key: cord-298216-iq7fenxm authors: Jiang, Chao; Yao, Xingang; Zhao, Yulin; Wu, Jianmin; Huang, Pan; Pan, Chunhua; Liu, Shuwen; Pan, Chungen title: Comparative review of respiratory diseases caused by coronaviruses and influenza A viruses during epidemic season date: 2020-05-13 journal: Microbes Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.005 sha: doc_id: 298216 cord_uid: iq7fenxm Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to sweep the world, causing infection of millions and death of hundreds of thousands. The respiratory disease that it caused, COVID-19 (stands for coronavirus disease in 2019), has similar clinical symptoms with other two CoV diseases, severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome (SARS and MERS), of which causative viruses are SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively. These three CoVs resulting diseases also share many clinical symptoms with other respiratory diseases caused by influenza A viruses (IAVs). Since both CoVs and IAVs are general pathogens responsible for seasonal cold, in the next few months, during the changing of seasons, clinicians and public heath may have to distinguish COVID-19 pneumonia from other kinds of viral pneumonia. This is a discussion and comparison of the virus structures, transmission characteristics, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, pathological changes, treatment and prevention of the two kinds of viruses, CoVs and IAVs. It hopes to provide information for practitioners in the medical field during the epidemic season. In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, caused a pneumonia epidemic 44 in Wuhan, Hubei province of China. It erupted in many other countries in the following 45 months and eventually became a worldwide pandemic. The pneumonia was officially named 46 COVID-19 by World Health Organization (WHO) [1] . So far, the pandemic is still accelerating. More than 3.7 million people were confirmed infected, 260,000 more people However, the fact is that the 1918 H1N1 virus also caused more deaths in younger people 139 [38]. H7N9 and H5N1 viruses were limited in transmission due to the similar reason 140 mentioned above with MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. However, the mortality of H7N9 is as 141 high as 37%, and H5N1 is 53% [39, 40] . Nevertheless, the high pathogenicity and high 142 mortality make them easier to be identified and controlled at the beginning of the break. 143 Although H7N9 and H5N1 viruses transmitted in humans ineffectively, their geographic 144 expansion and genetic recombination still suggested the potential of forming the next 145 pandemic [41, 42] . 146 As listed in Table 1 , people are easily infected with CoVs or IAVs through direct 147 contact and airborne droplets [43] . Since most of these viruses are of animal origin or use 148 animals as intermediate hosts [29, 31] , it is necessary to keep a safe distance between humans 149 and wild animals, as well as maintaining ecological balance in the world to prevent the 150 breaking of epidemics in future. 152 The major clinical symptoms are summarized in Table 2 Both CoVs and IAVs can cause ARDS and lead to multiple organ failure and death. The published pathological data that were collected from autopsy, lung biopsies and chest 177 computed tomography (CT) scan are summarized in Table 3 . For patients with HPHTs 344 The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. 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The pathological changes of the patients after infection Sore throat - The pulmonary interstitial edema and lymphocytic infiltration