Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 303 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7249 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 269 influenza 82 virus 48 H1N1 38 H5N1 34 Influenza 27 vaccine 25 pandemic 20 patient 15 infection 11 cell 11 RSV 11 ILI 9 PCR 8 figure 8 RNA 8 IAV 7 vaccination 7 respiratory 7 child 7 Hong 7 Health 7 China 6 human 6 SARS 6 H7N9 6 COVID-19 5 risk 5 avian 5 H3N2 5 Fig 4 study 4 pneumonia 4 health 4 disease 4 case 4 Kong 4 IFN 4 ICU 4 H9N2 3 viral 3 outbreak 3 mortality 3 PB1-F2 3 IFITM3 3 CD8 3 Brazil 3 A(H1N1 2 table 2 surveillance 2 sari Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 31423 influenza 23101 virus 9480 infection 8461 vaccine 7719 % 6646 pandemic 6278 study 5580 cell 5400 patient 3989 disease 3881 case 3725 response 3258 vaccination 3230 year 2970 strain 2950 child 2938 risk 2795 datum 2742 group 2692 protein 2563 antibody 2418 time 2360 health 2323 analysis 2284 day 2265 population 2254 a 2240 treatment 2146 rate 2094 age 2003 gene 2003 effect 1985 pneumonia 1978 result 1933 model 1882 illness 1840 transmission 1833 host 1812 mouse 1777 season 1765 mortality 1746 human 1730 outbreak 1708 number 1705 b 1700 factor 1675 control 1674 sample 1662 adult 1626 level Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 3560 H1N1 3509 Influenza 3311 al 2737 et 2735 H5N1 2457 . 2369 ⁄ 2197 HA 2071 A 1094 NA 1079 RSV 1049 Health 951 PCR 942 RNA 871 H3N2 836 T 801 IAV 776 de 773 ILI 757 C 738 United 724 Hong 723 States 701 China 696 B 681 Kong 650 SARS 543 • 543 Table 539 Fig 529 Pandemic 503 oseltamivir 453 RT 452 van 437 H7N9 422 US 416 World 403 National 378 Virus 365 CDC 356 USA 354 M2 354 Asia 343 zanamivir 332 H9N2 331 M 329 een 328 Disease 326 Control 322 Organization Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 3692 we 3508 it 1622 they 684 i 401 them 147 us 144 he 122 themselves 91 you 84 she 80 itself 77 one 16 me 10 him 8 oneself 7 mg 6 yourself 6 ourselves 5 ours 5 her 3 mrnas 3 himself 2 s 2 pdcs 2 mtorc1 2 ive 2 hcrm1 2 em 1 ≥110 1 ≤4 1 τ=0 1 www.cdc.gov/flu 1 t202 1 sick/ 1 seasons[7 1 pandemrixh 1 lys133 1 laiv)-mainly 1 interleukin-15 1 imagej 1 ilc1s 1 ifitm3 1 his 1 duck/ 1 aspx&searchtype=&id=55420001 1 a-172 Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 55013 be 11390 have 4711 use 2980 include 2878 show 2434 associate 2068 increase 1935 base 1915 do 1757 report 1664 infect 1591 provide 1583 cause 1576 find 1513 compare 1426 identify 1423 follow 1400 occur 1375 induce 1371 reduce 1356 develop 1312 isolate 1163 detect 1159 require 1123 suggest 1034 confirm 1012 observe 1002 consider 980 relate 958 result 958 give 956 bind 932 contain 901 lead 900 make 871 determine 868 collect 856 perform 840 circulate 836 test 825 describe 803 see 789 demonstrate 777 receive 776 take 775 remain 774 obtain 749 affect 745 indicate 742 present Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 5491 not 4582 respiratory 4259 viral 4210 human 3858 high 3488 - 3222 other 3141 also 2854 more 2713 avian 2554 clinical 2284 severe 2272 such 2235 seasonal 2210 low 1940 however 1818 only 1777 most 1729 immune 1677 well 1606 first 1594 new 1590 specific 1569 different 1535 antiviral 1413 acute 1315 early 1142 public 1133 positive 1120 as 1109 significant 1103 important 1080 antigenic 1056 old 987 available 986 similar 951 highly 929 large 919 further 895 genetic 889 less 873 likely 873 like 866 potential 863 non 846 novel 833 many 814 young 813 infectious 809 primary Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 529 most 321 high 238 least 233 Most 173 good 77 low 73 great 65 large 36 late 35 early 25 young 24 small 23 strong 23 bad 16 ⁄ 16 common 12 close 11 old 9 long 9 big 7 near 7 deadly 6 fast 5 vRNA 5 simple 5 short 4 weak 4 mild 4 few 3 vRNPs 3 rich 3 poor 3 new 3 broad 2 wide 2 steep 2 slow 2 likeli 2 -there 1 warm 1 strict 1 southernmost 1 slight 1 safe 1 risky 1 rare 1 rad 1 onehalf 1 mTORC2 1 less Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1248 most 246 least 37 well 8 highest 2 α2-ar 1 strongest 1 poorest 1 near 1 lowest 1 long 1 gelpest 1 furthest 1 fast 1 farthest 1 aunps 1 -v 1 -seqirus Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 doi.org 11 www.who.int 8 www.cdc.gov 5 dx.doi.org 5 creativecommons.org 4 www.biomedcentral.com 4 github.com 3 www.rivm.nl 3 www 3 ccforum.com 2 www.nhg.org 2 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2 www.gisaid.org 2 www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu 2 vivli.org 2 sysbio.cvm.msstate.edu 2 nhg.artsennet.nl 2 jid.oxfordjournals.org 1 wwwnc.cdc.gov 1 www3.accessmedicine.com 1 www3.accessmedicine 1 www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk 1 www.wip.nl 1 www.wheresgeorge.com 1 www.umass.edu 1 www.trialregister.nl 1 www.theplantlist.org 1 www.stat.gov.tw 1 www.shsmi.cn 1 www.saude.gov.br 1 www.roche.com 1 www.rgf.nl 1 www.retroscreen 1 www.r-project.org 1 www.protocols.io 1 www.postbus51.nl 1 www.plosone.org 1 www.plantsoftheworldonline.org 1 www.nytimes.com 1 www.nottingham.ac.uk 1 www.normativasanitaria.it 1 www.nih.gov 1 www.niaid.nih.gov 1 www.niaid.nih 1 www.netflixprize.com 1 www.ncbi.nlm 1 www.moh.gov.cn 1 www.minbuza.nl 1 www.med.sc.edu:85 1 www.measuringworth.com Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 16 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.28.20163741 6 http://doi.org/10.1101 6 http://doi.org/10 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.18.20189647 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20057216 3 http://www.cdc.gov/flu/ 3 http://www 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.03.20206110 3 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2 http://www.who.int 2 http://www.nhg.org 2 http://www.gisaid.org 2 http://sysbio.cvm.msstate.edu/IPMiner 2 http://nhg.artsennet.nl 2 http://doi.org/10.3886/E125441V1 2 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58588-1 2 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.021 2 http://creativecommons.org/ 1 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-0282_article 1 http://www3.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=17572#17572 1 http://www3.accessmedicine 1 http://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/personal/pemsley/coot/ 1 http://www.wip.nl 1 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/2017_10_30_tableH5N1.pdf?ua 1 http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/ 1 http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novelcoronavirus-2019 1 http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/surveillance/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/W-HO 1 http://www.who.int/csr/don/2010_08_06/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/ 1 http://www.who.int/ 1 http://www.wheresgeorge.com 1 http://www.umass.edu/microbio/rasmol/bilayers.htm 1 http://www.trialregister.nl 1 http://www.theplantlist.org 1 http://www.stat.gov.tw/ 1 http://www.shsmi.cn/info/iList.jsp?cat_id=10098 1 http://www.saude.gov.br/sistema-unico-de-saude 1 http://www.roche.com/research_and_development/who_we_are_how_we_work/clinical_trials/our_commit-ment_to_data_sharing.htm 1 http://www.rivm.nl/cib/infectieziekten/aviaire_influenza/draaiboek_aviaire_influenza.jsp 1 http://www.rivm.nl/cib/infectieziekten/ 1 http://www.rivm.nl/ 1 http://www.rgf.nl 1 http://www.retroscreen 1 http://www.r-project.org/ 1 http://www.protocols.io/view/one-pot-ligation-protocol-for-oxford-nanopore-libr 1 http://www.postbus51.nl 1 http://www.plosone.org/ 1 http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 stwip@wip.nl 1 pk5@sanger.ac.uk 1 mkleines@ukaachen.de 1 irv.eo@wiley.com 1 cib@rivm.nl 1 abrass@partners.org Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 virus was first 18 virus was not 17 influenza is not 17 viruses isolated worldwide 16 virus does not 13 vaccines are available 13 viruses do not 12 virus is not 11 data are available 11 study did not 11 vaccine is available 10 influenza requiring hospitalization 10 studies have also 10 vaccination was not 9 data were available 9 infection is often 9 vaccine does not 9 vaccine was available 9 virus did not 8 infection is not 8 patients requiring icu 8 patients were more 8 vaccination is not 8 vaccine did not 8 vaccine is not 8 vaccines do not 8 virus infected cells 8 virus is more 8 viruses are not 8 viruses isolated early 8 viruses were also 7 case report form 7 groups was statistically 7 infection was not 7 influenza is generally 7 patient have influenza 7 patients were not 7 vaccine was not 7 vaccines are currently 7 virus has not 7 viruses are responsible 6 cases were not 6 cells were also 6 cells were then 6 infections are responsible 6 influenza does not 6 influenza is often 6 influenza was also 6 influenza was very 6 response is not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 groups was not statistically 3 vaccine was not available 2 cases are not due 2 data are not available 2 infection are not necessarily 2 infection was not as 2 patients shows no statistically 2 patients was not available 2 response was not significant 2 vaccine had no effect 2 vaccine has not yet 2 vaccines are not yet 2 vaccines have not yet 2 virus is not only 2 virus was not remarkably 2 viruses are no longer 1 % are not uncommon 1 % having no acute 1 % were not afraid 1 antibodies is not as 1 cases are not true 1 cases had no respiratory 1 cases had no risk 1 cases is not feasible 1 cases were not available 1 cases were not epidemiologically 1 cells are not empty 1 cells are not primary 1 cells was not necessary 1 children are not adequately 1 children had no detectable 1 children have not yet 1 children were not unique 1 data are not directly 1 data are not exhaustive 1 data are not normally 1 data do not necessarily 1 data have not yet 1 data suggest no increase 1 data was not sufficient 1 data were not age 1 data were not available 1 disease is not yet 1 disease was not substantial 1 group are not antigenically 1 group are not surprising 1 group do not necessarily 1 group have not yet 1 group is not sufficiently 1 groups had no prior A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-312461-5qzpo6l1 author = Adalja, Amesh A. title = Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes date = 2019-08-30 keywords = RNA; disease; human; influenza; pandemic; virus summary = A substantial proportion of pandemic and biological threat preparedness activities have focused on list-based approaches that were in part based on pandemic influenzas of the past, historical biological weapon development programs, or recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (e.g., SARS, MERS, Ebola) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017; Casadevall and Relman 2010) . Cultivating and maintaining expertise in the epidemiology, surveillance, and pathogenicity of all classes of microbes, with explicit incorporation of a One Health approach-which incorporates and integrates information from infectious diseases of plants, amphibians, and reptiles-will help foster the broad capacities needed for emerging pandemic and global catastrophic biological risks. Pathogen-based lists, both USA and global, based on influenza precedents, historical biological weapon programs, and emerging infectious diseases were responsible for galvanizing early activities in the field of pandemic preparedness and have helped drive many important contributions. doi = 10.1007/82_2019_176 id = cord-293472-d3iwlpsr author = Afilalo, Marc title = Evaluation and Management of Seasonal Influenza in the Emergency Department date = 2012-04-06 keywords = influenza; patient; symptom; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.emc.2011.10.011 id = cord-019057-3j2fl358 author = Afolabi, Michael Olusegun title = Pandemic Influenza: A Comparative Ethical Approach date = 2018-08-28 keywords = Ethics; Health; Influenza; Pandemic; Public; care; outbreak; people summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-92765-7_3 id = cord-006172-ndmf5ekp author = Akins, Paul Taylor title = H1N1 Encephalitis with Malignant Edema and Review of Neurologic Complications from Influenza date = 2010-09-02 keywords = CSF; H1N1; acute; case; influenza summary = doi = 10.1007/s12028-010-9436-0 id = cord-298776-tjw45t3f author = Al Awaidi, Salah title = Influenza vaccination situation in Middle-East and North Africa countries: Report of the 7th MENA Influenza Stakeholders Network (MENA-ISN) date = 2018-08-17 keywords = ISN; MENA; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.07.003 id = cord-002408-bbtslrrt author = Almogy, Gal title = Analysis of Influenza and RSV dynamics in the community using a ‘Local Transmission Zone’ approach date = 2017-02-09 keywords = Influenza; LTZ; RSV summary = We demonstrate that this urban area is not a single, perfectly mixed ecology, but is in fact comprised of a set of more basic, relatively independent pathogen transmission units, which we term here Local Transmission Zones, LTZs. By identifying these LTZs, and using the dynamic pathogen-content information contained within them, we are able to differentiate between disease-causes at the individual patient level often with near-perfect predictive accuracy. To investigate the possibility of LTZs in a large regional area, we analyze clinical data from a healthcare medical center in the city of Jerusalem, containing the clinical test results for Influenza virus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) from patients presenting with ILI symptoms. Our analysis finds that while Influenza and RSV incidences tend to overlap and show more or less equal number of cases over the whole region, individual LTZs show a far more homogeneous disease content at most given times, with some being dominated by RSV while others by Influenza. doi = 10.1038/srep42012 id = cord-336915-dbu93ufh author = Aloizos, Stavros title = H1N1 Influenza Viral Infection in a Postpartum Young Woman Causes Respiratory Failure: What the Care Providers Ought to Know? date = 2012-10-23 keywords = H1N1; influenza summary = We report the case of a young postpartum woman, who developed evidence of respiratory failure reaching the point of requiring intubation due to an H1N1 influenza virus infection two days after a caesarean delivery. We emphasize the diagnosis, management, and the outcome focusing on the question "what the care providers, including obstetric health care workers, ought to know?" Diagnostic and management strategy for pregnant or postpartum women with novel influenza A (H1N1) viral infection and increased awareness amongst patients and health care professionals may result in improved survival. A reported systematic literature review found that pregnancy was associated with increased risk of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death, while pregnant women who received delayed treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors or who had additional risk factors were more likely to develop severe disease and preterm births [2] . doi = 10.1155/2012/419528 id = cord-287554-2lqy2ix9 author = Amarelle, Luciano title = Tratamiento antigripal: fármacos actualmente utilizados y nuevos agentes en desarrollo date = 2017-01-31 keywords = ARN; del; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.arbres.2016.07.004 id = cord-313062-lpxmmbpy author = Amini, Rachid title = Respiratory syncytial virus contributes to more severe respiratory morbidity than influenza in children < 2 years during seasonal influenza peaks date = 2019-02-23 keywords = RSV; influenza summary = PURPOSE: To compare the frequency and the severity of influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) infections among children < 24 months hospitalized with respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSION: Even during peak weeks of influenza season, we found a higher burden and severity of RSV compared with influenza virus disease in hospitalized children < 24 months. The aim of this study is to compare the frequency and disease severity of influenza and RSV infections among children < 24 months hospitalized with respiratory symptoms during the peaks of five influenza seasons. In the province of Quebec, Canada, a prospective surveillance study with virologic assessment for influenza and other respiratory viruses was conducted during the peak weeks of influenza circulation among patients admitted for acute respiratory symptoms to four acute-care hospitals since 2012-2013. In conclusion, even during the peak weeks of influenza, more than half of hospitalizations for respiratory infections in children < 2 years of age was due to RSV, with a clinical course more severe than influenza notably among infants < 3 months. doi = 10.1007/s15010-019-01287-5 id = cord-335948-qkfxfmxb author = Ampofo, William K. title = Improving influenza vaccine virus selectionReport of a WHO informal consultation held at WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland, 14–16 June 2010 date = 2011-08-08 keywords = GISRS; HAI; Influenza; Programme; vaccine; virus summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00277.x id = cord-278807-p1crrb8n author = Antón, A. title = Virological surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses during six consecutive seasons from 2006 to 2012 in Catalonia, Spain date = 2016-03-02 keywords = influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.02.007 id = cord-278554-rg92gcc6 author = Aoyagi, Yumiko title = Healthcare workers' willingness to work during an influenza pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2015-04-23 keywords = influenza; pandemic; willingness; work summary = doi = 10.1111/irv.12310 id = cord-299613-5ju5fcf4 author = Arthi, Vellore title = Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19 date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; Depression; Great; Influenza; U.S.; economic; effect; health; mortality; pandemic summary = In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). Thus, a historical perspective allows us to use rich data to look at not only the short-term effects of crises like COVID-19 on health, labor, and human capital, but also the long-term and intergenerational impacts along these dimensions for both individuals and the wider economy. To examine how history can inform our view of the coronavirus pandemic and associated policy responses as they relate to long-run wellbeing, we begin in Section II by reviewing the features of COVID-19 that will determine its potential health and economic impacts, and placing these features in historical context. doi = 10.1016/j.eeh.2020.101381 id = cord-341626-04svm6le author = Assink, M.D.M. title = Excess drug prescriptions during influenza and RSV seasons in the Netherlands: Potential implications for extended influenza vaccination date = 2009-02-11 keywords = Netherlands; RSV; influenza summary = For the Netherlands, we estimated age and risk-group specific numbers of antibiotics, otologicals and cardiovascular prescriptions per 10,000 person-years during periods with elevated activity of influenza or RSV, and compared these with peri-season rates. The exact age of any person was determined every year on the 1st of October, close to the period in which in the Netherlands the invitations for influenza vaccination for risk groups are sent out by the GPs, supposedly just prior to the season with increased risk for influenza epidemics from October onwards to May. The annual total population sizes were based on estimates for the 1st of January by the local authorities in the places where the pharmacies are located. In addition, more than average numbers of antibiotics may be prescribed for elderly persons with ILI during periods with elevated activity, as particularly this group may develop acute respiratory illnesses (for example, pneumonia) as a complication of the viral infection (trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin were excluded from the analysis as they are prescribed primarily for urinary tract infections) [33] . doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.070 id = cord-016995-5izyl234 author = Auewarakul, Prasert title = The Past and Present Threat of Avian Influenza in Thailand date = 2008 keywords = H5N1; Thailand; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-75722-3_2 id = cord-000760-4yfohp9w author = Babapoor, Sankhiros title = A Novel Vaccine Using Nanoparticle Platform to Present Immunogenic M2e against Avian Influenza Infection date = 2012-01-12 keywords = LPAI; M2e; Tetra; influenza; virus summary = Using peptide nanoparticle technology, we have designed two novel vaccine constructs representing M2e in monomeric (Mono-M2e) and tetrameric (Tetra-M2e) forms. A multiple antigenic peptide construct containing M2e (M2e-MAP) induced strong M2especific antibody titers in the serum of mice and resulted in significant protection against influenza virus challenge [13] . Chickens after each inoculation developed high levels of antibody against the injected construct and anamnestic response clearly was seen when the plates were coated with Mono-M2e and Tetra-M2e nanoparticles and M2e-GCN4 (tetrameric M2e), respectively (Table 1, Figures 7 and 8) . In the present study, protection efficiency of two different nanoparticle constructs harboring M2e was studied as possible vaccine candidates for low-pathogenicity avian influenza infection. Vaccination of chickens with recombinant Salmonella expressing M2e and CD154 epitopes increases protection and decreases viral shedding after low pathogenic avian influenza challenge doi = 10.1155/2011/126794 id = cord-328525-80xk3gln author = Baier, Claas title = Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus screening for the detection of asymptomatically infected patients in hematology and oncology date = 2018-09-24 keywords = RSV; influenza; patient summary = doi = 10.3205/dgkh000314 id = cord-324181-nyrpg3ud author = Baker, Jeffrey title = Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2) date = 2020-05-19 keywords = baloxavir; child; influenza summary = title: Baloxavir Marboxil Single-dose Treatment in Influenza-infected Children: A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Trial (miniSTONE-2) 19, 20 We report the safety and efficacy results of single oral dose baloxavir treatment in otherwise healthy children 1-<12 years old with acute influenza from miniSTONE-2 (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03629184), a phase III, randomized, active controlled trial. This was a global, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, active controlled trial of the safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a single oral dose of baloxavir versus twice-daily (for 5 days) oral oseltamivir, in otherwise healthy children with influenza. Parents completed the Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness and Flu Scale (CARIFS) 22 questionnaire at scheduled visits (day [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] , and responses were used to measure secondary efficacy endpoints including time to alleviation of signs and symptoms (TTASS) of influenza [defined as when a score of 0 (no problem) or 1 (minor problem) was reported for cough and nasal symptoms on the CARIFS questionnaire, return to normal health and activity, and return to afebrile state (tympanic temperature ≤37.2°C), remaining for at least 21.5 hours]. doi = 10.1097/inf.0000000000002747 id = cord-354690-ywb9krdp author = Barr, Margo title = Pandemic influenza in Australia: Using telephone surveys to measure perceptions of threat and willingness to comply date = 2008-09-15 keywords = influenza; pandemic; willing summary = Most of the existing information about a population''s response to the threat of pandemics comes from research on outbreaks of the SARS coronavirus, most notably in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Canada, [2] [3] [4] [5] and on studies of risk perception and anticipated behaviours in a potential pandemic in humans from the avian influenza virus (especially the H5N1 subtype). For the hypothetical questions -that is, likelihood of pandemic influenza, likelihood that family or self affected, willingness to comply with vaccination, isolation or wearing a face mask -the responses of extremely likely and very likely were combined into the indicator of interest. Table 4 shows the indicators for pandemic influenza likely, concern for self and family, and changed life by sex, age group, demographic characteristics, and the indicators of level of psychological distress and general self-rated health status. doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-8-117 id = cord-268296-w0i7rhru author = Barros, Eliana Nogueira Castro de title = Patterns of influenza B circulation in Brazil and its relevance to seasonal vaccine composition() date = 2015-11-25 keywords = Brazil; influenza summary = 14 Data on laboratory surveillance of the influenza B virus in Brazil are limited, specifically data on the burden of disease and circulation patterns of influenza B lineages. The present integrative review of publicly available data aims to consolidate findings on the pattern of influenza B occurrence in Brazil to have a better understanding of influenza B epidemiology and its relevance to seasonal vaccine composition. We referred to international data sources to check WHO recommendations on the vaccine composition in the Southern hemisphere, 18 and information on circulating influenza lineages for Brazil, the South America region and globally from the WHO/FluNet database which provides data through its network -Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) laboratories. The three reviewed abstracts, which specifically report findings on influenza B mismatch, corroborate this unpredictable behavior of influenza B disease in Brazil for many other seasons for which data were not available in the International Epidemiological surveillance data. doi = 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.09.009 id = cord-304023-s22wi0t0 author = Basile, L. title = Seasonal influenza surveillance: Observational study on the 2017–2018 season with predominant B influenza virus circulation date = 2019-10-30 keywords = SHLCI; influenza summary = METHODS: Influenza surveillance based on a primary care sentinel surveillance, virological indicators systematic sampling of ILI attended and severe influenza confirmed cases (SHLCI) admitted to hospital. CONCLUSIONS: 2017–2018 influenza season was an unusual epidemic season with an early onset, great predominance of influenza B (Yamagata strain) virus with a high hospitalization rate of severe cases among elderly stressing the need to upgrade vaccine uptake in this age group. 4 The 2017-2018 influenza season presented a predominant circulation of influenza virus type B during the first epidemic weeks with a high rate of severe influenza hospitalizations, especially among the elderly. The aim of this work is to describe the 2017-2018 influenza season according to the PIDIRAC Sentinel Influenza Surveillance System and how it affected elderly population in Catalonia despite moderate vaccine coverage among this age group. doi = 10.1016/j.vacun.2019.09.003 id = cord-328290-kbysppgb author = Beckmann, Christiane title = Diagnostic performance of near-patient testing for influenza date = 2015-03-31 keywords = A&B; Influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.03.024 id = cord-311115-nimxnf6s author = Bednarska, K. title = Antigenic Drift of A/H3N2/Virus and Circulation of Influenza-Like Viruses During the 2014/2015 Influenza Season in Poland date = 2016-03-09 keywords = influenza summary = title: Antigenic Drift of A/H3N2/Virus and Circulation of Influenza-Like Viruses During the 2014/2015 Influenza Season in Poland During that season, antigenic drift of influenza virus A/H3N2/ occurred causing higher rates of A/H3N2/ infections. Infections caused by influenza-like viruses accounted for 11.2 % (n ¼ 270) of tested specimens. In the epidemic seasons 2013/2014 and 2014/ 2015 in Poland, the number of specimens received from primary care physicians was similar, although the percentage of influenza and influenza-like infection confirmations was 10 % higher in the latter season. In both seasons, in the case of influenza-like viruses, the predominant virus was RSV. In the 2014/2015 season, antigenic drift of the subtype A/H3N2/ decreased the effectiveness of vaccine against influenza. Evaluation of the activity of influenza and influenza-like viruses in the epidemic season Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2014-2015 northern hemisphere influenza season doi = 10.1007/5584_2016_216 id = cord-304485-vouu56rr author = Bengoechea, Jose A title = Viruses to fight other viruses: the influenza vaccine case date = 2020-04-22 keywords = AAV; influenza summary = doi = 10.15252/emmm.202012059 id = cord-298551-ua90xoak author = Bennet, Rutger title = Influenza epidemiology among hospitalized children in Stockholm, Sweden 1998–2014 date = 2016-06-14 keywords = child; influenza summary = The hospital is a tertiary referral center with surgery and a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with resources for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), but only children resident in the catchment area were included in the study. The yearly incidence rates in different age groups varied considerably, with median (range) for children <5 years 59 (19Previously known risk factors were found in 312/922 (34% , Table 1 ), the most important being neuromuscular disease (131 cases) and chronic lung disease (40 cases). This is a report of children hospitalized for influenza A or B in a defined population in the northern Stockholm area 1998-2014, covering the pre-pandemic period, including the 2003-2004 outbreak, the 2009 pandemic, and four post-pandemic seasons. In contrast to the known effect of trivalent influenza vaccine (the only one used during the studied period except for the pandemic year) in healthy children >18 months, less is known about its effect in younger children and in those with risk factors. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.082 id = cord-276015-id15u3br author = Beran, Jiří title = Inosine pranobex is safe and effective for the treatment of subjects with confirmed acute respiratory viral infections: analysis and subgroup analysis from a Phase 4, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study date = 2016-11-07 keywords = influenza; pranobex; study; subject summary = This study compared the efficacy and safety of inosine pranobex versus placebo in subjects with clinically diagnosed influenza-like illness, including subjects with laboratory-confirmed acute respiratory viral infections. In the subgroup analysis for subjects less than 50 years of age, statistically significant differences in time to resolution of influenza-like symptoms that favoured the inosine pranobex group over the placebo group were observed in those without related ongoing disease and those who were non-obese (BMI <30 kg/m(2)). CONCLUSIONS: The study results indicate the safety of inosine pranobex for the treatment of subjects with confirmed acute respiratory viral infections and confirm the efficacy of inosine pranobex versus placebo in healthy non-obese subjects less than 50 years of age with clinically diagnosed influenza-like illnesses. doi = 10.1186/s12879-016-1965-5 id = cord-276037-0bxwv6b7 author = Bias, Harald title = Self-reported adverse reactions in 4337 healthcare workers immunizations against novel H1N1 influenza date = 2011-08-17 keywords = H1N1; influenza summary = Therefore, we investigated the safety of an inactivated monovalent H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine METHODS: We focused on the H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine Pandemrix(® )and applied a self reporting questionnaire in a population of healthcare workers (HCWs) and medical students at a major university hospital. Due to a special debate on the safety of the pandemic influenza vaccines [18] , it was the objective of the present study to analyse the safety using a self reporting questionnaire approach in the acute event of a pandemic and a novel vaccine which was debated for its safety by the general population and healthcare worders (HCWs). In the situation of a pandemic and the acute supply of a novel vaccine which included the immunologic adjuvant AS03 and thiomersal (thimerosal), and a public debate about the safety of this vaccine, the sample selection method based on the assessment of all individuals that were vaccinated after informed consent at the occupational medicine centre of Germany largest university hospital. doi = 10.1186/1756-0500-4-297 id = cord-027752-xcpv9k22 author = Bresalier, Michael title = Uses of a Pandemic: Forging the Identities of Influenza and Virus Research in Interwar Britain date = 2011-12-15 keywords = Fletcher; Influenza; Laidlaw; MRC; NIMR; Research; virus summary = doi = 10.1093/shm/hkr162 id = cord-315339-dcui85lw author = Broadbent, Andrew J. title = Respiratory Virus Vaccines date = 2015-03-13 keywords = CD8; RSV; SARS; cell; influenza; respiratory; vaccine; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00059-8 id = cord-333527-66dfphxq author = Brown, Lawrence H title = Self-reported anticipated compliance with physician advice to stay home during pandemic (H1N1) 2009: Results from the 2009 Queensland Social Survey date = 2010-03-16 keywords = H1N1; influenza summary = Four questions related to respondents'' anticipated compliance with a physician''s advice to stay home if they had a common cold, seasonal influenza, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza or avian influenza were incorporated into QSS 2009, with responses recorded using a balanced Likert scale ranging from "very unlikely" to "very likely." Discordance between responses for different diseases was analysed using McNemar''s test. This study was undertaken during the height of the Australian pandemic (H1N1) 2009 outbreak to measure self-reported willingness to comply with physician recommendations to stay home for seven days, and to compare responses for the current strain of pandemic influenza, avian influenza (H5N1), seasonal influenza, and the common cold. This study was undertaken during the height of the Australian pandemic (H1N1) 2009 outbreak to measure self-reported willingness to comply with physician recommendations to stay home for seven days, and to compare responses for the current strain of pandemic influenza, avian influenza (H5N1), seasonal influenza, and the common cold. doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-10-138 id = cord-273147-24fkaqlz author = Brownstein, John S title = Empirical Evidence for the Effect of Airline Travel on Inter-Regional Influenza Spread in the United States date = 2006-09-12 keywords = September; influenza; spread; travel summary = METHODS AND FINDINGS: We measured rate of inter-regional spread and timing of influenza in the United States for nine seasons, from 1996 to 2005 using weekly influenza and pneumonia mortality from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We measured rate of inter-regional spread and timing of influenza in the United States for nine seasons, from 1996 to 2005 using weekly influenza and pneumonia mortality from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this study, we characterize the spatial variability in the inter-regional timing of the seasonal component of influenza mortality across the United States and assess its relationship to airline volume. For each influenza year, coincidence in the timing of seasonal influenza mortality across geographic regions was estimated from the phase shift with a national seasonal curve, derived by summing of all city data and filtering. doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030401 id = cord-300311-eah49b3g author = Bueving, Herman J. title = What is the role of virus vaccination in patients with asthma? date = 2007-05-30 keywords = asthma; influenza summary = Other studies are often based on selected populations with existing symptoms or complications, reflecting only the worst of the spectrum of disease caused by acute respiratory infections [9, [14] [15] [16] [17] ] and thus disregarding their often self-limiting nature. The availability of effective vaccines against the key viruses involved in asthma exacerbations thus could play an important role in its prevention. However, because of a lack of clinical effectiveness, the natural antigenic variations of the influenza virus, and the low average incidence of influenza, cost-effectiveness in children and adults with asthma will not be easily achieved if vaccination has to be delivered annually. Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children Effectiveness of influenza vaccine for the prevention of asthma exacerbations Influenza vaccination in patients with asthma: effect on the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections and exacerbations doi = 10.1007/s11882-007-0033-z id = cord-261282-r1nprlne author = CHUGHTAI, A. A. title = The presence of fever in adults with influenza and other viral respiratory infections date = 2016-10-03 keywords = ILI; fever; influenza summary = [13] examined clinical trial data of 3744 adult ILI cases (defined as body temperature 537·8°C or patients subjective feeling of feverishness) and of those 2470 (66%) had laboratory-confirmed influenza. The aim of this study was to compare the rates of fever in adult subjects with confirmed influenza and other respiratory virus infections and examine predictors of fever. Rates of fever in influenza and other viral respiratory infections in this study were lower compared to other studies which report fever in around 50-70% adult cases [1, 5, 13, 15] . Clinical signs and symptoms are less studied for other viral respiratory infections, but available evidence suggests that other respiratory viruses are associated with a lower rate of fever compared to influenza [5, [30] [31] [32] [33] . Compared to children, this study shows that adults are less likely to have fever with a respiratory viral infection, even influenza. doi = 10.1017/s0950268816002181 id = cord-287824-zg5akivn author = Chan, Yinghan title = Advanced drug delivery systems can assist in managing influenza virus infection: A hypothesis date = 2020-09-24 keywords = influenza; vaccine summary = title: Advanced drug delivery systems can assist in managing influenza virus infection: A hypothesis This article provides an insight into a novel hypothesis that describes how the integration of nanomedicine, with the development of drugs and vaccines can potentially enhance body immune response and the efficacies of anti-viral therapeutics to combat influenza infections. In the recent years, an 66 increasing trend of influenza outbreaks have been observed, prompting medical researchers to 67 design and develop suitable vaccines and novel therapeutic modalities [10] . Targeting 411 neutrophils using novel drug delivery systems in chronic respiratory diseases Increasing 440 complexity and interactions of oxidative stress in chronic respiratory diseases: An 441 emerging need for novel drug delivery systems Interactions 501 with the macrophages: An emerging targeted approach using novel drug delivery 502 systems in respiratory diseases Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus infection by zinc oxide nanoparticles: 537 Another emerging application of nanomedicine doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110298 id = cord-304870-j9kadxu9 author = Chen, Gongbo title = The impact of ambient fine particles on influenza transmission and the modification effects of temperature in China: A multi-city study date = 2016-10-11 keywords = China; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.004 id = cord-004348-4jdn4kw6 author = Chen, Juine-Ruey title = Better influenza vaccines: an industry perspective date = 2020-02-14 keywords = H1N1; H3N2; influenza; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1186/s12929-020-0626-6 id = cord-002438-b8t4a57r author = Cheng, Wei title = Comparison of Influenza Epidemiological and Virological Characteristics between Outpatients and Inpatients in Zhejiang Province, China, March 2011–June 2015 date = 2017-02-22 keywords = ILI; SARI; influenza summary = Our study use the surveillance data collected from 16 sentinel hospitals across Zhejiang Province during March 2011 through June 2015, including the demographic information and respiratory specimens from influenza-like illness (ILI) patients and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) patients. In this study, we used four-year continuous surveillance data to compare the epidemic and virological characteristics of influenza virus between ILI cases and SARI cases in Zhejiang Province. Correlation analysis of weekly influenza virus type/subtype constitution among total positive numbers between influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI). Our findings further demonstrated that young children are vulnerable for both mild and severe respiratory infection, and the low influenza detection rate among 0-4 years age-group in both SARI and ILI patients foreshadow the need of expand the respiratory illness surveillance to more types of pathogens [12, 24] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph14020217 id = cord-011251-rjyipcfv author = Chernyshov, Vladimir V. title = Single-stage synthesis of heterocyclic alkaloid-like compounds from (+)-camphoric acid and their antiviral activity date = 2019-02-28 keywords = acid; compound; influenza summary = doi = 10.1007/s11030-019-09932-9 id = cord-283537-49ic7p3u author = Chong, Ka Chun title = Identifying Meteorological Drivers for the Seasonal Variations of Influenza Infections in a Subtropical City — Hong Kong date = 2015-01-28 keywords = Hong; Kong; influenza summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph120201560 id = cord-003701-i70ztypg author = Chow, Eric J. title = Influenza virus-related critical illness: prevention, diagnosis, treatment date = 2019-06-12 keywords = H1N1; ICU; influenza; patient summary = doi = 10.1186/s13054-019-2491-9 id = cord-270703-c8mv2eve author = Christensen, Paul A title = Real-time Communication With Health Care Providers Through an Online Respiratory Pathogen Laboratory Report date = 2018-11-30 keywords = datum; influenza summary = We implemented a real-time report to distribute respiratory pathogen data for our 8-hospital system to anyone with an Internet connection and a web browser. We implemented a real-time report to distribute respiratory pathogen data for our 8-hospital system to anyone with an Internet connection and a web browser. To address these local needs in a major US metropolitan area, our clinical microbiology laboratory implemented an online dashboard to distribute respiratory pathogen data for our 8-hospital system to clinicians, epidemiologists, infection control practitioners, system leadership, and the public. Development of this report began in the Fall 2017, before the respiratory virus season, during which influenza reached an epidemic status across the United States that resulted in supply shortages, testing difficulties, and a widespread public health crisis [4, 5] . In summary, our microbiology laboratory implemented a near real-time Internet report to distribute respiratory pathogen data for our 8-hospital system to clinicians, hospital epidemiologists, infection control committees, system leadership, and the public. doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofy322 id = cord-257491-tsdwsyjs author = Cieślak, K. title = Influenza and Influenza-like Viruses in Children in the Epidemic Season 2015/2016 in Poland date = 2016-12-31 keywords = Poland; influenza summary = In the first 3 months of the epidemic season 2015/2016 (October-December, 2015) there were 406 more cases of confirmed and suspected cases of influenza in children up to 14 years of age compared with the preceding epidemic season in Poland (NIPH-NIH 2016). In the present study, therefore, we seek to determine the overall activity of influenza and influenza-like viruses in children under 14 years of age in the epidemic season 2015/2016 in Poland. There were 3376 specimens taken from children up to 14 years of age tested in the epidemic season 2015/2016 in Poland. There were 8542 specimens tested during the epidemic season 2015/2016, in Poland, of which 3376 were collected from children 0-14 years of age. The results also confirm the frequent presence of influenza and influenza-like viruses in children aged 0-14 years. doi = 10.1007/5584_2016_178 id = cord-355374-e8k72955 author = Clemens, E. Bridie title = Harnessing the Power of T Cells: The Promising Hope for a Universal Influenza Vaccine date = 2018-03-26 keywords = CD4; CD8; HLA; Trm; cell; influenza summary = Influenza virus-specific CD8 + Trm in human lung tissue also maintain diverse TCR profiles-a feature important for effective T cell function and protection against the generation of viral-escape mutants [128] . HLA-I allele expression is an important predictor of cross-reactive influenza-specific CD8 + T cell immunity, with a recent study identifying five alleles (A*02:01, A*03:01, B*57:01, B*18:01, and B*08:01) capable of eliciting robust CD8 + T cell responses against immunogenic NP and M1 peptides that are conserved across all human influenza A virus, including the novel avian-derived H7N9 virus [18] . Thus, upon infection with H7N9, individuals with these HLA alleles will need time to activate and amplify new primary CD8 + T cell responses to distinct H7N9 peptide variants rather than recalling T cell responses generated against seasonal influenza viruses, potentially resulting in longer time to recovery and greater risk of severe disease compared to individuals with pre-existing cross-protective CD8 + T cell memory. doi = 10.3390/vaccines6020018 id = cord-003870-hr99dwi7 author = Clohisey, Sara title = Host susceptibility to severe influenza A virus infection date = 2019-09-05 keywords = H1N1; IAV; IFITM3; influenza summary = Some demographic factors (pregnancy, obesity, and advanced age) appear to confer a more specific susceptibility to severe illness following infection with influenza viruses. Factors predicted to confer more specific susceptibility to influenza are placed higher in the diagram independently associated with severe disease from either seasonal or pandemic IAV [24] . Susceptibility to severe H1N1 infection was analysed in a recent genome-wide study (integrated with data on genetic variants associated with altered gene expression) which implicated an intronic SNP of GLDC, rs1755609-G [80] . Susceptible hosts may have impaired intracellular controls of viral replication (e.g. IFITM3, TMPRS22 variants), defective interferon responses (e.g. GLDC, IRF7/9 variants), or defects in cell-mediated immunity with increased baseline levels of systemic inflammation (obesity, pregnancy, advanced age). Susceptible hosts may have impaired intracellular controls of viral replication (e.g. IFITM3, TMPRS22 variants), defective interferon responses (e.g. GLDC, IRF7/9 variants), or defects in cell-mediated immunity with increased baseline levels of systemic inflammation (obesity, pregnancy, advanced age). doi = 10.1186/s13054-019-2566-7 id = cord-017291-bhe34dky author = Cohen, Cheryl title = Influenza date = 2017-05-05 keywords = IIV; LAIV; child; influenza; vaccine summary = Children aged <5 years (especially those <2 years) and those with underlying illness such as cardiac, respiratory and severe neurologic disease have an increased risk of severe outcomes associated with influenza. Vaccine cannot be given to children aged <6 months but maternal influenza immunization during pregnancy is recommended and can confer protection to the young infant. The highest rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations and deaths are typically seen in individuals aged ≥65 years, <5 years and those with underlying medical conditions that confer an increased risk for severe influenza [9] . Therefore, in Table 2 .1 Children at high risk of severe influenza in whom influenza antiviral treatment is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) current guidance [9, 39] 1. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-54033-7_2 id = cord-004280-c470nlie author = Coleman, Kristen K. title = Airborne Influenza A Virus Exposure in an Elementary School date = 2020-02-05 keywords = IAV; RNA; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-58588-1 id = cord-309860-otx45b8x author = Conway, Nicholas T. title = Clinical Predictors of Influenza in Young Children: The Limitations of “Influenza-Like Illness” date = 2012-09-03 keywords = ILI; child; influenza summary = doi = 10.1093/jpids/pis081 id = cord-326614-cik3ino6 author = Corder, Brigette N. title = A Decade in Review: A Systematic Review of Universal Influenza Vaccines in Clinical Trials during the 2010 Decade date = 2020-10-20 keywords = Immunogenicity; Influenza; Safety; Vaccine summary = These trials include a variety of viral targets, vaccine platforms, and adjuvants to boost the immune response to vaccination. Another vaccine utilized the full-length H5 HA protein in an oral recombinant adenovirus type 4 (Ad4) vectored vaccine, Ad4-H5-Vtn. Three clinical trials have enrolled 313 participants between 18 and 49 years of age to investigate this avian H5 influenza vaccine. Although results for the phase II trial have not been posted, a press release from Novavax stated that NanoFlu induced superior HAI antibody responses against homologous and drifted strains compared to the seasonal influenza vaccine. Evaluation of the immunogenicity and safety of different doses and formulations of a broad spectrum influenza vaccine (FLU-v) developed by SEEK: Study protocol for a single-center, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical phase IIb trial Safety and immunogenicity of a plant-produced recombinant hemagglutinin-based influenza vaccine (HAI-05) derived from A/Indonesia/05/2005 (H5N1) influenza virus: A phase 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study in healthy adults doi = 10.3390/v12101186 id = cord-296935-y77c4ro4 author = Couch, Robert B. title = Prior Infections With Seasonal Influenza A/H1N1 Virus Reduced the Illness Severity and Epidemic Intensity of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza in Healthy Adults date = 2011-11-10 keywords = H1N1; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1093/cid/cir809 id = cord-258366-fu9b446y author = Couto, Carla R. title = Fighting Misconceptions to Improve Compliance with Influenza Vaccination among Health Care Workers: An Educational Project date = 2012-02-06 keywords = influenza; respiratory; vaccination summary = At Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sã o Paulo School of Medical Sciences, a previous study showed a 34% compliance with influenza vaccination among HCWs. In the mentioned study, the main reasons for non-compliance were the perception of vaccine inefficacy and the fear of adverse reactions [4] . To diminish the arguments of fear of adverse events or perception of vaccine inefficacy, this prospective study was conducted to demonstrate to a subset of HCWs from our hospital, that severe adverse events following influenza vaccination are rare and the episodes of respiratory symptoms occurring in the first four months after vaccination are generally caused by other respiratory viruses and not by influenza virus. As expected, no severe adverse event was observed in the present study, and the events more frequently reported, such as headache, myalgia and malaise could be related to influenza vaccine itself as well as to other causes, given their unspecificity. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0030670 id = cord-003567-h8uq5z8b author = Crank, Michelle C title = Preparing for the Next Influenza Pandemic: The Development of a Universal Influenza Vaccine date = 2019-04-15 keywords = influenza; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiz043 id = cord-325197-j1uo8qmf author = Crimi, Ettore title = Epigenetic susceptibility to severe respiratory viral infections: pathogenic and therapeutic implications: a narrative review date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; epigenetic; influenza summary = Viruses causing severe pulmonary illness can use epigenetic-regulated mechanisms during host–pathogen interaction to interfere with innate and adaptive immunity, adequacy of inflammatory response, and overall outcome of viral infections. In this article, we provide an update on epigenetic-sensitive mechanisms and repurposed drugs interfering with epigenetic pathways which may be clinically suitable for risk stratification and beneficial for treatment of patients affected by severe viral respiratory infections. The goal of the review was to provide an appropriate pathogenic scenario in which epigenetic-sensitive mechanisms and epidrugs may be clinically useful to stratify risk and treatment of patients in ICU affected by severe viral respiratory infections. Here, we give an update on clinical evidence about the usefulness of novel and FDA-approved drugs interfering with epigenetic pathways, which were applied to ICU patients affected by highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus and CoV, with a particular interest about the novel SARS-CoV-2 (Table 4 ). doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2020.06.060 id = cord-266100-1rktb6yq author = Darwish, Ilyse title = Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy Fails to Improve Outcome in Experimental Severe Influenza date = 2012-01-13 keywords = H1N1; iNO; influenza summary = Therefore, we hypothesized that inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) would increase survival in vivo by reducing the viral load in C57Bl/6 mice infected with a lethal dose of influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1; WSN/33) virus. Therefore, both continuous and intermittent iNO administration failed to reduce lung viral load of infected mice, compared to infected control mice administered compressed room air. iNO administered to influenza infected mice in this manner, either prophylactically or therapeutically, failed to improve survival of infected mice, change the course of weight loss, or decrease the lung viral load, compared to control mice receiving compressed air. In conclusion, despite the demonstrated antimicrobial activity of NO against influenza A virus in vitro, the results of this study do not support the use of iNO as a prophylactic or treatment strategy to reduce viral burden or improve clinical outcome in severe influenza in vivo. doi = 10.7150/ijms.3880 id = cord-000757-bz66g9a0 author = Davis, Kailah title = Identification of pneumonia and influenza deaths using the death certificate pipeline date = 2012-05-08 keywords = code; death; influenza; pneumonia summary = Therefore, the purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using a pipeline, composed of a detection rule and a natural language processor, for the real time encoding of death certificates using the identification of pneumonia and influenza cases as an example and demonstrating that its accuracy is comparable to existing methods. Other research groups [18, 19] have demonstrated the feasibility of using mortality data for real time surveillance but all used "free text" search for the string "pneumonia", "flu" or "influenza." As noted earlier, although this method can provide the semi quantitative measurements for disease surveillance purposes, keyword searches can also result in an array of problems that result from complexities of human language such as causal relationships and synonyms [20] . Although, the focus of this study was to use NLP techniques to process death certificates, the description of this system reported in the literature did not show how well coded data from an NLP tool along with predefined rules can detect countable cases for a specific disease or condition. doi = 10.1186/1472-6947-12-37 id = cord-017733-xofwk88a author = Davis, Mark title = Uncertainty and Immunity in Public Communications on Pandemics date = 2018-11-04 keywords = Health; Influenza; pandemic; public summary = doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-2802-2_3 id = cord-001634-mi5gcfcw author = Davis, Mark D M title = Beyond resistance: social factors in the general public response to pandemic influenza date = 2015-04-29 keywords = health; influenza; pandemic; public summary = In relation to pandemic influenza, public communications feature in preparedness and response planning which requires that members of the general public adopt measures during a public health emergency, including: hygiene (e.g., covering the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing, washing hands, keeping surfaces clean, avoiding sharing personal items) and the avoidance of close contact with others [4] . This paper, therefore, uses inductive, qualitative research methods to develop new knowledge on how members of the general population respond to pandemic influenza, set against the backdrop of the assumed resistance on the part of the general public and related critiques, including, health risk fatigue, the risk communication dilemma and individualism. The research aimed to identify how members of the general public respond to pandemic influenza so that public health communications can be designed to engage with how its audiences respond to risk messages and how they enact hygiene, social isolation and related measures. doi = 10.1186/s12889-015-1756-8 id = cord-346063-7u1a198p author = De Clercq, Erik title = Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection: targets and strategies for chemotherapeutic intervention date = 2007-05-04 keywords = H5N1; influenza; virus summary = We have recently reviewed the antiviral agents that are active against influenza viruses and that could be used, either therapeutically and/or prophylactically, in an influenza virus pandemic, whether it be human, avian, equine, porcine or other [1] . Even if based only on the currently available drugs, there are several double-, tripleand quadruple-drug combinations that could be envisaged for the prevention and treatment of avian H5N1 (Figure 3 ) -including the combination of oseltamivir and zanamivir (because their resistance profiles overlap only partially), the combination of these neuraminidase inhibitors with M2 ion channel blockers, and further extension of these combinations to include pegylated interferon and ribavirin. In addition to viral RNA polymerase and/or endonuclease, mentioned earlier as potential targets for new anti-influenza-virus agents, there are some other clues regarding the virulence of H5N1 viruses in humans [41] that could be considered as points of attack for chemotherapeutic intervention. doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2007.04.005 id = cord-007733-zh8e76w7 author = DiMenna, Lauren J. title = Pandemic Influenza Vaccines date = 2009-06-15 keywords = CD8; H5N1; influenza; vaccine; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_15 id = cord-003122-a3f4l6iu author = Dou, Dan title = Influenza A Virus Cell Entry, Replication, Virion Assembly and Movement date = 2018-07-20 keywords = RNA; figure; influenza; virus summary = The segmentation of the influenza genome makes these additional trafficking requirements especially challenging, as each viral RNA (vRNA) gene segment must navigate the network of cellular membrane barriers during the processes of entry and assembly. To accomplish this goal, influenza A viruses (IAVs) utilize a combination of viral and cellular mechanisms to coordinate the transport of their proteins and the eight vRNA gene segments in and out of the cell. Influenza A viruses (IAVs) and type B viruses (IBVs) contain 8, negative-sense, single-stranded viral RNA (vRNA) gene segments ( Figure 1A ) (3, 4) , which encode transcripts for 10 essential viral proteins, as well as several strain-dependent accessory proteins ( Figure 1B) . In contrast to the early steps in IAV entry, vRNP trafficking to the nucleus following the fusion event is highly dependent on the host cell machinery and transport pathways [reviewed in Ref. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01581 id = cord-260690-h5pjv2dw author = Druce, Julian title = Laboratory diagnosis and surveillance of human respiratory viruses by PCR in Victoria, Australia, 2002–2003 date = 2004-11-12 keywords = PCR; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1002/jmv.20246 id = cord-323987-gh1m05gi author = Dziąbowska, Karolina title = Detection Methods of Human and Animal Influenza Virus—Current Trends date = 2018-10-18 keywords = Influenza; PCR; RNA; Rapid; detection; virus summary = RIDTs with digital readout systems showed many similarities to conventional assays like small sample volume (less than 150 µL) and short analysis time (around 15 min) but exhibited much better sensitivities, even one order of magnitude lower limits of detection (LODs). Among methods mentioned, general diagnostic tests for influenza base on virus culture (conventional and shellvial), detection of viral nucleic acid (PCR) or antigens (by neuraminidase enzymatic activity, fluorescent antibody or enzyme/optical immunoassay) and serologic tests. Main trends for influenza virus detection are: (I) modifications of traditional ''gold star'' methods like PCR, RIDTs, ELISA what results in analysis time shortening, costs lowering, LOD and limit of quantification (LOQ) improvement, (II) conjugating of traditional methods and creating new platforms, micro-biochips and others, (III) introducing known solutions to new ones, like smartphone-based analysis control with results data insertion into Google Maps, (IV) reuse of the functions of known devices, like glucometer, smartphone cameras, (V) the most common used detection methods: spectral/optical, electrical, (VI) and entirely new approaches. doi = 10.3390/bios8040094 id = cord-007294-qeb2r08t author = EDMONDSON, WILLIAM P. title = A COMPARISON OF SUBCUTANEOUS, NASAL, AND COMBINED INFLUENZA VACCINATION. II. PROTECTION AGAINST NATURAL CHALLENGE(1)(2) date = 1971-06-17 keywords = illness; influenza summary = doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121282 id = cord-302529-43pd2qsp author = El Moussi, Awatef title = Virological Surveillance of Influenza Viruses during the 2008–09, 2009–10 and 2010–11 Seasons in Tunisia date = 2013-09-19 keywords = Influenza; Tunisia; virus summary = METHOD: We describe in this report the findings of laboratory-based surveillance of human cases of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses'' infection during three seasons in Tunisia. A subset of sentinel primary care physicians participating in virological surveillance schemes in the community submits respiratory samples for virological testing from patients presenting in primary health care with an ILI, as well as all regional emergency centres and hospitals that take on surveillance of influenza from community, hospitalized and fatal cases. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA1 nucleotid sequence of 23 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from mild, severe (patients hospitalized with severe pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome) and fatal cases, shows that all viruses characterised in Tunisia during season 2009-2010 were outside the seven genetic groups described in the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) report [19] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0074064 id = cord-003598-m2fsrwvw author = Elbahesh, Husni title = Response Modifiers: Tweaking the Immune Response Against Influenza A Virus date = 2019-04-12 keywords = IAV; infection; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00809 id = cord-007784-fq2urilg author = Elderfield, Ruth title = Influenza Pandemics date = 2011-09-22 keywords = H1N1; H3N2; PB1-F2; influenza; pandemic; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-0204-6_8 id = cord-282085-r3w90vg8 author = Epperly, D. E. title = COVID-19 Viral Loads, Environment, Ventilation, Masks, Exposure Time, And Severity : A Pragmatic Guide Of Estimates date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COVID-19; Illness; Influenza summary = This study uses measured amounts of SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients from a published and peer-reviewed study and known Influenza A challenge doses from a published and peer-reviewed study and known ASHRAE Office Ventilation standards and an Outdoor Air Exchange model to estimate the time necessary to cause various exposure levels and resulting infection potential in various indoor and outdoor settings of both Influenza A and COVID-19. The estimates in this study also present an initial framework and specific quantitative examples for better understanding of the effects of ventilation on aerosolized transmission, and the immunology related to challenge doses, and the potential for low-level viral load exposure to result in some level of immunity without symptoms of illness (asymptomatic infection). doi = 10.1101/2020.10.03.20206110 id = cord-345848-s84lxe6l author = Everitt, Aaron R. title = IFITM3 restricts the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza date = 2012-03-25 keywords = Fig; Ifitm3; Supp; influenza; virus summary = We find that a statistically significant number of hospitalized subjects show enrichment for a minor IFITM3 allele (SNP rs12252-C) that alters a splice acceptor site, and functional assays show the minor CC genotype IFITM3 has reduced influenza virus restriction in vitro. We find that a statistically significant number of hospitalised subjects show enrichment for a minor IFITM3 allele (SNP rs12252-C) that alters a splice acceptor site, and functional assays show the minor CC genotype IFITM3 has reduced influenza virus restriction in vitro. Given the higher viral load in Ifitm3 −/− mice and increased replication of influenza A virus in Ifitm3 deleted cells in vitro (Fig. 1d) , we examined both viral nucleic acid and protein distribution in the lung. Analysis of cell populations resident in the lung tissue on day 6 post-infection showed that Ifitm3 −/− mice displayed significantly reduced proportions of CD4+ (p=0.004) and CD8+ Tcells (p=0.02) and natural killer (NK) cells (p=0.0001) but an elevated proportion of neutrophils (p=0.007) (Fig. 3a) . doi = 10.1038/nature10921 id = cord-337721-who0xdyz author = Faggion, Heloisa Zimmerman title = Influenza Sentinel Surveillance and Severe Acute Respiratory Infection in a Reference Hospital in Southern Brazil date = 2019-12-20 keywords = influenza summary = doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0498-2017 id = cord-284087-g2jfnxja author = Falcone, Valeria title = Influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutinin polymorphism and associated disease in southern Germany during the 2010/11 influenza season date = 2013-02-09 keywords = influenza summary = doi = 10.1007/s00705-013-1610-1 id = cord-310182-muybvyqa author = Fan, Victoria Y title = Pandemic risk: how large are the expected losses? date = 2018-02-01 keywords = estimate; influenza; loss; pandemic summary = doi = 10.2471/blt.17.199588 id = cord-009137-wj5vhvxx author = Fananapazir, L. title = RAISED URINARY FIBRIN-DEGRADATION PRODUCTS, COMPLEMENT, AND IgG DURING AN INFLUENZA-LIKE ILLNESS date = 1977-04-30 keywords = Gilbert; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92227-9 id = cord-003302-vxk7uqlc author = Fedson, David S title = Influenza, evolution, and the next pandemic date = 2018-10-03 keywords = H1N1; influenza; pandemic; virus summary = doi = 10.1093/emph/eoy027 id = cord-326960-9phlylce author = Felberbaum, Rachael S. title = The baculovirus expression vector system: A commercial manufacturing platform for viral vaccines and gene therapy vectors date = 2015-03-20 keywords = BEVS; cell; influenza; vaccine; virus summary = doi = 10.1002/biot.201400438 id = cord-252974-pwx27kdi author = Fornek, Jamie L. title = Use of Functional Genomics to Understand Influenza–Host Interactions date = 2007-08-31 keywords = influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/s0065-3527(07)70003-9 id = cord-296277-paqu1t1e author = Fragaszy, Ellen B title = Cohort Profile: The Flu Watch Study date = 2016-03-03 keywords = Flu; Watch; influenza summary = The basic cohort design Baseline/pre-season phase A baseline visit was made to the household at enrolment, during which a research nurse collected blood samples for serological and T cell analysis from all adults aged 16 years or older. Current work includes an analysis of occupational exposure to pigs as a risk factor for human infection with swine and human influenza viruses; age as a predictor of T cell responses; and a comparison of serological pandemic infection rates from Flu Watch and the Health Survey for England. Comparative community burden and severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza: results of the Flu Watch cohort study Natural T Cell Mediated Protection Against Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza: Results of the Flu Watch Cohort Study doi = 10.1093/ije/dyv370 id = cord-305936-tdswzj7r author = Freitas, André Ricardo Ribas title = Excess of Mortality in Adults and Elderly and Circulation of Subtypes of Influenza Virus in Southern Brazil date = 2018-01-08 keywords = Brazil; influenza; mortality summary = doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01903 id = cord-353869-l53ms3q8 author = Friesen, Robert H. E. title = New Class of Monoclonal Antibodies against Severe Influenza: Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy in Ferrets date = 2010-02-08 keywords = CR6261; H5N1; influenza; virus summary = METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of the human monoclonal antibody CR6261 against lethal challenge with the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus in ferrets, the optimal model of human influenza infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These data demonstrate the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of this new class of human monoclonal antibodies in a highly stringent and clinically relevant animal model of influenza and justify clinical development of this approach as intervention for both seasonal and pandemic influenza. Mean decline in body weight at the end of the experiment was 6.2% in the group of ferrets that received CR6261 4 hours after challenge ( Figure 2B) , which was significantly less (p = 0.025) than the 10.1% observed in control animals. These findings were in accordance with the observation that the mean lung weights of ferrets treated with CR6261 at 4 hours post challenge were lower compared to the control group (5.7 g versus 14.9 g, p,0.001; Figure 2F ). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0009106 id = cord-003523-byxuruk1 author = Fritsch, Annemarie title = Influenza C virus in pre-school children with respiratory infections: retrospective analysis of data from the national influenza surveillance system in Germany, 2012 to 2014 date = 2019-03-07 keywords = influenza; sample; virus summary = doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.10.1800174 id = cord-001826-av2gxfxy author = Gao, Qian title = A cell-based high-throughput approach to identify inhibitors of influenza A virus date = 2014-07-14 keywords = Gluc; influenza; wsn/33 summary = In this study we established a 293T cell line that constitutively synthesizes a virus-based negative strand RNA, which expresses Gaussia luciferase upon influenza A virus infection. The dynamic signal range of the Gluc reporter assay was assessed by infecting 293T-Gluc cells with varying quantities of influenza A/WSN/33 virus (MOI of 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1) and determining Gluc activity at various times post-infection (12, 24, 36 and 48 h post-infection). For evaluation assay of antivirals and high-throughput screening, 1 μL of each tested compound was added to cells and incubated for 2 h prior to infection, after which cells were infected with influenza A/WSN/33 virus at an MOI of 0.05. The above results suggest the potential to use the Gluc reporter assay to screen compounds against influenza A virus. In this work we reported a cell-based high-throughput assay to identify inhibitors for influenza virus. doi = 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.06.005 id = cord-001746-pbahviaz author = Garg, Shikha title = Pneumonia among adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza virus infection—United States, 2005–2008 date = 2015-08-26 keywords = AOR; influenza; pneumonia summary = Although there is evidence that adult patients with underlying cardiac or pulmonary disease are more likely to develop influenza-associated pneumonia than those without underlying medical conditions [6, 7] , much of the data describing factors associated with influenzaassociated pneumonia among adults comes from case series conducted at single sites and during a limited number of seasons. The following data were collected on patients: demographics, results of laboratory tests for influenza, influenza vaccination status for the current season, underlying medical conditions, bacterial coinfections, CXR data, antiviral treatment, clinical outcomes, and discharge diagnoses. Patients with pneumonia were significantly more likely than patients without pneumonia to reside in a nursing home prior to hospital admission, to have received influenza vaccine, and to have the following underlying medical conditions: chronic lung disease, cardiovascular disease, and immunosuppression. doi = 10.1186/s12879-015-1004-y id = cord-296469-h0ma163u author = Gellin, Bruce G. title = Preparing for the unpredictable: The continuing need for pandemic influenza preparedness date = 2016-10-26 keywords = influenza; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.023 id = cord-340611-7ftnttm0 author = Gensheimer, K. F title = Challenges and opportunities in pandemic influenza planning: lessons learned from recent infectious disease preparedness and response efforts date = 2004-06-30 keywords = health; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.021 id = cord-017748-xy26tk0t author = Georgiev, Vassil St. title = Influenza date = 2009 keywords = H5N1; H9N2; NIAID; influenza; virus summary = This, coupled with the difficulty to predict which subtype of avian influenza virus will cause the next human pandemic means that an ideal vaccine would elicit an immune response that protects the host from infection with a broad range of influenza viruses from the same or different subtypes (14) . Therefore, if a virus with a new HA and/or NA glycoprotein emerges in the human population, cell-mediated immunity directed against the highly conserved internal proteins could have a role in protection at the time of a pandemic (14) . Although most influenza vaccines are designed to induce HA-specific antibody responses to protect the host from infection, the biology of avian influenza viruses presents several unique challenges compared with human influenza viruses. DNA vaccines encoding the HA and NA glycoproteins of avian influenza viruses or conserved internal virus proteins, such as matrix proteins and nucleoproteins, induced protective immunity in mice and chickens (90) (91) (92) (93) . doi = 10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_13 id = cord-010786-w3kjc6so author = Ghaderi, Sara title = Hospitalization following influenza infection and pandemic vaccination in multiple sclerosis patients: a nationwide population-based registry study from Norway date = 2019-12-23 keywords = influenza; patient summary = doi = 10.1007/s10654-019-00595-2 id = cord-000891-5r2in1gw author = Giannella, Maddalena title = Should lower respiratory tract secretions from intensive care patients be systematically screened for influenza virus during the influenza season? date = 2012-06-14 keywords = ICU; influenza; patient summary = Suspected and unsuspected cases were compared, and significant differences were found for age (53 versus 69 median years), severe respiratory failure (68.8% versus 20%), surgery (6.3% versus 60%), median days of ICU stay before diagnosis (1 versus 4), nosocomial infection (18.8% versus 66.7%), cough (93.8% versus 53.3%), localized infiltrate on chest radiograph (6.3% versus 40%), median days to antiviral treatment (2 versus 9), pneumonia (93.8% versus 53.3%), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (75% versus 26.7%). The variables recorded were age, sex, classification of the severity of underlying conditions according to the Charlson comorbidity index [6] , type of ICU, date and cause of ICU admission, APACHE II score [7] on admission to the ICU, date of onset of influenza symptoms, clinical manifestations and radiologic findings at diagnosis, date of TA sample collection, other samples tested for influenza and result, date of initiation of antiviral treatment, complications (septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)), outcome including mortality within 30 days after influenza diagnosis, and length of ICU and hospital stay. doi = 10.1186/cc11387 id = cord-339638-yrxoj1hl author = Goldman, Ran D. title = Willingness to Vaccinate Children against Influenza after the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; child; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.005 id = cord-325141-x3txhjkr author = Grech, Victor title = Vaccine hesitancy among Maltese Healthcare workers toward influenza and novel COVID-19 vaccination date = 2020-10-01 keywords = covid-19; influenza; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105213 id = cord-006252-cbelsymu author = Gross, Peter A. title = Current Recommendations for the Prevention and Treatment of Influenza in the Older Population date = 2012-11-18 keywords = influenza; vaccine; virus summary = doi = 10.2165/00002512-199101060-00003 id = cord-264335-c2hfh3dq author = Gunson, Rory title = Development of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR that allows universal detection of influenza A viruses and simultaneous typing of influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus date = 2009-10-23 keywords = h1n1/2009; influenza summary = In order to detect and then type influenza A viruses most laboratories use a two tier testing system comprising of a universal influenza A screening assay complemented with a suite of subtyping assays that determine whether the sample is seasonal influenza A (human H1N1 and H3N2), avian H5N1 or the influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus. This article describes the development of a multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) that allows universal detection of all influenza A viruses and simultaneously subtypes all that are influenza A/H1N1/2009. Use of this assay will allow laboratories to screen respiratory samples for influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus in a rapid and cost effective format, ensuring that typing methods for seasonal and avian viruses are used on a smaller subset of samples. This article describes the development of a rapid, specific and sensitive multiplex rtPCR assay that detects all influenza A types and simultaneously identifies samples that contain the pandemic influenza A/H1N1/2009 virus. doi = 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.10.006 id = cord-028564-sltofaox author = Gutiérrez-Spillari, Lucia title = Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Influenza: How Are They Connected? date = 2020-07-06 keywords = infection; influenza; risk summary = doi = 10.1007/s40475-020-00207-0 id = cord-263277-m4too6ob author = Guzmán, Carlos Alberto title = Next Generation Influenza Vaccines: Looking into the Crystal Ball date = 2020-08-21 keywords = influenza; vaccine summary = doi = 10.3390/vaccines8030464 id = cord-260191-0u0pu0br author = Haas, W. title = „Emerging Infectious Diseases“: Dengue-Fieber, West-Nil-Fieber, SARS, Vogelgrippe, HIV date = 2004-05-29 keywords = HIV; Influenza; SARS; der; die summary = doi = 10.1007/s00108-004-1199-2 id = cord-255807-7goz1agp author = Hak, E. title = Conventional Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated with Complications in Working-Age Patients with Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease date = 2003-04-15 keywords = COPD; influenza; patient summary = doi = 10.1093/aje/kwg027 id = cord-020466-hdcke0d4 author = Hammel, Jean M. title = Commentary date = 2004-11-19 keywords = H5N1; influenza summary = 1 In the late 1990s, after several decades of fairly stable human influenza viruses, highly pathogenic avian influenza infected humans in Southeast Asia for the first time. In the setting of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic and emerging human infections with these highly pathogenic avian influenza strains, the prospect of a pandemic looms large for public health authorities and should prompt preparative measures from emergency care providers. 4, 5 Alternatively, a person infected with a conventional human influenza virus could be coinfected with a highly pathogenic avian influenza strain. 4 Formerly known as ''''fowl plague,'''' highly pathogenic avian influenza is now identified as strains H5 and H7, which cause severe disease in terrestrial birds. 17 Full respiratory isolation precautions, similar to those for SARS, are recommended in all cases of suspected human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. doi = 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.10.005 id = cord-275355-4izc5jxs author = Hayden, Frederick title = Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses to and between Humans date = 2005-10-15 keywords = H5N1; influenza summary = in this issue of the Journal of Infectious Diseases [1] , and the recent instances of cross-species transmission that caused human disease [2] raise fundamental questions regarding the routes of transmission of avian viruses to and between humans, possible differences in transmission patterns between human and avian influenza viruses, and implications for prevention in those occupationally exposed to infected animals and also in health care, household, and community settings. The findings that seropositivity occurs in small numbers of poultry workers exposed during outbreaks of illness in poultry caused by some avian strains (H7N7, H7N3, and H5N1) but not others (H7N1 and H5N2) argue for actual infection and support the notion that some avian influenza viruses are more likely than others to infect humans [1] . Most cases of human infection due to avian influenza viruses have involved close contact with infected poultry, particularly ill or dying chickens. doi = 10.1086/444399 id = cord-258270-67f5z8et author = He, Biao title = Adenovirus-based vaccines against avian-origin H5N1 influenza viruses date = 2014-12-03 keywords = H5N1; adenovirus; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.11.003 id = cord-280218-zwjrcaab author = He, Xiao-Song title = Distinct Patterns of B-Cell Activation and Priming by Natural Influenza Virus Infection Versus Inactivated Influenza Vaccination date = 2014-10-21 keywords = IIV; influenza summary = doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiu580 id = cord-322906-zef971xp author = Hochman, Assaf title = The relationship between cyclonic weather regimes and seasonal influenza over the Eastern Mediterranean date = 2020-08-12 keywords = Cyprus; Influenza summary = Since weather regimes such as Cyprus Lows are more robustly predicted in weather and climate models than individual climate variables, we conclude that the weather regime approach can be used to develop tools for estimating the compatibility of the transmission environment for Influenza occurrence in a warming world. The purpose of J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof this study is to investigate the potential link between weather regime occurrences and climate sensitive infectious diseases, and discuss in how far this relationship can help to inform decisions in the health sector. As a case study, the weekly occurrences of an Eastern Mediterranean weather regime -Cyprus Lows -together with precipitation, temperature and humidity, are related to seasonal Influenza in Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Jordan. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141686 id = cord-345836-74d2mb70 author = Hogg, William title = The costs of preventing the spread of respiratory infection in family physician offices: a threshold analysis date = 2007-11-13 keywords = cost; influenza; intervention summary = doi = 10.1186/1472-6963-7-181 id = cord-327516-i25whxt2 author = Horby, Peter title = Improving preparedness for the next flu pandemic date = 2018-07-25 keywords = influenza; pandemic summary = doi = 10.1038/s41564-018-0206-7 id = cord-282140-teplpmi6 author = Horm, Srey Viseth title = Intense circulation of A/H5N1 and other avian influenza viruses in Cambodian live-bird markets with serological evidence of sub-clinical human infections date = 2016-07-20 keywords = Cambodia; H5N1; H9N2; influenza summary = doi = 10.1038/emi.2016.69 id = cord-331148-40gvay7i author = Hsieh, Yu-Chia title = Clinical characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during the 2013/2014 and 2015/2016 clade 6B/6B.1/6B.2-predominant outbreaks date = 2018-10-23 keywords = Taiwan; influenza; season summary = Independently, a retrospective cohort study (which enrolled 639 infected patients during the five seasons) was conducted at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital to explore the risk factors associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-related complications. The results of the logistic regression analysis on the risk factors associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-related complications and pneumonia are shown in Table 4 , and respiratory failure with mechanical ventilation and ARDS are also presented in Table 5 . In the univariate analysis, 6B/6B.1/6B.2 season, age (50-64 years), onset to presentation, underlying conditions, obesity, smoking, alcoholism, and antiviral therapy were significant risk factors of complications, pneumonia, mechanical ventilation, and ARDS (Tables 4 and 5 ). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, 6B/6B.1/6B.2 season, age (50-64 years and ≥65 years), underlying conditions, and antiviral therapy were significant independent risk factors of complications, pneumonia, and mechanical ventilation (Tables 4 and 5). doi = 10.1038/s41598-018-34077-4 id = cord-343050-1pfqgvie author = Huang, Qiu Sue title = Southern Hemisphere Influenza and Vaccine Effectiveness Research and Surveillance date = 2015-06-09 keywords = SHIVERS; influenza; respiratory; sari summary = doi = 10.1111/irv.12315 id = cord-336493-ggo9wsrm author = Huang, Stephen S. H. title = Immunity toward H1N1 influenza hemagglutinin of historical and contemporary strains suggests protection and vaccine failure date = 2013-04-23 keywords = H1N1; influenza; virus summary = In our present study, we investigated the clinical characteristics and immune cross-reactivity of significant H1N1 influenza strains in the past 100 years in ferrets to determine the immunogenicity of important H1N1 viruses. Ferrets show respiratory illness similar to humans and clinical features of disease are easily observed where fevers can persist days following infection of viruses such as 2009 H1N1pdm influenza 21, 23, 30 . As well as fever, nasal discharge and sneezing can also be observed in animals infected with influenza viruses 21 These influenza A viruses were chosen due to their emergence and influence in H1N1 genetic history (Fig. 1 , strains used in this study are marked with an asterisks) as covered in the introduction. The immunogenic findings showed antisera produced from ferret infection with Taiwan/86 was not able to inhibit hemagglutination with the other viruses on our virus panel, which compliments the literature describing the 1986 strain. doi = 10.1038/srep01698 id = cord-295531-zojb3cew author = Huggett, Kathryn D. title = Influenza A date = 2008-01-10 keywords = influenza; virus summary = Subtypes of influenza A viruses that are prominent in one species may on occasion infect and cause disease in another. Influenza A is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes an acute and highly contagious upper respiratory disease. It was approved in 1966 for chemoprophylaxis and in 1976 for treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza type A virus in both adults and children 1 year of age. It was approved in 1993 for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza A infections in adults and prophylaxis in children. It was approved in 1999 for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza infections in patients aged 1 year. It was approved in 1999 for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza infections in patients aged 1 year. Basic information on the diagnosis, clinical findings, complications, prevention and treatment of influenza, including vaccine safety recommendations, can be found at: http://www3.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=17572#17572 Information on the common cold and flu can be located at: http://familydoctor.org/517. doi = 10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60922-5 id = cord-286368-kdwh4hgf author = Hui, David S.C. title = A clinical approach to the threat of emerging influenza viruses in the Asia‐Pacific region date = 2017-07-05 keywords = A(H5N1; A(H7N9; China; human; infection; influenza summary = Observational studies have shown that treatment with a neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) for adults hospitalized with severe influenza is associated with lower mortality and better clinical outcomes, especially when administered early in the course of illness. The global circulation of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza, the emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 2009 followed by its continual circulation, 6 the rising number of A(H7N9) infections in humans 2 and the ongoing spread of A(H5N8) in recent months in the poultry populations in many countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and Middle East with pandemic potential 7 all point to an urgent need for developing more effective antiviral therapies to reduce morbidity and mortality. Human infections with a novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus were first reported in China in March 2013 in patients hospitalized with severe pneumonia. doi = 10.1111/resp.13114 id = cord-288938-4bheqtk5 author = Hönemann, M. title = Influenza B virus infections in Western Saxony, Germany in three consecutive seasons between 2015 and 2018: Analysis of molecular and clinical features date = 2019-10-08 keywords = Yamagata; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.027 id = cord-258781-peppszqx author = Ishola, David A. title = Could influenza transmission be reduced by restricting mass gatherings? Towards an evidence-based policy framework date = 2011-08-18 keywords = Hajj; gathering; influenza; mass; study summary = The findings of the review may be able to help inform policy statements on the effectiveness of mass gathering restriction interventions that may be deployed to help reduce influenza virus spread during a pandemic. The other five observational studies were similarly designed, involving groups of intending Hajj pilgrims who were recruited in their home regions or countries prior to the event, and then re-assessed This was a well-organized systematic prospective influenza surveillance program, described by the authors as the first of its type at a large Games event Limitations include: A number of studies [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] have consistently demonstrated, over a number of years, that respiratory virus transmission occurs amongst pilgrims attending the annual Hajj in Saudi Arabia, and it is recognized as an issue of international public health significance [43] [44] [45] [46] that could be particularly important in a pandemic situation. doi = 10.1016/j.jegh.2011.06.004 id = cord-330512-nu8q72l9 author = Iskander, John title = Pandemic Influenza Planning, United States, 1978–2008 date = 2013-06-17 keywords = Health; influenza; pandemic summary = doi = 10.3201/eid1906.121478 id = cord-258496-h264umt1 author = Jaakkola, Kari title = Decline in temperature and humidity increases the occurrence of influenza in cold climate date = 2014-03-28 keywords = influenza; temperature summary = CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that a decrease rather than low temperature and humidity per se during the preceding three days increase the risk of influenza episodes in a cold climate. Studies from temperate and tropical climates have demonstrated that low temperature [4] and humidity increase the risk of seasonal influenza onset in the winter [5] [6] [7] [8] . Our previous study conducted in a northern climate demonstrated that the occurrence of respiratory tract infection is associated with both low temperature and humidity [15] . The objective of the present study was to examine the relations between temperature, humidity and the risk of influenza virus infections in a subarctic climatic zone in Northern Finland. Our hypothesis was that decreased daily temperature and humidity during outdoor training and associated with physical exercise would increase the risk of influenza A and B virus infection. Cold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections doi = 10.1186/1476-069x-13-22 id = cord-011754-lumzp1ca author = Jackson, Michael L. title = Further Evidence for Bias in Observational Studies of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: The 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Pandemic date = 2013-10-15 keywords = influenza summary = Numerous observational studies have estimated that influenza vaccine reduces the risk of all-cause mortality among seniors during the winter months by 40% or more and have concluded that influenza vaccine is highly effective (4, (6) (7) (8) . Strong evidence for confounding comes from studies that have estimated the association between influenza vaccination and risk of death during time periods before, during, and after the seasonal circulation of influenza. If the same trends in apparent associations between vaccination and mortality were observed during a year when there could be no true vaccine effect, the claim that confounding differs between time periods would be refuted. We do not believe there was a true difference between associations in these two years, as the hazard ratio estimates were further from the null during the 2007/2008 control time periods ( preinfluenza and summer, when any apparent association is the result of uncontrolled confounding) as well as during influenza season. doi = 10.1093/aje/kwt124 id = cord-352984-mzv9t7ex author = Jackson-Lee, Angela title = Mandating influenza vaccinations for health care workers: analysing opportunities for policy change using Kingdon’s agenda setting framework date = 2016-09-29 keywords = Ontario; influenza; policy summary = title: Mandating influenza vaccinations for health care workers: analysing opportunities for policy change using Kingdon''s agenda setting framework In the case of mandatory influenza vaccinations for HCWs in Ontario, it seems highly unlikely that a new policy will be adopted until perception of the problem''s importance is sufficient to overcome the political opposition to implementing a solution and thus, create a window of opportunity that is open long enough to support change. Using Kingdon''s agenda setting framework (three process streams that lead to windows of opportunity when they converge) the objective of this paper is to analyse the likelihood of government adopting a mandatory vaccination policy for HCWs in Ontario. Despite broad public acceptance and substantial participation in the voluntary immunization program, pockets of HCW resistance persisted (politics stream), and outbreaks in long-term care facilities and hospitals continued to occur, resulting in preventable illness and death [23] . doi = 10.1186/s12913-016-1772-0 id = cord-017354-cndb031c author = Janies, D. title = Large-Scale Phylogenetic Analysis of Emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2008 keywords = H5N1; SARS; influenza; phylogenetic; sequence; tree summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-74331-6_2 id = cord-302713-h3aoag4y author = Jauréguiberry, Stéphane title = Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Travel‐Associated Respiratory Tract Infections in Travelers Returning From Countries Affected by Pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 Influenza date = 2011-12-08 keywords = PCR; RTI; influenza summary = title: Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Travel‐Associated Respiratory Tract Infections in Travelers Returning From Countries Affected by Pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 Influenza BACKGROUND: Although acute respiratory tract infections (RTI) have been recognized as a significant cause of illness in returning travelers, few studies have specifically evaluated the etiologies of RTI in this population. Patients were included if they presented with signs suggestive of RTI that had occurred during travel or <7 days after their return from countries endemic for influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009. At the virology laboratory, the first step of the diagnostic evaluation was to identify influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus infection by means of real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), as previously described 11 to assess whether or not the patient should remain isolated. In a study performed at San Francisco University Medical Center during the influenza season, a viral agent was identified (through shell vial assay and PCR) in 103 (39%) of the patients with RTI. doi = 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00570.x id = cord-279615-yne753y6 author = Jelley, Lauren title = Influenza C infections in Western Australia and Victoria from 2008 to 2014 date = 2016-07-23 keywords = influenza summary = doi = 10.1111/irv.12402 id = cord-298216-iq7fenxm author = Jiang, Chao title = Comparative review of respiratory diseases caused by coronaviruses and influenza A viruses during epidemic season date = 2020-05-13 keywords = SARS; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.005 id = cord-000131-ugbwvy6j author = Jones, James Holland title = Early Assessment of Anxiety and Behavioral Response to Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A(H1N1) date = 2009-12-03 keywords = April; Influenza; respondent; survey summary = Here, we report the results from an online survey that gathered data (n = 6,249) about risk perception of the outbreak during the first few days of widespread media coverage (April 29 -May 5, 2009) of the emergence of novel swine-origin Influenza A(H1N1). To evaluate the hypothesis that respondents'' affective state (subjective anxiety, fatalism about infection) predicts protective measures, we include in the model demographic (age, gender), epidemiological (household size, number of contacts, survey day), and media (source of information on the outbreak) conditioning variables. While our sampling design is subject to many of the usual criticisms of internet-based surveys and is not necessarily representative of the general population, the unparalleled immediacy, longitudinal nature, and the large number of respondents it contains make our data set unique and scientifically important for the study of the spread of information and distribution of risk perception and behavioral change during the most uncertain time (i.e. the initial phase) of an epidemic of a virus novel to the human population. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0008032 id = cord-293299-gdew0ueo author = Jordan, William S. title = Influenza Research in the Soviet Union—1974 date = 1974-12-17 keywords = Institute; Soviet; Union; influenza summary = A long historical tradition for the use of livevirus vaccines in the Soviet Union dates from Smorodintsev''s experimental infection of volunteers with influenza virus in 1937 [2] . Since registered morbidity rather than a more direct measure of real influenza-ARD morbidity is used, the model probably has more applicability for health planners, who need to anticipate increased requirements for delivery of health care associated with epidemics, and for industrial organizations that face future production losses, than for those concerned with anticipating changes in the health status of the population per se. Although data from the morbidity registration system in the Soviet Union provide the basic information for this model, data from the 52 All-Union reporting centers appear to be used as well, particularly for obtaining early warning of the location of the initial epidemic outbreak in the country. doi = 10.1093/infdis/130.6.686 id = cord-332516-eaqpiq1o author = Joseph, Carol title = Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza date = 2013-08-27 keywords = H1N1; bacterial; infection; influenza summary = doi = 10.1111/irv.12089 id = cord-275462-7a55odok author = Journeay, W Shane title = Pandemic influenza: implications for occupational medicine date = 2009-06-23 keywords = H5N1; influenza; pandemic summary = doi = 10.1186/1745-6673-4-15 id = cord-026641-eemp6b5j author = Kabiljo, Julijan title = From threat to cure: understanding of virus-induced cell death leads to highly immunogenic oncolytic influenza viruses date = 2020-06-11 keywords = RNA; cell; influenza; ns1; virus summary = doi = 10.1038/s41420-020-0284-1 id = cord-251979-j3mme15e author = Kandeel, Amr title = Morbidity, Mortality, and Seasonality of Influenza Hospitalizations in Egypt, November 2007-November 2014 date = 2016-09-08 keywords = Egypt; Health; influenza; sari summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0161301 id = cord-277970-sb1wjd3b author = Kang, Qianli title = Screening for Anti-Influenza Actives of Prefractionated Traditional Chinese Medicines date = 2020-10-14 keywords = TCM; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1155/2020/4979850 id = cord-257489-ruf4rzxm author = Kee, Sae Yoon title = Influenza vaccine coverage rates and perceptions on vaccination in South Korea date = 2007-06-28 keywords = high; influenza; vaccination summary = The most common reason for vaccination for both whole population and high risk groups was to prevent both influenza and common cold, while the most common reason for non-vaccination was the thought that he/she was healthy enough not to be in need for vaccination. 13 Korea shows relatively high influenza vaccine distribution rate, however, exact vaccination coverage among total population or priority group have not yet been studied. The coverage rates for influenza vaccination were 34.3%, 61.3%, 79.7%, and 54.9% among total adult population, high risk group, persons aged !65 years and persons with comorbid conditions, respectively (Table 1) . The most common reasons for vaccination were not different in high risk group, however, ''have interest in vaccination because of bad health status'' showed higher rank (18.4%) than the total population. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.04.354 id = cord-011722-82qzf8ht author = Keitel, Wendy A. title = Influenza A(H5N1) Vaccines: Are We Better Prepared for the Next Pandemic? date = 2014-01-01 keywords = A(H5N1; influenza summary = doi = 10.1093/infdis/jit573 id = cord-288238-36hiiw91 author = Keshavarz, Mohsen title = Metabolic host response and therapeutic approaches to influenza infection date = 2020-03-05 keywords = ATP; IFN; ROS; infection; influenza; virus summary = It is also reported that influenza infection significantly increases ROS production by inducing Nox4, and the proliferation of this virus in lung epithelial cells is dependent on redox-sensitive pathways activated by Nox4-derived ROS [16] . IFN can also exert its function on metabolic changes by producing several mediators including indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and nitric oxide (NO), both of which appear to have either an inducible or an inhibitory role in viral replication [33] . In addition, increased temperature of cells during infection (which could be the result of virus replication and fever) causes heat stress which in turn can considerably downregulate carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) activity and reduce the β-oxidation and ATP levels in fibroblasts of influenza-associated encephalopathy patients and healthy volunteers [110] . Through enhancing the activity of the mTORC1 complex, the influenza virus strengthens several metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, glutaminolysis, pentose phosphate, and fatty acid synthesis, to provide more ATP and structural materials for viral replication. doi = 10.1186/s11658-020-00211-2 id = cord-318696-jheb2fnn author = Kesic, Matthew J. title = Exposure to Ozone Modulates Human Airway Protease/Antiprotease Balance Contributing to Increased Influenza A Infection date = 2012-04-09 keywords = SLPI; TMPRSS2; figure; influenza; ozone summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0035108 id = cord-326177-zzsaf3bl author = Khatri, Mahesh title = Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate influenza virus-induced acute lung injury in a pig model date = 2018-01-29 keywords = MSC; cell; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1186/s13287-018-0774-8 id = cord-005081-kxrzv16n author = Kiselev, O. I. title = Progress in the development of pandemic influenza vaccines and their production technologies date = 2010-11-12 keywords = Fig; influenza; vaccine; virus summary = doi = 10.1134/s0003683810090024 id = cord-020789-slsfhrkx author = Kleines, Michael title = Virale Atemwegserkrankungen – Influenza, RSV und neue Viren date = 2017-10-27 keywords = Influenza; RSV; Viren; Virus; der; die summary = doi = 10.1055/s-0043-114856 id = cord-324001-m7ys95z7 author = Kobinger, Gary P. title = Assessment of the Efficacy of Commercially Available and Candidate Vaccines against a Pandemic H1N1 2009 Virus date = 2010-04-01 keywords = H1N1; influenza; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1086/651171 id = cord-003099-a0acr28o author = Koch, R. M. title = The endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammatory response is enhanced during the acute phase of influenza infection date = 2018-07-05 keywords = LPS; infection; influenza summary = doi = 10.1186/s40635-018-0182-5 id = cord-007583-owxcokge author = Kohn, William G. title = Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: Be prepared date = 2014-12-26 keywords = H1N1; influenza summary = Fortunately, dental health care workers follow a set of standard infection control precautions. dUrgent dental treatment can be performed without the use of an airborne infection isolation room because transmission of 2009 H1N1 influenza is thought not to occur across longer distances through the air, such as from one patient room to another. 1 Basic principles of this etiquette include the following: dEducate staff members, patients and visitors regarding the importance of containing respiratory secretions to help prevent the transmission of influenza and other respiratory In theory, any measure that limits the dispersal of respiratory droplets should reduce the opportunity for transmission of infection. Despite the economic and ethical pressure to keep working despite illness, dental personnel should take action to prevent the transmission of 2009 H1N1 influenza in their practices. Infection control in dental settings: prevention of 2009 H1N1 influenza transmission in dental health care settings doi = 10.14219/jada.archive.2010.0002 id = cord-353871-mzw600ys author = Kowalczyk, D. title = The Activity of Influenza and Influenza-like Viruses in Individuals Aged over 14 in the 2015/2016 Influenza Season in Poland date = 2017-02-15 keywords = Poland; influenza summary = Infections in every epidemic season induced by respiratory viruses, especially by the influenza virus, are the cause of many illnesses and complications which often end in death. The aim of the present study was to analyze the activity influenza and influenza-like viruses in people over the age of 14 in the 2015/2016 influenza season in Poland, according to the new reporting system (Bednarska et al. Interestingly, the number of confirmed cases of influenza virus was the highest in the same age-groups of 45-64 and 26-44 years in the past 2013/2014 season (Bednarska et al. An increased number of confirmed cases of infection in the currently evaluated season was mainly caused by the influenza virus and to a lesser extent by influenza-like viruses, which may lead to a severer disease course, complications, and in consequence to death. doi = 10.1007/5584_2016_202 id = cord-003232-nquw7qga author = Kuchipudi, Suresh V. title = Novel Flu Viruses in Bats and Cattle: “Pushing the Envelope” of Influenza Infection date = 2018-08-06 keywords = bat; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.3390/vetsci5030071 id = cord-318556-a28bowqy author = Kuliese, Monika title = Seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza in 2015–2016: a hospital-based test-negative case–control study in Lithuania date = 2017-10-10 keywords = Lithuania; SIVE; influenza summary = Relatively recently, the test-negative case-control studies have been introduced to assess seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (SIVE), and despite some limitations, they are currently considered to be the most accurate and efficient way to monitor SIVE. Patients were eligible to be included in the study when they were hospitalised for at least 24 hours, but not longer than 48 hours, had a swab taken ≤7 days after self-reported disease onset, did not test positive and were not hospitalised for any influenza virus in the current season before the inclusion, and were suffering from SARI with at least one of the systemic symptoms (fever, malaise, headache and myalgia) or deterioration of general condition or deterioration of functional status, and at least one of the respiratory symptoms (cough, sore throat and shortness of breath). This study aimed to estimate SIVE against laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection in patients admitted to the hospital due to SARI in Lithuania during the 2015-2016 season. doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017835 id = cord-294323-mryiqmsw author = Kumar, Binod title = The emerging influenza virus threat: status and new prospects for its therapy and control date = 2018-01-10 keywords = H1N1; H3N2; influenza; virus summary = The wide range of hosts provides influenza A viruses greater chances of genetic re-assortment, leading to the emergence of zoonotic strains and occasional pandemics that have a severe impact on human life. Here, we primarily discuss the pathogenesis of influenza virus type A, its epidemiology, pandemic potential, current status of antiviral drugs and vaccines, and ways to effectively manage the disease during a crisis. A genetic shift occurs when two or more different influenza virus strains infect the same cell in a host, leading to recombination of genetic materials, an event that occasionally generates a new strain with a novel combination of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The antiviral drugs currently available against influenza viruses are adamantane derivatives (amantadine and rimantadine) and neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (zanamivir, oseltamivir and peramivir). Due to the increasing burden of vaccine formulations and cases of antiviral-drug-resistant influenza virus isolates turning up every year, it has become necessary to search for alternatives to the current treatment and prevention strategies. doi = 10.1007/s00705-018-3708-y id = cord-318753-ribybqfo author = Kwok, C. S. title = Influenza, influenza‐like symptoms and their association with cardiovascular risks: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies date = 2015-05-04 keywords = influenza; study summary = doi = 10.1111/ijcp.12646 id = cord-297022-zs5m36cp author = Kwong, Jeffrey C. title = Appropriate measures of influenza immunization program effectiveness date = 2007-01-22 keywords = influenza summary = Groll and Thomson''s evaluation of the effectiveness of Ontario''s Universal Influenza Immunization Campaign used per capita cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza. A better measure of viral activity is the proportion of influenza tests positive; whereas the weekly proportion of tests positive was relatively consistent, a marked increase over time in the numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases paralleled an increase in the number of tests performed. Regardless, for evaluating universal influenza immunization program effectiveness, other established and available measures employed in previous studies describing the epidemiology of influenza should be used instead of laboratory data. In their evaluation of Ontario''s Universal Influenza Immunization Campaign, Groll and Thomson state that there is a lack of high-quality influenza outcome data in Ontario, so instead they examined the effectiveness of the program using per capita cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza [1] . A better measure of viral activity is the proportion of influenza tests positive (the number of cases of lab-confirmed influenza divided by the number of tests performed). doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.080 id = cord-001654-o2zfilcl author = Laidler, Matthew R. title = Statin Treatment and Mortality: Propensity Score-Matched Analyses of 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations date = 2015-03-04 keywords = disease; influenza; statin summary = The use of immunomodulatory agents such as statins to target host inflammatory responses in influenza virus infection has been suggested as an adjunct treatment, especially during pandemics, when antiviral quantities are limited or vaccine production can be delayed. We used population-based, influenza hospitalization surveillance data, propensity score-matched analysis, and Cox regression to determine whether there was an association between mortality (within 30 days of a positive influenza test) and statin treatment among hospitalized cohorts from 2 influenza seasons (October 1, 2007 to April 30, 2008 and September 1, 2009 to April 31, 2010). A study by Vandermeer et al [23] , using data from a populationbased influenza surveillance system, found a protective effect of statin use on mortality among patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the 2007-2008 influenza season. We used Cox proportional hazards models with robust standard errors, stratified on matched pairs, to determine the effect of statin treatment on mortality within 30 days of a positive influenza test. doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofv028 id = cord-006517-845w9r6l author = Lalueza, A. title = Impact of severe hematological abnormalities in the outcome of hospitalized patients with influenza virus infection date = 2017-05-13 keywords = H1N1; influenza; patient summary = The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency and clinical impact of hematological abnormalities in the range of those accepted by the Histyocite Society for the suspicion of HPS [19] in patients who were admitted to the hospital with a confirmed influenza virus infection. In Beutel''s study of 25 critically ill patients with influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome, the absence of steroid therapy in the early phase of the infection might have contributed to the high incidence of HPS (9 out of 25 patients) and the rather poor outcomes [18] . Significant hematological abnormalities are frequently seen in patients with influenza virus infection who required hospital admission and are associated with a poor outcome. doi = 10.1007/s10096-017-2998-4 id = cord-252443-lclxrwcm author = Lambe, Teresa title = Novel Viral Vectored Vaccines for the Prevention of Influenza date = 2012-06-19 keywords = MVA; influenza summary = doi = 10.2119/molmed.2012.00147 id = cord-288487-hs3wfffs author = Lambert, Stephen B title = The cost of community-managed viral respiratory illnesses in a cohort of healthy preschool-aged children date = 2008-01-24 keywords = ARI; cost; influenza; study summary = doi = 10.1186/1465-9921-9-11 id = cord-010959-sigw7yxk author = Lampejo, Temi title = Influenza and antiviral resistance: an overview date = 2020-02-13 keywords = H1N1; influenza summary = doi = 10.1007/s10096-020-03840-9 id = cord-292528-8kdhf123 author = Lau, Yuk-Fai title = A TLR3 ligand that exhibits potent inhibition of influenza virus replication and has strong adjuvant activity has the potential for dual applications in an influenza pandemic date = 2009-02-25 keywords = Fig; H5N1; PIKA; influenza; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.048 id = cord-253083-4mk5u0wg author = Lazarus, Rajeka title = Avian Influenza: Recent Epidemiology, Travel-Related Risk, and Management date = 2014-12-05 keywords = China; H5N1; H7N9; influenza summary = Emergence of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus causing severe human illness-China Epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China Case control study of risk factors for avian influenza A (H5N1) disease Hong Kong 1997 Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus in Jiangsu Province, China Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a fatal case of avian influenza A H10N8 virus infection: a descriptive study Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome Human infection with avian influenza A H7N9 virus: an assessment of clinical severity Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection Surveillance of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in humans and detection of the first imported human case in Taiwan doi = 10.1007/s11908-014-0456-3 id = cord-270910-xb746mv5 author = Lebrun-Harris, Lydie A. title = Influenza vaccination among U.S. pediatric patients receiving care from federally funded health centers date = 2020-07-24 keywords = Health; U.S.; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.021 id = cord-000262-4owsb0bg author = Leung, Gabriel M. title = Reflections on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and the International Response date = 2010-10-05 keywords = H1N1; influenza; pandemic; vaccine summary = In settings like Hong Kong, with the infrastructure and resources to implement such measures and N Decisions regarding pandemic response during the exigencies of a public health emergency must be judged according to the best evidence available at the time. Reduce and delay community spread somewhat at the earliest stage to allow better preparation for mitigation response [15] Completely prevent entry of infected individuals due to suboptimal sensitivity and asymptomatic (including infected and within incubation period) or subclinical presentation [16] Many countries did not attempt these measures because of logistics, stage of pandemic [22] or other cost-benefit considerations [16] China Hong Kong SAR Japan Personal protective measures (e.g., face masks, hand hygiene, cough etiquette, early self-isolation when ill) Reduce risk of infection to self and close contacts (if self is ill and infected) [27, 28] Have not been evaluated whether they can provide significant populationlevel protection doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000346 id = cord-346906-1wmp43ti author = Lewandowski, Kuiama title = Metagenomic Nanopore Sequencing of Influenza Virus Direct from Clinical Respiratory Samples date = 2019-12-23 keywords = Nanopore; influenza; sample; virus summary = We determine its sensitivity compared to that of existing diagnostic methods and its accuracy compared to short-read (Illumina) sequencing, using clinical samples from hospital patients during an influenza season and samples from a controlled laboratory infection in ferrets. During the study, respiratory samples submitted to the clinical diagnostic laboratory were routinely tested by a PCR-based test using the GeneXpert assay (Cepheid) to detect influenza A and B viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Comparing this final method with our original protocol, using triplicate extractions from the pooled set of influenza A virus-positive samples demonstrated no significant loss in performance in the more rapid protocol (Fig. S3) , and we adopted this approach as our routine protocol, giving a wet-lab processing time of ϳ8 h. Future application of this method will involve real-time laboratory testing of respiratory samples, running the platform head to head with existing clinical diagnostics to further assess sensitivity and specificity, and using influenza virus sequence data to investigate transmission events. doi = 10.1128/jcm.00963-19 id = cord-281228-8kqohdcr author = Li, Xin title = Influenza immunization among Chinese seniors: Urgent calling for improving vaccination coverage, education, and research date = 2020-03-27 keywords = China; influenza summary = doi = 10.1002/agm2.12103 id = cord-026982-1igz6i8u author = Li, Yanbo title = The association between the seasonality of pediatric pandemic influenza virus outbreak and ambient meteorological factors in Shanghai date = 2020-06-17 keywords = influenza summary = doi = 10.1186/s12940-020-00625-7 id = cord-001289-qbct63p4 author = Lipsitch, Marc title = Ethical Alternatives to Experiments with Novel Potential Pandemic Pathogens date = 2014-05-20 keywords = H5N1; H7N9; PPP; influenza summary = Two recent publications reporting the creation of ferret-transmissible influenza A/H5N1 viruses [1, 2] are controversial examples of research that aims to produce, sequence and characterize ''''potential pandemic pathogens'''' (PPPs) [3] , novel infectious agents with known or likely efficient transmission among humans, with significant virulence, and for which there is limited population immunity. N Alternative approaches would not only be safer but would also be more effective at improving surveillance and vaccine design, the two purported benefits of gain-of-function experiments to create novel, mammalian-transmissible influenza strains. A further challenge to realizing public health benefits from PPP experimentation is that the predictability of phenotype from viral sequence is complex [38, 48, 49] , as demonstrated by a recent assessment [50] of the generality of mutations that conferred human receptor binding in engineered ferret-transmissible H5N1 strains. doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001646 id = cord-002337-8v907g24 author = Lipsitch, Marc title = Viral factors in influenza pandemic risk assessment date = 2016-11-11 keywords = H5N1; avian; human; influenza; receptor; virus summary = doi = 10.7554/elife.18491 id = cord-333722-ndth5zne author = Liu, Qiang title = The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy date = 2015-07-20 keywords = H1N1; H5N1; cytokine; influenza summary = doi = 10.1038/cmi.2015.74 id = cord-255181-du6rqc6i author = Louz, Derrick title = Cross‐species transfer of viruses: implications for the use of viral vectors in biomedical research, gene therapy and as live‐virus vaccines date = 2005-06-29 keywords = cell; host; human; influenza; virus summary = This review addresses a number of potential risk factors and their implications for activities with viral vectors from the perspective of cross‐species transfer of viruses in nature, with emphasis on the occurrence of host‐range mutants resulting from either cell culture or tropism engineering. The HIV virus and contemporary human influenza viruses are prominent examples of viruses that have crossed the species barrier and established themselves permanently in the human population without further dependence on the presence of the original animal host reservoir. The emergence of HIV exemplifies how multiple independent cross-species transmissions of simian viruses that are not associated with disease in their natural hosts eventually resulted in the establishment of two types of HIV in the human population. The following examples demonstrate that upon persistent infection and passage in cell culture, cross-species transmissibility may be promoted by selection of virus variants with an altered host range. Adaptation in cell culture may result in changes in receptor specificity and tropism, and leads to the emergence of host-range mutant viruses. doi = 10.1002/jgm.794 id = cord-007575-5ekgabx5 author = Luby, James P. title = Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Pneumonias in Adults Due to Mycoplasma, Chlamydiae, and Viruses date = 2016-01-14 keywords = CMV; infection; influenza; patient; pneumonia; virus summary = Important trends and developments in the field include (1) the emergence of a Chlamydia psittaci strain (TWAR) that is passaged from human to human, causes a mycoplasma-like illness, and that is relatively resistant to erythromycin, (2) the recognition of respiratory syncytial virus as a pathogen in nursing home outbreaks and in immunosuppressed adults, (3) the continuing high lethality of fully developed influenza pneumonia, (4) the efficacy of acyclovir and adenine arabinoside in limiting the complications of varicella-zoster virus infections, and (5) the increasing frequency of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus and the severity of this disorder in highly immunosuppressed patients. Important trends and developments in the field include (1) the emergence of a Chlamydia psittaci strain (TWAR) that is passaged from human to human, causes a mycoplasma-like illness, and that is relatively resistant to erythromycin, (2) the recognition of respiratory syncytial virus as a pathogen in nursing home outbreaks and in immunosuppressed adults, (3) the continuing high lethality of fully developed influenza pneumonia, (4) the efficacy of acyclovir and adenine arabinoside in limiting the complications of varicella-zoster virus infections, and (5) the increasing frequency of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus and the severity of this disorder in highly immunosuppressed patients. doi = 10.1097/00000441-198707000-00007 id = cord-335960-biwnqa3f author = Luke, Anthony title = Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date = 2007-07-31 keywords = athlete; disease; influenza; risk; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.csm.2007.04.006 id = cord-019010-9xgwjvsv author = Luna, C. M. title = Life-threatening Respiratory Failure from H1N1 Influenza: Lessons from the Southern Cone Outbreak date = 2010-06-23 keywords = ARDS; H1N1; influenza; patient summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-10286-8_20 id = cord-002919-6xjm7f29 author = Luo, Haili title = Clinical characteristics from co-infection with avian influenza A H7N9 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae: a case report date = 2018-03-15 keywords = H7N9; influenza summary = title: Clinical characteristics from co-infection with avian influenza A H7N9 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae: a case report Here, we reported the case of a woman co-infected by influenza A H7N9 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, whose treatment process was a little bit longer and a little bit complicated as well. However, some symptoms exacerbated again 2 days later with ground-glass changes appearing in upper area of right lung and the titer of antibody to Mycoplasma pneumoniae rising from 1:80 to 1:640. CONCLUSION: In patients with confirmed influenza A H7N9 infection whose condition worsens again, especially with new infiltration or lung ground-glass infiltration, one should suspect infection by other pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In cases of confirmed influenza A H7N9, if the condition of the patient is not under initial treatment or if it even worsens with new ground-glass lung infiltrates, infection with another pathogen including MP must be suspected and sought. doi = 10.1186/s13256-018-1583-5 id = cord-331714-2qj2rrgd author = Lvov, Dimitry Konstantinovich title = Single-Stranded RNA Viruses date = 2015-05-29 keywords = Aedes; Africa; Asia; Bunyaviridae; Congo; Crimean; East; Eurasia; Europe; Influenza; Ixodes; Nile; Northern; Republic; Russia; Sea; Siberia; TBEV; USSR; WNV; West; figure; isolate; isolation; tick; virus summary = Among them are viruses associated with sporadic cases or outbreaks of human disease, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (viruses of the genus Hantavirus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV, Nairovirus), California encephalitis (INKV, TAHV, and KHATV; Orthobunyavirus), sandfly fever (SFCV and SFNV, Phlebovirus), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV, Flavivirus), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV, Flavivirus), West Nile fever (WNV, Flavivirus), Sindbis fever (SINV, Alphavirus) Chikungunya fever (CHIKV, Alphavirus) and others. Artashat virus (ARTSV, strain LEIV-2236Ar) was originally isolated from Ornithodoros alactagalis ticks (family Argasidae) collected in the burrows of a small five-toed jerboa (Allactaga elater) near Arevashat village (40 02 absence of antigenic relationships with any known viruses, it was referred to as an "unclassified bunyavirus." 1À3 Taxonomy. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801742-5.00008-8 id = cord-290004-v3ruj5bq author = Madsen, Anders title = Prospects and Challenges in the Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines date = 2020-07-06 keywords = influenza; vaccine summary = doi = 10.3390/vaccines8030361 id = cord-263353-4mnsjbib author = Maman, Issaka title = Implementation of Influenza-like illness Sentinel Surveillance in Togo date = 2014-09-20 keywords = H1N1; ILI; influenza summary = doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-14-981 id = cord-332485-8tfgl8rp author = Marcorelles, P title = Décès brutal et infection à virus Influenza A chez un enfant de deux ans : étude d’un cas autopsique date = 2002-02-15 keywords = Influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/s0929-693x(01)00693-5 id = cord-268693-td6kvmlq author = Martins, Leila Droprinchinski title = How socio-economic and atmospheric variables impact COVID-19 and Influenza outbreaks in tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil date = 2020-09-16 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; Influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110184 id = cord-334424-z7ygy25e author = McCaw, James M title = Household transmission of respiratory viruses – assessment of viral, individual and household characteristics in a population study of healthy Australian adults date = 2012-12-11 keywords = ILI; household; influenza summary = doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-12-345 id = cord-350593-bvmg7f15 author = McDonald, R.S. title = Proportional mouse model for aerosol infection by influenza date = 2012-08-21 keywords = PCR; TCID; influenza; mouse summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05402.x id = cord-324007-hapzf0fl author = McGeer, Allison J. title = Diagnostic Testing or Empirical Therapy for Patients Hospitalized with Suspected Influenza: What to Do? date = 2009-01-01 keywords = influenza; patient summary = doi = 10.1086/591852 id = cord-260525-bohv78hi author = Mei, Yang title = Risk stratification of hospitalized COVID-19 patients through comparative studies of laboratory results with influenza date = 2020-07-31 keywords = covid-19; influenza; patient summary = We compiled laboratory results from the first 14 days of the hospitalized patients using parameters that are most significantly different between COVID-19 and influenza and hierarchically clustered COVID-19 patients. Patients in the highest risk cluster had leukocytosis including neutrophilia and monocytosis, severe anemia, increased red blood cell distribution width, higher BUN, creatinine, D-dimer, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and troponin. Overall, our study reveals significant differences in the laboratory parameters between the hospitalized COVID-19 and influenza patients. Compared to influenza patients, the most significant differences over the course of 14 days of hospitalization in COVID-19 patients were worsening anemia, worsening leukocytosis, and an increase in D-dimer, BUN, and ALT. Instead of comparing clinical endpoints to evaluate risks as performed in most of the published studies, we stratified the hospitalized COVID-19 patients through clustering of their laboratory results that were most significantly different from influenza patients (i.e. complete blood count, D-dimer, BUN, and ALT) during the first 14 days of hospitalization. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100475 id = cord-314607-bcocsjij author = Memish, Ziad A. title = The prevalance of respiratory viruses among healthcare workers serving pilgrims in Makkah during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic date = 2011-12-23 keywords = H1N1; Hajj; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2011.11.002 id = cord-001154-7k59ogn0 author = Memoli, Matthew J. title = The Natural History of Influenza Infection in the Severely Immunocompromised vs Nonimmunocompromised Hosts date = 2013-11-01 keywords = immunocompromised; influenza; patient summary = Evaluation of viral shedding, nasal and serum cytokines, clinical illness, and clinical outcomes were performed to compare severely immunocompromised individuals to nonimmunocompromised individuals with influenza infection. Immunocompromised patients with influenza had more severe disease/complications, longer viral shedding, and more antiviral resistance while demonstrating less clinical symptoms and signs on clinical assessment. Careful examination of symptoms and signs of infection, virological measurements, immunological studies, and clinical parameters were performed to investigate the natural pathogenesis of influenza in this group of severely immunocompromised hosts. The comparison of these individuals with nonimmunocompromised individuals during influenza infection demonstrated that the immunocompromised patients are at risk of more severe or complicated disease, which may be difficult to prevent with current vaccines and treat with current antivirals. doi = 10.1093/cid/cit725 id = cord-289285-aof7xy13 author = Michaelis, Martin title = Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression date = 2011-05-17 keywords = Germany; H5N1; figure; influenza summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0019705 id = cord-322082-80ym2rsq author = Monto, Arnold S title = Lessons From Influenza Pandemics of the Last 100 Years date = 2020-03-01 keywords = influenza; pandemic; virus summary = doi = 10.1093/cid/ciz803 id = cord-328979-xfze12ah author = Monto, Arnold S title = Data resource profile: Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study date = 2019-04-30 keywords = HIVE; Study; influenza summary = Collecting specimens within a short time from the onset of symptoms still maximizes the likelihood of accurate and timely identification of viruses associated with a respiratory illness for studies of transmission and vaccine effectiveness. While respiratory virus infections in general could be studied, the primary objective was to estimate the effectiveness of influenza vaccines using a cohort design for comparison with studies using the testnegative design (TND). With additional funding, we have expanded on these original aims by collecting blood specimens for studies of antibody-mediated Households 328 213 321 232 340 227 Participants 1441 943 1426 1049 1431 996 Influenza-positive individuals 125 32 111 50 202 38 Influenza-positive specimens 130 32 117 52 210 40 Strain A c 86 23 69 48 166 30 H1N1pdm09 27 1 3 47 0 28 H3N2 59 22 66 1 immunity, extending ARI surveillance year-round, and incorporating laboratory testing for other respiratory viruses. doi = 10.1093/ije/dyz086 id = cord-018089-m94q75xn author = Mubareka, Samira title = Influenza Virus: The Biology of a Changing Virus date = 2010-06-18 keywords = H1N1; H5N1; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-0346-0279-2_1 id = cord-269324-zh1a3gwh author = Mubareka, Samira title = Human Genes and Influenza date = 2008-01-01 keywords = influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1086/524067 id = cord-002852-m4l2l2r1 author = Munyua, Peninah M. title = Detection of influenza A virus in live bird markets in Kenya, 2009–2011 date = 2012-04-19 keywords = PCR; influenza summary = authors: Munyua, Peninah M.; Githinji, Jane W.; Waiboci, Lilian W.; Njagi, Leonard M.; Arunga, Geoffrey; Mwasi, Lydia; Murithi Mbabu, R.; Macharia, Joseph M.; Breiman, Robert F.; Kariuki Njenga, M.; Katz, Mark A. Background Surveillance for influenza viruses within live bird markets (LBMs) has been recognized as an effective tool for detecting circulating avian influenza viruses (AIVs). Efforts should be made to promote practices that could limit the maintenance and transmission of AIVs in LBMs. Influenza A viruses are zoonotic pathogens that infect a variety of domestic poultry such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. 2, 4, 5 Surveillance for influenza viruses within live bird markets (LBMs) has been recognized as an effective tool for detecting circulating influenza subtypes in the poultry population. 7, 8 Influenza viruses have also been detected in various environmental specimens collected in contaminated areas in LBMs including drinking water troughs, and surfaces in the delivery, holding and slaughter areas in markets. doi = 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00365.x id = cord-285856-0sw3wt1i author = Naesens, Lieve title = Anti-influenza virus activity and structure–activity relationship of aglycoristocetin derivatives with cyclobutenedione carrying hydrophobic chains date = 2009-02-05 keywords = activity; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.01.003 id = cord-289439-jrvl0ykn author = Nelson, Martha I. title = Fogarty International Center collaborative networks in infectious disease modeling: Lessons learnt in research and capacity building date = 2018-10-23 keywords = Ebola; MISMS; RAPIDD; disease; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.epidem.2018.10.004 id = cord-304569-o39kl5k4 author = Nguyen-Van-Tam, Jonathan S title = From the Editor's desk date = 2015-04-23 keywords = influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1111/irv.12311 id = cord-269623-9pxdeva3 author = Nicholson, Karl G title = Influenza date = 2003-11-22 keywords = H5N1; Hong; influenza; vaccine; virus summary = The contrast between recent cases of H5N1 infection, associated with high mortality, and the typically mild, self-limiting nature of human infections with avian H7N7 and H9N2 influenza shows the gaps in our understanding of molecular correlates of pathogenicity and underlines the need for continuing international research into pandemic influenza. We gave priority to randomised controlled trials when available, to larger studies, articles published in high-impact journals that have a wide readership, and the systematic review and economic decision modelling, for the prevention and treatment of influenza, commissioned by the Health Technology Assessment Programme on behalf of the National Institute of Clinical Excellence. A meta-analysis of reports published before 2001 showed that vaccination reduces numbers of cases of influenza-like illness by 35%, hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza by 47%, and all-cause mortality by 50%. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14854-4 id = cord-003466-599x0euj author = Nickol, Michaela E. title = A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 date = 2019-02-06 keywords = H1N1; influenza; pandemic; virus summary = doi = 10.1186/s12879-019-3750-8 id = cord-002407-25cawzi0 author = Nogales, Aitor title = Reverse Genetics Approaches for the Development of Influenza Vaccines date = 2016-12-22 keywords = IAV; IBV; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.3390/ijms18010020 id = cord-309381-cb80ntxs author = Nogales, Aitor title = Host Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Modulating Influenza A Virus Disease in Humans date = 2019-09-30 keywords = IAV; IFITM3; IFN; Influenza; NCR; SNP; virus summary = IAV RNAs are mainly recognized by the endosomal, membrane-associated PRR Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3 (double-stranded RNAs, dsRNAs) or 7/8 (ssRNAs), respectively [50, 51] , by the cytoplasmic PRR retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), which detects dsRNA and 5 -triphosphates of the negative ssRNA viral genome [50, 52] , generated during replication of multiple viruses, by the NOD-like receptor family member NOD-, LRR-and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), which recognizes various stimuli (see below) [53] and by the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) protein, recognizing not well-characterized influenza stimuli [54] . Another important SNP (rs34481144) associated with risk of severe influenza in humans from the United States (US) infected with seasonal IAVs is located in the 5 -UTR of the IFITM3 gene [123, 124] . doi = 10.3390/pathogens8040168 id = cord-299364-t549rf3o author = Noh, Ji Yun title = Clinical performance of the Sofia™ Influenza A+B FIA in adult patients with influenza-like illness date = 2015-10-31 keywords = Influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.05.016 id = cord-292709-4hn55wui author = Nor, Mohd Basri Mat title = Pneumonia in the tropics: Report from the Task Force on tropical diseases by the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine date = 2017-12-31 keywords = H5N1; MERS; case; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.004 id = cord-030279-pv770doe author = Novossiolova, Tatyana title = Twenty-first Century Governance Challenges in the Life Sciences date = 2016-11-29 keywords = H5N1; Influenza; Research; biology; biotechnology; change; development; human; life; risk; science; virus summary = From ''dual-use life science research of concern'' through the rise of amateur biology to the advent of personalised medicine, the chapter exposes the limitations of the existing governance mechanisms in accommodating the multifaceted ethical, social, security, and legal concerns arising from cutting-edge scientific and technological developments. Indeed, rapid advances in the field have produced a knowledge base and set of tools and techniques that enable biological processes to be understood, manipulated and controlled to an extent never possible before 5 ; they have found various applications in numerous spheres of life, generating enormous benefits and offering bright prospects for human betterment; and they have come to be regarded as a key driver of economic development with potential to close the gap between resource-rich and resource-poor countries. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-51004-0_4 id = cord-002136-mkl89qkt author = Nunes, Sandro F. title = An ex vivo swine tracheal organ culture for the study of influenza infection date = 2009-12-09 keywords = EVOC; figure; influenza; virus summary = Objectives We aimed to develop an air interface EVOC using pig tracheas in the study of influenza infection demonstrating that tracheal explants can be effectively maintained in organ culture and support productive influenza infection. 1, 3 Influenza infection in humans and pigs is primarily restricted to the upper and lower respiratory tract with viral replication occurring in the epithelial cells present on the surface of the respiratory mucosa. Ex vivo organ cultures (EVOC) of tracheal explants with an air interface system have been successfully developed and used in the study of both human and animal respiratory pathogens. To determine if the swine tracheal explants supported productive viral replication, explants were infected with 2AE5 · 10 2 pfu of swine influenza virus and maintained in organ culture for 5 days. Cultures of equine respiratory epithelial cells and organ explants as tools for the study of equine influenza virus infection doi = 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00119.x id = cord-263464-fdosch11 author = Nuvey, Francis Sena title = Evaluation of the sentinel surveillance system for influenza-like illnesses in the Greater Accra region, Ghana, 2018 date = 2019-03-14 keywords = Ghana; ILI; influenza summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0213627 id = cord-000390-qav5okgk author = Omer, Saad B. title = Maternal Influenza Immunization and Reduced Likelihood of Prematurity and Small for Gestational Age Births: A Retrospective Cohort Study date = 2011-05-31 keywords = SGA; influenza; period summary = Therefore, as our primary strategy for confounder adjustment, we identified a group of covariates that would move the odds ratios (ORs) of association between maternal influenza immunization and birth outcomes during the pre-influenza period to 1.0 (i.e., no effect), hence arriving at a set of covariates that could effectively control for confounding due to the differences between the vaccinated and the unvaccinated women in analyses of all influenza activity periods. The most significant type of confounding in influenza studies is due to a higher likelihood of individuals with high functional capacity (i.e., healthier The primary adjusted models were based on the approach of identifying covariates that produce adjusted ORs of 1 during the pre-influenza period and included the following covariates: gestational age for first antenatal visit, maternal diabetes (gestational and/or non-gestational), multivitamin use in pregnancy, history of alcohol use during pregnancy, education less than 12th grade, and mother married. doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000441 id = cord-307918-8y89p11a author = Onyango, Clayton O. title = Influenza Surveillance Among Children With Pneumonia Admitted to a District Hospital in Coastal Kenya, 2007–2010 date = 2012-12-15 keywords = Kenya; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1093/infdis/jis536 id = cord-277217-jh4qmoso author = Ortiz, Justin R. title = Clinical care for severe influenza and other severe illness in resource‐limited settings: the need for evidence and guidelines date = 2013-08-27 keywords = H1N1; influenza; severe summary = doi = 10.1111/irv.12086 id = cord-356188-rwf78stz author = Oshansky, Christine M. title = The human side of influenza date = 2012-07-01 keywords = H1N1; cell; infection; influenza; virus summary = Few studies have examined the role of monocytes during influenza infection in humans, particularly regarding the specific subsets mentioned above, but comparison of IFN-␥ production from T cells cocultured with CD64 ϩ CD16 Ϫ and CD64 Ϫ CD16 ϩ monocytes [119, 120] Cellular immunity Class I HLA presents peptides from internal and external viral proteins. As influenza primarily infects epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract, lung-resident DCs and macrophages are particularly important for efficient development of an adaptive immune response. [189] ), and in vitro studies suggest that activated human V␥9V␦2 T cells may have a role in the antiviral response by killing influenza-infected, monocyte-derived macrophages and producing high levels of IFN-␥ [190, 191] . Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection Characterization of the human CD8ϩ T cell response following infection with 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus doi = 10.1189/jlb.1011506 id = cord-018811-zhwr3h07 author = Oxford, John title = Influenza Vaccines Have a Short but Illustrious History of Dedicated Science Enabling the Rapid Global Production of A/Swine (H1N1) Vaccine in the Current Pandemic date = 2010-06-18 keywords = H1N1; H3N2; antibody; influenza; vaccine; virus summary = The international investment into public health measures for a global human outbreak of avian H5N1 influenza together with a focus of swine influenza H1N1 is leading to enhanced production of conventional vaccine and to a new research searchlight on T-cell epitope vaccines, viral live-attenuated carriers of influenza proteins, and even more innovative substrates to cultivate virus, including plant cells. This was particularly well demonstrated by studies during the swine influenza campaign in the USA in 1976, when many observers reported results, which ultimately led to the recommended use in children of two doses of split-type rather than whole-virus vaccines. It has been known for many years that the serological response to inactivated vaccine depends on the previous experience of the recipient to infection by viruses of the same subtype of influenza A virus as that present in the vaccine. Comparison of inactivated vaccine A/HongKong/68 (H3N2) given intranasally or subcutaneously showed that following challenge with live virus only those who had developed a serum antibody response after vaccine by either route resisted infection. doi = 10.1007/978-3-0346-0279-2_6 id = cord-329653-5nkrrqqw author = Patrick, Jennifer R. title = Influenza: Critique of the contemporary challenges for pandemic planning, prevention, control, and treatment in emergency health services date = 2011-04-08 keywords = H1N1; Health; Influenza; pandemic summary = In 2004, after the SARS experience, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified the essential and desirable features of pandemic plans, which included: (i) preparation for surveillance; (ii) investigation of cases; (iii) treatment modalities; (iv) prevention of community spread; (v) maintenance of essential services; (vi) research and evaluation, and implementation; and (vii) testing and revision of the plan. These included calling for streamlined decision making processes, flexible response according to disease severity and local resources, improved communications, public health education, a national surveillance framework, clarification of quarantine, border control, and emergency legislation, and involvement of primary care providers in planning. Public health challenges include developing means of increasing acceptance of influenza vaccination by both the general public and healthcare workers, provision of targeted education for the indigenous population and other at-risk groups, improving public knowledge of social distancing and personal hygiene measures in the prevention of transmission, and improving dissemination of information during a pandemic, especially via the media. doi = 10.1016/j.aenj.2011.03.001 id = cord-296998-ep46lzeo author = Pawelec, Graham title = Recent advances in influenza vaccines date = 2020-04-28 keywords = Text; influenza; vaccine summary = Seasonal influenza remains a major public health problem, responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths every year, mostly of elderly people. These include viral variability and hence the requirement to match strains by estimating which will become prevalent each season, problems associated with vaccine and adjuvant production, and the route of administration as well as the perceived lower vaccine efficiency in older adults. Efforts to improve the effectiveness of influenza vaccines include developing universal vaccines independent of the circulating strains in any particular season and stimulating cellular as well as humoral responses, especially in the elderly. In this way, intranasally administered vaccine resulted in protection against multiple strains of influenza in mice and ferrets, associated with both humoral and cellular responses 36 . Effect of latent cytomegalovirus infection on the antibody response to influenza vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.12688/f1000research.22611.1 id = cord-336465-qrok21qo author = Perez, Luis E. title = Evaluation of the specificity and sensitivity of a potential rapid influenza screening system date = 2013-01-31 keywords = H1N1; RVP; influenza summary = The evaluation of specificity and sensitivity was conducted on stored nasal swab samples collected from emergency department patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms at a large military academic hospital and on de-identified nasal swabs and isolated RNA from a local epidemiology laboratory. Fourteen of the 20 ED samples, plus the 3 samples from the epidemiology laboratory with no virus detected, and the 5 Streptococcus pyogenes bacterial samples were used as the 22 negative controls for both the influenza A and influenza B calculations (see Table 1 A total of 3 false-positive (positive by the Lucigen system but negative by the gold standard Luminex RVP assay) influenza A and 6 false-positive influenza B results were observed with the PyroScript influenza tests. The novel influenza A H1(sw)N1 RNA sample not detected by this microarray technique was also reevaluated by the Luminex RVP assay, and no viral etiology could be identified. doi = 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.09.005 id = cord-000244-wrru98zg author = Pfeil, Alena title = A cross-sectional survey to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination among European travellers to resource-limited destinations date = 2010-07-07 keywords = influenza; vaccination summary = title: A cross-sectional survey to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination among European travellers to resource-limited destinations By performing two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys during winter 2009 and winter 2010 among European travellers to resource-limited destinations, we aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding seasonal influenza vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Risk perception and vaccination coverage concerning seasonal and pandemic influenza was very poor among travellers to resource-limited destinations when compared to traditional at-risk groups. Questions included demographic data (gender, age, nationality, education, profession), travel-related characteristics (destination country, duration of stay, influenza risk perception, previous travel health advice, travel purpose, travel costs) and general attitudes and practices towards influenza vaccination (vaccination coverage, reasons to be vaccinated, reasons to refuse vaccination, motivations to consider vaccination with options for multiple answers except for the vaccination coverage). Risk perception and vaccination coverage regarding seasonal and pandemic influenza was very poor among European travellers to resource-limited destinations doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-10-402 id = cord-013073-siy7dvlo author = Pfäfflin, Albrecht title = Influenza virus-flow from insects to humans as causative for influenza seasonality date = 2020-10-09 keywords = influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1186/s13062-020-00272-5 id = cord-023859-3v9cmok0 author = Pinsky, Benjamin A. title = Influenza A (H1N1) date = 2011-03-08 keywords = H1N1; influenza summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-19677-5_36 id = cord-016475-7ldxvbpz author = Pleschka, Stephan title = Anti-viral approaches against influenza viruses date = 2006 keywords = MEK; influenza; vaccine; viral; virus summary = After influenza virus infection antibodies directed against all major viral proteins can be detected in humans and the level of serum antibodies correlate with resistance to disease (Couch, 2003; Couch and Kasel, 1983; Coulter et al., 2003; Nichol et al., 1998; Potter and Oxford, 1979) . Nevertheless, IKK and NFκB might not only have anti-viral functions as two recent studies demonstrate that influenza viruses replicate much better in cells where NFκB is pre-activated (Nimmerjahn et al., 2004; Wurzer et al., 2004) . Apoptosis is mainly regarded to be a host cell defense against virus viruses (reviewed in: Julkunen et al., 2000; Ludwig et al., 2003; infections since many viruses express anti-apoptotic proteins to prevent this cellular response. Influenza virus-induced NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression is mediated by overexpression of viral proteins and involves oxidative radicals and activation of IkappaB kinase doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-31047-3_5 id = cord-015764-ly68q5z0 author = Poissy, J. title = La modulation de la signature transcriptomique de l’hôte infecté : une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique dans les viroses graves ? Exemple de la grippe date = 2016-04-07 keywords = influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/s13546-016-1188-1 id = cord-266204-ipa017wz author = Poland, G. A. title = Personalized vaccinology: A review date = 2018-08-28 keywords = HLA; immune; influenza; response; vaccine summary = This has advanced the science beyond that of reductionist scientific approaches by revealing novel interactions between and within the immune system and other biological systems (beyond transcriptional level), which are critical to developing "downstream" adaptive humoral and cellular responses to infectious pathogens and vaccines. A decade ago, we described the idea of vaccinomics and adversomics, based on the immune response network theory [5, 6] , which utilizes immunogenetics/imunogenomics and systems biology approaches to understand the basis for inter-individual variations in vaccineinduced immune responses in humans, as well as the basis for adverse side effects from vaccines [7] . Published data reveal that innate and adaptive immunity is decreased with age, but the systems-level mechanisms for these findings are unclear [66, 68] , particularly in regard to influenza and other viral vaccine responses where the morbidity, mortality, and associated healthcare costs are greater in older individuals [11] . doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.062 id = cord-271172-y48dovux author = Potter, Christopher William title = Chapter 25 Respiratory tract viruses date = 1998-12-31 keywords = cell; infection; influenza; respiratory; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/s1569-2582(97)80009-8 id = cord-327180-yw8rzrb7 author = Prateepko, Tapanan title = Patterns of perception toward influenza pandemic among the front-line responsible health personnel in southern Thailand: a Q methodology approach date = 2009-05-28 keywords = health; influenza; pandemic summary = doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-9-161 id = cord-345020-ai5tib7h author = Price, O. H. title = Using routine testing data to understand circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in Victoria, Australia date = 2019-06-17 keywords = RSV; influenza; virus summary = Studies investigating viral interference since the pandemic are sparser, though two studies reported that the timing and magnitude of respiratory virus epidemics were affected by the timing of the seasonal influenza A peak [15, 16] . We used routine diagnostic testing data of specimens from both the community and hospitals at the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) between 2002 and 2017 to describe relationships between respiratory viruses, with a focus on influenza A and RSV. Seasonality of viruses was assessed visually by time series analysis and for further investigation each virus was compared with influenza A and RSV using cross-correlations that estimated the association between peaks in epidemic curves at a lag or lead of up to 15 weeks. Results of further investigation by logistic regression adjusted for covariates that are predictors of codetection (sex, age and season) were compatible with influenza A, RSV and picornavirus conferring temporary immunity against infection by another respiratory virus. doi = 10.1017/s0950268819001055 id = cord-254117-2ttwaegh author = Priest, Patricia C. title = Thermal Image Scanning for Influenza Border Screening: Results of an Airport Screening Study date = 2011-01-05 keywords = ITIS; influenza; traveller summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0014490 id = cord-293234-ouykx6g5 author = Puig-Barberà, J. title = Effectiveness of the 2010–2011 seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing confirmed influenza hospitalizations in adults: A case–case comparison, case-control study date = 2012-08-24 keywords = PCR; case; influenza; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.006 id = cord-310956-qwe4ndvb author = Qian, Yan‐Hua title = Attempted early detection of influenza A (H1N1) pandemic with surveillance data of influenza‐like illness and unexplained pneumonia date = 2011-04-18 keywords = ILI; influenza; surveillance summary = Background To collect disease information and provide data for early detection of epidemics, two surveillance systems were established for influenza‐like illness (ILI) and unexplained pneumonia (UP) in Wuxi, People''s Republic of China. When the surveillance data of 2009 were fitted in the two detection models, alarms were produced on the occurrence of the first local case of influenza A (H1N1), outbreaks in schools and in general populations. Conclusions The results indicated the potential for using ILI and UP surveillance data as syndromic indicators to detect and provide an early warning for influenza epidemics. Two surveillance systems were established in Wuxi for influenza-like illness (ILI) and unexplained pneumonia (UP) after the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. To further evaluate the effectiveness of these surveillance systems in early warning of influenza epidemics, we monitored ILI data between 2004 and 2008 by both a control chart method and the Serfling method and tested goodness of fit using influenza A (H1N1) data of 2009. doi = 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00248.x id = cord-351990-aham72b9 author = Radin, Jennifer M. title = Epidemiology of Pathogen-Specific Respiratory Infections among Three US Populations date = 2014-12-30 keywords = FRI; influenza; respiratory summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0114871 id = cord-023666-r9zaf6un author = Rao, Suchitra title = Influenza date = 2018-03-13 keywords = H1N1; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-44887-1.00027-4 id = cord-000161-hxjxczyr author = Rello, Jordi title = Clinical review: Primary influenza viral pneumonia date = 2009-12-21 keywords = H1N1; influenza; pandemic; patient summary = Primary influenza pneumonia has a high mortality rate during pandemics, not only in immunocompromised individuals and patients with underlying comorbid conditions, but also in young healthy adults. Pneumonia and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) account for the majority of severe morbidity and mortality that accompany pandemic influenza infection [14] . A recent analysis of lung specimens from 77 fatal cases of pandemic H1N1v 2009 infection found a prevalence of concurrent bacterial pneumonia in 29% of these patients [31] . A recent World Health Organization treatment guideline for pharmacological management of 2009 pandemic H1N1v influenza A recommends the consideration of higher doses of oseltamivir (150 mg twice a day) and longer duration of treatment for patients with severe influenza pneumonia or clinical deterioration [44] . The rapid progression from initial typical influenza symptoms to extensive pulmonary involvement, with acute lung injury, can occur both in patients with underlying respiratory or cardiac morbidities and in young healthy adults, especially if obese or pregnant. doi = 10.1186/cc8183 id = cord-272655-qeojdpez author = Remolina, Yuly Andrea title = Viral Infection in Adults with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection in Colombia date = 2015-11-17 keywords = Influenza; patient; viral summary = OBJECTIVES: To identify the viral aetiology in adult patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) admitted to sentinel surveillance institutions in Bogotá in 2012. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which microarray molecular techniques for viral identification were used on nasopharyngeal samples of adult patients submitted to the surveillance system, and further descriptions of clinical features and relevant clinical outcomes, such as mortality, need for critical care, use of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay, were obtained. Under this initiative, countries have developed surveillance systems by following cases of influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs), which are clinically diagnosed among patients with fever, coughing or sore throat, difficulty breathing and the need for hospitalization [3] . In our study, viruses were identified as the most frequent causal agents of SARI requiring hospitalization in 2012, with most cases showing a high rate of viral co-infection, a high degree of morbidity, prolonged hospital stays and frequent needs for ICU management and mechanical ventilation. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0143152 id = cord-002939-6a3ga6v9 author = Ribeiro, Ana Freitas title = Severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in pregnant women and neonatal outcomes, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2009 date = 2018-03-26 keywords = influenza; pregnant; woman summary = To investigate the factors associated with death and describe the gestational outcomes in pregnant women with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, we conducted a case-control study (deaths and recovered) in hospitalized pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) in the state of São Paulo from June 9 to December 1, 2009. The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated with death in pregnant women with influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) and describe the gestational and neonatal outcomes. A case-control study was conducted that evaluated pregnant women living in São Paulo with confirmed infection of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and hospitalized with SARI, defined as: fever and cough and dyspnea or pneumonia or respiratory failure or tachypnea or radiological alterations consistent with pneumonia or oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0194392 id = cord-290031-vffa1bu0 author = Richmond, Heather title = Seasonal influenza vaccination during a pandemic date = 2020-07-31 keywords = influenza; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1080/21645515.2020.1793713 id = cord-253049-vm46wq1m author = Rößler, Steve title = Influenza-associated in-hospital mortality during the 2017/2018 influenza season: a retrospective multicentre cohort study in central Germany date = 2020-09-27 keywords = ICU; influenza summary = doi = 10.1007/s15010-020-01529-x id = cord-017893-ck0m3h7u author = Sandrock, C. title = Update on Avian Influenza for Critical Care Physicians date = 2007 keywords = H5N1; HPAI; avian; influenza summary = doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-49518-7_90 id = cord-048448-kfwbqp4p author = Sandrock, Christian title = Clinical review: Update of avian influenza A infections in humans date = 2007-03-22 keywords = H5N1; HPAI; avian; influenza summary = The recent emergence, host expansion, and spread of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 subtype in Asia have heightened concerns globally, both in regards to mortality from HPAI H5N1 infection in humans and the potential of a new pandemic. Influenza A viruses are characterized by their pathogenicity, with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) causing severe disease or death in domestic poultry [3] . Influenza A viruses infect a wide range of hosts, including many avian species, and various mammalian species, such as swine, ferrets, felids, mink, whales, horses, seals, dogs, civets, and humans [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] . Characterization of an avian influenza A virus isolated from a human -is an intermediate host necessary for the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome doi = 10.1186/cc5675 id = cord-307607-8xn9jtmh author = Sargin, Seyid Ahmet title = Potential anti-influenza effective plants used in Turkish folk medicine: A review date = 2020-08-31 keywords = Anatolia; Mediterranean; Turkey; influenza; plant summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113319 id = cord-276577-06boh550 author = Schanzer, Dena L. title = Estimating Sensitivity of Laboratory Testing for Influenza in Canada through Modelling date = 2009-08-18 keywords = RVDSS; influenza; test summary = METHODS AND FINDINGS: The weekly number of influenza-negative tests from 1999 to 2006 was modelled as a function of laboratory-confirmed positive tests for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus and parainfluenza viruses, seasonality, and trend using Poisson regression. The RVDSS collects, collates, and reports weekly data from participating laboratories on the number of tests performed and the number of specimens confirmed positive for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), para-influenza virus (PIV), and adenovirus. The overall model fit, and the general consistency of the sensitivity estimates, suggests that these many respiratory viruses were reasonably accounted for by the seasonal baseline and that the strong association between the number of influenza positive and influenza negative tests on a weekly basis is indicative of a significant number of false negative results, rather than the activity of another virus or viruses exactly synchronous with influenza. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0006681 id = cord-008716-38sqkh9m author = Schmidt, Alexander C title = Current research on respiratory viral infections: Third International Symposium date = 2001-06-01 keywords = H5N1; RSV; infection; influenza; respiratory; vaccine; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00136-x id = cord-007681-vhghhvnu author = Schwartz, Benjamin title = Prioritization of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine: Rationale and Strategy for Decision Making date = 2009-06-15 keywords = influenza; pandemic; vaccine summary = Factors contributing to the decision to reassess the recommendations included a shift in national pandemic planning assumptions to a more severe pandemic scenario extrapolated from the 1918 pandemic (Table 1 ); recognition that the HHS guidance did not include groups that could be considered for prioritization such as border protection personnel or the military; a broader understanding of the risk to essential services stimulated by the NIAC report; and a series of public engagement meetings convened by the CDC, where participants identified protecting essential community services as the most important goal for pandemic vaccination rather than protecting those who are at highest risk (Public Engagement Pilot Project on Pandemic Influenza 2005). Reflecting the similar value placed by the public on protecting persons who provide pandemic healthcare, who maintain essential community services or are at high occupational risk, and protecting children, each of the highest vaccination tiers for a severe pandemic includes groups from each category (Table 4) . doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_24 id = cord-103085-vf4qyvft author = Seitz, Christian title = Multiscale simulations examining glycan shield effects on drug binding to influenza neuraminidase date = 2020-11-02 keywords = Influenza; figure; glycan; site summary = Using Brownian dynamics simulations, we observe a twoto eight-fold decrease in the rate of ligand binding to the primary binding site of neuraminidase due to the presence of glycans. We have utilized BD to estimate the rates of binding of small molecules to the primary (i.e. active/catalytic) and secondary (i.e. hemadsorption) binding sites of influenza neuraminidase in glycosylated and unglycosylated states. The protein-ligand atom pairs were taken from crystal structures of ligands in the primary and secondary sites of neuraminidase for each monomer, and simulations were run for the full tetramer. Keeping in mind the primary and secondary binding sites are located just beneath the glycans (Figure 1) , the size and flexibility of the glycans here shows that they have the capability to "shield" the binding sites from ligand association. (A) The glycan structures from the MD simulations show a moderate association rate inhibition to the primary binding site irrespective of ligand chosen. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.12.248690 id = cord-265751-q1ecpfyg author = Shahani, Lokesh title = Antiviral therapy for respiratory viral infections in immunocompromised patients date = 2017-01-16 keywords = H1N1; PIV; RSV; infection; influenza; respiratory; virus summary = doi = 10.1080/14787210.2017.1279970 id = cord-273907-58jufmx7 author = Shen, Kun-Ling title = Global Pediatric Pulmonology Alliance recommendation to strengthen prevention of pediatric seasonal influenza under COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-09-13 keywords = COVID-19; influenza summary = doi = 10.1007/s12519-020-00389-7 id = cord-297742-0pfrk5uk author = Simusika, Paul title = An evaluation of the Zambia influenza sentinel surveillance system, 2011–2017 date = 2020-01-13 keywords = Zambia; influenza; surveillance; table summary = METHODS: We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines to evaluate the performance of the influenza surveillance system (ISS) in Zambia during 2011–2017 using 9 attributes: (i) data quality and completeness, (ii) timeliness, (iii) representativeness, (iv) flexibility, (v) simplicity, (vi) acceptability, (vii) stability, (viii) utility, and (ix) sustainability. The objectives of the Zambia-ISSS were to: (i) monitor the temporal trends of influenza virus circulation; (ii) monitor the circulating influenza virus types and subtypes annually, including pandemic strains; (iii) assess the proportion of patients meeting the ILI and SARI case definition attributable to influenza virus infection; (iv) assess risk factors for influenza-associated severe illness; (v) assess the burden of influenza-associated illness; and (vi) obtain and share clinical samples for annual selection of influenza virus strains for influenza vaccine formulation under the WHO-Global Influenza Surveillance and Response Network. doi = 10.1186/s12913-019-4884-5 id = cord-103972-kbv9kh6z author = Singer, Gregor title = Air Pollution Increases Influenza Hospitalizations date = 2020-04-10 keywords = AQI; Arizona; air; county; influenza summary = We show robustness to (i) different weather controls, (ii) additional fixed effects, (iii) multilevel clustering of standard errors, (iv) different winsorization and interpolation of the raw AQI data, (v) including out-state patients at hospitals, (vi) focusing on states with a long time series only, (vii) using missing values instead of zeros for county-months with no hospital admissions, and (viii) using a linear ordinary least squares instead of a Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood estimator. We use the standard deviation of the AQI during the influenza season (12.79) as well as the average inpatient hospitalization numbers (3.01) for the calculation of absolute effects based on our Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood estimation. We estimate the relationship between influenza-related inpatient hospitalizations H cym and the lagged air quality index AQI cym−1 at the county c by calendar month m by year y level using a Poisson model: doi = 10.1101/2020.04.07.20057216 id = cord-008584-4eylgtbc author = Singh, David E. title = Evaluating the impact of the weather conditions on the influenza propagation date = 2020-04-05 keywords = SISSS; datum; influenza summary = doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-04977-w id = cord-011917-6u0t4hy8 author = Skarlupka, Amanda L. title = Immune Imprinting in the Influenza Ferret Model date = 2020-04-08 keywords = A(H1N1; A(H3N2; Influenza; ferret; virus summary = doi = 10.3390/vaccines8020173 id = cord-325325-xw7627x9 author = Skeik, Nedaa title = Influenza viruses and the evolution of avian influenza virus H5N1 date = 2007-10-02 keywords = H5N1; influenza; virus summary = While the clock is still ticking towards what seems to be inevitable pandemic influenza, on April 17, 2007 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vaccine against the avian influenza virus H5N1 for humans at high risk. While the clock is still ticking towards what seems to be inevitable pandemic influenza, on April 17, 2007 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vaccine against the avian influenza virus H5N1 for humans at high risk. [8] [9] [10] [11] The 1957 pandemic was caused by the H2N2 subtype, a product of genetic reassortment in hosts infected with both an avian and human influenza virus. Although immunization with human influenza vaccine will not protect against avian influenza strains, it should be considered in poultry workers, and also be given to those traveling to affected areas, two weeks ahead of departure, to prevent co-infection and reassortment. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2007.07.002 id = cord-340678-2e2s1gof author = Skowronski, Danuta M title = Influenza vaccine does not increase the risk of coronavirus or other non-influenza respiratory viruses: retrospective analysis from Canada, 2010-11 to 2016-17 date = 2020-05-22 keywords = NIRV; influenza summary = Influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza and non-influenza respiratory viruses (NIRV) was assessed by test-negative design using historic datasets of the community-based Canadian Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network (SPSN), spanning 2010-11 to 2016-17. Here, we use historic datasets of the community-based Canadian Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network (SPSN) to assess the association between influenza vaccine and NIRV risk, notably seasonal coronaviruses. Conversely, influenza vaccine had no effect on non-influenza causes of ILI, with the likelihood of vaccination among NIRV cases relative to test-negative controls approaching unity. In combined NIRV analysis, relative to pan-negative controls, Wolff adjusted for age and excluded specimens that tested influenza-positive. We illustrate the impact of this bias in Supplementary_Material_3, where we have re-analyzed Wolff''s data as well as our own, comparing influenza vaccine effect against NIRV when influenza testpositive specimens are properly excluded (as per TND prerequisite) or improperly included (as per Wolff [4] ) within the control group. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa626 id = cord-339230-cc7gcy5b author = Smith, Amber M. title = Secondary Bacterial Infections in Influenza Virus Infection Pathogenesis date = 2014-07-16 keywords = PB1-F2; bacterial; influenza; streptococcus; virus summary = Several different animal models have been used to study the effect that influenza viruses have on bacterial transmission and colonization and on invasive diseases, such as acute otitis media and pneumonia (Wherry and Butterfield 1921; Shope 1931; Francis and de Torregrosa 1945; Berendt et al. Although the precise mechanisms responsible for enhancing the transmission profile that influenza viruses provide pneumococci are currently unknown, it is likely due to an increase in pathogen density and frequency of secretion events (e.g., sneezing and coughing) in the infected individual combined with a decrease in immunity and resistance from natural barriers breaking down in the person who is newly exposed. The PB1-F2 protein of some influenza viruses increases pathologic effects by causing cell death, increasing viral replication, and altering inflammatory responses to primary viral infections and to bacterial coinfections (Conenello et al. doi = 10.1007/82_2014_394 id = cord-342519-tjr6dvtt author = Souza, Thiago Moreno L. title = H1N1pdm Influenza Infection in Hospitalized Cancer Patients: Clinical Evolution and Viral Analysis date = 2010-11-30 keywords = H1N1; H1N1pdm; influenza; patient summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0014158 id = cord-331244-zaguyxm5 author = Stephenson, Iain title = Confronting the avian influenza threat: vaccine development for a potential pandemic date = 2004-07-30 keywords = H5N1; H9N2; Hong; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(04)01105-3 id = cord-006089-08g206kf author = Stevens, James title = Glycan microarray technologies: tools to survey host specificity of influenza viruses date = 2006-10-02 keywords = H5N1; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1038/nrmicro1530 id = cord-342796-f7n8sxbu author = Stowe, J. title = Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza and the impact of coinfection on disease severity: A test negative design date = 2020-09-18 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; influenza summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.09.18.20189647 id = cord-278508-h145cxlp author = Streng, Andrea title = Continued high incidence of children with severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 admitted to paediatric intensive care units in Germany during the first three post-pandemic influenza seasons, 2010/11–2012/13 date = 2015-12-18 keywords = Germany; PICU; influenza summary = doi = 10.1186/s12879-015-1293-1 id = cord-299359-s8j78naz author = Sundaram, Maria E. title = Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated With Detection of Noninfluenza Respiratory Viruses in Seasonal Studies of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness date = 2013-09-15 keywords = control; influenza summary = doi = 10.1093/cid/cit379 id = cord-252293-8286lsof author = Suzuki, Motoi title = Effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine against laboratory-confirmed influenza pneumonia among adults aged ≥65 years in Japan date = 2018-05-17 keywords = IVE; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.037 id = cord-006345-03kqeed3 author = Takayama, Koji title = Clinical features of the 2009 swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) outbreak in Japan date = 2010-12-21 keywords = influenza; ridt summary = doi = 10.1007/s10156-010-0187-9 id = cord-003898-y6zpvw84 author = Tan, Kai Sen title = RNA Sequencing of H3N2 Influenza Virus-Infected Human Nasal Epithelial Cells from Multiple Subjects Reveals Molecular Pathways Associated with Tissue Injury and Complications date = 2019-08-27 keywords = RNA; USA; gene; influenza; response summary = doi = 10.3390/cells8090986 id = cord-253143-73dsc6q3 author = Tang, Julian W. title = Emerging, Novel, and Known Influenza Virus Infections in Humans date = 2010-08-02 keywords = H1N1; H5N1; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2010.04.001 id = cord-312493-wbhji81g author = Tay, Ee Laine title = Exploring a Proposed WHO Method to Determine Thresholds for Seasonal Influenza Surveillance date = 2013-10-11 keywords = ILI; MMDS; influenza summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0077244 id = cord-010416-u0yo0lk6 author = Tejada, Sofia title = Alternative Regimens of Neuraminidase Inhibitors for Therapy of Hospitalized Adults with Influenza: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials date = 2020-04-28 keywords = NAI; influenza; patient summary = doi = 10.1007/s12325-020-01347-5 id = cord-341364-dle938bt author = Thompson, Catherine title = Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and SARS date = 2009-11-26 keywords = H1N1; RSV; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.mpmed.2009.10.003 id = cord-260728-4w23kwzu author = Timmermans, Ans title = Human Sentinel Surveillance of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viral Pathogens in Border Areas of Western Cambodia date = 2016-03-30 keywords = Cambodia; PCR; Table; influenza summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0152529 id = cord-001219-517gka4h author = Timpka, Toomas title = Intentions to Perform Non-Pharmaceutical Protective Behaviors during Influenza Outbreaks in Sweden: A Cross-Sectional Study following a Mass Vaccination Campaign date = 2014-03-07 keywords = AUC; influenza; intention; outbreak summary = We administered a cross-sectional telephone survey to a representative sample (n = 443) of the Swedish adult population to examine whether self-reported intentions to improve personal hygiene and increase social distancing during influenza outbreaks could be explained by trust in official information, self-reported health (SF-8), sociodemographic factors, and determinants postulated in protection motivation theory, namely threat appraisal and coping appraisal. A hypothetical explanatory model was constructed to inform the analysis of the main research question; i.e. to what extent selfreported intentions to perform protective behaviors during influenza outbreaks can be explained by perceptions of threat and the ability to cope as outlined in the PMT, self-assessments of health status, trust in official information, and sociodemiographic factors. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0091060 id = cord-270772-zshjrc87 author = To, Kelvin Kai-Wang title = Host genes and influenza pathogenesis in humans: an emerging paradigm date = 2015-06-14 keywords = H1N1; IFITM3; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.04.010 id = cord-341923-jwckbdnb author = To, Kelvin Kai-Wang title = Pathogenesis of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection and the implication on management date = 2010-04-28 keywords = H1N1; H5N1; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/s11684-010-0030-9 id = cord-002972-ge7qt256 author = Torner, Núria title = Descriptive study of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza during five epidemic seasons (2010–2015) date = 2018-04-14 keywords = SHCLCI; case; influenza summary = OBJECTIVE: The Plan of Information on Acute Respiratory Infections in Catalonia (PIDIRAC) included the surveillance of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza (SHCLCI) in 2009. Surveillance of SHCLCI provides an estimate of the severity of seasonal influenza epidemics and the identification and characterization of at-risk groups in order to facilitate preventive measures such as vaccination and early antiviral treatment. Given the situation generated by the 2009 pandemic caused by the new influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus, the PIDIRAC sentinel network included surveillance of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza (SHCLCI) to assess severity. The aims of SHCLCI surveillance are to provide an estimate of the severity of seasonal influenza epidemics to identify and characterize the risk groups that may present serious complications as a result of infection by circulating influenza viruses or their association with some underlying diseases and to identify the virological characteristics of viruses associated with these severe cases, such as genetic changes and/or antigenic changes that lead to increased virulence. doi = 10.1186/s13104-018-3349-y id = cord-327819-7p05jk1h author = Trampuz, Andrej title = Avian Influenza: A New Pandemic Threat? date = 2004-04-30 keywords = H5N1; Hong; avian; influenza summary = doi = 10.4065/79.4.523 id = cord-304089-u2abo951 author = Trombetta, Claudia Maria title = Overview of Serological Techniques for Influenza Vaccine Evaluation: Past, Present and Future date = 2014-10-13 keywords = H5N1; influenza summary = doi = 10.3390/vaccines2040707 id = cord-008837-74rfnt1x author = Tsang, Kenneth WT title = H5N1 influenza pandemic: contingency plans date = 2005-08-11 keywords = H5N1; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67080-8 id = cord-275814-seirbkiq author = Tuncer, Necibe title = Effect of air travel on the spread of an avian influenza pandemic to the United States date = 2014-03-31 keywords = city; influenza summary = A two-city mathematical model involving a pandemic strain is used to derive the basic reproduction number ( R 0 ), which determines if the disease will spread and persist ( R 0 > 1 ) or go extinct ( R 0 < 1 ). Real air travel data is used to model the disease spread by individuals who are susceptible to or are infected with pandemic avian influenza. Real air travel data is used to model the disease spread by individuals who are susceptible to or are infected with pandemic avian influenza. We only consider the air travel of susceptible and infected humans with pandemic avian influenza because the infected individuals can only contract the disease from domestic birds (that do not travel). HPAI and pandemic avian influenza both become extinct in the bird and human populations when all the reproduction numbers are less than one. doi = 10.1016/j.ijcip.2014.02.001 id = cord-299207-lw0cv74b author = Upadhyay, Ranjit Kumar title = Modeling the spread of bird flu and predicting outbreak diversity date = 2007-05-08 keywords = H5N1; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2007.04.009 id = cord-000759-36dhfptw author = Uribe-Sánchez, Andrés title = Predictive and Reactive Distribution of Vaccines and Antivirals during Cross-Regional Pandemic Outbreaks date = 2011-06-05 keywords = DPO; Influenza; model; region summary = The existing models on pandemic influenza (PI) containment and mitigation aims to address various complex aspects of the pandemic evolution process including: (i) the mechanism of disease progression, from the initial contact and infection transmission to the asymptomatic phase, manifestation of symptoms, and the final health outcome [10] [11] [12] , (ii) the population dynamics, including individual susceptibility [13, 14] and transmissibility [10, [15] [16] [17] , and behavioral factors affecting infection generation and effectiveness of interventions [18] [19] [20] , (iii) the impact of pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical measures, including vaccination [21] [22] [23] , antiviral therapy [24] [25] [26] , social distancing [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] and travel restrictions, and the use of low-cost measures, such as face masks and hand washing [26, [32] [33] [34] . The single-region model subsumes the following components (see Figure 3 ): (i) population dynamics (mixing groups and schedules), (ii) contact and infection process, (iii) disease natural history, and (iv) mitigation strategies, including social distancing, vaccination, and antiviral application. doi = 10.1155/2011/579597 id = cord-015830-ha8oj1b3 author = Van Essen, A G title = NHG-Standaard Influenzapandemie date = 2009-02-16 keywords = NHG; bij; dat; een; het; influenza; van; voor; zijn summary = Om verspreiding van het virus in deze fase zoveel mogelijk te beperken dient men profylactisch antivirale medicatie te geven aan contacten van patiënten met aviaire influenza (postexpositieprofylaxe). Postexpositieprofylaxe: profylactische behandeling met antivirale middelen van personen die -waarschijnlijk -in contact zijn geweest met een virologisch bevestigd geval van influenza maar bij wie zich nog geen ziekteverschijnselen hebben geopenbaard. Postexpositieprofylaxe Postexpositieprofylaxe met antivirale middelen (dat wil zeggen profylaxe van mensen die in contact zijn geweest met een patiënt met aviaire influenza, zoals gezinsleden) is alleen geïndiceerd tijdens een dreigende pandemie (WHOfasen 3 t/m 5). Een recent onderzoek heeft laten zien dat behandeling van influenza met oseltamivir ook bij risicogroepen kan leiden tot minder gebruik van antibiotica voor influenzagerelateerde lageluchtweginfecties. Men neemt aan dat patiënten die een neuraminidaseremmer krijgen bij de eerste symptomen van influenza -en niet profylactisch -, een immunologische bescherming tegen het virus opbouwen en daardoor bij een tweede besmetting niet (of veel minder) ziek worden. doi = 10.1007/978-90-313-6614-9_85 id = cord-335647-dhcxj7cj author = Vanderlinden, Evelien title = Emerging Antiviral Strategies to Interfere with Influenza Virus Entry date = 2013-06-25 keywords = H5N1; influenza; virus summary = We here focus on emerging options to interfere with the influenza virus entry process, which consists of the following steps: attachment of the viral hemagglutinin to the sialylated host cell receptors, endocytosis, M2‐mediated uncoating, low pH‐induced membrane fusion, and, finally, import of the viral ribonucleoprotein into the nucleus. There are three conceivable strategies for inhibiting attachment of influenza virus to its target cell: (i) an antiviral compound binding to the HA RBS; (ii) an inhibitor blocking the sialic acid-containing receptors on the epithelial cell membrane; or (iii) a receptor-destroying agent. 91 Regarding potential antiviral use, design of modified forms of the porcine SP-D lectin (which has higher anti-influenza virus activity than its human counterpart) is aided by the growing insight into how its carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) precisely interacts with the high-mannose glycans attached near the RBS of HA. doi = 10.1002/med.21289 id = cord-030853-3yryw3r2 author = Vashishtha, Vipin M. title = Seasonal Influenza Vaccination and the Heightened Risk of Coronavirus and Other Pandemic Virus Infections: Fact or Fiction? date = 2020-06-09 keywords = influenza summary = title: Seasonal Influenza Vaccination and the Heightened Risk of Coronavirus and Other Pandemic Virus Infections: Fact or Fiction? During this ongoing severe acute respiratory illness coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, few speculative reports on significant association of influenza vaccines with an increased risk of coronavirus infection appeared both in media and academic circles. That is, vaccinated individuals may be at increased risk for other respiratory viruses because they do not receive the non-specific immunity associated with natural infection [5, 6] . In a study of 115 children [6] , a significantly increased risk of virologically confirmed non-influenza respiratory virus infections was found to be associated with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine. The contentious issue of higher risk of non-influenza respiratory viruses to influenza vaccinated individuals has gained traction during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which is also a coronavirus infection. Increased risk of non-influenza respiratory virus infections associated with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine doi = 10.1007/s13312-020-1936-1 id = cord-354877-n5du3bqt author = Vasoo, Shawn title = Rapid Antigen Tests for Diagnosis of Pandemic (Swine) Influenza A/H1N1 date = 2009-10-01 keywords = H1N1; Influenza summary = doi = 10.1086/644743 id = cord-011712-fyrbe8tw author = Venkatesan, Sudhir title = Neuraminidase Inhibitors and Hospital Length of Stay: A Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data to Determine Treatment Effectiveness Among Patients Hospitalized With Nonfatal 2009 Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Infection date = 2020-02-01 keywords = NAI; influenza; patient; treatment summary = METHODS: We conducted a one-stage individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis exploring the association between NAI treatment and LoS in patients hospitalized with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) infection. CONCLUSIONS: When patients hospitalized with influenza are treated with NAIs, treatment initiated on admission, regardless of time since symptom onset, is associated with a reduced LoS, compared with later or no initiation of treatment. We undertook a one-stage individual participant data (IPD) [16] meta-analysis to explore the association between NAI treatment of patients hospitalized with 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) infection and the LoS during the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic. In Hong Kong, a study of 356 adult patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza showed that early oseltamivir treatment was associated with a reduced LoS in both unadjusted and multivariable analyses [9] , compared with no or later treatment, with the median LoS decreasing from 6 to 4 days; this accords with our primary analysis. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiz152 id = cord-292856-7hjzzxtm author = Viasus, Diego title = Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-related pneumonia and other complications date = 2012-10-31 keywords = H1N1; ICU; influenza; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/s0213-005x(12)70104-0 id = cord-003571-upogtny6 author = Viboud, Cécile title = The 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Looking Back, Looking Forward date = 2018-10-20 keywords = influenza; mortality; pandemic summary = In the present commentary, we place these 12 articles in the context of a growing body of work on the archeo-epidemiology of past pandemics, the socioeconomic and geographic drivers of influenza mortality and natality impact, and renewed interest in immune imprinting mechanisms and the development of novel influenza vaccines. In the present commentary, we place these 12 articles in the context of a growing body of work on the archeo-epidemiology of past pandemics, the socioeconomic and geographic drivers of influenza mortality and natality impact, and renewed interest in immune imprinting mechanisms and the development of novel influenza vaccines. age patterns; history of epidemiology; influenza; mortality; pandemic; prior immunity One hundred years after the fact, the 1918 influenza pandemic remains one of the most important epidemics of the modern medical era; it was significant for its impact on both human health and the development of epidemiology and other medical sciences. doi = 10.1093/aje/kwy207 id = cord-302141-gd663uag author = Vousden, Nicola title = Lessons learned from the A (H1N1) Influenza Pandemic date = 2020-10-12 keywords = H1N1; influenza summary = There are substantial gaps in our knowledge of the impact of severe influenza on perinatal outcomes, especially in low and middle-income countries, but preterm birth, fetal death, infant respiratory infection and hospital admission may be increased. This report therefore recommended the promotion of influenza vaccination to pregnant women at any stage of pregnancy and that influenza should be considered early on presentation to health care facilities in order to test and initiate treatment (10) . Several large prospective cohort studies, predominantly undertaken in the pandemic period, have reported that within the pregnant population there are factors which increase the risk of hospitalization or severe outcomes from influenza (13, 22, 30, 31) . A pooled analysis of three RCTs undertaken in LMIC reported that maternal influenza immunization is also 20% effective at protecting young infants against severe pneumonia (48) and reduces the risk of hospital admission with all cause acute lower respiratory illness by 44% (95% CI 1 -68%) (46) . doi = 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.08.006 id = cord-013022-c8a8ocge author = Vázquez-Espinosa, Emma title = The Spanish flu and the fiction literature date = 2020-07-07 keywords = Influenza; Madrid; flu; spanish summary = doi = 10.37201/req/049.2020 id = cord-292794-okh6i4l1 author = Wang, Bin title = Protective efficacy of a broadly cross-reactive swine influenza DNA vaccine encoding M2e, cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope and consensus H3 hemagglutinin date = 2012-06-27 keywords = H1N1; dna; influenza summary = Results demonstrated that there was no detectable virus load in all the vaccine-immunized mice, while empty vector control group showed high lung viral titers ( Figure 4 ). Results indicated that all the mice that had been vaccinated with MHa had a detectable virus level, although showed a reduction in mean viral titers in both challenge groups compared with vector control, the reduction did not reach significance (p = 0.06 for rPan09 group and p = 0.67 for G11 group, Figure 4 ). The present study lays the foundation for universal swine influenza vaccine development, and call for further investigations in which the heterologous immune response should be further enhanced, such as the addition of molecular adjuvants [31, 32] and/or more copies of conserved viral protein encoding genes [33] , and the usage of DNA-prime protein/virus-boost immunization schedule [34, 35] . doi = 10.1186/1743-422x-9-127 id = cord-268369-yj7m0n0f author = Wang, Keyang title = Expression and purification of an influenza hemagglutinin—one step closer to a recombinant protein-based influenza vaccine date = 2006-03-15 keywords = Fig; cell; influenza summary = The influenza hemagglutinin protein (HA), the active ingredient in the current vaccine, can be expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression vector system and purified rapidly. On the other hand, the recombinant protein-based approach involves production of viral antigens such as HA and NA in cell culture with recombinant DNA technology and utilization of the purified antigens as the active ingredients in the vaccine. The rHA influenza vaccines developed using the baculovirus-insect cell expression system has been tested in several Phase I and Phase II human clinical trials involving over 1200 subjects that demonstrated safety, immunogenicity and efficacy [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . On the other hand, most of RBCs were bound to the insect cells infected with baculovirus containing the HA gene derived from influenza strain A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) (Fig. 1b) . doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.005 id = cord-262201-4pab383g author = Wang, Lei title = Chinese herbs in treatment of influenza: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial date = 2010-06-22 keywords = Antiwei; chinese; influenza summary = RESULTS: Antiwei increased patients'' recovery by 17% (P < 0.001), and reduced the severity of illness measured by the median symptom score by 50% (P < 0.001) in both the influenza-like and the influenza-confirmed populations, compared to placebo. The influenza-confirmed patients reported reductions in the severity of fever (P = 0.002), cough (P = 0.023) and expectoration (P = 0.004) after one-day of treatment with Antiwei, compared to placebo. 14 Therefore, a prospective, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was undertaken to investigate the efficacy and safety of Antiwei granule for the treatment of naturally acquired influenza in humans. The primary endpoints were severity of illness (measured by the mean symptom scores for the whole treatment period) and the number of recovered patients in the intention-to treat and influenza-confirmed populations. For patients with influenza-like illness, the number of recovered patients after three days of treatment in the Antiwei group increased 17% and the severity of symptoms was significantly reduced 50% compared to placebo. doi = 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.05.015 id = cord-268593-rvxxv1dn author = Wang, Mingyang title = Hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) protein of influenza C virus date = 2015-07-28 keywords = HEF; influenza; virus summary = Influenza C virus is unique since it contains only one spike protein, the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein HEF that possesses receptor binding, receptor destroying and membrane fusion activities, thus combining the functions of Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A and B viruses. While influenza A and B virus contain the two glycoproteins Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) inserted into the viral membrane, influenza C virus possesses only one spike designated Hemagglutinin-Esterase-Fusion (HEF) protein which combines the functions of both HA and NA (Herrler et al., 1988a; Herrler and Klenk, 1991) . Although there is only 12% amino acid identity between HA and HEF, the overall structure of both molecules as well as folds of individual segments are quite similar, except an additional bulge, which is located at the lower part of the globular domain and contains the esterase region that is not present in HA (Fig. 3) . doi = 10.1007/s13238-015-0193-x id = cord-306983-6w2fvtfy author = Wang, Siye title = Influenza Virus—Cytokine-Protease Cycle in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Hyperpermeability in Severe Influenza date = 2010-10-01 keywords = TNF; figure; influenza; virus summary = Influenza A virus infection resulted in significant increases in TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, viral hemagglutininprocessing protease trypsin levels, and viral replication with vascular hyperpermeability in lung and brain in the first 6 days of infection. The present study reports several new observations: (1) proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-6, when upregulated by influenza A virus infection, induce trypsin expression in various organs and human endothelial cells; (2) the upregulated trypsin induces [Ca 2+ ] i mobilization via activation of the PAR-2, followed by loss of zonula occludens-1 and vascular hyperpermeability; (3) inhibitors of NF-kB and activator protein 1 effectively suppress the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and trypsin and improve the survival rates of infected mice. The present results allow us to propose a new mechanism of junctional permeability regulation: upregulated trypsin by influenza A virus and/or proinflammatory cytokines induces increase in [Ca 2+ ] i and loss of zonula occludens-1 in endothelial cells via PAR-2 signaling. doi = 10.1086/656044 id = cord-265138-i5m3ax7g author = Wang, Xi-Ling title = Model Selection in Time Series Studies of Influenza-Associated Mortality date = 2012-06-20 keywords = GCV; Poisson; influenza summary = METHODS: We assessed four model selection criteria: quasi Akaike information criterion (QAIC), quasi Bayesian information criterion (QBIC), partial autocorrelation functions of residuals (PACF), and generalized cross-validation (GCV), by separately applying them to select the Poisson model best fitted to the mortality datasets that were simulated under the different assumptions of seasonal confounding. CONCLUSIONS: GCV criterion is recommended for selection of Poisson models to estimate influenza-associated mortality and morbidity burden with proper adjustment for confounding. Four model selection criteria were considered in this study: quasi Akaike information criterion (QAIC), quasi Bayesian information criterion (QBIC), partial autocorrelation functions of residuals (PACF), and generalized cross-validation (GCV). Two recent studies in Canada and Hong Kong have demonstrated the estimates of influenza-associated hospitalization derived from Poisson regression models reasonably matched the numbers of patients with laboratory confirmed influenza infections [17, 29] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0039423 id = cord-004638-ijncfuxi author = Wang, Yuheng title = Vaccination coverage with the pneumococcal and influenza vaccine among persons with chronic diseases in Shanghai, China, 2017 date = 2020-03-19 keywords = Shanghai; influenza; vaccination summary = In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of seasonal influenza and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. The elderly and patients with chronic disease including diabetes, COPD and heart disease are recommended to be priority groups for pneumococcal and influenza vaccination by the World Health Organization (WHO) [15, 16] and by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [17] . In this study, we use the data from a chronic disease management information system in Shanghai to estimate vaccination coverage and characterize predictors of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination among people with chronic disease in Shanghai. In a large sample of individuals with chronic diseases residing in Shanghai, China, we found low pneumococcal vaccination coverage over a 4-year study period and even lower influenza vaccine coverage. doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-8388-3 id = cord-002137-j5sfiyz8 author = Ward, Kirsten title = Annual influenza vaccination: coverage and attitudes of primary care staff in Australia date = 2010-10-12 keywords = Australia; influenza; vaccination summary = Nevertheless, these findings highlight that more needs to be done to understand barriers to vaccination in this group, to inform the development of appropriate strategies to increase vaccination coverage in primary health care staff, with a special focus on PNs. Influenza is a serious respiratory virus which costs the Australian healthcare system $115 million annually. Whilst there have been numerous Australian studies on influenza vaccine uptake amongst hospital and institutional HCWs 6, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] and some studies on attitudes of primary care clinicians to influenza vaccination for their patients 14, 15 , there has been limited published studies to date on influenza vaccination coverage, barriers and enablers amongst primary health care staff in Australia. More recently, a national survey from the Australian General Practice Network (AGPN) 23 assessed influenza vaccination coverage in GPs and PNs in the same years as our study (2007 ⁄ 2008) with similar response rates (34% versus 36%). doi = 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00158.x id = cord-258021-xhx74vr6 author = Waterer, Grant W. title = Diagnosing Viral and Atypical Pathogens in the Setting of Community-Acquired Pneumonia date = 2016-12-21 keywords = Legionella; PCR; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.004 id = cord-313693-qmkrn7pr author = Wong, Bonnie C. K. title = Possible Role of Aerosol Transmission in a Hospital Outbreak of Influenza date = 2010-11-15 keywords = influenza; outbreak; patient summary = doi = 10.1086/656743 id = cord-005314-p7hzoz5d author = Wong, Li Ping title = Knowledge and Attitudes in Regard to Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) in a Multiethnic Community of Malaysia date = 2010-09-11 keywords = A(H1N1; Malaysia; influenza summary = doi = 10.1007/s12529-010-9114-9 id = cord-290100-wnjjqqn5 author = Wong, Samuel Y.S. title = Primary care physicians’ response to pandemic influenza in Hong Kong: a mixed quantitative and qualitative study date = 2012-07-11 keywords = H1N1; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.03.015 id = cord-309635-1tgovkr7 author = Wu, Nicholas C. title = Structural Biology of Influenza Hemagglutinin: An Amaranthine Adventure date = 2020-09-22 keywords = RBS; influenza; virus summary = Hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein is an important focus of influenza research due to its role in antigenic drift and shift, as well as its receptor binding and membrane fusion functions, which are indispensable for viral entry. Similarly, RBS of influenza B HA is composed of the 140-loop, 190-helix, and 240-loop, which are structurally equivalent to the 130-loop, 150-loop, and 190-helix Receptor specificity can also continue to evolve when seasonal viruses circulate in the human population, due to natural mutations that are likely a response to immune selection pressure. A broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that recognizes a conserved, novel epitope on the globular head of the influenza H1N1 virus hemagglutinin Broadly neutralizing human antibody that recognizes the receptor-binding pocket of influenza virus hemagglutinin Design of nanoparticulate group 2 influenza virus hemagglutinin stem antigens that activate unmutated ancestor B cell receptors of broadly neutralizing antibody lineages doi = 10.3390/v12091053 id = cord-015646-tt2p9uue author = Xue, Lan title = Global Strategies and Response Measures to the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic date = 2018-11-24 keywords = H1N1; Influenza; States; United; pandemic summary = doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-0644-0_2 id = cord-018213-w6sh9f3h author = Xue, Lan title = China’s Institutional Mechanisms for Influenza A (H1N1) Prevention and Control date = 2018-11-24 keywords = China; Control; H1N1; Influenza; Prevention summary = doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-0644-0_4 id = cord-256432-53l24le2 author = Yang, Honglin title = A Strategy Study on Risk Communication of Pandemic Influenza: A Mental Model Study of College Students in Beijing date = 2020-09-04 keywords = influenza; pandemic; respondent; risk summary = The entire frame is an analysis of disaster events from a macro perspective, including "causes," "development," "response," "event impact" and "risk information dissemination." Then, through literature research and expert consultation, the researchers summarized the concept of the communication framework and initially formed its content suitable for the influenza epidemic. We believe that the information provided by these 28 respondents can meet the sample size required for the analysis of this study, because the purpose of mental model study is not to use statistical methods to analyze the distribution of some risk cognition in the population, but to find out which concepts or beliefs, are "out there" with some reasonable frequency, 3 so as to help government departments identify what should be focused on when developing guidance programs and health education materials for this population. doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s251733 id = cord-336168-hvp13ell author = Yazdanbakhsh, Maria title = Influenza in Africa date = 2009-12-15 keywords = Africa; influenza summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000182 id = cord-275150-d63noia4 author = Ye, Chuchu title = Viral pathogens among elderly people with acute respiratory infections in Shanghai, China: Preliminary results from a laboratory‐based surveillance, 2012‐2015 date = 2017-07-06 keywords = elderly; influenza summary = doi = 10.1002/jmv.24751 id = cord-103560-28o0bauv author = Yechezkel, M. title = Optimizing antiviral treatment for seasonal influenza in the United States: A Mathematical Modeling Analysis date = 2020-07-30 keywords = Influenza; July; preprint summary = We developed an influenza transmission model that incorporates data on infectious viral load, social contact, and healthcare-seeking behavior, to evaluate the population-level impact of increasing antiviral treatment timeliness and coverage among high-risk patients in the US. We found that increasing the rate of early treatment among high-risk patients who received treatment more than 48 hours after symptoms onset, would substantially avert infections and influenza-induced hospitalizations. To evaluate the population-level impact of increased antiviral treatment coverage and timeliness of influenza-infected high-risk individuals during influenza seasons, we developed a data-driven influenza transmission model that incorporates data on infectious viral load, social contact, healthcare-seeking behavior, time to seek healthcare, and antiviral treatment. Nevertheless, for a 20% increase in influenza effective vaccination coverage among all age groups, our results suggest that the benefit of treatment remains substantial ( All rights reserved. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.28.20163741 id = cord-338674-tnnd1s57 author = Yin, J Kevin title = Pilot study of influenza vaccine effectiveness in urban Australian children attending childcare date = 2011-06-10 keywords = ILI; child; influenza summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02098.x id = cord-307813-elom30nx author = Yip, Tsz-Fung title = Advancements in Host-Based Interventions for Influenza Treatment date = 2018-07-10 keywords = IAV; IFN; TNF; cell; infection; influenza; viral; virus summary = Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. A recent study using RNAi also demonstrated that cholesterol homeostasis can be regulated via acid phosphatase 2 (ACP2)-mediated Niemann-Pick C2 activity and impaired the membrane fusion of IAV and influenza B virus (IBV) (52) , further suggesting the importance of controlling cholesterol homeostasis in the release of viral genome to cytoplasm. Furthermore, FPR2 antagonists have been described to possess antiviral activity against not only IAV but also IBV infection (111) , promoting the idea that antagonizing FPR2 to suppress Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade could potentially be a novel approach for the treatment of a broad spectrum of influenza viruses. doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01547 id = cord-316217-ynh8d853 author = Yoshihara, Keisuke title = Influenza B associated paediatric acute respiratory infection hospitalization in central vietnam date = 2019-02-28 keywords = ARI; influenza summary = doi = 10.1111/irv.12626 id = cord-300900-0wfsr4iw author = Yotsapon, Thewjitcharoen title = Trends in influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2010-2018: Experience from a tertiary diabetes center in Bangkok date = 2020-05-11 keywords = T2DM; influenza; vaccination summary = Trends in influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2010-2018: Experience from a tertiary diabetes center in Bangkok BACKGROUND: Routine vaccination is an important part of preventive services in treating patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHOD: A retrospective study of randomly medical records stratified by 13 diabetologists was conducted in patients with T2DM from 2010-2018 at Theptarin Hospital, a private multi-disciplinary diabetes center in Bangkok. A retrospective study of randomly medical records stratified by 13 diabetologists was conducted in patients with T2DM from 2010-2018 at Theptarin Hospital, a private multi-disciplinary diabetes center in Bangkok. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are a key target of routine annual influenza vaccination and periodically pneumococcal vaccination as epidemiologic studies suggested that these patients are at high risk for complications, hospitalization, and death from influenza and pneumococcal disease [2] . doi = 10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100227 id = cord-000724-lzhobnch author = ZHANG, J. title = Seasonal influenza vaccination knowledge, risk perception, health beliefs and vaccination behaviours of nurses date = 2011-11-18 keywords = influenza; vaccination summary = The questionnaire collected the following data : (1) knowledge about seasonal influenza and vaccination (22 items requiring true, false or unsure responses) included five dimensions to assess general information, severity of influenza, influenza vaccination, high-risk groups and vaccination-recommended groups; (2) risk perception (12 items with a 4-point Likert scale) towards influenza and pandemic with three dimensions (i.e. personal vulnerability to illness, negative consequences of contracting influenza and severity of influenza) ; (3) health locus of control including internal, chance and powerful others dimensions assessed by the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scales [28] (18 items) ; (4) vaccination behaviours (nine items) including vaccination status (whether respondents had been vaccinated in the previous season), vaccination intent (whether respondents intended to be vaccinated next season) and vaccination history (how many times respondents had been vaccinated in the last 5 years) ; (5) reasons for accepting or refusing vaccination using two open questions; and (6) demographic characteristics (10 items) including gender, age group, highest educational qualification, place of work, clinical speciality, year of qualification as a nurse and whether or not respondents had direct patient contact. doi = 10.1017/s0950268811002214 id = cord-324301-bzrh2fni author = Zambon, Maria title = Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and SARS date = 2005-05-01 keywords = RSV; infection; influenza summary = doi = 10.1383/medc.33.5.130.64960 id = cord-292963-8wzyfb2j author = Zeng, Zheng title = Imaging manifestations and pathological analysis of severe pneumonia caused by human infected avian influenza (H7N9)() date = 2015-03-02 keywords = H7N9; influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jrid.2015.02.003 id = cord-297829-aynigoud author = Zhang, Li title = Post-pandemic assessment of public knowledge, behavior, and skill on influenza prevention among the general population of Beijing, China date = 2014-04-13 keywords = Beijing; influenza summary = title: Post-pandemic assessment of public knowledge, behavior, and skill on influenza prevention among the general population of Beijing, China The standardized interview questionnaire was designed to collect the following data: (1) socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, education, occupation, and general health status); (2) knowledge about the disease and its symptoms; (3) practices towards influenza and people with influenza-like-illness (i.e., avoidance practices, cough etiquette, use of masks, hand washing, being vaccinated, health-seeking behaviors); (4) perceived ability to avoid illness; (5) attitudes towards the vaccine, and (6) comprehension of health materials related to influenza (i.e., medication instructions, educational information about influenza and the vaccine). It was necessary and valuable for us to conduct the study to determine the overall level of influenzarelated health literacy in the general population of Beijing after the 2009 pandemic, data that provide a baseline for influenza prevention and control strategies in the future. 19 In this study, the qualified levels of all three sections (knowledge, behavior, and skill) in the general population were significantly higher (p < 0.001) with a higher level of education, which is similar to the nationwide health literacy level of China. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.01.003 id = cord-004060-nxw5k9y1 author = Zhang, Yewu title = Spatiotemporal Analysis of Influenza in China, 2005–2018 date = 2019-12-23 keywords = China; influenza; risk; term summary = doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-56104-8 id = cord-011438-imbpgsub author = Zhang, Yun title = Host–Virus Interaction: How Host Cells Defend against Influenza A Virus Infection date = 2020-03-29 keywords = IAV; IFN; Influenza; infection; virus summary = Upon IAV infection, host innate immune system is triggered and activated to restrict virus replication and clear pathogens. In the current review, we present a general description on recent work regarding different host cells and molecules facilitating antiviral defenses against IAV infection and how IAVs antagonize host immune responses. Host innate immunity, including phagocytic cells, interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, etc., applies multiple mechanisms in defending IAV infection [105] . Influenza A virus nucleoprotein induces apoptosis in human airway epithelial cells: Implications of a novel interaction between nucleoprotein and host protein Clusterin Antiviral response elicited against avian influenza virus infection following activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)7 signaling pathway is attributable to interleukin (IL)-1β production The human interferon-induced MxA protein inhibits early stages of influenza A virus infection by retaining the incoming viral genome in the cytoplasm Cell death regulation during influenza A virus infection by matrix (M1) protein: A model of viral control over the cellular survival pathway doi = 10.3390/v12040376 id = cord-290352-0pc5eji4 author = de Jong, Menno D. title = Avian influenza A (H5N1) date = 2005-10-06 keywords = H5N1; Hong; Kong; influenza; virus summary = Since their reemergence in 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses have reached endemic levels among poultry in several southeast Asian countries and have caused a still increasing number of more than 100 reported human infections with high mortality. However, occurrences of direct bird-to-human transmission of avian influenza viruses have increasingly been reported in recent years, culminating in the ongoing outbreak of influenza A (H5N1) among poultry in several Asian countries with associated human infections. The "Asian influenza" pandemic of 1957 was caused by an H2N2 virus that had acquired three genes (H2, N2, and PB1) from avian viruses infecting wild ducks, in a backbone of the circulating H1N1 human influenza strain. Furthermore, these infections were associated with severe hemorrhagic pneumonia and the induction of high levels of macrophage-derived cytokines and chemokines, strikingly reminiscent of clinical observations in humans during the Spanish flu pandemic, as well as of recent in vitro and in vivo observations of infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses (Cheung et al., 2002; Oxford, 2000; Peiris et al., 2004; To et al., 2001) . doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.09.002 id = cord-020756-d9f5fd7x author = de Jong, Menno Douwe title = Avian Influenza Viruses and Pandemic Influenza date = 2007 keywords = H5N1; Hong; Kong; avian; human; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-32830-0_9 id = cord-326160-mf0vh6iu author = de Wit, Emmie title = Influenza Virus A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) Replicates Efficiently in the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts of Cynomolgus Macaques date = 2014-08-12 keywords = Fig; H7N9; anhui/1/2013; influenza; virus summary = Given the public health importance of this virus, we performed a pathogenicity study of the H7N9 virus in the cynomolgus macaque model, focusing on clinical aspects of disease, radiographic, histological, and gene expression profile changes in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and changes in systemic cytokine and chemokine profiles during infection. To elucidate global host responses specifically associated with sites of virus-induced airway injury in influenza virus A/Anhui/1/2013-infected macaques, we used microarrays to assess transcriptional profiles induced in lung lesions compared to the adjacent lung tissue. We identified ten compounds in IPA (Table 1) , four of which were perturbagens listed in CMap. We identified two compounds that met our criteria in IPA and CMap, rosiglitazone and simvastatin, predicted to have inhibitory effects on pathological host responses associated with lesions in influenza virus A/Anhui/1/2013-infected animals ( Table 1) . doi = 10.1128/mbio.01331-14 id = cord-001521-l36f1gp7 author = nan title = Oral and Poster Manuscripts date = 2011-04-08 keywords = A(H1N1; CDC; China; ELISA; H1N1; H3N2; H5N1; H9N2; HAI; Health; Hong; ILI; Influenza; Kong; LAIV; MDCK; PB1-F2; PCR; RNA; TCID; USA; cell; figure; infection; ns1; pandemic; table; virus summary = The IC 50 values determined in functional NI assays provide valuable information for detection of resistant viruses, but should not be used to draw direct correlations with drug concentrations needed to inhibit virus replication in the infected human host, as clinical data to support such inferences are inadequate. • Standardized reagents and protocols • Choice of detection technology • Simple instrumentation requirements • High sensitivity for use with low virus concentrations • Compatibility with batch-mode processing and largescale assay throughput • Broad specificity of influenza detection • Flexibility in assay format • Additional NA assay applications -cell-based viral assays, screening for new NIs, detection of NA from other organisms Functional neuraminidase inhibition assays enable detection of any resistance mutation and are extremely important in conjunction with sequence-based screening assays for global monitoring of virus isolates for NI resistance mutations, including known and new mutations. Such new assays need to include methods to measure local antibodies and virus-specific lymphocytes, especially in the case of live attenuated influenza vaccines, because of their potential to induce such broad-based immune responses. doi = 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00209.x id = cord-007876-s5y6gyut author = nan title = SELECTED EPIDEMICS & EMERGING PATHOGENS – RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES – AN OVERVIEW date = 2017-09-12 keywords = H7N9; Influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.disamonth.2017.03.016 id = cord-008695-y7il3hyb author = nan title = Pandemic Flu: Clinical management of patients with an influenza-like illness during an influenza pandemic date = 2007-01-25 keywords = H5N1; Staph; child; influenza; pandemic; patient; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1016/s0163-4453(07)60001-2 id = cord-354151-psog34u3 author = van Asten, Liselotte title = Early occurrence of influenza A epidemics coincided with changes in occurrence of other respiratory virus infections date = 2015-12-11 keywords = early; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1111/irv.12348 id = cord-261241-eqf6ame6 author = van Beek, Josine title = Influenza-like Illness Incidence Is Not Reduced by Influenza Vaccination in a Cohort of Older Adults, Despite Effectively Reducing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Virus Infections date = 2017-08-15 keywords = ILI; influenza; virus summary = doi = 10.1093/infdis/jix268 id = cord-006362-7d5wzb7p author = van Riel, Debby title = Influenza pathogenicity during pregnancy in women and animal models date = 2016-07-07 keywords = H1N1; IAV; influenza; pregnant summary = doi = 10.1007/s00281-016-0580-2 id = cord-011757-11r3dnse author = van Wijhe, Maarten title = Loose Ends in the Epidemiology of the 1918 Pandemic: Explaining the Extreme Mortality Risk in Young Adults date = 2018-09-06 keywords = Copenhagen; influenza; pandemic summary = doi = 10.1093/aje/kwy148