 911.0 sentences: 42.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297022-zs5m36cp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297022-zs5m36cp.txt summary: Groll and Thomson''s evaluation of the effectiveness of Ontario''s Universal Influenza Immunization Campaign used per capita cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza. A better measure of viral activity is the proportion of influenza tests positive; whereas the weekly proportion of tests positive was relatively consistent, a marked increase over time in the numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases paralleled an increase in the number of tests performed. Regardless, for evaluating universal influenza immunization program effectiveness, other established and available measures employed in previous studies describing the epidemiology of influenza should be used instead of laboratory data. In their evaluation of Ontario''s Universal Influenza Immunization Campaign, Groll and Thomson state that there is a lack of high-quality influenza outcome data in Ontario, so instead they examined the effectiveness of the program using per capita cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza [1] . A better measure of viral activity is the proportion of influenza tests positive (the number of cases of lab-confirmed influenza divided by the number of tests performed). abstract: Groll and Thomson's evaluation of the effectiveness of Ontario's Universal Influenza Immunization Campaign used per capita cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza. We argue that these data are susceptible to various biases and should not be used as an outcome measure. Laboratory data are traditionally used to identify the presence of influenza activity rather than to identify levels of influenza activity. A better measure of viral activity is the proportion of influenza tests positive; whereas the weekly proportion of tests positive was relatively consistent, a marked increase over time in the numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases paralleled an increase in the number of tests performed. Regardless, for evaluating universal influenza immunization program effectiveness, other established and available measures employed in previous studies describing the epidemiology of influenza should be used instead of laboratory data. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X06010759 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.080 id: cord-001654-o2zfilcl author: Laidler, Matthew R. title: Statin Treatment and Mortality: Propensity Score-Matched Analyses of 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations date: 2015-03-04 words: 4004.0 sentences: 179.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001654-o2zfilcl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001654-o2zfilcl.txt summary: The use of immunomodulatory agents such as statins to target host inflammatory responses in influenza virus infection has been suggested as an adjunct treatment, especially during pandemics, when antiviral quantities are limited or vaccine production can be delayed. We used population-based, influenza hospitalization surveillance data, propensity score-matched analysis, and Cox regression to determine whether there was an association between mortality (within 30 days of a positive influenza test) and statin treatment among hospitalized cohorts from 2 influenza seasons (October 1, 2007 to April 30, 2008 and September 1, 2009 to April 31, 2010). A study by Vandermeer et al [23] , using data from a populationbased influenza surveillance system, found a protective effect of statin use on mortality among patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the 2007-2008 influenza season. We used Cox proportional hazards models with robust standard errors, stratified on matched pairs, to determine the effect of statin treatment on mortality within 30 days of a positive influenza test. abstract: Background. Annual influenza epidemics are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality. The use of immunomodulatory agents such as statins to target host inflammatory responses in influenza virus infection has been suggested as an adjunct treatment, especially during pandemics, when antiviral quantities are limited or vaccine production can be delayed. Methods. We used population-based, influenza hospitalization surveillance data, propensity score-matched analysis, and Cox regression to determine whether there was an association between mortality (within 30 days of a positive influenza test) and statin treatment among hospitalized cohorts from 2 influenza seasons (October 1, 2007 to April 30, 2008 and September 1, 2009 to April 31, 2010). Results. Hazard ratios for death within the 30-day follow-up period were 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], .25–.68) for a matched sample from the 2007–2008 season and 0.77 (95% CI, .43–1.36) for a matched sample from the 2009 pandemic. Conclusions. The analysis suggests a protective effect against death from influenza among patients hospitalized in 2007–2008 but not during the pandemic. Sensitivity analysis indicates the findings for 2007–2008 may be influenced by unmeasured confounders. This analysis does not support using statins as an adjunct treatment for preventing death among persons hospitalized for influenza. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4438907/ doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofv028 id: cord-006517-845w9r6l author: Lalueza, A. title: Impact of severe hematological abnormalities in the outcome of hospitalized patients with influenza virus infection date: 2017-05-13 words: 4068.0 sentences: 209.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006517-845w9r6l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006517-845w9r6l.txt summary: The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency and clinical impact of hematological abnormalities in the range of those accepted by the Histyocite Society for the suspicion of HPS [19] in patients who were admitted to the hospital with a confirmed influenza virus infection. In Beutel''s study of 25 critically ill patients with influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome, the absence of steroid therapy in the early phase of the infection might have contributed to the high incidence of HPS (9 out of 25 patients) and the rather poor outcomes [18] . Significant hematological abnormalities are frequently seen in patients with influenza virus infection who required hospital admission and are associated with a poor outcome. abstract: Although hematological abnormalities have been described among patients with influenza virus infection, little is known about their impact on the outcome of the patients. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and clinical impact of severe hematological abnormalities in patients with confirmed influenza virus infection. This was an observational retrospective study including all adult patients with diagnosis of influenza virus infection hospitalized from January to May 2016 in our institution. Influenza virus infection was diagnosed by means of rRT-PCR assay performed on respiratory samples. Poor outcome was defined as a composite endpoint in which at least one of the following criteria had to be fulfilled: (a) respiratory failure, (b) SOFA ≥2, or (c) death. Two hundred thirty-nine patients were included. Applying the HLH-04 criteria for the diagnosis of hemophagocytic syndrome, cytopenias (hemoglobin ≤9 g/dl, platelets <100,000/μl or neutrophils <1,000/μl) were present in 51 patients (21%). Patients with hematological abnormalities showed higher SOFA scores, respiratory failure, septic shock and in-hospital mortality than the remaining patients. The composite endpoint was present in 33.3% in the cytopenias group vs. 13.3% in the group without cytopenias (p=0.001). In a multivariate analysis, variables associated with the composite endpoint were: use of steroids prior to present admission (OR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.015–0.96, p=0.046), presence of any hematological abnormality (OR: 3.54; 95% CI:1.66–7.51, p= 0.001), and LDH>225 U/l (OR:4.45; CI:1–19.71, p=0.049). Hematological abnormalities are not uncommon among hospitalized patients with influenza virus infection, and they are associated with a poorer outcome. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101956/ doi: 10.1007/s10096-017-2998-4 id: cord-252443-lclxrwcm author: Lambe, Teresa title: Novel Viral Vectored Vaccines for the Prevention of Influenza date: 2012-06-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Influenza represents a substantial global healthcare burden, with annual epidemics resulting in 3–5 million cases of severe illness with a significant associated mortality. In addition, the risk of a virulent and lethal influenza pandemic has generated widespread and warranted concern. Currently licensed influenza vaccines are limited in their ability to induce efficacious and long-lasting herd immunity. In addition, and as evidenced by the H1N1 pandemic in 2009, there can be a significant delay between the emergence of a pandemic influenza and an effective, antibody-inducing vaccine. There is, therefore, a continued need for new, efficacious vaccines conferring cross-clade protection—obviating the need for biannual reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines. Development of such a vaccine would yield enormous health benefits to society and also greatly reduce the associated global healthcare burden. There are a number of alternative influenza vaccine technologies being assessed both preclinically and clinically. In this review we discuss viral vectored vaccines, either recombinant live-attenuated or replication-deficient viruses, which are current lead candidates for inducing efficacious and long-lasting immunity toward influenza viruses. These alternate influenza vaccines offer real promise to deliver viable alternatives to currently deployed vaccines and more importantly may confer long-lasting and universal protection against influenza viral infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22735755/ doi: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00147 id: cord-288487-hs3wfffs author: Lambert, Stephen B title: The cost of community-managed viral respiratory illnesses in a cohort of healthy preschool-aged children date: 2008-01-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) during childhood are often caused by respiratory viruses, result in significant morbidity, and have associated costs for families and society. Despite their ubiquity, there is a lack of interdisciplinary epidemiologic and economic research that has collected primary impact data, particularly associated with indirect costs, from families during ARIs in children. METHODS: We conducted a 12-month cohort study in 234 preschool children with impact diary recording and PCR testing of nose-throat swabs for viruses during an ARI. We used applied values to estimate a virus-specific mean cost of ARIs. RESULTS: Impact diaries were available for 72% (523/725) of community-managed illnesses between January 2003 and January 2004. The mean cost of ARIs was AU$309 (95% confidence interval $263 to $354). Influenza illnesses had a mean cost of $904, compared with RSV, $304, the next most expensive single-virus illness, although confidence intervals overlapped. Mean carer time away from usual activity per day was two hours for influenza ARIs and between 30 and 45 minutes for all other ARI categories. CONCLUSION: From a societal perspective, community-managed ARIs are a significant cost burden on families and society. The point estimate of the mean cost of community-managed influenza illnesses in healthy preschool aged children is three times greater than those illnesses caused by RSV and other respiratory viruses. Indirect costs, particularly carer time away from usual activity, are the key cost drivers for ARIs in children. The use of parent-collected specimens may enhance ARI surveillance and reduce any potential Hawthorne effect caused by compliance with study procedures. These findings reinforce the need for further integrated epidemiologic and economic research of ARIs in children to allow for comprehensive cost-effectiveness assessments of preventive and therapeutic options. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-9-11 doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-11 id: cord-010959-sigw7yxk author: Lampejo, Temi title: Influenza and antiviral resistance: an overview date: 2020-02-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Influenza affects approximately 1 billion individuals each year resulting in between 290,000 and 650,000 deaths. Young children and immunocompromised individuals are at a particularly high risk of severe illness attributable to influenza and these are also the groups of individuals in which reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors is most frequently seen. High levels of resistance emerged with previous adamantane therapy for influenza A and despite no longer being used to treat influenza and therefore lack of selection pressure, high levels of adamantane resistance continue to persist in currently circulating influenza A strains. Resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors has remained at low levels to date and the majority of resistance is seen in influenza A H1N1 pdm09 infected immunocompromised individuals receiving oseltamivir but is also seen less frequently with influenza A H3N2 and B. Rarely, resistance is also seen in the immunocompetent. There is evidence to suggest that these resistant strains (particularly H1N1 pdm09) are able to maintain their replicative fitness and transmissibility, although there is no clear evidence that being infected with a resistant strain is associated with a worse clinical outcome. Should neuraminidase inhibitor resistance become more problematic in the future, there are a small number of alternative novel agents within the anti-influenza armoury with different mechanisms of action to neuraminidase inhibitors and therefore potentially effective against neuraminidase inhibitor resistant strains. Limited data from use of novel agents such as baloxavir marboxil and favipiravir, does however show that resistance variants can also emerge in the presence of these drugs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223162/ doi: 10.1007/s10096-020-03840-9 id: cord-292528-8kdhf123 author: Lau, Yuk-Fai title: A TLR3 ligand that exhibits potent inhibition of influenza virus replication and has strong adjuvant activity has the potential for dual applications in an influenza pandemic date: 2009-02-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The appearance and spread of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) raise concern of a possible pandemic. Current preventive measures include the development of a pre-pandemic influenza vaccine and stockpiling of neuraminidase inhibitors. However, their benefits can be significantly reduced by mutations in the hemagglutinin or neuraminidase resulting in antigenic changes and the appearance of drug-resistance, respectively. Drugs that target the innate immune system to achieve a ‘heightened antiviral’ state represent another class of antiviral agents that could contribute to the control and treatment of influenza infection. In this study, PIKA (a stabilized dsRNA) provides broad-spectrum prophylaxis against a number of influenza A viruses. In addition, when PIKA was admixed with influenza vaccine preparations, including a formalin-inactivated whole-virion H5 vaccine, significant adjuvanting effect leading to accelerated viral clearance was observed in a murine model. These biological effects appear to be mediated by the ability of PIKA to promote the maturation of dendritic cells, including up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and CD86, and the induction of various cytokines and chemokines. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) was shown to recognize PIKA in a concentration-dependent manner. The potency and versatility in its activities make PIKA an attractive candidate for use in an influenza pandemic. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X08017751 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.048 id: cord-253083-4mk5u0wg author: Lazarus, Rajeka title: Avian Influenza: Recent Epidemiology, Travel-Related Risk, and Management date: 2014-12-05 words: 5064.0 sentences: 261.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253083-4mk5u0wg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253083-4mk5u0wg.txt summary: Emergence of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus causing severe human illness-China Epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China Case control study of risk factors for avian influenza A (H5N1) disease Hong Kong 1997 Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus in Jiangsu Province, China Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a fatal case of avian influenza A H10N8 virus infection: a descriptive study Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome Human infection with avian influenza A H7N9 virus: an assessment of clinical severity Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection Surveillance of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in humans and detection of the first imported human case in Taiwan abstract: H5N1 influenza continues to smolder in Southeast Asia over the past 5 years, but the emergence of H7N9 in China in 2012 raised concerns for a new avian influenza threat. In contrast with H5N1 with over 650 confirmed cases over 11 years, H7N9 has infected over 450 persons within 2 years. The case fatality rate for H7N9 (35 %) is lower than for H5N1 (60 %) or H10N8 (67 %) but is comparable to that for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS CoV), another emerging zoonosis with travel-associated importations. Exposure to poultry and fomites are considered the likely sources of infection for H7N9, H5N1, and H10N8, with limited human-to-human transmission in close contacts. Most cases have occurred in local populations of affected countries, and travel-related risk can be mitigated by avoiding exposure. Vaccines, antivirals, and other therapeutics remain in development stage or of modest benefit for dangerous infections carrying high morbidity and mortality. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25475382/ doi: 10.1007/s11908-014-0456-3 id: cord-270910-xb746mv5 author: Lebrun-Harris, Lydie A. title: Influenza vaccination among U.S. pediatric patients receiving care from federally funded health centers date: 2020-07-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: INTRODUCTION: During the 2018–2019 influenza season, vaccination coverage among U.S. children was 62.6%. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of influenza vaccinations among pediatric patients seen in U.S. health centers, and to explore potential disparities in vaccination coverage among subpopulations. Funded by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, these health centers provide primary and preventive care to underserved and vulnerable individuals and families in order to reduce health disparities based on economic, geographic, or cultural barriers. METHODS: Cross-sectional data, analyzed in 2019, came from the most recent waves of the Health Center Patient Survey (2009, 2014). The sample consisted of children ages 2–17 years receiving care from HRSA-funded health centers. The outcome of interest was self- or parent-reported receipt of influenza vaccine in the past year. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted prevalence rate ratios for the association between demographic characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty level, urban/rural residence, geographic region), health-related variables (receipt of well-child check-up, asthma diagnosis), and influenza vaccination. RESULTS: Influenza vaccination coverage among pediatric health center patients increased from 46.6% in 2009 to 67.8% in 2014. In the adjusted model for 2014, there were few statistically significant differences in vaccination coverage among subpopulation groups, however American Indian/Alaska Native children had 31% increased vaccination coverage compared with non-Hispanic White children (aPRR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.02–1.60) and children living in the South had 26% decreased vaccination coverage compared with those living in the Northeast (aPRR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.54–0.93). CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccination coverage among pediatric health center patients in 2014 exceeded the national average (as of 2018–2019), and few differences were found among at-risk subpopulations. HRSA-funded health centers are well-positioned to further increase the vaccination rate among children living in underserved communities. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X20309348 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.021 id: cord-000262-4owsb0bg author: Leung, Gabriel M. title: Reflections on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and the International Response date: 2010-10-05 words: 4616.0 sentences: 244.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000262-4owsb0bg.txt summary: In settings like Hong Kong, with the infrastructure and resources to implement such measures and N Decisions regarding pandemic response during the exigencies of a public health emergency must be judged according to the best evidence available at the time. Reduce and delay community spread somewhat at the earliest stage to allow better preparation for mitigation response [15] Completely prevent entry of infected individuals due to suboptimal sensitivity and asymptomatic (including infected and within incubation period) or subclinical presentation [16] Many countries did not attempt these measures because of logistics, stage of pandemic [22] or other cost-benefit considerations [16] China Hong Kong SAR Japan Personal protective measures (e.g., face masks, hand hygiene, cough etiquette, early self-isolation when ill) Reduce risk of infection to self and close contacts (if self is ill and infected) [27, 28] Have not been evaluated whether they can provide significant populationlevel protection abstract: Gabriel Leung and Angus Nicoll provide their reflections on the international response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, including what went well and what changes need to be made in anticipation of future flu pandemics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2950129/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000346 id: cord-346906-1wmp43ti author: Lewandowski, Kuiama title: Metagenomic Nanopore Sequencing of Influenza Virus Direct from Clinical Respiratory Samples date: 2019-12-23 words: 6766.0 sentences: 328.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346906-1wmp43ti.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346906-1wmp43ti.txt summary: We determine its sensitivity compared to that of existing diagnostic methods and its accuracy compared to short-read (Illumina) sequencing, using clinical samples from hospital patients during an influenza season and samples from a controlled laboratory infection in ferrets. During the study, respiratory samples submitted to the clinical diagnostic laboratory were routinely tested by a PCR-based test using the GeneXpert assay (Cepheid) to detect influenza A and B viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Comparing this final method with our original protocol, using triplicate extractions from the pooled set of influenza A virus-positive samples demonstrated no significant loss in performance in the more rapid protocol (Fig. S3) , and we adopted this approach as our routine protocol, giving a wet-lab processing time of ϳ8 h. Future application of this method will involve real-time laboratory testing of respiratory samples, running the platform head to head with existing clinical diagnostics to further assess sensitivity and specificity, and using influenza virus sequence data to investigate transmission events. abstract: Influenza is a major global public health threat as a result of its highly pathogenic variants, large zoonotic reservoir, and pandemic potential. Metagenomic viral sequencing offers the potential for a diagnostic test for influenza virus which also provides insights on transmission, evolution, and drug resistance and simultaneously detects other viruses. We therefore set out to apply the Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing method to metagenomic sequencing of respiratory samples. We generated influenza virus reads down to a limit of detection of 10(2) to 10(3) genome copies/ml in pooled samples, observing a strong relationship between the viral titer and the proportion of influenza virus reads (P = 4.7 × 10(−5)). Applying our methods to clinical throat swabs, we generated influenza virus reads for 27/27 samples with mid-to-high viral titers (cycle threshold [C(T)] values, <30) and 6/13 samples with low viral titers (C(T) values, 30 to 40). No false-positive reads were generated from 10 influenza virus-negative samples. Thus, Nanopore sequencing operated with 83% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 67 to 93%) and 100% specificity (95% CI, 69 to 100%) compared to the current diagnostic standard. Coverage of full-length virus was dependent on sample composition, being negatively influenced by increased host and bacterial reads. However, at high influenza virus titers, we were able to reconstruct >99% complete sequences for all eight gene segments. We also detected a human coronavirus coinfection in one clinical sample. While further optimization is required to improve sensitivity, this approach shows promise for the Nanopore platform to be used in the diagnosis and genetic analysis of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses. url: https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00963-19 doi: 10.1128/jcm.00963-19 id: cord-281228-8kqohdcr author: Li, Xin title: Influenza immunization among Chinese seniors: Urgent calling for improving vaccination coverage, education, and research date: 2020-03-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1002/agm2.12103 doi: 10.1002/agm2.12103 id: cord-026982-1igz6i8u author: Li, Yanbo title: The association between the seasonality of pediatric pandemic influenza virus outbreak and ambient meteorological factors in Shanghai date: 2020-06-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The number of pediatric patients diagnosed with influenza types A and B is increasing annually, especially in temperate regions such as Shanghai (China). The onset of pandemic influenza viruses might be attributed to various ambient meteorological factors including temperature, relative humidity (Rh), and PM(1) concentrations, etc. The study aims to explore the correlation between the seasonality of pandemic influenza and these factors. METHODS: We recruited pediatric patients aged from 0 to 18 years who were diagnosed with influenza A or B from July 1st, 2017 to June 30th, 2019 in Shanghai Children’s Medical Centre (SCMC). Ambient meteorological data were collected from the Shanghai Meteorological Service (SMS) over the same period. The correlation of influenza outbreak and meteorological factors were analyzed through preliminary Pearson’s r correlation test and subsequent time-series Poisson regression analysis using the distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM). RESULTS: Pearson’s r test showed a statistically significant correlation between the weekly number of influenza A outpatients and ambient meteorological factors including weekly mean, maximum, minimum temperature and barometric pressure (P < 0.001), and PM(1) (P < 0.01). While the weekly number of influenza B outpatients was statistically significantly correlated with weekly mean, maximum and minimum temperature (P < 0.001), barometric pressure and PM(1) (P < 0.01), and minimum Rh (P < 0.05). Mean temperature and PM(1) were demonstrated to be the statistically significant variables in the DLNM with influenza A and B outpatients through time-series Poisson regression analysis. A U-shaped curve relationship was noted between the mean temperature and influenza A cases (below 15 °C and above 20 °C), and the risks increased for influenza B with mean temperature below 10 °C. PM(1) posed a risk after a concentration of 23 ppm for both influenza A and B. High PM(1), low and the high temperature had significant effects upon the number of influenza A cases, whereas low temperature and high PM(1) had significant effects upon the number of influenza B cases. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that mean temperature and PM(1) were the primary factors that were continually associated with the seasonality of pediatric pandemic influenza A and B and the recurrence in the transmission and spread of influenza viruses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7298927/ doi: 10.1186/s12940-020-00625-7 id: cord-001289-qbct63p4 author: Lipsitch, Marc title: Ethical Alternatives to Experiments with Novel Potential Pandemic Pathogens date: 2014-05-20 words: 4483.0 sentences: 234.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001289-qbct63p4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001289-qbct63p4.txt summary: Two recent publications reporting the creation of ferret-transmissible influenza A/H5N1 viruses [1, 2] are controversial examples of research that aims to produce, sequence and characterize ''''potential pandemic pathogens'''' (PPPs) [3] , novel infectious agents with known or likely efficient transmission among humans, with significant virulence, and for which there is limited population immunity. N Alternative approaches would not only be safer but would also be more effective at improving surveillance and vaccine design, the two purported benefits of gain-of-function experiments to create novel, mammalian-transmissible influenza strains. A further challenge to realizing public health benefits from PPP experimentation is that the predictability of phenotype from viral sequence is complex [38, 48, 49] , as demonstrated by a recent assessment [50] of the generality of mutations that conferred human receptor binding in engineered ferret-transmissible H5N1 strains. abstract: Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4028196/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001646 id: cord-002337-8v907g24 author: Lipsitch, Marc title: Viral factors in influenza pandemic risk assessment date: 2016-11-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The threat of an influenza A virus pandemic stems from continual virus spillovers from reservoir species, a tiny fraction of which spark sustained transmission in humans. To date, no pandemic emergence of a new influenza strain has been preceded by detection of a closely related precursor in an animal or human. Nonetheless, influenza surveillance efforts are expanding, prompting a need for tools to assess the pandemic risk posed by a detected virus. The goal would be to use genetic sequence and/or biological assays of viral traits to identify those non-human influenza viruses with the greatest risk of evolving into pandemic threats, and/or to understand drivers of such evolution, to prioritize pandemic prevention or response measures. We describe such efforts, identify progress and ongoing challenges, and discuss three specific traits of influenza viruses (hemagglutinin receptor binding specificity, hemagglutinin pH of activation, and polymerase complex efficiency) that contribute to pandemic risk. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18491.001 url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5156527/ doi: 10.7554/elife.18491 id: cord-333722-ndth5zne author: Liu, Qiang title: The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy date: 2015-07-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Severe influenza remains unusual in its virulence for humans. Complications or ultimately death arising from these infections are often associated with hyperinduction of proinflammatory cytokine production, which is also known as ‘cytokine storm'. For this disease, it has been proposed that immunomodulatory therapy may improve the outcome, with or without the combination of antiviral agents. Here, we review the current literature on how various effectors of the immune system initiate the cytokine storm and exacerbate pathological damage in hosts. We also review some of the current immunomodulatory strategies for the treatment of cytokine storms in severe influenza, including corticosteroids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 agonists, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, antioxidants, anti-tumour-necrosis factor therapy, intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, statins, arbidol, herbs, and other potential therapeutic strategies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26189369/ doi: 10.1038/cmi.2015.74 id: cord-255181-du6rqc6i author: Louz, Derrick title: Cross‐species transfer of viruses: implications for the use of viral vectors in biomedical research, gene therapy and as live‐virus vaccines date: 2005-06-29 words: 8017.0 sentences: 425.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255181-du6rqc6i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255181-du6rqc6i.txt summary: This review addresses a number of potential risk factors and their implications for activities with viral vectors from the perspective of cross‐species transfer of viruses in nature, with emphasis on the occurrence of host‐range mutants resulting from either cell culture or tropism engineering. The HIV virus and contemporary human influenza viruses are prominent examples of viruses that have crossed the species barrier and established themselves permanently in the human population without further dependence on the presence of the original animal host reservoir. The emergence of HIV exemplifies how multiple independent cross-species transmissions of simian viruses that are not associated with disease in their natural hosts eventually resulted in the establishment of two types of HIV in the human population. The following examples demonstrate that upon persistent infection and passage in cell culture, cross-species transmissibility may be promoted by selection of virus variants with an altered host range. Adaptation in cell culture may result in changes in receptor specificity and tropism, and leads to the emergence of host-range mutant viruses. abstract: Summary All living organisms are continuously exposed to a plethora of viruses. In general, viruses tend to be restricted to the natural host species which they infect. From time to time viruses cross the host‐range barrier expanding their host range. However, in very rare cases cross‐species transfer is followed by the establishment and persistence of a virus in the new host species, which may result in disease. Recent examples of viruses that have crossed the species barrier from animal reservoirs to humans are hantavirus, haemorrhagic fever viruses, arboviruses, Nipah and Hendra viruses, avian influenza virus (AI), monkeypox virus, and the SARS‐associated coronavirus (SARS‐CoV). The opportunities for cross‐species transfer of mammalian viruses have increased in recent years due to increased contact between humans and animal reservoirs. However, it is difficult to predict when such events will take place since the viral adaptation that is needed to accomplish this is multifactorial and stochastic. Against this background the intensified use of viruses and their genetically modified variants as viral gene transfer vectors for biomedical research, experimental gene therapy and for live‐vector vaccines is a cause for concern. This review addresses a number of potential risk factors and their implications for activities with viral vectors from the perspective of cross‐species transfer of viruses in nature, with emphasis on the occurrence of host‐range mutants resulting from either cell culture or tropism engineering. The issues are raised with the intention to assist in risk assessments for activities with vector viruses. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15986492/ doi: 10.1002/jgm.794 id: cord-007575-5ekgabx5 author: Luby, James P. title: Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Pneumonias in Adults Due to Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae, and Viruses date: 2016-01-14 words: 11991.0 sentences: 735.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007575-5ekgabx5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007575-5ekgabx5.txt summary: Important trends and developments in the field include (1) the emergence of a Chlamydia psittaci strain (TWAR) that is passaged from human to human, causes a mycoplasma-like illness, and that is relatively resistant to erythromycin, (2) the recognition of respiratory syncytial virus as a pathogen in nursing home outbreaks and in immunosuppressed adults, (3) the continuing high lethality of fully developed influenza pneumonia, (4) the efficacy of acyclovir and adenine arabinoside in limiting the complications of varicella-zoster virus infections, and (5) the increasing frequency of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus and the severity of this disorder in highly immunosuppressed patients. Important trends and developments in the field include (1) the emergence of a Chlamydia psittaci strain (TWAR) that is passaged from human to human, causes a mycoplasma-like illness, and that is relatively resistant to erythromycin, (2) the recognition of respiratory syncytial virus as a pathogen in nursing home outbreaks and in immunosuppressed adults, (3) the continuing high lethality of fully developed influenza pneumonia, (4) the efficacy of acyclovir and adenine arabinoside in limiting the complications of varicella-zoster virus infections, and (5) the increasing frequency of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus and the severity of this disorder in highly immunosuppressed patients. abstract: Pneumonias in adults due to mycoplasma, chlamydiae, and viruses are a common clinical problem. These microorganisms contribute to the etiologies in 6–35% of all cases of pneumonia and are the sole pathogens in 1–17% of hospitalized cases. Important trends and developments in the field include (1) the emergence of a Chlamydia psittaci strain (TWAR) that is passaged from human to human, causes a mycoplasma-like illness, and that is relatively resistant to erythromycin, (2) the recognition of respiratory syncytial virus as a pathogen in nursing home outbreaks and in immunosuppressed adults, the continuing high lethality of fully developed influenza pneumonia, (4) the efficacy of acyclovir and adenine arabinoside in limiting the complications of varicella-zoster virus infections, and (5) the increasing frequency of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus and the severity of this disorder in highly immunosuppressed patients. Developments in the rapid diagnosis and therapy of respiratory syncytial virus infections with an aerosolized antiviral drug in children may pave the way for comparable advances in difficult pneumonias in adult patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119385/ doi: 10.1097/00000441-198707000-00007 id: cord-335960-biwnqa3f author: Luke, Anthony title: Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date: 2007-07-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The sports medicine physician may face challenging issues regarding infectious diseases when dealing with teams or highly competitive athletes who have difficulties taking time off to recover. One must treat the individual sick athlete and take the necessary precautions to contain the spread of communicable disease to the surrounding team, staff, relatives, and other contacts. This article reviews preventive strategies for infectious disease in athletes, including immunization recommendations and prophylaxis guidelines, improvements in personal hygiene and prevention of spread of infectious organisms by direct contact, insect-borne disease precautions, and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. A special emphasis on immunizations focuses on pertussis, influenza, and meningococcal prophylaxis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17826187/ doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2007.04.006 id: cord-019010-9xgwjvsv author: Luna, C. M. title: Life-threatening Respiratory Failure from H1N1 Influenza: Lessons from the Southern Cone Outbreak date: 2010-06-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: A sharp increase in the hospitalization rate for pneumonia, particularly among adults between 20 and 40 years old, and an unusual series of deaths, coincident with an increase in laboratory-confirmed influenza cases, were reported in the spring of 2009 in Mexico. This outbreak appeared after the end of influenza season, and was associated with mortality in a younger age-group than the pattern observed in temperate areas in the northern hemisphere [1]. The concurrent finding of a novel, swine-origin influenza A virus (so called pandemic influenza [H1N1] 2009) from infected children in the United States [2] completed the picture. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124051/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-10286-8_20 id: cord-002919-6xjm7f29 author: Luo, Haili title: Clinical characteristics from co-infection with avian influenza A H7N9 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae: a case report date: 2018-03-15 words: 2755.0 sentences: 144.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002919-6xjm7f29.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002919-6xjm7f29.txt summary: title: Clinical characteristics from co-infection with avian influenza A H7N9 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae: a case report Here, we reported the case of a woman co-infected by influenza A H7N9 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, whose treatment process was a little bit longer and a little bit complicated as well. However, some symptoms exacerbated again 2 days later with ground-glass changes appearing in upper area of right lung and the titer of antibody to Mycoplasma pneumoniae rising from 1:80 to 1:640. CONCLUSION: In patients with confirmed influenza A H7N9 infection whose condition worsens again, especially with new infiltration or lung ground-glass infiltration, one should suspect infection by other pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In cases of confirmed influenza A H7N9, if the condition of the patient is not under initial treatment or if it even worsens with new ground-glass lung infiltrates, infection with another pathogen including MP must be suspected and sought. abstract: BACKGROUND: More and more cases of human infections with avian influenza A H7N9 have been reported since it was first mentioned in 2013 in China, but concurrence of influenza A H7N9 with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, however, has never been described. Here, we reported the case of a woman co-infected by influenza A H7N9 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, whose treatment process was a little bit longer and a little bit complicated as well. CASE PRESENTATION: Our patient was an 80-year-old Chinese woman who presented with fever, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. A computed tomography scan showed obvious infiltrations at lower parts of both lungs. Arterial blood gas analysis confirmed a severe respiratory failure (type I). Her sputum and throat swabs were checked for nucleic acid of influenza A and the result was positive for influenza A H7N9. She was diagnosed as having severe influenza A H7N9 and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and was admitted to an intensive care unit. She was given comprehensive treatment, including oseltamivir, methylprednisolone, immunoglobulin, gastric protection, and noninvasive mechanical ventilation. Her condition improved 4 days later. However, some symptoms exacerbated again 2 days later with ground-glass changes appearing in upper area of right lung and the titer of antibody to Mycoplasma pneumoniae rising from 1:80 to 1:640. She was reasonably considered to be infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae as well, and azithromycin and moxifloxacin were added to her treatment. Oseltamivir was discontinued because of three consecutive negative results of nucleic acid for influenza A H7N9, but anti-Mycoplasma treatment was continued. Although her symptoms and abnormal changes on computed tomography scan slowly went away, she finally recovered from the mixed infection after a total of 33 days of management. CONCLUSION: In patients with confirmed influenza A H7N9 infection whose condition worsens again, especially with new infiltration or lung ground-glass infiltration, one should suspect infection by other pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5853085/ doi: 10.1186/s13256-018-1583-5 id: cord-331714-2qj2rrgd author: Lvov, Dimitry Konstantinovich title: Single-Stranded RNA Viruses date: 2015-05-29 words: 64283.0 sentences: 4009.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331714-2qj2rrgd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331714-2qj2rrgd.txt summary: Among them are viruses associated with sporadic cases or outbreaks of human disease, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (viruses of the genus Hantavirus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV, Nairovirus), California encephalitis (INKV, TAHV, and KHATV; Orthobunyavirus), sandfly fever (SFCV and SFNV, Phlebovirus), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV, Flavivirus), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV, Flavivirus), West Nile fever (WNV, Flavivirus), Sindbis fever (SINV, Alphavirus) Chikungunya fever (CHIKV, Alphavirus) and others. Artashat virus (ARTSV, strain LEIV-2236Ar) was originally isolated from Ornithodoros alactagalis ticks (family Argasidae) collected in the burrows of a small five-toed jerboa (Allactaga elater) near Arevashat village (40 02 absence of antigenic relationships with any known viruses, it was referred to as an "unclassified bunyavirus." 1À3 Taxonomy. abstract: In this chapter, we describe 73 zoonotic viruses that were isolated in Northern Eurasia and that belong to the different families of viruses with a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome. The family includes viruses with a segmented negative-sense ssRNA genome (families Bunyaviridae and Orthomyxoviridae) and viruses with a positive-sense ssRNA genome (families Togaviridae and Flaviviridae). Among them are viruses associated with sporadic cases or outbreaks of human disease, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (viruses of the genus Hantavirus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV, Nairovirus), California encephalitis (INKV, TAHV, and KHATV; Orthobunyavirus), sandfly fever (SFCV and SFNV, Phlebovirus), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV, Flavivirus), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV, Flavivirus), West Nile fever (WNV, Flavivirus), Sindbis fever (SINV, Alphavirus) Chikungunya fever (CHIKV, Alphavirus) and others. Other viruses described in the chapter can cause epizootics in wild or domestic animals: Geta virus (GETV, Alphavirus), Influenza A virus (Influenzavirus A), Bhanja virus (BHAV, Phlebovirus) and more. The chapter also discusses both ecological peculiarities that promote the circulation of these viruses in natural foci and factors influencing the occurrence of epidemic and epizootic outbreaks url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128017425000088 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801742-5.00008-8 id: cord-290004-v3ruj5bq author: Madsen, Anders title: Prospects and Challenges in the Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines date: 2020-07-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Current influenza vaccines offer suboptimal protection and depend on annual reformulation and yearly administration. Vaccine technology has rapidly advanced during the last decade, facilitating development of next-generation influenza vaccines that can target a broader range of influenza viruses. The development and licensure of a universal influenza vaccine could provide a game changing option for the control of influenza by protecting against all influenza A and B viruses. Here we review important findings and considerations regarding the development of universal influenza vaccines and what we can learn from this moving forward with a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030361 doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030361 id: cord-263353-4mnsjbib author: Maman, Issaka title: Implementation of Influenza-like illness Sentinel Surveillance in Togo date: 2014-09-20 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The emergence of avian influenza A/H5N1 in 2003 as well as the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 highlighted the need to establish influenza sentinel surveillance in Togo. The Ministry of Health decided to introduce Influenza to the list of diseases with epidemic potential. By April 2010, Togo was actively involved in influenza surveillance. This study aims to describe the implementation of ILI surveillance and results obtained from April 2010 to December 2012. METHODS: Two sites were selected based on their accessibility and affordability to patients, their adequate specimen storage capacity and transportation system. Patients with ILI presenting at sentinel sites were enrolled by trained medical staff based on the World Health Organization (WHO) case definitions. Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal samples were collected and they were tested at the National Influenza Reference Laboratory using a U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) validated real time RT-PCR protocol. Laboratory results and epidemiological data were reported weekly and shared with all sentinel sites, Ministry of Health, Division of Epidemiology, WHO and CDC/NAMRU-3. RESULTS: From April 2010 to December 2012, a total of 955 samples were collected with 52% of the study population aged between 0 and 4 years. Of the 955 samples, 236 (24.7%) tested positive for influenza viruses; with 136 (14.2%) positive for influenza A and 100 (10.5%) positive for influenza B. The highest influenza positive percentage (30%) was observed in 5–14 years old and patients aged 0–4 and >60 years had the lowest percentage (20%). Clinical symptoms such as cough and rhinorrhea were associated more with ILI patients who were positive for influenza type A than influenza type B. Influenza viruses circulated throughout the year with the positivity rate peaking around the months of January, May and again in October; corresponding respectively to the dry-dusty harmattan season and the long and then the short raining season. The pandemic A (H1N1) pdm09 was the predominantly circulating strain in 2010 while influenza B was the predominantly circulating strain in 2011. The seasonal A/H3N2 was observed throughout 2012 year. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides information on influenza epidemiology in the capital city of Togo. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-981 doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-981 id: cord-332485-8tfgl8rp author: Marcorelles, P title: Décès brutal et infection à virus Influenza A chez un enfant de deux ans : étude d’un cas autopsique date: 2002-02-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Influenza A virus infections are common in childhood and infancy and are often underdiagnosed while serious or letal forms are rare. Case-report. – We describe a case of sudden death in a two-year-old boy. Pathologic findings at autopsy were consistent with Myxovirus influenzae A virus infection and the virus was isolated by post mortem PCR. Conclusion. – In the case of sudden death in infants, especially if pathologic findings are compatible with a viral infection, PCR may allow identification of the causative virus. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0929693X01006935 doi: 10.1016/s0929-693x(01)00693-5 id: cord-268693-td6kvmlq author: Martins, Leila Droprinchinski title: How socio-economic and atmospheric variables impact COVID-19 and Influenza outbreaks in tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil date: 2020-09-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: COVID-19 has been disturbing human society with an intensity never seen since the Influenza epidemic (Spanish flu). COVID-19 and Influenza are both respiratory viruses and, in this study, we explore the relations of COVID-19 and Influenza with atmospheric variables and socio-economic conditions for tropical and subtropical climates in Brazil. Atmospheric variables, mobility, socio-economic conditions and population information were analyzed using a generalized additive model for daily COVID-19 cases from March 1(st) to May 15(th), 2020, and for daily Influenza hospitalizations (2017-2019) in Brazilian states representing tropical and subtropical climates. Our results indicate that temperature combined with humidity are risk factors for COVID-19 and Influenza in both climate regimes, and the minimum temperature was also a risk factor for subtropical climate. Social distancing is a risk factor for COVID-19 in all regions. For Influenza and COVID-19, the highest relative risks (RR) generally occurred in 3 days (lag=3). Altogether among the studied regions, the most important risk factor is the Human Developed Index (HDI), with a mean RR of 1.2492 (95% CI: 1.0926-1.6706) for COVID-19, followed by the elderly fraction for both diseases. The risk factor associated with socio-economic inequalities for Influenza is probably smoothed by Influenza vaccination, which is offered free of charge to the entire Brazilian population. Finally, the findings of this study call attention to the influence of socio-economic inequalities on human health. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110184 doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110184 id: cord-334424-z7ygy25e author: McCaw, James M title: Household transmission of respiratory viruses – assessment of viral, individual and household characteristics in a population study of healthy Australian adults date: 2012-12-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Household transmission of influenza-like illness (ILI) may vary with viral and demographic characteristics. We examined the effect of these factors in a population-based sample of adults with ILI. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study in community-dwelling Australian adults nested within an influenza vaccine effectiveness trial. On presentation with ILI, participants were swabbed for a range of respiratory viruses and asked to return a questionnaire collecting details of household members with or without similar symptoms. We used logistic and Poisson regression to assess the key characteristics of household transmission. RESULTS: 258 participants from multi-occupancy households experienced 279 ILI episodes and returned a questionnaire. Of these, 183 were the primary case in the household allowing assessment of factors associated with transmission. Transmission was significantly associated in univariate analyses with female sex (27% vs. 13%, risk ratio (RR) = 2.13 (1.08, 4.21)) and the presence of a child in the house (33% vs. 17%, RR = 1.90 (1.11, 3.26)). The secondary household attack proportion (SHAP) was 0.14, higher if influenza was isolated (RR = 2.1 (1.0, 4.5)). Vaccinated participants who nonetheless became infected with influenza had a higher SHAP (Incidence RR = 5.24 (2.17, 12.6)). CONCLUSIONS: The increased SHAP in households of vaccinated participants who nonetheless had confirmed influenza infection supports the hypothesis that in years of vaccine mismatch, not only is influenza vaccine less protective for the vaccine recipient, but that the population’s immunity is also lower. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231698/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-345 id: cord-350593-bvmg7f15 author: McDonald, R.S. title: Proportional mouse model for aerosol infection by influenza date: 2012-08-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: AIMS: The aim of this study was to demonstrate a prototype tool for measuring infectivity of an aerosolized human pathogen – influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus – using a small‐animal model in the Controlled Aerosol Test System (CATS). METHODS AND RESULTS: Intranasal inoculation of nonadapted H1N1 virus into C57BL, BALB/c and CD‐1 mice caused infection in all three species. Respiratory exposure of CD‐1 mice to the aerosolized virus at graduated doses was accomplished in a modified rodent exposure apparatus. Weight change was recorded for 7 days postexposure, and viral populations in lung tissue homogenates were measured post mortem by DNA amplification (qRT‐PCR), direct fluorescence and microscopic evaluation of cytopathic effect. Plots of weight change and of PCR cycle threshold vs delivered dose were linear to threshold doses of ~40 TCID (50) and ~12 TCID (50), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MID (50) for inspired H1N1 aerosols in CD‐1 mice is between 12 and 40 TCID (50); proportionality to dose of weight loss and viral populations makes the CD‐1 mouse a useful model for measuring infectivity by inhalation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: In the CATS, this mouse–virus model provides the first quantitative method to evaluate the ability of respiratory protective technologies to attenuate the infectivity of an inspired pathogenic aerosol. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22809111/ doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05402.x id: cord-324007-hapzf0fl author: McGeer, Allison J. title: Diagnostic Testing or Empirical Therapy for Patients Hospitalized with Suspected Influenza: What to Do? date: 2009-01-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Accumulating evidence supports the use of specific diagnostic tests and antiviral therapies for seriously ill patients with influenza. Among available diagnostic tests, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction is faster than culture and more sensitive than commercial antigen assays. Current neuraminidase inhibitors were approved on the basis of their efficacy in ambulatory patients, but seriously ill patients who receive these agents are less likely to die, even when treatment is initiated >48 h after symptom onset. For patients hospitalized with suspected influenza, it is unclear which circumstances warrant diagnostic testing and which warrant the use of empirical therapy. Rapid antigen assays may reduce the unnecessary use of other tests and medications but are relatively insensitive, thus eliminating many patients with influenza as candidates for treatment. Empirical antiviral therapy ensures that all patients receive treatment promptly, at a cost equivalent to that of diagnostic tests alone, but results in the receipt of treatment by many patients without influenza. For patients hospitalized with suspected influenza, clinicians need to combine these approaches in order to optimize patient care. url: https://doi.org/10.1086/591852 doi: 10.1086/591852 id: cord-260525-bohv78hi author: Mei, Yang title: Risk stratification of hospitalized COVID-19 patients through comparative studies of laboratory results with influenza date: 2020-07-31 words: 4168.0 sentences: 228.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-260525-bohv78hi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260525-bohv78hi.txt summary: We compiled laboratory results from the first 14 days of the hospitalized patients using parameters that are most significantly different between COVID-19 and influenza and hierarchically clustered COVID-19 patients. Patients in the highest risk cluster had leukocytosis including neutrophilia and monocytosis, severe anemia, increased red blood cell distribution width, higher BUN, creatinine, D-dimer, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and troponin. Overall, our study reveals significant differences in the laboratory parameters between the hospitalized COVID-19 and influenza patients. Compared to influenza patients, the most significant differences over the course of 14 days of hospitalization in COVID-19 patients were worsening anemia, worsening leukocytosis, and an increase in D-dimer, BUN, and ALT. Instead of comparing clinical endpoints to evaluate risks as performed in most of the published studies, we stratified the hospitalized COVID-19 patients through clustering of their laboratory results that were most significantly different from influenza patients (i.e. complete blood count, D-dimer, BUN, and ALT) during the first 14 days of hospitalization. abstract: BACKGROUND: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019 overlaps with the flu season. METHODS: We compared clinical and laboratory results from 719 influenza and 973 COVID-19 patients from January to April 2020. We compiled laboratory results from the first 14 days of the hospitalized patients using parameters that are most significantly different between COVID-19 and influenza and hierarchically clustered COVID-19 patients. FINDINGS: Compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen. COVID-19 patients were sub-classified into 5 clusters through a hierarchical clustering analysis. Medical records were reviewed and patients were risk stratified based on the clinical outcomes. The cluster with the highest risk showed 27·8% fatality, 94% ICU admission, 94% intubation, and 28% discharge rates compared to 0%, 38%, 22%, and 88% in the lowest risk cluster, respectively. Patients in the highest risk cluster had leukocytosis including neutrophilia and monocytosis, severe anemia, increased red blood cell distribution width, higher BUN, creatinine, D-dimer, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and troponin. INTERPRETATION: There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza. Risk stratification in hospitalized COVID-19 patients using laboratory data could be useful to predict clinical outcomes and pathophysiology of these patients. FUNDING: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, Department of Defense, and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33089115/ doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100475 id: cord-314607-bcocsjij author: Memish, Ziad A. title: The prevalance of respiratory viruses among healthcare workers serving pilgrims in Makkah during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic date: 2011-12-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Despite the high risk of acquiring respiratory infections, healthcare workers who treat pilgrims at Hajj have not been studied in previous research on respiratory diseases during Hajj. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of different respiratory viruses among healthcare workers who treated pilgrims during Hajj 2009, the year of the influenza A H1N1 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was performed just before and after Hajj (25–29 November, 2009). Nasal and throat swabs were tested for 18 respiratory virus types and subtypes. A total of 184 healthcare workers were examined. Most were men (85%) with an average age of 41 years. Before the Hajj, rates of seasonal influenza vaccination were higher (51%) than rates of pandemic influenza A H1N1 vaccination (22%). After the Hajj, participants reported high rates of maintaining hand hygiene (98%), cough etiquette (89%), and wearing a face mask (90%). Among all the viruses tested, only two were detected: rhinovirus was detected in 12.6% and Coronavirus 229E in 0.6%. Rhinovirus was detected in 21% of those who had respiratory symptoms during Hajj. Influenza A (including H1N1), influenza B. respiratory syncytial virus, other coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, and human bocavirus were not detected. The finding of high rates of rhinovirus infection corresponds to their frequent occurrence in adults. None of the participants had influenza A H1N1 2009, possibly because it was also infrequent among the 2009 pilgrims. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22197024/ doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2011.11.002 id: cord-001154-7k59ogn0 author: Memoli, Matthew J. title: The Natural History of Influenza Infection in the Severely Immunocompromised vs Nonimmunocompromised Hosts date: 2013-11-01 words: 3912.0 sentences: 200.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001154-7k59ogn0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001154-7k59ogn0.txt summary: Evaluation of viral shedding, nasal and serum cytokines, clinical illness, and clinical outcomes were performed to compare severely immunocompromised individuals to nonimmunocompromised individuals with influenza infection. Immunocompromised patients with influenza had more severe disease/complications, longer viral shedding, and more antiviral resistance while demonstrating less clinical symptoms and signs on clinical assessment. Careful examination of symptoms and signs of infection, virological measurements, immunological studies, and clinical parameters were performed to investigate the natural pathogenesis of influenza in this group of severely immunocompromised hosts. The comparison of these individuals with nonimmunocompromised individuals during influenza infection demonstrated that the immunocompromised patients are at risk of more severe or complicated disease, which may be difficult to prevent with current vaccines and treat with current antivirals. abstract: Introduction. Medical advances have led to an increase in the world's population of immunosuppressed individuals. The most severely immunocompromised patients are those who have been diagnosed with a hematologic malignancy, solid organ tumor, or who have other conditions that require immunosuppressive therapies and/or solid organ or stem cell transplants. Materials and methods. Medically attended patients with a positive clinical diagnosis of influenza were recruited prospectively and clinically evaluated. Nasal washes and serum were collected. Evaluation of viral shedding, nasal and serum cytokines, clinical illness, and clinical outcomes were performed to compare severely immunocompromised individuals to nonimmunocompromised individuals with influenza infection. Results. Immunocompromised patients with influenza had more severe disease/complications, longer viral shedding, and more antiviral resistance while demonstrating less clinical symptoms and signs on clinical assessment. Conclusions. Immunocompromised patients are at risk for more severe or complicated influenza induced disease, which may be difficult to prevent with existing vaccines and antiviral treatments. Specific issues to consider when managing a severely immunocompromised host include the development of asymptomatic shedding, multi-drug resistance during prolonged antiviral therapy, and the potential high risk of pulmonary involvement. Clinical trials registration, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00533182. url: https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-pdf/58/2/214/963674/cit725.pdf doi: 10.1093/cid/cit725 id: cord-289285-aof7xy13 author: Michaelis, Martin title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression date: 2011-05-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation (Stronger Neo-Minophafen C) were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lung epithelial (A549) cells. Therapeutic glycyrrhizin concentrations substantially inhibited H5N1-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory molecules CXCL10, interleukin 6, CCL2, and CCL5 (effective glycyrrhizin concentrations 25 to 50 µg/ml) but interfered with H5N1 replication and H5N1-induced apoptosis to a lesser extent (effective glycyrrhizin concentrations 100 µg/ml or higher). Glycyrrhizin also diminished monocyte migration towards supernatants of H5N1-infected A549 cells. The mechanism by which glycyrrhizin interferes with H5N1 replication and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression includes inhibition of H5N1-induced formation of reactive oxygen species and (in turn) reduced activation of NFκB, JNK, and p38, redox-sensitive signalling events known to be relevant for influenza A virus replication. Therefore, glycyrrhizin may complement the arsenal of potential drugs for the treatment of H5N1 disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21611183/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019705 id: cord-322082-80ym2rsq author: Monto, Arnold S title: Lessons From Influenza Pandemics of the Last 100 Years date: 2020-03-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Seasonal influenza is an annual occurrence, but it is the threat of pandemics that produces universal concern. Recurring reports of avian influenza viruses severely affecting humans have served as constant reminders of the potential for another pandemic. Review of features of the 1918 influenza pandemic and subsequent ones helps in identifying areas where attention in planning is critical. Key among such issues are likely risk groups and which interventions to employ. Past pandemics have repeatedly underscored, for example, the vulnerability of groups such as pregnant women and taught other lessons valuable for future preparedness. While a fundamental difficulty in planning for the next pandemic remains their unpredictability and infrequency, this uncertainty can be mitigated, in part, by optimizing the handling of the much more predictable occurrence of seasonal influenza. Improvements in antivirals and novel vaccine formulations are critical in lessening the impact of both pandemic and seasonal influenza. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31420670/ doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz803 id: cord-328979-xfze12ah author: Monto, Arnold S title: Data resource profile: Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study date: 2019-04-30 words: 3878.0 sentences: 226.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328979-xfze12ah.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328979-xfze12ah.txt summary: Collecting specimens within a short time from the onset of symptoms still maximizes the likelihood of accurate and timely identification of viruses associated with a respiratory illness for studies of transmission and vaccine effectiveness. While respiratory virus infections in general could be studied, the primary objective was to estimate the effectiveness of influenza vaccines using a cohort design for comparison with studies using the testnegative design (TND). With additional funding, we have expanded on these original aims by collecting blood specimens for studies of antibody-mediated Households 328 213 321 232 340 227 Participants 1441 943 1426 1049 1431 996 Influenza-positive individuals 125 32 111 50 202 38 Influenza-positive specimens 130 32 117 52 210 40 Strain A c 86 23 69 48 166 30 H1N1pdm09 27 1 3 47 0 28 H3N2 59 22 66 1 immunity, extending ARI surveillance year-round, and incorporating laboratory testing for other respiratory viruses. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31038700/ doi: 10.1093/ije/dyz086 id: cord-018089-m94q75xn author: Mubareka, Samira title: Influenza Virus: The Biology of a Changing Virus date: 2010-06-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Influenza viruses are members of the family Orthomyxoviridae and include influenza virus types A, B, and C. This introduction provides an overview of influenza virus classification, structure, and life cycle. We also include a brief review of the clinical manifestations of influenza and the molecular determinants for virulence. The genetic diversity of influenza A viruses and their capability to successfully infect an array of hosts, including avian and mammalian species, are highlighted in a discussion about host range and evolution. The importance of viral receptor-binding hemagglutinins and host sialic acid distribution in species-restricted binding of viruses is underscored. Finally, recent advances in our understanding of the seasonality and transmission of influenza viruses are described, and their importance for the control of the spread of these viruses is discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122879/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-0346-0279-2_1 id: cord-269324-zh1a3gwh author: Mubareka, Samira title: Human Genes and Influenza date: 2008-01-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1086/524067 doi: 10.1086/524067 id: cord-002852-m4l2l2r1 author: Munyua, Peninah M. title: Detection of influenza A virus in live bird markets in Kenya, 2009–2011 date: 2012-04-19 words: 3991.0 sentences: 240.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002852-m4l2l2r1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002852-m4l2l2r1.txt summary: authors: Munyua, Peninah M.; Githinji, Jane W.; Waiboci, Lilian W.; Njagi, Leonard M.; Arunga, Geoffrey; Mwasi, Lydia; Murithi Mbabu, R.; Macharia, Joseph M.; Breiman, Robert F.; Kariuki Njenga, M.; Katz, Mark A. Background Surveillance for influenza viruses within live bird markets (LBMs) has been recognized as an effective tool for detecting circulating avian influenza viruses (AIVs). Efforts should be made to promote practices that could limit the maintenance and transmission of AIVs in LBMs. Influenza A viruses are zoonotic pathogens that infect a variety of domestic poultry such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. 2, 4, 5 Surveillance for influenza viruses within live bird markets (LBMs) has been recognized as an effective tool for detecting circulating influenza subtypes in the poultry population. 7, 8 Influenza viruses have also been detected in various environmental specimens collected in contaminated areas in LBMs including drinking water troughs, and surfaces in the delivery, holding and slaughter areas in markets. abstract: Please cite this paper as: Munyua et al. (2013) Detection of influenza A virus in live bird markets in Kenya, 2009–2011. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(2), 113–119. Background Surveillance for influenza viruses within live bird markets (LBMs) has been recognized as an effective tool for detecting circulating avian influenza viruses (AIVs). In Sub‐Saharan Africa, limited data exist on AIVs in animal hosts, and in Kenya the presence of influenza virus in animal hosts has not been described. Objectives This surveillance project aimed to detect influenza A virus in poultry traded in five LBMs in Kenya. Methods We visited each market monthly and collected oropharyngeal and cloacal specimens from poultry and environmental specimens for virological testing for influenza A by real time RT‐PCR. On each visit, we collected information on the number and types of birds in each market, health status of the birds, and market practices. Results During March 24, 2009–February 28, 2011, we collected 5221 cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs. Of the 5199 (99·6%) specimens tested, influenza A virus was detected in 42 (0·8%), including 35/4166 (0·8%) specimens from chickens, 3/381 (0·8%) from turkeys, and 4/335 (1·2%) from geese. None of the 317 duck specimens were positive. Influenza was more commonly detected in oropharyngeal [33 (1·3%)] than in cloacal [9 (0·4%)] specimens. None of the 485 environmental specimens were positive. Virus was detected in all five markets during most (14/22) of the months. Ducks and geese were kept longer at the market (median 30 days) than chickens (median 2 days). Conclusions Influenza A was detected in a small percentage of poultry traded in LBMs in Kenya. Efforts should be made to promote practices that could limit the maintenance and transmission of AIVs in LBMs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5780755/ doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00365.x id: cord-285856-0sw3wt1i author: Naesens, Lieve title: Anti-influenza virus activity and structure–activity relationship of aglycoristocetin derivatives with cyclobutenedione carrying hydrophobic chains date: 2009-02-05 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that glycopeptide compounds carrying hydrophobic substituents can have favorable pharmacological (i.e. antibacterial and antiviral) properties. We here report on the in vitro anti-influenza virus activity of aglycoristocetin derivatives containing hydrophobic side chain-substituted cyclobutenedione. The lead compound 8e displayed an antivirally effective concentration of 0.4 μM, which was consistent amongst influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B viruses, and a selectivity index ≥50. Structural analogues derived from aglycovancomycin were found to be inactive. The hydrophobic side chain was shown to be an important determinant of activity. The narrow structure–activity relationship and broad activity against several human influenza viruses suggest a highly conserved interaction site, which is presumably related to the influenza virus entry process. Compound 8e proved to be inactive against several unrelated RNA and DNA viruses, except for varicella-zoster virus, against which a favorable activity was noted. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.01.003 doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.01.003 id: cord-289439-jrvl0ykn author: Nelson, Martha I. title: Fogarty International Center collaborative networks in infectious disease modeling: Lessons learnt in research and capacity building date: 2018-10-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Due to a combination of ecological, political, and demographic factors, the emergence of novel pathogens has been increasingly observed in animals and humans in recent decades. Enhancing global capacity to study and interpret infectious disease surveillance data, and to develop data-driven computational models to guide policy, represents one of the most cost-effective, and yet overlooked, ways to prepare for the next pandemic. Epidemiological and behavioral data from recent pandemics and historic scourges have provided rich opportunities for validation of computational models, while new sequencing technologies and the ‘big data’ revolution present new tools for studying the epidemiology of outbreaks in real time. For the past two decades, the Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies (DIEPS) of the NIH Fogarty International Center has spearheaded two synergistic programs to better understand and devise control strategies for global infectious disease threats. The Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study (MISMS) has strengthened global capacity to study the epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of influenza viruses in 80 countries by organizing international research activities and training workshops. The Research and Policy in Infectious Disease Dynamics (RAPIDD) program and its precursor activities has established a network of global experts in infectious disease modeling operating at the research-policy interface, with collaborators in 78 countries. These activities have provided evidence-based recommendations for disease control, including during large-scale outbreaks of pandemic influenza, Ebola and Zika virus. Together, these programs have coordinated international collaborative networks to advance the study of emerging disease threats and the field of computational epidemic modeling. A global community of researchers and policy-makers have used the tools and trainings developed by these programs to interpret infectious disease patterns in their countries, understand modeling concepts, and inform control policies. Here we reflect on the scientific achievements and lessons learnt from these programs (h-index = 106 for RAPIDD and 79 for MISMS), including the identification of outstanding researchers and fellows; funding flexibility for timely research workshops and working groups (particularly relative to more traditional investigator-based grant programs); emphasis on group activities such as large-scale modeling reviews, model comparisons, forecasting challenges and special journal issues; strong quality control with a light touch on outputs; and prominence of training, data-sharing, and joint publications. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2018.10.004 doi: 10.1016/j.epidem.2018.10.004 id: cord-304569-o39kl5k4 author: Nguyen-Van-Tam, Jonathan S title: From the Editor's desk date: 2015-04-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25824028/ doi: 10.1111/irv.12311 id: cord-269623-9pxdeva3 author: Nicholson, Karl G title: Influenza date: 2003-11-22 words: 9797.0 sentences: 506.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269623-9pxdeva3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269623-9pxdeva3.txt summary: The contrast between recent cases of H5N1 infection, associated with high mortality, and the typically mild, self-limiting nature of human infections with avian H7N7 and H9N2 influenza shows the gaps in our understanding of molecular correlates of pathogenicity and underlines the need for continuing international research into pandemic influenza. We gave priority to randomised controlled trials when available, to larger studies, articles published in high-impact journals that have a wide readership, and the systematic review and economic decision modelling, for the prevention and treatment of influenza, commissioned by the Health Technology Assessment Programme on behalf of the National Institute of Clinical Excellence. A meta-analysis of reports published before 2001 showed that vaccination reduces numbers of cases of influenza-like illness by 35%, hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza by 47%, and all-cause mortality by 50%. abstract: Although most influenza infections are self-limited, few other diseases exert such a huge toll of suffering and economic loss. Despite the importance of influenza, there had been, until recently, little advance in its control since amantadine was licensed almost 40 years ago. During the past decade, evidence has accrued on the protection afforded by inactivated vaccines and the safety and efficacy in children of live influenza-virus vaccines. There have been many new developments in vaccine technology. Moreover, work on viral neuraminidase has led to the licensing of potent selective antiviral drugs, and economic decision modelling provides further justification for annual vaccination and a framework for the use of neuraminidase inhibitors. Progress has also been made on developing near-patient testing for influenza that may assist individual diagnosis or the recognition of widespread virus circulation, and so optimise clinical management. Despite these advances, the occurrence of avian H5N1, H9N2, and H7N7 influenza in human beings and the rapid global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome are reminders of our vulnerability to an emerging pandemic. The contrast between recent cases of H5N1 infection, associated with high mortality, and the typically mild, self-limiting nature of human infections with avian H7N7 and H9N2 influenza shows the gaps in our understanding of molecular correlates of pathogenicity and underlines the need for continuing international research into pandemic influenza. Improvements in animal and human surveillance, new approaches to vaccination, and increasing use of vaccines and antiviral drugs to combat annual influenza outbreaks are essential to reduce the global toll of pandemic and interpandemic influenza. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673603148544 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14854-4 id: cord-003466-599x0euj author: Nickol, Michaela E. title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 date: 2019-02-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: In the spring of 1918, the “War to End All Wars”, which would ultimately claim more than 37 million lives, had entered into its final year and would change the global political and economic landscape forever. At the same time, a new global threat was emerging and would become one of the most devastating global health crises in recorded history. MAIN TEXT: The 1918 H1N1 pandemic virus spread across Europe, North America, and Asia over a 12-month period resulting in an estimated 500 million infections and 50–100 million deaths worldwide, of which ~ 50% of these occurred within the fall of 1918 (Emerg Infect Dis 12:15-22, 2006, Bull Hist Med 76:105-115, 2002). However, the molecular factors that contributed to the emergence of, and subsequent public health catastrophe associated with, the 1918 pandemic virus remained largely unknown until 2005, when the characterization of the reconstructed pandemic virus was announced heralding a new era of advanced molecular investigations (Science 310:77-80, 2005). In the century following the emergence of the 1918 pandemic virus we have landed on the Moon, developed the electronic computer (and a global internet), and have eradicated smallpox. In contrast, we have a largely remedial knowledge and understanding of one of the greatest scourges in recorded history. CONCLUSION: Here, we reflect on the 1918 influenza pandemic, including its emergence and subsequent rapid global spread. In addition, we discuss the pathophysiology associated with the 1918 virus and its predilection for the young and healthy, the rise of influenza therapeutic research following the pandemic, and, finally, our level of preparedness for future pandemics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6364422/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3750-8 id: cord-002407-25cawzi0 author: Nogales, Aitor title: Reverse Genetics Approaches for the Development of Influenza Vaccines date: 2016-12-22 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Influenza viruses cause annual seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics of human respiratory disease. Influenza virus infections represent a serious public health and economic problem, which are most effectively prevented through vaccination. However, influenza viruses undergo continual antigenic variation, which requires either the annual reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines or the rapid generation of vaccines against potential pandemic virus strains. The segmented nature of influenza virus allows for the reassortment between two or more viruses within a co-infected cell, and this characteristic has also been harnessed in the laboratory to generate reassortant viruses for their use as either inactivated or live-attenuated influenza vaccines. With the implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics techniques, it is now possible to engineer recombinant influenza viruses entirely from full-length complementary DNA copies of the viral genome by transfection of susceptible cells. These reverse genetics systems have provided investigators with novel and powerful approaches to answer important questions about the biology of influenza viruses, including the function of viral proteins, their interaction with cellular host factors and the mechanisms of influenza virus transmission and pathogenesis. In addition, reverse genetics techniques have allowed the generation of recombinant influenza viruses, providing a powerful technology to develop both inactivated and live-attenuated influenza vaccines. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of state-of-the-art, plasmid-based, influenza reverse genetics approaches and their implementation to provide rapid, convenient, safe and more effective influenza inactivated or live-attenuated vaccines. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5297655/ doi: 10.3390/ijms18010020 id: cord-309381-cb80ntxs author: Nogales, Aitor title: Host Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Modulating Influenza A Virus Disease in Humans date: 2019-09-30 words: 10222.0 sentences: 590.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309381-cb80ntxs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309381-cb80ntxs.txt summary: IAV RNAs are mainly recognized by the endosomal, membrane-associated PRR Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3 (double-stranded RNAs, dsRNAs) or 7/8 (ssRNAs), respectively [50, 51] , by the cytoplasmic PRR retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), which detects dsRNA and 5 -triphosphates of the negative ssRNA viral genome [50, 52] , generated during replication of multiple viruses, by the NOD-like receptor family member NOD-, LRR-and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), which recognizes various stimuli (see below) [53] and by the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) protein, recognizing not well-characterized influenza stimuli [54] . Another important SNP (rs34481144) associated with risk of severe influenza in humans from the United States (US) infected with seasonal IAVs is located in the 5 -UTR of the IFITM3 gene [123, 124] . abstract: A large number of human genes associated with viral infections contain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which represent a genetic variation caused by the change of a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence. SNPs are located in coding or non-coding genomic regions and can affect gene expression or protein function by different mechanisms. Furthermore, they have been linked to multiple human diseases, highlighting their medical relevance. Therefore, the identification and analysis of this kind of polymorphisms in the human genome has gained high importance in the research community, and an increasing number of studies have been published during the last years. As a consequence of this exhaustive exploration, an association between the presence of some specific SNPs and the susceptibility or severity of many infectious diseases in some risk population groups has been found. In this review, we discuss the relevance of SNPs that are important to understand the pathology derived from influenza A virus (IAV) infections in humans and the susceptibility of some individuals to suffer more severe symptoms. We also discuss the importance of SNPs for IAV vaccine effectiveness. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040168 doi: 10.3390/pathogens8040168 id: cord-299364-t549rf3o author: Noh, Ji Yun title: Clinical performance of the Sofia™ Influenza A+B FIA in adult patients with influenza-like illness date: 2015-10-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract The Sofia™ Influenza A+B FIA demonstrated 74.0% sensitivity and 95.4% specificity for influenza A in patients with influenza-like illness in 2012–2013 season. It yielded higher sensitivity than SD Bioline Influenza Ag A/B/A(H1N1/2009) (54.1%) for influenza A (P <0.01). The Sofia™ Influenza A+B FIA might be useful for rapid diagnosis of influenza. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26184128/ doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.05.016 id: cord-292709-4hn55wui author: Nor, Mohd Basri Mat title: Pneumonia in the tropics: Report from the Task Force on tropical diseases by the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine date: 2017-12-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract The aetiology of community acquired pneumonia varies according to the region in which it is acquired. This review discusses those causes of CAP that occur in the tropics and might not be readily recognizable when transplanted to other sites. Various forms of pneumonia including the viral causes such as influenza (seasonal and avian varieties), the coronaviruses and the Hantavirus as well as bacterial causes, specifically the pneumonic form of Yersinia pestis and melioidosis are discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29129538/ doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.004 id: cord-030279-pv770doe author: Novossiolova, Tatyana title: Twenty-first Century Governance Challenges in the Life Sciences date: 2016-11-29 words: 15222.0 sentences: 743.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-030279-pv770doe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-030279-pv770doe.txt summary: From ''dual-use life science research of concern'' through the rise of amateur biology to the advent of personalised medicine, the chapter exposes the limitations of the existing governance mechanisms in accommodating the multifaceted ethical, social, security, and legal concerns arising from cutting-edge scientific and technological developments. Indeed, rapid advances in the field have produced a knowledge base and set of tools and techniques that enable biological processes to be understood, manipulated and controlled to an extent never possible before 5 ; they have found various applications in numerous spheres of life, generating enormous benefits and offering bright prospects for human betterment; and they have come to be regarded as a key driver of economic development with potential to close the gap between resource-rich and resource-poor countries. abstract: The chapter explores the rapid advancement of biotechnology over the past few decades, outlining an array of factors that drive innovation and, at the same time, raise concerns about the extent to which the scope and pace of novel life science developments can be adequately governed. From ‘dual-use life science research of concern’ through the rise of amateur biology to the advent of personalised medicine, the chapter exposes the limitations of the existing governance mechanisms in accommodating the multifaceted ethical, social, security, and legal concerns arising from cutting-edge scientific and technological developments. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7416832/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-51004-0_4 id: cord-002136-mkl89qkt author: Nunes, Sandro F. title: An ex vivo swine tracheal organ culture for the study of influenza infection date: 2009-12-09 words: 4719.0 sentences: 241.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002136-mkl89qkt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002136-mkl89qkt.txt summary: Objectives We aimed to develop an air interface EVOC using pig tracheas in the study of influenza infection demonstrating that tracheal explants can be effectively maintained in organ culture and support productive influenza infection. 1, 3 Influenza infection in humans and pigs is primarily restricted to the upper and lower respiratory tract with viral replication occurring in the epithelial cells present on the surface of the respiratory mucosa. Ex vivo organ cultures (EVOC) of tracheal explants with an air interface system have been successfully developed and used in the study of both human and animal respiratory pathogens. To determine if the swine tracheal explants supported productive viral replication, explants were infected with 2AE5 · 10 2 pfu of swine influenza virus and maintained in organ culture for 5 days. Cultures of equine respiratory epithelial cells and organ explants as tools for the study of equine influenza virus infection abstract: Background The threat posed by swine influenza viruses with potential to transmit from pig populations to other hosts, including humans, requires the development of new experimental systems to study different aspects of influenza infection. Ex vivo organ culture (EVOC) systems have been successfully used in the study of both human and animal respiratory pathogens. Objectives We aimed to develop an air interface EVOC using pig tracheas in the study of influenza infection demonstrating that tracheal explants can be effectively maintained in organ culture and support productive influenza infection. Methods Tracheal explants were maintained in the air interface EVOC system for 7 days. Histological characteristics were analysed with different staining protocols and co‐ordinated ciliary movement on the epithelial surface was evaluated through a bead clearance assay. Explants were infected with a swine H1N1 influenza virus. Influenza infection of epithelial cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and viral replication was quantified by plaque assays and real‐time RT‐PCR. Results Histological analysis and bead clearance assay showed that the tissue architecture of the explants was maintained for up to 7 days, while ciliary movement exhibited a gradual decrease after 4 days. Challenge with swine H1N1 influenza virus showed that the EVOC tracheal system shows histological changes consistent with in vivo influenza infection and supported productive viral replication over multiple cycles of infection. Conclusion The air interface EVOC system using pig trachea described here constitutes a useful biological tool with a wide range of applications in the study of influenza infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4941949/ doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00119.x id: cord-263464-fdosch11 author: Nuvey, Francis Sena title: Evaluation of the sentinel surveillance system for influenza-like illnesses in the Greater Accra region, Ghana, 2018 date: 2019-03-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza-like Illness (ILI) is a medical diagnosis of possible influenza or another respiratory illness with a common set of symptoms. The deaths of four schoolchildren, during a pandemic influenza outbreak in December 2017 in Ghana, raised doubts about the ILI surveillance system’s performance. We evaluated the ILI surveillance system in the Greater Accra region, Ghana, to assess the system’s attributes and its performance on set objectives. METHODS: CDC guidelines were used to evaluate the data of the ILI surveillance system between 2013 and 2017. We interviewed the surveillance personnel on the system’s description and operation. Additionally, routinely entered ILI data from the National Influenza Center provided by the six sentinel sites in Accra was extracted. We sampled and reviewed 120 ILI case-investigation forms from these sites. Surveillance activities were examined on system’s performance indicators, each being scored on a scale of 1 to 3 (poorest to best performance). RESULTS: All population and age groups were under ILI surveillance over the period evaluated. Overall, 2948 suspected case-patients, including 392 (13.3%) children under-five were reported, with 219 being positive for influenza virus (Predictive value positive = 7.4%). The predominant influenza subtype was H3N2, recorded in 90 (41.1%) of positive case-patients. The system only met two out of its four objectives. None of the six sentinel sites consistently met their annual 260 suspected case-detection quota. Samples reached the laboratory on average 48 hours after collection and results were disseminated within 7 days. Of 120 case-investigation forms sampled, 91 (76.3%) were completely filled in. CONCLUSIONS: The ILI surveillance system in the Greater Accra region is only partially meeting its objectives. While it is found to be sensitive, representative and timely, the data quality was sub-optimal. We recommend the determination of thresholds for alert and outbreak detection and ensuring that sentinel sites meet their weekly case-detection targets. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213627 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213627 id: cord-000390-qav5okgk author: Omer, Saad B. title: Maternal Influenza Immunization and Reduced Likelihood of Prematurity and Small for Gestational Age Births: A Retrospective Cohort Study date: 2011-05-31 words: 5695.0 sentences: 235.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000390-qav5okgk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000390-qav5okgk.txt summary: Therefore, as our primary strategy for confounder adjustment, we identified a group of covariates that would move the odds ratios (ORs) of association between maternal influenza immunization and birth outcomes during the pre-influenza period to 1.0 (i.e., no effect), hence arriving at a set of covariates that could effectively control for confounding due to the differences between the vaccinated and the unvaccinated women in analyses of all influenza activity periods. The most significant type of confounding in influenza studies is due to a higher likelihood of individuals with high functional capacity (i.e., healthier The primary adjusted models were based on the approach of identifying covariates that produce adjusted ORs of 1 during the pre-influenza period and included the following covariates: gestational age for first antenatal visit, maternal diabetes (gestational and/or non-gestational), multivitamin use in pregnancy, history of alcohol use during pregnancy, education less than 12th grade, and mother married. abstract: BACKGROUND: Infections during pregnancy have the potential to adversely impact birth outcomes. We evaluated the association between receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine during pregnancy and prematurity and small for gestational age (SGA) births. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a cohort analysis of surveillance data from the Georgia (United States) Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Among 4,326 live births between 1 June 2004 and 30 September 2006, maternal influenza vaccine information was available for 4,168 (96.3%). The primary intervention evaluated in this study was receipt of influenza vaccine during any trimester of pregnancy. The main outcome measures were prematurity (gestational age at birth <37 wk) and SGA (birth weight <10th percentile for gestational age). Infants who were born during the putative influenza season (1 October–31 May) and whose mothers were vaccinated against influenza during pregnancy were less likely to be premature compared to infants of unvaccinated mothers born in the same period (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38–0.94). The magnitude of association between maternal influenza vaccine receipt and reduced likelihood of prematurity increased during the period of at least local influenza activity (adjusted OR = 0.44; 95% CI, 0.26–0.73) and was greatest during the widespread influenza activity period (adjusted OR = 0.28; 95% CI, 0.11–0.74). Compared with newborns of unvaccinated women, newborns of vaccinated mothers had 69% lower odds of being SGA (adjusted OR = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.13–0.75) during the period of widespread influenza activity. The adjusted and unadjusted ORs were not significant for the pre-influenza activity period. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates an association between immunization with the inactivated influenza vaccine during pregnancy and reduced likelihood of prematurity during local, regional, and widespread influenza activity periods. However, no associations were found for the pre-influenza activity period. Moreover, during the period of widespread influenza activity there was an association between maternal receipt of influenza vaccine and reduced likelihood of SGA birth. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3104979/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000441 id: cord-307918-8y89p11a author: Onyango, Clayton O. title: Influenza Surveillance Among Children With Pneumonia Admitted to a District Hospital in Coastal Kenya, 2007–2010 date: 2012-12-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background. Influenza data gaps in sub-Saharan Africa include incidence, case fatality, seasonal patterns, and associations with prevalent disorders. Methods. Nasopharyngeal samples from children aged <12 years who were admitted to Kilifi District Hospital during 2007–2010 with severe or very severe pneumonia and resided in the local demographic surveillance system were screened for influenza A, B, and C viruses by molecular methods. Outpatient children provided comparative data. Results. Of 2002 admissions, influenza A virus infection was diagnosed in 3.5% (71), influenza B virus infection, in 0.9% (19); and influenza C virus infection, in 0.8% (11 of 1404 tested). Four patients with influenza died. Among outpatients, 13 of 331 (3.9%) with acute respiratory infection and 1 of 196 without acute respiratory infection were influenza positive. The annual incidence of severe or very severe pneumonia, of influenza (any type), and of influenza A, was 1321, 60, and 43 cases per 100 000 <5 years of age, respectively. Peak occurrence was in quarters 3–4 each year, and approximately 50% of cases involved infants: temporal association with bacteremia was absent. Hypoxia was more frequent among pneumonia cases involving influenza (odds ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.96). Influenza A virus subtypes were seasonal H3N2 (57%), seasonal H1N1 (12%), and 2009 pandemic H1N1 (7%). Conclusions. The burden of influenza was small during 2007–2010 in this pediatric hospital in Kenya. Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 predominated, and 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 had little impact. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis536 doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis536 id: cord-277217-jh4qmoso author: Ortiz, Justin R. title: Clinical care for severe influenza and other severe illness in resource‐limited settings: the need for evidence and guidelines date: 2013-08-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic highlighted the importance of quality hospital care of the severely ill, yet there is evidence that the impact of the 2009 pandemic was highest in low‐ and middle‐income countries with fewer resources. Recent data indicate that death and suffering from seasonal influenza and severe illness in general are increased in resource‐limited settings. However, there are limited clinical data and guidelines for the management of influenza and other severe illness in these settings. Life‐saving supportive care through syndromic case management is used successfully in high‐resource intensive care units and in global programs such as the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). While there are a variety of challenges to the management of the severely ill in resource‐limited settings, several new international initiatives have begun to develop syndromic management strategies for these environments, including the World Health Organization's Integrated Management of Adult and Adolescent Illness Program. These standardized clinical guidelines emphasize syndromic case management and do not require high‐resource intensive care units. These efforts must be enhanced by quality clinical research to provide missing evidence and to refine recommendations, which must be carefully integrated into existing healthcare systems. Realizing a sustainable, global impact on death and suffering due to severe influenza and other severe illness necessitates an ongoing and concerted international effort to iteratively generate, implement, and evaluate best‐practice management guidelines for use in resource‐limited settings. url: http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5909399?pdf=render doi: 10.1111/irv.12086 id: cord-356188-rwf78stz author: Oshansky, Christine M. title: The human side of influenza date: 2012-07-01 words: 9515.0 sentences: 486.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-356188-rwf78stz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-356188-rwf78stz.txt summary: Few studies have examined the role of monocytes during influenza infection in humans, particularly regarding the specific subsets mentioned above, but comparison of IFN-␥ production from T cells cocultured with CD64 ϩ CD16 Ϫ and CD64 Ϫ CD16 ϩ monocytes [119, 120] Cellular immunity Class I HLA presents peptides from internal and external viral proteins. As influenza primarily infects epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract, lung-resident DCs and macrophages are particularly important for efficient development of an adaptive immune response. [189] ), and in vitro studies suggest that activated human V␥9V␦2 T cells may have a role in the antiviral response by killing influenza-infected, monocyte-derived macrophages and producing high levels of IFN-␥ [190, 191] . Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection Characterization of the human CD8ϩ T cell response following infection with 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus abstract: A clear understanding of immunity in individuals infected with influenza virus is critical for the design of effective vaccination and treatment strategies. Whereas myriad studies have teased apart innate and adaptive immune responses to influenza infection in murine models, much less is known about human immunity as a result of the ethical and technical constraints of human research. Still, these murine studies have provided important insights into the critical correlates of protection and pathogenicity in human infection and helped direct the human studies that have been conducted. Here, we examine and review the current literature on immunity in humans infected with influenza virus, noting evidence offered by select murine studies and suggesting directions in which future research is most warranted. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22362872/ doi: 10.1189/jlb.1011506 id: cord-018811-zhwr3h07 author: Oxford, John title: Influenza Vaccines Have a Short but Illustrious History of Dedicated Science Enabling the Rapid Global Production of A/Swine (H1N1) Vaccine in the Current Pandemic date: 2010-06-18 words: 13247.0 sentences: 618.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018811-zhwr3h07.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018811-zhwr3h07.txt summary: The international investment into public health measures for a global human outbreak of avian H5N1 influenza together with a focus of swine influenza H1N1 is leading to enhanced production of conventional vaccine and to a new research searchlight on T-cell epitope vaccines, viral live-attenuated carriers of influenza proteins, and even more innovative substrates to cultivate virus, including plant cells. This was particularly well demonstrated by studies during the swine influenza campaign in the USA in 1976, when many observers reported results, which ultimately led to the recommended use in children of two doses of split-type rather than whole-virus vaccines. It has been known for many years that the serological response to inactivated vaccine depends on the previous experience of the recipient to infection by viruses of the same subtype of influenza A virus as that present in the vaccine. Comparison of inactivated vaccine A/HongKong/68 (H3N2) given intranasally or subcutaneously showed that following challenge with live virus only those who had developed a serum antibody response after vaccine by either route resisted infection. abstract: Vaccines for the swine flu pandemic of 2009 have been produced in an exquisitely short time frame. This speed of production comes because of 50 years of hard work by virologists worldwide in pharma groups, research laboratories, and government licensing units. The present chapter presents the background framework of influenza vaccine production and its evolution over 50 years. Isolation of the causative virus of influenza in 1933, followed by the discovery of embryonated hen eggs as a substrate, quickly led to the formulation of vaccines. Virus-containing allantoic fluid was inactivated with formalin. The phenomenon of antigenic drift of the virus HA was soon recognized and as WHO began to coordinate the world influenza surveillance, it became easier for manufacturers to select an up-to-date virus. Influenza vaccines remain unique in that the virus strain composition is reviewed yearly, but modern attempts are being made to free manufacturers from this yolk by investigating internal virus proteins including M2e and NP as “universal” vaccines covering all virus subtypes. Recent technical innovations have been the use of Vero and MDCK cells as the virus cell substrate, the testing of two new adjuvants, and the exploration of new presentations to the nose or epidermal layers as DNA or antigen mixtures. The international investment into public health measures for a global human outbreak of avian H5N1 influenza together with a focus of swine influenza H1N1 is leading to enhanced production of conventional vaccine and to a new research searchlight on T-cell epitope vaccines, viral live-attenuated carriers of influenza proteins, and even more innovative substrates to cultivate virus, including plant cells. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123788/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-0346-0279-2_6 id: cord-329653-5nkrrqqw author: Patrick, Jennifer R. title: Influenza: Critique of the contemporary challenges for pandemic planning, prevention, control, and treatment in emergency health services date: 2011-04-08 words: 4481.0 sentences: 299.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329653-5nkrrqqw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329653-5nkrrqqw.txt summary: In 2004, after the SARS experience, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified the essential and desirable features of pandemic plans, which included: (i) preparation for surveillance; (ii) investigation of cases; (iii) treatment modalities; (iv) prevention of community spread; (v) maintenance of essential services; (vi) research and evaluation, and implementation; and (vii) testing and revision of the plan. These included calling for streamlined decision making processes, flexible response according to disease severity and local resources, improved communications, public health education, a national surveillance framework, clarification of quarantine, border control, and emergency legislation, and involvement of primary care providers in planning. Public health challenges include developing means of increasing acceptance of influenza vaccination by both the general public and healthcare workers, provision of targeted education for the indigenous population and other at-risk groups, improving public knowledge of social distancing and personal hygiene measures in the prevention of transmission, and improving dissemination of information during a pandemic, especially via the media. abstract: The 2009 H(1)N(1) influenza pandemic was a major challenge to health services around the world. Previous experiences with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Avian Influenza A (H5N1) prompted initiation of formal pandemic planning. Essential and desirable features of pandemic plans include preparation for surveillance, investigation of cases, treatment modalities, prevention of community spread, maintenance of essential services, research and evaluation, and implementation, testing and revision of the plan. The experience of 2009 H(1)N(1) influenza pandemic for emergency departments and their staff was problematic. The pace of the pandemic, coupled with untested pandemic plans, presented a unique range of challenges. In this paper, the contemporary challenges with respect to pandemic influenza prevention, control, and treatment are examined. The lessons learned are critical to our response to future pandemics, which are inevitable. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aenj.2011.03.001 doi: 10.1016/j.aenj.2011.03.001 id: cord-296998-ep46lzeo author: Pawelec, Graham title: Recent advances in influenza vaccines date: 2020-04-28 words: 3690.0 sentences: 170.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296998-ep46lzeo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296998-ep46lzeo.txt summary: Seasonal influenza remains a major public health problem, responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths every year, mostly of elderly people. These include viral variability and hence the requirement to match strains by estimating which will become prevalent each season, problems associated with vaccine and adjuvant production, and the route of administration as well as the perceived lower vaccine efficiency in older adults. Efforts to improve the effectiveness of influenza vaccines include developing universal vaccines independent of the circulating strains in any particular season and stimulating cellular as well as humoral responses, especially in the elderly. In this way, intranasally administered vaccine resulted in protection against multiple strains of influenza in mice and ferrets, associated with both humoral and cellular responses 36 . Effect of latent cytomegalovirus infection on the antibody response to influenza vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis abstract: Seasonal influenza remains a major public health problem, responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths every year, mostly of elderly people. Despite the wide availability of vaccines, there are multiple problems decreasing the effectiveness of vaccination programs. These include viral variability and hence the requirement to match strains by estimating which will become prevalent each season, problems associated with vaccine and adjuvant production, and the route of administration as well as the perceived lower vaccine efficiency in older adults. Clinical protection is still suboptimal for all of these reasons, and vaccine uptake remains too low in most countries. Efforts to improve the effectiveness of influenza vaccines include developing universal vaccines independent of the circulating strains in any particular season and stimulating cellular as well as humoral responses, especially in the elderly. This commentary assesses progress over the last 3 years towards achieving these aims. Since the beginning of 2020, an unprecedented international academic and industrial effort to develop effective vaccines against the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has diverted attention away from influenza, but many of the lessons learned for the one will synergize with the other to mutual advantage. And, unlike the SARS-1 epidemic and, we hope, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, influenza will not be eliminated and thus efforts to improve influenza vaccines will remain of crucial importance. url: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22611.1 doi: 10.12688/f1000research.22611.1 id: cord-336465-qrok21qo author: Perez, Luis E. title: Evaluation of the specificity and sensitivity of a potential rapid influenza screening system date: 2013-01-31 words: 3464.0 sentences: 161.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336465-qrok21qo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336465-qrok21qo.txt summary: The evaluation of specificity and sensitivity was conducted on stored nasal swab samples collected from emergency department patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms at a large military academic hospital and on de-identified nasal swabs and isolated RNA from a local epidemiology laboratory. Fourteen of the 20 ED samples, plus the 3 samples from the epidemiology laboratory with no virus detected, and the 5 Streptococcus pyogenes bacterial samples were used as the 22 negative controls for both the influenza A and influenza B calculations (see Table 1 A total of 3 false-positive (positive by the Lucigen system but negative by the gold standard Luminex RVP assay) influenza A and 6 false-positive influenza B results were observed with the PyroScript influenza tests. The novel influenza A H1(sw)N1 RNA sample not detected by this microarray technique was also reevaluated by the Luminex RVP assay, and no viral etiology could be identified. abstract: Abstract Influenza remains a serious worldwide health threat with numerous deaths attributed to influenza-related complications. It is likely that transmission of influenza and both the morbidity and mortality of influenza could be reduced if inexpensive but reliable influenza screening assays were more available to the general public or local medical treatment facilities. This report provides the initial evaluation of a pilot system designed by Lucigen Corp. (Middleton, WI, USA) as a potential rapid near point-of-care screening system for influenza A and influenza B. The evaluation of specificity and sensitivity was conducted on stored nasal swab samples collected from emergency department patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms at a large military academic hospital and on de-identified nasal swabs and isolated RNA from a local epidemiology laboratory. The gold standard for assessment of specificity and sensitivity was the Luminex® Respiratory Viral Panel. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0732889312003835 doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.09.005 id: cord-000244-wrru98zg author: Pfeil, Alena title: A cross-sectional survey to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination among European travellers to resource-limited destinations date: 2010-07-07 words: 1743.0 sentences: 113.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000244-wrru98zg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000244-wrru98zg.txt summary: title: A cross-sectional survey to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination among European travellers to resource-limited destinations By performing two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys during winter 2009 and winter 2010 among European travellers to resource-limited destinations, we aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Risk perception and vaccination coverage concerning seasonal and pandemic influenza was very poor among travellers to resource-limited destinations when compared to traditional at-risk groups. Questions included demographic data (gender, age, nationality, education, profession), travel-related characteristics (destination country, duration of stay, influenza risk perception, previous travel health advice, travel purpose, travel costs) and general attitudes and practices towards influenza vaccination (vaccination coverage, reasons to be vaccinated, reasons to refuse vaccination, motivations to consider vaccination with options for multiple answers except for the vaccination coverage). Risk perception and vaccination coverage regarding seasonal and pandemic influenza was very poor among European travellers to resource-limited destinations abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza is one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases in travellers. By performing two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys during winter 2009 and winter 2010 among European travellers to resource-limited destinations, we aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination. METHODS: Questionnaires were distributed in the waiting room to the visitors of the University of Zurich Centre for Travel' Health (CTH) in January and February 2009 and January 2010 prior to travel health counselling (CTH09 and CTH10). Questions included demographic data, travel-related characteristics and KAP regarding influenza vaccination. Data were analysed by using SPSS(® )version 14.0 for Windows. Differences in proportions were compared using the Chi-square test and the significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Predictors for seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccination were determined by multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: With a response rate of 96.6%, 906 individuals were enrolled and 868 (92.5%) provided complete data. Seasonal influenza vaccination coverage was 13.7% (n = 119). Only 43 (14.2%) participants were vaccinated against pandemic influenza A/H1N1, mostly having received both vaccines simultaneously, the seasonal and pandemic one. Job-related purposes (44, 37%), age > 64 yrs (25, 21%) and recommendations of the family physician (27, 22.7%) were the most often reported reasons for being vaccinated. In the multiple logistic regression analyses of the pooled data increasing age (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 - 1.04), a business trip (OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.17 - 0.92) and seasonal influenza vaccination in the previous winter seasons (OR = 12.91, 95% CI 8.09 - 20.58) were independent predictors for seasonal influenza vaccination in 2009 or 2010. Influenza vaccination recommended by the family doctor (327, 37.7%), travel to regions with known high risk of influenza (305, 35.1%), and influenza vaccination required for job purposes (233, 26.8%) were most frequently mentioned to consider influenza vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Risk perception and vaccination coverage concerning seasonal and pandemic influenza was very poor among travellers to resource-limited destinations when compared to traditional at-risk groups. Previous access to influenza vaccination substantially facilitated vaccinations in the subsequent year. Information strategies about influenza should be intensified and include health professionals, e.g. family physicians, travel medicine practitioners and business enterprises. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2912811/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-402 id: cord-013073-siy7dvlo author: Pfäfflin, Albrecht title: Influenza virus-flow from insects to humans as causative for influenza seasonality date: 2020-10-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Virus biomass outweighs human biomass, and insects biomass outweighs human biomass. Insects are regularly habited by viruses as well as humans, humans are further inhabited via insects. A model of viral flow is described and specified to explain influenza virus seasonality, which, in temperate climate, usually evolves when insects have mostly disappeared. With this hypothesis a coherent description of regular seasonal influenza and other seasonal respiratory virus infections in temperate climates is possible. The incidence of influenza under different circumstances e.g. temperature, humidity, or tropical conditions and different aspects like synchronicity of infections or in respect to evolutionary conditions do sustain this hypothesis if the behaviour of insects is considered. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7545380/ doi: 10.1186/s13062-020-00272-5 id: cord-023859-3v9cmok0 author: Pinsky, Benjamin A. title: Influenza A (H1N1) date: 2011-03-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In the summer of 2009 a 12-year-old boy with a history of multiply relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia now in his fourth remission on an individualized chemotherapy protocol, presented to his local hospital’s emergency room with a two day history of fever to 102.5°C (39.2°C) and upper respiratory symptoms including cough, sore throat, and runny nose. His mother developed similar symptoms approximately one week ago. In addition, he complained of abdominal pain with persistent diarrhea and one episode of emesis. The patient had a history of obstructive lung disease of uncertain etiology for which he used an albuterol inhaler on an “as needed” basis. Since the onset of this acute illness he had been using his inhaler every four hours. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7176205/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-19677-5_36 id: cord-016475-7ldxvbpz author: Pleschka, Stephan title: Anti-viral approaches against influenza viruses date: 2006 words: 17084.0 sentences: 860.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016475-7ldxvbpz.txt summary: After influenza virus infection antibodies directed against all major viral proteins can be detected in humans and the level of serum antibodies correlate with resistance to disease (Couch, 2003; Couch and Kasel, 1983; Coulter et al., 2003; Nichol et al., 1998; Potter and Oxford, 1979) . Nevertheless, IKK and NFκB might not only have anti-viral functions as two recent studies demonstrate that influenza viruses replicate much better in cells where NFκB is pre-activated (Nimmerjahn et al., 2004; Wurzer et al., 2004) . Apoptosis is mainly regarded to be a host cell defense against virus viruses (reviewed in: Julkunen et al., 2000; Ludwig et al., 2003; infections since many viruses express anti-apoptotic proteins to prevent this cellular response. Influenza virus-induced NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression is mediated by overexpression of viral proteins and involves oxidative radicals and activation of IkappaB kinase abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120762/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-31047-3_5 id: cord-015764-ly68q5z0 author: Poissy, J. title: La modulation de la signature transcriptomique de l’hôte infecté : une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique dans les viroses graves ? Exemple de la grippe date: 2016-04-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: During the last decades, emergence and reemergence of viruses were responsible for epidemic and pandemic infectious diseases, with variable degrees of severity. Current preventive strategies are not sufficient at all, and available therapeutic drugs are very limited. Indeed, genetic variations of viruses can impair the efficacy of antiviral compounds by the apparition of resistance. Moreover, current delay needed for de novo development of drugs does not allow a rapid response in case of important epidemic or pandemic events. In this context, new therapeutic approaches are necessary. An innovative concept is to repurpose already marketed compounds that can reverse the host cellular transcriptomic response to the infection. By targeting the host, these molecules exhibit a broad-spectrum activity and are potentially effective even against new emergent strains. This strategy implements the characterization of specific host gene expression profiles, the in silico screening of drugs, and their validation in in vitro and in vivo models, until their evaluation in clinical trials. Here, we will present this approach, with the example of the flu. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117810/ doi: 10.1007/s13546-016-1188-1 id: cord-266204-ipa017wz author: Poland, G. A. title: Personalized vaccinology: A review date: 2018-08-28 words: 7232.0 sentences: 331.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266204-ipa017wz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266204-ipa017wz.txt summary: This has advanced the science beyond that of reductionist scientific approaches by revealing novel interactions between and within the immune system and other biological systems (beyond transcriptional level), which are critical to developing "downstream" adaptive humoral and cellular responses to infectious pathogens and vaccines. A decade ago, we described the idea of vaccinomics and adversomics, based on the immune response network theory [5, 6] , which utilizes immunogenetics/imunogenomics and systems biology approaches to understand the basis for inter-individual variations in vaccineinduced immune responses in humans, as well as the basis for adverse side effects from vaccines [7] . Published data reveal that innate and adaptive immunity is decreased with age, but the systems-level mechanisms for these findings are unclear [66, 68] , particularly in regard to influenza and other viral vaccine responses where the morbidity, mortality, and associated healthcare costs are greater in older individuals [11] . abstract: Abstract At the current time, the field of vaccinology remains empirical in many respects. Vaccine development, vaccine immunogenicity, and vaccine efficacy have, for the most part, historically been driven by an empiric “isolate-inactivate-inject” paradigm. In turn, a population-level public health paradigm of “the same dose for everyone for every disease” model has been the normative thinking in regard to prevention of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. In addition, up until recently, no vaccines had been designed specifically to overcome the immunosenescence of aging, consistent with a post-WWII mentality of developing vaccines and vaccine programs for children. It is now recognized that the current lack of knowledge concerning how immune responses to vaccines are generated is a critical barrier to understanding poor vaccine responses in the elderly and in immunoimmaturity, discovery of new correlates of vaccine immunogenicity (vaccine response biomarkers), and a directed approach to new vaccine development. The new fields of vaccinomics and adversomics provide models that permit global profiling of the innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses integrated at a systems biology level. This has advanced the science beyond that of reductionist scientific approaches by revealing novel interactions between and within the immune system and other biological systems (beyond transcriptional level), which are critical to developing “downstream” adaptive humoral and cellular responses to infectious pathogens and vaccines. Others have applied systems level approaches to the study of antibody responses (a.k.a. “systems serology”), [1] high-dimensional cell subset immunophenotyping through CyTOF, [2,3] and vaccine induced metabolic changes [4]. In turn, this knowledge is being utilized to better understand the following: identifying who is at risk for which infections; the level of risk that exists regarding poor immunogenicity and/or serious adverse events; and the type or dose of vaccine needed to fully protect an individual. In toto, such approaches allow for a personalized approach to the practice of vaccinology, analogous to the substantial inroads that individualized medicine is playing in other fields of human health and medicine. Herein we briefly review the field of vaccinomics, adversomics, and personalized vaccinology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28774561/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.062 id: cord-271172-y48dovux author: Potter, Christopher William title: Chapter 25 Respiratory tract viruses date: 1998-12-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Summary Respiratory tract infections are among the commonest of illnesses, and most individuals will experience two to five infections during each year of their lives. The illnesses vary from relatively mild common colds caused by rhinoviruses and coronaviruses, to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia caused by adenoviruses and influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants: the former is associated with little morbidity and no mortality, while influenza is responsible annually for between 1 and 25 thousand deaths per 50 million population. Over 140 viruses cause respiratory tract infections, with the added complications of influenza viruses where new antigenic variants are recognized almost annually; and immunity to infection by one virus strain offers little or no protection to infection by others. Knowledge of the mechanisms of spread of respiratory viruses is largely understood and has helped in infection control; however, the clinical signs and symptoms of infection tend not to be diagnostic of the causative agent; and although vaccines have been developed for the more serious infections such as influenza and some adenovirus infection, none are available for other important infections. Treatment is largely symptomatic, but the compounds ribovirin for RSV infection and amantadine for influenza virus infection have been shown to be effective. Much remains to be discovered before more effective measures can be implemented to limit the enormous costs incurred by these infections. The number of viruses involved is large, and the spectrum of illness complex: in the present chapter, the viruses are described, together with the features of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical disease, and treatment. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569258297800098 doi: 10.1016/s1569-2582(97)80009-8 id: cord-327180-yw8rzrb7 author: Prateepko, Tapanan title: Patterns of perception toward influenza pandemic among the front-line responsible health personnel in southern Thailand: a Q methodology approach date: 2009-05-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Thailand has joined the World Health Organization effort to prepare against a threat of an influenza pandemic. Regular monitoring on preparedness of health facilities and assessment on perception of the front-line responsible health personnel has never been done. This study aimed to document the patterns of perception of health personnel toward the threat of an influenza pandemic. METHODS: Q methodology was applied to a set of 385 health personnel in charge of influenza pandemic preparedness in the three southernmost provinces of Thailand. Subjects were asked to rank 33 statements about various issues of influenza pandemic according to a pre-designed score sheet having a quasi-normal distribution on a continuous 9-point bipolar scale ranging from -4 for strongly disagree to +4 for strongly agree. The Q factor analysis method was employed to identify patterns based on the similarity and dissimilarity among health personnel. RESULTS: There were three main patterns of perception toward influenza pandemic with moderate correlation coefficients between patterns ranging from 0.37 to 0.55. Pattern I, health personnel, which we labeled pessimistic, perceived themselves as having a low self-efficacy. Pattern II, which we labeled optimistic, perceived the threat to be low severity and low vulnerability. Pattern III, which we labeled mixed, perceived low self-efficacy but low vulnerability. Across the three patterns, almost all the subjects had a high expectancy that execution of recommended measures can mitigate impacts of the threat of an influenza pandemic, particularly on multi-measures with high factor scores of 4 in all patterns. The most conflicting area was vulnerability on the possible impacts of an influenza pandemic, having factor scores of high (3), low (-4), and neutral (0) for patterns I, II, and III, respectively. CONCLUSION: Strong consistent perceptions of response efficacy against an influenza pandemic may suggest a low priority to convince health personnel on the efficacy of the recommended measures. Lack of self-efficacy in certain sub-groups indicates the need for program managers to improve self-confidence of health personnel to participate in an emergency response. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19473550/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-161 id: cord-345020-ai5tib7h author: Price, O. H. title: Using routine testing data to understand circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in Victoria, Australia date: 2019-06-17 words: 4186.0 sentences: 211.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345020-ai5tib7h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345020-ai5tib7h.txt summary: Studies investigating viral interference since the pandemic are sparser, though two studies reported that the timing and magnitude of respiratory virus epidemics were affected by the timing of the seasonal influenza A peak [15, 16] . We used routine diagnostic testing data of specimens from both the community and hospitals at the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) between 2002 and 2017 to describe relationships between respiratory viruses, with a focus on influenza A and RSV. Seasonality of viruses was assessed visually by time series analysis and for further investigation each virus was compared with influenza A and RSV using cross-correlations that estimated the association between peaks in epidemic curves at a lag or lead of up to 15 weeks. Results of further investigation by logistic regression adjusted for covariates that are predictors of codetection (sex, age and season) were compatible with influenza A, RSV and picornavirus conferring temporary immunity against infection by another respiratory virus. abstract: Several studies have reported evidence of interference between respiratory viruses: respiratory viruses rarely reach their epidemic peak concurrently and there appears to be a negative association between infection with one respiratory virus and co-infection with another. We used results spanning 16 years (2002–2017) of a routine diagnostic multiplex panel that tests for nine respiratory viruses to further investigate these interactions in Victoria, Australia. Time series analyses were used to plot the proportion positive for each virus. The seasonality of all viruses included was compared with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus using cross-correlations. Logistic regression was used to explore the likelihood of co-infection with one virus given infection with another. Seasonal peaks were observed each year for influenza A and RSV and less frequently for influenza B, coronavirus and parainfluenza virus. RSV circulated an average of 6 weeks before influenza A. Co-infection with another respiratory virus was less common with picornavirus, RSV or influenza A infection. Our findings provide further evidence of a temporal relationship in the circulation of respiratory viruses. A greater understanding of the interaction between respiratory viruses may enable better prediction of the timing and magnitude of respiratory virus epidemics. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268819001055 doi: 10.1017/s0950268819001055 id: cord-254117-2ttwaegh author: Priest, Patricia C. title: Thermal Image Scanning for Influenza Border Screening: Results of an Airport Screening Study date: 2011-01-05 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Infrared thermal image scanners (ITIS) appear an attractive option for the mass screening of travellers for influenza, but there are no published data on their performance in airports. METHODS: ITIS was used to measure cutaneous temperature in 1275 airline travellers who had agreed to tympanic temperature measurement and respiratory sampling. The prediction by ITIS of tympanic temperature (37.8°C and 37.5°C) and of influenza infection was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and estimated sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV). FINDINGS: Using front of face ITIS for prediction of tympanic temperature ≥37.8°C, the area under the ROC curve was 0.86 (95%CI 0.75–0.97) and setting sensitivity at 86% gave specificity of 71%. The PPV in this population of travellers, of whom 0.5% were febrile using this definition, was 1.5%. We identified influenza virus infection in 30 travellers (3 Type A and 27 Type B). For ITIS prediction of influenza infection the area under the ROC curve was 0.66 (0.56–0.75), a sensitivity of 87% gave specificity of 39%, and PPV of 2.8%. None of the 30 influenza-positive travellers had tympanic temperature ≥37.8°C at screening (95%CI 0% to 12%); three had no influenza symptoms. CONCLUSION: ITIS performed moderately well in detecting fever but in this study, during a seasonal epidemic of predominantly influenza type B, the proportion of influenza-infected travellers who were febrile was low and ITIS were not much better than chance at identifying travellers likely to be influenza-infected. Although febrile illness is more common in influenza A infections than influenza B infections, many influenza A infections are afebrile. Our findings therefore suggest that ITIS is unlikely to be effective for entry screening of travellers to detect influenza infection with the intention of preventing entry of the virus into a country. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21245928/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014490 id: cord-293234-ouykx6g5 author: Puig-Barberà, J. title: Effectiveness of the 2010–2011 seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing confirmed influenza hospitalizations in adults: A case–case comparison, case-control study date: 2012-08-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: INTRODUCTION: We estimated influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) to prevent laboratory-confirmed influenza-related hospitalizations in patients 18 years old or older during the 2010–2011 influenza season. METHODS: We conducted a prospective case-control study in five hospitals, in Valencia, Spain. Study subjects were consecutive emergency hospitalizations for predefined conditions associated with an influenza-like illness episode <8 days before admission. Patients were considered immunized if vaccinated ≥14 days before influenza-like illness onset. Cases were those with a real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive for influenza and controls were RT-PCR positive for other respiratory viruses. Adjusted IVE was estimated as 100 × (1 − adjusted odds ratio). To account for indication bias we computed adjusted IVE for respiratory syncytial virus related hospitalizations. RESULTS: Of 826 eligible hospitalized patients, 102 (12%) were influenza positive and considered cases, and 116 (14%) were positive for other respiratory viruses and considered controls. Adjusted IVE was 54% (95% confidence interval, 11–76%). By subgroup, adjusted IVE was 53% (4–77%) for those with high-risk conditions, 59% (16–79%) for those ≥60 years of age, and, 54% (4–79%) for those ≥60 years of age with high-risk conditions. No influenza vaccine effect was observed against respiratory syncytial virus related hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Influenza vaccination was associated with a significant reduction on the risk of confirmed influenza hospitalization, irrespective of age and high-risk conditions. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X12010079 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.006 id: cord-310956-qwe4ndvb author: Qian, Yan‐Hua title: Attempted early detection of influenza A (H1N1) pandemic with surveillance data of influenza‐like illness and unexplained pneumonia date: 2011-04-18 words: 3699.0 sentences: 216.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310956-qwe4ndvb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310956-qwe4ndvb.txt summary: Background To collect disease information and provide data for early detection of epidemics, two surveillance systems were established for influenza‐like illness (ILI) and unexplained pneumonia (UP) in Wuxi, People''s Republic of China. When the surveillance data of 2009 were fitted in the two detection models, alarms were produced on the occurrence of the first local case of influenza A (H1N1), outbreaks in schools and in general populations. Conclusions The results indicated the potential for using ILI and UP surveillance data as syndromic indicators to detect and provide an early warning for influenza epidemics. Two surveillance systems were established in Wuxi for influenza-like illness (ILI) and unexplained pneumonia (UP) after the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. To further evaluate the effectiveness of these surveillance systems in early warning of influenza epidemics, we monitored ILI data between 2004 and 2008 by both a control chart method and the Serfling method and tested goodness of fit using influenza A (H1N1) data of 2009. abstract: Please cite this paper as: Qian et al. (2011) Attempted early detection of influenza A (H1N1) pandemic with surveillance data of influenza‐like illness and unexplained pneumonia. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(6), e479–e486. Background To collect disease information and provide data for early detection of epidemics, two surveillance systems were established for influenza‐like illness (ILI) and unexplained pneumonia (UP) in Wuxi, People’s Republic of China. Objectives The current study aims to describe the performance of these surveillance systems during 2004–2009 and to evaluate the value of surveillance data in detection of influenza epidemics. Methods Two national ILI sentinel hospitals and three UP sentinel hospitals provided data to the surveillance systems. The surveillance data from hospital‐based outpatient clinics and emergency rooms were compared by year. The ILI data of 2009 were further modeled based on previous data using both a control chart method and a moving average regression method. Alarms of potential epidemics would be raised when the input surveillance data surpassed a threshold. Results In 2009, the proportions of ILI and respiratory illness with fever (one surveillance syndrome of the UP system) to total patient visits (3·40% and 11·76%, respectively) were higher than the previous years. The surveillance data of both systems also showed developing trends similar to the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in 2009. When the surveillance data of 2009 were fitted in the two detection models, alarms were produced on the occurrence of the first local case of influenza A (H1N1), outbreaks in schools and in general populations. Conclusions The results indicated the potential for using ILI and UP surveillance data as syndromic indicators to detect and provide an early warning for influenza epidemics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21668678/ doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00248.x id: cord-351990-aham72b9 author: Radin, Jennifer M. title: Epidemiology of Pathogen-Specific Respiratory Infections among Three US Populations date: 2014-12-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Diagnostic tests for respiratory infections can be costly and time-consuming. Improved characterization of specific respiratory pathogens by identifying frequent signs, symptoms and demographic characteristics, along with improving our understanding of coinfection rates and seasonality, may improve treatment and prevention measures. METHODS: Febrile respiratory illness (FRI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) surveillance was conducted from October 2011 through March 2013 among three US populations: civilians near the US–Mexico border, Department of Defense (DoD) beneficiaries, and military recruits. Clinical and demographic questionnaire data and respiratory swabs were collected from participants, tested by PCR for nine different respiratory pathogens and summarized. Age stratified characteristics of civilians positive for influenza and recruits positive for rhinovirus were compared to other and no/unknown pathogen. Seasonality and coinfection rates were also described. RESULTS: A total of 1444 patients met the FRI or SARI case definition and were enrolled in this study. Influenza signs and symptoms varied across age groups of civilians. Recruits with rhinovirus had higher percentages of pneumonia, cough, shortness of breath, congestion, cough, less fever and longer time to seeking care and were more likely to be male compared to those in the no/unknown pathogen group. Coinfections were found in 6% of all FRI/SARI cases tested and were most frequently seen among children and with rhinovirus infections. Clear seasonal trends were identified for influenza, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. CONCLUSIONS: The age-stratified clinical characteristics associated with influenza suggest that age-specific case definitions may improve influenza surveillance and identification. Improving identification of rhinoviruses, the most frequent respiratory infection among recruits, may be useful for separating out contagious individuals, especially when larger outbreaks occur. Overall, describing the epidemiology of pathogen specific respiratory diseases can help improve clinical diagnoses, establish baselines of infection, identify outbreaks, and help prioritize the development of new vaccines and treatments. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25549089/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114871 id: cord-023666-r9zaf6un author: Rao, Suchitra title: Influenza date: 2018-03-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Influenza A and B viruses are orthomyxoviruses with three important envelope glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix proteins. Influenza viruses have developed ways to evade the body's immune response using an antigenic variation known as antigenic shift (replacement of HA and NA antigens with novel subtypes from noninfluenza viruses) and drift (mutations within antibody-binding sites in HA and or NA). Because of new influenza viruses constantly emerging from antigenic shift and drift, new influenza vaccines are required each year. Human-to-human transmission of influenza occurs each winter and early spring through small-particle aerosols or droplets. The influenza virus attacks epithelial cells of the upper and lower respiratory tract, with the potential for secondary bacterial infection and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The symptoms of influenza infection include fever, headache, cough, sore throat, myalgia, and nasal congestion. Lower respiratory tract manifestations such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis are virtually indistinguishable from other viral infections. Children with certain comorbidities, such as chronic lung disease and severe neurologic impairment, are at higher risk of influenza-related complications. The most reliable test for influenza is reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Rapid antigen tests have lower sensitivity and specificity and are not reliable during periods of low influenza activity. Antiviral treatment with NA inhibitors can shorten the duration of fever, symptoms, and hospitalization, especially when started within 48 hours of influenza illness onset. Prevention of influenza through annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all children 6 months of age and older. The vaccines contain three or four influenza subtypes, chosen depending on the circulating strains. The two formulations approved for children are the inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173415/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44887-1.00027-4 id: cord-000161-hxjxczyr author: Rello, Jordi title: Clinical review: Primary influenza viral pneumonia date: 2009-12-21 words: 3652.0 sentences: 195.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000161-hxjxczyr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000161-hxjxczyr.txt summary: Primary influenza pneumonia has a high mortality rate during pandemics, not only in immunocompromised individuals and patients with underlying comorbid conditions, but also in young healthy adults. Pneumonia and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) account for the majority of severe morbidity and mortality that accompany pandemic influenza infection [14] . A recent analysis of lung specimens from 77 fatal cases of pandemic H1N1v 2009 infection found a prevalence of concurrent bacterial pneumonia in 29% of these patients [31] . A recent World Health Organization treatment guideline for pharmacological management of 2009 pandemic H1N1v influenza A recommends the consideration of higher doses of oseltamivir (150 mg twice a day) and longer duration of treatment for patients with severe influenza pneumonia or clinical deterioration [44] . The rapid progression from initial typical influenza symptoms to extensive pulmonary involvement, with acute lung injury, can occur both in patients with underlying respiratory or cardiac morbidities and in young healthy adults, especially if obese or pregnant. abstract: Primary influenza pneumonia has a high mortality rate during pandemics, not only in immunocompromised individuals and patients with underlying comorbid conditions, but also in young healthy adults. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for this diagnosis in patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms that progress quickly (2 to 5 days) to respiratory distress and extensive pulmonary involvement. The sensitivity of rapid diagnostic techniques in identifying infections with the pandemic 2009 H1N1v influenza strain is currently suboptimal. The most reliable real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction molecular testing is available in limited clinical settings. Despite 6 months of pandemic circulation, most novel H1N1v pandemic strains remain susceptible to oseltamivir. Ensuring an appropriate oxygenation and ventilation strategy, as well as prompt initiation of antiviral therapy, is essential in management. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811908/ doi: 10.1186/cc8183 id: cord-272655-qeojdpez author: Remolina, Yuly Andrea title: Viral Infection in Adults with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection in Colombia date: 2015-11-17 words: 4309.0 sentences: 204.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272655-qeojdpez.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272655-qeojdpez.txt summary: OBJECTIVES: To identify the viral aetiology in adult patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) admitted to sentinel surveillance institutions in Bogotá in 2012. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which microarray molecular techniques for viral identification were used on nasopharyngeal samples of adult patients submitted to the surveillance system, and further descriptions of clinical features and relevant clinical outcomes, such as mortality, need for critical care, use of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay, were obtained. Under this initiative, countries have developed surveillance systems by following cases of influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs), which are clinically diagnosed among patients with fever, coughing or sore throat, difficulty breathing and the need for hospitalization [3] . In our study, viruses were identified as the most frequent causal agents of SARI requiring hospitalization in 2012, with most cases showing a high rate of viral co-infection, a high degree of morbidity, prolonged hospital stays and frequent needs for ICU management and mechanical ventilation. abstract: OBJECTIVES: To identify the viral aetiology in adult patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) admitted to sentinel surveillance institutions in Bogotá in 2012. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which microarray molecular techniques for viral identification were used on nasopharyngeal samples of adult patients submitted to the surveillance system, and further descriptions of clinical features and relevant clinical outcomes, such as mortality, need for critical care, use of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay, were obtained. SETTING: Respiratory infections requiring hospital admission in surveillance centres in Bogotá, Colombia. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-one adult patients with acute respiratory infection (55% were female). MEASUREMENTS: Viral identification, intensive care unit admission, hospital stay, and mortality. RESULTS: Viral identification was achieved for 63 patients (69.2%). Comorbidity was frequently identified and mainly involved chronic pulmonary disease or pregnancy. Influenza, Bocavirus and Adenovirus were identified in 30.8%, 28.6% and 18.7% of the cases, respectively. Admission to the intensive care unit occurred in 42.9% of the cases, while mechanical ventilation was required for 36.3%. The average hospital stay was 9.9 days, and mortality was 15.4%. Antibiotics were empirically used in 90.1% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of viral aetiology of SARI in this study was high, with adverse clinical outcomes, intensive care requirements and high mortality. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143152 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143152 id: cord-002939-6a3ga6v9 author: Ribeiro, Ana Freitas title: Severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in pregnant women and neonatal outcomes, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2009 date: 2018-03-26 words: 4662.0 sentences: 219.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002939-6a3ga6v9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002939-6a3ga6v9.txt summary: To investigate the factors associated with death and describe the gestational outcomes in pregnant women with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, we conducted a case-control study (deaths and recovered) in hospitalized pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) in the state of São Paulo from June 9 to December 1, 2009. The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated with death in pregnant women with influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) and describe the gestational and neonatal outcomes. A case-control study was conducted that evaluated pregnant women living in São Paulo with confirmed infection of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and hospitalized with SARI, defined as: fever and cough and dyspnea or pneumonia or respiratory failure or tachypnea or radiological alterations consistent with pneumonia or oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. abstract: To investigate the factors associated with death and describe the gestational outcomes in pregnant women with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, we conducted a case-control study (deaths and recovered) in hospitalized pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) in the state of São Paulo from June 9 to December 1, 2009. All cases were evaluated, and four controls that were matched by the epidemiological week of hospitalization of the case were randomly selected for each case. Cases and controls were selected from the National Disease Notification System-SINAN Influenza-web. The hospital records from 126 hospitals were evaluated, and home interviews were conducted using standardized forms. A total of 48 cases and 185 controls were investigated. Having had a previous health visit to a healthcare provider for an influenza episode before hospital admission was a risk factor for death (adjusted OR (OR(adj)) of 7.93, 95% CI 2.19–28.69). Although not significant in the multiple analysis (OR(adj) of 2.13, 95% CI 0.91–5.00), the 3(rd) trimester deserves attention, with an OR = 2.22, 95% CI 1.13–4.37 in the univariate analysis. Antiviral treatment was a protective factor when administered within 48 hours of symptom onset (OR(adj) = 0.16, 95% CI 0.05–0.50) and from 48 to 72 hours (OR(adj) = 0.09, 95% CI 0.01–0.87). There was a higher proportion of fetal deaths and preterm births among cases (p = 0.001) and live births with low weight (p = 0.019), compared to control subjects who gave birth during hospitalization. After discharge, control subjects had a favorable neonatal outcome. Early antiviral treatment during the presence of a flu-like illness is an important factor in reducing mortality from influenza in pregnant women and unfavorable neonatal outcomes. It is important to monitor pregnant women, particularly in the 3(rd) trimester of gestation, with influenza illness for diagnosis and early treatment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5868799/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194392 id: cord-290031-vffa1bu0 author: Richmond, Heather title: Seasonal influenza vaccination during a pandemic date: 2020-07-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In the Northern Hemisphere, the persistence or reemergence of coronavirus circulation into the 2020–2021 influenza season threatens to overwhelm health-care resources and systems and increase mortality and morbidity. Data from Australia show that stay-at-home policies have reduced both influenza and coronavirus cases early in the season, thus “flattening the curve.” However, influenza vaccination is critical to ensure the reduction in co-infection. Several policies, such as vaccination strategies to accommodate physical distancing measures, change population recommendations, and timing and location of vaccination have been implemented to increase influenza vaccine uptake during the pandemic. This commentary explores those policies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32735161/ doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1793713 id: cord-253049-vm46wq1m author: Rößler, Steve title: Influenza-associated in-hospital mortality during the 2017/2018 influenza season: a retrospective multicentre cohort study in central Germany date: 2020-09-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The aim of this retrospective cohort study at eight hospitals in Germany was to specify influenza-associated in-hospital mortality during the 2017/2018 flu season, which was the strongest in Germany in the past 30 years. A total of 1560 patients were included in the study. Overall, in-hospital mortality was 6.7% (n = 103), in patients treated in the intensive care unit (n = 161) mortality was 22.4%. The proportion of deceased patients per hospital was between 0% and 7.0%. Influenza was the immediate cause of death in 82.8% (n = 82) of the decedents. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01529-x doi: 10.1007/s15010-020-01529-x id: cord-017893-ck0m3h7u author: Sandrock, C. title: Update on Avian Influenza for Critical Care Physicians date: 2007 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Human influenza pandemics over the last 100 years have been caused by H1, H2, and H3 subtypes of influenza A viruses. More recently, avian influenza viruses have been found to directly infect humans from their avian hosts. The recent emergence, host expansion, and spread of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 subtype in Asia has heightened concerns globally, both in regards to mortality of HPAI H5N1 in humans and the potential of a new pandemic. In response, many agencies and organizations have been working collaboratively to develop early detection systems, preparedness plans, and objectives for further research. As a result, there has been a large influx of published information regarding potential risk, surveillance, prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza, particularly in regards to animal to human and subsequent human to human transmission. This chapter will review the current human infections with avian influenza and its public health and medical implications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122579/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-49518-7_90 id: cord-048448-kfwbqp4p author: Sandrock, Christian title: Clinical review: Update of avian influenza A infections in humans date: 2007-03-22 words: 4454.0 sentences: 274.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-048448-kfwbqp4p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-048448-kfwbqp4p.txt summary: The recent emergence, host expansion, and spread of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 subtype in Asia have heightened concerns globally, both in regards to mortality from HPAI H5N1 infection in humans and the potential of a new pandemic. Influenza A viruses are characterized by their pathogenicity, with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) causing severe disease or death in domestic poultry [3] . Influenza A viruses infect a wide range of hosts, including many avian species, and various mammalian species, such as swine, ferrets, felids, mink, whales, horses, seals, dogs, civets, and humans [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] . Characterization of an avian influenza A virus isolated from a human -is an intermediate host necessary for the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome abstract: Influenza A viruses have a wide host range for infection, from wild waterfowl to poultry to humans. Recently, the cross-species transmission of avian influenza A, particularly subtype H5N1, has highlighted the importance of the non-human subtypes and their incidence in the human population has increased over the past decade. During cross-species transmission, human disease can range from the asymptomatic to mild conjunctivitis to fulminant pneumonia and death. With these cases, however, the risk for genetic change and development of a novel virus increases, heightening the need for public health and hospital measures. This review discusses the epidemiology, host range, human disease, outcome, treatment, and prevention of cross-transmission of avian influenza A into humans. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2206439/ doi: 10.1186/cc5675 id: cord-307607-8xn9jtmh author: Sargin, Seyid Ahmet title: Potential anti-influenza effective plants used in Turkish folk medicine: A review date: 2020-08-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Due to the outbreaks such as SARS, bird flu and swine flu, which we frequently encounter in our century, we need fast solutions with no side effects today more than ever. Due to having vast ethnomedical experience and the richest flora (34% endemic) of Europe and the Middle East, Turkey has a high potential for research on this topic. Plants that locals have been using for centuries for the prevention and treatment of influenza can offer effective alternatives to combat this problem. In this context, 224 herbal taxa belonging to 45 families were identified among the selected 81 studies conducted in the seven regions of Turkey. However, only 35 (15.6%) of them were found to be subjected to worldwide in vitro and in vivo research conducted on anti-influenza activity. Quercetin and chlorogenic acid, the effectiveness of which has been proven many times in this context, have been recorded as the most common (7.1%) active ingredients among the other 56 active substances identified. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study has been carried out to reveal the inventory of plant species that have been used in flu treatment for centuries in Turkish folk medicine, which could be used in the treatment of flu or flu-like pandemics, such as COVID 19, that humanity has been suffering with, and also compare them with experimental studies in the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The investigation was conducted in two stages on the subject above by using electronic databases, such as Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Medline, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, HighWire Press, PubMed and Google Scholar. The results of both scans are presented in separate tables, together with their regional comparative analysis. RESULTS: Data obtained on taxa are presented in a table, including anti-influenza mechanism of actions and the active substances. Rosa canina (58.7%) and Mentha x piperita (22.2%) were identified as the most common plants used in Turkey. Also, Sambucus nigra (11.6%), Olea europaea (9.3%), Eucalyptus spp., Melissa officinalis, and Origanum vulgare (7.0%) emerged as the most investigated taxa. CONCLUSION: This is the first nationwide ethnomedical screening work conducted on flu treatment with plants in Turkey. Thirty-nine plants have been confirmed in the recent experimental anti-influenza research, which strongly shows that these plants are a rich pharmacological source. Also, with 189 (84.4%) taxa, detections that have not been investigated yet, they are an essential resource for both national and international pharmacological researchers in terms of new natural medicine searches. Considering that the production of antimalarial drugs and their successful use against COVID-19 has begun, this correlation was actually a positive and remarkable piece of data, since there are 15 plants, including Centaurea drabifolia subsp. Phlocosa (an endemic taxon), that were found to be used in the treatment of both flu and malaria. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113319 doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113319 id: cord-276577-06boh550 author: Schanzer, Dena L. title: Estimating Sensitivity of Laboratory Testing for Influenza in Canada through Modelling date: 2009-08-18 words: 3960.0 sentences: 175.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276577-06boh550.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276577-06boh550.txt summary: METHODS AND FINDINGS: The weekly number of influenza-negative tests from 1999 to 2006 was modelled as a function of laboratory-confirmed positive tests for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus and parainfluenza viruses, seasonality, and trend using Poisson regression. The RVDSS collects, collates, and reports weekly data from participating laboratories on the number of tests performed and the number of specimens confirmed positive for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), para-influenza virus (PIV), and adenovirus. The overall model fit, and the general consistency of the sensitivity estimates, suggests that these many respiratory viruses were reasonably accounted for by the seasonal baseline and that the strong association between the number of influenza positive and influenza negative tests on a weekly basis is indicative of a significant number of false negative results, rather than the activity of another virus or viruses exactly synchronous with influenza. abstract: BACKGROUND: The weekly proportion of laboratory tests that are positive for influenza is used in public health surveillance systems to identify periods of influenza activity. We aimed to estimate the sensitivity of influenza testing in Canada based on results of a national respiratory virus surveillance system. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The weekly number of influenza-negative tests from 1999 to 2006 was modelled as a function of laboratory-confirmed positive tests for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus and parainfluenza viruses, seasonality, and trend using Poisson regression. Sensitivity was calculated as the number of influenza positive tests divided by the number of influenza positive tests plus the model-estimated number of false negative tests. The sensitivity of influenza testing was estimated to be 33% (95%CI 32–34%), varying from 30–40% depending on the season and region. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated sensitivity of influenza tests reported to this national laboratory surveillance system is considerably less than reported test characteristics for most laboratory tests. A number of factors may explain this difference, including sample quality and specimen procurement issues as well as test characteristics. Improved diagnosis would permit better estimation of the burden of influenza. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006681 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006681 id: cord-008716-38sqkh9m author: Schmidt, Alexander C title: Current research on respiratory viral infections: Third International Symposium date: 2001-06-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7133842/ doi: 10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00136-x id: cord-007681-vhghhvnu author: Schwartz, Benjamin title: Prioritization of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine: Rationale and Strategy for Decision Making date: 2009-06-15 words: 5047.0 sentences: 182.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007681-vhghhvnu.txt summary: Factors contributing to the decision to reassess the recommendations included a shift in national pandemic planning assumptions to a more severe pandemic scenario extrapolated from the 1918 pandemic (Table 1 ); recognition that the HHS guidance did not include groups that could be considered for prioritization such as border protection personnel or the military; a broader understanding of the risk to essential services stimulated by the NIAC report; and a series of public engagement meetings convened by the CDC, where participants identified protecting essential community services as the most important goal for pandemic vaccination rather than protecting those who are at highest risk (Public Engagement Pilot Project on Pandemic Influenza 2005). Reflecting the similar value placed by the public on protecting persons who provide pandemic healthcare, who maintain essential community services or are at high occupational risk, and protecting children, each of the highest vaccination tiers for a severe pandemic includes groups from each category (Table 4) . abstract: Few catastrophes can compare with the global impact of a severe influenza pandemic. The 1918–1919 pandemic was associated with more than 500,000 deaths in the USA and an estimated 20–40 million deaths worldwide, though some place the global total much higher. In an era when infectious disease mortality had been steadily decreasing, the 1918–1919 pandemic caused a large spike in overall population mortality, temporarily reversing decades of progress. The US Department of Health and Human Services, extrapolating from the 1918–1919 pandemic to the current US population size and demographics, has estimated that a comparable pandemic today would result in almost two million deaths. Vaccination is an important component of a pandemic response. Public health measures such as reduction of close contacts with others, improved hygiene, and respiratory protection with facemasks or respirators can reduce the risk of exposure and illness (Germann et al. 2006; Ferguson et al. 2006), but would not reduce susceptibility among the population. Prophylaxis with antiviral medications also may prevent illness but depends on the availability of large antiviral drug stockpiles and also does not provide long-term immunity. By contrast, immunization with a well-matched pandemic vaccine would provide active immunity and represent the most durable pandemic response. However, given current timelines for the development of a pandemic influenza vaccine and its production capacity, vaccine is likely not to be available in sufficient quantities to protect the entire population before pandemic outbreaks occur, and thus potentially limited stocks may need to be prioritized. This chapter reviews information on influenza vaccine production capacity, describes approaches used in the USA to set priorities for vaccination in the setting of limited supply, and presents a proposed strategy for prioritization. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120171/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_24 id: cord-103085-vf4qyvft author: Seitz, Christian title: Multiscale simulations examining glycan shield effects on drug binding to influenza neuraminidase date: 2020-11-02 words: 9735.0 sentences: 512.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103085-vf4qyvft.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103085-vf4qyvft.txt summary: Using Brownian dynamics simulations, we observe a twoto eight-fold decrease in the rate of ligand binding to the primary binding site of neuraminidase due to the presence of glycans. We have utilized BD to estimate the rates of binding of small molecules to the primary (i.e. active/catalytic) and secondary (i.e. hemadsorption) binding sites of influenza neuraminidase in glycosylated and unglycosylated states. The protein-ligand atom pairs were taken from crystal structures of ligands in the primary and secondary sites of neuraminidase for each monomer, and simulations were run for the full tetramer. Keeping in mind the primary and secondary binding sites are located just beneath the glycans (Figure 1) , the size and flexibility of the glycans here shows that they have the capability to "shield" the binding sites from ligand association. (A) The glycan structures from the MD simulations show a moderate association rate inhibition to the primary binding site irrespective of ligand chosen. abstract: Influenza neuraminidase is an important drug target. Glycans are present on neuraminidase, and are generally considered to inhibit antibody binding via their glycan shield. In this work we studied the effect of glycans on the binding kinetics of antiviral drugs to the influenza neuraminidase. We created all-atom in silico systems of influenza neuraminidase with experimentally-derived glycoprofiles consisting of four systems with different glycan conformations and one system without glycans. Using Brownian dynamics simulations, we observe a two- to eight-fold decrease in the rate of ligand binding to the primary binding site of neuraminidase due to the presence of glycans. These glycans are capable of covering much of the surface area of neuraminidase, and the ligand binding inhibition is derived from glycans sterically occluding the primary binding site on a neighboring monomer. Our work also indicates that drugs preferentially bind to the primary binding site (i.e. the active site) over the secondary binding site, and we propose a binding mechanism illustrating this. These results help illuminate the complex interplay between glycans and ligand binding on the influenza membrane protein neuraminidase. Statement of Significance The influenza glycoprotein neuraminidase is the target for three FDA-approved influenza drugs in the US. However, drug resistance and low drug effectiveness merits further drug development towards neuraminidase, which is hindered by our limited understanding of glycan effects on ligand binding. Generally, drug developers do not include glycans in their development pipelines. Here, we show that even though glycans can reduce drug binding towards neuraminidase, we recommend future drug development work to focus on strong binders with a long lifetime. Furthermore, we examine the binding competition between the primary and secondary binding sites on neuraminidase, leading us to propose a new, to the best of our knowledge, multivalent binding mechanism. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.12.248690 doi: 10.1101/2020.08.12.248690 id: cord-265751-q1ecpfyg author: Shahani, Lokesh title: Antiviral therapy for respiratory viral infections in immunocompromised patients date: 2017-01-16 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Introduction: Respiratory viruses (influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, human metapneumovirus, and rhinovirus) represent the most common causes of respiratory viral infections in immunocompromised patients. Also, these infections may be more severe in immunocompromised patients than in the general population. Early diagnosis and treatment of viral infections continue to be of paramount importance in immunocompromised patients; because once viral replication and invasive infections are evident, prognosis can be grave. Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the main antiviral agents used for the treatment of respiratory viral infections in immunocompromised patients and review of the new agents in the pipeline. Expert commentary: Over the past decade, important diagnostic advances, specifically, the use of rapid molecular testing has helped close the gap between clinical scenarios and pathogen identification and enhanced early diagnosis of viral infections and understanding of the role of prolonged shedding and viral loads. Advancements in novel antiviral therapeutics with high resistance thresholds and effective immunization for preventable infections in immunocompromised patients are needed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28067078/ doi: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1279970 id: cord-273907-58jufmx7 author: Shen, Kun-Ling title: Global Pediatric Pulmonology Alliance recommendation to strengthen prevention of pediatric seasonal influenza under COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-09-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32920745/ doi: 10.1007/s12519-020-00389-7 id: cord-297742-0pfrk5uk author: Simusika, Paul title: An evaluation of the Zambia influenza sentinel surveillance system, 2011–2017 date: 2020-01-13 words: 5505.0 sentences: 284.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297742-0pfrk5uk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297742-0pfrk5uk.txt summary: METHODS: We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines to evaluate the performance of the influenza surveillance system (ISS) in Zambia during 2011–2017 using 9 attributes: (i) data quality and completeness, (ii) timeliness, (iii) representativeness, (iv) flexibility, (v) simplicity, (vi) acceptability, (vii) stability, (viii) utility, and (ix) sustainability. The objectives of the Zambia-ISSS were to: (i) monitor the temporal trends of influenza virus circulation; (ii) monitor the circulating influenza virus types and subtypes annually, including pandemic strains; (iii) assess the proportion of patients meeting the ILI and SARI case definition attributable to influenza virus infection; (iv) assess risk factors for influenza-associated severe illness; (v) assess the burden of influenza-associated illness; and (vi) obtain and share clinical samples for annual selection of influenza virus strains for influenza vaccine formulation under the WHO-Global Influenza Surveillance and Response Network. abstract: BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, influenza surveillance has been established in several African countries including Zambia. However, information on the on data quality and reliability of established influenza surveillance systems in Africa are limited. Such information would enable countries to assess the performance of their surveillance systems, identify shortfalls for improvement and provide evidence of data reliability for policy making and public health interventions. METHODS: We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines to evaluate the performance of the influenza surveillance system (ISS) in Zambia during 2011–2017 using 9 attributes: (i) data quality and completeness, (ii) timeliness, (iii) representativeness, (iv) flexibility, (v) simplicity, (vi) acceptability, (vii) stability, (viii) utility, and (ix) sustainability. Each attribute was evaluated using pre-defined indicators. For each indicator we obtained the proportion (expressed as percentage) of the outcome of interest over the total. A scale from 1 to 3 was used to provide a score for each attribute as follows: < 60% (as obtained in the calculation above) scored 1 (weak performance); 60–79% scored 2 (moderate performance); ≥80% scored 3 (good performance). An overall score for each attribute and the ISS was obtained by averaging the scores of all evaluated attributes. RESULTS: The overall mean score for the ISS in Zambia was 2.6. Key strengths of the system were the quality of data generated (score: 2.9), its flexibility (score: 3.0) especially to monitor viral pathogens other than influenza viruses, its simplicity (score: 2.8), acceptability (score: 3.0) and stability (score: 2.6) over the review period and its relatively low cost ($310,000 per annum). Identified weaknesses related mainly to geographic representativeness (score: 2.0), timeliness (score: 2.5), especially in shipment of samples from remote sites, and sustainability (score: 1.0) in the absence of external funds. CONCLUSIONS: The system performed moderately well in our evaluation. Key improvements would include improvements in the timeliness of samples shipments and geographical coverage. However, these improvements would result in increased cost and logistical complexity. The ISSS in Zambia is largely reliant on external funds and the acceptability of maintaining the surveillance system through national funds would require evaluation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31931793/ doi: 10.1186/s12913-019-4884-5 id: cord-103972-kbv9kh6z author: Singer, Gregor title: Air Pollution Increases Influenza Hospitalizations date: 2020-04-10 words: 5580.0 sentences: 324.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103972-kbv9kh6z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103972-kbv9kh6z.txt summary: We show robustness to (i) different weather controls, (ii) additional fixed effects, (iii) multilevel clustering of standard errors, (iv) different winsorization and interpolation of the raw AQI data, (v) including out-state patients at hospitals, (vi) focusing on states with a long time series only, (vii) using missing values instead of zeros for county-months with no hospital admissions, and (viii) using a linear ordinary least squares instead of a Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood estimator. We use the standard deviation of the AQI during the influenza season (12.79) as well as the average inpatient hospitalization numbers (3.01) for the calculation of absolute effects based on our Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood estimation. We estimate the relationship between influenza-related inpatient hospitalizations H cym and the lagged air quality index AQI cym−1 at the county c by calendar month m by year y level using a Poisson model: abstract: Seasonal influenza is a recurring health burden shared widely across the globe. We study whether air quality affects the occurrence of severe influenza cases that require inpatient hospitalization. Using longitudinal information on local air quality and hospital admissions across the United States, we find that poor air quality increases the incidence of significant influenza hospital admissions. Effects diminish in years with greater influenza vaccine effectiveness. Apart from increasing vaccination rates, improving air quality may help reduce the spread and severity of influenza. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20057216 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.07.20057216 id: cord-008584-4eylgtbc author: Singh, David E. title: Evaluating the impact of the weather conditions on the influenza propagation date: 2020-04-05 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Predicting the details of how an epidemic evolves is highly valuable as health institutions need to better plan towards limiting the infection propagation effects and optimizing their prediction and response capabilities. Simulation is a cost- and time-effective way of predicting the evolution of the infection as the joint influence of many different factors: interaction patterns, personal characteristics, travel patterns, meteorological conditions, previous vaccination, etc. The work presented in this paper extends EpiGraph, our influenza epidemic simulator, by introducing a meteorological model as a modular component that interacts with the rest of EpiGraph’s modules to refine our previous simulation results. Our goal is to estimate the effects of changes in temperature and relative humidity on the patterns of epidemic influenza based on data provided by the Spanish Influenza Sentinel Surveillance System (SISSS) and the Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET). METHODS: Our meteorological model is based on the regression model developed by AB and JS, and it is tuned with influenza surveillance data obtained from SISSS. After pre-processing this data to clean it and reconstruct missing samples, we obtain new values for the reproduction number of each urban region in Spain, every 10 minutes during 2011. We simulate the propagation of the influenza by setting the date of the epidemic onset and the initial influenza-illness rates for each urban region. RESULTS: We show that the simulation results have the same propagation shape as the weekly influenza rates as recorded by SISSS. We perform experiments for a realistic scenario based on actual meteorological data from 2010-2011, and for synthetic values assumed under simplified predicted climate change conditions. Results show that a diminishing relative humidity of 10% produces an increment of about 1.6% in the final infection rate. The effect of temperature changes on the infection spread is also noticeable, with a decrease of 1.1% per extra degree.Conclusions: Using a tool like ours could help predict the shape of developing epidemics and its peaks, and would permit to quickly run scenarios to determine the evolution of the epidemic under different conditions. We make EpiGraph source code and epidemic data publicly available. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7132999/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-04977-w id: cord-011917-6u0t4hy8 author: Skarlupka, Amanda L. title: Immune Imprinting in the Influenza Ferret Model date: 2020-04-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The initial exposure to influenza virus usually occurs during childhood. This imprinting has long-lasting effects on the immune responses to subsequent infections and vaccinations. Animal models that are used to investigate influenza pathogenesis and vaccination do recapitulate the pre-immune history in the human population. The establishment of influenza pre-immune ferret models is necessary for understanding infection and transmission and for designing efficacious vaccines. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7348859/ doi: 10.3390/vaccines8020173 id: cord-325325-xw7627x9 author: Skeik, Nedaa title: Influenza viruses and the evolution of avian influenza virus H5N1 date: 2007-10-02 words: 4079.0 sentences: 254.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325325-xw7627x9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325325-xw7627x9.txt summary: While the clock is still ticking towards what seems to be inevitable pandemic influenza, on April 17, 2007 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vaccine against the avian influenza virus H5N1 for humans at high risk. While the clock is still ticking towards what seems to be inevitable pandemic influenza, on April 17, 2007 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vaccine against the avian influenza virus H5N1 for humans at high risk. [8] [9] [10] [11] The 1957 pandemic was caused by the H2N2 subtype, a product of genetic reassortment in hosts infected with both an avian and human influenza virus. Although immunization with human influenza vaccine will not protect against avian influenza strains, it should be considered in poultry workers, and also be given to those traveling to affected areas, two weeks ahead of departure, to prevent co-infection and reassortment. abstract: Although small in size and simple in structure, influenza viruses are sophisticated organisms with highly mutagenic genomes and wide antigenic diversity. They are species-specific organisms. Mutation and reassortment have resulted in newer viruses such as H5N1, with new resistance against anti-viral medications, and this might lead to the emergence of a fully transmissible strain, as occurred in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics. Influenza viruses are no longer just a cause of self-limited upper respiratory tract infections; the H5N1 avian influenza virus can cause severe human infection with a mortality rate exceeding 50%. The case death rate of H5N1 avian influenza infection is 20 times higher than that of the 1918 infection (50% versus 2.5%), which killed 675 000 people in the USA and almost 40 million people worldwide. While the clock is still ticking towards what seems to be inevitable pandemic influenza, on April 17, 2007 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vaccine against the avian influenza virus H5N1 for humans at high risk. However, more research is needed to develop a more effective and affordable vaccine that can be given at lower doses. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971207001531 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2007.07.002 id: cord-340678-2e2s1gof author: Skowronski, Danuta M title: Influenza vaccine does not increase the risk of coronavirus or other non-influenza respiratory viruses: retrospective analysis from Canada, 2010-11 to 2016-17 date: 2020-05-22 words: 1646.0 sentences: 113.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-340678-2e2s1gof.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340678-2e2s1gof.txt summary: Influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza and non-influenza respiratory viruses (NIRV) was assessed by test-negative design using historic datasets of the community-based Canadian Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network (SPSN), spanning 2010-11 to 2016-17. Here, we use historic datasets of the community-based Canadian Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network (SPSN) to assess the association between influenza vaccine and NIRV risk, notably seasonal coronaviruses. Conversely, influenza vaccine had no effect on non-influenza causes of ILI, with the likelihood of vaccination among NIRV cases relative to test-negative controls approaching unity. In combined NIRV analysis, relative to pan-negative controls, Wolff adjusted for age and excluded specimens that tested influenza-positive. We illustrate the impact of this bias in Supplementary_Material_3, where we have re-analyzed Wolff''s data as well as our own, comparing influenza vaccine effect against NIRV when influenza testpositive specimens are properly excluded (as per TND prerequisite) or improperly included (as per Wolff [4] ) within the control group. abstract: Influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza and non-influenza respiratory viruses (NIRV) was assessed by test-negative design using historic datasets of the community-based Canadian Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network (SPSN), spanning 2010-11 to 2016-17. Vaccine significantly reduced the risk of influenza illness by >40% with no effect on coronaviruses or other NIRV risk. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa626 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa626 id: cord-339230-cc7gcy5b author: Smith, Amber M. title: Secondary Bacterial Infections in Influenza Virus Infection Pathogenesis date: 2014-07-16 words: 10381.0 sentences: 576.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339230-cc7gcy5b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339230-cc7gcy5b.txt summary: Several different animal models have been used to study the effect that influenza viruses have on bacterial transmission and colonization and on invasive diseases, such as acute otitis media and pneumonia (Wherry and Butterfield 1921; Shope 1931; Francis and de Torregrosa 1945; Berendt et al. Although the precise mechanisms responsible for enhancing the transmission profile that influenza viruses provide pneumococci are currently unknown, it is likely due to an increase in pathogen density and frequency of secretion events (e.g., sneezing and coughing) in the infected individual combined with a decrease in immunity and resistance from natural barriers breaking down in the person who is newly exposed. The PB1-F2 protein of some influenza viruses increases pathologic effects by causing cell death, increasing viral replication, and altering inflammatory responses to primary viral infections and to bacterial coinfections (Conenello et al. abstract: Influenza is often complicated by bacterial pathogens that colonize the nasopharynx and invade the middle ear and/or lung epithelium. Incidence and pathogenicity of influenza-bacterial coinfections are multifactorial processes that involve various pathogenic virulence factors and host responses with distinct site- and strain-specific differences. Animal models and kinetic models have improved our understanding of how influenza viruses interact with their bacterial co-pathogens and the accompanying immune responses. Data from these models indicate that considerable alterations in epithelial surfaces and aberrant immune responses lead to severe inflammation, a key driver of bacterial acquisition and infection severity following influenza. However, further experimental and analytical studies are essential to determining the full mechanistic spectrum of different viral and bacterial strains and species and to finding new ways to prevent and treat influenza-associated bacterial coinfections. Here, we review recent advances regarding transmission and disease potential of influenza-associated bacterial infections and discuss the current gaps in knowledge. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2014_394 doi: 10.1007/82_2014_394 id: cord-342519-tjr6dvtt author: Souza, Thiago Moreno L. title: H1N1pdm Influenza Infection in Hospitalized Cancer Patients: Clinical Evolution and Viral Analysis date: 2010-11-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The novel influenza A pandemic virus (H1N1pdm) caused considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide in 2009. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical course, duration of viral shedding, H1N1pdm evolution and emergence of antiviral resistance in hospitalized cancer patients with severe H1N1pdm infections during the winter of 2009 in Brazil. METHODS: We performed a prospective single-center cohort study in a cancer center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Hospitalized patients with cancer and a confirmed diagnosis of influenza A H1N1pdm were evaluated. The main outcome measures in this study were in-hospital mortality, duration of viral shedding, viral persistence and both functional and molecular analyses of H1N1pdm susceptibility to oseltamivir. RESULTS: A total of 44 hospitalized patients with suspected influenza-like illness were screened. A total of 24 had diagnosed H1N1pdm infections. The overall hospital mortality in our cohort was 21%. Thirteen (54%) patients required intensive care. The median age of the studied cohort was 14.5 years (3–69 years). Eighteen (75%) patients had received chemotherapy in the previous month, and 14 were neutropenic at the onset of influenza. A total of 10 patients were evaluated for their duration of viral shedding, and 5 (50%) displayed prolonged viral shedding (median 23, range = 11–63 days); however, this was not associated with the emergence of a resistant H1N1pdm virus. Viral evolution was observed in sequentially collected samples. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged influenza A H1N1pdm shedding was observed in cancer patients. However, oseltamivir resistance was not detected. Taken together, our data suggest that severely ill cancer patients may constitute a pandemic virus reservoir with major implications for viral propagation. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014158 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014158 id: cord-331244-zaguyxm5 author: Stephenson, Iain title: Confronting the avian influenza threat: vaccine development for a potential pandemic date: 2004-07-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Sporadic human infection with avian influenza viruses has raised concern that reassortment between human and avian subtypes could generate viruses of pandemic potential. Vaccination is the principal means to combat the impact of influenza. During an influenza pandemic the immune status of the population would differ from that which exists during interpandemic periods. An emerging pandemic virus will create a surge in worldwide vaccine demand and new approaches in immunisation strategies may be needed to ensure optimum protection of unprimed individuals when vaccine antigen may be limited. The manufacture of vaccines from pathogenic avian influenza viruses by traditional methods is not feasible for safety reasons as well as technical issues. Strategies adopted to overcome these issues include the use of reverse genetic systems to generate reassortant strains, the use of baculovirusexpressed haemagglutinin or related non-pathogenic avian influenza strains, and the use of adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity. In clinical trials, conventional surfaceantigen influenza virus vaccines produced from avian viruses have proved poorly immunogenic in immunologically naive populations. Adjuvanted or whole-virus preparations may improve immunogenicity and allow sparing of antigen. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1473309904011053 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(04)01105-3 id: cord-006089-08g206kf author: Stevens, James title: Glycan microarray technologies: tools to survey host specificity of influenza viruses date: 2006-10-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: New technologies are urgently required for rapid surveillance of the current H5N1 avian influenza A outbreaks to gauge the potential for adaptation of the virus to the human population, a crucial step in the emergence of pandemic influenza virus strains. Owing to the species-specific nature of the interaction between the virus and host glycans, attention has recently focused on novel glycan array technologies that can rapidly assess virus receptor specificity and the potential emergence of human-adapted H5N1 viruses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7097745/ doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1530 id: cord-342796-f7n8sxbu author: Stowe, J. title: Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza and the impact of coinfection on disease severity: A test negative design date: 2020-09-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background: The potential impact of COVID-19 alongside influenza on morbidity, mortality and health service capacity is a major concern as the Northern Hemisphere winter approaches. This study investigates the interaction between influenza and COVID-19 during the latter part of the 2019-20 influenza season in England. Methods: Individuals tested for influenza and SARS-CoV-2 were extracted from national surveillance systems between 20/01/2020 and 25/04/2020. To estimate influenza infection on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, univariable and multivariable analyses on the odds of SARS-CoV-2 in those who tested positive for influenza compared to those who tested negative for influenza. To assess whether a coinfection was associated with severe SARS-CoV-2 outcome, univariable and multivariable analyses on the odds of death adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, comorbidity and coinfection status. Findings: The risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 was 68% lower among influenza positive cases, suggesting possible pathogenic competition between the two viruses. Patients with a coinfection had a risk of death of 5.92 (95% CI, 3.21-10.91) times greater than among those with neither influenza nor SARS-CoV-2 suggesting possible synergistic effects in coinfected individuals. The odds of ventilator use or death and ICU admission or death was greatest among coinfection patients showing strong evidence of an interaction effect compared to SARS-CoV-2/influenza acting independently. Interpretation: Cocirculation of these viruses could have a significant impact on morbidity, mortality and health service demand. Testing for influenza alongside SARS-CoV-2 and maximising influenza vaccine uptake should be prioritised to mitigate these risks. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.18.20189647v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.09.18.20189647 id: cord-278508-h145cxlp author: Streng, Andrea title: Continued high incidence of children with severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 admitted to paediatric intensive care units in Germany during the first three post-pandemic influenza seasons, 2010/11–2012/13 date: 2015-12-18 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous influenza surveillance at paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in Germany indicated increased incidence of PICU admissions for the pandemic influenza subtype A(H1N1)pdm09. We investigated incidence and clinical characteristics of influenza in children admitted to PICUs during the first three post-pandemic influenza seasons, using active screening. METHODS: We conducted a prospective surveillance study in 24 PICUs in Bavaria (Germany) from October 2010 to September 2013. Influenza cases among children between 1 month and 16 years of age admitted to these PICUs with acute respiratory infection were confirmed by PCR analysis of respiratory secretions. RESULTS: A total of 24/7/20 influenza-associated PICU admissions were recorded in the post-pandemic seasons 1/2/3; incidence estimates per 100,000 children were 1.72/0.76/1.80, respectively. Of all 51 patients, 80 % had influenza A, including 65 % with A(H1N1)pdm09. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was almost absent in season 2 (incidence 0.11), but dominated PICU admissions in seasons 1 (incidence 1.35) and 3 (incidence 1.17). Clinical data was available for 47 influenza patients; median age was 4.8 years (IQR 1.6–11.0). The most frequent diagnoses were influenza-associated pneumonia (62 %), bronchitis/bronchiolitis (32 %), secondary bacterial pneumonia (26 %), and ARDS (21 %). Thirty-six patients (77 %) had underlying medical conditions. Median duration of PICU stay was 3 days (IQR 1–11). Forty-seven per cent of patients received mechanical ventilation, and one patient (2 %) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; 19 % were treated with oseltamivir. Five children (11 %) had pulmonary sequelae. Five children (11 %) died; all had underlying chronic conditions and were infected with A(H1N1)pdm09. In season 3, patients with A(H1N1)pdm09 were younger than in season 1 (p = 0.020), were diagnosed more often with bronchitis/bronchiolitis (p = 0.004), and were admitted to a PICU later after the onset of influenza symptoms (p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Active screening showed a continued high incidence of A(H1N1)pdm09-associated PICU admissions in the post-pandemic seasons 1 and 3, and indicated possible underestimation of incidence in previous German studies. The age shift of severe A(H1N1)pdm09 towards younger children may be explained by increasing immunity in the older paediatric population. The high proportion of patients with underlying chronic conditions indicates the importance of consistent implementation of the current influenza vaccination recommendations for risk groups in Germany. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1293-1 doi: 10.1186/s12879-015-1293-1 id: cord-299359-s8j78naz author: Sundaram, Maria E. title: Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated With Detection of Noninfluenza Respiratory Viruses in Seasonal Studies of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness date: 2013-09-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background. The test-negative control study design is the basis for observational studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE). Recent studies have suggested that influenza vaccination increases the risk of noninfluenza respiratory virus infection. Such an effect could create bias in VE studies using influenza-negative controls. We investigated the association between influenza infection, vaccination, and detection of other respiratory viruses among children <5 years old and adults ≥50 years old with acute respiratory illness who participated in seasonal studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness. Methods. Nasal/nasopharyngeal samples collected from 2004–2005 through 2009–2010 were tested for 19 respiratory virus targets using a multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) platform. Vaccination status was determined using a validated registry. Adjusted odds ratios for influenza and vaccination status were calculated using three different control groups: influenza-negative, other respiratory virus positive, and pan-negative. Results. Influenza was detected in 12% of 2010 children and 20% of 1738 adults. Noninfluenza respiratory viruses were detected in 70% of children and 38% of adults without influenza. The proportion vaccinated did not vary between virus-positive controls and pan-negative controls in children (P = .62) or adults (P = .33). Influenza infection was associated with reduced odds of vaccination, but adjusted odds ratios differed by no more than 0.02 when the analysis used influenza-negative or virus-positive controls. Conclusions. Influenza vaccination was not associated with detection of noninfluenza respiratory viruses. Use of influenza-negative controls did not generate a biased estimate of vaccine effectiveness due to an effect of vaccination on other respiratory virus infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23748138/ doi: 10.1093/cid/cit379 id: cord-252293-8286lsof author: Suzuki, Motoi title: Effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine against laboratory-confirmed influenza pneumonia among adults aged ≥65 years in Japan date: 2018-05-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) against laboratory-confirmed influenza pneumonia in older adults remains to be established. METHODS: Pneumonia patients aged ≥65 years who visited a study hospital in Chiba, Japan, were prospectively enrolled from February 2012 to January 2014. Sputum samples were collected from participants and tested for influenza virus by polymerase chain reaction assays. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) against laboratory-confirmed influenza pneumonia was estimated by a test-negative design. RESULTS: Among a total of 814 pneumonia patients, 42 (5.2%) tested positive for influenza: 40 were positive for influenza A virus, and two were positive for influenza B virus. The IVE against laboratory-confirmed influenza pneumonia was 58.3% (95% confidence interval, 28.8–75.6%). The IVE against influenza pneumonia hospital admission, severe pneumonia, and death was 60.2% (95% CI, 22.8–79.4%), 65.5% (95% CI, 44.3–78.7%), and 71% (95% CI, −62.9% to 94.8%), respectively. In the subgroup analyses, the IVE against influenza pneumonia was higher for patients with immunosuppressive conditions (85.9%; 95% CI, 67.4–93.9%) than for those without (48.7%; 95% CI, 2.7–73%) but did not differ by patients’ statin use status. CONCLUSION: IIV effectively reduces the risk of laboratory-confirmed influenza pneumonia in older adults. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.037 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.037 id: cord-006345-03kqeed3 author: Takayama, Koji title: Clinical features of the 2009 swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) outbreak in Japan date: 2010-12-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: To clarify the clinical symptoms of the influenza A virus during the 2009 pandemic influenza outbreak, we describe the clinical features of outpatients diagnosed with type A influenza by use of the rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT) from September to December 2009. Questionnaires were used to collect prospective data on 1,122 cases with influenza-like illness at our medical institutions. The independent predictors of influenza A virus were identified on the basis of demographic features and the clinical symptoms of the patients who tested positive for influenza A virus in the RIDT test. Of the 1,122 cases tested, 389 (34.7%) were positive for the influenza A virus. The median age of the influenza-positive patients was 14, and 58.9% of the patients were male. The symptoms fever, cough, rhinorrhea, and headache were statistically dominant. A history of recent contact with persons suffering from influenza or influenza-like illness at home, school, or in the workplace was significantly more common in the positive group than in the negative group. Pneumonia was observed in 2 (0.5%) of the positive patients, but the symptoms were only severe enough to require hospitalization in 1 of the 2. No deaths were observed among the 389 RIDT-positive patients. Although the spread of influenza A virus was both rapid and extensive, mainly among children under the age of 18, it seemed to be mild. Appropriate interpretation of the RIDT on the basis of recent clinical information, and early treatment with antiviral drugs might help to prevent severe illness from influenza pandemics in the future. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101646/ doi: 10.1007/s10156-010-0187-9 id: cord-003898-y6zpvw84 author: Tan, Kai Sen title: RNA Sequencing of H3N2 Influenza Virus-Infected Human Nasal Epithelial Cells from Multiple Subjects Reveals Molecular Pathways Associated with Tissue Injury and Complications date: 2019-08-27 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The human nasal epithelium is the primary site of exposure to influenza virus, the initiator of host responses to influenza and the resultant pathologies. Influenza virus may cause serious respiratory infection resulting in major complications, as well as severe impairment of the airways. Here, we elucidated the global transcriptomic changes during H3N2 infection of human nasal epithelial cells from multiple individuals. Using RNA sequencing, we characterized the differentially-expressed genes and pathways associated with changes occurring at the nasal epithelium following infection. We used in vitro differentiated human nasal epithelial cell culture model derived from seven different donors who had no concurrent history of viral infections. Statistical analysis highlighted strong transcriptomic signatures significantly associated with 24 and 48 h after infection, but not at the earlier 8-h time point. In particular, we found that the influenza infection induced in the nasal epithelium early and altered responses in interferon gamma signaling, B-cell signaling, apoptosis, necrosis, smooth muscle proliferation, and metabolic alterations. These molecular events initiated at the infected nasal epithelium may potentially adversely impact the airway, and thus the genes we identified could serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets for influenza infection and associated disease management. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6770044/ doi: 10.3390/cells8090986 id: cord-253143-73dsc6q3 author: Tang, Julian W. title: Emerging, Novel, and Known Influenza Virus Infections in Humans date: 2010-08-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Influenza viruses continue to cause yearly epidemics and occasional pandemics in humans. In recent years, the threat of a possible influenza pandemic arising from the avian influenza A(H5N1) virus has prompted the development of comprehensive pandemic preparedness programs in many countries. The recent emergence of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus from the Americas in early 2009, although surprising in its geographic and zoonotic origins, has tested these preparedness programs and revealed areas in which further work is necessary. Nevertheless, the plethora of epidemiologic, diagnostic, mathematical and phylogenetic modeling, and investigative methodologies developed since the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak of 2003 and the subsequent sporadic human cases of avian influenza have been applied effectively and rapidly to the emergence of this novel pandemic virus. This article summarizes some of the findings from such investigations, including recommendations for the management of patients infected with this newly emerged pathogen. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2010.04.001 doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2010.04.001 id: cord-312493-wbhji81g author: Tay, Ee Laine title: Exploring a Proposed WHO Method to Determine Thresholds for Seasonal Influenza Surveillance date: 2013-10-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: INTRODUCTION: Health authorities find thresholds useful to gauge the start and severity of influenza seasons. We explored a method for deriving thresholds proposed in an influenza surveillance manual published by the World Health Organization (WHO). METHODS: For 2002-2011, we analysed two routine influenza-like-illness (ILI) datasets, general practice sentinel surveillance and a locum medical service sentinel surveillance, plus laboratory data and hospital admissions for influenza. For each sentinel dataset, we created two composite variables from the product of weekly ILI data and the relevant laboratory data, indicating the proportion of tested specimens that were positive. For all datasets, including the composite datasets, we aligned data on the median week of peak influenza or ILI activity and assigned three threshold levels: seasonal threshold, determined by inspection; and two intensity thresholds termed average and alert thresholds, determined by calculations of means, medians, confidence intervals (CI) and percentiles. From the thresholds, we compared the seasonal onset, end and intensity across all datasets from 2002-2011. Correlation between datasets was assessed using the mean correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The median week of peak activity was week 34 for all datasets, except hospital data (week 35). Means and medians were comparable and the 90% upper CIs were similar to the 95(th) percentiles. Comparison of thresholds revealed variations in defining the start of a season but good agreement in describing the end and intensity of influenza seasons, except in hospital admissions data after the pandemic year of 2009. The composite variables improved the agreements between the ILI and other datasets. Datasets were well correlated, with mean correlation coefficients of >0.75 for a range of combinations. CONCLUSIONS: Thresholds for influenza surveillance are easily derived from historical surveillance and laboratory data using the approach proposed by WHO. Use of composite variables is helpful for describing influenza season characteristics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24146973/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077244 id: cord-010416-u0yo0lk6 author: Tejada, Sofia title: Alternative Regimens of Neuraminidase Inhibitors for Therapy of Hospitalized Adults with Influenza: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials date: 2020-04-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: INTRODUCTION: Influenza in hospitalized intensive care unit (ICU) patients with respiratory failure is associated with 25% mortality, despite timely oseltamivir treatment. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of alternative neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) regimens compared to standard of care in patients hospitalized for H1N1, H3N2, or B influenza. METHODS: The Cochrane collaboration searching methods were followed in Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Web of Science databases (2009–2019). Eligibility criteria were RCTs comparing different regimens of NAIs in hospitalized patients (at least 1 year old) for clinically diagnosed influenza (H1N1, H3N2, or B). Pre-defined endpoints were time to clinical resolution (TTCR), overall mortality, hospital discharge, viral clearance, drug-related adverse events (AEs), and serious adverse events. RESULTS: Seven trials (1579 patients) were included. Two trials compared two regimens of oral oseltamivir therapy, and one trial compared two regimens of intravenous zanamivir therapy vs oral oseltamivir therapy. Four trials focused on intravenous peramivir therapy: two trials compared two different regimens and two trials compared two different regimens vs oral oseltamivir therapy. Overall, the different regimens were well tolerated, with no significant differences in AEs; nonetheless non-significant differences were reported among different regimens regarding TTCR, mortality, and viral clearance. CONCLUSION: Higher compared to standard doses of NAIs or systemic peramivir therapy compared to oral oseltamivir therapy did not demonstrate benefit. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s12325-020-01347-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187665/ doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01347-5 id: cord-341364-dle938bt author: Thompson, Catherine title: Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and SARS date: 2009-11-26 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are a major worldwide health problem, particularly in childhood. About 30–50% of acute LRTIs are viral in origin; of these, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus are associated with the greatest disease burden in humans. Many different influenza A viruses occur naturally in animal reservoirs, and present a constant threat of zoonotic infections and global pandemics. The pandemic (H1N1) influenza virus that emerged in humans in 2009 contained a unique combination of genes originating in swine and the global human population was highly susceptible to the novel strain. The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 2003, and the ensuing worldwide epidemic, highlights the fact that respiratory viral infections in humans may originate in animals. Preventative measures for influenza include annual vaccination and treatment with antiviral drugs such as the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir. Subtype-dependent resistance to antivirals can develop and should be closely monitored. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32288570/ doi: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2009.10.003 id: cord-260728-4w23kwzu author: Timmermans, Ans title: Human Sentinel Surveillance of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viral Pathogens in Border Areas of Western Cambodia date: 2016-03-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Little is known about circulation of influenza and other respiratory viruses in remote populations along the Thai-Cambodia border in western Cambodia. We screened 586 outpatients (median age 5, range 1–77) presenting with influenza-like-illness (ILI) at 4 sentinel sites in western Cambodia between May 2010 and December 2012. Real-time reverse transcriptase (rRT) PCR for influenza was performed on combined nasal and throat specimens followed by viral culture, antigenic analysis, antiviral susceptibility testing and full genome sequencing for phylogenetic analysis. ILI-specimens negative for influenza were cultured, followed by rRT-PCR for enterovirus and rhinovirus (EV/RV) and EV71. Influenza was found in 168 cases (29%) and occurred almost exclusively in the rainy season from June to November. Isolated influenza strains had close antigenic and phylogenetic relationships, matching vaccine and circulating strains found elsewhere in Cambodia. Influenza vaccination coverage was low (<20%). Western Cambodian H1N1(2009) isolate genomes were more closely related to 10 earlier Cambodia isolates (94.4% genome conservation) than to 13 Thai isolates (75.9% genome conservation), despite sharing the majority of the amino acid changes with the Thai references. Most genes showed signatures of purifying selection. Viral culture detected only adenovirus (5.7%) and parainfluenza virus (3.8%), while non-polio enteroviruses (10.3%) were detected among 164 culture-negative samples including coxsackievirus A4, A6, A8, A9, A12, B3, B4 and echovirus E6 and E9 using nested RT-PCR methods. A single specimen of EV71 was found. Despite proximity to Thailand, influenza epidemiology of these western Cambodian isolates followed patterns observed elsewhere in Cambodia, continuing to support current vaccine and treatment recommendations from the Cambodian National Influenza Center. Amino acid mutations at non-epitope sites, particularly hemagglutinin genes, require further investigation in light of an increasingly important role of permissive mutations in influenza virus evolution. Further research about the burden of adenovirus and non-polio enteroviruses as etiologic agents in acute respiratory infections in Cambodia is also needed. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152529 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152529 id: cord-001219-517gka4h author: Timpka, Toomas title: Intentions to Perform Non-Pharmaceutical Protective Behaviors during Influenza Outbreaks in Sweden: A Cross-Sectional Study following a Mass Vaccination Campaign date: 2014-03-07 words: 5805.0 sentences: 247.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001219-517gka4h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001219-517gka4h.txt summary: We administered a cross-sectional telephone survey to a representative sample (n = 443) of the Swedish adult population to examine whether self-reported intentions to improve personal hygiene and increase social distancing during influenza outbreaks could be explained by trust in official information, self-reported health (SF-8), sociodemographic factors, and determinants postulated in protection motivation theory, namely threat appraisal and coping appraisal. A hypothetical explanatory model was constructed to inform the analysis of the main research question; i.e. to what extent selfreported intentions to perform protective behaviors during influenza outbreaks can be explained by perceptions of threat and the ability to cope as outlined in the PMT, self-assessments of health status, trust in official information, and sociodemiographic factors. abstract: Failure to incorporate the beliefs and attitudes of the public into theoretical models of preparedness has been identified as a weakness in strategies to mitigate infectious disease outbreaks. We administered a cross-sectional telephone survey to a representative sample (n = 443) of the Swedish adult population to examine whether self-reported intentions to improve personal hygiene and increase social distancing during influenza outbreaks could be explained by trust in official information, self-reported health (SF-8), sociodemographic factors, and determinants postulated in protection motivation theory, namely threat appraisal and coping appraisal. The interviewees were asked to make their appraisals for two scenarios: a) an influenza with low case fatality and mild lifestyle impact; b) severe influenza with high case fatality and serious disturbances of societal functions. Every second respondent (50.0%) reported high trust in official information about influenza. The proportion that reported intentions to take deliberate actions to improve personal hygiene during outbreaks ranged between 45–85%, while less than 25% said that they intended to increase social distancing. Multiple logistic regression models with coping appraisal as the explanatory factor most frequently contributing to the explanation of the variance in intentions showed strong discriminatory performance for staying home while not ill (mild outbreaks: Area under the curve [AUC] 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.82;0.89), severe outbreaks AUC 0.82 (95% CI 0.77;0.85)) and acceptable performance with regard to avoiding public transportation (AUC 0.78 (0.74;0.82), AUC 0.77 (0.72;0.82)), using handwash products (AUC 0.70 (0.65;0.75), AUC 0.76 (0.71;0.80)), and frequently washing hands (AUC 0.71 (0.66;0.76), AUC 0.75 (0.71;0.80)). We conclude that coping appraisal was the explanatory factor most frequently included in statistical models explaining self-reported intentions to carry out non-pharmaceutical health actions in the Swedish outlined context, and that variations in threat appraisal played a smaller role in these models despite scientific uncertainties surrounding a recent mass vaccination campaign. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3946657/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091060 id: cord-270772-zshjrc87 author: To, Kelvin Kai-Wang title: Host genes and influenza pathogenesis in humans: an emerging paradigm date: 2015-06-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The emergence of the pandemic influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 in 2009 and avian influenza virus A(H7N9) in 2013 provided unique opportunities for assessing genetic predispositions to severe disease because many patients did not have any underlying risk factor or neutralizing antibody against these agents, in contrast to seasonal influenza viruses. High-throughput screening platforms and large human or animal databases from international collaborations allow rapid selection of potential candidate genes for confirmatory functional studies. In the last 2 years, at least seven new human susceptibility genes have been identified in genetic association studies. Integration of knowledge from genetic and phenotypic studies is essential to identify important gene targets for treatment and prevention of influenza virus infection. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879625715000760 doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.04.010 id: cord-341923-jwckbdnb author: To, Kelvin Kai-Wang title: Pathogenesis of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection and the implication on management date: 2010-04-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus has caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century, leading to disproportionate fatalities in the low-risk population despite the generally mild nature of the illness. Advances in science and technology have allowed very detailed study on the pathogenesis of this novel virus, and many have already been published in less than a year after the start of the pandemic. Information generated from cell lines, animal models, and clinical data analysis has provided us with greater understanding of the behavior of this virus and the associated host response. The new knowledge will allow us to formulate scientifically sound and evidence-based management plans. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-010-0030-9 doi: 10.1007/s11684-010-0030-9 id: cord-002972-ge7qt256 author: Torner, Núria title: Descriptive study of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza during five epidemic seasons (2010–2015) date: 2018-04-14 words: 2674.0 sentences: 139.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002972-ge7qt256.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002972-ge7qt256.txt summary: OBJECTIVE: The Plan of Information on Acute Respiratory Infections in Catalonia (PIDIRAC) included the surveillance of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza (SHCLCI) in 2009. Surveillance of SHCLCI provides an estimate of the severity of seasonal influenza epidemics and the identification and characterization of at-risk groups in order to facilitate preventive measures such as vaccination and early antiviral treatment. Given the situation generated by the 2009 pandemic caused by the new influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus, the PIDIRAC sentinel network included surveillance of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza (SHCLCI) to assess severity. The aims of SHCLCI surveillance are to provide an estimate of the severity of seasonal influenza epidemics to identify and characterize the risk groups that may present serious complications as a result of infection by circulating influenza viruses or their association with some underlying diseases and to identify the virological characteristics of viruses associated with these severe cases, such as genetic changes and/or antigenic changes that lead to increased virulence. abstract: OBJECTIVE: The Plan of Information on Acute Respiratory Infections in Catalonia (PIDIRAC) included the surveillance of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza (SHCLCI) in 2009. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical, epidemiological and virological features of SHCLCI recorded in 12 sentinel hospitals during five influenza seasons. RESULTS: From a sample of SHCLCI recorded during the 5 influenza epidemics seasons from 2010–2011 to 2014–2015, Cases were confirmed by PCR and/or viral isolation in cell cultures from respiratory samples. A total of 1400 SHCLCI were recorded, 33% required ICU admission and 12% died. The median age of cases was 61 years (range 0–101 years); 70.5% were unvaccinated; 80.4% received antiviral treatment (in 79.6 and 24% of cases within 48 h after hospital admission and the onset of symptoms, respectively); influenza virus A [37.9% A (H1N1)pdm09, 29.3% A (H3N2)] was identified in 87.7% of cases. Surveillance of SHCLCI provides an estimate of the severity of seasonal influenza epidemics and the identification and characterization of at-risk groups in order to facilitate preventive measures such as vaccination and early antiviral treatment. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3349-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5899835/ doi: 10.1186/s13104-018-3349-y id: cord-327819-7p05jk1h author: Trampuz, Andrej title: Avian Influenza: A New Pandemic Threat? date: 2004-04-30 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In December 2003, the largest outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 occurred among poultry in 8 Asian countries. A limited number of human H5N1 infections have been reported from Vietnam and Thailand, with a mortality rate approaching 70%. Deaths have occurred in otherwise healthy young individuals, which is reminiscent of the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic. The main presenting features were fever, pneumonitis, lymphopenia, and diarrhea. Notably, sore throat, conjunctivitis, and coryza were absent. The H5N1 strains are resistant to amantadine and rimantadine but are susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors, which can be used for treatment and prophylaxis. The widespread epidemic of avian influenza in domestic birds increases the likelihood for mutational events and genetic reassortment. The threat of a future pandemic from avian influenza is real. Adequate surveillance, development of vaccines, outbreak preparedness, and pandemic influenza planning are important. This article summarizes the current knowledge on avian influenza, including the virology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of this emerging disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15065617/ doi: 10.4065/79.4.523 id: cord-304089-u2abo951 author: Trombetta, Claudia Maria title: Overview of Serological Techniques for Influenza Vaccine Evaluation: Past, Present and Future date: 2014-10-13 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Serological techniques commonly used to quantify influenza-specific antibodies include the Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI), Single Radial Haemolysis (SRH) and Virus Neutralization (VN) assays. HI and SRH are established and reproducible techniques, whereas VN is more demanding. Every new influenza vaccine needs to fulfil the strict criteria issued by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in order to be licensed. These criteria currently apply exclusively to SRH and HI assays and refer to two different target groups—healthy adults and the elderly, but other vaccine recipient age groups have not been considered (i.e., children). The purpose of this timely review is to highlight the current scenario on correlates of protection concerning influenza vaccines and underline the need to revise the criteria and assays currently in use. In addition to SRH and HI assays, the technical advantages provided by other techniques such as the VN assay, pseudotype-based neutralization assay, neuraminidase and cell-mediated immunity assays need to be considered and regulated via EMA criteria, considering the many significant advantages that they could offer for the development of effective vaccines. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26344888/ doi: 10.3390/vaccines2040707 id: cord-008837-74rfnt1x author: Tsang, Kenneth WT title: H5N1 influenza pandemic: contingency plans date: 2005-08-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134619/ doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67080-8 id: cord-275814-seirbkiq author: Tuncer, Necibe title: Effect of air travel on the spread of an avian influenza pandemic to the United States date: 2014-03-31 words: 6687.0 sentences: 433.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275814-seirbkiq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275814-seirbkiq.txt summary: A two-city mathematical model involving a pandemic strain is used to derive the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ), which determines if the disease will spread and persist ( R 0 > 1 ) or go extinct ( R 0 < 1 ). Real air travel data is used to model the disease spread by individuals who are susceptible to or are infected with pandemic avian influenza. Real air travel data is used to model the disease spread by individuals who are susceptible to or are infected with pandemic avian influenza. We only consider the air travel of susceptible and infected humans with pandemic avian influenza because the infected individuals can only contract the disease from domestic birds (that do not travel). HPAI and pandemic avian influenza both become extinct in the bird and human populations when all the reproduction numbers are less than one. abstract: Abstract The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strain H5N1, which first appeared in Hong Kong in 1997, achieved bird-to-human transmission, causing a severe disease with high mortality to humans [18]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a total of 637 cases were reported in fifteen countries, including 378 deaths, corresponding to a case fatality rate of nearly 60% [19]. Avian influenza continues to be one of the deadliest diseases that jumps from animals to humans. Epidemiologists believe that it is likely to cause the next major global pandemic that could kill millions of people. The 2002 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) demonstrated that international air travel can significantly influence the global spread of an infectious disease. This paper studies the effects of air travel on the spread of avian influenza from Asian and Australian cities to the United States. A two-city mathematical model involving a pandemic strain is used to derive the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ), which determines if the disease will spread and persist ( R 0 > 1 ) or go extinct ( R 0 < 1 ). Real air travel data is used to model the disease spread by individuals who are susceptible to or are infected with pandemic avian influenza. Analysis of the two-city model helps understand the dynamics of the spread of pandemic influenza when the cities are connected by air travel. Understanding these effects can help public health officials and policy-makers select the appropriate disease control measures. Also, it can provide guidance to decision-makers on where to implement control measures while conserving precious resources. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874548214000079 doi: 10.1016/j.ijcip.2014.02.001 id: cord-299207-lw0cv74b author: Upadhyay, Ranjit Kumar title: Modeling the spread of bird flu and predicting outbreak diversity date: 2007-05-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is an epidemic caused by H5N1 virus that primarily affects birds like chickens, wild water birds, etc. On rare occasions, these can infect other species including pigs and humans. In the span of less than a year, the lethal strain of bird flu is spreading very fast across the globe mainly in South East Asia, parts of Central Asia, Africa and Europe. In order to study the patterns of spread of epidemic, we made an investigation of outbreaks of the epidemic in one week, that is from February 13–18, 2006, when the deadly virus surfaced in India. We have designed a statistical transmission model of bird flu taking into account the factors that affect the epidemic transmission such as source of infection, social and natural factors and various control measures are suggested. For modeling the general intensity coefficient [Formula: see text] , we have implemented the recent ideas given in the article Fitting the Bill, Nature [R. Howlett, Fitting the bill, Nature 439 (2006) 402], which describes the geographical spread of epidemics due to transportation of poultry products. Our aim is to study the spread of avian influenza, both in time and space, to gain a better understanding of transmission mechanism. Our model yields satisfactory results as evidenced by the simulations and may be used for the prediction of future situations of epidemic for longer periods. We utilize real data at these various scales and our model allows one to generalize our predictions and make better suggestions for the control of this epidemic. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1468121807000879 doi: 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2007.04.009 id: cord-000759-36dhfptw author: Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés title: Predictive and Reactive Distribution of Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional Pandemic Outbreaks date: 2011-06-05 words: 6945.0 sentences: 385.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000759-36dhfptw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000759-36dhfptw.txt summary: The existing models on pandemic influenza (PI) containment and mitigation aims to address various complex aspects of the pandemic evolution process including: (i) the mechanism of disease progression, from the initial contact and infection transmission to the asymptomatic phase, manifestation of symptoms, and the final health outcome [10] [11] [12] , (ii) the population dynamics, including individual susceptibility [13, 14] and transmissibility [10, [15] [16] [17] , and behavioral factors affecting infection generation and effectiveness of interventions [18] [19] [20] , (iii) the impact of pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical measures, including vaccination [21] [22] [23] , antiviral therapy [24] [25] [26] , social distancing [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] and travel restrictions, and the use of low-cost measures, such as face masks and hand washing [26, [32] [33] [34] . The single-region model subsumes the following components (see Figure 3 ): (i) population dynamics (mixing groups and schedules), (ii) contact and infection process, (iii) disease natural history, and (iv) mitigation strategies, including social distancing, vaccination, and antiviral application. abstract: As recently pointed out by the Institute of Medicine, the existing pandemic mitigation models lack the dynamic decision support capability. We develop a large-scale simulation-driven optimization model for generating dynamic predictive distribution of vaccines and antivirals over a network of regional pandemic outbreaks. The model incorporates measures of morbidity, mortality, and social distancing, translated into the cost of lost productivity and medical expenses. The performance of the strategy is compared to that of the reactive myopic policy, using a sample outbreak in Fla, USA, with an affected population of over four millions. The comparison is implemented at different levels of vaccine and antiviral availability and administration capacity. Sensitivity analysis is performed to assess the impact of variability of some critical factors on policy performance. The model is intended to support public health policy making for effective distribution of limited mitigation resources. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3447295/ doi: 10.1155/2011/579597 id: cord-015830-ha8oj1b3 author: Van Essen, A G title: NHG-Standaard Influenzapandemie date: 2009-02-16 words: 10604.0 sentences: 1073.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015830-ha8oj1b3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015830-ha8oj1b3.txt summary: Om verspreiding van het virus in deze fase zoveel mogelijk te beperken dient men profylactisch antivirale medicatie te geven aan contacten van patiënten met aviaire influenza (postexpositieprofylaxe). Postexpositieprofylaxe: profylactische behandeling met antivirale middelen van personen die -waarschijnlijk -in contact zijn geweest met een virologisch bevestigd geval van influenza maar bij wie zich nog geen ziekteverschijnselen hebben geopenbaard. Postexpositieprofylaxe Postexpositieprofylaxe met antivirale middelen (dat wil zeggen profylaxe van mensen die in contact zijn geweest met een patiënt met aviaire influenza, zoals gezinsleden) is alleen geïndiceerd tijdens een dreigende pandemie (WHOfasen 3 t/m 5). Een recent onderzoek heeft laten zien dat behandeling van influenza met oseltamivir ook bij risicogroepen kan leiden tot minder gebruik van antibiotica voor influenzagerelateerde lageluchtweginfecties. Men neemt aan dat patiënten die een neuraminidaseremmer krijgen bij de eerste symptomen van influenza -en niet profylactisch -, een immunologische bescherming tegen het virus opbouwen en daardoor bij een tweede besmetting niet (of veel minder) ziek worden. abstract: Deze standaard is opgesteld op verzoek van het ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport. Zij geeft huisartsen richtlijnen voor een vooralsnog hypothetische situatie waarin een voor mensen nieuw influenzavirus zich wereldwijd verspreidt. Omdat deze richtlijnen volledig worden bepaald door de fase waarin een influenzapandemie zich bevindt, heeft deze standaard een andere opbouw dan gebruikelijk. De paragraaf ‘Achtergronden’ is relatief uitgebreid en geeft uitleg over het ontstaan en de mogelijke gevolgen van een influenzapandemie. Daarna wordt het beleid uiteengezet in drie delen. Eerst worden de algemene principes besproken: de virusverspreiding in de populatie indammen en de gevolgen voor de individuele patiënt beperken. De daaropvolgende onderdelen beschrijven het beleid (inclusief diagnostiek) in twee verschillende situaties: een dreigende pandemie en een manifeste pandemie. Voor de uitvoerbaarheid van het geadviseerde beleid is het van groot belang dat de huisartsgeneeskundige zorg goed georganiseerd is en dat huisartsen tijdens een influenzapandemie samenwerken met andere disciplines. Het NHG heeft implementatiemateriaal ontwikkeld waarin deze aspecten aan de orde komen. Het is onvoorspelbaar hoe een nieuwe influenzapandemie zich zal ontwikkelen en wat de aard zal zijn van een nieuw pandemisch influenzavirus. Er kunnen zich ontwikkelingen voordoen die aanpassing van het geadviseerde beleid nodig maken. Deze NHGStandaard zal daarom regelmatig geactualiseerd worden op de website van het NHG (http://www.nhg.org). Voor de meest recente informatie wordt verwezen naar overheidsrichtlijnen waarop deze standaard is gebaseerd.(49) url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119905/ doi: 10.1007/978-90-313-6614-9_85 id: cord-335647-dhcxj7cj author: Vanderlinden, Evelien title: Emerging Antiviral Strategies to Interfere with Influenza Virus Entry date: 2013-06-25 words: 15104.0 sentences: 870.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335647-dhcxj7cj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335647-dhcxj7cj.txt summary: We here focus on emerging options to interfere with the influenza virus entry process, which consists of the following steps: attachment of the viral hemagglutinin to the sialylated host cell receptors, endocytosis, M2‐mediated uncoating, low pH‐induced membrane fusion, and, finally, import of the viral ribonucleoprotein into the nucleus. There are three conceivable strategies for inhibiting attachment of influenza virus to its target cell: (i) an antiviral compound binding to the HA RBS; (ii) an inhibitor blocking the sialic acid-containing receptors on the epithelial cell membrane; or (iii) a receptor-destroying agent. 91 Regarding potential antiviral use, design of modified forms of the porcine SP-D lectin (which has higher anti-influenza virus activity than its human counterpart) is aided by the growing insight into how its carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) precisely interacts with the high-mannose glycans attached near the RBS of HA. abstract: Influenza A and B viruses are highly contagious respiratory pathogens with a considerable medical and socioeconomical burden and known pandemic potential. Current influenza vaccines require annual updating and provide only partial protection in some risk groups. Due to the global spread of viruses with resistance to the M2 proton channel inhibitor amantadine or the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, novel antiviral agents with an original mode of action are urgently needed. We here focus on emerging options to interfere with the influenza virus entry process, which consists of the following steps: attachment of the viral hemagglutinin to the sialylated host cell receptors, endocytosis, M2‐mediated uncoating, low pH‐induced membrane fusion, and, finally, import of the viral ribonucleoprotein into the nucleus. We review the current functional and structural insights in the viral and cellular components of this entry process, and the diverse antiviral strategies that are being explored. This encompasses small molecule inhibitors as well as macromolecules such as therapeutic antibodies. There is optimism that at least some of these innovative concepts to block influenza virus entry will proceed from the proof of concept to a more advanced stage. Special attention is therefore given to the challenging issues of influenza virus (sub)type‐dependent activity or potential drug resistance. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801557/ doi: 10.1002/med.21289 id: cord-030853-3yryw3r2 author: Vashishtha, Vipin M. title: Seasonal Influenza Vaccination and the Heightened Risk of Coronavirus and Other Pandemic Virus Infections: Fact or Fiction? date: 2020-06-09 words: 984.0 sentences: 62.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-030853-3yryw3r2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-030853-3yryw3r2.txt summary: title: Seasonal Influenza Vaccination and the Heightened Risk of Coronavirus and Other Pandemic Virus Infections: Fact or Fiction? During this ongoing severe acute respiratory illness coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, few speculative reports on significant association of influenza vaccines with an increased risk of coronavirus infection appeared both in media and academic circles. That is, vaccinated individuals may be at increased risk for other respiratory viruses because they do not receive the non-specific immunity associated with natural infection [5, 6] . In a study of 115 children [6] , a significantly increased risk of virologically confirmed non-influenza respiratory virus infections was found to be associated with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine. The contentious issue of higher risk of non-influenza respiratory viruses to influenza vaccinated individuals has gained traction during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which is also a coronavirus infection. Increased risk of non-influenza respiratory virus infections associated with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7444173/ doi: 10.1007/s13312-020-1936-1 id: cord-354877-n5du3bqt author: Vasoo, Shawn title: Rapid Antigen Tests for Diagnosis of Pandemic (Swine) Influenza A/H1N1 date: 2009-10-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: We found that the sensitivities of 3 rapid influenza antigen tests for pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus were low to moderate: BD Directigen EZ Flu A+B test (Becton Dickinson), 46.7%; BinaxNOW Influenza A&B (Inverness Medical), 38.3%; and QuickVue Influenza A+B Test (Quidel), 53.3%. A patient with influenza-like illness who has a negative rapid antigen test result should undergo further testing using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19725784/ doi: 10.1086/644743 id: cord-011712-fyrbe8tw author: Venkatesan, Sudhir title: Neuraminidase Inhibitors and Hospital Length of Stay: A Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data to Determine Treatment Effectiveness Among Patients Hospitalized With Nonfatal 2009 Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Infection date: 2020-02-01 words: 4623.0 sentences: 200.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011712-fyrbe8tw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011712-fyrbe8tw.txt summary: METHODS: We conducted a one-stage individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis exploring the association between NAI treatment and LoS in patients hospitalized with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) infection. CONCLUSIONS: When patients hospitalized with influenza are treated with NAIs, treatment initiated on admission, regardless of time since symptom onset, is associated with a reduced LoS, compared with later or no initiation of treatment. We undertook a one-stage individual participant data (IPD) [16] meta-analysis to explore the association between NAI treatment of patients hospitalized with 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) infection and the LoS during the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic. In Hong Kong, a study of 356 adult patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza showed that early oseltamivir treatment was associated with a reduced LoS in both unadjusted and multivariable analyses [9] , compared with no or later treatment, with the median LoS decreasing from 6 to 4 days; this accords with our primary analysis. abstract: BACKGROUND: The effect of neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) treatment on length of stay (LoS) in patients hospitalized with influenza is unclear. METHODS: We conducted a one-stage individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis exploring the association between NAI treatment and LoS in patients hospitalized with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) infection. Using mixed-effects negative binomial regression and adjusting for the propensity to receive NAI, antibiotic, and corticosteroid treatment, we calculated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Patients with a LoS of <1 day and those who died while hospitalized were excluded. RESULTS: We analyzed data on 18 309 patients from 70 clinical centers. After adjustment, NAI treatment initiated at hospitalization was associated with a 19% reduction in the LoS among patients with clinically suspected or laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection (IRR, 0.81; 95% CI, .78–.85), compared with later or no initiation of NAI treatment. Similar statistically significant associations were seen in all clinical subgroups. NAI treatment (at any time), compared with no NAI treatment, and NAI treatment initiated <2 days after symptom onset, compared with later or no initiation of NAI treatment, showed mixed patterns of association with the LoS. CONCLUSIONS: When patients hospitalized with influenza are treated with NAIs, treatment initiated on admission, regardless of time since symptom onset, is associated with a reduced LoS, compared with later or no initiation of treatment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7313925/ doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz152 id: cord-292856-7hjzzxtm author: Viasus, Diego title: Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-related pneumonia and other complications date: 2012-10-31 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection was associated with significant morbidity, mainly among children and young adults. The majority of patients had self-limited mild-to-moderate uncomplicated disease. However, some patients developed severe illness and some died. In addition to respiratory complications, several complications due to direct and indirect effects on other body systems were associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection. The main complications reported in hospitalized adults with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 were pneumonia (primary influenza pneumonia and concomitant/secondary bacterial pneumonia), exacerbations of chronic pulmonary diseases (mainly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), the need for intensive unit care admission (including mechanical ventilation, acute respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock), nosocomial infections and acute cardiac events. In experimentally infected animals, the level of pulmonary replication of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was higher than that of seasonal influenza viruses. Pathological studies in autopsy specimens indicated that the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus mainly targeted the lower respiratory tract, resulting in diffuse alveolar damage (edema, hyaline membranes, inflammation, and fibrosis), manifested clinically by severe acute respiratory distress syndrome with refractory hypoxemia. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-related pneumonia and other complications were associated with increased morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0213005X12701040 doi: 10.1016/s0213-005x(12)70104-0 id: cord-003571-upogtny6 author: Viboud, Cécile title: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Looking Back, Looking Forward date: 2018-10-20 words: 3831.0 sentences: 155.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003571-upogtny6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003571-upogtny6.txt summary: In the present commentary, we place these 12 articles in the context of a growing body of work on the archeo-epidemiology of past pandemics, the socioeconomic and geographic drivers of influenza mortality and natality impact, and renewed interest in immune imprinting mechanisms and the development of novel influenza vaccines. In the present commentary, we place these 12 articles in the context of a growing body of work on the archeo-epidemiology of past pandemics, the socioeconomic and geographic drivers of influenza mortality and natality impact, and renewed interest in immune imprinting mechanisms and the development of novel influenza vaccines. age patterns; history of epidemiology; influenza; mortality; pandemic; prior immunity One hundred years after the fact, the 1918 influenza pandemic remains one of the most important epidemics of the modern medical era; it was significant for its impact on both human health and the development of epidemiology and other medical sciences. abstract: In commemoration of the centennial of the 1918 influenza pandemic, the American Journal of Epidemiology has convened a collection of 12 articles that further illuminate the epidemiology of that pandemic and consider whether we would be more prepared if an equally deadly influenza virus were to emerge again. In the present commentary, we place these 12 articles in the context of a growing body of work on the archeo-epidemiology of past pandemics, the socioeconomic and geographic drivers of influenza mortality and natality impact, and renewed interest in immune imprinting mechanisms and the development of novel influenza vaccines. We also highlight persisting mysteries in the origins and severity of the 1918 pandemic and the need to preserve rapidly decaying information that may provide treasure troves for future generations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6454441/ doi: 10.1093/aje/kwy207 id: cord-302141-gd663uag author: Vousden, Nicola title: Lessons learned from the A (H1N1) Influenza Pandemic date: 2020-10-12 words: 5432.0 sentences: 281.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302141-gd663uag.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302141-gd663uag.txt summary: There are substantial gaps in our knowledge of the impact of severe influenza on perinatal outcomes, especially in low and middle-income countries, but preterm birth, fetal death, infant respiratory infection and hospital admission may be increased. This report therefore recommended the promotion of influenza vaccination to pregnant women at any stage of pregnancy and that influenza should be considered early on presentation to health care facilities in order to test and initiate treatment (10) . Several large prospective cohort studies, predominantly undertaken in the pandemic period, have reported that within the pregnant population there are factors which increase the risk of hospitalization or severe outcomes from influenza (13, 22, 30, 31) . A pooled analysis of three RCTs undertaken in LMIC reported that maternal influenza immunization is also 20% effective at protecting young infants against severe pneumonia (48) and reduces the risk of hospital admission with all cause acute lower respiratory illness by 44% (95% CI 1 -68%) (46) . abstract: Influenza in pregnancy is a common condition that is associated with increased risk of hospital admission. Women with comorbidities are at greater risk of severe outcomes. There are substantial gaps in our knowledge of the impact of severe influenza on perinatal outcomes, especially in low and middle-income countries, but preterm birth, fetal death, infant respiratory infection and hospital admission may be increased. Thus, influenza is major burden on health services. Immunisation is cost-effective, safe and effective at preventing influenza in pregnant women and their infants but policies and uptake vary worldwide. Operational challenges and concern over the safety, efficacy and necessity of the immunisation are common and there is a lack of evidence on how to overcome these barriers. This review identifies learning points relevant to the current COVID-19 pandemic through describing the epidemiology and impact of seasonal and A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza in pregnancy, alongside the effectiveness and use of immunisation. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521693420301577?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.08.006 id: cord-013022-c8a8ocge author: Vázquez-Espinosa, Emma title: The Spanish flu and the fiction literature date: 2020-07-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: This review focuses on the fictional literature in which the Spanish flu is represented either as an anecdotal or as a historical aspect and the effect on the author or fictional character. We examine this sociocultural period in the press and mainly in Anglo-Saxon literary works and from other countries, including Spanish and Latin American literature that is not very represented in some international reviews on the subject. Also, we include books about the previous and subsequent influenza pandemics to the Spanish flu. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7528412/ doi: 10.37201/req/049.2020 id: cord-292794-okh6i4l1 author: Wang, Bin title: Protective efficacy of a broadly cross-reactive swine influenza DNA vaccine encoding M2e, cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope and consensus H3 hemagglutinin date: 2012-06-27 words: 4776.0 sentences: 235.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292794-okh6i4l1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292794-okh6i4l1.txt summary: Results demonstrated that there was no detectable virus load in all the vaccine-immunized mice, while empty vector control group showed high lung viral titers ( Figure 4 ). Results indicated that all the mice that had been vaccinated with MHa had a detectable virus level, although showed a reduction in mean viral titers in both challenge groups compared with vector control, the reduction did not reach significance (p = 0.06 for rPan09 group and p = 0.67 for G11 group, Figure 4 ). The present study lays the foundation for universal swine influenza vaccine development, and call for further investigations in which the heterologous immune response should be further enhanced, such as the addition of molecular adjuvants [31, 32] and/or more copies of conserved viral protein encoding genes [33] , and the usage of DNA-prime protein/virus-boost immunization schedule [34, 35] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Pigs have been implicated as mixing reservoir for the generation of new pandemic influenza strains, control of swine influenza has both veterinary and public health significance. Unlike human influenza vaccines, strains used for commercially available swine influenza vaccines are not regularly replaced, making the vaccines provide limited protection against antigenically diverse viruses. It is therefore necessary to develop broadly protective swine influenza vaccines that are efficacious to both homologous and heterologous virus infections. In this study, two forms of DNA vaccines were constructed, one was made by fusing M2e to consensus H3HA (MHa), which represents the majority of the HA sequences of H3N2 swine influenza viruses. Another was made by fusing M2e and a conserved CTL epitope (NP147-155) to consensus H3HA (MNHa). Their protective efficacies against homologous and heterologous challenges were tested. RESULTS: BALB/c mice were immunized twice by particle-mediated epidermal delivery (gene gun) with the two DNA vaccines. It was shown that the two vaccines elicited substantial antibody responses, and MNHa induced more significant T cell-mediated immune response than MHa did. Then two H3N2 strains representative of different evolutional and antigenic clusters were used to challenge the vaccine-immunized mice (homosubtypic challenge). Results indicated that both of the DNA vaccines prevented homosubtypic virus infections completely. The vaccines’ heterologous protective efficacies were further tested by challenging with a H1N1 swine influenza virus and a reassortant 2009 pandemic strain. It was found that MNHa reduced the lung viral titers significantly in both challenge groups, histopathological observation showed obvious reduction of lung pathogenesis as compared to MHa and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: The combined utility of the consensus HA and the conserved M2e and CTL epitope can confer complete and partial protection against homologous and heterologous challenges, respectively, in mouse model. This may provide a basis for the development of universal swine influenza vaccines. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22738661/ doi: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-127 id: cord-268369-yj7m0n0f author: Wang, Keyang title: Expression and purification of an influenza hemagglutinin—one step closer to a recombinant protein-based influenza vaccine date: 2006-03-15 words: 5703.0 sentences: 306.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268369-yj7m0n0f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268369-yj7m0n0f.txt summary: The influenza hemagglutinin protein (HA), the active ingredient in the current vaccine, can be expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression vector system and purified rapidly. On the other hand, the recombinant protein-based approach involves production of viral antigens such as HA and NA in cell culture with recombinant DNA technology and utilization of the purified antigens as the active ingredients in the vaccine. The rHA influenza vaccines developed using the baculovirus-insect cell expression system has been tested in several Phase I and Phase II human clinical trials involving over 1200 subjects that demonstrated safety, immunogenicity and efficacy [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . On the other hand, most of RBCs were bound to the insect cells infected with baculovirus containing the HA gene derived from influenza strain A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) (Fig. 1b) . abstract: Numerous human infections with avian influenza viruses in Asia in recent years have raised the concern that the next influenza pandemic is imminent. The most effective way to combat influenza is through the vaccination of the public. However, a minimum of 3–6 months is needed to develop an influenza vaccine using the traditional egg-based vaccine approach. The influenza hemagglutinin protein (HA), the active ingredient in the current vaccine, can be expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression vector system and purified rapidly. An influenza vaccine based on such a recombinant antigen allows a more timely response to a potential influenza pandemic. Here, we report an innovative monitoring assay for recombinant HA (rHA) expression and a rapid purification process. Various biochemical analyses indicate that the purified rHA is properly folded and biologically active. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X05011308 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.005 id: cord-262201-4pab383g author: Wang, Lei title: Chinese herbs in treatment of influenza: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial date: 2010-06-22 words: 4311.0 sentences: 211.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262201-4pab383g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262201-4pab383g.txt summary: RESULTS: Antiwei increased patients'' recovery by 17% (P < 0.001), and reduced the severity of illness measured by the median symptom score by 50% (P < 0.001) in both the influenza-like and the influenza-confirmed populations, compared to placebo. The influenza-confirmed patients reported reductions in the severity of fever (P = 0.002), cough (P = 0.023) and expectoration (P = 0.004) after one-day of treatment with Antiwei, compared to placebo. 14 Therefore, a prospective, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was undertaken to investigate the efficacy and safety of Antiwei granule for the treatment of naturally acquired influenza in humans. The primary endpoints were severity of illness (measured by the mean symptom scores for the whole treatment period) and the number of recovered patients in the intention-to treat and influenza-confirmed populations. For patients with influenza-like illness, the number of recovered patients after three days of treatment in the Antiwei group increased 17% and the severity of symptoms was significantly reduced 50% compared to placebo. abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of Antiwei, a traditional Chinese prescription, in the treatment of influenza. METHODS: In a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we recruited 480 adults aged 18 to 65 years within 36 h of onset of influenza-like symptoms. There were 225 patients with confirmed influenza. Eligible patients were randomly assigned 6 g of Antiwei (n = 360) or placebo (n = 120) twice daily for three days. All patients recorded their temperature and symptoms on diary cards during treatment. Analyses were performed in both the influenza-like population and the influenza-confirmed population. RESULTS: Antiwei increased patients’ recovery by 17% (P < 0.001), and reduced the severity of illness measured by the median symptom score by 50% (P < 0.001) in both the influenza-like and the influenza-confirmed populations, compared to placebo. The influenza-confirmed patients reported reductions in the severity of fever (P = 0.002), cough (P = 0.023) and expectoration (P = 0.004) after one-day of treatment with Antiwei, compared to placebo. The adverse event profiles were similar for Antiwei and placebo. CONCLUSION: Antiwei was effective and well tolerated in treatment of natural influenza infection in adults. Antiwei represents a clinically valuable intervention in the management of influenza. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2010.05.015 doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.05.015 id: cord-268593-rvxxv1dn author: Wang, Mingyang title: Hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) protein of influenza C virus date: 2015-07-28 words: 10152.0 sentences: 468.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268593-rvxxv1dn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268593-rvxxv1dn.txt summary: Influenza C virus is unique since it contains only one spike protein, the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein HEF that possesses receptor binding, receptor destroying and membrane fusion activities, thus combining the functions of Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A and B viruses. While influenza A and B virus contain the two glycoproteins Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) inserted into the viral membrane, influenza C virus possesses only one spike designated Hemagglutinin-Esterase-Fusion (HEF) protein which combines the functions of both HA and NA (Herrler et al., 1988a; Herrler and Klenk, 1991) . Although there is only 12% amino acid identity between HA and HEF, the overall structure of both molecules as well as folds of individual segments are quite similar, except an additional bulge, which is located at the lower part of the globular domain and contains the esterase region that is not present in HA (Fig. 3) . abstract: Influenza C virus, a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, causes flu-like disease but typically only with mild symptoms. Humans are the main reservoir of the virus, but it also infects pigs and dogs. Very recently, influenza C-like viruses were isolated from pigs and cattle that differ from classical influenza C virus and might constitute a new influenza virus genus. Influenza C virus is unique since it contains only one spike protein, the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein HEF that possesses receptor binding, receptor destroying and membrane fusion activities, thus combining the functions of Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A and B viruses. Here we briefly review the epidemiology and pathology of the virus and the morphology of virus particles and their genome. The main focus is on the structure of the HEF protein as well as on its co- and post-translational modification, such as N-glycosylation, disulfide bond formation, S-acylation and proteolytic cleavage into HEF1 and HEF2 subunits. Finally, we describe the functions of HEF: receptor binding, esterase activity and membrane fusion. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13238-015-0193-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13238-015-0193-x doi: 10.1007/s13238-015-0193-x id: cord-306983-6w2fvtfy author: Wang, Siye title: Influenza Virus—Cytokine-Protease Cycle in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Hyperpermeability in Severe Influenza date: 2010-10-01 words: 3808.0 sentences: 223.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306983-6w2fvtfy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306983-6w2fvtfy.txt summary: Influenza A virus infection resulted in significant increases in TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, viral hemagglutininprocessing protease trypsin levels, and viral replication with vascular hyperpermeability in lung and brain in the first 6 days of infection. The present study reports several new observations: (1) proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-6, when upregulated by influenza A virus infection, induce trypsin expression in various organs and human endothelial cells; (2) the upregulated trypsin induces [Ca 2+ ] i mobilization via activation of the PAR-2, followed by loss of zonula occludens-1 and vascular hyperpermeability; (3) inhibitors of NF-kB and activator protein 1 effectively suppress the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and trypsin and improve the survival rates of infected mice. The present results allow us to propose a new mechanism of junctional permeability regulation: upregulated trypsin by influenza A virus and/or proinflammatory cytokines induces increase in [Ca 2+ ] i and loss of zonula occludens-1 in endothelial cells via PAR-2 signaling. abstract: Background. Severe influenza is characterized by cytokine storm and multiorgan failure with edema. The aim of this study was to define the impact of the cytokine storm on the pathogenesis of vascular hyperpermeability in severe influenza. Methods. Weanling mice were infected with influenza A WSN/33(H1N1) virus. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin (IL) 6, IL-1β, and trypsin were analyzed in the lung, brain, heart, and cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The effects of transcriptional inhibitors on cytokine and trypsin expressions and viral replication were determined. Results. Influenza A virus infection resulted in significant increases in TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, viral hemagglutininprocessing protease trypsin levels, and viral replication with vascular hyperpermeability in lung and brain in the first 6 days of infection. Trypsin upregulation was suppressed by transcriptional inhibition of cytokines in vivo and by anti-cytokine antibodies in endothelial cells. Calcium mobilization and loss of tight junction constituent, zonula occludens-1, associated with cytokine- and trypsin-induced endothelial hyperpermeability were inhibited by a protease-activated receptor-2 antagonist and a trypsin inhibitor. Conclusions. The influenza virus-cytokine-protease cycle is one of the key mechanisms of vascular hyperpermeability in severe influenza. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20731583/ doi: 10.1086/656044 id: cord-265138-i5m3ax7g author: Wang, Xi-Ling title: Model Selection in Time Series Studies of Influenza-Associated Mortality date: 2012-06-20 words: 4196.0 sentences: 240.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265138-i5m3ax7g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265138-i5m3ax7g.txt summary: METHODS: We assessed four model selection criteria: quasi Akaike information criterion (QAIC), quasi Bayesian information criterion (QBIC), partial autocorrelation functions of residuals (PACF), and generalized cross-validation (GCV), by separately applying them to select the Poisson model best fitted to the mortality datasets that were simulated under the different assumptions of seasonal confounding. CONCLUSIONS: GCV criterion is recommended for selection of Poisson models to estimate influenza-associated mortality and morbidity burden with proper adjustment for confounding. Four model selection criteria were considered in this study: quasi Akaike information criterion (QAIC), quasi Bayesian information criterion (QBIC), partial autocorrelation functions of residuals (PACF), and generalized cross-validation (GCV). Two recent studies in Canada and Hong Kong have demonstrated the estimates of influenza-associated hospitalization derived from Poisson regression models reasonably matched the numbers of patients with laboratory confirmed influenza infections [17, 29] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Poisson regression modeling has been widely used to estimate influenza-associated disease burden, as it has the advantage of adjusting for multiple seasonal confounders. However, few studies have discussed how to judge the adequacy of confounding adjustment. This study aims to compare the performance of commonly adopted model selection criteria in terms of providing a reliable and valid estimate for the health impact of influenza. METHODS: We assessed four model selection criteria: quasi Akaike information criterion (QAIC), quasi Bayesian information criterion (QBIC), partial autocorrelation functions of residuals (PACF), and generalized cross-validation (GCV), by separately applying them to select the Poisson model best fitted to the mortality datasets that were simulated under the different assumptions of seasonal confounding. The performance of these criteria was evaluated by the bias and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of estimates from the pre-determined coefficients of influenza proxy variable. These four criteria were subsequently applied to an empirical hospitalization dataset to confirm the findings of simulation study. RESULTS: GCV consistently provided smaller biases and RMSEs for the influenza coefficient estimates than QAIC, QBIC and PACF, under the different simulation scenarios. Sensitivity analysis of different pre-determined influenza coefficients, study periods and lag weeks showed that GCV consistently outperformed the other criteria. Similar results were found in applying these selection criteria to estimate influenza-associated hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: GCV criterion is recommended for selection of Poisson models to estimate influenza-associated mortality and morbidity burden with proper adjustment for confounding. These findings shall help standardize the Poisson modeling approach for influenza disease burden studies. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039423 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039423 id: cord-004638-ijncfuxi author: Wang, Yuheng title: Vaccination coverage with the pneumococcal and influenza vaccine among persons with chronic diseases in Shanghai, China, 2017 date: 2020-03-19 words: 4373.0 sentences: 225.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004638-ijncfuxi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004638-ijncfuxi.txt summary: In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of seasonal influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. The elderly and patients with chronic disease including diabetes, COPD and heart disease are recommended to be priority groups for pneumococcal and influenza vaccination by the World Health Organization (WHO) [15, 16] and by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [17] . In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. In a large sample of individuals with chronic diseases residing in Shanghai, China, we found low pneumococcal vaccination coverage over a 4-year study period and even lower influenza vaccine coverage. abstract: BACKGROUND: Adults with chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, or lung disease are more likely to develop complications from a number of vaccine-preventable diseases, including influenza and pneumonia. In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of seasonal influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. METHODS: The Shanghai Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have information systems related to chronic disease management, hospital records, and immunizations. Data from individuals with hypertension, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were abstracted during July 2017. The main outcome was coverage of pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. Vaccination coverage was calculated across demographic groups. Significance in bivariate associations was assessed through Pearson’s chi-square tests, and in multivariable models through logistic regression models with a forward stepwise method to select variables. RESULTS: In the sample of 2,531,227 individuals ≥15 years, 22.8% were vaccinated for pneumonia from January 2013 to July 2017, and the vaccination coverage of influenza in the 2016/17 influenza season was 0.4%. Vaccination coverage was highest in those 70–79 and lowest in those younger than 60. Compared to urban areas, uptake in rural areas was higher for pneumonia vaccination (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 2.41, 2.45), but lower for influenza vaccination (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.59). Having a greater number of chronic diseases was associated with higher likelihood of pneumonia vaccination (3 vs 1: OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.64, 1.71), but this relationship was not statistically significant for influenza vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: We found low levels with of pneumococcal vaccination, and extremely low uptake of influenza vaccination among individuals with high risk conditions in Shanghai who should be priority groups targeted for vaccination. Interventions could be designed to target groups with low uptake – like younger adults, and individuals who have not yet retired. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7081528/ doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-8388-3 id: cord-002137-j5sfiyz8 author: Ward, Kirsten title: Annual influenza vaccination: coverage and attitudes of primary care staff in Australia date: 2010-10-12 words: 3706.0 sentences: 219.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002137-j5sfiyz8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002137-j5sfiyz8.txt summary: Nevertheless, these findings highlight that more needs to be done to understand barriers to vaccination in this group, to inform the development of appropriate strategies to increase vaccination coverage in primary health care staff, with a special focus on PNs. Influenza is a serious respiratory virus which costs the Australian healthcare system $115 million annually. Whilst there have been numerous Australian studies on influenza vaccine uptake amongst hospital and institutional HCWs 6, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] and some studies on attitudes of primary care clinicians to influenza vaccination for their patients 14, 15 , there has been limited published studies to date on influenza vaccination coverage, barriers and enablers amongst primary health care staff in Australia. More recently, a national survey from the Australian General Practice Network (AGPN) 23 assessed influenza vaccination coverage in GPs and PNs in the same years as our study (2007 ⁄ 2008) with similar response rates (34% versus 36%). abstract: Please cite this paper as: Ward et al. (2011) Annual influenza vaccination: coverage and attitudes of primary care staff in Australia. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(2), 135–141. Background Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all Australian health care workers (HCWs) including those working in primary health care. There is limited published data on coverage, workplace provision, attitudes and personal barriers to influenza vaccination amongst primary health care staff. The aim of this study was to contribute to the limited literature base in this important area by investigating these issues in the primary health care setting in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Methods A postal survey was sent to general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses (PNs) from inner city, semi‐urban and rural areas of NSW, Australia. There were 139 responses in total (response rate 36%) from 79 GPs (response rate 30%) and 60 PNs (response rate 46%). Results Reported influenza vaccination coverage in both 2007 and 2008 was greater than 70%, with GPs reporting higher coverage than PNs in both years. The main barriers identified were lack of awareness of vaccination recommendations for general practice staff and concern about adverse effects from the vaccine. Conclusions Rates of influenza vaccination coverage reported in this study were higher than in previous studies of hospital and institutional HCWs, though it is possible that the study design may have contributed to these higher results. Nevertheless, these findings highlight that more needs to be done to understand barriers to vaccination in this group, to inform the development of appropriate strategies to increase vaccination coverage in primary health care staff, with a special focus on PNs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4942009/ doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00158.x id: cord-258021-xhx74vr6 author: Waterer, Grant W. title: Diagnosing Viral and Atypical Pathogens in the Setting of Community-Acquired Pneumonia date: 2016-12-21 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The ‘atypical’ pathogens causing pneumonia have long been problematic for physicians because we have had to rely on serologic tests to make a diagnosis. The introduction of polymerase chain reaction techniques revolutionized the diagnosis of respiratory infections and now a new wave of technologies promising faster, cheaper, and more comprehensive testing are becoming available. This review focuses principally on the diagnosis of Legionella, Mycoplasma, and influenza infections, but also covers recent publications on the cutting edge of diagnostic tools likely to transform the field of infectious diseases over the coming decade. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28159158/ doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.004 id: cord-313693-qmkrn7pr author: Wong, Bonnie C. K. title: Possible Role of Aerosol Transmission in a Hospital Outbreak of Influenza date: 2010-11-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background. We examined the role of aerosol transmission of influenza in an acute ward setting. Methods. We investigated a seasonal influenza A outbreak that occurred in our general medical ward (with open bay ward layout) in 2008. Clinical and epidemiological information was collected in real time during the outbreak. Spatiotemporal analysis was performed to estimate the infection risk among patients. Airflow measurements were conducted, and concentrations of hypothetical virus-laden aerosols at different ward locations were estimated using computational fluid dynamics modeling. Results. Nine inpatients were infected with an identical strain of influenza A/H3N2 virus. With reference to the index patient's location, the attack rate was 20.0% and 22.2% in the “same” and “adjacent” bays, respectively, but 0% in the “distant” bay (P=.04). Temporally, the risk of being infected was highest on the day when noninvasive ventilation was used in the index patient; multivariate logistic regression revealed an odds ratio of 14.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.7–131.3; P=.015). A simultaneous, directional indoor airflow blown from the “same” bay toward the “adjacent” bay was found; it was inadvertently created by an unopposed air jet from a separate air purifier placed next to the index patient's bed. Computational fluid dynamics modeling revealed that the dispersal pattern of aerosols originated from the index patient coincided with the bed locations of affected patients. Conclusions. Our findings suggest a possible role of aerosol transmission of influenza in an acute ward setting. Source and engineering controls, such as avoiding aerosol generation and improving ventilation design, may warrant consideration to prevent nosocomial outbreaks. url: https://doi.org/10.1086/656743 doi: 10.1086/656743 id: cord-005314-p7hzoz5d author: Wong, Li Ping title: Knowledge and Attitudes in Regard to Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) in a Multiethnic Community of Malaysia date: 2010-09-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Assessment of general public’s knowledge and attitudes toward the development and prevention of new disease outbreaks is imperative because they have profound effects on health behaviors and may contribute to the control of the epidemic. PURPOSE: To investigate the level of knowledge and attitudes towards the influenza A(H1N1) outbreak across various ethnic groups and socio-demographic backgrounds in Malaysia. METHOD: A cross-sectional, population-based, computer-assisted telephone interview exploring knowledge and attitudes regarding influenza A(H1N1) was conducted in Malaysia. Between July 11 and September 12, 2009, a total of 1,050 respondents were interviewed (response rate 69.3%). RESULTS: The mean total knowledge score for the overall sample was 7.30 (SD ± 1.961) out of a possible score of 13 (Chinese had the highest scores, followed by Indians, then Malays). Some erroneous beliefs about the modes of transmission were identified. The majority of the participants (73.8%) perceived the A(H1N1) infection as often deadly. Despite the overestimation of the severity of A(H1N1) infection, high confidence in preventing infection and low perceived susceptibility of infection were reported. Influenza A(H1N1)-related stigma was prevalent and exhibited differences across ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that provision of education and clear information are essential to correct the misconceptions, and increase perceived susceptibility to infection so that the general public will take precautions against A(H1N1) infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7090469/ doi: 10.1007/s12529-010-9114-9 id: cord-290100-wnjjqqn5 author: Wong, Samuel Y.S. title: Primary care physicians’ response to pandemic influenza in Hong Kong: a mixed quantitative and qualitative study date: 2012-07-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: OBJECTIVES: The current study was conducted to use a developed framework to appraise the public primary care response to pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus in Hong Kong in 2009. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 300 doctors working in public primary care clinics. In addition, a qualitative study was conducted in two selected general outpatient clinics (GOPCs) with 10 doctors between September and December 2009. RESULTS: We found that there was an increase in clinical service demand for public primary care doctors and that there was lower compliance with hand washing as compared to the wearing of masks among GOPC doctors during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Since hand hygiene and influenza vaccination are effective methods to prevent the spread of influenza infection, future studies should explore the reasons for non-compliance with these preventive behaviors among doctors. More education and training in dealing with influenza A H1N1 infection may be needed. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971212011794 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.03.015 id: cord-309635-1tgovkr7 author: Wu, Nicholas C. title: Structural Biology of Influenza Hemagglutinin: An Amaranthine Adventure date: 2020-09-22 words: 5497.0 sentences: 289.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309635-1tgovkr7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309635-1tgovkr7.txt summary: Hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is an important focus of influenza research due to its role in antigenic drift and shift, as well as its receptor binding and membrane fusion functions, which are indispensable for viral entry. Similarly, RBS of influenza B HA is composed of the 140-loop, 190-helix, and 240-loop, which are structurally equivalent to the 130-loop, 150-loop, and 190-helix Receptor specificity can also continue to evolve when seasonal viruses circulate in the human population, due to natural mutations that are likely a response to immune selection pressure. A broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that recognizes a conserved, novel epitope on the globular head of the influenza H1N1 virus hemagglutinin Broadly neutralizing human antibody that recognizes the receptor-binding pocket of influenza virus hemagglutinin Design of nanoparticulate group 2 influenza virus hemagglutinin stem antigens that activate unmutated ancestor B cell receptors of broadly neutralizing antibody lineages abstract: Hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is an important focus of influenza research due to its role in antigenic drift and shift, as well as its receptor binding and membrane fusion functions, which are indispensable for viral entry. Over the past four decades, X-ray crystallography has greatly facilitated our understanding of HA receptor binding, membrane fusion, and antigenicity. The recent advances in cryo-EM have further deepened our comprehension of HA biology. Since influenza HA constantly evolves in natural circulating strains, there are always new questions to be answered. The incessant accumulation of knowledge on the structural biology of HA over several decades has also facilitated the design and development of novel therapeutics and vaccines. This review describes the current status of the field of HA structural biology, how we got here, and what the next steps might be. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32971825/ doi: 10.3390/v12091053 id: cord-015646-tt2p9uue author: Xue, Lan title: Global Strategies and Response Measures to the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic date: 2018-11-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: As an infectious respiratory disease, influenza is prone to cause pandemics for its fast mutation, easy dissemination, susceptibility to humans, and its elusive nature in terms of treatment. Three influenza pandemics occurred in the 20th century which caused huge losses worldwide. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114975/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0644-0_2 id: cord-018213-w6sh9f3h author: Xue, Lan title: China’s Institutional Mechanisms for Influenza A (H1N1) Prevention and Control date: 2018-11-24 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Innovation in institutional mechanisms is a fundamental issue in effectively dealing with public health emergencies. In the wake of the 2003 SARS Epidemic, China initially established a public health emergency management system and an emergency organization and management network, placing emphasis on “government leading, unified command, local management, responsibility on all levels, management by classifications, and inter-departmental coordination,” which strengthened the existing health emergency preparation system. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123036/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0644-0_4 id: cord-256432-53l24le2 author: Yang, Honglin title: A Strategy Study on Risk Communication of Pandemic Influenza: A Mental Model Study of College Students in Beijing date: 2020-09-04 words: 6266.0 sentences: 332.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256432-53l24le2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256432-53l24le2.txt summary: The entire frame is an analysis of disaster events from a macro perspective, including "causes," "development," "response," "event impact" and "risk information dissemination." Then, through literature research and expert consultation, the researchers summarized the concept of the communication framework and initially formed its content suitable for the influenza epidemic. We believe that the information provided by these 28 respondents can meet the sample size required for the analysis of this study, because the purpose of mental model study is not to use statistical methods to analyze the distribution of some risk cognition in the population, but to find out which concepts or beliefs, are "out there" with some reasonable frequency, 3 so as to help government departments identify what should be focused on when developing guidance programs and health education materials for this population. abstract: PURPOSE: To understand the characteristics of risk perception of influenza pandemic in college students with prominent frequency and the differences between these risk perceptions and professionals. Then, offering a proposal for the government to improve the efficiency of risk communication and health education. METHODS: According to the mental model theory, researchers first draw a framework of key risk factors, and then they ask these students about the understanding of the framework with questionnaire and then making concept statistics and content analysis on the respondents’ answers. RESULTS: Researchers find some students’ misunderstanding of pandemic including excessive optimism to the consequences of a pandemic, a lack of detailed understanding of mitigation measures, and negative attitudes towards health education and vaccination. Most students showed incomplete and incorrect views about concepts related to the development and exposure factors, impact and mitigation measures. Once threatened, it may lead to the failure of decision-making. The majority of students we interviewed had positive attitudes towards personal emergency preparedness for a pandemic influenza and specialized health education in the future. CONCLUSION: Researchers suggest that the government should make a specific pandemic guidance plan by referring to the risk cognitive characteristics of college students shown in the research results, and update the methods of health education to college students. url: https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s251733 doi: 10.2147/rmhp.s251733 id: cord-336168-hvp13ell author: Yazdanbakhsh, Maria title: Influenza in Africa date: 2009-12-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Maria Yazdanbakhsh and Peter Kremsner argue that there needs to be better awareness, surveillance, and clinical management of common febrile diseases in Africa, especially influenza. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000182 doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000182 id: cord-275150-d63noia4 author: Ye, Chuchu title: Viral pathogens among elderly people with acute respiratory infections in Shanghai, China: Preliminary results from a laboratory‐based surveillance, 2012‐2015 date: 2017-07-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs), with viral pathogens as the major contributors, are the most common illnesses worldwide, and increase the morbidity and mortality among the elderly population. The clinical and pathological features of elderly people with ARIs need to be identified for disease intervention. From January 1, 2012 through December 31, 2015, respiratory specimens from patients above 60 years old with ARIs were collected from the outpatient and inpatient settings of six sentinel hospitals in Pudong New Area. Each specimen was tested via multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for eight target viral etiologies including influenza, human rhinovirus (HRV), human para‐influenza virus (PIV), adenovirus (ADV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human coronavirus (hCoVs), and human bocavirus (hBoV). A total of 967 elderly patients with ARIs were enrolled, including 589 (60.91%) males, and the median age was 73 years old. 306 (31.64%) patients were tested positive for any one of the eight viruses, including 276 single infections and 30 co‐infections. Influenza was the predominant virus (14.17%, 137/967), detected from 21.35% (76/356) of the outpatients and 9.98% (61/611) of the inpatients. Influenza infections presented two annual seasonal peaks during winter and summer. Compared with non‐influenza patients, those with influenza were more likely to have fever, cough, sore throat, and fatigue. This study identified influenza as the leading viral pathogen among elderly with ARIs, and two seasonal epidemic peaks were observed in Shanghai. An influenza vaccination strategy needs to be advocated for the elderly population. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27943329/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.24751 id: cord-103560-28o0bauv author: Yechezkel, M. title: Optimizing antiviral treatment for seasonal influenza in the United States: A Mathematical Modeling Analysis date: 2020-07-30 words: 7963.0 sentences: 533.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103560-28o0bauv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103560-28o0bauv.txt summary: We developed an influenza transmission model that incorporates data on infectious viral load, social contact, and healthcare-seeking behavior, to evaluate the population-level impact of increasing antiviral treatment timeliness and coverage among high-risk patients in the US. We found that increasing the rate of early treatment among high-risk patients who received treatment more than 48 hours after symptoms onset, would substantially avert infections and influenza-induced hospitalizations. To evaluate the population-level impact of increased antiviral treatment coverage and timeliness of influenza-infected high-risk individuals during influenza seasons, we developed a data-driven influenza transmission model that incorporates data on infectious viral load, social contact, healthcare-seeking behavior, time to seek healthcare, and antiviral treatment. Nevertheless, for a 20% increase in influenza effective vaccination coverage among all age groups, our results suggest that the benefit of treatment remains substantial ( All rights reserved. abstract: Seasonal influenza remains a major health burden in the United States. Despite recommendations of early antiviral treatment of high-risk patients, the effective treatment coverage remains very low. We developed an influenza transmission model that incorporates data on infectious viral load, social contact, and healthcare-seeking behavior, to evaluate the population-level impact of increasing antiviral treatment timeliness and coverage among high-risk patients in the US. We found that increasing the rate of early treatment among high-risk patients who received treatment more than 48 hours after symptoms onset, would substantially avert infections and influenza-induced hospitalizations. We found that treatment of the elderly has the highest impact on reducing hospitalizations, whereas treating high-risk individuals aged 5-19 years old has the highest impact on transmission. The population-level impact of increased timeliness and coverage of treatment among high-risk patients was observed regardless of seasonal influenza vaccination coverage and the severity of the influenza season. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.28.20163741v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.07.28.20163741 id: cord-338674-tnnd1s57 author: Yin, J Kevin title: Pilot study of influenza vaccine effectiveness in urban Australian children attending childcare date: 2011-06-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background: Influenza outbreaks in the childcare setting are a significant cause of excess winter morbidity. This study explored methods of follow up and sample collection for a proposed randomised controlled trial of influenza vaccination in children attending childcare. Methods: The study was conducted in four Sydney childcare centres during 2007. Healthy children aged 6–59 months eligible for vaccination were recruited in two centres, with another two acting as controls. Data on influenza‐like illness (ILI: ≥37.8°C plus at least one respiratory symptom) occurrence were collected weekly. In those children with an ILI, parents were asked to collect nasal swabs and send via surface mail for viral polymerase chain reaction. Vaccine efficacy (VE) for ILI was estimated overall and for subgroups aged 6–23 and 24–59 months using the formula VE = 1 − relative risk (RR). Results: Sixty‐three per cent (151/238) of eligible children had parents give consent. Sixty‐three children received influenza vaccine and 88 participated as controls. Of 26 specimens returned, a virus was detected in 18 (69%); none with influenza. Two symptomatic children had positive near‐patient influenza tests in general practice (one a vaccine failure). The RR with 95% confidence interval in all children and those aged 6–23 months were less than one, 0.56 (0.32–1.02) and 0.46 (0.15–1.45), respectively. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the feasibility and utility of parent‐collected and mailed respiratory specimens for VE research in the childcare setting. Two‐thirds of parent‐collected swabs proved positive for at least one virus. Finding ways to reduce reluctance of parents to submit samples could improve the representativeness of samples collected and the power of the study. No evidence was found for influenza VE, but point estimates were in the direction of protection. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02098.x doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02098.x id: cord-307813-elom30nx author: Yip, Tsz-Fung title: Advancements in Host-Based Interventions for Influenza Treatment date: 2018-07-10 words: 15075.0 sentences: 735.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307813-elom30nx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307813-elom30nx.txt summary: Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. A recent study using RNAi also demonstrated that cholesterol homeostasis can be regulated via acid phosphatase 2 (ACP2)-mediated Niemann-Pick C2 activity and impaired the membrane fusion of IAV and influenza B virus (IBV) (52) , further suggesting the importance of controlling cholesterol homeostasis in the release of viral genome to cytoplasm. Furthermore, FPR2 antagonists have been described to possess antiviral activity against not only IAV but also IBV infection (111) , promoting the idea that antagonizing FPR2 to suppress Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade could potentially be a novel approach for the treatment of a broad spectrum of influenza viruses. abstract: Influenza is a major acute respiratory infection that causes mortality and morbidity worldwide. Two classes of conventional antivirals, M2 ion channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors, are mainstays in managing influenza disease to lessen symptoms while minimizing hospitalization and death in patients with severe influenza. However, the development of viral resistance to both drug classes has become a major public health concern. Vaccines are prophylaxis mainstays but are limited in efficacy due to the difficulty in matching predicted dominant viral strains to circulating strains. As such, other potential interventions are being explored. Since viruses rely on host cellular functions to replicate, recent therapeutic developments focus on targeting host factors involved in virus replication. Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. In this review, we will discuss the advancements in novel host-based interventions for treating influenza disease. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01547 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01547 id: cord-316217-ynh8d853 author: Yoshihara, Keisuke title: Influenza B associated paediatric acute respiratory infection hospitalization in central vietnam date: 2019-02-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza B is one of the major etiologies for acute respiratory infections (ARI) among children worldwide; however, its clinical‐epidemiological information is limited. We aimed to investigate the hospitalization incidence and clinical‐epidemiological characteristics of influenza B‐associated paediatric ARIs in central Vietnam. METHODS: We collected clinical‐epidemiological information and nasopharyngeal swabs from ARI children hospitalized at Khanh Hoa General Hospital, Nha Trang, Vietnam from February 2007 through June 2013. Nasopharyngeal samples were screened for 13 respiratory viruses using Multiplex‐PCRs. Influenza B‐confirmed cases were genotyped by Haemagglutinin gene sequencing. We analyzed the clinical‐epidemiological characteristics of influenza B Lineages (Victoria/Yamagata) and WHO Groups. RESULTS: In the pre‐A/H1N1pdm09 period, influenza B‐associated ARI hospitalization incidence among children under five was low, ranging between 14.7 and 80.7 per 100 000 population. The incidence increased to between 51.4 and 330 in the post‐A/H1N1pdm09. Influenza B ARI cases were slightly older with milder symptoms. Both Victoria and Yamagata lineages were detected before the A/H1N1pdm09 outbreak; however, Victoria lineage became predominant in 2010‐2013 (84% Victoria vs 16% Yamagata). Victoria and Yamagata lineages did not differ in demographic and clinical characteristics. In Victoria lineage, Group1 ARI cases were clinically more severe compared to Group5, presenting a greater proportion of wheeze, tachypnea, and lower respiratory tract infection. CONCLUSIONS: The current results highlight the increased incidence of influenza B‐related ARI hospitalization among children in central Vietnam in the post‐A/H1N1pdm09 era. Furthermore, the difference in clinical severity between Victoria lineage Group1 and 5 implies the importance of influenza B genetic variation on clinical presentation. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12626 doi: 10.1111/irv.12626 id: cord-300900-0wfsr4iw author: Yotsapon, Thewjitcharoen title: Trends in influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2010-2018: Experience from a tertiary diabetes center in Bangkok date: 2020-05-11 words: 3952.0 sentences: 219.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300900-0wfsr4iw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300900-0wfsr4iw.txt summary: Trends in influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2010-2018: Experience from a tertiary diabetes center in Bangkok BACKGROUND: Routine vaccination is an important part of preventive services in treating patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHOD: A retrospective study of randomly medical records stratified by 13 diabetologists was conducted in patients with T2DM from 2010-2018 at Theptarin Hospital, a private multi-disciplinary diabetes center in Bangkok. A retrospective study of randomly medical records stratified by 13 diabetologists was conducted in patients with T2DM from 2010-2018 at Theptarin Hospital, a private multi-disciplinary diabetes center in Bangkok. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are a key target of routine annual influenza vaccination and periodically pneumococcal vaccination as epidemiologic studies suggested that these patients are at high risk for complications, hospitalization, and death from influenza and pneumococcal disease [2] . abstract: Trends in influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2010-2018: Experience from a tertiary diabetes center in Bangkok BACKGROUND: Routine vaccination is an important part of preventive services in treating patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). There are no available data in temporal trends of vaccination coverage rates in both influenza and pneumococcal vaccines among Thai patients with T2DM. AIM: This study aimed to elucidate influenza and pneumococcal vaccination trends and to identify factors that affect vaccination rates in those patients. METHOD: A retrospective study of randomly medical records stratified by 13 diabetologists was conducted in patients with T2DM from 2010-2018 at Theptarin Hospital, a private multi-disciplinary diabetes center in Bangkok. Adherence to influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations according to current guidance on adult immunization in Thailand had been studied. The rate of both vaccinations from each diabetologist had also been recorded. RESULTS: A total of 2,114 medical records (female 51.7%, mean age 65.2±12.8 years, BMI 26.5±4.6 kg/m(2), A1C 7.1±1.3%, median duration of diabetes 13 years) were retrospectively reviewed covering a 9-year period. We audited 3,554 selected outpatient visits for influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations rates as key performance index in each year. The overall vaccination rate was 39.6% for influenza, 17.4% for the pneumococcal vaccine, and only 13.7%, for both vaccines. The trends of influenza vaccination rates increased from 32.9% in 2010 to 52.2% in 2018 but the trends of pneumococcal vaccination rates were relatively stable at less than 20%. The rate of both vaccinations varied considerably from 0-44% among our diabetologists. Age ≥ 65 years, duration of DM ≥ 15 years, the presence of chronic respiratory disease, and moderate to severe Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score were positively associated with both received vaccinations. CONCLUSIONS: The completeness and timeliness of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations were unsatisfactory in Thai patients with T2DM. More efforts are needed to increase both influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214623720300430?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100227 id: cord-000724-lzhobnch author: ZHANG, J. title: Seasonal influenza vaccination knowledge, risk perception, health beliefs and vaccination behaviours of nurses date: 2011-11-18 words: 3526.0 sentences: 180.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000724-lzhobnch.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000724-lzhobnch.txt summary: The questionnaire collected the following data : (1) knowledge about seasonal influenza and vaccination (22 items requiring true, false or unsure responses) included five dimensions to assess general information, severity of influenza, influenza vaccination, high-risk groups and vaccination-recommended groups; (2) risk perception (12 items with a 4-point Likert scale) towards influenza and pandemic with three dimensions (i.e. personal vulnerability to illness, negative consequences of contracting influenza and severity of influenza) ; (3) health locus of control including internal, chance and powerful others dimensions assessed by the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scales [28] (18 items) ; (4) vaccination behaviours (nine items) including vaccination status (whether respondents had been vaccinated in the previous season), vaccination intent (whether respondents intended to be vaccinated next season) and vaccination history (how many times respondents had been vaccinated in the last 5 years) ; (5) reasons for accepting or refusing vaccination using two open questions; and (6) demographic characteristics (10 items) including gender, age group, highest educational qualification, place of work, clinical speciality, year of qualification as a nurse and whether or not respondents had direct patient contact. abstract: The relationship between knowledge, risk perceptions, health belief towards seasonal influenza and vaccination and the vaccination behaviours of nurses was explored. Qualified nurses attending continuing professional education courses at a large London university between 18 April and 18 October 2010 were surveyed (522/672; response rate 77·7%). Of these, 82·6% worked in hospitals; 37·0% reported receiving seasonal influenza vaccination in the previous season and 44·9% reported never being vaccinated during the last 5 years. All respondents were categorized using two-step cluster analyses into never, occasionally, and continuously vaccinated groups. Nurses vaccinated the season before had higher scores of knowledge and risk perception compared to the unvaccinated (P<0·001). Nurses never vaccinated had the lowest scores of knowledge and risk perception compared to other groups (P<0·001). Nurses' seasonal influenza vaccination behaviours are complex. Knowledge and risk perception predict uptake of vaccination in nurses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405768/ doi: 10.1017/s0950268811002214 id: cord-324301-bzrh2fni author: Zambon, Maria title: Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and SARS date: 2005-05-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Abstract Acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are a major worldwide health problem, particularly in childhood, and are ranked first among the conditions contributing to the global burden of disease. About 30–50% of acute LRTIs are viral in origin; of these, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are associated with the greatest disease burden in humans. Vaccination against circulating human influenza strains and the use of neuraminidase inhibitor drugs have improved the options for control of influenza, but as yet there are no successful vaccines or antiviral drugs for use against RSV infection. The recent emergence of the SARS coronavirus in the human population in 2003, with an ensuing global epidemic affecting more than 8000 individuals with a case fatality of about 10%, underlines the fact that respiratory viral infections of humans may originate in animals, and that many different influenza A viruses also occur naturally in animal reservoirs, representing a constant threat of zoonotic infections of humans and ensuing global pandemics. Avian influenza viruses have transmitted directly to humans from domestic poultry on several occasions in the last decade, and the current extensive burden of disease from avian influenza in South East Asia provides a real possibility for the emergence of a novel influenza virus pathogenic in humans. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357303906002015 doi: 10.1383/medc.33.5.130.64960 id: cord-292963-8wzyfb2j author: Zeng, Zheng title: Imaging manifestations and pathological analysis of severe pneumonia caused by human infected avian influenza (H7N9)() date: 2015-03-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the imaging and pathological findings of severe pneumonia caused by human infected avian influenza (H7N9), and therefore to further understand and improve diagnostic accuracy of severe pneumonia caused by human infected avian influenza (H7N9). METHODS: The relevant clinical and imaging data of 19 cases, including 10 males and 9 females, with pneumonia caused by human infected avian influenza (H7N9) was retrospectively analyzed. One of the cases had received percutaneous lung biopsy, with the clinical, imaging and pathological changes possible to be analyzed. RESULTS: The lesions were mainly located at lower lobes and dorsal of lungs, involving multiple lobes and segments. Ground-glass opacities and/or pulmonary opacities were the more often imaging manifestations of severe pneumonia caused by human infected avian influenza (H7N9) in early and evolving phases (19/19,100%). By biopsy following percutaneous lung puncture, exudation of slurry, cellulose, RBC and neutrophils, formation of hyaline membrane, squamous metaplasia and organizing exudates were observable at the alveolar space. Some of alveoli collapsed, and some responded to show compensatory emphysema. CONCLUSION: The imaging features of severe pneumonia caused by human infected avian influenza (H7N9) include obvious ground-glass opacity and pulmonary consolidation, mainly at lower lobes and dorsal of lungs, with rapid changes. The cross-analysis of imaging and pathology preliminary can elucidate the pathological mechanisms of ground-glass opacities and pulmonary consolidation of severe pneumonia. Such an intensive study is beneficial to prompt clinicians to observe and evaluate the progress of the disease. In addition, it is also in favor of managing the symptoms and reducing the mortality rate. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrid.2015.02.003 doi: 10.1016/j.jrid.2015.02.003 id: cord-297829-aynigoud author: Zhang, Li title: Post-pandemic assessment of public knowledge, behavior, and skill on influenza prevention among the general population of Beijing, China date: 2014-04-13 words: 3321.0 sentences: 191.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297829-aynigoud.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297829-aynigoud.txt summary: title: Post-pandemic assessment of public knowledge, behavior, and skill on influenza prevention among the general population of Beijing, China The standardized interview questionnaire was designed to collect the following data: (1) socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, education, occupation, and general health status); (2) knowledge about the disease and its symptoms; (3) practices towards influenza and people with influenza-like-illness (i.e., avoidance practices, cough etiquette, use of masks, hand washing, being vaccinated, health-seeking behaviors); (4) perceived ability to avoid illness; (5) attitudes towards the vaccine, and (6) comprehension of health materials related to influenza (i.e., medication instructions, educational information about influenza and the vaccine). It was necessary and valuable for us to conduct the study to determine the overall level of influenzarelated health literacy in the general population of Beijing after the 2009 pandemic, data that provide a baseline for influenza prevention and control strategies in the future. 19 In this study, the qualified levels of all three sections (knowledge, behavior, and skill) in the general population were significantly higher (p < 0.001) with a higher level of education, which is similar to the nationwide health literacy level of China. abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, behavioral, and skill responses toward influenza in the general population of Beijing after pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Beijing, China, in January 2011. A survey was conducted in which information was collected using a standardized questionnaire. A comprehensive evaluation index system of health literacy related to influenza was built to evaluate the level of health literacy regarding influenza prevention and control among residents in Beijing. RESULTS: Thirteen thousand and fifty-three valid questionnaires were received. The average score for the sum of knowledge, behavior, and skill was 14.12 ± 3.22, and the mean scores for knowledge, behavior, and skill were 4.65 ± 1.20, 7.25 ± 1.94, and 2.21 ± 1.31, respectively. The qualified proportions of these three sections were 23.7%, 11.9%, and 43.4%, respectively, and the total proportion with a qualified level was 6.7%. There were significant differences in health literacy level related to influenza among the different gender, age, educational level, occupational status, and location groups (p < 0.05). There was a significant association between knowledge and behavior (r = 0.084, p < 0.001), and knowledge and skill (r = 0.102, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The health literacy level remains low among the general population in Beijing and the extent of relativities in knowledge, behavior, and skill about influenza was found to be weak. Therefore, improvements are needed in terms of certain aspects, particularly for the elderly and the population of rural districts. Educational level, as a significant factor in reducing the spread of influenza, should be considered seriously when intervention strategies are implemented. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.01.003 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.01.003 id: cord-004060-nxw5k9y1 author: Zhang, Yewu title: Spatiotemporal Analysis of Influenza in China, 2005–2018 date: 2019-12-23 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, as well as in China. Knowledge of the spatial and temporal characteristics of influenza is important in evaluating and developing disease control programs. This study aims to describe an accurate spatiotemporal pattern of influenza at the prefecture level and explore the risk factors associated with influenza incidence risk in mainland China from 2005 to 2018. The incidence data of influenza were obtained from the Chinese Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System (CNIDRS). The Besag York Mollié (BYM) model was extended to include temporal and space-time interaction terms. The parameters for this extended Bayesian spatiotemporal model were estimated through integrated nested Laplace approximations (INLA) using the package R-INLA in R. A total of 702,226 influenza cases were reported in mainland China in CNIDRS from 2005–2018. The yearly reported incidence rate of influenza increased 15.6 times over the study period, from 3.51 in 2005 to 55.09 in 2008 per 100,000 populations. The temporal term in the spatiotemporal model showed that much of the increase occurred during the last 3 years of the study period. The risk factor analysis showed that the decreased number of influenza vaccines for sale, the new update of the influenza surveillance protocol, the increase in the rate of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 among all processed specimens from influenza-like illness (ILI) patients, and the increase in the latitude and longitude of geographic location were associated with an increase in the influenza incidence risk. After the adjusting for fixed covariate effects and time random effects, the map of the spatial structured term shows that high-risk areas clustered in the central part of China and the lowest-risk areas in the east and west. Large space-time variations in influenza have been found since 2009. In conclusion, an increasing trend of influenza was observed from 2005 to 2018. The insufficient flu vaccine supplements, the newly emerging influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 and expansion of influenza surveillance efforts might be the major causes of the dramatic changes in outbreak and spatio-temporal epidemic patterns. Clusters of prefectures with high relative risks of influenza were identified in the central part of China. Future research with more risk factors at both national and local levels is necessary to explain the changing spatiotemporal patterns of influenza in China. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6928232/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56104-8 id: cord-011438-imbpgsub author: Zhang, Yun title: Host–Virus Interaction: How Host Cells Defend against Influenza A Virus Infection date: 2020-03-29 words: 9294.0 sentences: 567.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011438-imbpgsub.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011438-imbpgsub.txt summary: Upon IAV infection, host innate immune system is triggered and activated to restrict virus replication and clear pathogens. In the current review, we present a general description on recent work regarding different host cells and molecules facilitating antiviral defenses against IAV infection and how IAVs antagonize host immune responses. Host innate immunity, including phagocytic cells, interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, etc., applies multiple mechanisms in defending IAV infection [105] . Influenza A virus nucleoprotein induces apoptosis in human airway epithelial cells: Implications of a novel interaction between nucleoprotein and host protein Clusterin Antiviral response elicited against avian influenza virus infection following activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)7 signaling pathway is attributable to interleukin (IL)-1β production The human interferon-induced MxA protein inhibits early stages of influenza A virus infection by retaining the incoming viral genome in the cytoplasm Cell death regulation during influenza A virus infection by matrix (M1) protein: A model of viral control over the cellular survival pathway abstract: Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are highly contagious pathogens infecting human and numerous animals. The viruses cause millions of infection cases and thousands of deaths every year, thus making IAVs a continual threat to global health. Upon IAV infection, host innate immune system is triggered and activated to restrict virus replication and clear pathogens. Subsequently, host adaptive immunity is involved in specific virus clearance. On the other hand, to achieve a successful infection, IAVs also apply multiple strategies to avoid be detected and eliminated by the host immunity. In the current review, we present a general description on recent work regarding different host cells and molecules facilitating antiviral defenses against IAV infection and how IAVs antagonize host immune responses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7232439/ doi: 10.3390/v12040376 id: cord-290352-0pc5eji4 author: de Jong, Menno D. title: Avian influenza A (H5N1) date: 2005-10-06 words: 9156.0 sentences: 412.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290352-0pc5eji4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290352-0pc5eji4.txt summary: Since their reemergence in 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses have reached endemic levels among poultry in several southeast Asian countries and have caused a still increasing number of more than 100 reported human infections with high mortality. However, occurrences of direct bird-to-human transmission of avian influenza viruses have increasingly been reported in recent years, culminating in the ongoing outbreak of influenza A (H5N1) among poultry in several Asian countries with associated human infections. The "Asian influenza" pandemic of 1957 was caused by an H2N2 virus that had acquired three genes (H2, N2, and PB1) from avian viruses infecting wild ducks, in a backbone of the circulating H1N1 human influenza strain. Furthermore, these infections were associated with severe hemorrhagic pneumonia and the induction of high levels of macrophage-derived cytokines and chemokines, strikingly reminiscent of clinical observations in humans during the Spanish flu pandemic, as well as of recent in vitro and in vivo observations of infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses (Cheung et al., 2002; Oxford, 2000; Peiris et al., 2004; To et al., 2001) . abstract: Since their reemergence in 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses have reached endemic levels among poultry in several southeast Asian countries and have caused a still increasing number of more than 100 reported human infections with high mortality. These developments have ignited global fears of an imminent influenza pandemic. The current knowledge of the virology, clinical spectrum, diagnosis and treatment of human influenza H5N1 virus infections is reviewed herein. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16213784/ doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.09.002 id: cord-020756-d9f5fd7x author: de Jong, Menno Douwe title: Avian Influenza Viruses and Pandemic Influenza date: 2007 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147437/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-32830-0_9 id: cord-326160-mf0vh6iu author: de Wit, Emmie title: Influenza Virus A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) Replicates Efficiently in the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts of Cynomolgus Macaques date: 2014-08-12 words: 6428.0 sentences: 318.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326160-mf0vh6iu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326160-mf0vh6iu.txt summary: Given the public health importance of this virus, we performed a pathogenicity study of the H7N9 virus in the cynomolgus macaque model, focusing on clinical aspects of disease, radiographic, histological, and gene expression profile changes in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and changes in systemic cytokine and chemokine profiles during infection. To elucidate global host responses specifically associated with sites of virus-induced airway injury in influenza virus A/Anhui/1/2013-infected macaques, we used microarrays to assess transcriptional profiles induced in lung lesions compared to the adjacent lung tissue. We identified ten compounds in IPA (Table 1) , four of which were perturbagens listed in CMap. We identified two compounds that met our criteria in IPA and CMap, rosiglitazone and simvastatin, predicted to have inhibitory effects on pathological host responses associated with lesions in influenza virus A/Anhui/1/2013-infected animals ( Table 1) . abstract: In March 2013, three fatal human cases of infection with influenza A virus (H7N9) were reported in China. Since then, human cases have been accumulating. Given the public health importance of this virus, we performed a pathogenicity study of the H7N9 virus in the cynomolgus macaque model, focusing on clinical aspects of disease, radiographic, histological, and gene expression profile changes in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and changes in systemic cytokine and chemokine profiles during infection. Cynomolgus macaques developed transient, mild to severe disease with radiographic evidence of pulmonary infiltration. Virus replicated in the upper as well as lower respiratory tract, with sustained replication in the upper respiratory tract until the end of the experiment at 6 days after inoculation. Virus shedding occurred mainly via the throat. Histopathological changes in the lungs were similar to those observed in humans, albeit less severe, with diffuse alveolar damage, infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells, formation of hyaline membranes, pneumocyte hyperplasia, and fibroproliferative changes. Analysis of gene expression profiles in lung lesions identified pathways involved in tissue damage during H7N9 infection as well as leads for development of therapeutics targeting host responses rather than virus replication. Overall, H7N9 infection was not as severe in cynomolgus macaques as in humans, supporting the possible role of underlying medical complications in disease severity as discussed for human H7N9 infection (H. N. Gao et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 368:2277–2285, 2013, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1305584). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25118237/ doi: 10.1128/mbio.01331-14 id: cord-001521-l36f1gp7 author: nan title: Oral and Poster Manuscripts date: 2011-04-08 words: 183363.0 sentences: 11362.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001521-l36f1gp7.txt summary: The IC 50 values determined in functional NI assays provide valuable information for detection of resistant viruses, but should not be used to draw direct correlations with drug concentrations needed to inhibit virus replication in the infected human host, as clinical data to support such inferences are inadequate. • Standardized reagents and protocols • Choice of detection technology • Simple instrumentation requirements • High sensitivity for use with low virus concentrations • Compatibility with batch-mode processing and largescale assay throughput • Broad specificity of influenza detection • Flexibility in assay format • Additional NA assay applications -cell-based viral assays, screening for new NIs, detection of NA from other organisms Functional neuraminidase inhibition assays enable detection of any resistance mutation and are extremely important in conjunction with sequence-based screening assays for global monitoring of virus isolates for NI resistance mutations, including known and new mutations. Such new assays need to include methods to measure local antibodies and virus-specific lymphocytes, especially in the case of live attenuated influenza vaccines, because of their potential to induce such broad-based immune responses. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4313891/ doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00209.x id: cord-007876-s5y6gyut author: nan title: SELECTED EPIDEMICS & EMERGING PATHOGENS – RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES – AN OVERVIEW date: 2017-09-12 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126048/ doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2017.03.016 id: cord-008695-y7il3hyb author: nan title: Pandemic Flu: Clinical management of patients with an influenza-like illness during an influenza pandemic date: 2007-01-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7133687/ doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(07)60001-2 id: cord-354151-psog34u3 author: van Asten, Liselotte title: Early occurrence of influenza A epidemics coincided with changes in occurrence of other respiratory virus infections date: 2015-12-11 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Viral interaction in which outbreaks of influenza and other common respiratory viruses might affect each other has been postulated by several short studies. Regarding longer time periods, influenza epidemics occasionally occur very early in the season, as during the 2009 pandemic. Whether early occurrence of influenza epidemics impacts outbreaks of other common seasonal viruses is not clear. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether early occurrence of influenza outbreaks coincides with shifts in the occurrence of other common viruses, including both respiratory and non‐respiratory viruses. METHODS: We investigated time trends of and the correlation between positive laboratory diagnoses of eight common viruses in the Netherlands over a 10‐year time period (2003–2012): influenza viruses types A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, coronavirus, norovirus, enterovirus, and rotavirus. We compared trends in viruses between early and late influenza seasons. RESULTS: Between 2003 and 2012, influenza B, RSV, and coronavirus showed shifts in their occurrence when influenza A epidemics occurred earlier than usual (before week 1). Although shifts were not always consistently of the same type, when influenza type A hit early, RSV outbreaks tended to be delayed, coronavirus outbreaks tended to be intensified, and influenza virus type B tended not to occur at all. Occurrence of rhinovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and enterovirus did not change. CONCLUSION: When influenza A epidemics occured early, timing of the epidemics of several respiratory winter viruses usually occurring close in time to influenza A was affected, while trends in rhinoviruses (occurring in autumn) and trends in enteral viruses were not. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12348 doi: 10.1111/irv.12348 id: cord-261241-eqf6ame6 author: van Beek, Josine title: Influenza-like Illness Incidence Is Not Reduced by Influenza Vaccination in a Cohort of Older Adults, Despite Effectively Reducing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Virus Infections date: 2017-08-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: Data on the relative contribution of influenza virus and other respiratory pathogens to respiratory infections in community-dwelling older adults (≥60 years) are needed. METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study was performed in the Netherlands during 2 winters. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected during influenza-like illness (ILI) episodes and from controls. Viruses and bacteria were identified by multiplex ligation–dependent probe amplification assay and conventional bacterial culture. RESULTS: The ILI incidence in the consecutive seasons was 7.2% and 11.6%, and influenza virus caused 18.9% and 34.2% of ILI episodes. Potential pathogen were detected in 80% of the ILI events with influenza virus, coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, and Haemophilus influenzae being the most common. Influenza vaccination reduced influenza virus infection by 73% (95% confidence interval [CI], 26%–90%) and 51% (95% CI, 7%–74%) in ILI patients. However, ILI incidence was similar between vaccinated (7.6% and 10.8%) and nonvaccinated (4.2% and 11.4%) participants in 2011–2012 and 2012–2013, respectively (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Influenza virus is a frequent pathogen in older adults with ILI. Vaccination reduces the number of influenza virus infections but not the overall number of ILI episodes: other pathogens fill the gap. We suggest the existence of a pool of individuals with high susceptibility to respiratory infections. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NTR3386. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix268 doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix268 id: cord-006362-7d5wzb7p author: van Riel, Debby title: Influenza pathogenicity during pregnancy in women and animal models date: 2016-07-07 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Pregnant women are at the highest risk to develop severe and even fatal influenza. The high vulnerability of women against influenza A virus infections during pregnancy was repeatedly highlighted during influenza pandemics including the pandemic of this century. In 2009, mortality rates were particularly high among otherwise healthy pregnant women. However, our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in severe disease development during pregnancy is still very limited. In this review, we summarize the knowledge on the clinical observations in influenza A virus-infected pregnant women. In addition, knowledge obtained from few existing experimental infections in pregnant animal models is discussed. Since clinical data do not provide in-depth information on the pathogenesis of severe influenza during pregnancy, adequate animal models are urgently required that mimic clinical findings. Studies in pregnant animal models will allow the dissection of involved molecular disease pathways that are key to improve patient management and care. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101682/ doi: 10.1007/s00281-016-0580-2 id: cord-011757-11r3dnse author: van Wijhe, Maarten title: Loose Ends in the Epidemiology of the 1918 Pandemic: Explaining the Extreme Mortality Risk in Young Adults date: 2018-09-06 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In the century since the 1918 influenza pandemic, insights have been sought to explain the pandemic’s signature pattern of high death rates in young adults and low death rates in the elderly and infants. Our understanding of the origin and evolution of the pandemic has shifted considerably. We review evidence of the characteristic age-related pattern of death during the 1918 pandemic relative to the “original antigenic sin” hypothesis. We analyze age-stratified mortality data from Copenhagen around 1918 to identify break points associated with unusual death risk. Whereas infants had no meaningful risk elevation, death risk gradually increased, peaking for young adults 20–34 years of age before dropping sharply for adults ages 35–44 years, suggesting break points for birth cohorts around 1908 and 1878. Taken together with data from previous studies, there is strong evidence that those born before 1878 or after 1908 were not at increased risk of dying of 1918 pandemic influenza. Although the peak death risk coincided with the 1889–1892 pandemic, the 1908 and 1878 break points do not correspond with known pandemics. An increasing number of interdisciplinary studies covering fields such as virology, phylogenetics, death, and serology offer exciting insights into patterns and reasons for the unusual extreme 1918 pandemic mortality risk in young adults. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7314280/ doi: 10.1093/aje/kwy148 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel