cord-003318-abs9rvjk	2018	Unexpectedly, in an effort to identify OsSGT1, we found the bacteria lacA gene in lac operon actually encoded an SGA, specifically catalyzing the acetylations of sugar moieties of steroid 17β-glucosides. The two-step process is characterized by EcSGA1-catalyzed regioselective acylations of all hydroxyl groups on the sugar unit of unprotected steroidal glycosides (SGs) in the late stage, thereby significantly streamlining the synthetic route towards ASGs and thus forming four monoacylates. We therefore inferred that testosterone (8) was first glycosylated at the 17β-hydroxyl group by OsSGT1 to form T-17β-G (8a), which was then selectively acetylated at C-6 0 of sugar moiety to yield the 6 0 -AT-17β-G (8b) by a soluble bacterial acetyltransferase ( Supplementary Information Fig. S52) . The optimal pH and temperature of OsSGT1-catalyzed reaction using the cell-free extract of BL21(DE3)[pET28a-OsSGT1þp-Gro7] as the biocatalyst were first determined to be alkaline pH value of 11 and 50 1C, respectively (Supplementary Information Fig. S62 ).
cord-005191-a70eedna	2006	Here, I shall use Listening Post as an allegory to explore two other systems that deal with informational landscapes: biologic evolution and human understanding. The Internet created a new informational landscape, a new niche, that could be sampled and exploited by Hansen and Rubin to enhance their fitness as artists in the wilds of the Manhattan art world (Fig. 2) . Any organism, simple or complex, that manages to mine the landscape for enough energy and information to create meaning (through productive interactions) might manage to survive there. Like the algorithm of Listening Post, an evolving species creates new meaning by exploiting information flowing through its environment-its cyberspace. Darwin''s concept of natural selection, including survival of the fittest, does play a critical role in the process of evolution, but mostly after a new or variant species has begun to exploit an informational landscape.
cord-006130-x8kl9bx4	2014	In the following sections, we argue for ethical pandemic communications that overcome barriers to accessing information and avoid inequalities imposed by current media arrangements. Addressing inequalities in access therefore requires making information directly accessible for the public and ensuring that information is sensitive to the varying needs and interests of different individuals and groups in society so that it is information that people have the capacity to act on. This is inadequate communication from an ethical point of view, as it places the burden of responsibility on individuals to access information.P In planning for a public health crisis such as a pandemic, there needs to be more than a formal capacity to access necessary information. 22 Given the potential for increased burden of disease amongst the disadvantaged, it may be particularly harmful for the effective implementation of pandemic plans if less well-off sections of the community and vulnerable groups are not given a voice through the media.
cord-016140-gvezk8vp	2008	An example is the EC-supported CONNECT project, which aims to implement a privacy management platform within pervasive mobile services, coupling research on semantic technologies and intelligent agents with wireless communications (including UMTS, WiFi and WiMAX) and context-sensitive paradigms and multimodal (voice/graphics) interfaces to provide a strong and secure framework to ensure that privacy is a feasible and desirable component of future ambient intelligence applications. The fast emergence of information and communication technologies and the growth of online communication, e-commerce and electronic services that go beyond the territorial borders of the Member States have led the European Union to adopt numerous legal instruments such as directives, regulations and conventions on ecommerce, consumer protection, electronic signature, cyber crime, liability, data protection, privacy and electronic communication … and many others.
cord-016556-tdwwu43v	2007	This paper presents a collaborative semantic tracking framework based on topic maps which aims to integrate and organize the data/information resources that spread throughout the Internet in the manner that makes them useful for tracking events such as natural disaster, and disease dispersion. We present the architecture we defined in order to support highly relevant semantic management and to provide adaptive services such as statistical information extraction technique for document summarization. The proposed model for extracting information from unstructured documents consists of three main components, namely Entity Recognition, Relation Extraction, and Output Generation, as illustrate in Fig. 3 . The difference between our framework and those systems is that we also emphasize on generating the semantic relations among the collected resources and organizing those information by using topic map model. A Framework of NLP based Information Tracking and related Knowledge Organizing with Topic Maps
cord-018133-2otxft31	2006	Experimentation and bioinformatics have divided the research into several areas, and the largest are: (1) genome and protein sequence analysis, (2) macromolecular structure-function analysis, (3) gene expression analysis, and (4) proteomics. With the completion of the human genome and the abundance of sequence, structural, and gene expression data, a new field of systems biology that tries to understand how proteins and genes interact at a cellular level is emerging. The Entrez system from the National Center for Biological Information (NCBI) gives integrated access to the biomedical literature, protein, and nucleic acid sequences, macromolecular and small molecular structures, and genome project links (including both the Human Genome Project and sequencing projects that are attempting to determine the genome sequences for organisms that are either human pathogens or important experimental model organisms) in a manner that takes advantages of either explicit or computed links between these data resources.
cord-018336-6fh69mk4	2006	
cord-020197-z4ianbw8	2020	The purpose of this literature review is to identify why individuals tend to share false information and to possibly help in detecting fake news before it spreads. While conducting the literature review, 22 articles highlighted the social factors; 13 articles discussed the role that cognitive factors have in contributing to the sharing and spreading of fake news; 13 articles highlighted the role of political factors; nine articles discussed how financial gain could convince a social media users to spread false information and 13 articles debated malicious factors and the effect that malicious factors have on the sharing and spreading of false information. Social media platforms, like Facebook, came under fire in the 2016 US presidential election, when fake news stories from unchecked sources were spread among many users [10] . The goal of this literature review was only to identify the factors that drive the spreading of fake news on social media platforms and did not fully address the dilemma of combatting the sharing and spreading of false information.
cord-020683-5s3lghj6	2020	The model has the basic structure of SIRI compartments (susceptible–infectious–recovered–infectious) and is implemented by taking into account of the behavioral changes of individuals in response to the available information on the status of the disease in the community. Therefore, it becomes an intriguing problem to qualitatively assess how the administration of a vaccine could affect the outbreak, taking into account of the behavioral changes of individuals in response to the information available on the status of the disease in the community. Since the disease of our interest has both reinfection and partial immunity after infection, we first consider the SIRI model, which is given by the following nonlinear ordinary differential equations (the upper dot denotes the time derivative) [18] : In the next section we will modify the SIRI model (4) to assess how an hypothetical vaccine could control the outbreak, taking into account of the behavioral changes of individuals produced by the information available on the status of the disease in the community.
cord-021081-yqu1ykc9	2012	
cord-021721-80pp1ra4	2015	The Boston Marathon Bombing event illustrated the need to provide emergency and surgical care to mass casualties, requiring coordination of response between hospitals and enhanced field rescue efforts to meet high volume demands over a short time period. However, loss of facilities or needs for quarantine of exposed and ill patients during bioterror events and epidemics may create shelter needs proximate to EDs. ED design and response capability after 9/11 became a larger concern for public disaster planners, the federal government, and hospital architects. Overflow patients in hallways and adjacent spaces can be managed with mobile computing, which is available in many EDs. Wireless handheld devices can facilitate preparation for disasters and allow immediate access to information by providers in hallways and decontamination spaces.
cord-023944-pufcn56j	2012	• information users, or how people handle ioformation and use tools and applications properly to protect ioformation • Business processes, or how ioformation security is embedded withio working practices • Applications, or how well they are developed to ensure the protection of iofonnation stored and processed • infrastructure, or how well it provides sufficient capacities and adequate protection of infonnation and applications against unauthorized access and modification Infonnation security is ensured via implementation of various measures. These measures need to • cover all aspects of the four areas-iofonnation users, busioess processes, applications and infrastructure (completeness) • provide adequate protection for ioformation (effectiveness) • be seamiessly iotegrated ioto the processes (integration) • be supported by efficient tools and simple templates (support) • avoid putting an unacceptable burden on the employees (simplicity) Each of these properties is crucial for achieving effective protection of information.
cord-024088-020rgz5t	2008	Depending on the type of hazard, the three topics, namely, safety, health and the environment, may share the common trait that the proper handling of risks, i.e., how to reduce probabilities and/or consequences of unwanted events is not always possible within a risk management system. A number of new occupational health and safety hazards have already arisen or are foreseen, including problems with the ergonomics of video display units, and musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder-neck and arm-hand systems, information overload, psychological stress, and pressure to learn new skills. Both managers and workers often do not see the need to improve occupational safety and health or ergonomic issues and their possibilities and benefits by reducing or eliminating risks at work. The explanations below present the basic procedure for developing safety-relevant arrangements and solutions, i.e. the thinking and decision-making processes, as well as selecting criteria that are significant for the identification of unwelcome events, the risk of an event, the acceptance limits and the adoption of measures.
cord-024501-nl0gsr0c	2020	In this paper, we first integrate iterative mechanism into knowledge graph embedding and propose a multi-step gated model which utilizes relations as queries to extract useful information from coarse to fine in multiple steps. First gate mechanism is adopted to control information flow by the interaction between entity and relation with multiple steps. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Step Gated Embedding (MSGE) model for link prediction in KGs. During every step, gate mechanism is applied several times, which is used to decide what features are retained and what are excluded at the dimension level, corresponding to the multi-step reasoning procedure. All results demonstrate our motivation that controlling information flow in a multi-step way is beneficial for link prediction task in knowledge graphs. In this paper, we propose a multi-step gated model MSGE for link prediction task in knowledge graph completion.
cord-028688-5uzl1jpu	2020	In this paper, we propose a multi-granularity complex network representation learning model (MNRL), which integrates topological structure and additional information at the same time, and presents these fused information learning into the same granularity semantic space that through fine-to-coarse to refine the complex network. A series of deep learning-based network representation methods were then proposed to further solve the problems of global topological structure preservation and high-order nonlinearity of data, and increased efficiency. So these location attributes and activity information are inherently indecomposable and interdependence with the suspect, making the two nodes recognize at a finer granularity based on the additional information and relationship structure that the low-dimensional representation vectors learned have certain similarities. To better characterize multiple granularity complex networks and solve the problem of nodes with potential associations that cannot be processed through the relationship structure alone, we refine the granularity to additional attributes, and designed an information fusion method, which are defined as follows:
cord-028972-1athnjkh	2020	The rapidly emerging evidence suggests that the capable, far-sighted, and innovative enterprises perceived the slow-downs, or stoppages in some cases, as an opportunity for starting, or increasing, their alternative ways of sustaining activities, including on-line and remote activities and involvements, in order to compensate for the shrinkage in their pre-COVID demands, while the short-sighted or severely resource-constrained SMEs faced the difficult decision of closure in favor of "survival or self-preservation" strategy, thus losing expansion opportunities. In short, a small firm''s potential exposure to cross-sectional and longitudinal risks and uncertainties is also likely to depend on information on a combination of influential factors, some of which are discussed above; prominent 9 Similar arguments apply to national preparedness and national security over time to shield individual and corporate citizens from bearing short-term or long-term high costs-the national costs per capita may pale relative to the immeasurable costs of human mortalities paid by the deceased people and their families, the massive unemployment, or high costs related to shortages in major crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-030171-6sww2qnj	2020	
cord-031942-mfz313q0	2020	Guided by the RISP model (Griffin et al., 1999) , the current study examines whether and how exposure to misinformation about COVID-19 prevention motivates or deters effortful seeking and processing of relevant information. Thus, we posit the following direct and indirect effects of misinformation exposure on information seeking and avoidance, as well as systematic and heuristic processing. Because misinformation on COVID-19 prevention is characterized by scientific uncertainty, we suggest that cultural differences in uncertainty avoidance may moderate the effect of misinformation exposure on information seeking and processing. Research Question 2 (RQ2): Do the direct and indirect effects of misinformation exposure on information seeking, avoidance, and processing differ between the United States and South Korea or Singapore? In predicting information avoidance, the direct effect of misinformation was significant across all three countries (Β US = .399, Β SG = .370, Β KR = .538, all p < .001), but the effect size significantly differed only between the U.S. and South Korea samples (p = .006; United States-Singapore comparison, p = .63).
cord-032492-2av9kl1c	2020	
cord-033329-gi0mug1p	2020	A sample of 242 fake news items was collected from the Maldita.es website and analysed according to the criteria of cognitive and affective authority, interactivity, themes and potential danger. The results point to a practical absence of indicators of cognitive authority (53.7%), while the affective authority of these news items is built through mechanisms of discrediting people, ideas or movements (40.7%) and, secondarily, the use of offensive or coarse language (17.7%) and comparison or reference to additional information sources (26.6%). An important part of the research has focused on the analysis of all kinds of information spread via social media (Cinelli et al., 2020; Ferrara, 2020; Singh et al., 2020) , whilst others have suggested interventions for improving news and science literacy as empowering tools for users to identify, consume and share high-quality information (Vraga et al., 2020b) . In this research, a sample of fake news items collected by the Maldita.es project during the Covid-19 health crisis in Spain was classified according to the criteria of authority, interactivity, theme and potential danger.
cord-034243-iz2alys0	2020	One standard menu of approaches to the prevalence of anti-microbial resistance diseases is to enhance surveillance, fund research to develop new antimicrobials, and educate providers and patients to reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use. Moreover, in today''s world of investment in drug discovery, "creating an environment in which data exchange and knowledge sharing are the status quo will be difficult given proprietary concerns and the variety of information types and formats, which may range from historical data to new findings produced as part of this research effort." The Pew consensus is that the following forms of information sharing are needed: a review of what is known about compounds that effectively penetrate gram-negative bacteria, a searchable catalogue of chemical matter including an ongoing list of promising antibacterial compounds, information on screening assays and conditions tested, and an informational database of available biological and physicochemical data. These four aspects of fairness-who is included in the play, what opportunities they have, how these opportunities are balanced, and whether there are elements of reciprocity-can be used to set vector and victim perspectives into context in addressing the gathering and use of information about antimicrobial resistance.
cord-103813-w2sb6h94	2020	Therefore, human genetic information is a uniquely confidential form of data that requires increased security controls and scrutiny. Sensitive genetic information, which includes both biological material and digital genetic data, is the primary asset of concern, and associated assets, such as metadata, electronic health records and intellectual property, are also vulnerable within this ecosystem. ❖ Private Sensitive Genetic Information can be expected to cause a moderate level of risk to a nation, ethnic group, individual, or stakeholder if it is disclosed, modified, or destroyed without authorization. The genetic information ecosystem is a distributed cyber-physical system containing numerous stakeholders (Supplementary Material, Appendix 1), personnel, and devices for computing and networking purposes. Genetic information security is a shared responsibility between sequencing laboratories and device vendors, as well as all other involved stakeholders. Examples include biorepositories, DNA sequencing laboratories, researchers, cloud and other service providers, and supply chain entities responsible for devices, software and materials.
cord-146850-5x6qs2i4	2020	Another point brought up in the article is that social media companies might themselves be unwilling to tolerate scraping of their users'' data to do this sort of vetting which against their terms of use for access to the APIs. Borrowing from the credit reporting world, the Fair Credit Reporting Act in the US offers some insights when it mentions that people need to be provided with a recourse to correct information that is used about them in making a decision and that due consent needs to be obtained prior to utilizing such tools to do a background check. Given that AI systems operate in a larger socio-technical ecosystem, we need to tap into fields like law and policy making to come up with effective ways of integrating ethics into AI systems, part of which can involve creating binding legal agreements that tie in with economic incentives.While policy making and law are often seen as slow to adapt to fast changing technology, there are a variety of benefits to be had, for example higher customer trust for services that have adherence to stringent regulations regarding privacy and data protection.
cord-208698-gm0b8u52	2020	
cord-224516-t5zubl1p	2020	We furthermore discuss the issues with privacy that can occur during a crisis such as this global pandemic and what can be done to ensure information security and hence appropriate data protection. When we are considering the example of doctors treating their patients, we can use the framework of contextual integrity to reason about the appropriate information flow as follows: the patient is both the sender and the subject of the data exchange, the doctor is the receiver, the information type is the patient''s medical information, the transmission principle includes, most importantly, doctor-patient confidentiality aside from public health issues. In Germany, the authority for disease control and prevention, the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), made headlines on March 18, 2020, as it became public that telecommunication provider Telekom had shared an anonymized set of mobile phone movement data to monitor citizens'' mobility in the fight against SARS-CoV-2.
cord-252061-ode6yi83	2020	The abundance of information on social media frequently without any check on its authenticity makes it difficult for an individual to distinguish between what are facts, and what are opinions, propaganda or biases. There are many other information literacy guidelines that can help the general public to recognise and avoid fake news. These websites help people to determine the authenticity of the facts presented by any news or information sites, pinpointing any misinformation or myths which are indigenously induced and viral within a country through social networks. Several of these fact-checking sites continually update details of the news, myths or information that is fake. Health science librarians have the knowledge and skills to provide guidance to the general public on how to find credible and reliable information in the age of post-truth, especially during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Information Literacy and Libraries in the Age of Fake News
cord-253212-ygmkul62	2020	
cord-257707-brrrg4fr	2020	Validated tools were used to assess readability [Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES)], usability and reliability (LIDA tool) and quality (DISCERN instrument). CONCLUSION: The majority of websites on COVID-19 for the public had moderate to low scores with regards to readability, usability, reliability and quality. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Prompt strategies should be implemented to standardize online health information on COVID-19 during this pandemic to ensure the general public has access to good quality reliable information. Therefore, we conducted this study to analyse the current COVID-19 websites targeting the general public in terms of quality, usability, readability, and reliability using a wide search strategy and validated instruments. So far only a limited number of studies have been done to assess the quality of health information websites related to COVID-19. This study has shown the quality, readability, usability, and reliability of the information on COVID-19 on majority of websites providing health information to the general public are to be of substandard quality.
cord-262544-6q8eg9z4	2009	Free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, such as Internet news and online discussion sites, provide detailed local and near real-time data on disease outbreaks, even in countries that lack traditional public health surveillance. In many countries, free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, including Internet news and online discussion sites (Figure) , could provide detailed local and near real-time data on potential and confi rmed disease outbreaks and other public health events (9, 10, (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) . With a goal of improving public health surveillance and, ultimately, intervention efforts, we (the architects, developers, and methodologists for the information systems described herein) reviewed 3 of the primary active systems that process unstructured (free-text), event-based information on disease outbreaks: The Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), the HealthMap system, and the EpiSPIDER project (Semantic Processing and Integration of Distributed Electronic Resources for Epidemics [and disasters]; www.epispider.net).
cord-267672-2ukr15se	2017	
cord-268297-x02chc60	2020	Through the theoretical framework of prospect theory, regulatory fit theory, and the Heuristic-Systematic Model (HSM) of information processing, this study explores the interaction effects of message framing and the type of information (objective/subjective) presented about climate change and carbon offsetting programs on consumers'' carbon offsetting behaviors. The results of the main effect of messages indicated that after receiving framed messages that included information regarding climate change and carbon offsetting programs, subjects'' purchase intention (t (584) = 5.18, p < .001) and willingness to pay (t (584) = 12.23, p < .001) significantly increased compared to time 1 data collection, supporting H2a and H2b. This study further compares the impacts of gain-framed messages, loss-framed messages, and the most effective message identified above (gain-framed objective information about climate change and carbon offsetting programs (GOO)) in customer groups with different initial levels of purchase intention and willingness to pay (see Fig. 2 ).
cord-269213-tsm6zoe3	2005	
cord-272744-j4q7pcfa	2018	
cord-274778-wds40e6i	2020	title: Information on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Daily Newspapers'' Front Pages: Case Study of Spain and Italy The study analyzes 72 front pages of El País and El Mundo in Spain and Italy''s Corriere della Sera and La Repubblica, collecting 710 news items and 3456 data evidences employing a mixed method (both qualitative and quantitative) based on content analysis and hemerographic analysis. Based on the trust placed on the printed media-as the most credible and rigorous media-this research analyzes a total of 72 front pages of the main daily newspapers in Spain and Italy (36 each) . The research, based on previous studies [33] , analyzes a total of 710 news items extracted from 72 front pages of the four main daily newspapers of Spain and Italy (36 per country). Nonetheless, while in Spain it occupies 62% of the front page; in Italy COVID-19 related pieces cover a striking 80% of the information (see Figure 9 ).
cord-275350-m1rv2i11	2020	Thus, considering the benefits of the health portal and its critical role in information interaction and the lack of electronic context for the communication of the various tools that have been provided to manage and monitor COVID-19, we offered this platform in the interactive portal of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), research institutes, and universities. NGOs, under the supervision of and in participation with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences'' Center for Social Factors Research in COVID-19 Management Division of this portal, separated classified information into two sections of informatics and services. NGOs, under the supervision of and in participation with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences'' Center for Social Factors Research in COVID-19 Management Division of this portal, separated classified information into two sections of informatics and services. The interactive portal developed by the NGOs and university is accessible to the general public, patients, service providers, and, importantly, policymakers and presents educational and medical research information to all users.
cord-277643-xh8z9v0m	2020	Pharmacists played a crucial role in direct patient care, medication information, and proper drug distribution with proactive communication among themselves and with other HCPs during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic. However, new roles including immunization, contraception, public awareness, identifying infected patients and redirecting them to hospitals and isolation centers, logistics, supplies and clinical management, and being an information hub for patients and HCPs regarding the disease, transmission, preventive measures, management approaches, and investigational medications were identified [14, 15] . Even though the various services provided by the pharmacists during different pandemics were not directly through DICs, pharmacists were actively involved in the dissemination of information on the disease and investigational World Health Organization (WHO)-approved/non-approved medications to the patients, HCPs and the public. Detailed information on COVID-19 and its effects in patients with various health conditions, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus, neurological issues, and respiratory illnesses, can be disseminated to HCPs and patients/ public via DICs, thereby promoting the role of pharmacists in patient management.
cord-285217-gw8ldhu6	2017	We find that for all possible values of α, moving to the patches that contain more susceptible individuals, increases the risk of outbreak, except for an extremely information efficiency α (α > 0.9), where the prevalence of infection can be significantly reduced by increasing the contact probability between information carriers and uninformed susceptible individuals (γ > 0 S ). In order to make the analysis consistent, in the following, we investigate the case that the informed and uninformed susceptible individuals take different types of mobility patterns by tuning the parameters γ > 0 S and γ < 0 A or vice versa, and we explore their impacts on the final prevalence of infection (Fig. 6) . In this work, we have investigated the interplay between the disease spread and the information propagation by focusing on the role of the information efficiency in reducing the risk of infection, and that of mobility patterns.
cord-285462-9i61rsei	2020	In addition to the concerns that the World Health Organization fears about the Corona virus epidemic, the combination of false information and rumors also contributes to exaggerating the epidemiological situation and the difficulty of combating it, because most users and pioneers of social media are at their best in tracking fake sources and competing to spread misinformation [24, 25] . As the situation worsens and the number of concerns increases, the state of suspicion will increase among the general public, thus spreading false information and rumors greatly [17] , in addition to the presence of free times due to curfews, spacing, and social closures, which will make the situation more anxious and thus persistent and pervasive misinformation [38] , especially with the ease of finding fake news and information about the Corona virus [14] .
cord-289575-2kxhav4q	2020	While we adapt our practice and learn how to best manage our COVID-19 patients, a second pandemic information overload has become our Achilles'' heel. At times, guidelines from reputable organisations have also provided contrasting clinical opinions, such as the use of high-flow nasal oxygen in patients with COVID 19 [8] . The COVID-19 pandemic is demonstrating that we are utilising social media as one of our main sources for the dissemination of medical information [14] . Knowledge and debate surrounding personal protective equipment (PPE) has been one of the most prominent COVID-19 discussion points, due to the high risk of contagion via droplet spread [18, 19] , with frequent social media use [22] . We have witnessed an increase in public interest, awareness and knowledge of the role of the anaesthetist in healthcare due to this pandemic. Social media for rapid knowledge dissemination: early experience from the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-291253-5mzcvfm4	2020	As a starting point, this research analyzes information about COVID‐19 from a selection of information sources, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China (NHCPRC), and three news outlets with vast global coverage. The purpose of this research is to examine information flows about COVID-19 and to identify the information-specific underpinnings that are shaping the information environment of this pandemic and contributing to understandings of and abilities to manage and control this crisis. Regarding the increased magnitude of information flow about COVID-19, events such as the following occurred: (a) the confirmation of infections outside China started to become more regular and the virus reached 20 countries by January 30 (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-31/coronavirus-map-tracks-spread-throughout-world/ 11912828), (b) concerns about the virus becoming a global crisis began to be voiced by researchers in scholarly communication and in mass media (e.g., Riou & Althaus, 2020 ; https://www.bbc.cm/news/world-asiachina-51249208), and (c) the WHO started issuing "situation reports" on January 21, providing daily updates on COVID-19, leading to the declaration of the novel coronavirus as a "public health emergency of international concern" on January 30, 2020.
cord-292315-7vwybku8	2020	Then, an ordinal scale of relative privacy risk levels was introduced for evaluation, and the assessment was performed on the personal information included in the contact trace data, such as demographics, significant places, sensitive information, social relationships, and routine behaviors. As shown in Table 2 , the released contact trace data included (1) the patient''s demographics (i.e., nationality, gender, age, and residence), (2) infection information (i.e., infection route and confirmation date), and (3) travel log in time series (e.g., transport modes and visited places). The codebook has an ordinal scale of privacy risk levels and the scale quantifies relative risks from five major categories: demographics (nationality, gender, age), significant places (residence, workplace), sensitive information (hobby, religion, accommodation), social relationships, and routine behavior. In particular, the data from Sejong revealed the most detailed information on significant places (the average privacy risk levels for residence and workplace in Sejong were over level 3), whereas Ulsan showed a relatively high percentage of data disclosure on social relationships (i.e., 72.4% of the confirmed patients in Ulsan).
cord-296500-hrxj6tcv	2020	There have been many social and economic benefits to this digital disruption, but it has also largely contributed to the digital destruction of mental model alignment and shared situational awareness through the propagation of mis-information i.e. reinforcement of dissonant mental models by recommender algorithms, bots and trusted individual platform users (influencers). Some examples 9 of misinformation propagated during the current pandemic include: Dissonant mental models are reinforced by recommender algorithms (Lanzing, 2019 ), bots (McKenna, 2020 and trusted individual platform users or influencers (Enke & Borchers, 2019) resulting in alarming levels of digital destruction which is turn undermines social cohesion and creates a barrier to shared situational awareness and effective crisis response. When digital destruction produces mental model dissonance shared situational awareness between crisis management agencies and the general public becomes impossible to maintain and communicate (both to and from) due to inconsistencies in what constitutes reality and truth, making crisis response unmanageable.
cord-312319-daiikgth	2014	title: Public knowledge and preventive behavior during a large-scale Salmonella outbreak: results from an online survey in the Netherlands During the outbreak, we conducted an online survey (n = 1,057) to assess the general public''s perceptions, knowledge, preventive behavior and sources of information. In this study, we uncovered the general public''s perceptions, knowledge, preventive behavior, and sources of information during a large, national Salmonella outbreak by a large-scale online survey. As a result, we were able to answer our main research question: Which information should health organizations convey during a largescale Salmonella outbreak, and by which channels, to maximize citizen compliance with preventive advice? We developed an online survey to assess the general public''s perceptions, knowledge, preventive behavior, and information use during the 2012 Salmonella Thompson outbreak. Public knowledge and preventive behavior during a large-scale Salmonella outbreak: results from an online survey in the Netherlands
cord-323509-5q64avsy	2020	
cord-325112-7ie23c7f	2018	Using SARS and the International Health Regulations (IHR) as a starting point, this article examines negotiated information orders in global public health governance and the irregularities in the supply of data that underlie them. Negotiated information orders within and among the organizations in a field (here, e.g., the World Health Organization, member states, government agencies, and international non‐governmental organizations) spell out relationships among different categories of knowledge and non‐knowledge – what is known, acknowledged to be known, and available for use in decision making versus what might be known but cannot be acknowledged or officially used. Thus although the long silence of the Chinese government was not technically a violation of the IHR, it nevertheless appeared dishonest and inappropriate to the international community, undermining rather than supporting emerging cooperative norms and in fact harming global public health by allowing the new disease to spread beyond China''s borders.
cord-326208-z49517nf	2020	Objective: This study aimed to assess the quality, reliability and readability of internet-based information on COVID-19 available on Brazil most used search engines. The websites content quality and reliability were evaluated using the DISCERN questionnaire, the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, and the presence of the Health on Net (HON) certification. The quality of information of the selected websites was assessed using criteria of the Journal of the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. In the present study such correlation was not found possibly due the growing concern about the 228 quality of health-related information available online (Farooq et al. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.30.20117614 doi: medRxiv preprint was found, which demonstrates the need for further efforts on improving the accessibility of high-quality 230 health related information available online.
cord-329782-7scnkiy3	2020	
cord-332432-q7u943k6	2020	
cord-333595-9erjf8rk	2008	title: The benevolent health worm: comparing Western human rights-based ethics and Confucian duty-based moral philosophy Ethical issues are examined first in a general fashion and then in a specific manner which uses the duty-based moral philosophy of Confucianism and a Western human rights-based analysis. 1 The use of a controversial technology such as a computer worm to disseminate uncensored, sanctioned public health information in China presents contentious ethical issues worth examining. 2 The use of Western rights-based theories (human rights) alongside the Eastern duty-based theory of Confucian moral philosophy provides an interesting platform for an ethical analysis of the benevolent health worm. The author will suggest how human rights and Confucian moral philosophy may be used to better understand the ethical issues presented with the use of the benevolent health worm.
cord-338207-60vrlrim	2008	
cord-342180-ylcv4zvl	2020	
cord-344048-lx9krl5v	2020	The objective of this study is to analyze psychological distress in a sample of Spanish population, identifying the predictive nature of the information received, the preventive measures taken, level of concern, beliefs, and knowledge about the infection. The variables that showed a predictive ability were sex, age, number of hours consulting information on COVID-19, assessment of the information provided by the media in terms of accessibility, assessment of the information available on the prognosis of the disease, washing hands with hydroalcoholic solution, degree of concern about COVID-19, degree of concern to become infected, belief about the likelihood of survival if infected, level of confidence in the diagnostic ability of the health system, risk of getting infected, the belief about the effectiveness of preventive measures, and the need to offer psychological support to the general population ( Table 5 ).
cord-344832-0ah4w59o	2020	
cord-347241-9jn5agir	2020	This study focuses on comparisons between male and female counterparts on E-learning portal usage among university students during the COVID-2019 period. The current study focuses on the male and female user satisfaction and E-learning system use toward the E-learning portal success of the Malaysian universities. The purpose of the present study to investigate the effect of information quality, system quality, and service quality toward user satisfaction and E-learning system use impact on the E-learning portal success. In the present research, the comparison between male and female students is measured based on E-learning portal success. In this model, the "system Quality" construct depicts "technical success." In contrast, the "Information quality" variable demonstrate "semantic success," while the other four elements "use," "user satisfaction," "individual impact," and "organizational impact" show "effectiveness success." Therefore, this study focus on male students'' comparison with female students on the E-learning portal.
cord-347454-zs909ldm	2020	title: Patients'' Perceptions About Medical Record Privacy and Security: Implications for Withholding of Information During the COVID-19 Pandemic As withholding information can compromise providers'' ability to deliver appropriate care, the accuracy of public health surveillance system data, and even population health efforts to mitigate the spread of COVID-19, we need to understand how patients'' concerns about the privacy and security of their medical information may lead to information-withholding behaviors. One survey section asked about patients'' attitudes toward use of health information technology, including their perceptions about information security risks and privacy. The dependent variable for this study was the answer to the question "Have you ever kept information from your healthcare provider because you were concerned about the privacy or security of your medical record?" (yes/no). Concern about security and privacy, and perceived control over collection and use of health information are related to withholding of health information from healthcare providers
cord-348037-hsryei4b	2020	
cord-350214-znefg59r	2020	title: COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Pandemic: Information Sources Channels for the Public Health Awareness To combat this pandemic condition, the roles of a librarian and information professional are very vital in 3 dimensions: public health awareness for prevention measures; support to research team/researchers and faculty about the latest developments and research and literature; and service to regular library users and/or information seekers. Following information, channels are used by the librarians and information professionals during the pandemic of COVID 19 to facilitate public health awerness. Social media platforms are also one the fastest mode/medium of public health awareness, and twitter # tag information provided 2 about what going on all over the world in the fastest mode. In this information age, public health awareness is key to minimize causalities, and librarian and information professional can play a vital role to disseminate the information with health care workers, society, and communities. The COVID-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic: reflections on the roles of librarians and information professionals
cord-355513-vgs96w3b	2020	title: Effects of Health Information Dissemination on User Follows and Likes during COVID-19 Outbreak in China: Data and Content Analysis Results: For nonmedical institution accounts in the model, report and story types of articles had positive effects on users'' following behaviors. In this work, we aimed to determine whether and how health information dissemination affected users'' information behavior in terms of following an account and liking a post. We chose the number of different types of articles and the aggregated number of headlines on NCP posted on the selected accounts in a 7-day period as independent variables (a total of seven) to denote the health information source and reflect the dissemination state. We want to explore whether information conveyed in each type of articles posted on WeChat can play the role, impacting users'' following and liking behavior.